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1. amp lay 49 5 i RAS AN4 S S C20UT een crie AAA RCO TI OSO TICK Wie AR n 2206 2208 RCA TIOSI CCP2 MZTENIX AM UI ee RC2CCPI UU NES mS NEW as poor ON v x ED S SS NT TT TTE TEM TEXT TEXT MOX Gm a og TET ejeje DE gt Mes TE trees P NU Ra M M ROME ope ON S ea i MEE QUEE DE QUE CN EA We 5s er eae How wd pea MEC TEXT o HH e amp lt Me s n n Be a i Figure 3 13 Full circuit diagram The PIR sensor will have to be leave for a few second about 10 second to familiarize with its environment Without any motion in its path the output of PIR sensor is OV When a motion is detected the output will go high 5V This output is sent directly to PIC16F877A to indicate occupancy Photodiode BPW34 15 used to detect brightness in the room This light sensor is used in reverse biased that will produce reverse light current when light detected The photodiode is coupled to a 1OKQ resistor The output voltage from the resistor is to be measured2. ___ Im 1 X 86 AnjssHaWSenaay Range of Spectral Bandwidth Noisa Equivalent Power Vg 10 V 2 950 nm WP Saranan 99 ai lt JIN s AAA A LLL TI 5 a i gt 1 d 5 1 E 2 4 dac Vg Rovere Volga V 4 Panis Tari Ambiant 72 Figura 1 Reverso Dark Curent vs Ambient Temperature Figure 2 Halatme Rowerse Light Curent vs Ambient Tamperntura www visa com Document Humber 3152 1 2 Hav 1 3 06 Mar 06 BPW34 Vishay Semiconductors I Fiera Light 5 E _ 21 1 LU 100 HHI Ya Agaa V V Figure 3 5 Light Current vs Figure Diode Capacitance vs Havarse Voltage T LL III d LT E 1 5 1m on a i 5 AH __ LL HE E E m HHH Bud j Fosse Lighi Cum ant us __ Ug E NEN i am p Ba lekor semi Ll LI 1 10 1002 01 06 02 02 04 LII Reverse Wage V MOS Figure 5 Reverse Light Current vs Rowarse Volinge Figure E Hodian Sensitrity vs Angular Displacement Document Number E1521 com Rav 1 8 08 Mar 05 3 BPW34 Vishay Semiconductors Package Dimensions i
3. dee appe dav progresses and the puc Ed rand lnc class Eat seule by done high when sudden changes occur such as when there 15 motion 26 Recommended Operating Condition Rating ni H45V 55V R J5 C 70 C C O Table 2 3 Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn Bhd All Rights Reserved 2 Cytron 5 ROBOT HEAD to TOE Technologie Product User s Manual PIR Sensor 3 PRODUCT LAYOUT 3 1 Product Dimensions 1 0 5 4mm Figure 3 1 3 2 Product Layout
4. Lighting design 1s a common task in any building design Artificial lighting accounts for 30 to 50 percent of total energy usage in a building Daylight provides natural lighting throughout the day especially in Malaysia so a proper and effective lighting strategy which takes daylight into account not only provides comfort to the consumer but can also contribute to cost effectiveness Nowadays people seek comfort and ease to their everyday life Thus this project will help in providing eye comfort as well as strive for cost saving The Automatic Room Lighting System will enable the user to choose three different types of modes which 15 the study mode relax mode and sleep mode These three modes will gives different level of illumination suits for these various tasks while taking natural daylight 1nto account The system also will be able to detect motion in the provided area which will on off the light automatically after some time This system may be implemented in a multipurpose room especially I believe this project may give more variety to the current available lighting systems for consumer to choose from vi ABSTRAK Rekabentuk pencahayaan adalah salah satu tugas asas dalam rekabentuk bangunan Pencahayaan buatan menyumbang sehingga 30 hingga 50 peratus jumlah penggunaan tenaga elektrik di dalam sesebuah bangunan Cahaya matahari memberikan pencahayaan semulajadi sepanjang hari terutamanya di Malaysia oleh itu pencahayaan yang sesuai a
5. 2 Photoresistor 2 6 Occupancy sensor 2 6 1 Passive Infrared PIR 2 6 2 Active Ultrasound Device 2 7 PIC Microcontroller 2 8 Previous Projects 2 8 1 Intelligent Lighting System for Commercial Building 2 8 2 Automated Home Lighting System 2 8 3 Home Automation Lighting System HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 3 Introduction 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 19 viii 3 2 Methodology 3 3 Hardware Circuits Components 3 3 1 PICI6FS77A 3 3 2 BPW34 Vishay Silicon PIN Photodiode 3 3 3 Passive Infra red PIR Sensor 3 3 4 LM324 as Amplifier 3 3 5 IRFZASN as switch 3 4 Hardware Development 3 5 Software Development DATA RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4 1 Introduction 4 2 Testing Procedure 4 3 Circuit Troubleshoot CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK REFERENCES APPENDIX 20 21 21 22 24 23 23 26 3 35 35 40 42 1X LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 2 1 SI photometry units 5 22 Minimum lighting levels by task 10 3 1 PIC16F877A features 22 2 2 Basic characteristic of BPW34 Vishay Silicon PIN Photodiode 23 3 3 Output voltage with corresponding brightness 32 4 1 Response of BPW34 under various lighting conditions 36 4 2 Illuminance in various conditions 37 4 3 Output voltage for various positions of light sensor 38 FIGURE 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 9 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 3 14 LIST OF FIGURES TITLE
6. Example of over illumination and energy waste Prototype model Plan view of daylight Example of a dimmer Example of a timer Example of photodiode Photoresistor or LDR Basic LDR circuit Typical configuration of PIR circuit Flow of project Pins diagram of 16 877 PIR sensor by Cytron Technologies Pin outs of LM324 IRFZASN N channel enhancement mode transistor PIC power up circuit Light sensing circuit A non inverting amplifier Occupancy sensor Lamp power up circuit Mode selection circuit Mode selection indicator circuit Full circuit diagram Graph of diode capacitance vs reverse voltage Xl PAGE Oo AN A 3 15 3 16 3 7 4 1 4 2 4 3 44 4 5 4 6 4 7 Light sensing circuit Main flowchart of the system Functions flowchart Conditions vs illuminance plot Top view of prototype Position of light sensor PIR test result a PIR output without detection b PIR output with detection Full circuit in standby Full brightness at study mode 32 33 33 36 37 39 39 40 40 41 41 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 General Introduction Lighting system 1s one of the major and essential features in a building design It gives aesthetic or practical effect besides providing illumination for tasks and activities Lighting can includes both natural illumination from daylight and also artificial lighting provided by light sources such as lamps Artificial lighting represents a major com
