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1. fi I Cc C Data storage 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 in the device AnurensHocTs nepsoro umnynsca HC a The data reg Figure 1 9 The example of PD impulses distribution re ca 4 TF plate stored in the inter nal memory of the device in the form of the distributions The measurements stored in the device are structured the data on each device is stored in a special directory The maximum number of the directories stored in the device internal memory is 32 one directory always exists as the device never permits to delete the last directory 1 4 4 The registration of the impulse form and reflect grams 1 4 4 1 In addition to the registration of the impulse distribution matrix in the device there is the function of the PD impulse waveform registration which also enhances the opportunity of high voltage equipment insulation diagnostics As the registration is carried out with very high frequency it is done selectively during short periods of time only when PD impulse is passing PD impulse registration cannot go on continuously for a long time Besides it would demand a lot of working memory the view and analysis of which would take a lot of time The device starts registering the PD impulse form immediately when the leading edge of a PD impulse comes into the device The end of the registration of the impulse is defined by the user and can be chosen in the interval of 2 5 80 microseconds
2. Exit exit without saving For exiting without saving you can also press Esc key The Measurement scheme configuration window can be subdivided into the following levels The level of registration channel selection see point 3 3 3 1 The level of synchronization type selection see point 3 3 3 6 The level of angle input The level of the basic measurement channel I see point 3 3 3 2 The level of the reference channels II III see point 3 3 3 3 The level of the noise channels IV V see point 3 3 3 4 The level of cross matrix see point 3 3 3 5 The level of the plant name input see point 3 3 3 7 The level of the object name input The level of the scheme name input At first the level of channel registration selection is active see Fig 3 12 For shifting be tween the levels use A and VW keys 3 3 3 1 Registration channel selection For channel registration selection it is necessary to shift to the level of registration chan nel selection and to select the channel with the lt 4 B keys You can rundown the channels 28 from any other level by pressing the combination of keys Shift lt Shift The number of the active channel will be marked by color The channels excluded from the registration are dis played in pail color see Figure 3 12 Measurin scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Schene Sheme 1 Input signals SYyYnchr 1 2 3 5 6 7 s
3. Senzor at phase A Main DE 1 channel I Sens 10 0nC U ied Reference ji D Reference Ba eine channel II Toff channel III TofA noise akatae teias y EE Induce matrix Figure 3 18 Noise channel level 33 For noise channel parameter editing press Ent the pop up menu of noise channel edit ing will be displayed see Figure 3 19 Measurin Scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Schene Sheme 1 Input signals Synchr 41 2 3 g 5 6 7 s olfChanner 1 Measuring channels of device d Sensor at phase A DB 1 I 2 l Channel 1 Sens 10 0nC V Channel 3 j 2 Channel 3 5 E oo Reference lt 1007 Shift from AI 100 t channel III TofA Nera niae Noise y PRR Induce matrix Figure 3 19 Noise channel parameter editing menu In this menu you can change the following parameters choose the numbers of three chan nels connected to the noise channel or disconnect by pressing choose the shift in respect of the measurement channel in Shifting from point to point is done by A and VW keys select ing the point by Ent and lt 4 gt depending on the parameter for detail see point 3 1 For the parameter saving press Mem or F4 for deleting Esc 3 3 3 5 Viewing and editing of the cross matrixes and the channels sensitivities The channel sensitivity nC V is defined at the device calibration and influences the am plitude conversion from
4. ic hannel 3 Enterprisei O0b jecti Shemei Meas 03719710 15 08 100 Common parameters a0 Pulses count 1828 Positive 1388 Negative 439 Power mt 13 0 Figure 3 40 Viewing of pickup signal PD distribution In this window are accessible the following F1 switching mode of viewing Initial PD Expert If condition of imagine is Ini tial there are drawing of initial signal see point 3 3 9 1 if condition Auto distr there are drawing of measurement with automatic distribution on groups by the build in system PD Expert see point 3 3 9 2 F2 Instal off view installation of function for installation of imagine parameters see point 3 3 9 3 48 F3 Param PD Exp prompt and viewing of PD group filtration parameters for the PD Expert system F4 in the automatic distribution mode Auto distr search of groups F5 Calculation for returning into the window of integral parameters see figure 3 39 Switching between channels is made by the keys Shift Left and Shift Right also like in the window of integral parameters viewing Press the key Esc if you d like to enter from the viewing function 3 3 9 1 Imagery of initial signal Graph TF distribution is in the left top corner of screen see figure 3 40 Every cell of TF plane has the following parameters duration of pulse first half cycle duration of pulse bounce quantity of pulses in t
5. 12 The whole registration period depends of the number of sinusoids chosen The device in ternal memory allocated for PD waveform storage can store up to 64 000 reflect grams After the registration of all the sinusoids is carried out the user can look through the reflect grams regis tered 1 4 4 2 The use of the R2200 device for cable line insulation defects localization The method of reflectography is quite widely used in practice for the localization of the place of insulation defects in cable lines The method is rather simple and effective but there are some shortcomings The basic are two First the diagnostics can be carried out off line only Se condly the defect should be so much developed as to change the wave properties of the cable line only in this case the reflection of part of test impulse energy from the defect zone is possi ble The use of R2200 device is also could be used for insulation defects localization as there is the module for PD impulse form registration in it The modified reflectography method used for it has got some new characteristics in comparison with the standard one The difference is that not the impulse of the test generator is used as the test impulse but a PD impulse arising in the insulation defect zone Figure 1 10 illu Partial strates the use of PD discharge impulses in reflecto graphy method In the po able place of the defect in _ cable line a PD and as a It lect oe tt
6. d like to view pulse in more detail it is necessary to choose it by red or green cursor these cursors are moved on abscissa chosen pulse is imagined in the window Chosen pulse to the right and top You can view in the window of reflectogram by the following keys Fl cursor choice of necessary cursor Color square with color of cursor is imagined on the screen F2 sum sum of reflectograms in the chosen area and imagining graph in the win dow sum Sum of reflectogram is used for averaging of signal for noise rejection There are 2 versions of pulses sum arithmetic mean and reduced to relative units 1 1s maximum Choice of sum type is in the imagine parameters F3 see then Pop up menu will be by pressing the keys Shift F2 Menu has the following points e Add pulse to sum if you choose this menu will be adding sum signal and pulse signal of chosen by cursor e Move off the last from sum last pulse will be deleted from sum device creates list of addicting in the sum signal of pulses moving off will be made in accordance with this list e Move off all from sum there will be null of sum signal and list of sum pulses e Sum between cursors function is analogue of Sum by the pressing F2 sum of pulses from chosen area by the cursor and imaging of graph in the window Sum graph e In the amplitude phase window choose by the cursor the area for sum on one si nusoi
7. the default value is 100 the matrix cell should be active Before the changes are 36 carried out the message for the action confirmation will be displayed see Figure 3 22 Picture 3 23 F4 Save saving the changes entered into the configuration F5 Exit leaving without saving For leaving without saving you can also use Esc key 3 3 3 6 Selecting of the synchronization type For choosing the synchronization type move to the corresponding level using A and Y then press Ent The following pop up menu will be displayed see Figure 3 24 Measurin Scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Schene Sheme 1 Input signals Synchr ES eee eNO syne External Measuring chan Channel 1 CE Main Senzor at phase A DB 1 channel I Sens 10 0nC U Reference M Reference ae 10070 10070 channel II channel III T Tof Noise oise Noise olse 100 100 chan rvh EE o chan V HE RE E oe Induce matrix Figure 3 24 Choosing synchronization type The synchronization types available o External when PD is being measured the device is synchronized according to the external input Sync o Channel 1 when PD is being measured the device is synchronized accord ing to the external input 1 o No sync the device is synchronized according to the inbuilt timer work ing with the chosen frequency 50 or 60 Hz Selecting is done by pressing A and Y and Ent
8. 8 In the name of configuration are name of circuit date and time of its creation You also can view configuration F2 key 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 0603 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 Figure 3 36 Work with configuration 45 3 3 7 Parameters on default Choose this point for delete all data and installations of all parameters on default Attention this operation is irreversible Database Delete all data and stored ay device settings OEKCEnT Cancel Esc Figure 3 37 Fault of parameters in the condition On default Press Ent if you really want to delete all data 3 3 8 Time parameters This window is need to installation meanings of time and date of device and meanings of delay in disconnection light and device Set Time Power off Backlight off Set date 03 19 10 Set time 15 06 11 Figure 3 38 Introduction of time date and delay 46 In the waiting mode User can automatically disconnect if he doesn t press any key in sev eral time Meanings of delay can have the following 5 minutes 10 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes never Choose never for disconnection this function Also device can disconnect light for economy of accumulator charging if you doesn t press any key in several time and switch it if any key is pressed Size of chosen time delay can have the following 10 seconds 30 seconds
9. S ae ee ee Reflectography ANE tb Ed From the place of ari by PD pulses AA tet tt sen the impulse starts Pi XN PAN spreading in both the CETTE TT 2 alone the cable line to trailer cutting of a cable line When the impulse reaches the Figure 1 10 The use of PD impulses for cable line insulation de sensor in the left part fect localization of the figure it will be registered by the R2200 device On reaching the right end of the cable some part of the impulse energy will be reflected in the place where the wave resistance has been changed The reflected impulse with smaller amplitude will move backwards along the cable The moment the impulse reaches the left end of the cable it will be also registered by the R2200 device If the registration of the waveform starts the moment the first direct impulse arrives then the time chart on the channel will look as it is shown in figure 1 10 For the defect localization the most interesting is the time gap between the registration of the first direct impulse and the second reflected one This time has taken the reflected impulse to move from the place of the arising to the right end of the cable and back to the defect zone The time of passing from the defect zone to the left end of the cable takes the same time for both the impulses and so doesn t change the time of delay In practice the use of the method for defect localization is complicated because of some reasons Firs
10. ai 57 4 1 Device configuration from IHM software sssccsscccsssssssssssscccccscccssssscsssccsssseseess 57 4 1 1 Window of device configuration installation of R2200 cccccsssssssssccoeees 57 4 1 2 Insert Registration ParaMeters ccccccccccrsssscsssccccccccssssssscsscccccssccsscsssccccosees 58 1 Technical specification R2200 1 1 Application R2200 multichannel portable device is aimed at registration and analysis of partial dis charge distribution in insulation of high voltage equipment The presence of the maximum possible hardware and software for pulse noises tuning out makes the device one of the most effective in the market nowadays URUS nwwdinmscon 2200 12 21 56 11 06 2009 U 100 es Mem 100 Jue wem S A ee MRUS Partial a a Figure 1 1 R2200 outlook The user can configure the measuring part of the device for the work in real time mode using the following means the analysis of every pulse waveform the cross matrix for phase to phase comparison for one measuring channel to anoth er the difference in pulse arrival the analysis of the time of arrival ToAr with the resolution of 2 ns the pulse polarity analysis at several channels simultaneously the inbuilt channels for noise signal control The unique feature of R2200 device which differs it from the products of other firms is the presence of the inbuilt PD Expert e
