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2. List of Figures xiv 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 4 18 4 19 4 20 4 21 4 22 4 23 4 24 4 25 4 26 5 1 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 D 7 D 8 D 9 D 10 Class diagram for application with new interface 49 Category List Screen Shot aoaaa 51 UML for updated files in this section 2 51 Category Content List Screen Shot 0 53 UML Class Diagram for affected classes 54 Class Diagram for Desktop Program 57 Chat User Interface with read confirmation 58 Class Diagram for Application after read check 58 Before and after pressing message for D sorting 60 Adding a new picture 2 22 000004 61 Chat with pictures mx r cae ee OR REE ES one ee ee SES 62 From chat to picture display 000 63 Adding new category or content 20040 64 Android Activity Life Cycle 10 2 00 65 Full UML for Desktop Program 0 0 68 UML for Portable Application left side 70 UML for Portable Application right side 71 Piping and Instrument Diagram example 1l 72 TrmportsPrOjeCt sc A os Bs ee ese Owe Bes eaten ce ne tee te Ge 100 Importing Existing Projects 0 0 0 004 101 Importing Archive file 2200040 102 Debugger Options in Android Phone 10
3. lt uses permission android name android permission INTERNET gt lt uses permission gt lt uses permission android name android permission ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE gt lt uses permission gt The following items were implemented in this section Runnable Thread with a run function which runs continuously e class ClientThread implements Runnable o public void run A function being called when send button is pressed e public void onClick View view 4 2 3 Adding exception on port This system was implemented on a public network and with a firewall This caused some problems when receiving data so there was a need to add an exception on one of the ports In Windows 7 this could be done with adding a rule in the firewall To be able to do this one has to run as administrator on the computer In order to add the exception one have to begin with opening the start menu and do as following according to Windows them selves 48 1 Choose Control Panel gt System Security gt Windows firewall 2 In the navigation pane choose Advanced Settings 41 Chapter 4 Implementation 3 Choose Inbound rules and then in the Actions pane choose New Rule 4 On the rule page choose Port and then choose Next button 5 On the Protocol and Ports page select Specific local ports and then enter the port number you want to add the exception to 6 Choose the Next button 7 On the Action page choose the
4. Figure 4 17 Class Diagram for Application after read check 4 8 Sorting of Messages by ID After some time with conversation on this application the messages within the focus area will be severely limited compared to the total amount of messages To be able to look for a specific message one will spend some time looking for 58 4 8 Sorting of Messages by ID it To reduce this time it was suggested in chapter 3 that a sorting of messages regarding each unit should be possible In a NPP each unit will have an identification number This number is built of a section with three numbers then follows a space then two letters and last a undefined number of numbers The fist number is determined by which system the unit is a part of Per example the turbine units will start with a four and the reactor units will start with a two One symbol that is rarely used in most languages is This symbol is used in several social networks as a prefix when creating a link to a subject When using social networks one can then press this link and see all other messages regarding the selected subject As this is mainly what was needed to happen in this application as well the symbol seemed as a suitable prefix for the identification numbers To choose a specific identification number one needs to press a chat bubble that contains the relevant id number The way to implement a onItemClickListener was shown in section 4 5 and when this functio
5. 19 When applying this quote to the discipline of human machine interaction as of today it can be read as a warning of no matter how many functions one add to the system one also need to consider the rambling mind of the human that is going to operate it Most of the accidents that happen in a large system is a human mistake according to Onshus 20 Humans have a tendency to make short cuts to avoid apparently unintelligent and thorough procedures When operating a Human Machine system the likeliness of a mistake with the system is bigger than a mistake on the actual hardware Human mistakes could appear in any phase of the lifespan of the technical device and it is important to reduce the number of these mistakes to a minimum According to Johnson 20 85 of work accidents happen because of uncertain actions made by humans This number is debated with some of the main arguments being e Fault for accidents is based on that the operator did not manage to prevent the accident not that they were the cause of it e The operator must often interfere when the system is already on the bor derline of its constraints Then the operator must diagnose and put to work the correct solution This is almost always done in situations with not fully known conditions and therefore time pressure is higher than for a regular job and with little knowledge of what s wrong e To distinguish between operator and system faults is hard The operator i
6. explanation of how the communication in a nuclear power plant is happening and containing as well as other chat applications implemented for other purposes Some of the content in chapter two is the same as in the project thesis Improving Remote Control of a Supervising Robot written by the same author as of this Master s Thesis Chapter three contains a system suggestion which founds the base for the implementation of the application explained in chapter four Some of the results from the theory chapter are discussed in chapter three for the sake of readability When the implementation was finished there was arranged interviews with a former control operator to determine the most frequently used phrases in the control room This is explained in chapter five and is used as a part of the application Chapter six is discussion around the decisions and results from chapter four as well as a brief discussion of the results from chapter five It also contain some discussion related to which hypothesis that should be tested Chapter six comprises the conclusion of the project and a suggestion of future work Parts of the picture on the front page is from 14 Chapter 2 Theory 2 1 Principle of Human Machine Interaction When starting to implement a system one should start by evaluating what the system should do and make a model of its desired behaviour 15 One can for example use User Markup Language UML diagrams to decide how to make th
7. the conversation This existing system is still in the early stages of testing The resulting appli cation of this Master s Thesis is being used as an input to the chat application included into the portable units project that is to be tested in the virtual lab oratory in Halden summer 2014 Despite the scepticism from the operator regarding the use of chat feature it is still regarded as a positive input to improve efficiency by scientists The system should therefore be tested in the upcoming trial to get results and opinions from several operators and not just one The operators should ideally have distributed ages and experience levels with chat from a private setting A suggested list of hypothesis has been compiled with the most important being e The landlines system will still be more used than the new chat feature e Change friendly persons will be more inclined to use the chat feature e Persons with extensive experience of chat applications in private will use the chat feature more frequent than people not using other chat applica tions e There will be fewer misunderstanding with the chat feature than with vocal communication e Stress level of experienced users will be less than for those less experienced e The perception of user friendliness will be higher for experienced users 88 Bibliography 1 2 C Skourup Ttk1 opperat rkommunikasjon lecture slides December 2012 P V
8. toString printWriter new PrintWriter new Buffered Writer new OutputStream Writer socket getOutputStream true printWriter println str And the xml file which makes the layout is as in listing 4 2 Listing 4 2 XML layout lt LinearLayout xmlns android http schemas android com apk res android xmlns tools http schemas android com tools android layout_width match_parent android layout_height match_parent android orientation horizontal gt lt EditText android id tid edit_message android layout_weight 1 android layout_width 0dp android layout_height wrap_content android hint string edit_message gt lt Button 40 4 2 Simple TCP Server Client android layout_width wrap_content android layout_height wrap_content android text string button_send gt lt LinearLayout gt The print Writer is declared in the top of the file and is initialized as above A printWriter is a writer that sends print formatted representations of objects to a text output stream This printwriter is sending the messages to the desktop program which is described in section 4 2 1 When implementing applications that are going to send information over the in ternet a few important lines are important to add to the AndroidManifest xml This can be seen in listing 4 3 and allow the application to send data over the internet Listing 4 3 Permissions for internet
9. 1236 na Sent 2013 11 26 16 17 28 Figure D 5 User Manual See Messages With ID D 2 Portable unit 4 Holding chat item with picture When messages is containing a picture this picture is set to thumbnail Although one can see what the picture is displaying it is not easy to see the details To see the picture in full screen one need to hold the chat item that are displaying the picture one want to examine When holding a chat item like the one inside circle 4 a view like the one in D 6 will appear Figure D 6 User Manual Display Chat Picture 109 Appendix D User Manual 5 Adding picture To be able to add and send a picture to the Control Room one need to click the button inside circle 5 If you want to adda message to the picture being sent the one need to add the messages in the Edit Text field before pressing this button When pressing the camera button the intent shown in figure D 7 will appear To take a new picture press camera and to upload a stored picture press Gallery This will send the picture to the control room and add the picture to the chat view Select picture from phone or take a new one gt Camera Dropbox E4 Gallery Figure D 7 User Manual Sending Picture 110 D 2 Portable unit 6 Adding saved content When pressing the plus button inside circle 6 the activity displayed in figure D 8 This activity displays the different categories that expressions can be s
10. Allow the connection and then select the Next button 8 On the Profile page choose the profiles and then choose the Next but ton 9 On the Name page type a name for the rule and then choose the Finish button 4 3 Displaying Messages After the TCP connection between the desktop program and the application was working the next challenge was to display the messages on each side 4 3 1 Desktop Program From section 4 2 1 the code that received and sent the text messages was imple mented So in this part the User Interface was added This part of the program was not a part of the program and therefore this User Interface became less important and based largely on the suggestion on the web page from Android Solutions 45 The first thing done was to add a new class file to the Java project The way to do this is explained in section 4 2 1 This file was named MainScreen java and contained all the information about the user interface for the desktop pro gram The constructor of this class became public MainScreen which takes no arguments This constructor inflates the different parts of the screen The Screen consists of a main frame that is the background for the items added onto it As this was going to be a chat program the main features that was needed was an area to enter messages a area to display messages and a send button To be able to do this the screen was split up into two parts as seen in figure 4 3 The most
11. Nuclear Power Industry two of the main concerns is dependability and security This is important to maintain when choosing the type of protocol as well As seen in the table the UDP pro tocol offers a connectionless protocol while TCP is connection oriented When using the TCP protocol one is ensured that the data is delivered with no cor ruptions as long as the connection is active The order of the messages delivered is also ensured to be in the correct order when using the TCP protocol This is not guaranteed when using a UDP protocol However the UDP protocol is considered faster than the TCP This is mostly because of the heavyweight As written in table 4 2 the TCP protocol require that if the low level parts of the TCP stream arrives in the wrong order a re send command will be sent In UDP the network card OS does not need to do as much job with reassembling the data However this was not considered important enough compared to the sorting and the connection oriented benefits of the TCP protocol This part is mainly implemented as a base for this application and is probably not the one that is going to be used in future development of the application When implementing this part of the program the inspiration was collected from the websites Java Code Geeks 43 Think Android 44 Android Solutions 45 and Edumobil 46 4 2 1 Control Room In this system both the control room and the field operator need to be able to send informati
