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Model 5012 MAAP - User Manual

1. After having entered the calibration code the operating status bit calibration is set CALIBRATION The scattering cross section of black carbon influences the IGMA BC 6 6 m2 g concentrations measured It is either determined by an independent measurement or adjusted by comparing it to the basic method The unit for the scattering cross section is m g The and keys will only appear with the calibration function being enabled BACK NEXT 6 6 m g is the default ogc based on the research of Dr Andreas Petzold 4 2 Chapter 4 Calibration Sensor Calibrations To calibrate the temperature pressure and flow rate sensors simply enter the value indicated by a NIST traceable precision reference unit The Model 5012 then adopts these values The calibration values are stored and protected against a loss through a power failure with checksum in the battery buffered RAM The calibration values can be additionally saved to the EEPROM backup function The values in the EEPROM will be automatically loaded in case of a RAM error or they can be loaded manually in the Maintenance menu As far as the temperature sensors and the barometer are concerned a one point calibration should be sufficient For the two differential pressure sensors responsible for the air flow rate measurement calibration of the zero and span point slope will be required All temperature and pressure sensors should be calib
2. 1001 1 h 897 N1 h BACK NEXT MEAN VALUES IN ug m3 LAST 95 1h 43 3h 36 24h 25 BACK NEXT ERROR STATUS 0000 0000 0000 0000 TEXT BACK NEXT ERROR STATUS FLOWRATE MEAS TEXT BACK NEXT DATE TIME 03 03 20 21 05 00 SET BACK NEXT DATE TIME 03 03 20 21 05 00 YEAR 03 BACK NEXT Displays light transmission and the two most important basic values mass of black carbon in micrograms and air flow rate in liters per hour This display shows the volumetric flow at the sampling inlet and the air flow rate referenced to STP conditions standard temperature and pressure 0 C amp 1013 hPa Please note the standard temperature is adjustable This display gives an overview of the mean CBC of the last measured value LAST of the last hour 1h of the last three hours 3h and of the previous day 24h The 24h mean value is only refreshed once a day at midnight The other values are continuously updated Here the error status is shown Each character represents four error bits assuming values in the range of 1 and F hexadecimal 16 To interpret the error status see Chapter 6 Troubleshooting This display provides the device error as plain text but only with rough details In case of more than 2 device errors the remaining errors can be seen by pressing the TEXT key repeatedly The dat
3. Fig 6 Black carbon mass concentration obtained from the reference method VDI 2465 part1 and from the multi angle photometer the data correspond to 24h average values measured at a street intersection in Bad Krozingen 8 m g reported for airborne diesel particles Horvath 1993 Linear regression analysis of the combined data set yielded a correlation coefficient r2 0 965 and an average ratio BC optical BC thermal 0 95 0 04 Concluding the ap plicability of the new instrument for the measurement of at mospheric black carbon was successfully demonstrated for clean and polluted conditions spanning a range of 24h aver age BC concentration values from lt 500 ng m3 to 5 pg m gt An estimate of the detection limit of the monitoring instru ment was obtained from filter blank value fluctuations Operating the instrument with particle free air at a stand ard volume flow rate of 1 m h upper detection limits of 20 and 50 ng m were calculated for a time base of 30 min or 10 min respectively Besides the calibration of the instrument against atmospheric aerosol samples as described above the precision of the method was investigated during a side by side operation of two instruments These measurements were conducted at the Thermo ESM Andersen premises at the outskirts of Erlangen Germany representing urban background conditions The re sults shown in Fig 7 indicate the excellent agreement between the two instruments c
4. Chapter 4 Calibration CALIBRATION MENU CALIBRATION In this mode the BC mass the air flow rate the temperature eee ee and pressure sensors are calibrated Correct calibration of MAAP v1 1 these parameters is necessary to accurately record the BC YES BACK NEXT particulate concentration CALIBRATION By means of the SET key the monitoring device is operated KEYS ENABLED OFFLINE via keyboard or via serial interface Without the operation being enabled it is neither possible to change parameters nor to trigger any actions SET BACK NEXT This display shows the running number of the parameter CALIBRATION h ee and No OF CHANGE 12345 change or calibration including date yy mm and time 02 06 01 8 47 hh mm Each time a parameter is changed or a calibration BACK NEXT is carried out the value of the counter is incremented and the current date is entered The Model 5012 is equipped with a ring type memory LIFO where the number of change date type of change old and new values are entered BRATION In order to carry out a calibration it is necessary to first enter CODE the correct release code 147 ee If there has been no key depression within 4 minutes or if the device is switched to ONLINE mode the keypad will be locked Incorrect Code Correct Code BRATION BRATION LOCKED ON FREE 12345 147 BACK NEXT BACK NEXT
5. caused by one of the pressure sensors most probably P3 barometric pressure It would also be beneficial to control chart the P3 sensor with each site visit Furthermore P3 sensor audits can be done once per quarter If the P3 sensor does not agree within 10 mm Hg of the auditing standard then a calibration is required in addition to an annual calibration A drifting control chart from biweekly checks can define for the user what the calibration frequency may be for the instrument and if there is any persistent sensor drift Should a fatal error occur with a pressure sensor contact the Thermo Fisher Scientific Service Department OPTICS CHAMBER Best results are obtained when the optics are kept clean Unless unusual dust storms have recently occurred and apparently interfered with subsequent measurements the optics chamber should be cleaned once per year by a Thermo certified technician or qualified field personnel INLET ASSEMBLIES The inlet assemblies can include a simple sampling cane extended down tube particle size separation devices cyclone or impactor and or ambient 10 micron inlet Cleaning schedules and routine maintenance of assembly components e g o rings should be established and maintained by the user Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance PM2 5 WINS Impactor Cleaning and Inspection If using the Model 5012 for PM2 5 Black Carbon disassemble and clean the WINS impactor at least every five sampling days The PM2 5 WINS
6. 8 1 Chapter 8 Theory of Operation CALCULATING MASS AND CONCENTRATION OF BLACK CARBON BC The mass of black carbon is calculated from MBC 1 00 Xi Area OBC Where MBC mass of black carbon 00 single scattering albedo X1 In transmittance Area area of the dust collecting spot 2 0 cm oBC scattering cross section of black carbon 6 6 m g The black carbon concentration can be calculated from the following equation CBC AMBC Vol Where CBC concentration of black carbon AMBC variance of the mass of black carbon Vol sample volume AIR FLOW RATE When determining the concentration of particulate matter suspended in ambient air by means of any filter sampling method the precise measurement of the air flow rate is equal in significance to the determination of the mass of black carbon as far as the exactness of the concentration measurement is concerned The MAAP Black Carbon Monitor embodies a pressure and temperature compensated air flow rate measuring probe allowing for precise measurement of both the volumetric air flow and the air flow referenced to standard temperature and pressure conditions 1013 hPa temperature user selectable Chapter 8 Theory of Operation Air Flow Rate Measurement With the MAAP Black Carbon Monitor the differential pressure principle is utilized to measure the air flow rate After passing the filter tape the air to be measured passes through an orifice plate The
7. P2 P3 REFL or Q standard can be read out to the analog output channel 5 Zero point of the output range 100 to 99 999 End of the output range 0 to 99 999 Using the output codes 0 to 11 one of the values T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 P2 P3 REFL or Q standard can be read out to the analog output channel 6 Zero point of the output range 100 to 99 999 End of the output range 0 to 99 999 SET By pressing the SET key you can either select German or English to be displayed 3 10 SERVICE MENU SERVICE ARAKAKAKAKKAKAKAKAKAKU YES BACK NEXT SERVICE KEYS ENABLED OFFLINE SET BACK NEXT Mechanical Control SERVICE MECHANIC CONTROL YES BACK NEXT SERVICE OPEN HEAD PUMP YES BACK NEXT Chapter 3 Operation The Service Menu allows the user to carry out hardware and component tests and cable connections By pressing the SET key operation can be switched over between keypad and serial interface Please note that without enabling the keypad no parameter changes and no actions can be accomplished This sub menu enables the measuring head to be opened and the filter transport to be initiated manually The pump can be switched on and off by pressing PUMP Please make sure not to switch off the pump by pulling off the connecting cable plug Otherwise the device assumes that the pump is defective or the tubing was pulled off and consequently sets a corresponding error stat
8. Potential Free Separation P N 425451026 Analog I O Expansion Board Thermo Fisher Scientific Appendix A Warranty Seller warrants that the Products will operate or perform substantially in conformance with Seller s published specifications and be free from defects in material and workmanship when subjected to normal proper and intended usage by properly trained personnel for the period of time set forth in the product documentation published specifications or package inserts Ifa period of time is not specified in Seller s product documentation published specifications or package inserts the warranty period shall be one 1 year from the date of shipment to Buyer for equipment and ninety 90 days for all other products the Warranty Period Seller agrees during the Warranty Period to repair or replace at Seller s option defective Products so as to cause the same to operate in substantial conformance with said published specifications provided that a Buyer shall promptly notify Seller in writing upon the discovery of any defect which notice shall include the product model and serial number if applicable and details of the warranty claim b after Seller s review Seller will provide Buyer with service data and or a Return Material Authorization RMA which may include biohazard decontamination procedures and other product specific handling instructions and c then if applicable Buyer may return the defective Produ
9. ari alinea ie 2 6 Filter Tape Instala a ii 2 7 CHAPTER 3 OPERATION AND SERVICE uuuuussuussennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn anne 3 1 Display ea uil 3 1 A 3 1 Mi Lie 3 1 A lei 3 3 Serial Data lo DS a 3 3 O 3 4 Filter Change Parametri Isaia 3 8 Analog Output Configuration gar aln 3 9 PAN OU AS Caithness a N inte 3 10 Sevice Menelao 3 11 Mechanical Control ses 3 11 CHAPTER 4 CALIBRATION iii 4 1 UIP MIE TIER SQUIRE alato 4 Pre Calhbration 2 ee e e o al E 4 1 CAMA ieri 4 2 Sensor Calibrations cases 4 3 TIS MMR CT AU ES nun er ER 4 3 PESTO ne Sieber ect ade wie eisen 4 4 Flow Rate Calibration anna a 4 5 Parameter Configuration eat 4 5 ill CHAPTER 5 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE 5 1 Spate Parts ie RAR 5 1 Maintaining the Sample Vacuum Pump ablesen 5 2 Checking Ihe AT Flow nenne 5 3 Temperature Sensor ee ea ern 5 3 Pressure Sensors un een deli loi leat os ica o as ae 5 4 Optics Chamber er ee 5 4 MOTE STRAITS O ah a a loro i 5 4 PM2 5 WINS Impactor Cleaning and Inspection 5 5 Sharp Cut Cyclone SCC Maintenance i 5 6 PMIWni aerea de lee 5 7 CHAPTER 6 TROUBLESHOOTING rin 6 1 Tfonbleshooting Cuida ii 6 1 Status Messages an ae RR 6 5 Status Concept and Structure of the Model 5012 n 6 6 Warning and Operating Detailed Status Reports 6 7 Structure of the Status Concepts a a O 6 8 Deta
10. calibrate the air flow rate please see the detailed description given in Chapter 4 Calibration For this purpose a flow transfer standard is needed to determine and calibrate the air flow preferred flow meters can be supplied by Thermo Fisher Scientific as maintenance accessories Typically it is recommended to visit the monitoring site biweekly to perform a flow check for control charting purposes Flow audits can be done once per quarter If the flow rate of the Model 5012 does not deviate by more than 5 of the auditing standard then no calibration is required except for an annual calibration A drifting control chart from biweekly flow checks can define for the user what the calibration frequency may be for the instrument and if there is any sensor drift Please be cautious of checking flow standards in the field Typically bubble flow meters and dry piston meters should be limited to laboratory use and are not recommended by Thermo Fisher Scientific as an appropriate flow meter for field conditions TEMPERATURE SENSORS There are three 3 temperature sensors included in the Model 5012 These sensors are the T1 Ambient Sensor T2 Measuring Head Sensor located just upstream of the filter tape and T3 System Sensor which measures the temperature upstream of the orifice The measuring range of these temperature sensors is 30 to 70 C however the Model 5012 is rated for a temperature range of 4 to 122 F 20 to 50 C Typically i
11. command all characters received are shown on the display This mode may be very useful for testing the connecting cables and the transmission software installed on the computer On top of that this mode makes it possible to write messages on the display lt ESC gt To quit the monitor mode please use this command Received characters then will be no longer represented but again interpreted as command The display returns to the mode where the concentration values are shown P A printout is initiated according to the print format set R Reset This command has the same effect as switching the supply voltage ON and OFF Output control for file output S Stop C Continue E Terminate b yy mm tt hh Setting the date for terminating the file output Data from the files are output starting from current date until the date set Appendix B RS 232 Commands DATA PROTOCOLS WITH MEASURING NETWORK CONNECTION Once the character lt STX gt usually Ctrl B has been received the monitoring instrument Model 5012 starts processing the data received at the serial line according to the protocol that has been agreed upon for devices operating in a measuring network To prevent the measuring instrument from executing data outputs on its own we strongly recommend setting the print format to 0 This is the basic structure of a data protocol lt STX gt Text lt ETX gt lt BCC1 gt lt BCC2 gt Instead of lt ETX gt lt BCC1 gt lt
12. gs plied under real conditions in October 2000 on the Mt Kleiner Feldberg near Frankfurt Germany see Fig 5 This site repre sented continental background conditions characterized by an average black carbon mass loading of about 500 ng m gt and a black carbon mass fraction of PM fine dust of about 6 The agreement between compared methods is remarkable although it has to be mentioned that the reference method is operating at its limit of detection which is taken into account by the large uncertainty range The second measurement site representing urban conditions was situated at a street inter section in Bad Krozingen Germany where the instrument was exposed to heavy traffic emissions see Fig 6 The average black carbon mass fraction of PM fine dust at this site was about 20 which is in good agreement with other observa tions at urban sites in Germany Petzold and Niessner 1995 Again the agreement between the multi angle absorption pho tometer and the thermal reference method is very good For both measurement sites the best agreement between opti cal and thermal BC data is achieved when an absorbance co efficient O 4gs 6 5 m g is applied in Eq 7 This O pps value lies within the range of specific absorption cross sections of 5 8 0 T T T T VDI 2465 part 1 B optical method 6 0 4 o 40 A J Y o m 2 01 y 0 0 1 I 1 I 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 julian day 2001