7. completed by Jong Han Siong in 2009 He modified a lighting system that automatically adjusts its brightness according to its surrounding by using clapping The project allow for a suitable level of brightness at all times and to render the need of manual adjustment obsolete User can adjust brightness of the room as well as turning the light on and off by clapping There are also buttons for further brightness control and 7 segment display to show current setting of the device 18 Some problem faced in his project was the output light would sometimes flicker and there was delay in time the device receive the clapping sound But overall his project has been successfully implemented 2 85 3 Home Automation Lighting System The project was completed by Goh Lin Chian in 2009 His project uses the automation concept to control lighting in a house He also designed a motion detection circuit to detect any passerby in the area provided He designed a graphic user interface so that lights can be controlled simultaneously from the home personal computer and uses the concept of local area network LAN that enable user to interconnect the personal computer which is located in other part of the house CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 3 1 Introduction This chapter will discuss and explain the methodology components used in this project the circuit designs as well as software development The methodology consists of the project fl
8. is chosen to save energy to avoid hypothesized adverse health effects of over illumination by artificial light and also for aesthetics Artificial lighting energy use can be reduced by simply installing fewer electric lights because daylight is present or by dimming switching electric lights automatically in response to the presence of daylight To design a lighting system that taking daylight into account research on daylight distribution are necessary to understand Figure 2 1 Plan view of daylight Figure 2 1 shows the concentration of daylight in a room with A B C and D are the areas Naturally the closer the area to the window the higher the light concentrated on the place and the concentration becomes lower the further it 1s from the window If sensors are put in the area of A B and C area A which gets the most daylight will turn off or dimmed first Area B which gets medium daylight will dim while area C that received less daylight receives a full power to maintain brightness 2 3 Efficient Lighting Methods Lighting controls helps reduce energy usage and enable lighting design to be more flexible There are many types of efficient lighting methods available today such as manual dimming photosensor occupancy sensor and timer Suitable lighting method for a room can be determined by the room purpose or task In this part only manual dimming and timer method will be briefly explained Photosensor and occupancy sensor meth
9. Overcast Darkness Lighting Light Day Figure 4 1 Conditions vs illuminance plot This result 1s being compared to reference to check whether the photodiode working properly From Wikipedia site Table 4 2 Illuminance in various conditions 37 16 Illuminance Example 107 lux Light from Sirius the brightest star in the night sky 107 lux Total starlight overcast sky 0 002 lux Moonless clear night sky with airglow 0 07 lux Quarter moon 0 27 lux Full moon on a clear night 1 lux Full moon overhead at tropical latitudes i 3 4 lux Dark limit of civil twilight under a clear sky 50 lux Family living room 80 lux Hallway toilet 100 lux Very dark overcast day 320 500 lux Office lighting 19 70 400 lux sunrise or sunset on a clear day 1 000 lux Overcast typical TV studio lighting 10 000 25 000 lux Full daylight not direct sun 32 000 130 000 lux Direct sunlight From table above it is confirmed that the photodiode is working properly after comparing the results obtained from the experiment with the reference Another test done for light sensor 15 to find the best placement of the sensor in this particular case The sensor was put in 4 main positions inside the prototype and the output voltage was noted The positions tested for are as shown in Figure 4 2 Window Door mmu Photodiode Figure 4 2 Top view of prototype 38 Position 1 and 4 is on the wall of th
10. P6 28 RD5 PSP5 27 4 RD4 PSP4 26 0 RCTIRXIDT 25 4 RC6 TX CK 24 RC5 SDO 23 4 RC4 SDI SDA 22 RD3 PSP3 4 RD2 PSP2 PIC16F874A 877A Figure 3 2 Pins diagram of PIC16F877A The PIC16F877A is chosen because of its economical and low cost availability of the chip and its related software and developer The basic features of PIC16F877A can be viewed in Table 3 1 below Table 3 1 PIC16F877A features Timers Single Word ptas 8 16 bit PIC16F876A 14 3K _ 8192 368 256 22 5 2 Ye Yes Yes 2 PICIer877A 14 3k eim 368 256 33 8 2 lves ves ves 21 2 3 3 2 BPW34 Vishay Silicon PIN Photodiode The BPW34 is a high speed and high sensitive PIN photodiode in a miniature flat plastic package Its top view construction makes it ideal as a low cost replacement of TO 5 devices in many applications 23 Due to its waterclear epoxy the device is sensitive to visible and infrared radiation The large active area combined with a flat case gives a high sensitivity at a wide viewing angle Features of BPW34 Vishay Silicon PIN Photodiode e Large radiant sensitive area A 7 5 mm2 e Wide angle of half sensitivity j 65 e High photo sensitivity e Fast response times e Small junction capacitance e Suitable for visible and near infrared radiation Photodiode are chosen for this project because it has high