11. differs from the basic in inside configura tion The Noise Channel is for realizing the principle of amplitude sorting out When an impulse with the amplitude equal or bigger than that of the impulse of the measurement channel appear at the noise channel then the impulse blocking the registration of the impulse given ap 1 Reference sting ofthe inou Q A Crosspoint Channel before each mea V 4 i surement o 5 Switches The registra 2 Channel tion of the PD sig 0D N 8 co Figure 1 3 Block diagram of the input chains of the device pears at the output of the noise channel At synchronous occurrence on the noise channel the impulse which amplitude is equal or exceeds amplitude of an impulse on the measuring channel on an exit of the noise channel there is an impulse which blocks registration of the im pulse The specific feature of R2200 devise is that the measurement of DP parameters at every channel chosen is carried out with the reference to the reference and noise channels All the channels work synchronically in real time mode This is the only way to dejam any noises the number of which is very high at high voltage equipment The user decides by himself the signals of which sensors should be connected to those noise channels For the channel combination signal reference noise channels to be chosen correctly the user should well understand the arrangement of the monitored equipm
12. is the function of oscillograph in the R2200 device which is the registration and viewing of all the intervals without averaging After choosing the menu point the Reflectometer parameters window will be displayed Choosing of the parameter is done by A and V keys For details see point 3 1 3 and 3 1 5 In the window that has appeared you can specify the following 1 The registration channel 2 The number of sinusoid periods 3 The length of the monitored cable line for excluding knowingly false results 4 Shortening coefficient If there is the opportunity define the PD spreading velocity in the cable It can be calculated with the help of PD generator if the gap between the impulse and its reflection is known for example to the joint or to the end of the cable line 5 Choosing starting up mode The starting up mode is necessary for defining of the ampli tude threshold and the impulse registration phase windows 6 The threshold of the reflectometer starting the impulses surpassing the threshold will be registered 7 Gain coefficient 8 Choose the synchronization time and the phase of the power supply voltage At free starting up there is the parameter available The reflect meter starting threshold in mV that is the starting point of registration At other starting modes the threshold is chosen in agreement with the registration zone chosen For the reflectogram registration in a definite amplitude phase window it i
13. mV into pC as well as PDI calculation Cross talks from channel to channel in are also defined during the calibration and influence the registration if the noise rejection on the polarity basis is switched on For cross matrix editing move to the necessary level with A and Y and press Ent see Fig 3 20 34 Measurin scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Scheme Sheme 1 Input signals Synchr 1 2 3 a 5 6 7 sjo fenanner 1 Measuring channels of device Main Senzor at phase A DB 1 channel I Sens 10 0nC U Reference io x Reference ae 100 100 channel II Toff channel III Tof B dgu d Induce matrix matrix Figure 3 20 Cross matrix level The table with cross talks and channel sensitivities will be displayed see Figure A ae Sensitivity Induce matrix Figure 3 21 Cross matrix Moving through the table is done with A Y lt 4 and In the table the crass talks necessary for the registration in case the polarity filters are switched on in dependence of the measuring scheme are marked with dark blue the rest if the cells are light blue In the hori zontal line the numbers of the registration channels are listed The channels which are off the registration are marked in pail color The active element is marked out with inversion for editing press Ent for detail see point 3 1 3 For quick editing of the table use functional keys F1 All s
14. magnitude of the charge injected into the outer circuit is displayed 3000 pC In the bottom of the display the time left before the generator automatic switch off is shown in the form of a moving line The time is indicated at the slider in arbitrary units of the maximum value set by the user If the function is switched off the slider does not move To the left of the moving line the remaining time is presented in digital form The form of the test impulse from the GKI 2 is presented in figure 2 3 The du Pk Pk ration of the leading 11 44 edge of the pulse is W Pos 12 00ns MEASURE Source CH1 2 00 YY 10 0rs CH1 approximately Sns 4 200ns CH1 Pos Width 10 64ns CH1 Taly CH1 7 416m Figure 2 3 The form of the generator outgoing impulse registered by oscillograph The trailing edge of pulse is of more dura tion but it does not so much matter for the scheme calibra tion procedure Real PD impulses are often of the same form The output cuit of the generator 18 should always be loaded so that the resistance would not exceed 50 ohm The short circuit condi tion of the output circuit of the generator is not dangerous for the workability of the device It can stay in the condition any time long and continue to inject into the object the PD impulses of the amplitude indicated at its display If the monitored object concerning points of connection of the generator has resistances much exceeding 50 ohm t
15. not less 5000 1 Be sides the noise level should be low otherwise the measurement results appear to be much less precise The R2200 device is a modern micro processing unit with a whole set of noise tuning out functions realized in it The noise tuning out techniques can be subdivided into three groups 1 the simultaneous comparison of the signals received from two sensors of the basic measurement channel and the reference channel 2 the determination of the time gap between the impulses coming from the measurement and the reference channel 3 the simultaneous comparison of the amplitude of the impulse coming along the mea surement channel and all the other channels The first two ways of noise tuning out are realized in the R2200 device thanks to the pres ence of the Reference Channel which determine the reference impulse parameters and com pare them to those of the impulse of the PD measurement channel The third way of the noise tuning out based on the amplitude comparison is realized in the R2200 through the use of the Noise Channel 1 4 2 1 Let s look more closely at the PD impulse sorting out technique based on the po larity comparison In the device there is a special algorithm of impulse screening out on the base of their po larity comparison with the use of cross matrix controlled by the user It makes possible to block the pulse counting on the base of the polarity comparison of the impulses com
16. or Mem for cancelling press Esc When external synchronization is chosen the level of the angle entering becomes active For its entering move to the corresponding level by pressing A and V and press Ent and you will get the opportunity of the value entering for detail see point 3 1 3 3 3 3 7 Entering the name of the plant object scheme For entering the name of the plant object scheme move to the corresponding level by pressing A and Y and press Ent The pop up menu will appear for entering the text for detail see point 3 1 4 3 3 3 8 Working with the ready templates of the registration schemes You can store the ready templates of the measurement schemes For working with the tem plates press F1 Template in the window Measurement scheme tuning The pop up window will appear 31 Create template Before template creating fill in the blank fields in the current configura tion At choosing the point of the menu the window for template name entering will appear at pressing Ent the current configuration will be saved in this template and the template will be included into the list of templates Load template The list of the templates available will be displayed F1 viewing of the current template F2 deleting the template from the list F4 selection that is loading the template in the current configuration Exit exiting from the current window Measurin Scheme configurat
17. prompting of device configuration Synchronization choice of synchronization source Periods of sinusoids quantity of sinusoids periods for reading averaging You should input common shift of synchronic sinusoid relatively phase A in the window To shift phase on enter the general shift of a synchronising sinusoid concerning a phase A 4 1 2 Insert Registration parameters 9 There are registration parameters by every channel on the insert Registration parameters figure 4 3 It is necessary to switching on ticks on channels which can be registered in 9 top windows There will be installation of this channel by pressing key with number of channel 58 Device configuration x Program device M poi M pol poa T pos pos T poef C por Pos pos all General Setti i eneral Settings Filter 1 Fiter 2 Fiter 3 Filter 4 Pulse Width poeta sn By channel none gt Dead Time Default 2560 ns 2560 nS W Enable Polarity Calculate POI up to Sensktivity W Enable amplitude filtering fioo Sensor Phase Install place l l MW Enable Time0tArrival Time of arrival mode block first Type Sensor Figure 4 3 Insert Registration parameters Group Common parameters of channel Count PDI to shut off mechanism of low noise amplitude windows form the PDI cal culation It is chosen by the results of measurement
18. state Defect not identified Figure 3 43 Choice of group 3 3 9 3 Installation of measurement viewing gt Press the key F2 for choosing installation Instal view There will be window with in stallation of imagine see figure 3 44 View parameters Amplitude units m V l View of pover M ocaling M Power net phase A w Angle 0 0 Pn E E E Figure 3 44 Installation of imagine Here you can choose unit of PD amplitude switching on and switching off view of capaci ty distribution by the amplitude and phase switching on and switching off cropping for TF plane choose units of pulses amplitude Press the keys F1 Units F2 Capacity and F3 scale for quickly prompt of installation by the keys A W and Ent You can change corner shift relatively sync pulse and voltage phase of network if measurement were 51 made by the incorrect parameters and keep new parameters in the measurement For using para meters press the key F4 you will show the window for keeping new parameters in the mea surement If you press the key Enter parameters will be kept into the measurement Esc imagine measurement on the screen with new parameters but they won t be kept into the mea surement If you d like to exit from window of viewing parameters press F5 or Esc Imagine in the switching off scale and capacity viewing is like on the figure 3 45 Ic hannel 3 E
19. the corresponding message on the screen After that the window for the reflectogam viewing will be displayed see point 3 3 10 Reflectogram viewing The following messages appear if there is an error in the oscillograph operation 1 Synchronization error the measurement cannot be registered as the device could not define the synchronization frequency Make sure that the synchroniza tion channel is connected and try again 2 The signal amplitude surpasses the registration borders The error can appear if gain coefficient is too big When the error occur the automatic decreasing of the given coefficient will be suggested till the registration amplitude is optimal for registration For the press Enter at pressing Esc the measurement will be displayed in the form it has been registered 3 The impulse limit is surpassed The error can appear if the PD impulses come too quickly and the device is unable to register them especially if the cable is ra ther long It often happens if the registration is carried out at the noise level as a remedy you should turn up the reflectogram registration threshold If the error appears the device automatically suggests to turn up the threshold then the ref lectogram will be made with the new parameters 4 The maximum threshold for the given gain coefficient has been achieved If this error occurs reduce the gain coefficient 3 3 3 Channel parameters For specifying the m
20. the other opposite sign Thus if the polarity of the signals outgoing from the DB 2 sensors are opposite we could say that the PD signal enters the transformer so it is the result of some noises In case the po larity of the impulses are the same the conclusion can be made that the signals comes out of the transformer that means that it is the result of the partial discharge which has arisen in the transformer insulation In practice the cross matrix is taken experi mentally before the PD measurements are carried out For that the monitored equipment should be Ua 82 64 switched off and the test signals from the generator Ugi 85 83 PD imitator are sent to different parts of the Uc 65 84 equipment The amplitude of all the signals out going the sensors are registered Figure 1 5 An exemplary cross matrix An exemplary cross matrix is presented in for the PD measurement technique with figure 1 5 The cross matrix has been taken for the the use of tree sensors in the transfor PD measurement in the transformer using tree sen mer sors All the tree RFCT 1 sensors are mounted at the bushings of the HV side of the transformer 1 4 2 2 The algorithm of noises tuning out on the base of the analysis of the time gap be tween the arriving of the impulses from different sensors time of arrival together with the use of cross matrix 1s widely used in the monitoring of the spaced equipmen