13. impactor is cleaned by separating the upper and lower housings wiping the upper and lower impactor well clean with lint free laboratory tissues or a cloth putting a new filter in the lower impactor well and adding 1 0 1 ml of impactor oil The oil should cover the filter uniformly Reassemble the well and place in the impactor Preparation time can be saved by preparing several spare impactor wells and storing them in a clean particulate free container until needed Impactor Housing Upper Impactor Well Upper ca Impactor Well Lower Impactor Housing Lower Figure 5 1 Exploded View of PM2 5 WINS Impactor Once a month with the impactor assembly open inspect the interior of the impactor housing both above and below the impactor well These areas should be clean and dry If necessary clean the areas with a lint free wipe On a monthly basis clean the interior of the impactor nozzle jet using a lint free pipe cleaner or similar tool Also monthly check the o rings for distortion cracks fraying or other problems and replace as necessary Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance Sharp Cut Cyclone SCC Maintenance If a Sharp Cut Cyclone is being used for PM2 5 Black Carbon sampling See Figure 5 2 once every 2 3 weeks the dust pot should be unscrewed emptied and cleaned with a lint free cloth Once every 3 months the entire SCC assembly should be inspected and cleaned o rings checked for distortion cracks fraying o
14. key until the display is back to the Main Menu and initialize a filter change cycle by pressing the FC Z key 10 Replace the front transparent cover plate on the central unit In case the inserted filter tape is not correctly tensioned i e in case the reversing roller does not turn during the filter change cycle the pump will be switched on immediately after the filter tape change is complete but at the same time a corresponding error status will be set Consequently the filter tape needs to be checked After investigation another filter change cycle has to be initialized by pressing the key FC Z again CHAPTER 3 OPERATION AND SERVICE This chapter describes the front panel display keypad pushbuttons and menu driven software for the Operation and Service menus The Calibration Menu will be covered in Chapter 4 DISPLAY The 4 line by 20 character alphanumeric display shows the sample concentration instrument parameters instrument controls and help messages Some menus contain more items than can be displayed at one time For these menus use the BACK and NEXT pushbuttons to move through the menus and submenus KEYPAD The keypad of the Model 5012 consists of 4 keys to operate the instrument Together with the display unit these keys form the interactive user surface The functions that are covered by the single keys are described in the lowest line of the display BACK NEXT Moving backwards and forwards within the menu YE
15. must be repositioned If the output signal jumpers are to be changed TURN THE POWER TO THE INSTRUMENT OFF FIRST AND UNPLUG FROM THE POWER SUPPLY The Model 5012 analog output of black carbon concentration can be accessed from either the front or rear I O socket on the central unit Pin numbers 12 and 13 from the I O socket are used as the 0 20mA 0 10V concentration signal and as the 20mA ground connectors respectively In order to switch the analog output signal from mA to V the jumper settings on the circuit board must be changed Please reference Figure 2 4 to make any necessary changes In this figure locate the four 4 connectors labeled x10 x11 x24 and x25 towards the right side of the circuit board These connectors run from top to bottom in Figure 2 4 and are towards the rear of the instrument Each connector comes from the factory with the jumpers connected to pins 3 4 and 7 8 and this provides an analog output of 0 20 mA Chapter 2 Installation Figure 2 4 Model 5012 Main Circuit Board pe gd a E E y E BR 2 o _ amp a SIRO on a e a di 8 er Eg E O LO range ul 13 ALI li 2y lt Oo Pfogramming a oe Jumper Lock gt concentration Internal Memory Chip ieee E rear side do not change 0 20 mA Analog Output met e EPS I Setting concentration front socket do not change FRONT OF INSTRUMENT REAR OF INSTRUMENT 2 5 Chapter 2 Installat
16. rate analog output scaling language and averaging time For more information about the instrument parameters see Chapter 3 Operation and Service 3 Before beginning actual monitoring perform a calibration of all temperature sensors and the barometric pressure sensor followed by flow rate For more information about calibrating the Model 5012 see Chapter 4 Calibration Chapter 2 Installation FILTER TAPE INSTALLATION 1 Using the Maintenance Menu enable the keypad and Open the Detector Head see Chapter 3 Operation 2 Open the front transparent cover plate of the instrument s central unit 3 Loosen the knurled nuts on both the supply reel 4 and the take up reel 5 and remove any used filter tape and empty the supply spool 4 Puta full roll of tape on the filter tape supply reel 4 and place the empty take up spool on the filter tape take up reel 5 5 Feed the filter tape from the supply reel clockwise around the reversing roller 6 through the left side of the detection chamber and fix the filter tape to the filter tape take up reel 5 using double sided sticky tape 6 Hand tighten the knurled nuts on both the supply reel 4 and the take up reel 5 7 Using the Maintenance Menu enable the keypad and advance the filter tape until it has wrapped around itself twice on the take up reel 5 8 Using the Maintenance Menu enable the keypad and Close the Detector Head 9 Press the BACK
17. the filter sam ple A detailed analysis of the filter scattering phase function was used to develop a simplified optical sensor which is capable to simultaneously measure radiation fields in the forward and back ward hemisphere with respect to the aerosol filter system First calibration studies using ambient aerosol samples show a robust determination of black carbon mass loading The obtained ab sorbance coefficient O ps A 0 67 pm 6 5 0 5 m g for the black carbon particles is close to values reported for diesel parti cles 5 8 m g Results of a side by side operation of two in struments show an excellent agreement r 0 964 with an aver age ratio between both instruments of 0 99 0 12 Keywords Aerosol absorption coefficient aerosol light absorp tion air quality monitoring air pollution atmospheric aero sols black carbon 1 Background The atmospheric black carbon load is still a matter of con cern in particular regarding air quality aspects and related adverse health effects Nevertheless the problem of measur ing black carbon by simple and robust but precise techniques especially in air quality monitoring networks remains un solved yet The German thermal reference method for the determination of atmospheric black carbon VDI 1996 Petzold and Niessner 1995 is based on solvent extraction and thermal desorption of glass fiber filters to remove the organic carbon followed by combustion of the remainin
18. 0 Calibration enabled 40 free 80 Mains on reset after filter change Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Structure of the Status Concept Note The characteristic numbers of the detailed status messages are added and thus form the warning as well as the operating status Examples STATUS 0011 0082 00A9 Significance 0010 0001 0080 0002 0001 0008 0020 0080 Manual operation Filter change mechanical Mains on reset after filter change Zeroing mass Filter change mechanical Pump off Calibration enabled Mains on reset after filter change Note Below are the combinations of potential added status codes and their breakdown In the STATUS example above recognize that the A in 00A9 shows a combination of 20 and 80 for the Operating Status Do not confuse this with a 02 and 08 for Operating Status The positioning of the alphabetical character is key to defining which codes the instrument is reporting Being able to recognize these subtleties will allow the user to easily define and troubleshoot the Model 5012 as necessary Below is a matrix of alphanumeric combinations fo na lu 33241 4 15 4 41 6 4 2 _ 7 4 241 8 9 8 1 A 8 2 B 8 2 1 C 8 4 D 8 4 1 E 8 4 2 F 8 4 2 6 8 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Detailed Status Messages From the Main Menu a Global Error Status appears as a 2 hexadecimal figure Below are the codes and general definitions Each code should be inte
19. 1 V Pl NP P2 V P2 NP P3 NP T1 NP T2 NP T3 NP 45 43 226 465 649 507 507 166 AIR FLOW 10 09 ANALOG OUTPUTS OUTPUT ZERO POINT CBC 0 10000 MBC 0 500 10 10 900 GESYTEC PROTOCOL STATUS OCCUPATION STANDARD NUMBER OF VARIABLES 3 CBC MBC Q OP END 3 5 Chapter 3 Operation 9 Parameter change list 22 entries Print Format 9 provides a Parameter Change List With each Operational or Calibration change a record is kept as a means of tracking the parameter changes This is an excellent tool for recalling time and dates of operator interaction qualifying data and instrument security Thermo Scientific MAAP v1 32 ERIAL NUMBE 01 11 16 PARAMETER E LIST No 83 01 11 16 3 RINT CYCLE 10 01 11 16 RINT CYCLE 1 01 11 16 E RINT CYCLE 0 01 11 16 IR FLOW RAT 500 01 11 16 4 IR FLOW RAT 1000 01 11 16 5 UTSIDE TEMPE 0 01 11 16 3 UTPUT ZERO 0 11 amp 19 Logbook 20 amp 1 632 entries Print Formats 11 and 19 provide a Logbook of events When the instrument status changes the new status including date time detailed status code general status code concentration mass air flow rate and sensor data are entered into a logbook Should an event of interest occur reviewing the Logbook can provide precise information of the instruments operation If further defining of the detailed error status is necessary see Chapter 6 Troubleshooti
20. 1 will then be represented on the display However commands are no longer executed Pressing the two keys at the right hand side which then will be no longer subtitled continues with the dialog and the interface again has its normal function This function allows for testing of cable connections interfaces and software functions of the host computer The procedure described for COM 1 can be also applied to the interface COM 2 After the parameters have been set the values can be saved to the EEPROM in the Calibration Menu From the EEPROM the parameters can also be reloaded This function may be useful to restore the initial state after having changed the value e g for test or maintenance purposes Reloading the parameters from the EEPROM is done automatically each time when an error is detected in the battery buffered RAM after switching on the monitoring device 3 13 CHAPTER 4 CALIBRATION This chapter describes the procedure for performing the necessary sensor calibrations of the Model 5012 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Specialized equipment is needed to calibrate the Model 5012 for temperature barometric pressure and volumetric flow measurements The following equipment should be used e A thermistor or thermocouple thermometer capable of measuring ambient temperatures in a range of 30 to 45 C readable to the nearest 0 1 C This thermometer should be referenced to within an accuracy of 0 5 C to NIST traceable precision
21. 11 12 100 4512 61 Independent of the print cycle the measured values are output according to the calculation At midnight a header line is output as shown in print format 31 81 82 amp 83 same as 1 2 amp 3 however with an additional header line for each day at midnight 99 Research applications 3 7 Chapter 3 Operation Filter Change Parameters OPERATION ILTER CHANGE YES BACK NEXT FILTER CHANGE TRANSM lt 20 BACK NEXT FILTER CHANGE CYCLE 3 24 h BACK NEXT FILTER CHANGE HOUR 24 HOURS BACK NEXT In this part of the Operation Menu the automatic filter change parameters can be revised Manual filter changes are not triggered in this menu The parameters listed correspond to the recommended default settings A filter change is automatically triggered when the light transmission reaches 20 Transmission values less than 20 may create a saturation effect having a consequence that measured values would become less accurate A filter change is triggered if the time since the last filter change has reached the value entered Cycle range is 1 to 100 hours A filter change will be triggered at the set time and the counter for the filter change cycle will be reset This allows a real time synchronization of the filter change cycles Time range is 0 to 24 hours 0 HOURS Filter changes are only cycle dependent 24 HOURS Filter change at midnight A fil
22. 3 Lindberg JD Douglass RE Garvey DM 1999 Atmospheric particulate absorption and black carbon measurement Appl Opt 38 2369 2376 Liousse C Cachier H Jennings SG 1993 Optical and thermal measurements of black carbon aerosol content in different envi ronments variation of the specific attenuation cross section sigma A Atmos Environ 27A 1203 1211 Petzold A Niessner R 1995 Method comparison study on soot selective techniques Mikrochim Acta 117 215 237 Petzold A Kopp C Niessner R 1997 The dependence of the spe cific attenuation cross section on black carbon mass fraction and particle size Atmos Environ 31 661 672 Petzold A 2002 The Multi angle absorption photometer A new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon J Aerosol Sci in review VDI 1996 Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 2465 Part 1 Measure ment of soot Chemical analysis of elemental carbon by extrac tion and thermal desorption of organic carbon Beuth Berlin ESPR Environ Sci amp Pollut Res e Special Issue 4 2002
23. 62 0 93 3 Date time status concentration of black carbon mass of black carbon and air flow rate l h 01 11 16 15 39 38 000000 3762 0 93 1000 5 Date time status concentration of black carbon mass of black carbon air flow rate last value and mean values of the concentration of black carbon over 1h 3h and 24h 01 11 16 15 39 38 000000 3762 0 93 1000 3762 3521 4250 1965 6 Measuring network protocol lt STX gt MD01 002 3023 01 0000 003 000000 lt ETX gt 3B 8 Parameter list Print Format 8 provides the Parameter List for the Model 5012 MAAP The parameter list provides all internally stored parameters for the operation and calibration of the Model 5012 MAAP It is recommended upon receipt of the Model 5012 that Print Format 8 Parameter List be downloaded and kept as a record of the manufacturer s default settings Upon each calibration a download of the Parameter List should be performed and kept for record keeping 3 4 Chapter 3 Operation Should a warning or error status condition occur download the Parameter List for review Thermo Scientific MAAP v1 32 SERIAL NUMBER 01 11 16 SIGMA BC 6 6 m2 g AIR FLOW 1 h 1000 MEASURING CYCLE 10 min CONC REFERRED TO OPERATING CONDITIONS STANDARD TEMPERATURE I PRINT FORMAT 8 PRINT FORMAT 0 PRINT CYLCE 5 min BAUD RATE Bd 9600 DEVICE ADDRESS 1 FILTER CHANGE TRANSM lt 20 CYCLE 100 TIME HOURS 24 SENSOR CALIBRATION P
24. 70 If all multiple scattering processes are neglected i e F 0 B 0 and B 0 Eqs 5 and 6 transform into the rela tionships Eqs 1 and 2 The presented approach contains therefore the current approaches for measuring black carbon from particle loaded filters as an approximation The coupled equations 5 and 6 are solved by calculating the required properties F B P and B via the variation of the two independent variables Petzold 2002 Free param eters are the optical depth t In T and the single scatter ing albedo of the aerosol filter layer According to the Lam bert Beer law T 6 Sy or T exp 0 Sy respectively From the final values t and the absorbance ABS of the aerosol filter system can be derived as ABS 100 1 0 TL Cass Spc 7 Eq 7 is similar to the relationships 1 and 2 but does include the consideration of multiple scattering effects via the parameters T and 0 The calculation of the specific black carbon mass loading Sc from the measured quanti ties ref trans and a is implemented as data inversion algo rithm and forms the backbone of the instrument The black carbon mass concentration Cgc is calculated from Spc the respective sample volume V and filter spot area A straight forward according to cge Spc A V 3 Instrument Application The response of the method to an aerosol of varying black carbon mass fraction was first tested using a labora