11. TI SELAMAT Date 30 APRIL 2010 AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHTING SYSTEM MASITAH BINTI BAHARUDDIN This thesis 18 submitted in part fulfillment of requirement for the awarding of Degree in Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Control and Instrumentation Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia APRIL 2010 ii I declare that this thesis entitle AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHTING SYSTEM is the result of my own research except as cited in the references This thesis has not been accepted for any degree and 15 not concurrently submitted in candidature of any degree Signature U quedab PE EE A EN Name of Candidate MASITAH BINTI BAHARUDDIN Date 30 APRIL 2010 Dedicated to my beloved parents and family 111 1V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah praise to Allah S W T for His blessings I manage to complete my Final Year Project First and foremost I would like to give the deepest appreciation to my supervisor Dr Hazlina Selamat for her guidance and support throughout the accomplishment of this project I also would like to thank my friends and my classmates who have helped me in various ways in completing this project And special thanks to my friend Wynn Emma who has helped me in so many ways in duration of this project Last but not least I am indebted to my parents for their long loving support and prayers not only now but throughout this whole years that brought me to who I am now ABSTRACT
12. UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT Author s name BINTI BAHARUDDIN Date of prm 1 Am MARCH 1787 1 AUTOMATE ROM UGHTING SYSTEM Acemi Session I decre thot ME thesi 5 as CONFIDENTIAL Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972 RESTRICTED Contains restricted information as specified by organisatian where research was donel OPEN ACCESS lagree that my thesis to be published as online open access text acknowtedged that Universiti Teknokesgi Malaysia reserves the right os Toliaws 1 The these the property of Universit Malaysia 2 The Ubrory of Universi Molaysia nas the ight To make copies for the purpose afresecrcn only 3 ThelLlibrory nas the night To make copies of the thesi for academic exchange Certified by NATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR DP HAZUNA SELAMAT NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date Date NOTES If tne thesis i CONRDENTLAL RESTRICTED please oftoch woth the letter from organisation with pared and reasons for eonfidentialiny or restriction I declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it 1s suitable in terms of scope and quality for purpose of awarding a Bachelor Degree in Engineering Electrical Control and Instrumentation Signature E PRESE TORRE ENRICO Name of Supervisor DR HAZLINA BIN
13. and sent to an operational amplifier to increase its output voltage by a factor of 10 Then the output 15 used as the brightness input into the PIC 31 The 3 switches are to be chosen by user to change mode of lighting in the room Button 15 for the Sleep Mode while button B and button C 1s for Relax Mode and Study Mode respectively The 3 LEDs is used as indication of which mode currently in use 3 4 Software Development From literature review the modes are set at 1 Sleep mode at 501 2 Relax mode at 2501 3 Study mode at 1klx From photometric data of photodiode BPW34A the relationship of lux and output voltage can be calculated T gt t pa O D D x _ 0 1 lil l1 Lj 10 102 103 104 94 8418 Ix Figure 3 14 Diode Capacitance vs Reverse Voltage 32 Figure 3 15 Light sensing circuit When the photodiode is coupled to a 10kQ resistor using basic Ohm s Law Vout lp Ry Where R 10kQ From the graph Equation of reverse current and brightness can be obtained l 0 1333 lux So LOS LSS 4 Table 3 3 below shows the for needed brightness Table 3 3 Output voltage with corresponding brightness Brightness lux Output voltage Vout V 250 0 19 The programming is started by making the flowchart of the whole system to get the idea on th
14. ard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument s Microelectronics Division The name PIC initially referred to Peripheral Interface Controller PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost wide availability large user base extensive collection of application notes availability of low cost or free development tools and serial programming and re programming with flash memory capability Some series available from PIC family are PICI2 PIC16 PICI7 and PICIS ranging from 6 pins to 40 pins The PIC architecture is distinctively simple It is characterized by the following features e Separate code and data spaces Harvard architecture e A small number of fixed length instructions 16 e Most instructions are single cycle execution 4 clock cycles with single delay cycles upon branches and skips e single accumulator W the use of which as source operand is implied 1 e is not encoded in the opcode e All RAM locations function as registers as both source and or destination of math and other functions e A hardware stack for storing return addresses e A fairly small amount of addressable data space typically 256 bytes extended through banking e Data space mapped CPU port and peripheral registers e The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable this is used to im
15. e Small size makes it easy to conceal e Compatible with all types of microcontrollers e SV till 20V operation with 100A current draw Figure 3 3 PIR Sensor by Cytron Technologies This sensor will give a voltage output when motion is detected within its range of view This sensor is suitable to detect any presence of human in a room but the minor downside is that in needed to detect motion continuously to stay 1n high state This may be overcome by putting delay into the controller so the lamp will stay on longer without detection Due to its availability fairly low cost and easy to use therefore this sensor 1s chosen to be use in this project 25 3 3 4 LM324 as Amplifier The LM324 integrated circuit 1s a quad operational amplifier Op Amp The device has four individual Op Amp circuits housed in a single package Output 1 Inputs 1 V Inputs 2 __ Output 2 Figure 3 4 Pin Outs of LM324 3 35 IRFZ48N as switch MOSFET IRFZASN is used as a switch Its basic function is to control the drain current by the gate voltage By applying a suitable drive voltage to the Gate of an FET the resistance of the Drain Source channel can be varied from an OFF resistance of many hundreds of effectively an open circuit to an ON resistance of less than 1Q effectively a short circuit MOSFET can also be driven to turn ON fast or slow or to pass high currents or low currents This ability to turn the po