21. the real sensitivity index is calculated for each of the measurement channels of the measurement scheme The calculated indexes of the channel sensitivity are used in all the further PD measure ments carried out under the working voltage or testing voltage It is evident that the only way to make the PD measurements reliable is to include test ge nerator into the measurement complex The generator should produce impulses corresponding to the PD impulses The generator should be rather compact and have accumulator power supply Thus all the PD measurement equipment produced by Vibro Center Ltd include GKI 2 generator imitating PD impulses Thanks to that the users can calibrate the measurement schemes by themselves at the laboratories and in the field condition 2 2 1 GKI 2 Impulse Generator The GKI 2 is intended for PD registra tion circuits calibration before carrying out the measurements It can be used at the labor atory and in the field condition It can work at the ambient temperature of up to 20 degrees below zero gt p The device is run with the help of mem Figure 2 1 GKI 2 Generator brane keyboard all the information is dis played at the LCD display The generator is powered by two AA batteries or an accumulator of the same size One charge of the accumulator is enough for the generator to work during not less than 10 hours A charger is also available with the generator to feed the generator during the work The GK
22. 00 PEHI 06 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 01 Figure 3 28 Common registration parameters Here you should define Working voltage in kilovolts influences the impulse intensity PDI Level to which it is necessary to count PDI middle of amplitude window in mV is im aged in the informational field for exclusion noises from account PDI meaning Windows after that isn t in the account Detection of noise level is switching automatically if level meaning is auto Maximal duration of PD and pause after it Quantity of sinusoid periods averaging for PD measurements stated quantity of net pe riod will be registered for every amplitude window Quantity of pulses will be up to 1 second after registration To make type of timetable for signal registration Registration of signals can be made in the manual mode in the menu launch of registration and by the timetable You have a possi bility to place 50 time meanings for registration when you choose type of timetable by the time If you choose type of timetable interval you have a possibility to place interval mean ing through which signals registration will be made If you need to switching loss registration by the timetable or type never 40 3 3 5 Device calibration It is necessary to make calibration for correct count PDI correct detection of pulses ampli tude in used units pC and also for correct scrapping puls
23. 200 device decides in real time mode whether the impulse is the result of PD arising in the monitored equipment or whether it is of other origin For that special algorithms for input pulse parameters evaluation are used Thanks to that the user takes part in the analyzing of the impulse distribution only which opti mizes the diagnostics process The second specific feature of the device is that the impulses of other origin that appear in the monitored equipment as well as the outer impulses coming along the connection lines are not taken into consideration by the device This makes the personnel operation more productive because there is no need in looking for the place each impulse has arisen at Finally it lessens the time of diagnostics caring out and makes the data received more precise The device has been designed for PD measurements in different types of high voltage equipment The fact that R2200 can be powered by the net and the inbuilt accumulator small dimensions and usability make the device well fitting for the use in the laboratory and in the field 1 4 1 The description of the basic algorithms of the R2200 input chains The block diagram of the input chains of the R2200 device is presented in picture 1 3 The high frequency input switchboard Cross point Switches receives up to 9 signals from the primary sensors and one test signal from the inbuilt test PD generator The number of the primary chan nels is determined by the us
24. 256 MB The action period of the accumulator Supply voltage of the ac power adapter 220 V ta degrees 2 10 years 4 5 The device weight ay thd D 8 ER EER Attention 1 Channel 1 is not isolated from the device container housing 2 The synchronization channel should be under the voltage in the range of 0 5 up to 48 Volt For synchronization with the supply net any voltage transformer or AR 1 sensor should be used In order to make the data given by the device more precise there is a set of unique diagnos tic algorithms for input signal analysis realized in the device The most important thing 1s that all the algorithms work in real time mode which makes the insulation condition evaluation on the base of PD level easier The basic and the most important algorithms are the following The analysis of frequency characteristics and the waveform of each input pulse The use of cross matrix for signal comparison that is synchronic comparison of the PD pulse amplitude in the monitored channel and in other channels The analysis of time delay or advance of PD arrival from the channel under control in comparison to the impulses coming from other channels The device is able to differentiate the PD impulses separated by the length of more than meter of a cable or a bus The analysis and comparison of the polarity of the pulses received from adjacent measur ing channels The specific features of the PD sensors a
25. 3 If you will addict 33 the directory you receive the report Directory can t be addicted For directories you can make if you will make it active the following Choose F1 Rename F2 and Delete F3 Swe ED Figure 3 34 Work with directory If you press the key F1 active directory will be chosen next measurements will be moved in it it will be automatically activated in the entry in archive window Every directory in device has configuration After directory choosing its configuration will be active If you press F2 window for name will be active you should give new name and press Ent see point 3 1 4 If you press F3 and confirm directory all data which are written in it will be delete Attention this operation is irreversible If you delete chosen directory like present the first directory from the list will be choose automatically Name of measurement imagines date and time of it You can view F2 key and delete F3 key measurements 44 O3 19 10 14 51 3 037 1971090 14 45 i T Fe OO F e ee ee ee 1 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 63 19 10 03 19 10 63 19 10 Figure 3 35 Work with measurement If you need to delete measurement press F3 key and than press Ent Attention this operation is irreversible For viewing press F2 key In window of measurement viewing are counted parameters by the measurements see point 3 3
26. 60 seconds 90 seconds never If delay is chosen light will be switched by any pressed keys and switched off through chosen seconds after pressing of last key except ry If you choose never light won t switched off oneself You can correct the meaning of date and time Place cursor oppositely bring meaning 3 3 9 Viewing of measurement For measurement viewing choose necessary measurement in the root structure and press key Enter or functional key F2 On the screen is window of measurement which has count parameters of this measurement After registration in the manual mode this window is switched automatically Registered measurements can be viewed only in the measurements root they aren t on the screen automatically in the registration from IHM software If measurement has data by the several channels changeover between channels is made by keys Shift Left and Shift Right In this window are the following functional keys FI Viewing viewing of amplitude frequency distribution and TF plane F2 Circuit you can viewing circuit and registration parameters of this measurement F5 exit from viewing measurement Also you can press key Esc 47 Show data Enterprisel Object1 Shemel Meas 03 19 10 15 08 q Channel 1 p By positive By negative table table PDI mW 0 0 9 3 Omax mY 6 0 63 0 Count pulses 26 400 ae amp 8 8 D Figure 3 39 Viewing of measurement
27. 9 03 19 10 12 19 Meas 03 19 10 12 18 03 19 10 12 18 ssMeas 03 19 10 12 18 03 19 10 12 18 Figure 3 31 Archiving Root element named R2200 is used for base of directories Directory in the program is corresponded to the observed object all measurements are in the chosen directory By the crea tion of new directory configuration registration circuit is automatically attached to it It is ne cessary to choose directory by the F1 key for movement of measurements in other directory by the movement to other object of observations Maximally up to 32 directories directory is always directory is created on default and has name base object and you can rename it By the delete device didn t let to delete last directory and gives the notice but device deletes all contents 03 19 10 12 07 03 19 10 12 19 Warning g Error Delete directory Dai records f this directory Aai sei Will be deleted OK Ent Cancel Esc OK Ent Can t delete ected directory rae iD amis 8 Ea Figure 3 32 Delete of directory You should press the key F1 for addition of directory in the active root object you will see window for introduction of name see 3 1 4 Fl Del F2 lt F3 F5 MOD LEFT lt lt MOD RIGHT gt gt Figure 3 33 Addition of directory Names of directories should be unique because you can receive report about mistake That name is in the base 4
28. GiMRUS R2200 Multichannel portable device of registration and signal analysis of partial discharges in insulation Manual Perm Contents 1 Technical SpeciniCaui On R220 sisscececcnecesetessceseseaeseessesacetaceusdevatesestecoeuedenatesacenedensdunaaesesesseceedenans 3 Us PND PIN CAUION ccrann E a aE EE 3 E2 Fechpical SHECIICALIONS cicesceseticsaccecsscGessetccdetetencuseeelecascusseeusvsecenssuaencusedeiscnsetasceuuseseuenocwere 5 1 3 The disposition of outer slots seeeecccsssseceecoccsssssceccoccsssssccccocccssssseccecoosssssseccesssssssseceesso 6 1 4 The R2200 Operation Principles sssssceeecocccssssceecoccsssssccceocccssssseceeoocsssssseeeosssssssseeeesoo 6 1 4 1 The description of the basic algorithms of the R2200 input chains 7 1 4 2 The action of the sorting out algorithms for the input signals of the PD SEDSOT S oae EE A as 8 1 4 3 The information presentation in the CeVICEC cccssssssssccccccssssssssssccccsssssesess 11 1 4 4 The registration of the impulse form and reflect grams ccccccccsssssssssees 12 2 General questions of partial discharge measurements sssscccscccccrsssssssssccccccscsssssscsees 15 2 1 Partial discharge parameters ssssseeececccssssscccecccsssssecceococssseccececossssssececoossssssccecossssssseee 15 2 2 Inp t Circuits CaliDration essas eanes anaie e EEE AETA ENEAS EANA Eoia 16 2 2 5 Channel Sensitivity alCulati
29. I 2 generator usually injects the charge of 3000 pC into the controlled objects and the measurement circuits It gives the opportunity to calibrate measurement circuits before carry ing out the measurements in consideration of signal decay in the object We also produce the ge nerator with the function of injected charge control In this case the user can choose the injected charge value in the range of 2000 5000 pC At the front plate of the devise there are the display and the membrane keyboard At the upper left corner there is the name of the device in the upper right corner there is the Vibro Center emblem The keyboard outlook is presented in the Figure 2 2 For the device operation four func tional keys are used Keys function SIG On the key for the device switching HAAA z display illumination switching on off Figure 2 2 17 Set the key for stopping the generator and switching over to setting the operation modes Mod the key for choosing the mode of operation The device slot is meant for connection of the measurement circuit with the standard resis tance of 50 ohm In case such load resistance is absent the device readings are invalid There are two working mode in the device autonomous impulse generation the device parameter setting The device switches on at pressing On key After the power supply is applied to the de vice after testing and software loading the device
30. On siccecectecacsssesseecccsccessveveacecschecesaveviczesscaccessssvesceusctaes 19 3 How to work with the R2200 device c sscccsccssssssccccccsssccscessscssccccsesccssscccsccesscesssssscssscssees 20 3 1 The Main Functions for the Information Loading and Editing ccccccosssssssees 20 3 1 1 The use of the functional KeyS 0cccccssccssssessssccvsesescnscvcscesssnscccecesssssccsssesssssoneees 20 3 1 2 Choosing of the parameter for editing sccccccccccssssssssscscccccccccessssssssccsoees 20 SES WME VANE cnterina sce icoy os iccseensseisssceivcaustevesde E E ESEA EE 20 S E TOK CN CCHS oo sec E E E E 20 Side C hoosme the Valle esaa ER Ea 21 JO WILCHING CINE DEVICE scccaverssstersvesesacvvecedsssansuceservausiaarsaccdevensasdsvensscaneupiatieneesestessiaanicts 21 3 3 The R2200 Device Function Setting by Means of the Inbuilt Menu 000 22 Jal Measurement MENU ioeie a nea NE E E N a aa 23 J2 Relec tomet eT aaraa E ENa E AEE AN EN aS EENE O EA 24 929 06 Channel PALAMICLORS ccs cescnsssceusesuadnccvidassventnaGendaussseuseeesdeaanscessveudeaGuentusevunseesseeesnnness 27 3 3 3 1 Registration channel selection ssssoenessssssssoeerrsssssssseerrssssssssseeresssssssses 28 3 3 3 2 The input of the main measuring channel I parameters cc00e 29 3 3 3 3 Entering the parameters of the reference channels II and III 00 0 31 3 3 3 4 Entering the noise channe