25. BCC2 gt it is also possible to send lt CR gt In doing so the block check will be disabled The response of the measuring device will be terminated by lt CR gt lt LF gt if the control or inquiry command had an lt CR gt at the end If the command is terminated with lt ETX gt usually Ctrl C and block check the response of the measuring instrument will be also terminated with lt ETX gt and lt BCC1 gt lt BCC2 gt Data Sampling Upon request the measuring instrument sends a measuring data protocol Transmission of the measuring data is released by the following sequence of characters lt STX gt DA Address lt ETX gt lt BCC1 gt lt BCC gt where Address Device address 3 characters leading zeros can be replaced by lt SP gt It is also possible that the address can be completely dropped The address at the measuring instrument is set by using the keyboard Menu OPERATION Device address Sampling is valid and response will be given if the lt STX gt is followed by the characters DA the address is correct or not existing the lt ETX gt is followed by two correct BCC characters or lt ETX gt lt BCC1 gt lt BCC2 gt is replaced by lt CR gt B 6 Appendix B RS 232 Commands The following is an example for a valid inquiry at the device having the address 5 lt STX gt DA lt CR gt lt STX gt DA005 lt CR gt lt STX gt DA lt SP gt lt SP gt 5 lt ETX gt lt BCC1 gt lt BCC2 gt lt STX gt DA lt E
26. CE Model 5012 Instruction Manual Multi Angle Absorption Photometer MAAP Software V1 32 1 33 Part Number 100076 00 14Dec2009 2007 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc All rights reserved Specifications terms and pricing are subject to change Not all products are available in all countries Please consult your local sales representative for details Thermo Fisher Scientific Air Quality Instruments 27 Forge Parkway Franklin MA 02038 1 508 520 0430 www thermo com aqi Thermo Fisher Scientific WEEE Compliance This product is required to comply with the European Union s Waste Electrical amp Electronic Equipment WEEE Directive 2002 96 EC It is marked with the following symbol Thermo Fisher Scientific has contracted with one or more recycling disposal companies in each EU Member State and this product should be disposed of or recycled through them Further information on Thermo Fisher Scientific s compliance with these Directives the recyclers in your country and information on Thermo Fisher Scientific products which may assist the detection of substances subject to the RoHS Directive are available at www thermo com WEEERoHS WEEE Compliance TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION coin aan 1 1 Priincipl eof Operation nee line 1 1 SPECIES eg Baarien vs beats O a Reue 1 4 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION aaa aa 2 1 CI RISSE 2 1 iper 2 1 ScipsPiocedircia ilo rollbar 2 1 Analog OutputInstalaton lella ra 2 4 A EINE
27. India e Seoul Korea Atmospheric Diagnostics Aerosols Besides the above described attenuation measurement also a set up measuring the change in filter reflectance is in use Bailey and Clayton 1982 The relationship between filter reflectance REF and filter black carbon mass loading Sg is REF 100 In L 2 Ger Sac 2 0 Similar to Eq 1 Rand R denote the reflectance of a parti cle loaded and a clean filter the coefficient Oppp is again given as a mass specific cross section A study on the de pendence of Gppp on aerosol composition and size Kopp et al 1999 yielded that the reflectance coefficient is not that strongly influenced by the light scattering aerosol fraction than the attenuation coefficient but there was still a consid erable dependence observed It was also demonstrated in this study that the coefficients O yyy and Org are different for the same aerosol because the interactions between aero sol layer and filter matrix are different for both techniques Additionally the values for O yyy and Orr differ from the specific absorption cross section 6 for airborne black car bon particles because airborne particles do not face any multiple scattering processes caused by a surrounding filter matrix This deviation from the true value G can reach up to an order of 30 for an aerosol deposited on a plane membrane filter Hitzenberger et al 1993 while in the case of a fiber filter matrix it may become a fac
28. ON Enable keypad through menu No automatic filter change Reel nuts not tight No more filter tape Filter not properly adhered Optical tape counter defective Filter tape transport drive motor defective Tighten reel nuts Replace with new filter tape Adhere filter tape to take up reel and wind over itself once Replace optical tape transport sensor Replace motor transmission is constantly elevated Transmission sensor cable unplugged Transmission sensor defective Check connections Replace sensor Back scatter sensor inoperative Sensor cables loose Check sensor cables LED source inoperative LED cable unplugged LED defective Check connection Replace LED Pressure transducer does not hold calibration or is noisy Pressure transducer defective Replace pressure transducer Chapter 6 Troubleshooting MALFUNCTION Temp Sensor malfunction POSSIBLE CAUSE Loose or broken cable or bad sensor ACTION Repair cable or replace sensor Run output noisy Recorder noise Sample BC concentration varying Foreign material in optical bench Digital electronics defective Replace or repair recorder and or leads Run Model 5012 on a zero filter if quiet there is no malfunction Clean optical bench Replace board with a spare board Analyzer does not calibrate properly System leak Pressure or temperature transducer s out of calibrati
29. S Entering a sub menu Carrying out the action s being displayed YES NO Switching on off parameter flags Setting numerical values These keys are only for general information The additional key functions that are more individual or specific are described in the corresponding menu descriptions During normal operation the keyboard usually is locked The majority of the menu points and all displays can be accessed by pressing the BACK NEXT and YES keys Changing operational and calibration parameters are only possible after enabling the keyboard With the keyboard enabled only operational changes are possible To calibrate the unit a code must be entered to access calibration rights MAIN MENU B C STATUS 0000 NORMAL STATUS 0001 CHANGE STATUS 0002 ZERO ERROR 00 ERROR 00 ERROR 00 BC 780ng m3 CBC 780ng m3 CBC 780ng m3 DISP BACK NEXT DISP BACK NEXT DISP BACK NI In the Main Menu display information is found on the status and the concentration of black carbon CBC The concentration value in nanograms per cubic meter ng m will be updated each time interval By pressing DISP and NEXT other values such as percent light transmission mass of black carbon air flow rate average concentration values error status and time can be displayed The Main submenus are as follows 3 1 Chapter 3 Operation TRANSM 81 22 MASS 0 14 pg AIR FLOW 1001 1 h BACK NEXT
30. TX gt 04 Data Transmission The data inquiry may comprise up to seven variables As a consequence the response then contains the respective number of blocks each block beginning with the address and ending with SFKT With each block the address will be incremented by 1 The transmission of measured data is effected as response to the data inquiry data sampling 1 The format will be as follows here in this case with 2 variables lt STX gt MDO n lt SP gt Address lt SP gt Measured value 1 lt SP gt Status lt SP gt Serial no lt SP gt SFKT lt SP gt Address 1 lt SP gt Measured value 2 lt SP gt Status lt SP gt Serial no lt SP gt SFKT lt SP gt lt ETX gt lt BCC1 gt lt BCC2 gt n Number of variables Address Device address set 3 characters leading zeros are transmitted lt SP gt Space character Measured value Indicated in ug m exponential representation with 4 characters mantissa and 2 characters exponent each one with sign Mantissa sign followed by 4 numerical characters The decimal point is located after the first two decimal characters and is not transmitted Exponent sign followed by 2 numerical characters leading zeros are included in the transmission Micro or nano Status 4 characters operational and error status byte each one being represented by two characters formed like the BCC operating status lt SP gt error status Serial no Number of man
31. absorption properties The Model 5012 combines proven detection technology easy to use menu driven software and advanced diagnostics to offer unsurpassed flexibility and reliability The Model 5012 has the following features Multi line alphanumeric display Menu driven software Field programmable sample averaging times Multiple analog outputs High sensitivity Excellent linear response Mitigation of aerosol scattering interferences Long life optics and detectors Automatic temperature and pressure correction Internal quality assurance and data storage features Thermo Fisher Scientific is pleased to supply this continuous BC monitor We are committed to the manufacture of instruments exhibiting high standards of quality performance and workmanship Thermo service personnel are available for assistance with any questions or problems that may arise in the use of this analyzer PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The Model 5012 is based on the principle of aerosol related light absorption and the corresponding atmospheric black carbon BC mass concentration The Model 5012 uses a multi angle absorption photometer to analyze the modification of radiation fields in the forward and back hemisphere of a glass fiber filter caused by deposited particles The data inversion algorithm is based on a radiation transfer method and therefore takes multiple scattering processes inside the deposited aerosol and between the aerosol layer and th
32. ally absorbed aerosol that are primarily derived from carbonaceous particulate emissions from combustion sources Post collected data may be converted to the aerosol light absorption coefficient by applying the specific attenuation factor sigma used in the Calibration menu 1 2 Chapter 1 Introduction The design ofthe Model 5012 is ground breaking in that it captures the physics of the radiative transfer of aerosol by isolating and removing scattering effects that can interfere with optical absorption methods In Figure 1 2 the detection chamber schematic is presented Light Source 670 nm Back Hemisphere reflection Photodetectors Incoming Aerosol Sample Filter y Sample Air Exhaust lt transmission Photodetector Figure 1 2 Model 5012 MAAP Detection Chamber The Model 5012 outputs the BC concentration to the front panel display the analog outputs and serial outputs 1 3 Chapter 1 Introduction SPECIFICATIONS BC Measurement Range Lower Detection Limits 95 confidence level 1000 1 h Temperature Measurement Pressure Measurement Sample Flow Rate Measurement Ambient Operating Conditions Physical Dimensions Total Weight Power Supply Filter Tape Data Storage Display Keyboard Electronics 0 60 0 180 ug m BC 30 10 averaging respectively 95 confidence level 1000 1 h 10 min value lt 50 ng m BC lt 0 33 Mm Babs 30 min
33. alue of the volume flow 0 9999 Analog output T Min value of the air temperature 0 100 Analog output T Max value of the air temperature 0 100 Analog output T2 Min value of meas head temperature0 100 Analog output T2 Max value of the head temperature 0 100 Quantity to be measured at the analog channel 6 0 9 Analog output channel 6 Min 0 1000 Analog output channel 6 Max 0 9999 Language flag 0 German 1 English Air flow rate calibration factor 0 100 Concentration reference 0 operating 1 standard conditions Standard temperature 0 100 Number of variables in the Gesytec protocol string 1 7 Status version 0 I N compatible 1 standard Number x variable in the protocol y qty to be measured Setting the print format of the active interface COM1 2 Setting print format of COM1 B 4 Appendix B RS 232 Commands d2 x Setting print cycle to x minutes d3 x Setting print cycle to x seconds d4 x Setting baud rate for both COM interfaces 0 6 d8 x Setting print format of COM2 da nnn Setting 3 digit serial number nnn Y Loading parameters from the EEPROM YS Writing parameters to the EEPROM Z yymmtthhmmss Setting the clock Control Commands ol Setting the monitoring instrument ONLINE o0 Setting the monitoring instrument OFFLINE A Switching off the pump E Switching on the pump LO LED off L1 LED on F Releasing a filter change MON Setting the monitor mode After having entered this
34. asping the bottom in the front and the other by grasping the bottom in the rear UNPACKING The Model 5012 central unit is shipped in one container and the pump and any inlet assemblies are shipped separately If upon receipt of the monitor there is obvious damage to the shipping container notify the carrier immediately and hold for inspection The carrier and not Thermo Electron Corporation is responsible for any damage incurred during shipment Follow the procedure below to unpack and inspect the instrument 1 Remove the instrument from the shipping container and set on a table or bench that allows easy access to both the front and rear of the instrument Remove the instrument cover to expose the internal components Remove any packing material Check for possible damage during shipment Check that all connectors and printed circuit boards are firmly attached Re install the instrument cover ON NS SETUP PROCEDURE 1 Connect the sample line to the sample connector on the top panel see Figure 2 1 Ensure the upstream sample line size selective inlet assembly and downtube or sampling cane is not contaminated by dirty wet or incompatible materials For a size selective inlet assembly refer to Chapter 9 Optional Equipment If using a standard sampling cane inlet all tubing should be constructed of Tygon R 3603 2 1 Chapter 2 Installation vacuum tubing with an OD of 1 3 8 and a minimum ID of 5 8 and a compatibl
35. c flow rate is initially indicated as measured by the Model 5012 Press CAL to change the air flow rate 897 l h calibration coefficient Thereafter enter the actual air flow CAL BACK NEXT rate measured by a reference instrument and press NEXT Allow 30 seconds between indicated air flow adjustments Repeat as necessary until corresponding reference and Model 5012 flow rate values agree within 2 note 16 67 l m x 60 1000 l h CALIBRATION IR FLOW Please be aware of the fact that the air flow calibration always has to be performed last as a succeeding temperature and pressure sensor calibration would also have an impact on the air flow calibration Parameter Configuration In the following menus the user may set parameters that are important for the measurement operation CALIBRATION INTERVAL Readout interval for the concentration of black carbon 1 min It may be selected between every 1 min 5 min 10 min 30 BACK NEXT minutes BRATION To calculate the concentration values either the volume Solo SEER according to the operating conditions or the volume referred OPERATING CONDITIONS ig SET BACK NEXT 10 standard conditions STP is used CALIBRATION STAND TEMPERATURE The standard temperature can be selected at choice and should 25 PE range between 0 C and 100 C Most ambient applications BACK NEXT use either 20 C or 25 C as a standard t