16. e flow of the program 33 Figure 3 17 Functions flowchart The program will start off with the lamp in off condition Then the program will continuously in standby mode to detect any motion from occupancy sensor s field of view When the PIR occupancy sensor is triggered by movement the output of the sensor will go high for approximately 10 seconds If this sensor 1s triggered repeatedly the output will stay in high condition longer This output 1s sent to PIC RDO pin where port D on the PIC has already been set to digital input After RDO is triggered the PIC will check for analog input obtained from photodiode in RAO ANO 34 pin If the room is dark night time the lamp will automatically go on with full brightness where else if the room 1s already illuminated by sunlight the lamp will stay off Then the program will standby for user to choose a mode When a mode 1s chosen for example sleep mode 501x the main program will call for function sleep mode Otherwise if the user doesn t choose any mode the room will stay at its last condition Let say the sleep mode 1s chosen the lamp will automatically dim to 501 where based on calculation Vout from photodiode should be 0 04 V This 0 04V is been amplified by LM324 by a gain of 10 so the output from photodiode circuit into PIC should be 0 4V The duty cycle of the PWM has to be calibrated first with 255 output as full brightness Next the system will continuou
17. e prototype while position 3 is at the corner and position 1 1s directly under the 12Vdc lamp The external light source is from an AC table lamp positioned 5cm from the window at 90 The output obtained for each position is as follow Table 4 3 Output voltage for various positions of light sensor Lamp only full brightness Lamp External light source Position Based on the experiment position 2 that 1s directly underneath the lamp is found as the best position to put the light sensor The position seems to get the optimum light from both sources But after consideration to ease the output reading it is decided that the lamp should be put on the wall position 1 where the light use 15 also optimized and the sensor is nearest to the point of interest In real case too naturally it is more practical to put light sensor on the wall nearest to the target point instead of middle of the room or on the floor 39 Figure 4 3 Position of light sensor For PIR sensor test the room is divided into 24 squares of 5x5cm The PIR is mounted on the middle top of the box representing the roof of the room Movement was made on each of the squares one by one and the output of PIR sensor was being monitored The result of the experiment is as shown on figure 4 4 below Light Sensor lcm i Window Door Figure 4 4 PIR test result The shaded areas represent the areas in which motion can be detected by the sens
18. er accuracy light intensity measurement compared to LDR which is more suitable for detection of light rather than the brightness level It has very fast response to light changes so it is suitable to be use in this project Besides the relationship photocurrent and illuminance is very linear on a log log scale makes it easier for calculation BPW34 also 1s easy to get with fairly low cost Table 3 2 Basic characteristic of BPW34 Vishay Silicon PIN Photodiode Basic Characteristics Tamb 25 C Parameter Symbol Breakdown Voltage Reverse Dark Current Diode Capacitance Open Circuit Voltage Vo Temp Coefficient of V TKyo Short Circuit Current amp Temp Coefficient of lj 1mW cm2 950 TK Reverse Light Current EA71klx Vp 5V 1 mW cm 950 nm 5V Angle of Half Sensitivity Wavelength of Peak Sensitivity X Range of Spectral Bandwidth Ln _ ho Noise Equivalent Power Vg 10 V 1k 820 nm Vg 10 V 1k Q 820 nm Symbol lo Vo NM TK EB NECEM hy dos NEP Fall Time 24 3 3 3 Passive Infra red PIR Sensor The PIR sensor by Cytron Technologies is a pyroelectric device that detects motion by measuring changes in the infrared levels emitted by surrounding objects This motion can be detected by checking for a high signal on a single I O pin The product features include e Single bit output
19. g for the PIC microcontroller The programming s source code can be written either in C Language or in Assembly language The PIC microcontroller is the one that will control the system and will do the processes between the inputs and the outputs Combining hardware and programming burn the program into the PIC and combine to the hardware Testing and troubleshooting test the system for any problems and ensure the system work as planned 3 3 Hardware Circuit Components 3 3 1 16 877 PICI6F877A is a 40 pin enhanced FLASH EEPROM 8 bit microcontroller from PIC16 family from Microchip Technology This microcontroller has 5 ports B C D and E Port A may be use for analog inputs and port C has two CCP pins that may be use for pulse width modulation to control the brightness of lamp 22 40 Pin PDIP MCLR VPP 1 40 RB7 PGD RAD ANO 12 39 RB6 PGC RAT AN1 e 3 38 lt RB5 RA2 AN2 VREF ICVREF 4 37 RB4 RA3 AN3 VREF 5 36 4 RB3 PGM RA4ITOCKIICIOUT 6 35 lt RB2 RAS ANA SSIC2OUT 7 REO RD AN5 8 RE1 WRIAN6 9 RE2 CS AN7 10 VDD 11 Vss 5 12 OSC1 CLKI 1 13 OSC2 CLKO 14 RCO T1OSO T1CKI e 15 RC1 T1OSI CCP2 16 RC2 CCP1 a 1 17 RC3 SCK SCL 18 RDO PSPO 19 RD1 PSP1 20 29 lt RD6 PS
20. metric optics http en wikipedia org wiki Photometry_ 28optics 29 Light Resource com Light Research Center Light Board IES Lighting Handbook 5 Edition Lighting Control http www esource com escrc 0013000000DP22 Y AAT2 BEA T PA PA Lig hting PA 40 Study of Light Level by Task http ergonomics about com od lighting a lightleveltask htm Photodiodes and photoresistor http www circuitstoday com Measurement of LDR and photodiode http www emant com PIR Motion Sensor http www gadgetshack com PIR sensor datasheet Parallax Inc http www parallax com dl docs prod audiovis PIRSensor V 1 2 pdf PIC16F877A datasheet http ww 1 microchip com downloads en DeviceDoc 35007b pdf Sukor bin Muhammad 2009 Intelligent Lighting System for Commercial Building UTM Skudai Goh Lin Chian 2009 Home Automation Lighting System UTM Skudai Jong Han Siong 2009 Automated Home Lighting System UTM Skudai Parr E A Industrial Control Handbook Second Edition Butterworth Heinemann Ltd 15 16 17 18 19 PICmicro Family Tree PIC16F Seminar Presentation http www microchip com tw PDF 2004_spring PIC16F 20seminar 20pr esentation pdf luminance in various conditions http en wikipedia org wiki Lux Vishay Semiconductor BPW34 Silicon PIN Photodiode datasheet http www datasheetcatalog org datasheet vishay 8 1521 pdf Cytron Technologies Passive Infra red Sensor Product User s Manual http www cytron com my data