12. R Carvalho M C R Vidal and E F de Carvalho Nuclear power plant communications in normative and actual practice A field study of control room operators communications Research articles Hum Factor Ergon Manuf vol 17 pp 43 78 Jan 2007 M Handel and J D Herbsleb What is chat doing in th workplace CSCW 02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work 2002 Technocreeps http technocreeps com wp content uploads 2013 04 facebook messenger jpg Online accessed 17 11 2013 15 44 Google Facebook https play google com store apps details id com facebook katana Online accessed 17 11 2018 15 57 Google Viber https play google com store apps details id com viber voip Online accessed 17 11 2013 19 12 Google Skype https play google com store apps details id com skype raider Online accessed 17 11 2013 19 29 Google Hangouts erstatter talk https play google com store apps details id com google android talk Online accessed 17 11 2013 20 00 Google Snapchat https play google com store apps details id com snapchat android Online accessed 17 11 2013 19 47 A Developers Activity http developer android com reference android app Activity html Online accessed 22 11 2013 14 42 M CAD Marshall s cad drawings http www oocities org mbegel drawings htm Online accessed 05 12 2
13. The changes made in this section led to some new functions and the class diagram of the affected files can be seen in figure 4 12 50 4 6 Stored Category Content Hello Saved Categories Category 1 11 158 canis Room Sent 2013 11 25 11 58 00 Category 2 Hello back x w Category 3 Received 2013 11 25 11 58 10 Category 4 Category 5 E gt T E and to Vv a Saved Phrases Button b Category List Figure 4 11 Category List Screen Shot lt lt Java Class gt gt MainActivity com app portabledeviceapplication lt lt Java Class gt gt o socket Socket SavedCategoriesActivity 4 run boolean com app portabledeviceapplication msg String a categoryList ArrayList lt String gt SF SERVERPORT int SFTO_MAIN String Sof SERVER_IP Strin a adapter ArrayAdapter lt String gt Sof SELECT_PHRASE int chathd 4 listView ListView printWriter PrintWriter 4 context Context o bufferedReader BufferedReader 4 file File o messageList ArrayList lt String gt S SavedCategoriesActivity o senderList ArrayList lt String gt onCreate Bundle void o timeList ArrayList lt String gt addCategory String int void ee aes addContent String ArrayList lt String gt void _ listView ListView findSizeOfArray int amp MainActivity onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean onCreate Bundle void onSendClick View void onPlussClick View void onActivityResult int in
14. Trondheim Norway Department of Engineering Cybernetics NTNU 2011 B K H Sun and D G Cain Computer applications for control room op erator support in nuclear power plants Reliability Engineering and System Safety vol 33 no 3 pp 331 340 1991 P V D Carvalho Ergonomic field studies in a nuclear power plant control room Progress in Nuclear Energy vol 48 no 1 pp 51 69 2006 H Svengren Kommunikastion Internal document IFE 2013 O Citionary Definition of chat in english http www oxforddictionaries com definition english chat Online accessed 28 11 2013 13 37 D Gonzalez Teaching and learning through chat A taxonomy of educa tional chat for efl esl Teaching English With Technology vol 3 A dEca To chat or not to chat in the efl classroom SLanguage Com munication Culture International Conference University of Evora Por tugal November 29 2002 Bibliography 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 M Webster chat http www merriam webster com dictionary chat Online accessed 28 11 2013 15 07 I A D Stewart and P File Let s chat A conversational dialogue system for second language practice Routledge Online 2007 C J P d L Mariano Pimentel Hugo Fuks Interactivity in the context of designed experiences Journal of interactive adv
15. When pressing the button as seen in figure 4 19a the intent started is as shown in 4 19b The buttons have been moved around from 4 5 The plus sign is however no longer a button but a clickable area of the EditText field 60 4 9 Adding Pictures to Chat Select picture from phone or take anew one Edit Text a Picture button b Picture intent Figure 4 19 Adding a new picture When selecting one of the programs shown in figure 4 19b one would be able to either select a stored picture or take a new one Dropbox is as seen in appendix B an included place to store files in the sky The file path Uri of the selected picture is then stored in the intent when returning to MainActivity in the onActivityResult In order to obtain the picture it self one need to look up the picture in the system This would return a bitmap that can be displayed To show the picture properly the orientation is also needed This is so that the picture would not bee shown vertically if the portable device was held horizontally when the picture was taken To exhibit the picture in the chat application an arrayList lt Bitmap gt was added to the already existing code A new ImageView was also added to the xml file that contains the layout of each row of the chat application In order of being sure that all these arrayLists kept the same sizes and that the content was correctly matched with the others was to implement a addToAllArrays function This func
16. according to Onshus 22 e Risc e Maladjustment of relationship between current threat and available mea sures e Time pressure e Conflicting alternatives such as between economics and safety The relationship between performance and amount of stress can be seen in figure 2 4 If the stress level is to low it might lead to reduced vigilance while to much 7 Chapter 2 Theory can lead to a feeling of powerlessness 4 Performance as x gt Stress Figure 2 4 Correlation of Performance and Stress 2 3 Power Plant Communication The power plant industry is an industry that is extremely concerned with safety and is therefore one of the industries that implement new technology latest of all industries There is many reasons for this but the main reason is explained to be that new technology makes people insecure and one is cautious about mistakes when the consequences is rather severe This can also be seen in section 2 2 When the level of risk is high one will feel a higher level of stress As of now the communication within a power plant is done by landlines In this section there will be some information on how the communication happens in a control room and between the control room and field operators When Cain and Sun 23 wrote the article Computer Applications for Control Room Operator Support in Nuclear Power Plants in 1991 they surely did not anticipate the amount of computers that once were to ta
17. addToArrays String String boolean void onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean chatAdapter lt lt Java Class gt gt ChatRowAdapter Fuainactivity i onCreate Bundle void eee as context Context textViewResourceld int of messageList ArrayList lt String gt of senderList ArrayList lt String gt o timeList ArrayList lt String gt amp ChatRowAdapter Context int ArrayList lt String gt ArrayList lt String gt ArrayList String gt lt lt Java Class gt gt ViewHolder com 3pp portabledevicespplication A RL RelativeLayout 4 label TextView A message TextView 4 time TextView a ViewHolder getView int View ViewGroup View getCount int getitem int Object getitemid int long Figure 4 10 Class diagram for application with new interface 49 Chapter 4 Implementation 4 5 Stored Categories To avoid confusion it was suggested in chapter 3 that some stored phrases should be made which could make the quality of the conversations better The best way to do this is to make a new activity When working in Eclipse one could easily make a new Android activity by adding it from the menu This is done in the same manner as when adding a new class except in this case one press Other in stead of Class and then choose Android Activity in the Android folder This creates a new Java file as well as a xml file in the layout folder In or
18. an activity a function called onCreate is called In this activity one specify what need to be done before interacting with the user To implement a continuous listener for received messages a thread was created This thread would run continuously alongside the activity on the device and when receiving a message trigger a function in the activity it self The thread can be initialized from the onCreate function with the simple codeline new Thread new ClientThread start with ClientThread being the name of the thread running alongside the TCP listener In this thread the port which the control room was going to send and receive on as well as the IP address of the computer that hosted the server was declared While the idea was to postpone the layout of the application until later it was needed in this case to add a field to fill in text as well as a send button to trigger an event of sending data over the TCP connection Normally this is the place where layout is set with the command setCon tent View Int id The argument this takes is the location of a layout file where the user interface of the activity is defined in an xml file These ids are held in the gen folder explained in table 4 1 It is most normal that each of the activities has it s own layout file but it is possible to share The layout from section 4 1 consist of a simple Linear Layout which is added to the file by Eclipse when creating the example Hello World
19. approved friends which can only see the message for a certain amount of time ranging from 1 to 10 seconds after they have opened it for the first time If one of the recipients take a screen shot of the picture a notification is sent to the sender as seen in the list of messages shown in figure 2 15b The list of previously approved contacts is seen in figure 2 15c The application was initially released in September 2011 and as of June 2013 had 8 billion adult users in the US alone and an average of 200 million messages exchanged each day 39 There is however no available data about the total amount of registered users E snapchat 3 S SCA q ey e Sara Miller Casey Jones To 9 i Sara Miller NEW STORIES Sii Sarah Miller gt Ethan Walker essandt David Smith o Ethan Walker i Rachel Scott y Sara Miller o Rachel Scott Alyssa Walker o Rachel Scott Amanda Thompson Andrew Kagan a Message b List of messages c List of contacts Figure 2 15 Screen shot from Snapchat Android application 9 In September 2013 Forbes published an article revealing that the snaps was not deleted from Android phones after the time lapsed although this was claimed by the Snapchat developers Instead they were protected by a noMedia file extension and therefore kept from the user This led to a media storm with warnings about not using the application As the amount of users is not known it is unsure whether this article influenced
20. by Talk time Yes Yes microUSB v2 0 MHL USB On the go 8 MP 3264x2448 pixels autofocus LED flash check quality Simultaneous HD video and image recording geo tagging touch focus face and smile detec tion image stabilization Yes 1080p 30fps check quality Yes 1 9 MP 720p 30fps Android OS v4 0 4 Ice Cream Sandwich up gradeable to 4 3 Jelly Bean Exynos 4412 Quad Quad core 1 4 GHz Cortex A9 Mali 400MP Accelerometer gyro proximity compass barometer SMS threaded view MMS Email Push Mail IM RSS HTML Adobe Flash Stereo FM radio with RDS Yes with A GPS support and GLONASS Yes via Java MIDP emulator Pebble blue Marble white Amber brown Gar net red Sapphire black Titanium grey La Fleur S Voice natural language commands and dic tation Smart Stay eye tracking Dropbox 50 GB storage Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic TV out via MHL A V link SNS integration MP4 DivX XviD WMV H 264 H 263 player MP3 WAV eAAC AC3 FLAC player Organizer Image video editor Document viewer Word Excel PowerPoint PDF Google Search Maps Gmail YouTube Calendar Google Talk Picasa Voice memo dial commands Predictive text input Swype Li Ion 2100 mAh battery Up to 590 h 2G Up to 790 h 3G Up to 21 h 40 min 2G Up to 11 h 40 min 3G MISC TESTS SAR US 0 55 W kg head 1 49 W kg body SAR EU 0 21 W kg head Price group Ab