36. cts to Seller with all costs prepaid by Buyer Replacement parts may be new or refurbished at the election of Seller All replaced parts shall become the property of Seller Shipment to Buyer of repaired or replacement Products shall be made in accordance with the Delivery provisions of the Seller s Terms and Conditions of Sale Consumables including but not limited to lamps fuses batteries bulbs and other such expendable items are expressly excluded from the warranty under this warranty Notwithstanding the foregoing Products supplied by Seller that are obtained by Seller from an original manufacturer or third party supplier are not warranted by Seller but Seller agrees to assign to Buyer any warranty rights in such Product that Seller may have from the original manufacturer or third party supplier to the extent such assignment is allowed by such original manufacturer or third party supplier In no event shall Seller have any obligation to make repairs replacements or corrections required in whole or in part as the result of i normal wear and tear ii accident disaster or event of force majeure iii misuse fault or negligence of or by Buyer iv use of the Products in a manner for which Warranty A 1 they were not designed v causes external to the Products such as but not limited to power failure or electrical power surges vi improper storage and handling of the Products or vii use of the Products in combination w
37. ded antistatic wrist strap must be worn while handling any internal component For more information about appropriate safety precautions see Chapter 7 Servicing SPARE PARTS Table 5 1 Recommended Spare Parts Part Number Description FH111 FH153C14 SM169001042 KT144248920 FH153 01 KT144248925 425452065 KT169001023 KT169001024 Filter Tape Roll Pump Repair Kit for FH180 and FH180 1 Pumps includes SM169001042 Set of 3 Carbon Vanes and KT144248920 Set of 2 PVC Separators Set of 3 Carbon Vanes for FH180 FH180 1 and 425452061 Pumps Set of 2 PVC Separators for FH180 and FH180 1 Pumps Pump Repair Kit for 425452061 Pump includes SM169001042 Set of 3 Carbon Vanes and KT144248925 Set of 2 PVC Separators Set of 2 PVC Separators Only for 425452061 Pump 110 240V 50 60Hz Vacuum Pump Pump Repair Kit for 42542065 Pump includes set of 5 Carbon Vanes Pump Protection Filter 5 1 Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance MAINTAINING THE SAMPLE VACUUM PUMP A rotary vane pump with a dry rotor is used as a source of vacuum The pump performance is excellent with minimal heat and noise generation Only a few maintenance items are required even when running continuously The pump can be operated without the need for installing additional filters since the air delivered to the pump is already free from any particulate matter However minor amounts of carbon dust may be exhausted from the pump operation and should be fil
38. ds a nile lennon B 3 Write Commands Lt an ia Lair B 4 Control Commands Li E ST land B 5 Data Protocols with Measuring Network Connection nenn B 6 Data ANA TN illo B 6 Data Transmission sense nda level B 7 Remote Control 2 2 22 alla ea B 8 APPENDIX C CONNECTOR AND BOARD SCHEMATICS C 1 Connector Pin Assionmentsureuns ass C 1 Motherboard aa Lene rana C 4 APPENDIX D AEROSOL ARTICLE v rrcrenre cene iene einen D 1 Figure LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Model 5012 MAAP Flow Schemille use naar 1 2 Model 5012 MAAP Detection Chamber ind 1 3 Model 5012 Front Panel and Tubing Connector sense ennennnnennnnennn 2 2 Model 50 12 Rear Panel ne ne 2 3 Atmospheric Dump Bypass Plumbing for Source Measurement 2 4 Model 5012 Main Circuit Board 3a ea aa 2 5 Exploded View of PM2 5 WINS Impactor i 5 5 EMI Sharp CUE yalone zz ili ae net 5 6 PMO relega aa 5 7 Pump Parks EOI es rs 7 2 Carbon Vane Installation A ee 7 2 Function Principle of the MAAP Monitoring Instrument 8 1 MAAP Flow Path and Measurement ario 8 3 vil Table 5 1 LISTOF TABLES Recommended Spare Parts CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Model 5012 Multi Angle Absorption Photometer MAAP black carbon monitor measures ambient and source black carbon BC concentrations and aerosol light
39. e hose clamp The Tygon tubing must be connected to the rigid sample cane connector prior to the instrument The length of Tygon tubing should be minimized to prevent significant sample loss of particles gt 0 5 micrometer and the last 3 feet 1 m of transparent sample tubing should be optically shielded to prevent any light leakage into the detection chamber If the sample line runs more than 30 feet 10 m it is suggested that rigid tubing be used If statically charged particles are to be sampled static dissipating tubing should be used Black Carbon Monitor Thermo Electron Corporation Ol O N A Sampling Cane Connector Figure 2 1 Model 5012 Front Panel and Tubing Connector 1 Sample connector 2 Air supply to the detection chamber 3 Lower detection chamber 4 Filter tape supply reel 5 Filter tape take up reel 6 Reversing roller and filter tape transport sensor 7 Chamber cam 8 Display 9 Standard 25 pin female I O connector NOTE All aerosol must be delivered to the instrument at atmospheric pressure It may be necessary to employ an atmospheric bypass plumbing arrangement as shown in Figure 2 3 Chapter 2 Installation 2 Connect the pump vacuum line to the vacuum connector on the rear panel see Figure 2 2 3 Connect the pump exhaust to a suitable vent or filter 4 Connect the 9 pin pump voltage control connector to the rear panel see Figure 2 2 5 Connect the central unit power cord
40. e and time display has the format year month day hour minute second By means of the SET key adjustment of the current date and time is possible starting with the year down to the seconds keyboard must be enabled To set the respective value press the keys 3 2 Chapter 3 Operation OPERATION MENU Press OPERATION a ERS tines Me glia TAT YES to enter the Operation Menu BACK to return to the Main Menu YES BACK NEXT NEXT to enter the Service Menu OPERATION To toggle between the operation via keypad and serial KEYS ENABLED OFFLINE interface press the SET key Please remember that parameters cannot be set nor actions released without SET BACK NEXT having enabled the keypad Serial Data Output OPERATION Pressing the COM1 COM2 keys toggles between the COMI SERIAL DATA OUTPUT and COM2 interface Apart from the print cycle and the 2 i BrOK device address all interface parameters for COMI and COM2 can be set individually SERIAL DATA COM1 i PRINT FORMAT The print format indicates which data report will be issued 9 at the interface readout BACK NEXT SERIAL DATA COM1 By pressing the PRINT key a printout according to the PRINT FORMAT selected print format is released To interrupt a running _ 9 printout please press the BACK key PRINT BACK NEXT SFRIAL DATA After the set time has elapsed the selected data report wil
41. e filter matrix explicitly into account 1 1 Chapter 1 Introduction The sample is drawn into the Model 5012 through the inlet as shown in Figure 1 1 The sample flows through the downtube and deposits onto the glass fiber filter tape The filter tape will accumulate an aerosol sample towards a threshold value whereupon the filter tape will automatically advance prior to reaching saturation Within the detection chamber a 670 nanometer visible light source is aimed towards the deposited aerosol and filter tape matrix The light transmitted into the forward hemisphere and reflected into the back hemisphere is measured by a series of photo detectors During sample accumulation the light beam is attenuated from an initial reference reading from a clean filter spot The reduction of light transmission multiple reflection intensities and air sample volume are continuously integrated over the sample run period to provide a real time data output of black carbon concentration measurements Inlet gt T1 Ambient Temp Sensor C T2 Measuring Head Temp Sensor C T3 System Temp Sensor oC Downtube Speed Controlled P Orifice Pressure Sensor P Pump Vacuum Pressure Sensor P3 Barometric Pressure Barometric Pressure P2 Sensor P1 Sensor Sensor sc hPa Pa Pars Poi ee 0 500 hPa 0 100 hPa Figure 1 1 Model 5012 MAAP Flow Schematic The Model 5012 black carbon BC measurement is the end result of optic
42. e properties of the blank filter matrix the aerosol loaded filter layer and the com posite system respectively superscript indicates the value for diffuse incident radiation while no superscript indicates values for collimated incident radiation The consideration of multiple scattering effects between the particle loaded filter layer and the particle free filter ma trix and scattering processes inside the aerosol layer yields the following equations for the ratio of radiation passed through a particle loaded and a blank filter trans and for the ratio of radiation scattered from a particle loaded and a blank filter ref Petzold 2002 Po TF trans 5 PS l B By 80 T F B t Bi By By ref p P 6 The filter properties trans Pp P and ref By By cor respond to the ratios of measured radiation passages and reflectances for particle loaded Pp Bp and respective parti cle free Pp B 0 filter samples The term 1 B By describes the amplification of the radiation field caused by multiple reflections between the regarded layers while T F corresponds to the radiation passing through the aero sol layer The quantities trans and ref are directly measurable while the aerosol layer properties F B P and B are calculated via radiative transfer methods H nel 1987 Petzold 2002 The filter matrix reflectivity was determined independ ently for the employed filter material as By 0
43. emperature German Network Applications Only Free parameterization of CALIBRACI N the RS 232 Gesytec protocol Bavaria Hessia STANDARD GESYTEC PROTOCOL 5 VERSION corresponds exactly to the status occupation as STANDARD VERSION a SET BACK NEXT described in the manual I N COMPATIBLE corresponds to the standard version of the former FH 62 I N 4 4 Chapter 4 Calibration GESYTEC PROTOCOL This display shows the number of variables transmitted NUMBER OF toni here 3 The number may range from 1 to 6 BACK NEXT The following can be selected for European installations CBC Concentration of black carbon MBC Mass of black carbon E BACK NEXT Q OP Air flow referred to operating conditions Q N Air flow referred to standard conditions GESYTEC PROTOCOL CBC Q 0P Ti Ti Outside temperature To Temperature inside the measuring head Ts Temperature of the entire system device Ta Temperature of the heater tube Pi Orifice differential precision P Vacuum under filter tape P3 Barometric pressure REFL Reflective measurement The variable that is currently being changed will be is blinking on the display WRITE PARAMETERS All parameters dates and calibration data are written into the INTO THE EEPROM EEPROM These data are reloaded either in case an error is detected in the battery buffered RAM when switching the YES BACK NEXT mains s
44. emperature conditions 273K absolute temperature at operating condition absolute pressure at standard pressure condition 1013 hPa absolute pressure at operating conditions at the orifice plate 2 Volume flow referred to standard conditions Pursuant to the general gas laws it follows Bet Norm T Po Vol Merging the above equation into it this results in IP Onom F pee Chapter 8 Theory of Operation where T absolute temperature at the orifice plate T T3 273K T3 temperature in the suction chamber system temperature P absolute pressure at the orifice plate barometric pressure suction vacuum P P3 P2 F orifice factor flow rate calibration factor RR es Po po The flow rate measurement errors that arise out of an inaccurate sensor calibration are only of less importance Aligning the flow rate calibration factor compensates possible inaccuracies of the sensor calibration The drop in pressure at the flow rate measuring probe amounts depending on the dust precipitation approximately to 40 hPa at a flow rate of 1 m h 3 Volume flow at the sampling head or respectively at the measuring device Pursuant to the general gas laws it follows Ova 29 VolKopf T Ps Norm where T1 outside temperature P3 barometric pressure When calculating the concentration value it may be either referred to the volume flow at the sampling head or to standard volumetric flow Both air
45. en the analyzer is unplugged the chassis is not at earth ground If an antistatic wrist strap is not available be sure to touch a grounded metal object before touching any internal components Handle all printed circuit boards by the edges Carefully observe the instructions in each procedure FILTER TAPE REPLACEMENT As soon as the filter tape on the filter roll is empty a replacement of the roll is necessary The filter tape is usually replaced every year but this can also depend on the non standard operational parameters chosen by the user or the loading per filter spot In high concentration areas more frequent filter changes can occur due to higher loading As a basis for an estimation of this time the reference can serve that 40 m of tape per roll is sufficient for approximately 800 900 single measurements Due to the uncertainty of filter tape life in higher concentration areas checking the filter tape every 6 9 months may be warranted To change the filter tape follow the instructions in Chapter 2 Installation CARBON VANE REPLACEMENT Vane replacement should be done outdoors Failure to do so may introduce carbon particles into the air and damage electronic equipment Before servicing the vacuum pump must be switched off and secured from any accidental start up See Figure 7 1 Chapter 7 Servicing Figure 7 1 Pump Parts Location Blow carbon particulate from the vane cavity with an air hose WARNING Av
46. ently a total number of 64 errors independent of each other can be distinguished allowing the user to pin point a specific error With the measuring instrument being in the normal error free measurement operation the status will show the value 000000 Global status 6 characters each one consisting of 4 bits characters 0 F In the following section is a list of the most important status displays The status however can occur also in various other combinations 6 5 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Status Concept and Structure of the Model 5012 This section interprets the Operational Warning and Error Status codes that may be indicated by the Model 5012 Device Status Sdigits hexadecimal hexadecimal Se Error arning Warning Status Operating Status Status Se a 2 digits hexadecimal Display in the basic menu STATUS 0000 OPERATION 778 ng m3 DISP BACK NEXT Decimal and hexadecimal system dec 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 hexadec lo 112 3 4 s el7 slo alslc p E F 6 6 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Warning and Operating Detailed Status Reports Warning Status Characteristic Significance 01 LED too weak 02 free 04 free 08 free 10 free 20 free 40 free 80 free Operating Status Characteristic Significance 00 Normal measurement operation 01 Filter change mechanical 02 Zeroing the sensors 04 free 08 Pump off 10 Manual operation off line keyboard enabled 2
47. ese multiple scat tering processes is assumed to be a major source of uncer tainty in current black carbon measurement methods The successful application of the new instrument under clean and polluted conditions is demonstrated The intercompar ison between optically obtained black carbon values and those determined by a thermal reference method indicates the applicability of a single absorbance coefficient to data sets from various measurement sites as expected from the underlying physical processes Therefore the interference with light scattering aerosol components seems to be small The instrument is capable of measuring black carbon mass concentration values lt 20 ng m on a 24h average basis Under polluted conditions the sampling time is actually set to 10 min in correspondence with a sample flow of 1 m h but can be further reduced The commercial availability of this instrument is expected in the near future more infor mation is given at http www esm andersen de Acknowledgments The project was a contribution to the research fo cus Atmosph rische Diagnostik of the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt Part of this work was funded by the DBU under contract no 12626 The authors thank Jochen Ballach from the German Weather Service for his support during the instrument test in Bad Krozingen Fruitful discussions with Gottfried Hanel are also gratefully acknowledged References Bailey DLR Clayton P 1982 The meas