21. n mm CATHODE MARKING Wy VSS COT Document Humber 21524 4 1 9 08 Mar 06 Cytron ROBOT HEAD to TOE Technologie Product User s Manual FIR Sensor 2 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND LIMITATIONS 2 1 Theory of Operation Pyroelectruc devices such as the PIR sensor have element made of crvstallme material amount of infrared stiking the element change the voltages generated which are measured by an on board amplifier The device contains special filter called a Fresnel lens which focuses the infrared signals onto the element As the ambient infrared signals change rapidly the on board amplifier tips the output to indicate motion 2 2 Fin Definitions and Rating The sea adf igh when the jumper Is either pesitian Table 2 2 24 Calibranon The PIR Sensor requires a warm up tme in order to function properly This 15 due to the setting time involved im learning environment This could be anywhere from 10 60 seconds Dunng this time there should be as little motion as possible the sensors field of view There 15 a variable resistor Delay Time on the PIR sensor to control the ON delay time for the sensor Turning the variable resistor clockwise will give longer delay while tuning anticlockwize with reduce the delay time 2 5 Sensitivity eri dama 120 within 1 meter range Ihe sensitivity can vary with environmental conditions ets
22. nd efektif yang mengambil kira faktor pencahayaan semulajadi bukan sahaja memberi keselesaan malah dapat menyumbang kepada penjimatan kos Pengguna hari ini mencari keselesaan and kemudahan dalam kehidupan harian Jadi projek ini diharap dapat membantu dalam menyediakan keselesaan pandangan disamping cuba mengurangkan kos penggunaan elektrik Sistem Pencahayaan Bilik Automatik ini membolehkan pengguna memilih tiga mod penggunaan iaitu mod belajar mod relak dan mod tidur Ketiga tiga mod ini akan memberikan tahap kecerahan yang berbeza yang sesuai untuk pekerjaan disamping mengambil kira pencahayaan semulajadi Sistem ini juga berkebolehan untuk mengesan pergerakan di dalam ruang tertentu dan akan membuka dan memadam lampu berdasarkan kewujudan penghuni setelah beberapa ketika Sistem ini boleh digunakan terutamanya di ruang serbaguna Saya percaya projek ini akan memberi lebih pilihan kepada pengguna dalam memilih sistem pencahayaan TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION 1 1 General Introduction 1 2 Problem Statement 1 3 Project Objectives 1 4 Scope of Project vii PAGE 11 111 1V vi Vil Xl LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Light and Measurement 2 2 Daylight Distribution 2 3 Efficient Lighting Methods 2 3 1 Manual Dimming 2 3 2 Timer 2 4 Illumination Levels 2 5 Photosensor 2 5 1 Photodiode 2 5
23. nd the need for a specified activity Providing light to an already bright room may leads to over illumination Figure 1 1 Example of over illumination and energy waste 1 3 Project Objectives Many methods can be applied to implement an energy efficient lighting system In this project the main objectives are e To implement a lighting system that able to automatically adjust its brightness according to the surroundings brightening or dimming when necessary e To enable certain modes of lighting i e study mode relax mode and sleep mode Different mode will give different level of illumination e To detect any motion in the room that will switch on off the light automatically 14 Scope of Project The strategy is to take into account natural daylight and presence of people in the room The project covers the development of hardware for the system which will include light sensor and occupancy sensor The modes for the hardware is written and burned into the PIC microcontroller to control the whole system The prototype is a box of 30x20x20cm with a window and a door The point of interest 1s set to the middle of the room Figure 1 2 Prototype Model CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Light and Measurement Light 1s magnetic radiation particularly radiation of wavelength visible to human eye 400nm 700nm It is measured with two main alternative sets of units radiometry consists of measurements of light powe
24. ned with a flat case gives a high sensitivity at a wide viewing angle Photodiodes can be used in either zero bias or reverse bias Diodes have extremely high resistance when reverse biased This resistance is reduced when light of an appropriate frequency shines on the junction Hence a reverse biased diode can be used as a light detector by monitoring the current running through it Some photodiodes look similar to a light emitting diode LED They have two wires coming from the bottom The longer one is the anode while shorter one is the cathode Photodiodes have a lower light sensitivity than cadmium sulphide LDR but give a fair quicker response in light level ol w Figure 2 4 Example of photodiode 12 2 5 2 Photoresistor Photoresistor or light dependent resistor LDR is a device which converts a light signal into electrical signal The semiconductor resistance decreases with increase in light intensity The most common material for LDR is cadmium sulphide which contained no or very few free electrons when not illuminated When light fall on the device have high enough frequency the photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into conduction band The resulting free electron and the hole conduct electricity thus lowering resistance 6 Figure 2 5 Photoresistor or light dependent resistor The resistance of LDR varies according to amount of light falls on it The relation