21. considering the chat part of the application this would mean that the field operator s task is to do his tasks and then report the results to the control room From Brathen there is two parts of the system analysis and the second is the how part This part consists of construction of the operators user interface and construction of hardware and software The hardware is already determined and the device this application was going to be made for was a Samsung Galaxy SIII The device it self is 136 6 x 70 6 x 8 6 25 Chapter 3 System Suggestion mm and with a screen size of 720x1280 pixels This screen is rather large for a cell phone these days although there is several tablets that would have a larger screen A larger display would add the benefit of better overview of the system but one would loose the advantage of being able to carry it easily everywhere It would be a fitting phone also because the battery time is estimated to be 50 hours This is more than sufficient for a shift The telephones specifications can be seen in appendix B Before starting making the system a presentation of the system in total was taken into consideration Some of this system can be seen in appendix E and the rest is classified In the end a suggestion for the chat layout was shown This layout was can be seen in figure 3 la and was the base of the layout for the application This chat application is meant to be an addition to the current broad
22. could be used to make the application work bin libs Output directory of the build This is where the final apk file is placed res This folder contain all the resources of the project as images layouts and values Resources are non code files that are used by the code and compiled in run time drawable For bitmap files The different drawable files is differ ent Android units The Samsung SIII use the folder drawable xhdpi layout XML files that are compiled into screen layouts menu For XML files that define the menu of the applica tion values For XML files that are compiles into many kind of resources This folder can be the location of colours strings or other usable units Not referenced by name but by the id from the R folder Android Mani fest The control file that expain the application and each of its components It defines the start up activity the target device and permissions for the applica tion ic_launcher web png Application picture displayed on the menu of the phone Table 4 1 Folder Structure Android Projects 35 Chapter 4 Implementation packages that were sent from the control room to the Field Operator FO Implementing a server client system requires the use of a potocol The main alternatives is either a TCP protocol or an UDP protocols where the differences between the two can be seen in table 4 2 In the
23. decided on phrases that would be useful and this meeting was originally 81 Chapter 6 Discussion meant to be helped to develop a set of pre stored phrases It did however develop into a more general conversation about the application As the experi mental phase of this prototype will not be done until the complete application is finished this was as close to an evaluation of the prototype one could come However the system approved by scientists was not very well received by the operator With the benefit of hindsight this interview should probably have taken place earlier in the process maybe as early as the approving of the sys tem suggestion This would have made it easier to implement the changes that was suggested in chapter 5 In that way one could have altered more between stages in figure 2 1 It also need to be taken into consideration that it might be some misunderstandings in the explanation of the system making it unclear how it would work and that this is the opinions of one man One of the suggestions was to change the saved phrases to a selection of ids This can easily be changed The source resource folder in the project contains a text file that can easily be altered If one wishes to make this change one can keep the same system categories and replace the phrases with the ids in the same part of the process Mentioned in section 2 4 1 a drawback with the ids is the wrongly marked messages When adding the lists of id
24. drawback of this is that it is not actually a read conformation more than it is a seen confirmation The operator sitting in the control room can for example only want to close the window but even though s he might not have seen the incoming message it will be sent a read confirmation This can be solved with adding another button to the view where the operator in the control room needs to actively send the read confirmation rather than it being sent this automatically Other listeners available that could fit were the focus listener and the window listener The mouse listener could have been switched with the focus listener such that the operator would have to have interactions with the window to send the listener It can also be done with the mouse listener as well combining the mouseEntered with the mouseExited and the mouseClicked Then the operator would have to click the mouse inside the view to send the confirmation If to much of the operators work happen automatically he will no longer have the need to pay as much attention to what is happening as seen in section 2 2 The operator in the control room will not need to do more than skim through the text without doing more than looking for buzz words that catch their attention A positive thing of having the read confirmation sent automatically is that it is easy to forget to press the read button and the field operator would be left wondering if the control room have seen his hers m
25. for it As stated by Handel and Herbsleb 3 peo ple that are inexperienced with instant messaging will be more insecure about it and feel more distracted by the constant alarms that are popping up at the screen Therefore a part of the trial should be to fill out a form in advance where one would rate how experienced one is with the instant messaging form of communication as well as how familiar one is with smart phones with touch screen and soft keyboards To see how experienced the user is compared to how much s he uses the chat application and the level of stress he feels when alarms of incoming messages appear would be useful for further development of the system as it was experienced by Handel and Herbsleb that group chats was less disturbing than one on one conversations This can be used to make the system fitted to each user It is reasonable to believe that people that are more used to applying a similar system in their private life would be more inclined to use it in a professional manner and less disturbed by the alarms The article by Handel and Herbsleb 3 states as seen in section 2 4 3 that during the day communication between people revolve less about work and more about social or humorous messages The users of this system will probably also be affected by this tendency This can be tested in the trial and the belief is that it might increase around the times for food and otherwise kept on a rather strict base of work As the co
26. new activity This is done simply by the intent putExtra The data that are going to be sent need to be accessed through an address such as the url for you application com erample myApp NEW__ARRAY stored in a string This string is then sent along with the intent so that one can access the data from the new activity In the Stored Category Content Activity the data needed to be received This is done with the code seen in code section 4 9 Listing 4 9 Receive data from another activity Intent intent getIntent ArrayList lt String gt contentList intent getStringArrayListExtra PreStoredCategories NEW_ARRAY 7 When the data is received the list is displayed with the standard list View and arrayAdapter This finished result is shown in 4 13 52 4 6 Stored Category Content Category 1 Saved Categories Category 1 Category 1 Category 2 Content Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 a Pressing item in list b Category Content List Figure 4 13 Category Content List Screen Shot When the layout was in place a item click listener was implemented for this listView as well This item listener would trigger the listener and send the chosen string via the Stored Category activity back to the Main Activity To do so is as seen in the following code block 4 10 This code also was added to the onActivityResult function in the Stored Category Activity Listing 4 10 Activity Finished
27. normal way to implement a user interface within a chat program is to have the display of the messages on the top and the area to type the message you want to send in the bottom This is to mimic the way one would write on paper one begin at the top and work your way downwards 42 4 3 Displaying Messages e MainScreen Erima Figure 4 3 MainScreens areas As Java has several pre finished packages to use the JFrame package was a simple way of using the already predefined functions In this was one could implement two panels as easy as seen in listing 4 4 Listing 4 4 Implementing panels in Java JPanel panelFields new JPanel panelFields setLayout new BoxLayout panelFields BoxLayout X_AXIS JPanel panelFields2 new JPanel panelFields2 setLayout new BoxLayout panelFields2 BoxLayout X_AXIS These panel fields could then be filled with the wanted features In Area 1 the area to display the messages was inserted and Area 2 got the area where one can write the message as well as the send button as seen in figure 4 4 The area that takes input is a simple JTextField and the send button is a JButton The area that displays the messages is a JTextArea All three of them are a part of the JFrame package To be able to display this frame it needs to be called from the TCP file which include the main function 43 Chapter 4 Implementation Figure 4 4 Main Scree
28. of the trial one can get numerical values also on the following statements e Stress level with surveillance compared to not monitored e Stress level of more experienced users compared to beginners e Ratios between chat system and landlines system compared to the amount of experience the user have with other chat applications e The loss of focus when an alarm appears comparing experienced users compared to beginners e The experience of user friendliness comparing experienced users compared to beginners e How positive is the person to changes compared to the amount the feature is used From the earlier discussion it would be reasonable to believe that there should not be a higher stress level when being monitored than not being It should be approximately equal The stress level of more experienced users is believed to be less than for users that are not as familiar with the system and the same for the loss of focus It is also believed that persons using other chat applications in their private life prone to use the chat feature at work more If the experienced users feels the user friendliness is better than the inexperi enced users it not as easy to determine in advance One argument is that ex perienced users will easily adapt to similar systems as they have similar things before Another argument is that as the experienced users will keep comparing the system to other systems they are using and be caught up in things that are n
29. on the screen or that the procedure that should be carried out is outside his hers reach a broadcast will be made to the plant Each field operator is responsible for an area and the responsible operator will be called Example of the communication between the field operator and the control room is displayed in appendix A As this paper only is concerned with the communication between field operators and control room the communication inside the control room will not be explained Carvalho 2 points out here as well that the field operator will need to take a pause in his hers current task to talk with the control room An internal paper from IFE 25 states that correct communication is defined as that operators in the control room shall have such a way of working that 9 Chapter 2 Theory In black Field operators on line with control room broadcasting Field operator 3 Direct observation of the control room situation communication support for other agents internal speaker system Monitoring and control actions on buttons controls indicators displays peripheral information listening conversations observations implicit control mode gt communication support for field agents phone to control room Explicit control mode P Figure 2 5 Communication in a Nuclear Power Plant 2 when the shifts change the information should be exchanged in a manner that everybody is informed of everyth
30. project When choosing the layout there is several choices as seen in table 4 3 Android Developers 47 suggest a simple way of adding a field where one could write as well as a Send button The suggestion is seen in figure 4 2 This suggestion consists of a LinearLayout with an EditText field and a button which is added to the layout file As the goal of this part of the implementation was to send a simple message this suggestion was the layout that was used This layout can also be seen in many Android applications Figure 4 2 Simple Edit Text field with Send button 39 Chapter 4 Implementation Type of Layout Description LinearLayout Arranges its children in a single column or a single row RelativeLayout Position of children can be described in relation to each other or to the parent TableLayout Arranges its children into rows and columns FrameLayout Designed to block out an area on the screen to dis play a single item GridLayout A layout that places its children in a rectangular grid Table 4 3 Android Layouts When pressing the send button a function called onClick will be called When this function is called it reads what is in the EditText field and converts it to a string How this is accomplished is displayed in listing 4 1 Listing 4 1 Sending data with a Print Writer EditText et EditText findViewByld R id EditText String str et getText