48. esistance lt 1 Q GND Maximum output current 5 mA OOF OAWAINAH wm Oo Analog outputs 0 20mA Maximum load 500 Q C 1 Appendix C Connector and Board Schematics Female connector standard I O extension ZHH Z 0230233033 Ww Q Z 20mA 20mA 20mA 20mA Make contact Break contact Center contac Make contact Break contact Center contac Make contact Break contact Center contac Make contact Break contact Center contac Make contact Break contact Center contac Make contact Break contact Center contac VUUPPPRWWWNDDNDNDHHHOOO Mass Concentration Mass Concentration Female connector analog I O 15V AIN1 15V AIN5 AIN6 AIN7 AIN8 0 10 AIN 3 0 10 AIN4 SER 0 10 TRIM GND 0 10 GND GND vo SHIFT CLOCK vo OUT vo DAC vo EEPROM DO EEPROM CS UT C SK UT A DI UT B LD UT D Female connector 4 20 mA 20mA 20mA 20mA 20mA 20mA 20mA 20mA 20mA Oo OAWAINAH vonntu pm m Air flow rate Air flow rate Temp PM10 head Temp PM10 head Channel 5 Channel 5 Channel 6 Channel 6 Appendix C Connector and Board Schematics Female connector PUMP Female connector SENSORS GND 0 10V Pump regulation Sensor T1 Ambient temp Sensor T1 Ambient temp Sensor T4 Sensor T4 NN wW0u INR U wW 0u INR Appendix C Connector and Board Sche
49. fic APPENDIX B RS 232 COMMANDS The RS 232 interface enables the Model 5012 to be remotely controlled by a host RS 232 device such as a PC PLC datalogger etc CONNECTIONS On the rear panel of the analyzer there are two female connectors labeled COM1 and COM2 These connectors are 25 pin and 9 pin respectively Either connector can be connected to the remote device The remaining connector can be used to connect a second serial output REMOTE CONTROL The transmission of all data takes place via the following settings e Bits per Second 9600 4800 2400 1200 600 or 300 e Data Bits 7 e Parity Even e Stop Bits 2 e Flow Control Hardware As a rule a remote command always consists of a character or special character and if necessary followed by numbers A stop code forms the end of a command The stop code either is lt CR gt carriage return or lt LF gt line feed However it is also permitted to send several stop codes Besides the characters lt CR gt and lt LF gt also the character 7Fhex or respectively FFhex can be used as stop code The Model 5012 is provided with a receive buffer of 256 characters Consequently also several commands can be received immediately one after the other To give an example a complete set of parameters approx 20 commands can be sent to the Model 5012 as one contiguous string of commands B 1 Appendix B RS 232 Commands A device address is a number followed by a c
50. flow rate is then calculated from the pressure drop measured at the orifice plate In Figure 8 2 a representation of the flow path and measurement are Inlet gt T1 Ambient Temp Sensor C T2 Measuring Head Temp Sensor C T3 System Temp Sensor oC Downtube filter tape etection Chamber Speed Controlled P Orifice Pressure Sensor P Pump Vacuum Pressure Sensor P3 Barometric Pressure P2 Sensor P1 Sensor E Sensor Po Paps Pai P4 AP Pay Pa 0 500 hPa 0 100 hPa Barometric Pressure Sensor 500 1 500 hPa Figure 8 2 MAAP Flow Path and Measurement Principle of the Air Flow Rate Measurement If the pressure drop at the orifice plate is low in comparison to the absolute pressure P Pabs gt 0 95 the following formula is a good approximation to define 1 Volume flow at the orifice plate 2 Qvo a A AP Ve 8 3 Chapter 8 Theory of Operation where Qvol al AP1 where po TO PO volume flow flow number takes into consideration the position of the pressure tapping the speed profile the ratio between the orifice cross section and the tube cross section The flow number is a non dimensional number having orifice cross section pressure drop at the orifice plate density of the air to be measured where To P e A ame ane pa standard air density 1 293 kg m3 at STP 1013 hPa 273K absolute temperature at standard t
51. flow rates are displayed in the menu Air flow rate Air Flow Rate Regulation With the Model 5012 black carbon monitor the air flow rate measured is maintained at a constant level by means of a speed controlled pump 8 5 CHAPTER 9 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT This chapter describes the Model 5012 optional equipment The Model 5012 MAAP comes as a standalone unit with an external vacuum pump and capable of 1 year worth of data storage HEATER P N 107991 00 3 feet Heated Sample Tube INLET ASSEMBLIES The basic approach to monitoring for black carbon is to simply use a sampling cane in an attempt to capture all suspended particulate However an increasing customer base is interested in comparing the fraction of black carbon to a reference method of specific particle size Therefore optional inlet assemblies are available The Model 5012 is extremely versatile and can be used for different applications Using different inlet configurations PM 10 PM2 5 PM1 TSP Inlets or enrichment techniques PM 10 2 5 several particle size fractions can be monitored The main application is the measurement of PM10 and PM2 5 for ambient air quality and health effect studies With additional dilution equipment and source probes the Model 5012 can also serve as a continuous emission monitor for black carbon By enriching the particulate sample through the means of virtual impaction the Model 5012 can also be used as a direct measurement of PM Coar
52. from the filter scattering phase function a strong linear relationship 12 0 99 between the diffuse frac tion a and the ratio of signals S 0 130 S 0 165 is found This linear relationship is used to calculate from the mea sured signal ratio S 0 130 S 165 More details on the evaluation of the optimum sensor position and the deter mination of the diffuse fraction a from the measured signals are given in a separate paper Petzold 2002 Finally Fig 3 summarizes schematically the current optical set ups for at tenuation and reflectivity measurements and compares them with the developed multi angle photometer 2 2 Data Inversion The determination of the aerosol absorption coefficient and the black carbon loading of the filter sample under investigation uses radiative transfer techniques The applied approach was developed by H nel 1987 and modified for the presented work Petzold 2002 Because details can be found in these two refer ences the method will only briefly be summarized here The discussion of radiative processes which are relevant in a system being composed of an aerosol being deposited on a filter matrix has to consider the layer optical properties T frac tion of transmitted radiation F fraction of forward scattered radiation B fraction of back scattered radiation and P frac tion of radiation passed through the particle loaded filter with P T F Subscripts M L and F denote th
53. g black carbon This method gives 24 h average mass concen tration values which is sufficient to control an annual mean limiting value but on the other hand the method is time consuming and expensive Hence there is urgent need for optically based continuously working instruments which can be employed for an automated black carbon monitoring The most common instrument used currently for these pur poses is the Aethalometer Hansen et al 1984 which is based on the optical analysis of particle loaded quartz fiber filters 78 The Aethalometer is measuring the change in filter trans mission caused by the deposited aerosol particles This par ticle related attenuation ATN of transmitted light is related to the black carbon mass loading of the filter Sy via Gundel et al 1984 T ATN 100 In Tm She 1 where T and T denote intensities of transmitted light with respect to the particle loaded and the blank filter O yyy is a proportionality factor which links the attenuation to the black carbon mass loading unit is m g t The factor 100 balances the units of Sy pg em and Opry m2 g1 To convert attenuation data into black carbon mass loading a precise knowledge of the attenuation coefficient O yyy is of great importance It was shown by several authors that the assumption of a con stant O yyy Value as it is recommended by the manufacturer is not justified The reported values range from 5 m g to gt 20 m g dependin
54. g on the type of sampled aerosol Liousse et al 1993 Petzold et al 1997 Hansen et al 2001 An analysis of attenuation measurements and independent measurements of atmospheric black carbon via a thermal method Petzold et al 1997 showed that the O yyy value is affected by the fraction of exclusively light scattering com ponents of the aerosol This conclusion was recently con firmed by a study Bond et al 1999 on the Particle Soot Absorption Photometer PSAP Radiance Research Inc Seattle USA which works similar to the Aethalometer The authors demonstrated for the PSAP that the interpretation of attenuation data has to consider also light scattering ef fects which is in accordance with the observations by Petzold et al 1997 A theoretical investigation of the applicability of the relationship Eq 1 based on the Kubelka Munk theory which takes multiple scattering effects explicitly into account yielded that the Aethalometer approach is valid only for thin aerosol layers on a filter matrix with a high black carbon mass fraction gt 10 and a low scattering coefficient Lind berg et al 1999 These conditions are usually met at urban measurements sites At rural and remote sites the Aethalo meter approach is expected to overestimate the black car bon loading ESPR Environ Sci amp Pollut Res e Special Issue 4 2002 78 82 ecomed publishers D 86899 Landsberg Germany and Ft Worth TX USA e Tokyo Japan e Mumbai
55. hich were loaded with a mixture of black carbon BC and NaCl aerosols or pure BC The generation of these aerosols is described with more detail elsewhere Kopp et al 1999 ESPR Environ Sci amp Pollut Res e Special Issue 4 2002 Forward hemisphere 0 lt 0 lt 80 Backward hemisphere 100 lt 0 lt 165 Detector Filter aerosol layer Diaphragm Laser diode Fig 1 Schematic set up of the polar photometer to measure the angular distribution of radiation scattered by an aerosol loaded fiber filter 0 8 4 0 7 4 0 6 4 0 5 4 0 44 4 0 3F 4 9 2 F 6 blank filter J A 100 BC ee 5 BC 95 NaCl g 0 0 L L L 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 scattering angle 6 deg scattering intensity norm Fig 2 Filter scattering phase functions for a blank filter a strongly absorb ing aerosol 100 black carbon and a highly scattering aerosol 95 NaCl Fig 2 shows the angular distribution of radiation for a blank filter pure BC aerosol and an aerosol with a very low ab sorbing fraction Obviously the angular distribution of the radiation passing through the aerosol filter system into the forward hemisphere does not depend on the aerosol com position but follows a simple cosine law S 0 cos 3 Therefore a single detector placed at O 0 is sufficient to cover the angular distribution of the radiation completely On the other hand the angular distributi
56. hould be used B 8 Appendix B RS 232 Commands In case that the control command is accepted by the measuring instrument the characters ST follow the lt STX gt correct address correct block check then the command will be executed It is allowed to replace lt ETX gt BCC1 BCC2 by lt CR gt How to form the block check character BCC1 BCC2 The BCCs are formed by simply building the exclusive OR operation byte by byte over all characters transmitted incl lt STX gt lt ETX gt based on 00hex The bit that results is sent as hexadecimal number with two ASCII characters Example BCC binary 01011010 Is transmitted by the ASCII characters 5A B 9 APPENDIX C CONNECTOR AND BOARD SCHEMATICS Female connector COM1 Female connector standard I O 1 Shielding 1 Relay 0 Make contact 14 14 Relay 0 Break contact 2 TD 2 Relay 0 Center contact 15 15 Relay 1 Make contact 3 RD 3 Relay 1 Break contact 16 16 Relay 1 Center contact 4 RTS 4 Relay 2 Make contact 17 17 Relay 2 Break contact 5 CTS 5 Relay 2 Center contact 18 18 6 6 19 19 7 GND 7 20 20 8 8 21 21 9 9 Input 22 22 GND for Input 10 10 23 23 11 11 24 24 20 mA Mass 12 12 20 mA Concentration 25 25 20 mA Mass 13 13 20 mA Concentration Female connector COM2 Relay 0 Operating status Relay 1 Limit value Relay 2 Failure Loading capacity ofthe contacts TD max 60V 0 5A CTS Rest Relay picked up Analog outputs 0 10V Internal r
57. ieved by jumper settings See Chapter 2 Installation User selected zero point output of 0 mA 0 V or 4 mA 2 V Here the user has chosen zero to be a 4 mA or 2 V analog output User selected concentration of black carbon CBC for the zero point of the analog output range Possible settings 1000 to 1000 ug m3 Typically this value would come from a 24 hour zero test User selected concentration of black carbon CBC for the span point of the analog output range Possible settings 0 to 99 999 ug m3 Mass of black carbon for the zero point of the analog output range Possible settings 1000 to 1000 ug Mass of black carbon for the span analog output range Possible settings 0 to 99 999 ug For the following analog outputs of flow rate the optional printed circuit board ANALOG I O EXTENSION P N 42545 1026 will be required ANALOG OUTPUTS VOLUME FLOW 4mA 0 l h BACK NEXT ANALOG OUTPUTS VOLUME FLOW 20mA 1000 L h u BACK NEXT Chapter 3 Operation ANALOG OUTPUTS CHANNEL 5 TI 0 BACK ANALOG OUTPUTS CHANNEL 5 T1 AmA 0 _ BACK ANALOG OUTPUTS CHANNEL 5 TI 20mA 100 BACK ANALOG OUTPUTS CHANNEL 6 P3 6 BACK ANALOG OUTPUTS CHANNEL 6 P3 4mA 0 _ BACK ANALOG OUTPUTS CHANNEL 6 P3 20mA 1000 BACK Language OPERATION LANGUAGE ENGLI SH SET BACK NEXT Using the output codes 0 to 11 one of the values T1 T2 T3 T4 P1
58. iled Status Messages ia olearia 6 9 Overlayofiseveral Status Messanes use 6 14 Status Messages on the Display essre lalla 6 14 CHAPTER 7 SERVICING vrisnin apana aaas oaa aa aaa dadi 7 1 Safety Precautions unnn i n R E E elia 7 1 Filter Tape Replacement nia 7 1 Carbon Vane Replacemenb Jeis essentielle a a tants 7 1 Software Updates s esse en ee 7 3 Service A Ea 7 5 CHAPTER 8 THEORY OF OPERATION ssceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenaes 8 1 Measurement o AAA A lesen ehr 8 1 Calculating Mass and Concentration of Black Carbon BC 8 2 A ee re 8 2 Air Flow Rate Measurement sn use un 8 3 Principle of the Air Flow Rate Measurement 8 3 Ait Flow Response talee lella 8 5 iv CHAPTER 9 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT uuususssseennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 9 1 Inlet Assemblies 22 22 22 ek 32222 A ar EB et eect ite dana 9 1 Sampling Tube Px tensions orale 9 2 W eather Enelosufesz a ca nane O ARA Re 9 2 Rack Mounting Accessories na ei ee 9 2 AO een else 9 2 APPENDIX A WARRANTY zuunsuususannnannannnnnnannnnnnann ann mann ann nun ann ann nnnn ann nennen nenn A 1 APPENDIX B RS 232 COMMANDS 0ccescecceceeceececeececcecceceececceceeceeeeeseeees B 1 Conne tions iste hives A LL Saas Hao Seed ld B 1 REMO Control idad ti e a tati iii B 1 Remote Control COMIMAN S ococcncnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonononononononononononononononononononononononononeneneneneness B 3 Read Commani
59. ion For a description of the connector pin layout see the upper right hand corner of Figure 2 4 labeled To complete a change of jumpers access the circuit board by unscrewing the six 6 small screws on the small access panel on the lower rear of the instrument Be sure to disconnect the power supply before accessing the circuit board Gently pull the panel with fixed circuit board outward only 2 inches 5 cm to expose the connectors To configure the analog output for VOLTAGE change the jumper settings on connector x10 and x24 only as referenced in Figure 2 4 to provide a 1 3 and 7 8 jumper setting per connector Do not change the jumper settings on connectors x11 and x25 Gently insert the circuit board and secure the rear access panel with the six 6 screws Power on the central unit and check for voltage output readings Note Although the jumpers have now been changed for a voltage output signal the Display Menu will still show mA as the analog output Please apply O mA 0 V 4 mA 2 V and 20 mA 10V To revert back to an analog output in mA follow the above instructions and place the x10 and x24 connectors into the original jumper settings of 3 4 and 7 8 Any information regarding Serial Data Output is discussed in Chapter 3 Operation and RS 232 Commands are provided in Appendix B Commands STARTUP 1 Turn the power on 2 Set instrument parameters such as automatic filter change frequency and hour flow