25. o the error in programming Due to time constraint the program was not been able to be repaired further Figure 4 7 Full brightness at study mode CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK There were many problem encountered in duration of this project Unfortunately the project was not fully successful to be implemented into the hardware This may be cause by several probable causes as been discussed in the previous chapter Only 1 objective was accomplished that is the light will be on when occupant 1s being detected and off after 30 seconds after the no motion detected The other two objectives that are the 3 modes with different level of brightness and the dimmer light using PWM were not successfully implemented Only one mode work as 1t was supposed to that 1s the study mode with the lamp with its full brightness So the objective is considered not accomplished It 1s hope that in future work the system can be continued until it is successfully implemented Some future works that can also be done to improve the system s functionality 1 Usealamp that can deliver much higher brightness 2 Do a study on how the system implementation can reduce the energy consumption 3 Add form of blinds that can automatically open and close with certain mode chosen 4 Remote control to change the mode remotely ux ren 11 12 13 14 REFERENCES Over illumination http en wikipedia org wiki Over illumination Photo
26. od will be covered in the next part 2 3 1 Manual Dimming Dimming controls are usually used to match lighting levels with human needs and to save energy When combined with photosensors that measure local light levels dimming controls can correct for dirt buildup in fixtures and lamp lumen depreciation Dimming controls are also used to modulate lamp output to account for incoming daylight Dimming may be accomplished in either a stepped or continuous fashion Step dimming ballasts typically offer two or three lighting levels and they can be used with occupancy sensors so that the sensors are able to dim the lamps rather than turn them off which can reduce on off cycling and extend lamp life Continuous dimming controls let users adjust lighting levels over a range of lighting output They offer more flexibility than step dimming and are used in a wide variety of applications including mood setting and daylight dimming Dimming can be accomplished on all lamp types found in commercial buildings incandescent fluorescent and HID 4 Figure 2 2 Example of a dimmer 2 3 20 Timer Timer operates based on either elapsed time after triggering or on programmed schedules using clock time Elapsed time switches also called timer switches typically fit into or over a standard wall switch box and allow occupants to turn lights on for a period that 1s determined either by the occupant or by the installer Lights go off at the end of tha
27. on A passive infrared PIR sensor will turn on the load whenever it detects a moving or newly apparent heat source PIR sensor measures infrared IR light radiating from objects in its field of view The theory of operation Pyroelectric devices like PIR sensor have elements made of crystalline material that generates an electrical charge when exposed to infrared radiation The changes in the amount of infrared striking the element change the voltages generated which then be measured by an on board amplifier PIR sensor contains a special filter called a Fresnel lens which focuses the infrared signals onto the element As the ambient infrared signals change suddenly the amplifier trips the output to indicate motion TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FRESNEL LENS pa e IR FILTER AMPLIFIER COMPARATOR THERMAL ENERGY OUTPUT Figure 2 7 Typical configuration of PIR sensor 15 2 6 2 Active Ultrasonic Device Active Ultrasonic Device emits and receives ultrasonic sound energy to the point of interest Object motion within the region of interest and in the range of the ultrasonic motion sensor is detected and an alarm signal representative thereof is produced The effective range of ultrasonic motion detectors differs from design range whenever the actual ambient atmospheric sound propagation conditions vary from the design or nominal atmospheric conditions 2 7 PIC Microcontroller PIC is family of Harv
28. or It can be seen that the area covers almost all of the room and especially covers the middle of the room Since the box s roof 1s only 20cm high therefore the area covered was not very large As state in the datasheet the sensor should be able 40 to sense motion up to approximately 5 meter range Upon motion detection the output goes high to 3 32 V for approximately 15 second Figure 4 5 a PIR output without Figure 4 5 b PIR output with detection detection 4 2 Circuit troubleshoot After finish up with the hardware soldering connections and writing program the program is burned inside the PIC and then connected to the circuit to check for functionality Maximum output voltage being delivered from lamp is only 0 19V which is about 253lx This is much less than the intended Iklx Due to few constraints the mode s setting has to be reduced proportionally For study mode the brightness which should be 10001x is set to 253lx Relax mode to 601 and sleep mode to 101 Testing of the circuit revealed problem from the program Due to the failure of the program to control the system the overall performance of the program is not confirms to the objectives The lamp successfully be on upon motion detection and will automatically off after several seconds without detection The study mode 1s 41 successfully implemented which the brightness of the room is at its full The other modes are not working correctly which may due t
29. ow stage by stage The components used in this project will be explained in this chapter including reasons for selection The circuit designs will also be discussed in this chapter until the software development 20 3 2 Methodology The project was done in few stages 1 2 3 Understanding the Literature review Component problem selection and circuit design 4 5 6 Hardware e Combining development microcontroller hardware and programming programming 7 8 Testing and Implement system troubleshooting Figure 3 1 Flow of project Understanding the problem first thing to do is to get a clear view on the problem In other word understand how the system will work the input and output of the system Literature review gather information related to the topic and try to read and understand Component selection after getting information on the sensors do comparison on the sensors available and choose the best sensor that suits the project Besides the sensors suitable PIC also has to be chosen 21 Circuit design next is the circuit design process Designs from books and internet that are related to the project have to be studied and understand to aid the design process Refer to components datasheets for the connections Hardware development if there are no problems with the design proceed to hardware development PIC microcontroller programming Next is to write a programmin