31. project will be the base for further development in the following sections To run the Java project select the Run button available in the tool bar The first time this is done a window will open Choose Java Application 4 1 2 Android Project for Portable Device Application Before starting implementing the Android project one needed to do three things according to the Android Developer site 40 1 Dowmload the Android SDK 2 Install the ADT plugin for Eclipse 3 Download the latest SDK tools and platforms using the SDK Manager How to install these things is covered further in appendix C To add a new Android project click the button File gt New gt Android Ap plication Project How to fill out the fields in the pop up screen is displayed in appendix C and is also available on the Android Developer site 41 This could also be done with Command Line Tools The Android Project that is created is an example project that displays a screen with Hello World This project is the one the rest of the application is based on When running the application one can choose between running the application on a virtual device or on a real Android device As the real device was available during the programming process this was the option that was chosen If that is not the case there is several virtual devices that resemble the Samsung Galaxy SIII available at the Samsung website 42 These devices could be seen in the Android Virtual Devic
32. selves the uri was saved in an arraylist in the same manner as the other arrayslists The way to do this is displayed in code section 4 12 Listing 4 12 setOnItemLongClickListener list View setOnItemLongClickListener new OnItemLongClickListener Override public boolean onItemLongClick AdapterView lt gt parent View view int position long id Intent intent new Intent intent setAction Intent ACTION_VIEW intent setDataAndType uriList get position image x intent putExtra messageList get position pictureList get position startActivity intent return true 3 The displayed picture will look as seen in figure 4 21 Figure 4 21la display the chat view with messages included with pictures By holding the second chat 62 4 10 Adding Categories or Phrases item the view in figure 4 21b will appear Portable Device Application Control Room Can you send a picture Received 2013 11 26 12 02 57 Operator Yes her it is Sent 2013 11 26 12 03 37 n CEE Eo a Chat with pictures b DisplayPicture Figure 4 21 From chat to picture display 4 10 Adding Categories or Phrases From chapter 3 one of the improvements was to include the saved phrases Although some of the content in the stored categories was planned to be finished in advance the opportunity of adding content was also added A way to make this possible is to add an option of Add new co
33. so called stickers These stickers are pictures meant to display a feeling 17 Chapter 2 Theory Messages a Chat b Online users c List of conversations Figure 2 8 Screen shot from Facbook Android application 4 The layout bar on the bottom of the application consists of four items e A plus sign that uploads picture or videos stored at the unit e A field to write the message in e A smiley button to send stickers e A Send button lt Getting some air i Getting in a plane with this guy gt Hope those lessons paid off John Pottebaurr g Please got this people Figure 2 9 Screen shot from Facbook chat 5 18 2 5 Commonly Known Android Communication Applications 2 5 2 Viber Viber is a proprietary cross platform instant messaging Voice Over Internet Protocol VOIP application for smart phones developed by Viber Media 36 The application was initially launched in December 2010 for iPhone and for Android in May 2011 As of may 7th 2013 the application had 200 million users Viber is as of December 8 2013 alongside Skype the most common communication application for Android invented outside of the US Contrary to many other communication applications Viber is not based on an internet account at their website but on the users phone number This phone number is used as a user name and if a newly joined user matches a number in the telephones phone book a notification will be sent
34. that see only small parts of the system Even though the operator felt the need to add tags to the message to see all messages regarding a certain unit was none existent he suggested that the pre stored phrases should be switched with lists of ids This list would be based on categories where each category was one system per example turbine units and the content of each category would be the ids in this system He felt that these tags should be making it possible to add the message as a task in the task list and the id would link the message to the right item The supervisor however was against adding to the existing task list but suggested that it should be a meta list available only on the phone that had added the item Once opening up for saving the messages sent and received locally one also open for the possibility of surveillance of each person This was regarded as not applicable for this system by the operator He explained that the control room can see everything that happens in the system anyway and that each change in the system is logged When saving the messages the field operators and the operators in the control room is given the possibility of proving what was said if it comes to a discussion about it at a later point It is however not often that such misunderstanding occurs Most frequently the mistakes are faults that are easily detectable by the other part and therefore corrected immediately One of the things the oper
35. 013 21 05 nixCraft What is the difference between udp and tcp internet protocols http www cyberciti biz faq 89 Bibliography 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 90 key differences between tcp and udp protocols Online ac cessed 16 11 2013 30 37 GSMArena Samsung i9300 galaxy siii http www gsmarena com samsung_i9300_galaxy_s_iii 4238 php Online accessed 30 11 2013 15 07 Clove Samsung galaxy s3 blue http www clove co uk samsung galaxy s3 blue Online accessed 08 12 2013 12 48 ycind Stavdahl Systemutvikling med uml lecture slides http www itk ntnu no fag TTK4125 2013 index php site lysark 2013 E N Karsten Brathen and A C Jenssen Utvikling av menneske maskin systemer FF J report 2001 G R Jr The pros and cons of automation Scribd 2009 A B Aune Brukerkommunikasjon i automatiserte anlegg Trondheim Norway Department of Engineering Cybernetics NTNU 2000 A D Society Murphy s law in english http listserv linguistlist org cgi bin wa A2 ind0710B amp L ADS L amp P R432k1 3 Online accessed 28 11 2013 14 07 W Johnson MORT Safety Assurance Systems New York USA Marcel Dekker Inc 1980 T B S Raja Parasuraman and C D Wickens A model for types and levels of human interaction Unknown 2000 T Onshus Instrumenteringssystemer
36. 08 01 A Read 2013 11 25 17 08 01 Eontrol Room Control Room 123_567 123_567 d Received 2013 11 25 17 08 1 0 Received 2013 11 25 17 08 10 Control Room 124_568 b Displaying messages a Original chat layout with specific ID Figure 4 18 Before and after pressing message for D sorting Some times a message would contain no sort of identification and therefore nothing would happen when pressing it However the feature was added so that only the message it self would be displayed when pressing it though in bigger font At this point the UML sketches were too large to be displayed for each update The UML for the total system can be seen in section 4 13 4 9 Adding Pictures to Chat Use a picture It s worth a thousand words as stated by newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane 50 would sometimes be an overstatement But that a person would quickly absorb large amount of information through a picture is certainly true Therefore it would be an advantage to add the possibility to send pictures from the field operator to the supervisors situated in the control room To trigger this event a new button need to be added In almost every application in section 2 5 a camera picture is set as background of such a button Thus this was added in this application as well When the button is pushed a function is triggered This function is then starting a intent for a result and with a result code However this time a new activity is not needed
37. 4 Desktop Programs p 4 d 0 4 014 eo pn eA Re bb eb ee 105 Clickable items in main view 000 106 User Manual Sending message 20 00 4 107 User Manual Pressing Normal Chat Unit 108 User Manual See Messages With ID 0 108 User Manual Display Chat Picture 109 User Manual Sending Picture 0 0 110 User Manual Pressing Pluss 00 0 111 User Manual Pressing Category 00 0 111 User Manual Adding Category or Content 112 List of Tables 2 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 5 A l A 2 B 1 Form for order and receipt 2 o a 11 Folder Structure Android Projects 0 0 35 Some differences between TCP and UDP 12 37 Android Layouts rs a ene a a A ee ee 40 Difference between listeners ooo a 56 Style of text input sa iar etme Ebb 4444 Pe a a 66 Communication Example 1 aoaaa a 93 Communication Example 2 aoaaa 94 Samsung S3 System Specifications 13 XV xvi Chapter 1 Introduction When operating a power plant one of the main factors to maintain the high rate of security needed is the communication between the supervisors situated in the control room and field operators inside the power plant With the severe consequences in mind if a failure should appear the nuclear industry is one of the industries that are most conservative and least inclined to adopt new t
38. Geeks Android socket example http examples javacodegeeks com android core socket core android socket example Online accessed 14 11 2013 16 23 T Android Incorporating socket programming into your ap plications http thinkandroid wordpress com 2010 03 27 91 Bibliography 45 46 92 incorporating socket programming into your applications Online accessed 14 11 2013 16 23 A Solutions Android tcp connection tutorial http myandroidsolutions blogspot no 2012 07 android tcp connection tutorial html Edumobile Socket programming http www edumobile org android android development socket programming Online ac cessed 14 11 2013 16 23 A Developers Building a simple user interface http developer android com training basics firstapp building ui html Online accessed 15 11 2013 19 14 M D Network How to Create an inbound rule in windows firewall for the port of microsoft dynamics nav web client http msdn microsoft com en us library hh168549 v nav 71 aspx Online accessed 16 11 2013 12 39 A Developers Intent http developer android com reference android content Intent html Online accessed 05 12 2013 12 49 Wikipedia A picture is worth a thousand words http en wikipedia org wiki A_picture_is_worth_a_thousand_words Online accessed 21 11 2013 18 37 A Developers Installing the eclipse plugin h
39. NTNU Trondheim Norwegian University of Science and Technology Chat Functionality for Communication between Centralized Control Room and Field Operators in a Nuclear Power Plant Hilde Marie Schade Master of Science in Cybernetics and Robotics Submission date December 2013 Supervisor Amund Skavhaug ITK Co supervisor Svein Nilsen Institutt For Energiteknikk IFE Halden Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Engineering Cybernetics NTNU Trondheim E Norwegian University of Science and Technology Q Chat Functionality for Communication between Centralized Control Room and Field Operators in a Nuclear Power Plant Hilde Marie Schade December 8 2013 ii Assignment The context of this assignment is the research activity executed to define general recommendations when designing portable units with procedures for nuclear power This activity are carried out as a part of the OECD Halden Reactor Project by Institute for Energy Technology IFE in Halden They have for a long time had research activities for computer based procedures for use in centralized control room This means the defining of guidelines for construction and deployment of computer systems that automate parts of the processes such as surveillance of process conditions during the execution of certain parts of the processes development Up until now these research activities have been concentrating on desktop based systems w
40. Properties 1 MainActivity java 1Client src com 2 activity _main xml 1Client res layout 3 MyActivity java Users Hilde Exit Figure C 1 Import Project When pressing this option a pop up window as in figure C 2 will show Select Existing Projects into Workspace situated in the General folder It may seem as a good idea to press the Archive File option This will not work as this option is if you are importing Eclipse resources into an existing Eclipse project As you are most likely importing the entire project the Existing projects is the correct option 100 C 1 Desktop Program S Import Select Create new projects from an archive file or directory Select an import source Archive File amp Existing Projects into Workspace e File System E Preferences Install Plug in Development Run Debug Team XML Figure C 2 Importing Existing Projects If you have clicked on the correct buttons the window that pop up should look somewhat similar to figure C 3 Click the radio button next to Select archive file and then select Browse Find the archive file on the CD and then click Open to select it If the file is correctly zipped the project name will appear with a check mark in the box in front of it Then select Finish and the project should be situated in your workspace 101 Appendix C How to Install Content on CD S Import Import Project