31. The R2200 device is incased into the metal case has liquid crystal color screen with the resolution 640x480 points and the keyboard blind in the case Management of device functions is carried out by means of the keyboard At the keyboard there are cursor command keys A Y a gt enter Ent cancel Esc Mem Shift Help functional keys F1 F5 keys of switching the device on off an 3 1 The Main Functions for the Information Loading and Editing 3 1 1 The use of the functional keys In windows of adjustment archive viewing or measurements the bottom part of the screen is divided into five parts on which buttons are drawn and the short help about the action made by pressing to corresponding button of a function key is written 3 1 2 Choosing of the parameter for editing In order to change a parameter in the windows of the device adjustment you should move the cursor to the necessary parameter the arrow to the right by means of keys A and v e 3 1 3 The value entering For value editing press Ent key at the corresponding parameter If the values of the nu meric parameter are fixed such values are underlined after entering function is activated choose the value by A and Y keys In all the other cases you can move along the input line using lt 4 and gt keys and change the value of the parameter by A and Y by cyclic search from 0 to 9 In the input line press Ent to finish the entra
32. TofAa For the reference channel parameter editing press Ent the pop up window of the refer ence channel parameter editing will appear see Figure 3 16 31 Measurin Scheme configuration Pa 1 Scheme Sheme 1 Filter by polarity Tm chr Filter by amplitude panne 1 Ee m Shift from Al Filter by TimeOfaArrival Disable signal channel opt at phase A by advance ams 10 0nC V Reference channel II Noise ils Noise niaz 100 1007 tee aah Shane y ERE Induce matrix Figure 3 16 The menu of the reference channel parameter editing ls of device Py oS 1007 Reference 100 fia pit0 channel III TofA In this menu you can do the following choose the number of the channel connected to the reference channel of disconnect a channel by choosing switch on of the polarity filter switch on off tuning on the amplitude shift with respect of the measurement channel in the necessary parameter when tuning on the amplitude is switched on switch on off the time of ar rival filter and specify the and also define the condition of signal blocking in case the time of ar rival filter in switched on by advance or by delay Shifting from point to point is done by A and Y keys selecting the point by Ent and lt 4 B depending on the parameter for detail see point 3 1 For the parameter saving press Mem or F4 for deleting Esc Attention If a channel is chosen at least one of
33. and negative registered pulses pulses capacity is mW PDI Information about measuring circuit is low right corner switching filters channels con nects to it and shift relatively Al in per cents 3 3 9 2 Drawing of measurement with automatic distribution on groups by the build in system PD Expert System PD Expert in accordance with chosen parameters of filtration see point3 3 9 4 makes scrapping of pulses in initial signal and unites pulses in groups of defects diagnostics Amplitude frequency distribution TF plane graphs of capacity distribution by the ampli tude and phase calculation parameters for finding pulses groups and information about measur ing circuit is on the screen like by initial signal see figure 3 41 Supplementary common as sessment of measurement by this group defect list is on the screen Press the keys A and Y for viewing defect list The following information is for every defect type of defect part of measurement of this defect in trustworthiness of diagnostics in 49 Ic hannel 8 Enterprise1 0b jecti Shemei Meas 03719710 15 08 Group parameters 1 Pulses count L576 Positive 0 100 BQ Negative 1576 Power mat 8 3 From total 87 Common state Defect 1 Defect type Contribution 87 alidity 100 60 40 30 20 10 Full length of first pulse ns LORI g 1007 Tof A 100 TofA 60 Rit F
34. d sum will be in this amplitude phase window for all registered sinusoids e To add all pulses averaging of all registered reflectogram F3 Install View parameters of viewing there will be window with installation of imagine units of pulses amplitude type of signals sum see point 3 3 10 1 F4 switching between window with graphs F5 recording keeping of this reflectogram in the device memory Esc exit from window of reflectogram imagine Movement of active cursor on the graph is made by keys lt 4 gt or Shift lt Shift for quick movement Cropping of graph by abscissa relatively this cursor is made by keys A and Y func tion is active for cursors which moved by abscissa The first cursor is active if you open the window If 2 cursors has identical coordinate you will see active from these cursors There are accessible 4 cursors for reflectogram graph red and green for movement by the abscissa and blue and yellow by the ordinate For cursors in the abscissa information about cursor location is imagined like x 2 00 x time in ms if cursor is on defined pulse amplitude of this pulse will imagine y 0 55 y amplitude in chosen units dB V Cl At the bottom of graph is distance between cursors by the time DT and difference in amplitude in 2 pulses DA For graph of sum and chosen pulses are accessible 2 cursors which move by abscissa crossing of curso
35. ding from consid eration single casual impulses For example in the definition of the American standard it runs as follows amplitude of the greatest repeating category at supervision of constant categories Consequently the term does not include the analysis of single impulses For the definition to be more precise let s take into consideration the partial discharges which repeat as often as 10 times a second In this case if the supply net frequency is 50 Hz one impulse should appear not less than one in 5 periods of the net For the convenience of the use we ll define the term as follows a PD impulse will be considered to be periodically repeating if it urns as often as 0 2 pulse for one period of the supply network Further on in the text the parameter will be indicated as Qo2 in the same way for 50 and 60 Hz The value of the parameter is quite high There are a lot of methods based on it though when used separately it is not so reliable at least for the continues monitoring under the working voltage There are lots of equipment where partial discharges of big amplitude are registered and the equipment runs for years but PD of small amplitude but repeating often indicate a real prob lem 15 How to count the losses caused PD It is quite easy to do physically At every PD impulse we additionally inject a pseudo glow discharge from the source of testing voltage into the con trolled object The discharge is injected instantly and depen
36. ds on the voltage of the supply net So the energy that additionally enters the equipment because of the single PD is equal to the charge multiplied by the instantaneous voltage in the object By summing up all the impulses we can get the full PD energy If we divide the full energy by the whole time of summing up we ll get the PD power The parameter is called energy loss for partial discharge Formula where P discharge power W T time of monitoring sec m the number of impulses registered during the time T and QiVi the energy of the I impulse Evidently that on the base of the PD impulse phase distribution it is possible to calculate instantaneous value of applied voltage in case the phase bunding of impulses is done correctly and the power is calculated in the right way But not all the devises can register impulse phase distribution and if the function is realized the sensor can register impulses from two or even three phases of the object So it is difficult to understand what voltage from what phase should be taken into account In order to solve the question the American standard uses one more diag nostic parameter PDI Partial Discharge Intensity In this parameter the effective value of the voltage is taken instead of instantaneous voltage of the moment of a PD passing that is the voltage equal for all the impulses but not the personal for each of the impulses If we compare the results of the calculati
37. e device has been devel oped for the joint sales in the Russian and American markets In Russia its own standard on par tial discharge is being developed but it has not been finished yet All PD standards are based on the concept of pseudo glow discharge The pseudo glow discharge is the discharge which should be instantly injected into the monitored equipment in order to regain the balance which has been disturbed by the PD impulse The basic thing in the definition is that we do not know the real parameters of a partial discharge which arises for ex ample inside the gas occlusion but measure the reaction of the monitored high voltage equip ment in the partial discharge appearance The discharge is called pseudo glow because we can only suppose its presence but we do not know its real value The pseudo glow PD is measured in pC picocoulomb If we summaries all the discharges which has been registered in the equip ment in one second it will be the PD current the current that passes through the circuit con trolled by the sensor additionally as the result of PD arisen Historically important 1s such characteristic as maximum measured discharge Almost all the high voltage equipment producers use this value if any at all at the commissioning tests It is evident that something statistically reliable should be measured In old devices the statistic is based on average timing but in modern ones the problem is decided by exclu
38. e with manual of this software 3 Connect PC and device 4 Press right key of mouse on object R2200 and choose Configuration import from device menu figure 4 1 Software will download configuration and open window for prompting figure 4 2 5 After changing of necessary parameters press key recording in device If there aren t errors software writes configuration was kept and closes the window Installed parameters are analogue to device parameters and are grouped identically see point 3 view instrument Settings Rename instrument Delete instrument Delete data Load data Show data Set instrument date and time Load instrument settings i Start measurement Clear device memory Start calibrating Set default settings Figure 4 1 Viewing and prompting of device configuration 4 1 1 Window of device configuration installation of R2200 Common parameters of registration and imagining are on insert Device parameters fig ure 4 2 57 Device configuration x PO Settings PO Alarm Settings Calibration coeff Common Settings Measurement Schedul Schedule by time table Synchronization o How fMin Common Ph Shit o 3 i T Rated voltage i 10 0 0 0 Cycles per Acquisition i T 0 0 q Reflectometer parameters Length of cable m 0 q Coefficient of shortening 0 Retlectometer start threshold mv i T Gain dE 0 0 0 Figure 4 2 Viewing and
39. easurement registration parameter choose point 2 Measuring scheme configuration in the main menu of the device For specifying the channel parameters choose the first point Channel parameters 27 Measurin Scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Scheme Sheme 1 Input signals Synchr m 2js 4 5 s 7 8 9 Cranner 1 Measuring channels of device Main pensor at phase A DE 1 channel I Sens 10 0nC U Reference lt n Reference iA 1007 1007 channel II TofA channel III TofA Sean a Sean y ELE Induce matrix Figure 3 11 Channel parameters Reading of the data from the device channels is done sequentially the input channels are one by one connected to the measurement channel The rest 8 channels at this time can be used for noise rejection with the help of two reference and two noise channels In this window you can specify the signals from which channels will be read and where will the rest of the channels be connected to For the measurement scheme editing to be more convenient you can use functional keys F1 Template selecting one of the ready measurement schemes see point 3 3 3 8 F2 Copy copying the channel parameters see point 3 3 3 9 F3 Common at pressing the key the window with the general registration parameters will appear for details see General registration parameters F4 Save saving the changes of the configuration F5
40. een but as the measurement has not been carried out the window will be empty Ic hannel 1 Enterpr ise1 0b jecti Shemei Meas 03719710 12 19 1OO RI_ 100 Tof A RITI 50 100 Toff NI Noise 1007 60 NIINoise 1007 cr y Di PD amplitude amp 1240 160 200 240 260 320 Sinusoid phase degr E 179 E 0 00V Figure 3 9 Zone selection In this window you can choose the zone by the 3 cursors Red and green cursor chooses scopes of phase for pulses registration Blue cursor chooses amplitude scope Search of cursors is made by F2 color square with the color of present cursor is for prompting Cursors for phase choosing are moved from 0 to 180 degrees Registration will be made symmetrically relatively 180 degrees Active zones for registration are marked by blue color for positive and negative The example of zone choosing is on the figure 3 10 26 Channel 1 Enterpr ise1 0b jectisShemei Meas 03719710 12 19 y a or uv m Sy m 1240 160 200 240 260 320 Sinusoid phase degr m 150 E 0 01V Figure 3 10 Zone selecting After zone selection press Fl Start for starting reflectogram registration At the first registration the device calibration is carried out for the further registrations the previously received calibration coefficients are used The processing of the data registered takes some time which is indicated by a