30. plement indirect jumps Unlike most other CPUs there is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM serves the job of both memory and registers and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the registers ERE 2 8 Previous Projects In aid of completing this project some previous projects by UTM students were studied 17 2 8 1 Intelligent Lighting System for Commercial Building This project was completed by Sukor bin Muhammad in 2009 His thesis includes the research of current lighting system that has been implemented for commercial building in Malaysia as well as intelligent lighting system adopted by some commercial buildings in Malaysia He has performed a study on lighting usage of various UTM buildings He then designed a project that takes natural light into account when designing a lighting system using photosensor and occupancy sensor From his findings most building in UTM and commercial building only use the common on off method and no dimming or occupancy sensor is installed at all The intelligent lighting in his project only focus on design occupied sensor and photosensor circuit The system 15 not the complete function for intelligent lighting system For future studies he suggested a dimming circuit that can control artificial light so that it can be controlled to complement the available daylight 2 8 2 Automated Home Lighting System This project was
31. ponent of energy consumption accounting for a major component of all energy consumed worldwide Proper lighting can enhance task performance while poorly designed lighting may results in energy waste and adverse health effects from over illumination Lighting controls helps to deal with energy conservation gives consumers more choice and make lighting system more flexible Most common lighting method today is the on off switch There are few other available technologies including manual dimming photosensor occupancy sensor timer and centralized control Efficient use of natural energy may help in energy saving as well provides consumer With proper illumination The use of sensors such as occupancy sensor will respond to presence of people in a room 15 an example of ways to strive for energy efficiency 1 2 Problem Statement Artificial lighting contributes major of electrical energy consumption worldwide People often forget to turn off the light in their house when they go out so the room is lit even when there is no need for it Sometimes the lights continue to be on until the room is already illuminated by natural light Consumer often overlooked the energy that is wasted by letting this happen Besides this act also leads to increase in electrical bill There is also a problem of the use of excessive amounts of light also known as over illumination Over illumination can be defined as presence of light intensity beyo
32. r at all wavelengths while photometry measures light with wavelength weighted with respect to a standardized model of human brightness perception Photometry is useful to quantify illumination intended for human use The SI unit for photometry system is summarized in the following table re Table 2 1 SI photometry units Luminous lumen second units are sometimes 1 energy called talbots 1 Luminous flux lumen 5 also called luminous power Luminous candela 1m sr an SI base unit intensity Luminance candela per units are sometimes square metre called nits 11 5 m cd cd m Illuminance lux 1m m used for light incident on a surface Luminous lux used for light emitted emittance from a surface Luminous Lumen per watt ratio of luminous flux to efficacy radiant flux In this project light level is being measured in unit Lux Ix where lux is the metric unit measure for illuminance of a surface One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter where lumen is the unit of light flow or luminous flux The lumen rating of a lamp is a measure of the total light output of the lamp Illuminance can be measure using light meter located on work surface or by using simple arithmetic and manufacturers photometric data P 2 2 Daylight Distribution Daylighting is lighting an indoor space with openings such as windows and skylights that allow daylight into the building This type of lighting
33. sheet sensor PIR_UserManualv1 pdf MOSFET as a switch http www electronicstutorials ws transistor tran_7 html APPENDIX BPW34 Vishay Semiconductors VI Silicon PIN Photodiode Description The BPW34 is a high speed and high sensitive PIN photodiode in a miniature flat plastic package top view construction makes it ideal as a low cost replace ment of 5 devices in many applications hy Due to its waterclear epoxy the device is sensitive to visible and infrared radiation The large active area combined with a flat case gives a high sensitivity at a wide viewing angle TEREF Features Large radiant sensitive area 7 5 Wide angle of half sensitivity e x 65 Applications High photo sensitivity High speed photo detector Fastresponse times Small junction capacitance Suitable for visible and near infrared radiation Lead free component Component in accordance to HoHS 2002 85 EC and WEEE 2002 86 EC Absolute Maximum Ratings Tamh 25 C Soldering Temperatura Electrical Characteristics Tam 25 7C unlass otharwise spaciliod a EAE 0 Rewerss Dark Current __ 1 8 Document 21621 Wine Hav 1 8 05 05 1 BPW34 Vishay Semiconductors v Optical Characteristics Tang 25 C unless othorwise spacified LT UU e