41. String content contentList get position Intent intent new Intent context PreStoredCategories class intent putExtra EXTRA CONTENT content setResult RESULT_OK intent finish When returning to the Main Activity the selected data was inserted into the EditText that display the message to be sent In case the phrase does not fit completely there was a possibility to alter it The updated class diagram for the affected files can be seen in figure 4 14 53 Chapter 4 Implementation o categoryList ArrayList lt String gt contentLists ArrayList lt ArrayList lt String gt gt Sof EXTRA_ARRAY String Sof TO_MAIN String Sof CATEGORY_NAME String listView ListView 4 context Context adapter ArrayAdapter lt String gt Sof SELECTED_PHRASE int SavedCategoriesActivity onCreate Bundle void onActivityResult int int Intent void addCategory String int void addContent String ArrayList lt String gt void onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean findSizeO fArray int amp SavedCategoryContentActivity onCreate Bundle void onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean addContent String int void findSizeO fArray int Figure 4 14 UML Class Diagram for affected classes 4 7 Read Confirmation As described in chapter 3 a read confirmation was needed to be added to the program This would trigger changes in both the desktop program and the device application expla
42. The message it self is then added underneath it with a bigger font Each item is rather large and it should not be a problem to read the message The relative view was considered not fitting for the complete chat view however it was used when implementing the task bar in the bottom of the view This task bar contained in the beginning only the simple edit text field and the send button After some time this layout was changed The background colour of the bottom bar was made to match the same the top bar These changes were made to add user friendliness to the application as well as a sense of a professional application in stead of a home made one In addition is was made like this to resemble the commonly known applications from section 2 5 and when the layout is similar to something one has seen before one will sooner perceive it as familiar and the level the operator bases his hers decisions will faster be raised to a higher level This can be tested in the upcoming trial with a form to be filled out after the test rating the system on familiarity and user friendliness When adding the button to trigger the selection of the phrases the button was placed inside the edit text field As two buttons were to be added it felt as the best system choice to add the button that would add an item in the edit text field inside that field Seen in the applications from 2 5 the photography button is often placed on the side of the text field Pressing t
43. able information that earlier was handed down form generation to generation The argument that is most relevant for this project was stated by Aune 18 This argument is that when the level of automation rises the level of attention the operator devotes to the system is smaller The self worth the operator feels also drops as the level of automation rises This is explained further in section 2 2 2 2 Psychology and Mental Models The commonly known Murphy s Law states Anything that can go wrong will go wrong Recently the American Dialect Society found an early version of the law before it was generalized stated by Alfred Holt in 1877 during a meeting of an engineering society 4 2 2 Psychology and Mental Models It is found that anything that can go wrong at sea generally does go wrong sooner or later so it is not to be wondered that owners prefer the safe to the scientific It is also found that it is almost as bad to have too many parts as too few that arrangements which are for exceptional and occasional use are rarely available when wanted and have the disadvantage of requiring additional care Their very presence too seems in effect to indispose the engineer to attend to essentials Sufficient stress can hardly be laid on the advantages of simplicity The human factor cannot be safely neglected in planning machinery If attention is to be obtained the engine must be such that the engineer will be disposed to attend to it
44. al one of the main considerations in addition to improving efficiency is to maintain security To do so the communication between the control room and field opera tors need to contain ideally no mistakes or confusion The efficiency is believed to be improved by making it possible for the operators to stay put answering certain questions from the control room in writing To achieve a low rate of misunderstandings and confusion some extra features is added to the application tested by writers of other articles about chat confusion When interviewing operators abut the application there is a bit of scepticism about the need for such an extension An optimism about communication with multimedia is showed and this is a feature that the operators them selves believe to be useful The system made in this article is made as an input to the portable device application to be tested during 2014 and need extensive testing In order of achieving the goal of no misunderstandings or confusion the application needs to be tested mainly on the amount of use amount of misunderstandings and how the operators perceive its user friendliness compared to traditional systems vil viii Contents Assignment Preface Abstract Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2 1 Principle of Human Machine Interaction 2 2 Psychology and Mental Models 2 3 Power Plant Communication 2 4 Previ
45. as well as in the function triggered when the send button was pressed When pressing the send button the code will check if the EditText field is empty If it s not empty the text input is added to the arrayList The operation when a message is received from the desktop program is the same The name of the origin of the message was added in front of the message for example Operator in front of the messages from the program them selves and Control Room in front of the message This was done statically using a StringBuilder and adding the strings to each other To be able to add s string to an arraylist one need an adapter The adapter is 45 Chapter 4 Implementation made as in code block 4 5 Listing 4 5 ArrayAdapter Code ArrayAdapter lt String gt arrayAdapter new ArrayAdapter lt String gt this android R layout simple_list_item_1 your_array_list This adapter use the standard arrayAdapter included into the arrayList library First one needs to add a listView to the xml file displaying the layout of the current activity Thereafter one needed to link that listView to the correct arrayList in the Java code This can be seen in code block 4 6 Listing 4 6 Connecting List View and ArrayList ArrayList lt String gt your_array_list new ArrayList lt String gt private ListView lv lv ListView findViewById R id your_list_view_id your_array_ list add message ArrayAdapter lt Str
46. at people start answering without waiting for the person who has the floor to finish e People introduces new topics without finishing previous ones e Taking turns is not usually well distributed Some individuals tend to hold the floor or participate more than others e Some people only listen to the dialogues taking place e Different threads may be going on at the same time two or 3 people are talking about something while others are pursuing some other topic even if they are not next to each other e People attend to the thread that is of their interest and may change their attention after a while while some may participate in two or more different threads at the same time which only depends on their ability to concentrate According to Handel and Herbsleb 3 it is potentially an important feature in a communicating program designed for workplace that the system supports both synchronous and asynchronous communication Spoken communication can like synchronous messaging and contrary to emails change direction in a manner of seconds But it is still possible for other parties that join the conversation on a later time to catch up on the content of prior information exchanges Even 12 2 4 Previous Chat Experiences though other may choose not to get involved in the conversation they still will posses the same information 2 4 1 Teaching Purposes Let s Chat A project done with chat programmes used for teaching for
47. ator liked about the application was the ability to send multimedia He felt however that it should be added the possibility of video feed and pure sound files The supervisor then suggested that one should include a sound to text converter but the operator felt that this would only cause a lot of misunderstandings and misspelling He was however enthusiastic about the possibility of sending sound files as seen in section 2 5 2 He based this on the fact that a sound file in addition to a read confirmation would simulate a conversation without having to relocate to the phone Although this was considered a good idea one major uncertainty in a power plant is the ration of noise Testing is needed to see if the current noise cancelling technology would remove the enormous amount of noise inside a power plant from the sound file De Carvalho 24 stated in his article that the operators in the control room sometimes would be to occupied to answer telephones from the field operators This would have been solved with a voice and read confirmation This was debunked by the operator who meant that it was rare that the control room did not pick up 74 5 2 Interview with an operator Another thing the operator pointed out was that he felt that communication consisting of only written messages would ruing the personal contact and and the impressions the receiver would get from the senders tone of voice He felt that if looking solely on the written mes
48. ble alarm Personal security or operation How to report back Make clear how the debriefing is supposed to happen Can be left out for orders that is carried out imme diately and where sender and receiver is in constant contact with each other Receipt Measure Repeat content from received order Object Repeat content from received order Warning Repeat content from received order Report back Repeat content from received order Debriefing This item should contain that the measurement was completed and to what degree it was finished Table 2 1 Form for order and receipt events and notifications The sender of the information is responsible for getting a confirmation of the recipients that the messages are received This can be done in several was eye contact a nod an affirmation per example ok or that the receiver repeats the message The template for the order and the receipt is displayed in table 2 1 2 4 Previous Chat Experiences Previously there have not been any published papers regarding chat applications or synchronous messaging in a power plant environment However there has been some development of chat applications in similar environment This section will contain information on that subject The word chat is defined by the Oxford dictionary as the online exchange of messages in real time with one or more simultaneous users of a computer network 26 11 Chapter 2 Theory Gonzalez 27 defines chat as syn
49. blems with a basic ar ray Adapter is that it is only possible to inflate a list View with one string input To display more information in one list row one would need several information segments As presented in chapter 3 the needed information for each chat item is when the message arrived and the message it self In addition the name of the sender was added All these three items can be resolved to strings and it was therefore added two new arrayLists to the code This was to be able to store the time of the delivery or sending of the messages as well as the sender id In order to inflate more than one list item value for each row a custom ar rayAdapter needed to be implemented To do so one needs to add a new file This is done by right click the project package Add New gt Class In this case a new class need to be implemented This file needs a constructor in which the inputs are turned into local variables The input to the adapter is the differ ent arrayLists The id for the corresponding row xml file and the context of the main activity should also be inputs to the custom arrayList adapter The class also need a public View getView int position View convertView ViewGroup parent and a xml file with the layout for each list View row To make the scrolling of the list smoother a ViewHolder was added to the code This holder stores each of the component views inside the tag field of the layout so that it is possible to access t