60. ith equipment or software not supplied by Seller If Seller determines that Products for which Buyer has requested warranty services are not covered by the warranty hereunder Buyer shall pay or reimburse Seller for all costs of investigating and responding to such request at Seller s then prevailing time and materials rates If Seller provides repair services or replacement parts that are not covered by the warranty provided in this warranty Buyer shall pay Seller therefor at Seller s then prevailing time and materials rates ANY INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE REPAIR SERVICE RELOCATION OR ALTERATION TO OR OF OR OTHER TAMPERING WITH THE PRODUCTS PERFORMED BY ANY PERSON OR ENTITY OTHER THAN SELLER WITHOUT SELLER S PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL OR ANY USE OF REPLACEMENT PARTS NOT SUPPLIED BY SELLER SHALL IMMEDIATELY VOID AND CANCEL ALL WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE AFFECTED PRODUCTS THE OBLIGATIONS CREATED BY THIS WARRANTY STATEMENT TO REPAIR OR REPLACE A DEFECTIVE PRODUCT SHALL BE THE SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER IN THE EVENT OF A DEFECTIVE PRODUCT EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THIS WARRANTY STATEMENT SELLER DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED ORAL OR WRITTEN WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCTS INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE SELLER DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE PRODUCTS ARE ERROR FREE OR WILL ACCOMPLISH ANY PARTICULAR RESULT A 2 Warranty Thermo Fisher Scienti
61. l PRINT CYCLE be released If set to 0 minutes the next menu allows a cycle ranging from 0 to 120 seconds Printouts will be limited and repeated to the print cycle This display window allows setting the bit transmission rate Choose between 300 600 1200 2400 4800 and 9600 Baud IAL DATA l ICE ADDRESS This address activates the device using commands to be 1 sent via the serial interface BACK NEXT Note Interfacing will then be processed only by the respective device 3 3 Chapter 3 Operation Print Formats Print formats are provided by an output spooler While printing the normal measurement operation will not be interrupted and the measuring instrument can be operated as usual Remote Control commands are possible using the second serial interface during printing out the lists via the first serial interface From the internal memory sufficient information from the print formats is available The transmission of all half hourly mean values over an entire year including information on date and status requires approximately 632 Kbytes At a bit transmission rate of 9600 the transmission process will need approximately 10 minutes Print Format Examples 1 Date time status and concentration of black carbon in ng m3 1 11 16 15 39 38 000000 3762 2 Date time status concentration of black carbon and mass of black carbon in ug 01 11 16 15 39 38 000000 37
62. lay 1 Exceeding a limit value Relay 2 Failure error The remaining relays are on the printed circuit board BIT I O EXTENSION and are primarily used together with the 50 pin measuring network connection Herewith it is also possible to check and test cable connections and subsequent processing devices 3 12 MAINTENANCE NPUT 012 3 4 O BACK NEXT MAINTENANCE ISP OF CHARACTERS VED AT COM 1 YES BACK NEXT MAINTENANCE DISP Of CHARACTERS RECEIVED AT COM 2 YES BACK NEXT MAINTENANCE RELOAD PARAMETERS FROM EEPROM YES BACK NEXT Chapter 3 Operation This display shows the state of the input bit 0 Triggers a filter tape change via switch contact 1 4 Bit I O extension 50 pin network connection Box Level at the input latch D21 Low No box Level at the input latch High Bit0 Standard I O filter change release by closing the switch A box appears when the switch is closed Bitl 4 and the 50 pin meas network connections A box appears when the switch opens The function associated is not released if the keyboard has been enabled The box below the word INPUT symbolizes the zero point of the cam of the opening lifting mechanism If the box exists this means that the head is open If there is no box displayed the head is closed Once the YES key is pressed the display will become blank The data received at the data interface COM
63. lter change has been carried out 6 11 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting 0000 0000 0000 0000 C Sum status of the pressure sensors Characteristics Significance Orifice pressure sensor negative or over range Pump vacuum pressure sensor negative or over range Sensor for barometer negative or over range free free Orifice pressure lt 1hPa free free 0000 0000 0000 0000 D Sum status of the air flow regulation Characteristics Significance Deviation gt 5 Air flow regulator completely open Air flow regulator completely closed free free free free free 0000 0000 0000 0000 6 12 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting E Sum status of the photo detectors Characteristics Significance 01 Reference signal negative or over range 02 Transmission signal SO negative or over range 04 Reflection signal S165 negative or over range 08 Reflection signal S135 negative or over range 10 Signal too low with the LED being ON 20 Dark signal too high with the LED being switched off 40 free 80 free 0000 0000 0000 0000 F Sum status of the temperature measurement Characteristics Significance 01 Ambient temperature sensor T1 short circuit 02 Ambient temperature sensor T4 interruption 04 Measuring temperature sensor head T2 short circuit 08 Measuring temperature sensor head T2 interruption 10 System temperature sensor T3 short circuit 20 System temperature sensor T3 interruption 40 free 80 free 6 13 Chapter 6 Troublesho
64. matics Model 5012 Main Circuit Board I N Ai nana 2 j RA a ah I Display E i pe 2 O rogram Chip s Ele 2 i au ESITARE 4 i 3 co LO og Pa a gr Eee Feeding a AA EE Programming fornai e N Jumper Lock Ji Internal Memory Chip i concentration 5 ERS rear side do not change EIER Setting Hr Pin concentration front socket do not change crimini rn l Mir AL lp ur a FRONT OF INSTRUMENT iP TEREN FA DE LI a C 4 APPENDIX D AEROSOL ARTICLE Aerosols Atmospheric Diagnostics Aerosols Continuous Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon Using a Multi angle Absorption Photometer Andreas Petzold Hansgerd Kramer and Markus Sch nlinner 1 Institut f r Physik der Atmosph re Deutsches Zentrum f r Luft und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen D 82234 Wessling Germany 2 Thermo ESM Andersen Frauenauracher Str 96 D 91056 Erlangen Germany Corresponding author andreas petzoldOdlr de Absract A new instrument is presented which is conducting the measurement of the atmospheric black carbon loading by the ap plication of a radiative transfer scheme to particle loaded fiber filters This method includes multiple scattering effects into the analysis of the aerosol filter system and is therefore aiming on a reduction of the uncertainties of the measured aerosol absorption coefficient and the black carbon mass loading of
65. maximum 5 digit integer number ranging from 9999 to 99999 having at least one leading space character Appendix B RS 232 Commands REMOTE CONTROL COMMANDS Read Commands C Readout of the concentration of black carbon in ng m ml Mass of black carbon MBC in ug H Readout of the last measured value in ng m H1 Mean value of the last hour in ng m continuously updated H3 Mean value of the last three hours in ng m continuously updated HT Mean value of the previous day in ng m updated at midnight I0 I7 Readout of analog channel 1 8 in LSB IA ID Readout of analog channel 9 12 in LSB JO JF Readout of the sensor data in physical units JO Orifice pressure P4 in hPa J1 Pump pressure P in hPa J2 Barometric pressure P3 in hPa J3 Ambient temperature T4 in C J4 Measuring head temperature T2 in C J5 System temperature T3 in C JA Photo detector reference Sref JB Photo detector reflection 135 S135 JC Photo detector reflection 165 S165 JD Photo detector transmittance SO JJ Air flow rate under operating conditions JK Air flow rate under standard conditions JL Air flow rate under operating or standard conditions according to reference selected JM Pump regulation signal 0 4096 JN Volume starting from the last measurement N Reading transmission error counter In case an error occurred when receiving data such as parity error invalid parameter then the error counter is incremented The counter i
66. ng Thermo Scientific MAAP v1 32 SERIAL NUMBER 01 11 16 STATUS CBC MBC Q_PM 000000 3377 999 000010 3513 1000 080010 3513 941 000010 498 000000 502 000002 971 000009 0 000089 0 000010 317 080010 648 000010 519 DNDNDRFPRPAUUS BOM DDDDDADAHDAAAAD Ga daa a a 06 08 a O a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 Chapter 3 Operation 30 31 amp 39 Mean values 60 60 amp 18 560 entries In compliance with the measuring interval cycle set each measured value that has been calculated and saved in memory can be printed via Print Formats 30 31 or 39 Print Formats 30 and 39 start without headers and Print Format 31 is represented below Print Formats 30 and 39 are usually preferred for later data reduction via spreadsheet applications Print Format 39 provides data from the expanded memory over 1 year of 30 minute average data Thermo Scientific MAAP v1 32 SERIAL NUMBER MEAN VALUES DATE TIME STATUS CBC ng m3 000000 3189 000000 3350 000000 3329 000000 3305 000000 3342 000000 3375 000000 3400 000000 3443 000000 3589 OV OV OV OV OV OD OV OY OD 490994 a A a aaa t 000000000 40 amp 41 Daily mean values up to 380 lines Print Format 40 has no header lines Thermo Scientific MAAP v1 32 ERIAL NUMBER 01 11 16 DAILY MEAN VALUES DATE o k CBC ng m3 01 11 16 100 3564 01 11 15 100 4127 01 11 14 100 3736 01 11 13 100 7314 01
67. nterfaces Measured Value Outputs Analog outputs for mass and concentration of black carbon Linear Output Output Range Freely Selectable Voltage output 0 10 V load gt 2 KQ Current output 0 20 mA 4 20 mA load 0 500 Q Potential Separation with Plug In Module for Each Output Separately Serial interface V24 RS232 printer or PC connection 300 9600 Bd Storage Capacity 18 560 CBC entries Log book with 1 632 entries Daily mean values 385 days Contacts for In and Outputs 1 control input 3 alarm and status signals via potential free relay contacts Rating of the contacts 0 5 A 60 V 1 5 CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION The installation of the Model 5012 includes lifting the instrument unpacking the instrument connecting sample and vacuum lines to the instrument attaching the analog outputs to a recording device and setting up any serial communications For more information about optional equipment e g inlet assemblies expansion boards see Chapter 9 Optional Equipment LIFTING A procedure appropriate to lifting a heavy object should be used when lifting the monitor This procedure consists of bending at the knees while keeping your back straight and upright The monitor should be grasped at the bottom in the front and at the rear of the unit Do not attempt to lift the monitor by the cover or other external fittings While one person may lift the unit it is desirable to have two persons lifting one by gr
68. oid breathing in carbon particulate Use an approved particle filter or respirator When installing new vanes be sure the beveled side points outwards see Figure 7 2 Reassemble the parts in the reverse order i aa Figure 7 2 Carbon Vane Installation Chapter 7 Servicing SOFTWARE UPDATES With the Model 5012 the software can be updated either by exchanging the EEPROM or by uploading the program code via the serial interface COM1 A download of the Parameter List Print Format 8 should be done prior to any software updates The program received first is read and loaded into the 512 Kbytes RAM extension Once the data transmission has been completed successfully without error the program code is written into the Flash EEPROM Loading a new software version 1 Conditions to be fulfilled e PC with MS DOS V3 3 or later Hard disk Floppy disk drive 1 serial interface COM1 e Model 5012 with a pre programmed Flash EEPROM D3 512 Kbytes RAM extension D4 Plug in bridge X30 Pin 1 2 not to be plugged in the Flash EEPROM e Connecting cable PC COMI to the Black Carbon Monitor MAAP COM1 e Below is a 9 pin female to 25 pin male cable gdr a ae ne SLI 0 61 BETES RSS as i 0 7 io i fo 8 et l PC COM 1 MAAP COM 1 9 Pin 25 Pin 2 Connect the interface COM1 of the PC with COM1 of the Model 5012 Subsequently switch on the devices 3 Configuring the serial interface COM1 of the Model 5012 P
69. olon Consequently a command usually looks like the following Address Command code number stop code The information in brackets is optional As far as the execution of the command is concerned it makes no difference whether a command is entered via the keyboard or via the serial interface In case that the system detects unreasonable parameters when receiving a command i e parameters that are no longer within the admissible range the respective command will not be executed and the error counter will increment by 1 The Model 5012 monitor incorporates 2 serial interfaces COM1 is connected to a 25 pin D sub plug connector The interface COM2 is wired to a 9 pin D sub plug connector and can be connected to the interface of a computer using a 1 1 cable Both interfaces are equally good and can be also operated simultaneously The only exception a software update is only possible using the COMI interface The command codes are split into 3 groups READ WRITE and CONTROL commands and are listed in alphabetical order The word number found in a command always stands for the entry as a maximum 7 digit integer number unsigned Leading space characters are permitted Data sent by the monitoring device Model 5012 always end with lt CR gt lt LF gt The guaranteed response time to a remote control command amounts to one second Unless stated otherwise numbers usually consist of 6 characters representing a
70. on Digital electronics defective Find and repair leak Recalibrate pressure or temperature transducer s Replace one board at a time with a spare board to isolate the defective board Analog test ramp Faulty recorder Span output on Digital electronics defective Replace recorder Turn span off Replace board with a spare board 6 3 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting MALFUNCTION Display is off POSSIBLE CAUSE Wrong contrast setting LCD cable loose LCD defective ACTION Adjust potentiometer on board Check connection and cable integrity Replace display 6 4 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting STATUS MESSAGES The status messages serve to inform and alert the user of the instrument operation Among these features are the operating status warning status and error messages The status message can be reviewed in the Main Menu and through the internal memory data download In case there is no status message present the measuring instrument is in the normal operation mode and the green LED READY will be illuminated The yellow LED STATUS stands for an operating and or warning status The red LED ERROR will illuminate in case of an instrument error The general status message is abbreviated and represented as a 6 digit hexadecimal number Each of the 6 characters represents up to 4 independent conditions The eight global error status bits each represent a group of eight status bits Consequ
71. on of the radiation scattered into the back hemisphere shows a clear effect of the aerosol composition The absorbing aerosol is reducing the amount of light scattered sideward while the highly scat tering aerosol is increasing this fraction with respect to the blank filter matrix The filter phase function in the back hemisphere can be best described by a combination of dif fuse scattering following the cosine law Eq 3 and a specular component described by a Gaussian distribution with its width p 0 5 being a measure for the surface roughness of the filter The resulting phase function is S O 2 0004 1 2 cxp 15 4 where a denotes the diffuse fraction of the scattered radiation 79 Aerosols Atmospheric Diagnostics LED 670 nm na avy O avy Filler sample O O Attenuation Reflectance Multi angle setup setup Phot er Fig 3 Schematic set up for attenuation and reflectivity measurements compared to the multi angle photometer set up Fig 2 also indicates that the difference between the phase func tions is largest for scattering angles 6 130 while a sensor positioned at 8 165 is monitoring the backscattered radia tion Hence placing a second detector at 9 130 a simple and robust optical set up is achieved which can cover the an gular distribution of radiation in the back hemisphere Ana lyzing the dependence of the signal measured under a certain scattering angle