34. ship between the resistance Rz and light intensity Lux for a typical LDR is R 500 LuxKO Consider a circuit of LDR AINO LN AINCOM Figure 2 6 Basic LDR circuit 13 The LDR is connected to 5V input through a 3 3kQ resistor using voltage divider the output voltage of the LDR 1s Ry 529 0 Reworking the equation the light intensity equation obtained is 2500 lt 0 0 3 3 Lux For a low cost LDR at the same light intensity the part to part variation in resistance can be as high as 50 percent Therefore such a low cost LDR is seldom used for measuring light intensity but more for light presence absence detection 2 6 Occupancy sensor Occupancy sensor is an energy conservation device designed to sense the presence of human occupants in a given area Occupancy sensors normally sense the presence of one or more persons within a designated area and produce occupancy signals to indicate a presence Two most common types of occupancy sensors are passive infrared and active ultrasonic devices 14 2 6 1 Passive Infra red All objects emit infrared radiation that is invisible to human eye This is also known as black body radiation This radiation although invisible to the naked eye it may be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiati
35. sly check for any changes in brightness by increasing or decreasing the PWM duty cycle to achieve the target brightness If occupant 15 no longer detected in the room there has been no movement at all the program will enter delay function it will check for occupancy after 30 seconds If still no motion then the system will go back to starting point Light sensor calibration Analog to digital input from ANO pin Reference voltage 5V resolution is 10 bits so 2 2 1023 quantization level voltage resolution 5V 1023 0 00488V or 4 88mV CHAPTER 4 DATA RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4 1 Introduction This section will discuss sensors testing circuit troubleshooting and data analysis Having designed project and developed the hardware and software for this project it 15 necessary to ensure the functionality of the project Much testing has to be done to ensure all part worked as intended 4 1 Testing procedure To test the light sensor the BPW34 was placed in environments with various amounts of brightness and a multimeter was used to measure the output voltage The light sensor was tested under complete darkness dim light normal room light direct flash light and on overcast day The obtained output 1s as 1n Table 4 1 below 36 Table 4 1 Response of BPW34 under various lighting conditions Output voltage D Vout R1 uA Hluminance Ix illuminance Complete Dim Lights Normal Direct Flash
36. t interval unless the cycle has been restarted by the occupant or manually turned off sooner Time intervals typically range from 10 minutes to 12 hours Elapsed time switches are much simpler to specify than occupancy sensors are less prone to user maladjustment and are low in cost Figure 2 3 Example of a timer 2 4 Illumination Levels The following is a list of minimum lighting levels by task provided by ergonomic study 2 10 Table 2 2 Minimum lighting levels by task Dining TO o AW 150 Detailed work 1000 This information is used to put together the modes It is decided that for study mode lighting level will be about 1000 Ix while for relax mode lighting level will be 150 Ix to 300 Ix For sleep mode lighting level needed is close to candle lit room which is about 50 Ix 2 5 Photosensor A photosensor is an electronic component that detects the presence of visible light infrared transmission and ultraviolet energy Most photosensors consist of semiconductor having photoconductivity property in which the conductance varies depending on the intensity of radiation striking the material There are several varieties of photosensor and the most common types are photodiode and photoresistor 11 2 5 1 Photodiode A photodiode is designed to be responsive to optical input Due to its waterclear epoxy the device is sensitive to visible and infrared radiation The large active area combi
37. the PIR sensor from Cytron Technologies It can be used directly by connecting 5V power into positive pin ground to negative pin and output to PIC as digital input When motion is 28 detected the output will go high for several seconds depending on the on board delay time setting Figure 3 9 below shows the connection of occupancy sensor RDO i Figure 3 9 Occupancy sensor For lamp power up circuit output from PIC will trigger the MOSFET IRFZASN to let current through which will control the lamp to be either ON or OFF The duty cycle in the PIC will control the levels of brightness in the room Figure 3 10 below shows the connection of lamp circuit Figure 3 10 Lamp power up circuit 29 For mode selection circuit the push buttons used are normally open 5V 15 supplied continuously to PIC When a button is pushed the corresponding pin will go low OV to indicate selection to the PIC 4 7kOhm L RD1 Figure 3 11 Mode selection circuit Mode indication circuit contains 3 yellow LEDs which each will turn on when corresponding mode is selected A study Figure 3 12 Mode selection indicator 30 Full circuit diagram is as shown below eo e TE SCT CLKIN E S sat ee OSC2 CLKOUT 4 4 s e le a ATO C KIC TOUT 8 Jm d ee 4 4 Qu wr E
38. wer MOSFET ON and OFF allows the device to be used as a very efficient switch HS Figure 3 5 IRFZASN N channel enhancement mode transistor 26 3 4 Hardware Development Power source used in this project is 12 The LM7805 will regulate the given 12 voltage to constant 5V to supply the PICI6FS77A The purpose of using diode 1 4007 D1 is for circuit protection in case the polarity of the power source is incorrect Capacitor 10uF U2 and 100nF U3 is used to stabilize the voltage input and output of the LM7805 A green LED 15 used as power indicator Figure 3 6 below shows the connection of PIC power up circuit LM7805CI Figure 3 6 PIC power up circuit For light sensing circuit the photodiode is coupled to a 10kQ resistor Output voltage 15 measured between the R1 resistor and ground The output is sent to an operational amplifier with a gain of 10 The amplified voltage 1s sent as analog input into PIC analog pin ANO Figure 3 7 shows the connection of the circuit 27 Figure 3 7 Light sensing circuit Amplifier used in this project 1s LM324 Quad Op Amp It has four individual Op Amp circuits housed in a single package The gain of the amplifier can be set easily by using these equations Va Vae SA Ieri 2 Where Gain 1 R5 R1 T PR 3 Vin Vout p he Figure 3 8 A non inverting Amplifier Occupancy sensor used in this project is
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