50. cast landlines system and not a replacement Please check that VC18 is Please check that VC18 is closed Procedure 3 closed Procedure 3 D11 351 2C Shutdown D11 351 2C Shutdown a Original chat b Read Confirmation Figure 3 1 Chat functions and read confirmation The suggested layout would look somewhat alike the layout of the facebook application shown in section 2 5 1 It contains the characteristic speech bubbles with the rounded corners known originally from cartoons From section 2 4 1 the articles stated that an important item in a manner of avoiding chat confusion was to make sure that everybody knew at all times who sent which message In 26 the system suggestion this was based on the gravity of the speech bubbles in addition to the colour of them In section 2 5 2 there was added an opportunity of changing the colour of the background It is also common for chat applications to have the possibility of sending drawings Neither of these items seamed necessary to add in an application used purely for communication between the operators in the control room and the field operators The original suggestion had also added the received time of the message In section 2 5 one can see that most of the application has the possibility of sending multimedia messages This would consist of pictures Facebook Viber Google Hangouts SnapChat video conversations Google Hangouts Skype phone conversations Viber Skype an
51. chronous communicative spaces which are in corporated into on line activities in her article and Almeida d Eca 28 defines chat as a two way synchronous form of computer mediated communication between two or more people by means of a computer Synchronous communi cation refers to real time communication interaction with live audiences Marrian Webster 29 defines chat as informal conversation to talk in an in formal or familiar manner and that is what makes chat a natural space for communication to take place The language in chat is usually composed of short phrases and a special language which makes communication closer to face to face conversation Still chat that does not involve a video stream or voice stream will in the end have a higher risk of confusion as body language and voice supra segmental levels are missing An article written by Gonzalez 27 involve a paragraph that suggests that the participants get together in a chat to accomplish a real life task The activity should be planned and structured in such a manner that the involved parties always know what is supposed to happen In this kind of chat there is not necessary to have an moderator in a conversation as the group will establish norms and handle situations as they go along In some cases there will be important to keep an eye on the chat as there is some problems that could appear e People talk without respecting turns not always but it is very frequent th
52. d sound files Viber Skype also have the ability of transferring files It was suggested in the system suggestion from IFE that one should add videos For majority of the applications it is sufficient with the ability of sending pictures and it should be so for this application as well The control room would in addition have constant supervision with the power plant on their screens it would not be as necessary to send them a video of what is going on in a plant Even though the noise cancelling technology of the Samsung Galaxy SIII has been advertised for it is not sure it is sufficient If it cleans the noise that is sent to the plant it is not sure that the field operator will hear anything if a VOIP was performed This would lead to that the operator would have to relocate and then one could just as easily use the landlines One of the reasons behind confusion in a debate such as in 2 4 1 was the amount of messages sent at the same time The solution to this was to add a timer so that one had a certain amount of time for reading a message before a new one arrived This would cause some annoyance that one would not at all have all the information currently available In an application used in a NPP some matters are more urgent than others As seen in 2 3 there is parts of the plant that is not reachable by the broadcast system The possibility of having unimportant messages blocking the sending of higher prioritized messages would in the syste
53. der to start the activity an intent is made An intent is an abstract defi nition of an operation to be performed 49 It provides a facility for performing late runtime binding between the code in the different applications There is two ways of starting an activity one is to start the activity normally and the other is to start an activity for a result These are displayed in listing 4 7 Listing 4 7 Start an Activity for results Intent intent new Intent context PreStoredCategories class startActivity intent OR startActivityForResult intent int requestCode The wanted result in this section is a string with the selected phrase To collect these result an onActivityResult int requestCode int resultCode Intent data function need to be implemented To prevent the application of crashing it is necessary to make a switch on the resultCode The result could be returned as RESULT_OK or RESULT_CANCELED The latter option will occur if the activity is aborted before a phrase is selected making the returning data null This happens if the user for example press the go back button To trigger the start of the new activity the plus button in figure 4 1la was added When this button in pressed a method is called and the new activity is instantiated This layout needs a list of categories to be displayed in a simple list View This is done as a standard array Adapter as seen in section 4 3 and displayed in figure 4 11b
54. e Manager which should be available in the tool bar if the instructions in appendix C is followed correctly To run the application one needs to click the run button in the tool bar The first time this is done a window appears To get a program runnable on a portable unit select Android Application Then a list of available devices show up and one could choose the right one The first time this is done it is also needed to enable the USB development option on the cell phone When all this was done the system was ready for further implementation The folder structure in an Android project contain of several parts that follows when Eclipse makes the project Table 4 1 displays a explanation of which folder that are included and what they contain 4 2 Simple TCP Server Client When the projects were created the first thing needed to be implemented was a server client system This part of the program was going to take care of the 34 4 2 Simple TCP Server Client Folder Sub folder Description src The source folder containing the MainActivity and other Java code of the gen This folder contain java files generated by ADT Also contain the special class R which hold the references to various references placed in the application All layout item have an id which will be a part of this R file and used as links to that item assets This is empty by default and used to store raw asset files This
55. e best system possible One of these diagram is a use case diagram In this diagram one need to consider how the users will interact with the system and how they can achieve the best results with it Sometimes this diagram will reveal that functions that seems as a good idea for the programmer is not necessarily the most beneficial for the users The model made before starting to implement the system should resemble the reality as much as possible Some of the aspects the model should contain is information about the system limits and surroundings as well as information about whether or not the system is open or closed the dimensions of the sys tem purpose behaviour and structure analytical models and field studies According to Brathen 16 these issues could be split into two parts a ana lytical part and an experimental part seen in figure 2 1 The analytical part consist of the what and how of the problem In the analysis what part the establishment of the demands to the system takes place as well as a function analysis and an analysis of the tasks of the operator should be involved in In this part it is important to give thought to what kind of system that is desired All demands to the system should be clarified here and several different ap proaches is possible to evaluate this One could define different scenarios map the different things that could happen make possible scenarios and then define what is needed in these An
56. ecessary The interview was held 18th November 2013 between the author Svein Nilsen supervisor and Hakan Sven gren operator Hakan Svengren is a former control room operator and is cur rently employed by IFE developing new power plant technology After this he is known as the operator The operator first explained how the communication between the field operator and the control room is carried out This was mainly in the same manner as in section 2 3 In a NPP it is a number of procedures that it determined in advance These are stored in a binder and kept at both the plant and in the control room Usually the actions that are to be carried out during the day are determined in advance and the field operators are given a list of tasks When the field operator receives a task the most common acknowledgement that he or she has understood the order is to repeat it but to change it to I am going to In this manner the operator felt that it could be useful to implement a copy function that added the content of the received message to the edit text area and one could from there edit it to be an answer He was however worried that some of the messages would be rather long and felt hat the longer the messages was the higher the risk of writing the wrong message became As it is extremely important to send the correct message the frequent mistyping would be a disadvantage When the field operator is employed it is no employment description t
57. echnology Therefore a potential new product need elaborate testing in research facilities before applied into the every day routines in a power plant IFE in Halden is such a research facility where new technology is realised and tested in a virtual control room and with the supervision of industry psychologists Even today the only communication between control room supervisors and field operators in a nuclear power plant has been through several installed wired con nections inside the plant When communication was needed a public intercom system would tell the field operators to pick up the phone IFE has previously had several studies which defined computer based procedures for use in cen tralized control rooms This means the definition of guidelines for construction and deployment of computer systems that is automating selected parts of the procedures An example of this is surveillance of process conditions during the execution of some parts of the procedures So far these computer systems have mainly been based on desktop systems embedded with other systems in the control room A new study which is going to be conducted during 2014 will explore the option of including some of the computer based procedures in a portable unit The current prevalence of portable units has enabled the field operators to communicate with supervisors situated in the control room located outside the plant from inside the factory without the traditional use of cel
58. ed beside the date and time it was sent These pictures reserved some space and to keep the user interface as clean as possible the check marks is only added when the message is the one sent from ones own unit In addition the time string was changed from Sent yyyy mm dd hh mm ss to Read yyyy mm dd hh mm ss In order of keeping track of which messages that were read and which that were not read a new ArrayList lt Boolean gt was added This array hold boolean values of which messages is read When the read update from the desktop arrives all messages with false values in this boolean arraylist will have their time string updated As the desktop version of the program was not a part of this assignment there was no read notification sent from the portable device However it is fairly sim ple to implement a focus listener on each field This is done a similar manner as the onItemClickListener from section 4 5 except it need to be an setOnFo cusChangeListener and the condition hasFocus need to be fulfilled When this was finished the user interface of the application looked as shown in figure 4 16 and the class diagram as in figure 4 17 57 Chapter 4 Implementation Portable Device Application Control Room Hello back f Read 2013 11 25 14 29 42 E Received 2013 11 25 14 29 48 Operator How are you Sent 2013 11 25 14 29 59 Figure 4 16 Chat User Interface with read confirmation lt lt Java Class g