41. ens the sensitivities of all the channels are the same as that of the active element for that you should be in the corresponding cell Before the measurement is carried out the warning for the action confirmation will be displayed see Fig 3 22 35 Sensitivity Set all sensitivities A of channels by value 10 0nC V Ca ORKCENC Cancel tEsc a n C OINO JAUN eix S Induce matrix Figure 3 22 Changing all the channels sensitivities F2 All matrix copying the values in the table like that of the active element At pressing the key the pop up menu will appear and you can choose what part of the table should be filled with the value chosen the line the column or the whole of the table The selection is done with A and VY and Ent Before the changes are inserted into the table the pop up warning for the action confirmation will be displayed see figure 3 23 Sensitivity a see ns ual na ea ses sa 3 8 it tL mae Fill by value 100 03 amp All row All table 00 CERTEIESE a a ae a ee CORSE SS Induce matrix OONO JT S o NM ee amp l to i F s Ps F s Figure 3 23 Quick editing of the cross matrix F3 Clear setting the values on default For specifying the sensitivities on default the default value is 10 nC V the sensitivity cell should be active For specifying the cross talks on default
42. ent and the specific features of the PD impulse arising spreading and decay in it 1 4 2 The action of the sorting out algorithms for the input signals of the PD sensors As it was mentioned above the reliability of the high voltage equipment diagnostics de pends a lot of the dejam system operation in the device It should be understand that tuning out the noises could be done in the most effective way in real time mode simultaneously to the measurements being carried out If the data registered is analyzed later on the analysis is much less precise The fact is that the PD impulses are of high frequency and the velocity of their spreading inside the equipment is very high The time gap between the signals of different sensors arriving as small as some nanoseconds could be the reason for the registered signal screening All the mentioned above raisers the demands to the frequency features of the measurement equipment and makes the automatic PD impulse parame ter evaluation at registration essential A very serious problem connected to the PD impulse recording and sorting out is that the impulse amplitude value often differs as much as in hundreds or even thousand times Alongside with that any PD impulse of the smallest amplitude should exceed the amplitude of the mea surement device noise For that the dynamic range of the PD registrator measurement channel should be not less than 60 70 db the range of the input signal amplitude
43. er in dependence of the specific features of the monitored equipment and the diagnostic task given By means of the software operated input switchboard the signals from the primary sensors in various order can be transmitted to the 9 output channels The Test Generator Test Signal ql signal can be send Generator Channel to each of the mea surement channels Reference by means of the in in ner switch board Channel Thus the check and nals incoming from the channels is al Noise ways done sequen Channel tially according to the user s choice The signal from the channel is sent to the measurement channel shown as Signal Channel at the block diagram Inside the mea surement channel the time and amplitude parameters of each impulse are analyzed in real time mode and the decision is made whether the incoming impulse is the result of the PD in insula tion or whether it is the result of some noise The use of the reference channels Reference Channel at the block diagram play a very important role in noise resistance There are a lot of measurement techniques when the validity of the PD is realized by comparing of the impulse coming from the measurement channel to the impulse from an additional reference channel It is a usual practice that the sensor connected to the reference channel is placed at the object under control and near the basic sensor or at a cer tain fixed distance from it The reference sensor often
44. es in the switching on filters by the po larity before measurements on every object You need to choose in the main menu of device point 2 Installations of measurements and then point 3 Calibration of device Calibration Injected charge m 3 00 nC Pulse rate 24 0 KHz Injected in channel 1 Calibrate Figure 3 29 Calibration of device In this window to install amplitude of injected pulses by your generator in nC for GKI 2 amplitude is 3 0 nC this is meaning on default press key VW to install frequency of pulses which are injected by your generator in kHz for GKI 2 fre quency is 24 0 kHz this is measuring on default press key VW choose the channel which you want to calibrate by the keys lt 4 and gt and press key y i convince that sensor cable and PD generator are connected and press Ent on the line Changing or press key F1 Device will measure PD with switch off sorting by the noise and reference channels After measurement device will calculate sensitivity of channel and reset of channel on channel from the account of this amplitude pf injected pulses The result of calibration is on this screen 41 Calibration Injected charge 3 00 nc Pulse rate E 24 0 KHz Injected in channel 1 Calibrate Calibration state successful channel s sensitivity150 0nc V Induce from 1 to 8 channel 400 0 Induce from 1 to 6 channel 250 0 For save value
45. he form of the test generator impulse gets distorted The wave proper ties of the monitored object change and the calibration procedure will be incorrect In order to exclude the possibility it is necessary to connect the terminator with the resis tance of 50 ohm available with the generator in parallel with the monitored object For that pur pose a standard T Connector also available with the generator is connected to the genera tor s output Loading terminator is connected to one side of the T Connector To the second side the cable is connected for the impulses to pass to the calibrated object As a result the form and the amplitude of the test impulse will have standard parameters 2 2 5 Channel Sensitivity Calculation The calculation of sensitivity device channel can be made automatically by means of the built in the R2200 device function calibration described in point 3 3 4 of the given instruction or in a manual mode For manual calculation of the sensitivity factor after registration of measurement with the injected charge from the generator it is necessary to define signal level MV which has been registered by the device on the calibrated channel It is possible in the device by means of the measurement viewing or after downloading of the data of the calibrating measurement into the computer and analyzing it by means of the IHM program available with the device The sensitivity factors are calculated i
46. he time and date specification the time of the device switching off the time of the display il lumination switching off see point 3 3 8 3 3 1 Measurement menu The device can carry out the full measurement or the measurement on one of the channels chosen The full measurement is carried out on all the switched on channels in accordance with their settings The measurement on a single channel is carried out on the channel chosen no mat ter whether it is switched on or not For entering the measurement menu choose the first point F1 in the general menu of the device The window will appear as it is shown in figure 3 5 Start measurement gt all channels Single ch 1 Press Ent to start Figure 3 5 Measurement menu The device is ready for carrying out the full measurement For starting measurement on a single channel point to the line single ch by the cursor arrow using A VW keys By lt q and choose the necessary channel for details see Information Input Returning to the full measurement is done by A and Y keys The following functional keys are available at this window see point 3 1 1 o FI Start measurement starting you can also press Ent key 23 o F2 Param setting measurement parameters different for each channel disassembling sensitivity see point 3 3 2 o F3 General setting the measurement parameters general for all the channels the numbe
47. his cell Cell will have a color in accordance with quantity of pulses in this cell Color box is to the left from graph Graph of amplitude frequency distribution is lower of TF plane Every cell of amplitude frequency distribution has the following parameters phase of power supply voltage pulse ampli tude quantity of pulses in this amplitude in this phase zone 1 period of sinusoid of supply vol tage in the matrix of PD pulses distribution is subdivided on 48 zones with width of 7 5 degrees of every 360 48 7 5 Pulses with similar amplitudes will be identical for pulse distribution registration and analyze If there will be a difference few than on 20 pulses will be in the common cell of matrix Device has 32 gradations by the amplitude of registered pulses Width of every amplitude zone is 2 2 dB Ratio of amplitude of maximal and minimal signals which are registered by the device is 5000 1 Common quantity of amplitude zones in the R2200 device is 64 with the zones for calculation of positive and negative polarities In every cell of PD pulses distribution matrix is number from O up to 65535 which is corresponded to quantity of registered pulses with this parameters is reduced to the second Graphs of capacity distribution by the amplitude and phase are imagined on the screen in accordance with drawing installation see point 3 3 8 3 Calculation parameters by this measurement are to the right top corner common quantity of positive
48. igure 3 41 Viewing of PD distribution for group If there is more than 1 group in the diagnostics process you can view all TF planes for finding groups see figure 3 42 Ch annel 3 Enterpr ise1 0b ject1 Shemei Meas 03719710 15 06 Full length of first pulse ne Full length of first pulse ne Group parameters 2 Group parameters 3 Pulses count 0 Pulses count 0O Positive 0 Positive 0 Negative 0 Negative 0 Power mWt Power mvt From total From total 7 Common state Common state Defect 1 e Defect not identified Defect type Contribution ee p Figure 3 42 Viewing of TF plane for group This window will be automatically after partition on groups Press the keys A and Y for viewing defect list If there is more than 1 group at the left will be pointers and you can use the keys lt 4 gt for viewing of graphs You should choose the group for viewing it Press the keys F4 for rewinding groups If you press the keys Shift F4 you will see menu for choosing of group see figure 3 43 Choice of group is made by the keys A and Y 50 Ic hannel 3 Enterprise1 0b jecti Shemei Meas 03719710 15 08 Full length of first pulse ns Full length of first pulse ns Len p Len 5 Group parameters 2 Group parameters 3 Pulses count 0 Pulses count 0 Positive 0 Positive 0 Negative 0 Negative 0 Power mwWt Power mWt From total From total Common
49. ing along the measurement and the reference channel The pulse counting can be blocked if there is polarity mismatch between the two impulses Naturally for such comparison a signal from a PD sensor the one according to the user s choice should be given to the reference channel It is important that the sensor is set at the monitored equipment and in correct way If the signal for the refer ence channel is chosen incorrectly the effect of this method s use will be negative Figure 1 4 il lustrates the exam ple of the two im pulses polarity comparison algo rithm use for the determination of the insulation dete rioration in big ge nerators For that purpose there are three sensors set at the transformer s bushings All the DB 2 sensors are mounted at the test Rian ae taps of the bush Figure 1 4 The use of the impulse comparison function for the de ings termination of the place of PD arising in transformer or in external high voltage equipment If the partial discharge arises in the basic transformer insulation winding the PD impulse comes out through the bushings with the same sigh No matter in which direction the impulse goes to the polarity of the signal out going from the DB 2 sensor will coincide with polarity of the PD impulse because the bush ing is almost ideal coupling capacitor If a corona discharge appears at one of the phases if is transferred to the neighboring phas es with
50. ing the parameters being measured is not a constant It depends much of the conditions under which the measurements are carried out The sensitivity of the device depends on the type and the mark of the controlled high voltage equipment as well as transformers generators and cable lines the type and the disposition of the PD measurement sensor 16 the insulation defect localization the impulses arising on various distance from the sensor will induce on the sensor the signals of different amplitude in the sensor the connection cable length etc You could never allow for all the perturbing factors which influence the measurement scheme sensitivity beforehand It is evident that the only possible way to get the reliable data by PD measurements in high voltage equipment is to calibrate the measurement scheme right on site Any change of the measurement scheme parameter or the sensors localization etc de mands recalibration of the measurement scheme The calibration procedure preceding PD measurements includes the following An individual measurement scheme is assembled at the switched off high voltage equip ment need to be monitored Artificial partial discharges with the amplitude known are injected into the zone of the object which is planned for monitoring The output signals from all the sensors mounted at the equipment are measured Starting from the known level of the test impulse injected into the equipment