72. orrelation analysis yielded r2 0 964 and an average ratio between the two instruments of 0 99 2 0 T T T T T m VDI 2465 part 1 E B optical method 215 2 S ol E v RE O o 9 0 5L 7 7 oO AH E 0 0 L L L L 1 m L 278 280 282 284 286 288 julian day 2000 Fig 5 Black carbon mass concentration obtained from the reference method VDI 2465 part 1 and from the multi angle photometer the data correspond to 24h average values measured at Mt Kleiner Feldberg ESPR Environ Sci amp Pollut Res e Special Issue 4 2002 3 0 T T T T T T 0 0 L L L L L L 12 00 16 00 20 00 00 00 04 00 08 00 time of day Fig 7 Side by side operation of two instruments at the Thermo ESM An dersen premises in Erlangen in Fall 2001 81 Aerosols Atmospheric Diagnostics 4 Summary A new optical instrument was developed to measure the aero sol related absorption of light and the corresponding atmos pheric black carbon mass concentration The multi angle absorption photometer is analyzing the modification of the radiation fields in the forward and back hemisphere of a fiber filter caused by deposited particles The data inversion algorithm is based on radiation transfer methods and there fore takes multiple scattering processes inside the deposited aerosol and between the aerosol layer and the filter matrix explicitly into account The disregard of th
73. oting Overlay of Several Status Messages Note The characteristic numbers of the detailed error status messages are added and thus form the detailed error status and the global error failure status Examples ERROR STATUS 01 00000000 0000 0004 SaveRAM error backup battery empty 02 00000000 0000 3000 Lifting position opening of the filter tape gap has not been recognized Filter tape fissure no filter tape transport has been recognized 04 00000000 0001 0000 Orifice pressure sensor negative or over range 08 0000 0000 0300 0000 Deviation gt 5 Air flow regulator completely open Status Messages on the Display Basic menu STATUS 0000 OPERATION ERROR 00 CBC 778ng m3 DISP BACK NEXT Main menu DISP ERROR STATUS 0000 0000 0000 0000 TEXT BACK NEXT 6 14 CHAPTER 7 SERVICING This chapter explains how to replace the Model 5012 filter tape amp carbon vanes of the vacuum pump and also update the software Fault location is accomplished in the preceding chapters of Preventive Maintenance and Troubleshooting For additional service assistance see Service Locations later in this chapter SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Some internal components can be damaged by the discharge of static electricity To avoid damaging internal components follow these precautions when performing any service procedure Wear an antistatic wrist strap that is properly connected to earth ground note that wh
74. r other problems Replace O rings as necessary INLET DUST POT OUTLET Figure 5 2 PM2 5 Sharp Cut Cyclone Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance PM10 Inlet The water collector bottle located on the inlet should be inspected at least every five sampling days see Figure 5 3 Remove any accumulated water clean the interior of the bottle inspect the seals and replace the bottle in the holder Top Plate with Deflector Cone Screen Spacer A Le Lower Plate with crew Rain Deflector ver Acceleration Assembly bed Water Collector LI El Coliector Asse mbly Figure 5 3 PM10 Inlet Once a month the sampler inlet should be dismantled and cleaned Mark each assembly point of the sampler inlet with a pen or pencil to provide reference marks during reassembly Disassemble the sample inlet unit according to Figure 5 3 If the assembly screws are frozen apply penetrating oil or commercial lubricant to make removal easier Clean all interior surfaces and the bug screen with a general purpose cleaner or compressed air paying particular attention to small openings and cracks Cotton swabs and or a small brush are helpful Completely dry all components 5 7 Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance Also monthly check the o rings for distortion cracks fraying or other problems and replace as necessary Apply small amounts of grease to the o rings before assembling the unit Reassemble the unit in accordance with the p
75. rated first prior to calibrating the flow rate The outside temperature sensor cable must be connected to the female connector marked SENSORS 14 Figure 2 2 Temperature CALIBRATION The measured value is displayed To enter the reference OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE value press the CAL key and then the keys The value 15 6 C will be accepted by pressing the NEXT key Reference E I measurements are made by inserting the reference probe into an attached or nearby naturally aspirated radiation shield The same calibration procedure is also valid for the following sensors and can be referenced to shelter temperature if the Model 5012 has been equilibrated for approximately 1 hour with no flow rate Otherwise the Head Temperature may reflect the temperature of the incoming sample aerosol CALIBRATION CALIBRATION AD TEMPERATURE SYSTEM TEMPERATURE 22 4 C BEE CAL BACK NEXT CAL BACK NEXT Pressure CALIBRATION Enter the absolute barometric pressure on site make sure not BAROMETRIC PRESSURE to use the pressure that refers to sea level If local airport 985 hPa data is being used be sure to correct for elevation CAL BACK NEXT Note hPa in Hg x 33 7685 4 3 Chapter 4 Calibration Flow Rate Calibration CALIBRATION This is the sub menu used for the air flow rate calibration IR FLOW YES BACK NEXT The volumetri
76. ration steps o Single scattering albedo of aerosol and filter layers R Reflection term x In Transmittance T Transmission term First line from left to right Reference diode transmittance reflection under 165 reflection under 135 Second line from left to right Transmittance 0 to 1 000 reflection 0 to 1 000 angle parameter of the reflection K Refl 135 Refl 165 By pressing the LED key the user may toggle the light source on and off When off the first line should all go to zero 0 The values supplied by the A D converter are displayed in the unit LSB Least Significant Bit Bit steps 0 to 2047 By pressing the respective key 20 mA or 0 4 mA an equivalent analog output is provided to all analog channels This allows for adjusting chart recorders connected to the unit and for testing cable connections When quitting this menu by pressing the BACK or NEXT key the measured values will be again output to the analog interfaces Corresponding voltages apply This option enters the relay test mode To go on to the next menu point simply press the YES key All relays except the one being marked by a box under the relay number pick up independent of the current status By means of the lt gt keys it is possible to make sure that one of the relays is released Relays 0 1 and 2 are located on the base plate and represent the following status Relay 0 Maintenance or calibration Re
77. reviously scribed match marks Particular care should be taken to ensure that all o ring seals are properly seated and that all screws are uniformly tightened CHAPTER 6 TROUBLESHOOTING The Model 5012 has been designed to achieve a high level of reliability Only premium components are used thus complete failure is rare In the event of problems or failure the troubleshooting guidelines presented in this chapter should be helpful in isolating the fault s The Service Department at Thermo Electron Environmental Instruments can be consulted in the event of problems at 508 520 0430 In any correspondence with the factory please note the serial number of the instrument CAUTION Some internal components can be damaged by small amounts of static electricity A properly grounded antistatic wrist strap must be worn while handling any internal component For more information about appropriate safety precautions see Chapter 7 Servicing TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE MALFUNCTION POSSIBLE CAUSE ACTION Does not start up No power Check that the instrument pump is plugged into the proper source 100 120V or 220 240V Check instrument fuse Power supply Check voltages from power supply Digital electronics Check that all boards are defective seated properly Replace with spare boards to isolate the problem 6 1 MALFUNCTION Cannot change parameters POSSIBLE CAUSE Keypad is not enabled Chapter 6 Troubleshooting ACTI
78. rint format 0 Print cycle 0 min Os Transmission rate 9 600 baud Switch the device to online mode Chapter 7 Servicing 4 Calling the program Copy both the UPDATE EXE file and the MASTER HEX file into a sub directory of the hard disk on the PC Once copied start the program by typing in UPDATE Subsequently the display shows the following NG FLASH Address of the data byte the address will be also shown on the PC screen After successful completion of the data transmission the flash EEPROM is written The display will then show the following message PROGRAMMING FLASH MEM FFCO After the successful programming the measuring device starts its operation by performing a Mains on routine For around 30 seconds the software version currently installed will be displayed Then the device proceeds with the normal measurement operating mode In case the check sum test fails with erroneous data transmission or if programming of the flash EEPROM does not work correctly jumper 30 has to be set to PRG on the circuit board the measuring instrument starts using the old software version To cancel a running data transmission please press the lt ESC gt key If the data transmission does not start immediately start the program UPDATE EXE again 5 Checking the parameters The software update does not have any effect on the parameters of the monitor Nevertheles
79. rpreted by reviewing the detailed error status codes Global Error Status Code Global Error Status Definition Field 01 Sum status ofthe data and program memory A 02 Sum status of the mechanical components B 04 Sum status of the pressure sensors C 08 Sum status of the air flow regulation D 10 Sum status of the photo detectors E 20 Sum status of the temperature measurement F 40 free G 80 free H 6 9 Chapter 6 Troubleshootin The following break down of the Global Error Status indicators to a Detailed Error Status can be obtained by pressing the DISP key once and the NEXT key 4 times from the Main Global Error Status Menu Detailed Error Status Codes 00 00 00 00 00 00 16 figures hexadecimal TEXT BACK NEXT 6 10 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Detailed Error Status A Sum status of the data and program memory memory error Characteristic Significance 01 PROM error FLASH EEPROM 02 RAM error 04 SaveRAM error backup battery empty 08 EEPROM write read error 10 free 20 free 40 free 80 free 0000 0000 0000 0000 B Sum status of the mechanical components Characteristic Significance 01 free 02 free 04 free 08 Suction chamber negative pressure lt 10 hPa if pump runs 10 Lifting position opening of the filter tape gap has not been recognized 20 Filter tape fissure no filter tape transport has been recognized 40 free 80 Filter change condition already met again immediately after a fi
80. s as a precaution you should compare the Print Format 8 parameters with the default values and previous values Chapter 7 Servicing SERVICE LOCATIONS For additional assistance Environmental Instruments Division has service available from exclusive distributors worldwide Contact one of the phone numbers below for product support and technical information 866 282 0430 Toll Free 508 520 0430 International CHAPTER 8 THEORY OF OPERATION MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE The illustration provided in Figure 8 1 gives an overview of the measuring head being part of the Model 5012 Multi Angle Absorption Photometer MAAP for black carbon monitoring The MAAP serves to determine the fraction of elemental carbon suspended in the ambient atmosphere The principle of determination is based on a combination of the reflectometer method at certain defined scattering angles and the transmission With this method also multiple scatterings are taken into consideration The scientific foundations are described in detail in the publication originally published in ESPR Environ Sci amp Pollut Res Special Issue 4 2002 78 82 by Dr Andreas Petzold which can be found in Appendix D ARTICLE Light Source 670 nm Back Hemisphere reflection Photodetectors Incoming Aerosol Sample Filter Tape Sample Air Exhaust Hemisphere transmission Photodetector Figure 8 1 Function Principle of the MAAP Monitoring Instrument
81. s reset zero through the reading procedure v Readout device type software version and serial number Z Reading date time Response yy mm tt hh mm ss ZZ Reading date time Appendix B RS 232 Commands Response yymmtthhmmss Reading device address identification code Readout device status The complete status error warning and operating status is output as a string comprising 19 characters Each character represents 4 status bits displayed hexadecimally The first 16 characters show the detailed error status the last 3 characters the global error warning alarm and operating status Write Commands K KO K1 x K2 x K3 x K4 x K5 x K6 x K7 x K8 x K9 x KA x KB x KC x KD x KE x KF x KG x KH x KI x KJ x KK x KL x KM x KN x GN GS G x y D x al x Setting parameters Value range Measuring interval 1 5 10 30 min 0 3 Filter change if transmittance lt x 0 99 Filter change every XXX hours 1 100 Filter change at XXX hours 0 24 0 no filter change at fixed point in time Air flow rate nominal value X l h 0 3000 Zero point of the analog output 0 0 mA 1 4 mA Analog output CBC Min 0 1000 Analog output CBC Max 0 9999 Quantity to be measured at the analog channel 2 0 9 Analog output channel 2 Min 0 1000 Analog output channel 2 Max 0 9999 Analog output Qop Min value of the volume flow 0 1000 Analog output Qop Max v
82. se PM 10 PM2 5 Black Carbon Currently Thermo Fisher Scientific offers inlet assemblies for PM10 PM2 5 PM1 and TSP 10 Micron Inlet P N 57 000596 U S EPA PM10 Inlet as per 40 CFR at 16 67 l min 2 5 Micron Inlet P N 57 004006 2 5 Micron WINS Impactor P N 57 005896 2 5 Micron Sharp Cut Cyclone SCC at 16 67 l min P N 57 008740 2 5 Micron Very Sharp Cut Cyclone VSCC at 16 67 l min 9 1 Chapter 9 Optional Equipment 1 0 Micron Inlet P N 10 67742 1 0 Micron Sharp Cut Cyclone at 16 67 l min TSP Inlet P N FH158 TSP Inlet at 16 67 l min SAMPLING TUBE EXTENSIONS Often the compatible way to install the Model 5012 at air quality monitoring sites is to collocate the inlet at the same height as other inlets In addition to using the above referenced inlets extending the sample down tube length is necessary using a rigid sample tube Extended lengths of flexible tubing can lead to particle loss P N 424250222 9 75 feet 3 m Sampling Tube without heater P N 424250214 31 inch 800 mm Sampling Tube without heater P N 424250215 16 inch 400 mm Sampling Tube without heater P N DDF16 Roof Mounting Flange for Sampling Tube 16 mm diameter WEATHER ENCLOSURE P N SM149248350 Protective Housing for Ambient Temperature Sensor RACK MOUNTING ACCESSORIES P N 425451065 Telescope Plate P N KT149140871 Telescope Mount Bars 1 pair for 19 inch Rack Mounting ANALOG EXTENSION P N 425451029 Printed Circuit Board s