59. ed by any other typical communication statements in a NPP 80 The sorting of the messages would however sort the problem with the extensive amount of messages After a while the amount of messages would be rather big and this sorting would make it easier to locate earlier message one would want to take a look at After adding the possibility of sorting the messages on ids it became clear that the amount of arrayLists became rather large This could have been avoided by making more arrayLists containing arrayLists Unfortunately it is no other way to display information in a list View and one therefore needs the lists This is one of the major pitfalls of the code as the possibility of when one is extending the code forgetting to add to one of the arrays would cause a crash of the application The final improvement of the program was to add the opportunity of saving the messages locally When saving the messages another person that use the device in a later time would easily see what have been done from before When seeing this together with the extensive monitoring from the control room it could however bee seen as some sort of surveillance When an operator feels that s he is being monitored at all time it have been registered that they experience a higher rate of stress 22 The rate of stress with and without the storing of messages is something that needs to be tested for in the trial As there was no server available to store the c
60. eign language is written about in an article by Stewart and File 30 They developed a program called Let s Chat In this article the main goal was to develop a project where one could chat using exclusively pre stored utterances In advance the developers had sat down with the learners of the language and decided which phrases would be well suited for implementation They divided the utterances into six categories introductions family friends hobbies holi days and studies where the learners were to communicate with other learners All the conversations where observed by an evaluator who scored them across three key measures of linguistic competence command of vocabulary and id iom clarity of communication fluency using a five point Likert scale 1 very poor 5 excellent The resulting conversations were then ranked according to their respective aggregate scores and the results analysed The system sketch for this communication tool may be seen in figure 2 6 For three of four groups all conversation using the system with the pre stored utterances was ranked higher than the natural interactions In the remaining group the first and second place of the best conversations was taken by the system with the pre stored utterances but the third one was taken by nat ural interaction When comparing all results the results from the computer aided communication received significantly better results The mean aggregate score of the comp
61. elected from Saved Categories Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Add new category Figure D 8 User Manual Pressing Pluss When deciding on an category you press that activity If one per example press Category 1 the activity displayed in figure D 9 When pressing one of these buttons the content of this button will be added to the Edit Text field in figure D 2 This content is then editable and one can send in like shown in list item 1 Category 1 Category 1 Content 1 Category 1 Content 2 Add new content Figure D 9 User Manual Pressing Category To be able to add a new category one hold the button with Add new 111 Appendix D User Manual 112 category The activity in figure D 10 will the be shown and the wanted name of the new Category can be added This will add the category to the category list and make a new list with only a Add new content item To add new content to a category list one can hold the bottom button in the content list The activity in figure D 10 will then be loaded and the new content can be added It is important to only add one new content before returning to the category list If not only the latest added content will be added permanently to the list laa Saving screenshot New Saved Phrase Edit ext Add new Figure D 10 User Manual Adding Category or Content Appendix E Entire system This chapter is classified and not available for the public 113 114
62. ertising vol 1 p 75 2000 L Rognin and J P Blanquart Human communication mutual awareness and system dependability lessons learnt from air traffic control field stud ies Reliability Engineering and System Safety vol 71 no 3 pp 327 336 2001 M Slatella The office meeting that never ends New York Times 1999 T Koskinen Social software for industrial interaction Ozchi org 2006 Wikipedia Facebook en wikipedia org wiki Facebook Online ac cessed 17 11 2013 16 00 Wikipedia Viber http en wikipedia org wiki Viber Online ac cessed 18 11 2013 15 42 Wikipedia Skype http en wikipedia org wiki Skype Online ac cessed 18 11 2013 16 09 Wikipedia Snapchat http en wikipedia org wiki Snapchat On line accessed 18 11 2013 13 43 Cnet Snapchat snapshot App counts amp m adult users in u s http news cnet com 8301 1023_3 57590968 93 snapchat snapshot app counts 8m adult users in u s Online accessed 18 11 2013 14 25 A Developers Building your first app http developer android com training basics firstapp index html Online accessed 14 11 2018 14 44 A Developers Creating an android project http developer android com training basics firstapp creating project html Online accessed 14 11 2018 15 23 S Developers http developer samsung com android Online ac cessed 14 11 2013 15 35 J C
63. ess ooo a Communication in a Nuclear Power Plant 2 System figure of chat program 000 Percentage of Non work Humor and Work messages that occur on average in each 30 minute period of a weekday 3 Screen shot from Facbook Android application 4 Screen shot from Facbook chat 5 0 04 Screen shot from Viber Android application 6 Screen shot from Skype Android application 1 7 Screen shot from Skype Android application 2 7 Screen shot from Hangouts Android application 2 8 Screen shot from Hangouts Android application 1 8 Screen shot from Snapchat Android application 9 Chat functions and read confirmation Log ofsmessages e ana a a iuie to PARE RS RE Bd Pressing id displaying list of messages 0 New plus button and Saved Categories Phrase button and list of categories 020 Add id to message and chat with phrase Adding new Jave File to Project 2040 Simple EditText field with Send button MainScreens areas 2 1 ee Main Screen with display area and input area Finished Desktop User Interface UML for Desktop Program 00 00 0 Simple ListView coc eee 2 ae a A doe Re ae gee A UML for Portable Unit Application Screen shot with expanded user interface
64. essage S he would then be needed to call and the total process of one simple message would have been taken double the time than it should As the control room operator would have as much need to see if the field operator have seen the message as vice versa the desktop program that are going to be implemented would have to have a way of displaying this Portable Device Application The application on the portable device was more advanced than the desktop program and this application was to be incorporated into the existing software The layout that was selected for the main chat view was a linear view This view would display all items added to it in a sequential manner The benefit of the linear layout is that everything places them selves in order and the list view 78 can get the attention it needed This would also have been obtainable with a relative view where each element is placed in relation to the parent or other elements in the view When testing the other views however they were not as easily controllable as the linear view The first change that was made to the program compared to the suggested system was to add the name of the sender to each chat item One could easily separate the messages from the control room and the field operator in the current view but if more than two parts where to be added to the conversation it would immediately be a bit harder The name of the sender is therefore added to the top of each item
65. et to be the active window e The window has been closed e The user has pressed the X in the corner to close the window e The window is no longer the ac tive one e When the window is changed from minimized to normal size e When the window is changed from normal to minimized size e The first time the window is avail able Table 4 4 Difference between listeners 4 7 Read Confirmation lt lt Java Class gt gt TcpServer DesktopProgram Sof SERVERPORT int o running boolean bufferSender PrintWriter serverSocket ServerSocket a client Socket read boolean S TepServer OnMessageReceived inScreen mServer main String void ea close void mouseClicked MouseEvent void mouseEntered MouseEvent void sendMessage String void mousePressed MouseEvent void E runServer void mouseExited MouseEvent void run void getRead boolean mouseReleased MouseEvent void setRead boolean void messageListener 0 1 lt lt Java Interface gt gt Q OnMessageReceived DesktopProgram Figure 4 15 Class Diagram for Desktop Program 4 7 2 Portable Device After the read confirmation was sent from the desktop program it needed to be received and handled in the application on the portable device The variable it self will be received in the same place as the other messages from the desktop program To display that the message was read a check mark was add
66. for example add a id as seen in figure 3 6a The definition of which phrases that would be the most fitting would vary from person to person When being able to alter the phrase in this manner one can have the possibility of using the most fitting phrase and then change it to be exactly what one need One can per example add a tag to make the message sortable After the message is completed one press the send button and the message will be sent and added to the user interface as seen in figure 3 6b Pre stored utterances Please check up Find the nearest phone Please check up 1234 a Please check up 1234 Send a Add id to message b Added items to chat Figure 3 6 Add id to message and chat with phrase The complete requirements specification for the application will be e Making an application for an Samsung Galaxy SIII with display size 720x1280 pixels Adding a complete chat user interface with Speech bubbles with message x Time of received sent message Some way of sorting who the sender is x Read confirmation 31 Chapter 3 System Suggestion x Button for starting an activity of adding saved content x Button for uploading and sending pictures x Area to write message Send button Activity to select between selected categories Activity to select between phrases e Making a desktop program to received the messages from the applications Only to be used in this pro
67. g a feeling of information overload but some complained that they felt it was slow and that it was difficult to respond without knowing all the details of the prior conversation The final improvement the programmers did was to easier display information about the message This was mainly a visual improvement as to not display the full name only the nickname Even though the messages have to have main focus the other information was easily seen and messages from the system about who left or entered the conversation were set to another display 2 4 2 Air Control In air traffic control written messaging has been preferred as a mean of commu nication for a time Rognin 32 wrote an article called Human Communication Mutual Awareness and System Dependability Lessons learnt from air traffic control field studies In this article they define communication to be every attempt to made by one person to distribute or and acquire information This involves both the production and the reception of the messages 14 2 4 Previous Chat Experiences Communication in air control constitutes of both verbal written and gesture based communication The physical behaviour para verbal signs and environ mental resources are used to give information or to acquire other s attention In the air control situation addressed messages are sent intentionally to one or several receivers who may be designated more or less explicitly according to the conte
68. g in a social environment do not have as severe consequences as when using the same technology in the industry It is however some concerns that needed to be taken One of them is the loss of concentration The addition of alarms that pop up on screen at any moment when receiving a message with some of them being unfortunate are destroying workers concentration If these messages in addition are of a personal nature and not of professional interest there are some other aspects to be considered as well Slatella 33 points out that the factor of who gets a message and who does not get it is a pointer of social cliques and is similar to the pecking order found at some high schools This again can cause a feeling of not belonging and insecurity in the workplace which again can affect the performance of the workers The article by Handel and Herbsleb 3 point out that users that are not familiar with instant messages reported that group chat tended to be less distracting as one on one messages This was because when a message arrived just for one person that person felt obliged to respond 15 Chapter 2 Theory If the message came to an entire group there was several users able to answer and one would not bother doing it if it disturbed ones own work Another downfall of communication inside a workplace is the content of non work messaging The article written by Handel and Herbsleb displays the pic ture in figure 2 7 In this article the