51. input finishing or Esc for cancelling in this case the value of the line will not change 3 1 5 Choosing the value The parameters marked with lt change by pressing cursor control keys lt 4 and P 3 2 Switching On the Device At switching on the device by pressing TOT key the visit card window will be displayed CIMRUS Pinrus www dimrus com R2200 12 14 49 0371972010 U 100 Mem 100 Figure 3 3 The R2200 visit card window 21 In the given window the information on firm manufacturer and the software version is dis played Simultaneously with switching on the device its testing begins After testing is finished the device loads up the data of the last measurement and shifts to standby mode waiting for the commands from the user and communication interfaces it is the basic operating mode of the device The user commands to the device by means of pressing of the keyboard keys using the de vice menu For entering the device menu press any key except TOD 3 3 The R2200 Device Function Setting by Means of the Inbuilt Menu The main menu of the device is presenter at the picture Main menu Figure 3 4 The R2200 device menu At the upper left corner of the display the level of the battery charge the current date and time are represented In the main central part of the display the name of the chosen menu and the icons of the enclosed points are represented Shifting from poi
52. ion Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Scheme Sheme 1 Input signals Synchr Bi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ene naa Measuring channels of device Main Senzor at phase A DB 1 channel I Sens 10 0nC U a f LS wi Reference aes Reference h anal channel II torn Channel III Tof Wf Noise oise 100 chan V HE E E co Create template Gig Induce matrix Figure 3 25 Working with templates 3 3 3 9 Channel parameter copying For quick editing of the channel parameters you can copy the parameters from the channel chosen to the other channels For that press F2 Copy in the window Measurement scheme tuning 38 Copying channel s parameters Channel s parameters m i l Sensitivity nc V 10 0 Pover net phase A Kika Shift from AI for RI 100 Shift from AI for RII 100 Shift from AIL for NI 100 Shift from AI for NII 100 For channels a1 1 Mo 44 Mo 7 M 2 Mo 5 M St M 3 M 6 Mo 9 M All parans AI channels Copy sae mit Figure 3 26 Channel parameter copying For choosing the channel you want to copy the parameter from place the cursor opposite the line Channel s parameters and set the number of the channel you need with lt P gt keys For excluding a parameter from copying delete the check mark in the corresponding field You can choose the necessary parameter with A Y set delete the check mark with Ent In this window the fo
53. ion can lead to significant problems for the high voltage traffic department The use of the method of sorting out impulses according to the time of arrival gives the optimal solvent to the problem For example a generator or an electric motor under control is connected to the supply net through a short cable by means of high voltage switchgear A coupling capacitor in mounted at each side of the connection cable at each of the phases The capacitors can be placed in the same way if a busbar is used in the generator The minimum distance between the coupling capacitors the difference in time of the impulse passing from the PD to the different coupling capacitors 1s 1 meter If the PD impulse has arisen in the generator then in first will be registered at the coupling capacitor set at the generator s terminals The impulse of the same PD will be registered at the other end of the cable after a certain time This delay is the result of the impulse passing along the cable For example if the length of the cable is 20 meters the time delay is 6 20 120 nano seconds For example if PD appears at the switchgear then the signal will be first registered at the capacitor which is situated closer and in 120 nanoseconds only it will be registered at the coupl ing capacitor set at the generator In the first case the PD impulse is informative for the diagnostic in the second case it is a noise and should be excluded from the insulation condition diag
54. jo ffnanner 1 Measuring channels of device Main Bensor at phase A DB 1 channel I Sens 10 0nC U 7 7 Reference fag ane Reference Ba ine channel II Toff channel III Tof Noise oise Noise BSE 100 1007 chan ad cal ace chan V AE ad ale Induce matrix i F s P Figure 3 12 The registration channel selection level 3 3 3 2 The input of the main measuring channel I parameters The channel chosen at the level of registration channel selection is automatically con nected to the main measuring channel The short information of the current parameters of the channel is displayed the power net voltage phase sensor type channel sensitivity see Fig 3 13 The channel chosen at level is automatically connected to the basic measuring channel of a choice of channels of registration The brief information on current parameters of this chan nel is deduced also a phase of pressure of a network gauge type sensitivity of the channel see Fig 3 13 29 Measurin scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Schene Sheme Input signals Synchr 1 2 3 8 5 85 7 8 9 Ch hanne1 1 ensor at phase A Measuring channels of device DEB i Main channel I Sens 10 0nC U Reference ae Reference EA 100 100 channel II TofA channel III Toff Sean rvpt Eheim Bean y PELE Induce matrix f p ai Figure 3 13 The level of the main measuring channel I You can ente
55. llowing functional keys are available Fl All params at choosing the function all the channel parameters are check marked so all the parameters will be copied to the other channels F2 All channels at choosing the function all the channels will be check marked thus the chosen parameters could be copied to all the channels F3 Copy at choosing the function the chosen parameters will be copied to all the channels F4 Save saving the changes in the current device configuration and returning to the previous window F5 Exit returning to the previous window without saving 3 3 4 Common registration parameters For setting the common parameters of measurement registration select point 2 Measure ment parameter setting in the main menu of the device For setting the channel parameters se lect point 2 Common registration parameters see Figure 3 27 39 Main menu Measurement setup Figure 3 27 Selecting the point Common registration parameters The window with common registration parameters will appear 3 Settings Settings Rated voltage 110 0 KV Rated voltage 110 0 KV Noise level in channel OM mV Noise level in channel w mV Max PD length 6409 ns Max PD length 6409 ns Pause after PD 2560 gt ns Pause after PD 2560 ns Acquisition cycles 250 Acquisition cycles 250 Schedule by time Schedule interval 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Interval E 03
56. ls IV and V parametefs ccccccsssseeeeeeeeees 33 3 3 3 5 Viewing and editing of the cross matrixes and the channels sensitivities 34 3 3 3 6 Selecting of the Synchronization CyPeC cccccccccccccccesssssseececeeeeeaaeeeeeeeeees 37 3 3 3 7 Entering the name of the plant object scheme ccccccceceeeessseeeeeeeees 37 3 3 4 Common registration parameters essssesssssseeccccccsssscececoccssseccceocosssssscccocosssssceee 39 3 33 DEVICE capra tioestis ea eea aee E aeae Ea ataa 41 Ded Oz APCHIVING OL data cess ecke csecevesensescxdetsetecsensesbucesescveseusesexcesessvessusestuaesencveseusesexeanesiees 42 3 3 1 Parameters on default srice onses anis ota aR EAEE aS 46 3S LIME DAL AMICLEES seisen a E E 46 3 39 Viewing of measurement 4 cece csiestseihvcdeceestus schesevascassustuesiesdaedsoaustneiessvaseasauacueisessass 47 9 5 Ole MMAGELY ornas Ona a E A 49 3 3 9 2 Drawing of measurement with automatic distribution on groups by the D ild in system PD EX Petts ersero e 49 3 3 9 3 Installation of measurement viewing esssssseerssssssssseeerssssssssceeresssssssses 51 3 3 9 4 Parameters of PD Sroup Miraton seein a E 53 3 3 10 VIEWING of reflectora resorcie Cewsennsssccecsdsccencssseseuasevexedeosseseekeusexeuaceseneuxsuveteene 53 3 3 10 1 Installation of Reflectogram viewing sssseesesssssssseerrsssssssseeeresssssssses 56 d Sotware OF GEVICE R2200 sssini aisina arer A EONA ETEA ENERE
57. mplicated the impulses with closer amplitudes are taken for qual If the amplitudes differ by less than 20 the impulses are placed in the same cell of the matrix The device subdivides the impulses registered into 32 groups according to their amplitude The width of every amplitude zone is 2 2 dB The ratio of the amplitudes of the maximum and the minimal signals is 5000 1 The general number of the amplitude zones in the R2200 device is 64 including the zones for the impulses of positive and negative polarity 11 In each cell of the PD impulse tribution matrix there is a number in the range of O 65535 which is the number of impulses of the same para meters reduced to one second In the Figure 1 9 there is an ex Figure 1 8 The example of PD impulses distribution ample of the PD impulses distribu tion in a cable line of 110 kV It is evident that the amplitude and the intensity of the PD impulses are maximum immediately before the supply net voltage becomes maximum The polarity of the impulses is opposite to the polarity of the supply voltage The PD impulse intensity is higher when the supply voltage passes through 0 Each cell of TF plane has the following para meters the duration of the impulse first half period the du ration of the im pulse impulse tin kling sound the number of impulses of the cell VICXOQHbIe JaHHble h the te ay oO i oo M j ANMTENbHOR Tb nmnynbca H a i O
58. n the following way It is necessary to load the mea surement from device archive into the computer and look at the signal level Q02 on the cali brated channel At the use of IHM software the signal level can be defined at graphic viewing of data in MV scale Further sensitivity of each measuring channel of the device can be calculated easily under the simple formula C O rao CS U InputChannel Where Cos The factor of sensitivity of the measuring channel for the given partial discharge measurement scheme is calculated in no V Oe the impulse amplitude at the output of the calibrating generator measured in Nan coulomb no read out from the generator display or controlled by an oscillograph U taputChannet 7 the voltage amplitude from the sensor measured at the measurement channel input measured in volt V Example After injecting into the monitored object a test impulse with the amplitude of 3 nC there was an impulse with the amplitude of 300 mill volts or 0 3 volts registered at the input of the device measurement channel So the total calculated sensitivity of the measuring channel of the device in the given measuring scheme is equal to 10 nanoCoulomb volt nC V Attention the sensitivity is entered into the device in Nan coulomb volt therefore there is 3 nC in the formula injected by the generator and the signal level is reduced to Volts 19 3 How to work with the R2200 device
59. nce and Esc for cancelling in this case the value will not change 3 1 4 Text entering For text editing press Ent key at the corresponding line The window for text entering will appear New directory BASE OBJECT Figure 3 1 Text entering window Use lt 4 and gt keys to move along input line use A and V to choose the parame ter value by cyclical search If you press Shift or F1 in the name input window the keyboard window will appear for quick text entering New directory 3 73 D H I P T x Y d h i t X Y P qa Fr s Fl Del F2 lt F3 F5 MOD LEFT lt lt MOD RIGHT gt gt 20 Figure 3 2 The keyboard for quick text entry In this window e The cursor control keys lt gt A VY change the character in the input window e Ent replaces the edited character in the input line by the chosen in the window with moving to the next character editing F1 deletes the current character in the input line and shift the line F2 deletes the previous character in the line and shifts the line F3 replaces the current character of the input line by space Shift Left and Shift Right does cyclical shift to the editing of the next cha racter in the input line F5 shifting from English to Russian e Esc closes the window of the quick entering and shifts to the mode of standard line entering In the input line press Ent for
60. nd the schemes of their closed circuit is that the polarity of the impulse registered in the cable in which the impulse has arisen at is op posite to the polarity of the impulse in another cable to which this impulse is external The use of these algorithms of PD input signals analysis enables to reveal the place of PD arising in the most precise way considering the specific features of construction and operation 5 of high voltage equipment of different types By means of R2200 the diagnostics of transfor mers electric machines cable lines switchgears and high voltage breakers can be carried out 1 3 The disposition of outer slots The R2200 device can be used in two basic regimes for periodic measurements of PD level in high voltage equipment or for continuous monitoring when the device is set at the equipment for carrying out of stationary measurements For that purpose the device is provided with slots which provide operative connection and disconnection of the primary sensors mounted at the equipment Figure 1 2 The device upper plate The connection of the cable lines from the measuring sensors to R2200 device is pro vided by standard the coaxial BNC slots At the upper end of the device as it is shown at the pic ture 1 2 the slots are situated in one row There are the slots for PD sensors connection for outer synchronization connection Sync for standard USB cable and net cable connection for the work in