83. t is recommended to visit the monitoring site biweekly to perform a flow check for control charting Should an error in the flow check be significant gt 7 the error may be caused by one of the temperature sensors It would also be beneficial to control chart the temperature sensors with each site visit Furthermore temperature sensor audits can be done once per quarter If any temperature sensor does not agree within 42 C of the auditing standard then a calibration is required in addition to an annual calibration A drifting control chart from biweekly checks can define for the user what the calibration frequency may be for the instrument and if there is any persistent sensor drift Should a temperature sensor need to be replaced reference Chapter 7 Servicing Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance PRESSURE SENSORS There are three 3 pressure sensors included in the Model 5012 These sensors are the Pl orifice sensor P2 pump vacuum sensor and P3 barometric pressure sensor P1 measures the pressure differential across an orifice and is used for the flow calibration P2 measures the vacuum under the filter tape relative to barometric pressure P3 directly measures the barometric pressure Pl and P2 are automatically zeroed with every filter spot change Typically it is recommended to visit the monitoring site biweekly to perform a flow check for control charting Should an error in the flow check be significant gt 7 the error may be
84. ter change will also be triggered when the air flow rate falls below 95 of the nominal value In OFFLINE mode no automatic filter change will be executed TEMP CONTROL SYSTEM TI T2 T4 HL 22 4 22 0 21 4 0 SET BACK NEXT AIR FLOW l h REG NOM ACT 76 1000 1012 INAL BACK NEXT l h INAL VALUE 1000 1 h BACK NEXT The temperature control system permits the user to adjust the sample temperature up to 10 C above the T1 sensor when using the optional heater This window displays the nominal and the actual value of the air flow rate as well as the pump controller output in percent of the output range i e 43 8 This display serves to enter the nominal value of the volumetric flow rate Default 1000 l h 16 67 l min Suggested range 500 1200 1 h 8 3 20 l min 3 8 Chapter 3 Operation Analog Output Configuration OPERATION ANALOG OUTPUTS YES BACK NEXT ANALOG OUTPUTS OUTPUT ZERO POINT SET 4mA 4mA BACK NEXT OmA ANALOG OUTPUTS CONCENTRATION AmA 0 ug m3 BACK NEXT ANALOG OUTPUTS CONCENTRATION 20mA 500 ug m3 BACK NEXT ANALOG OUTPUTS MASS OF BC 4mA 0 ug BACK NEXT ANALOG OUTPUTS MASS OF BC 20mA 2000 ug BACK NEXT Here the operator may define the analog output range Please note Analog output selections on the display will always show units of milliamp mA Corresponding voltage V outputs are ach
85. tered if indoor air is being measured By default the air flow rate is set to 1000 I h 16 67 l min with a 5 tolerance When measuring black carbon the pump can be set between 500 1200 1 h 8 20 I min but must be set to a corresponding flow rate of any size selective inlet Nevertheless if the Model 5012 cannot reach the desired nominal flow rate a filter change will be performed automatically under the assumption that the filter spot may have become clogged An excellent indicator of pump performance is achieved by reviewing the Power to the pump in the Operation Menu If the flow rate of the Model 5012 is below the nominal set point and the pump power is very high gt 95 then the user should check and tighten the fittings Otherwise if all fittings are tight and pump wear is suspected then the user should replace the vanes See Chapter 7 Servicing Maintenance of the rotating pump has to be carried out in accordance with the special instructions given by the pump manufacturer As the pump usually only operates with pre filtered air abrasion of the carbon vanes is only minor The service life of a set of carbon vanes amounts to more than 1 year of operation For this reason one should either check the carbon vanes at intervals of 2 000 3 000 hours which corresponds to a 3 month cycle or change them once a year See Chapter 7 Servicing Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance CHECKING THE AIR FLOW To check and
86. thermometers Multiple thermometers may be used to cover the temperature range as long as each thermometer meets the accuracy and readability specifications described above e A barometer capable of measuring barometric pressure over a range of 600 to 800 mm Hg 80 to 106 kiloPascals kPa and readable to the nearest 1 mmHg At least once a year this barometer should be calibrated to within 5 mmHg of a NIST traceable barometer of known accuracy e Flow rate measurement equipment transfer standards capable of calibrating or verifying the flow rate measurement with an accuracy of 2 percent This flow rate standard must be a separate stand alone device It must have its own certification and be traceable to a NIST primary standard for volume or flow rate Dry piston meters and bubble flow meters should only be used under controlled laboratory conditions Ambient field measurements should use a NIST traceable low pressure drop orifice venturi flow meter e Tubing T Connectors syringe and digital manometer for differential pressure sensors PRE CALIBRATION Prior to calibration be sure the Model 5012 is operating properly The Model 5012 s internal diagnostics makes this a quick and simple process Turn on the instrument and allow it to stabilize for one hour prior to calibrating Perform the service checks of Chapter 5 Preventive Maintenance Select the operational parameters for the Model 5012 filter change analog output etc
87. to the rear panel of the instrument 6 Plug the instrument into a designated wall outlet of the appropriate voltage and frequency 7 Plug the pump power cord into the rear of the instrument CAUTION The Model 5012 central unit and pump are supplied with three wire grounding cords Under no circumstances should this grounding system be compromised 14 15 15 Figure 2 2 Model 5012 Rear Panel 10 Vacuum pump tube connection 11 Power connection fuse and main switch 12 Pump power connection 13 Optional heater connection 14 Temperature sensor connector 15 Pump voltage connector 16 50 pin network connector option 17 Female I O extension option 18 Additional analog outputs 4 20 mA option 19 Extension of the analog I O by 8 in and 4 out option 2 3 Chapter 2 Installation 20 Not used 21 25 pin I O connector 22 COM serial data interface V 24 RS 232 9 pin D sub female connector 23 COMI serial data interface V 24 RS 232 25 pin D sub female connector Compressed Incoming Sample 5 5 Compression T fitting Excess Sample Connection to MAAF Inlet e Figure 2 3 Atmospheric Dump Bypass Plumbing for Source Measurement ANALOG OUTPUT INSTALLATION Unless specified upon order the Model 5012 comes equipped with a default analog output signal of 0 20 milliamps mA In order to configure the Model 5012 for an analog output of 0 10 volts V jumpers on the main circuit board
88. tor of 2 and more for the Aethalometer Therefore a method is required which is capable of measur ing the aerosol black carbon content almost free of artifacts caused by the aerosol light scattering fraction A possible ap proach could be the application of a radiative transfer scheme during the analysis of the filter optical properties which takes multiple scattering effects explicitly into account In the fol lowing the development and application of an instrument will be presented which combines the simplicity of a filter tape instrument for long term continuous black carbon monitor ing and the analysis of the filter optical properties employing a radiative transfer technique which was originally developed for the analysis of single filter samples H nel 1987 2 Instrument Development 2 1 Sensor Set Up The application of a radiative transfer scheme to the analy sis of a particle loaded filter requires knowledge on the ra diation field in the forward and back hemisphere of the aero sol filter system Since the presented efforts were aiming at a simple instrument for continuous black carbon monitor ing a new optical sensor had to be developed which is capa ble of simultaneously measuring both radiation fields For this purpose the scattering phase function of blank and par ticle loaded filters were first investigated using a polar pho tometer set up shown in Fig 1 Using this polar photometer filter samples were investigated w
89. tory generated mixture of black carbon and NaCl particles The total mass of the deposited aerosol was measured gravimetri cally while the black carbon mass was determined by the German reference method VDI 2465 part 1 The black car bon mass fraction of the deposited aerosol varied between 2 and 100 As can be seen in Fig 4 the response of the instrument to the light absorbing aerosol is scarcely influ enced by the light scattering aerosol fraction The instrument is designed as a filter tape instrument which is capable of measuring the black carbon concentration continu ously However for calibration purposes the measured values have to be compared to 24h average values measured with the German reference method VDI 2465 part 1 Two examples are shown in Figs 5 and Fig 6 The instrument was first ap ESPR Environ Sci amp Pollut Res e Special Issue 4 2002 Atmospheric Diagnostics Aerosols y E o D a lt A 2 amp BC NaCl test aerosol n Pale A BC mass fraction 100 we BC mass fraction 2 30 0 Tg 1 1 0 20 40 60 S VDI 2465 method part 1 ug cm Fig 4 Filter black carbon loading Sgc obtained from the multi angle ab sorption photometer compared to elemental carbon loading Sg determined by the German thermal reference method VDI 2465 part 1 correlation coefficient r 0 91 n 28 Error bars correspond to the uncertainty of the absorbance coefficient O
90. ufacture to guarantee unique device identification SFKT Special function not used six times the numerical character 0 B 7 Appendix B RS 232 Commands Significance of the operating status bits 1 Operating and error status 2 Compatible with FH 62 I N DI Keyboard active D2 Filter change Significance of the error status bits DO Air flow disturbed DI Breach or end of the filter tape D2 D3 Sampling buffer not filled lt ETX gt BCC1 BCC2 is replaced by lt CR gt lt LF gt if the data inquiry has been terminated by lt CR gt Example GEI Bavaria Hessia protocol including the transmission of the number of black carbon and the concentration of black carbon Inquiry lt STX gt DA lt CR gt Response lt STX gt MD03 001 2578 03 00 00 023 000000 lt SP gt T T dh Address CBC Serial number 002 5681 00 00 00 023 000000 lt SP gt 003 1001 03 00 00 023 000000 lt CR gt Remote Control The measuring instrument is controlled by the following protocol lt STX gt ST Address lt SP gt Command lt ETX gt BCC1 BCC2 Address Device address 3 characters leading zeros may be replaced by lt SP gt The address may be also dropped In this case the first command character directly must follow the characters ST Command All commands listed are admissible commands to be applied The response coming from the device however is sent without protocol For this reason no read commands s
91. urement of suspended particle and total carbon concentration in the atmosphere using standard smoke shade methods Atmos Environ 16 2683 2690 82 Bond TC Anderson TL Campbell D 1999 Calibration and intercomparison of filter based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols Aerosol Sci Technol 30 582 600 Gundel LA Dod RL Rosen H Novakov T 1984 The rela tionship between optical attenuation and black carbon con centration for ambient and source particles Sci Total Envir 36 197 202 H nel G 1987 Radiation budget of the boundary layer Part II Simulateneous measurement of mean solar volume abosrption and extinction coefficients of partciles Beitr Phys Atmosph 60 241 247 Hansen ADA Rosen H Novakov T 1984 The aethalometer an instrument for the real time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles Sci Total Envir 36 191 196 Hansen ADA Lowenthal DH Chow JC Watson JG 2001 Black carbon at McMurdo station Antarctica J Air amp Waste Man age Assoc 51 593 600 Hitzenberger R 1993 Absorption measurements with an inte grating plate photometer calibration and error analysis Aero sol Sci Technol 18 70 84 Horvath H 1993 Atmospheric light absorption Atmos Environ 27A 293 317 Kopp C Petzold A Niessner R 1999 Investigation of the specific attenuation cross section of aerosols deposited on fiber filters with a polar photometer to determine black carbon J Aerosol Sci 30 1153 116
92. us INTENANCE ILTER STRIP YES BACK NEXT MAINTENANCE CLOSE HEAD AND ZERO FC Z YES BACK NEXT For the purpose of inserting a new filter tape it is possible to open the measuring head The pump is then switched off automatically In case the measuring head has been opened as described in the previous menu the filter tape transport motor can be switched on by pressing the YES key The number displayed symbolizes the counts of the incremental encoder This way it is always possible to check the filter tape for correct transport e g especially after installing a filter tape printer To stop the motor press the NEXT or BACK keys Subsequently the measuring head should be closed again or a filter change should be performed to continue operation To close the measuring head and zero the instrument press YES The user may also press the FC Z key to initiate a full filter change and zero 3 11 Chapter 3 Operation CALCULATION 53 wO 0 96892 R 0 0000 T 0 0011 BACK NEXT x1 3 460 START DETECTORS 609 1267 1237 0 812 0 722 BACK NEXT ANALOG INPUT IN LSB 96 1316 620 272 1677 788 1856 BACK NEXT MAINTENANCE ANALOG TEST OUTPUT 20mA 0 4mA BACK NEXT MAINTENANCE RELAY TEST YES BACK NEXT INTENANCE 1 2 3 4 9 6 7 Ol gt BACK NEXT The following screen is a Calculation sub menu Upper right corner Number of ite
93. value lt 20 ng m BC lt 0 13 Mm Babs 30 to 70 C Linearity error lt 1 P1 0 100 hPa P2 0 500 hPa P3 500 1500 hPa absolute Linearity error lt 1 0 5 1 4 m h Linearity error lt 1 16 7 L min 20 to 50 C 20 80 RH non condensing 750 1050 hPa Barometric Pressure 19 0 W X 12 4 H X 12 6 15 75 D 55 Ibs 25 kg 110 V 220 V Central unit 30 W Pump approx 100 W Glass fiber filter GF 10 Length approx 40 m Retention degree 99 98 385 days LCD module with 4 x 20 characters and 3 LEDs 4 keys Z80 processor 64 Kbytes Flash memory 8 Kbytes CMOS RAM Battery buffer for CMOS RAM Connection for LCD display with keys and LEDs Seiko hardware clock Chapter 1 Introduction Analog Output 2 analog outputs 12 Bit each with two ground related power sources 0 20 mA 0 10 V for mass and concentration separate power sources for front plug and back plug 1 analog output 0 10 V 12 Bit for air flow regulation Thyristor for Pump Switched d c outputs 15 V for d c motors status relays Status Relays 3 status relays with protective wiring 1 Switch input for filter change initialization via external contact 2 Interface for extension boards 3 Interface for filter tape printer Analog I O Extension Four additional analog outputs with power sources BIT I O Extension Six relays with protective wiring and four opto decoupled inputs Potential Separation for 20 mA Analog I
94. witch or by simply giving the respective command via keyboard entry in the Service Menu EEPROM WRITE O K EEPROM ERROR BACK NEXT BACK NEXT The system indicates whether the writing process has been successful or whether a write read error has occurred It should also be noted that any Operation Menu changes see Chapter 3 Operation and Service should also be saved to EEPROM If a power outage should occur Operation Menu changes will revert back to prior settings After all calibrations are completed the keypad may be disabled and normal operation should continue Normally a filter change and zero FC Z is usually activated after a calibration CHAPTER 5 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE This chapter describes the periodic maintenance procedures that should be performed on the Model 5012 to ensure proper uninterrupted operation Certain components such as the sample pump and filter tapes have a limited life and should be checked on a regular basis and replaced as necessary Other operations such as annual optics cleaning and periodic checks on the calibration of the pressure and temperature sensors should also be performed What follows is a check and or cleaning procedure for these elements Replacement procedures for components found to be defective by these checks are given in Chapter 7 Servicing CAUTION Some internal components can be damaged by small amounts of static electricity A properly groun

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