61. ne during the displaying the matrix remain unchanged Thus if at the moment of registration the shift has been specified in correctly you can make the data look correct by changing the value to the correct one Shifting from point to point of the menu is done with A and W selecting of the value is done by Ent and lt 4 B depending of the parameter for details see point 3 1 For the data saving press Mem or F4 for cancelling press Esc 3 3 3 3 Entering the parameters of the reference channels II and III For choosing the necessary reference channel move to the reference channel level with A and VW keys Shifting between the reference channels is done with lt and keys For each reference channel the number of the channel connected to it is displayed means that no channel is connected that is the filter 1s switched off as well as the short information of the channel parameters the filters switched on and the shift regarding to the measurement channel in see Figure 3 15 Measurin Scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Scheme Sheme 1 Input signals Synchr 1 2 3 g 5 6 7 s ojfCnanner 1 Measuring channels of device Main Sensor at phase A DB 1 channel I Sens 10 0nC U Reference H channel II Noise Hus Noise Dils 100 1007 Means rvpt tet aane REL oo Induce matrix Figure 3 15 Reference channel level ia 1007 Reference 1007 Tof channel III
62. nostic procedure Here it should be remained once again that the connection cables to all the sensors should have equal length It is necessary in order to exclude inaccuracy in the definition of the time of arrival as the signal from the sensors also detains in the connection cables The time of delay is the same and is 6 7 nanoseconds for one meter of the coaxial cable 10 1 4 2 3 The algorithm of the noises tuning out by the use of the channel sensibility As it was said above this method of noise tuning out is based on the comparison of the am plitudes of the signal coming from the measurement channel and all the rest of the channels This method is based on the use of special channels aimed at tuning out on the base of the signal amplitude as it is presented on the block diagram of the input circuits of the device Figure 1 3 This way of tuning out the noises is relatively easier than the previous two as it enables to use less complicated schemes in the device The principle of the impulses sorting out on the base of the amplitude comparison is sim ple If the amplitude of the signal monitored on the basic measurement channel is less than a synchronically measured amplitude on any other or a definite channel then the signal doesn t re fer to the controlled object part of the object Thus we can say that the impulse is the result of some PD which has arisen in some other part of the controlled object and has induced on the other
63. nt to point is done by pressing lt and P keys choosing of this or that point by Ent key choice cancellation by Esc At shifting form point to point by lt 4 and gt keys the cursor arrow also moves specifying the point which will be chosen by pressing Ent By pressing functional keys F1 F5 the point of the menu corresponding to the icon located over the key will be chosen Structurally the device menu looks as follows e YP registration the menu of PD measurement starting see point 3 3 1 e Reflectometer calls out PD oscillograph see point 3 3 2 e Setting measurement parameters o Channel parameters setting measurement parameters different for every channel disassembling sensitivity see point 3 3 3 22 o General registration parameters setting measurement parameters general for all the channels the type of synchronization the number of sinusoids see point 3 3 4 o The device calibration the calibration of the PD measurement circuits see point 3 3 5 e Working with the archive o Working with the data archive directory creating and deleting mea surement view and deleting see point 3 3 6 o Setting the parameters on default changing the parameters to default values with archive cleaning see point 3 3 7 o Renewing wearing program loading into the device e General settings of the device the time parameters of the device t
64. nterprisel 0b jecti Shemei Meas 03 19 10 15 41 100 common parameters a0 Pulses count 1828 Positive 1388 Negative 439 Power mat 13 0 100RI g 100 Tof A 60 Rr 40 10037 40 Tof A 20 NI Noise 16 be 100 INTING ise 1007 0 Figure 3 45 Viewing of PD distribution matrix for group without scale and capacity distribution ape 3 3 9 4 Parameters of PD group filtration PD group Filter parameters Filter by PD count exp M Remove less 5 pulses count Filter by PD power PDI IV Remove less l 5 3 power PDI Filter by average PD power PDI Remove less 4 average power PDI Base group selecting 30 PDI rey cD Figure 3 46 Parameters of PD group filtration 3 3 10 Viewing of reflectogram After registration and choice reflectogram in the tree of measurements there will be win dow of reflectogram viewing Selected ref lectogram No dT 0 00 mks Ful Count 500 Ref lectogram Figure 3 47 Reflectogram viewing In this window are 3 graphs graph of reflectogram distribution in the time Graph refl graph of chosen reflectogram Graph choose and graph of total reflectogram graph total 53 Graph of Reflectogram is lower of the screen originally graph is active which has sign Graph refl under functional key F4 Here are pulses like peaks amplitude of these peaks is maximal of registered signal If you
65. on in both the cases we can see that they differ in the range of 20 It is quite enough to estimate the level of PDI correctly and to build a trend PDI parameter is one of the basic parameters used for the evaluation of the PD intensity in the controlled object 2 2 Input Circuits Calibration One of the important problems that needs to be solved when using the PD control devises in practice is the problem of the devise calibration It is necessary to understand that unlike the measurements of the standard parameters of electric circuits such as currents voltages a PD measurement devise cannot be calibrated and adjusted neither at the place of production nor by any metrological service The reason is that as it was mentioned above those are not the PD parameters that are measured but the secondary characteristics of the of the partial discharge that is the reaction of the controlled object on the potential redistribution Thus one and the same partial discharge in insulation will be measured by our devise in different ways at different objects For example an impulse of 100 pC arising inside different equipment will induce in one and the same sensor a signal differing in amplitude in tens or even hundred times It will be so at PD measuring in a transformer or a small electrical machine Thus in the second case the PD impulse signal will be much more The real sensitivity of the device which is the potential metrological parameter influen c
66. on of the cable line defects at the very start of their formation 14 2 General questions of partial discharge measurements In this part of the manual the general questions of the PD diagnostics as well as the specific features of PD diagnostic of different types of equipment 2 1 Partial discharge parameters Partial discharge is a small spark which appears inside the insulation or on its surface in high or middle voltage equipment In some time the periodically repeating partial discharges destroy the insulation which leads to its breakdown in the end Usually the insulation deteriora tion can last for month or even years before it fails Thus the PD registration localization and the evaluation of their power and frequency could help to reveal the developing damage and take measures to prevent the breakdown In order to understand the principles of the device operation it is necessary to determine the basic terms and integrated parameters describing partial discharges in high voltage equipment All the standards on partial discharge measurements used in the world define a certain number of integral values which can be calculated or are directly measured while the insula tion condition testing is being carried out The standards of different countries can differ in de tails but coincide in the basic concepts coincide In Europe IEC 270 standard is used The calcu lated parameters in the R2200 device go by the American standard as th
67. put of it For the amplitude sorting out algorithm to work correctly it 1s necessary to pass the signal to the Reference Channel and Noise Channel To the output of the channels as much as 1 8 signals can be con Generator _ As an exam ple we can say that the PD current im pulse which has arisen at phase A of the generator as it is shown on Fig ure 1 7 will pass to the phase winding B and C through the internal capacitive coupling Naturally the am plitude of the PD signal will be less on B phase and even lesser on phase C So for the method to work correctly it is necessary to take into account the sensibility of the channels when comparing the signals Figure 1 7 Filtering out cross signals by means of the amplitude noise channel 1 4 3 The information presentation in the device In the memory of the R2200 device the information on the PD impulses registered in every channel is presented and stored in the form of amplitude phase distribution and TF plane Each cell of the amplitude phase distribution has the following parameters the phase of the supply voltage impulse amplitude the number of the impulses of the amplitude in the given phase zone In the PD impulse distribution matrix one period of the supply voltage sinusoid is subdivided into 48 zones with the width of 7 5 degrees each 360 48 7 5 For the registration and analysis to be less co
68. r and graph is imagined by the horizontal line In the bottom of graph is distance between cursors by the time DT and distance to defect place origin if cursors are on PD pulse and its reflection from defect place origin Quantity pulses of sum and type of sum are on graph of sum signal 54 sun Simple aver a Ee No 1 ri ah L i ee es Ful Count 500 T a i HHA _ H HHHH 4 E ae oe dT 59 99 ms 200 00 Figure 3 48 Viewing of reflectogram Device R2200 has set of automatically functions for work with reflectogram Algorithm of detection probable defects place finds amplitude HMpping in sum signal it can be like registered PD pulse and its reflection from places of defects and boxes This data is in defect table For viewing defect table it is necessary to activity it by the pressing F4 for movement on graphs Sun Simple aver Defects position Le 200 0m Sc 1 7007 L 173 5 m 0 00 dT 0 30 mks 2 40 Ful Count 500 i oh oh h TE A j H ma HHHH 4 i i ars oe dT 59 99 ms Figure 3 49 Defect table There is information about finding pulses Time t time of pulse registration from the start of registration L possible defect place origin if thinks that the first pulse is PD pulse and 55 all following pulses are reflection from defect place origin if the length of cable and coefficient of shortening are correct 3 3 10 1 Installation of Reflectogram viewing The
69. r of sinusoids the synchronization type see point 3 3 3 o F5 Cancel exiting the measurement menu Esc key is also available After starting up the device carries out the calibration and starts the data reading display ing the course of measurement with the states bar Synchronization Freq 50 0 Hz Read data of channel 4 CACECARINBE 33 6 Figure 3 6 Measurement For cancelling the reading press Esc Cancelling the measurement on the given channel you will not loose the previously read data on the previous channels of the device After the registration the saved measurement is displayed see point 3 3 8 3 3 2 Reflectometer The window of partial discharge oscillograph working with inbuilt reflect meter is called out 24 Reflectometer s parameters Channel gt 14 Acquisition cycles 10 Cable length m 200 0 Shorting coefficient 1 700 Gain coefficient dB 5 e Power net phase A Synchronization Channel 1 Regime start Free start Threshold mV 120 Figure 3 7 Reflect meter parameters The algorithm of the reflect meter work is the following after a partial discharge comes to the input the signal registration begins with the interval of 10 nanoseconds and lasts for the pe riod chosen There could be registered up to 64 thousands of such signals The whole time of registration depends on the chosen number of sinusoids of the supply net For cable analysis there
70. r the level of the measuring channel with A and Y keys or pressing Ent at the level of channel registration selection For the measuring channel parameter edit ing press Ent the pop up menu of measurement channel parameter editing will be displayed see Fig 3 14 Measuring scheme configuration Palnt Enterprisel Object Object1 Scheme Shemel Input signals Synchr 1 2 3 a 5 6 7 8 9 anaa Measuring channels of device Fg ensor at phase A as hE rea 10 OnC V Include in registration M Sensitivity nc V wr 10 0 Power net phase z Sensor type DB x DB 1 Induce matrix Referen channel Figure 3 14 The measurement channel parameter editing menu In this menu it is possible to change the following parameters switching on off the regis tration channel channel sensitivity no V the channel sensitivity is specified during the device calibration and influences the amplitude form mV to pick and PDI calculation the sinusoid shift regarding the sincroimpuls on how many degrees the matrixes should be shifted on all the channels of the device At display of matrixes of PD distribution the device will shift the PD ma 30 trix on each of the channels by the value specified at this point and add to the shift for every channel the value specified during the channel tuning Figure 3 12 A value corresponds to 0 B 120 C 240 AB 60 BC 180 CA 300 The shift is do
71. re 1s window with viewing installation in the choice of this point View parameters Accumulation signals m Simple average Amplitude units Vo Power net phase A Angle 0 0 Fr rs Figure 3 50 Installation of Reflectogram viewing Device has 2 type of averaging arithmetical mean and coercion to relative unit for quick prompt of parameter keys Fl Type sum 1s accessible If you choose averaging relative unmet signals of sum will be reduced to 1 and then will be averaged You can choose units for imagining signals amplitude in the window parameters of viewing Volts Nan coulomb and decibels F2 Units If it is necessary you can prompt parameters of measurement phase of net voltage F3 PhaseSens and shear angle relatively synchropulse 56 4 Software of device R2200 The software IHM insulation health monitoring is used for work with device It is a part of device delivery Software provides swap of measurements and installation of insulation condi tion monitoring device manufactured by Vibro Center into the computer for its keeping view ing and analyze Manual is in separate document Here is a specifically part for R2200 device it is device configuration from PC 4 1 Device configuration from IHM software All parameters of device can be installed from PC For it you need 1 Install and start up the IHM software 2 Lash device R2200 in the tree of objects in accordanc
72. s Sensitivity is defined in the calibration PD duration and Delay after PD is limitations on pulses filtration by frequency and form for transformers it will be on default you can increase duration for cables Sensor phase supplementary shift of phase in this channel relatively phase A 59 Information about company DIMRUS Ltd Perm Development and delivery of devices and software for diagnostics in different industry Suite 403 Kirova street 70 Perm 614000 Russia Phone fax 7 342 212 84 74 Web site www dimrus ru www dimrus com e mail dimrus dimrus com 60
73. s necessary to choose the starting mode It is possible to set the amplitude phase windows after PD measurement on the given channel so that there was no situation when an attempt is made to register the oscillogram of a PD which are not present For this purpose it is necessary to establish the After registration starting mode and to press F1 key Next PD registration will be made After the registration the AF distribution of the registered impulses will appear in the screen 25 It is also possible to choose the amplitude phase windows in the previously registered measurement choosing it from the measurement tree For that choose the registration mode Measurement selection and press F1 key Next When the tree of measurements will ap pear choose the necessary measurement and press Select The AF distribution of the regis tered impulses will appear in the screen Reflectometer s parameters Channel 19 Acquisition cycles 10 03 19 10 12 07 Cable length m 200 0 Meas 037 719710 12 19 Shorting coefficient 1 700 Meas 03 19 10 12 18 a ee Meas 03 19 10 12 18 Gain coefficient dB 5 P Power net phase A Synchronization Channel i Regime start m Measurement selection Figure 3 8 Measurement selection It is also possible to choose a zone in an empty measurement For that choose the Zone selection starting mode There will the AF distribution window appear in the scr
74. s press MEM or F4 E fs fs Figure 3 30 Result of device calibration In the calibration window of device the following functional keys are opened F1 Start launch of calibration of channel F2 Parameters installation of parameters of measurements of every channel disas sembling sensitivity see point 3 3 2 F3 Matrix imaging and editing matrixes of reset and sensitivities see point 3 3 2 5 F4 Writing keeping of calibration measurements for this channel Keeping is pos sibility also by the key Mem F5 Exit exit from calibration window or key Esc 3 3 6 Archiving of data Archiving of device data keeps made measurements in the tree type and consists of 3 types of objects and you can make different types of operations root element directory and measure ment In the lower line is prompting it shows functional keys and functions Keys Esc and F5 exit from operation window of archiving This active element is marked by the inverse print Movement changing of active element by the tree is made by the keys A W You can displace and unroll directories with measurements by the keys lt 4 and gt in the active directory it is marked by signs or subject to condition in the square before icon It is for economy of place on the screen and acceleration of movement on the tree of data 3 19 10 12 14 Sheme1 03 19 10 12 07 Meas 03 19 10 12 1
75. stationary mode and accumulator charging The sensors produced by Vibro Center inc are isolated from the inner measurement nets due to their isolating container housing made of ABC with glass fiber addition The sensors are connected to the device by means of RG 58U coaxial cables the screens of which are connected to the body of the sensor and so to the body of the device itself Therefore the screens of all the cables are connected to each other but are isolated from the sensors It helps to minimize the pos sibility of potential voltage presence at the body of the device For safety insurance only the sensors supplied with the device should be used together with the device If you want to use the sensors of other producers or self made sensors make sure that there is no direct contact between the measurement chains of the sensor the devise and the con trolled object 1 4 The R2200 Operation Principles The R2200 device has 9 input slots for the connection of 9 PD for the registration of elec trical PD All the input channels are equal independent and have the input resistance of 50 Ohm For the means of device reliability each of the input channels has inbuilt protection against inci dental pulse noises and the filters which single out DP signals in the range of 1 to 10 MHz The operation principle of the R2200 device significantly differs from that of standard os cillographs also used in PD analysis The basic difference is that R2
76. switches over to the mode of autonomous 1m pulse generation according to the parameters set during the previous session The generator produce impulses of 3000 pC at 50 ohm with the frequency of 24 kHz Changing the current generator parameters are done in the setting mode The setting mode is available at pressing Set key Each pressing of Set key results in changing of the current setting parameter At the last Set pressing the device switches over to the mode of registration All in all three parameters are available for setting The user can set The operation period before automatic switching off after the last key pressing The user can choose the period to be 1 10 20 or 60 min or the mode can be switched off The following notice will be displayed Switch off Device 10 min The function is aimed at the battery sav ing The time of display illumination It could be 1 5 or 10 min The notice Switch off light min will be displayed The illumination is necessary when generator setting is being carried out but in the process of impulse injecting when the user is working with the device there is no need in it The display contrast It can be changed from 0 to 100 with the step of 10 The notice CONTRAST 20 is displayed In the upper right corner the level of the battery charge is schematically displayed Each line of the schematic battery indicate 20 of the charge In the main field of the display the
77. t such as electrical ge nerators and motors cable lines switchgears The speed of the electromagnetic wave in the cable lines is a little bit more than half of the velocity of light Approximately a PD impulse pusses through one meter of the cable line in 6 7 nanoseconds It is a very short time but the device is able to control such time gaps thanks to the use of the modern elemental composition Thus we can say that if the distance between two sensors is not less than lor 2 meters then it is possible to define the PD pulse direction in the line under control But it should be kept in mind that the length of the cables connecting the sensors to the R2200 device should be equal Otherwise is the delay in the time of arrival can appear in the cables which makes the received data incorrect As an illustration of the function of impulse sorting out according to the time of arrival Figure 1 5 is given In the figure an approx imate scheme of PD sensors distribution for the allocation of PD in generators or external circuits is presented When some PD signal at the external terminal of the con trolled generator there always a question ap pears whether the PD appear inside the gene Figure 1 6 The definition of the place of the PD by the method of rator or are coming time of arrival from the outside from the breaker or some other equipment or even from the input transformer of the plant An incorrect answer to the quest
78. t the speed of the electromagnetic wave in cable line differs depending on the mark of the cable The basic reason of the difference is the difference in the properties of dielectrics and the constructive difference of cable lines that is the difference in shortening coefficient Because 13 of that though the time of the second impulse delay is the same the defect could be situated in different parts of the cable line Secondly a real reflect gram could differ in form from the ideal one which is presented in Figure 1 10 as the reflections of the different joints and junction can overlap the useful signals coming from the defect Thirdly the measurements of the impulse timing in cable lines under the working voltage is complicated by the presence of many noises For the aims of noise rejection the R2200 device makes a number of measurements up to some hundreds and averages the data out After the averaging there only the most stable repeating impulses remain on the time chart In the most general case the shortening coefficient is 1 7 If the time of a waveform regis tration is 80 microseconds the PD impulse runs as much as 14 kilometer along the cable line Thus as an impulse runs along the cable line twice so the R2200 device can diagnose a cable of up to 7 kilometers The advantages of the method are the following The possibility the diagnostics of the cable line under the working voltage The revelati
79. the filters should be switched on otherwise the data will be con sidered illegal and the corresponding worming will be displayed see Fig 3 17 32 Measuring scheme configuration Pa 1 wl Scheme Sheme 1 Filter by polarity ynchr Filter by amplitude aannel 1 Shii Error Fili Illegal data Dis 6 filter not selected b Y ORECEnNT Cancel Esc Ref Channel II l Noise mE Noise pine 1007 1007 chan rvh EE chan ddao Induce matrix matrix Figure 3 17 Illegal data entering 3 3 3 4 Entering the noise channels IV and V parameters For the noise channel selection move to the noise channel level by pressing A and Y Shifting between the noise channels is done with lt 4 and P keys To every noise channel up to three channels can be connected the numbers of the channels are displayed at the channel screen symbol means that no channel has been connected Short information on the current parameters of the channel is also displayed such as whether the tuning on the amplitude is switched on tuning on the amplitude automatically switches on in case at least one of the chan nels has been chosen on the noise channel given and whether the shift in respect of the mea surement channel in is switched on see Figure 3 18 Measurin Scheme configuration Palnt Enterpri sel Ob ject Ob 4 ectl Scheme Sheme 1 Input signals Synchr aj2 3 A 5 65 7 8 9 Cranner 1 Measuring channels of device
80. xpert system The PD Expert expert system uses a set of different means for partial discharge presentation and analysis including TF plane There is an inbuilt base of partial discharge images All the mentioned above gives the opportu nity to reveal and differentiate various types of insulation damages and the places they occur R2200 devise should be used by specially trained personnel in scientific centers and la boratories production shops and in field condition The devise can be used under the influence of raised electromagnetic fields of power line frequency at distribution substations The power supply of the device is universal which also expands the sphere of its usage It could be powered from the supply net or the inbuilt accumulator if high capacity The device has metal container housing protecting it from dust and splashes It has a her metic membrane keypad 1 2 Technical specifications The basic technical specifications of the R2200 device are given in table 1 1 Table 1 1 l Frequency range of the registered PD pulse ea Dynamic range of the registered PD pulse 70 dB The phase precision of the definition of the moment of impulse appear 7 5 degrees ance relatively to the sinusoid of power line frequency Measurement inaccuracy in definition of the place of PD appearance in 2 m cable by means of inbuilt reflectometer Nn The memory for the storage of the archive of PD measurement in cable

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