69. hat con tained how the field operator should communicate and no other written papers that tell them how to communicate As a general manner each field operator is taught how to communicate and what each message mean by memorizing the content of the procedure binders located in the plant and with help from con trol room and other operators He went on explaining that there are no written instructions on communication inside the plant except for when an alarm goes off Then there is decided how one is supposed to communicate He felt however that if there was an emergency one would rather pick up the phone than use valuable time typing a message The reason for the lack of documentation and 73 Chapter 5 Content of pre stored phrases regulations on communication was in his perception that it was impossible to write general rules for a system with ten thousands of components The operator thereby confirmed the suspicions from section5 1 that it is not possible to limit the communication inside a plant to just a few phrases He also feels that the possibility of watching messages regarding only one unit is not necessary as the same message rarely occurs twice and the number of ids is so massive If these messages are a pickup for a more serious problem he feels that the control room will see it before one can see it in the messages The control room will almost always have more information about the overall process than each field operator
70. hat items on the stored messages was stored locally The possibility of saving messages when they are received also introduces the opportunity of using the system as an asynchronous message system as long as the device has internet connection When making the system suggestion in chapter 3 the possibility of adding timer to make sure that it did not arrive to many messages at once was removed This was in the system suggestion regarded as a non existent problem in the sugges tion It should however be tested in the trial If having a group conversation between several field operators and several persons in the control room could result in many messages In section 2 4 1 they had added a timer that made sure that each message would get a certain time limit where that message was the new message This would cause a queue and the argument from chapter 3 was that this could block important messages A lot annoyance with a system would however lead to the users not applying it as much as the makers would have like them to and should be avoided To avoid both the flood of messages it is possible to add a timer and in addition add a priority index to each mes sage These priority indexes should be determined beforehand and would make important messages skip the queue Interview with Operator After the prototype was implemented it was shown to an operator The writers of the system in section 2 4 1 sat down with the potential users of the program and
71. he network quence parts have to be card OS have to do very put back together so re little work to translate the quires a bit of work to data back from the pack piece together ets Streaming Data is read asa stream Packets are sent individ with nothing distinguish ually and are guaranteed ing where one packet to be whole if they arrive ends and another begins One packet per one read There may be multiple call packets per read call Examples World Wide Web Apache Domain Name System TCP port 80 email SMTP TCP port 25 Postfix MTA File Trans fer Protocol FTP port 21 and Secure Shell OpenSSH port 22 etc DNS UDP port 53 streaming media appli cations such as IPTV or movies Voice over IP VoIP Trivial File Trans fer Protocol TFTP and online multiplayer games etc Table 4 2 Some differences between TCP and UDP 12 37 Chapter 4 Implementation a S TepServer 12 read the message received from T ae 124 BufferedReader in new Buffered m New gt YS Java Project i Ua Golnto ES Android Application Project Open in New Window TS Project Open Type Hierarchy Fa Package Show In Alt Shiat wW gt G Class fm Copy Ctrlec Interface if Copy Qualified Name Ciba A Paste Cuby E Annotation K Delete Delete 2 Source Folder 49 Java Working Set Build Path C9 Folder Source AlteShifteS gt ro Fle a AlteShifteT gt gt Untitled Text File gy Impor
72. he stored phrases seen in section 4 11 Each line was one message entry with the content of all of the arrays The decoding logic of this item was placed in a separate method in the SaveLocally class All of the content of each row item was added together with a StringBuilder that added an underscore between each of the items The messages were added like this message_sender_Time String _Bolean if it was read or not_File path The picture was not added and therefore replaced by the corresponding file path This file path needed to be checked if it was there or not and with no picture present null was added This was the last feature added to the application and the class diagram become as in section 4 13 4 13 System sketch UML The total system sketch for the portable unit is seen in figures 4 25 and 4 26 and the full class digram for the Desktop Program can be seen in 4 24 This system is not completely similar to the suggestions in chapter 3 and the differences is discussed in chapter 6 To obtain this code one can use the CD included in this Master s Thesis and follow the instructions from appendix C 67 Chapter 4 Implementation Figure 4 24 Full UML for Desktop Program 68 Chapter 5 Content of pre stored phrases 5 1 Phrases from papers As it was suggested in chapter 3 saved phrases was implemented in chapter 4 When this was done there was a need to figure out what these categories should be and the fol
73. hem immediately without looking them up all the time This custom arrayAdapter will be called every time someone touch the screen To trigger the update of layout is done by calling the function notifyDatasetChanged which will run the get View function one time for each row in the arrayLists In this part of the application the background of the layout was made as well This layout was made to resemble the layout from chapter 3 Therefore the background was set to so called speech bubbles The finished layout can be seen in figure 4 9 and the updated class diagram can be seen in figure 4 10 48 4 4 Expanding User Interface for Chat Portable Device Application Operator Hello Sent 2013 11 24 15 44 49 Control Room Hello back eae Received 2013 11 24 15 44 57 Edit Text and Q w E R T y U o A EE o E e e dh tT AAEM a English UK by e sm Figure 4 9 Screen shot with expanded user interface lt lt Java Class gt gt lt lt Java Class gt gt MainActivity ClientThread com app portabledeviceapplication com app portabledeviceapplication socket Socket 2ClientThread 4 run boolean msg String SF SERVERPORT int SF SERVER_IP String printWriter PrintWriter bufferedReader BufferedReader messageList ArrayList lt String gt senderList ArrayList lt String gt a timeList ArrayList lt String gt a listView ListView onSendClick View void
74. here these systems is integrated into other systems in the control room IFE now have defined a research activity that focus on the deployment of these activities implemented on portable units per example smart phones used by the field operators that is doing manual labour in the plant and that cooperate with the operators in the control room The portable units will be integrated with a desktop system that will be used in the control room Execution of the processes requires collaboration between the field operators in the control room which traditionally is done with the use of landlines The availability of a portable unit for use for the field operator will probably change this collaboration because one can share both dynamic and static information in a new way The field operators will have an ongoing status of which parts of the procedures that have been done by the control room and the other way around Despite of this it will still be a requirement for immediate dialogue between the control room and the field operator This can be done with landlines as before but it is also being considered use of chat functionality Such a feature would have both advantages as well as disadvantages One of the supposed advantages is that one is available to get traceable dialogues that everybody can see and one will easily access other data in the same device The assumed drawbacks include slowness in the dialogue and that it will not be as easy to repl
75. his plus button would open a list of categories These categories was selected in 5 1 The original idea was that these categories were to displaying categories like Work task Confirmation Maintenance etc With the lack of papers describing the communication it was very hard to come up with a set of phrases that would be general enough to be applied on a general basis The suggestion for these phrases would then be that the phrases were divided by which system they belonged to As the NPP is divided into different areas of responsibility this would mean that each field operator generally would only need one of these categories Still after suggesting splitting the phrases into system parts it was difficult to determine specific phrases It was even confirmed by the operator in section 5 2 that the span of the information is too wide to determine a working set in advance This would be even harder as the author have no real life experience with the way the communication works in a plant To determine these phrases the most logical thing to do is to let each field operator add his hers own categories and fill them with phrases they feel they 79 Chapter 6 Discussion can apply frequently That the field operators their selves could add new content was taken into consideration already when implementing the system The main drawback of adding phrases as the system is today is that it is not possible to add more than one phrase to a catego
76. ined in this section 4 7 1 Desktop Program To be able to see when the supervisors in the control room had seen the message there was several possibilities to detect when the supervisors interfered with the user interface on the desktop One could implement a focus listener a mouse listener or a window listener The difference between them can be seen in table 4 4 The listener that was chosen was the mouse listener This listener was imple mented as an extension to the MainScreen Class The functions needed to be implemented in order to make the listener work is listed in code section 4 11 If these are not implemented the compiler will complain Listing 4 11 Mouse Listener public void mouseClicked MouseEvent event public void mouseEntered MouseEvent event 54 4 7 Read Confirmation public void mousePressed MouseEvent event public void mouseExited MouseEvent event public void mouseReleased MouseEvent event When these functions was implemented the listener was set on the frame con taining the messages To notify that the supervisor in the control room have read the message the supervisor only need enter the frame with the mouse pointer over the area where the messages is displayed One of the arguments from chapter 3 was that the read arguments would simulate a nod or a similar way of responding that the message was received To make this response one need to actively do i
77. ing gt arrayAdapter new ArrayAdapter lt String gt this android R layout simple_list_item_1 your_array_list lv setAdapter arrayAdapter The user interface of this implementation the can be seen in figure 4 7 46 4 3 Displaying Messages Portable Device Application Operator Hello Control Room Hello back Edit Text Send and Q Ww E R 7 y U l 8 o Aa ESI 1E 1E Pegi gd ia in t ZXCV BNM ea 123 Fo English UK Sym i Figure 4 7 Simple List View When this was added the system sketch was as shown in figure 4 8 lt lt Java Class gt gt MainActivity com app portablede vicespplication a socket Socket 4 run boolean msg String Sof SERVERPORT int Sof SERVER_IP Strin printWriter PrintWriter bufferedReader BufferedReader o messageList ArrayList lt String gt 4 adapter ArrayAdapter lt String gt o listView ListView S MainActivity onCreate Bundle void onSendClick View void onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean lt lt Java Class gt gt ClientThread com app portabledevicespplication af ClientThread run void Figure 4 8 UML for Portable Unit Application 47 Chapter 4 Implementation 4 4 Expanding User Interface for Chat When the simple display of the messages as well as the correct transfer of mes sages was implemented a more advanced user interface needed to be imple mented to improve the user experience One of the pro
78. ing that happens The paper further defines two types of messages informational messages and orders The difference is that no actions are required after an informational message this is sent to per example describe the process current or future state An order is sent when something is supposed to be done Accidents have occurred because of failed communication and in some cases the failures were that it was unclear whether the information was an order or not It is in other word important to make it clear which type of communication the current message is Shortcoming of communication is a major reason behind spreading of rumours and negative speculations It can in some cases lower the effectiveness in a group and the motivation of each individual as one is forced to guess what is going on in the group During ongoing operational work there is need for frequent information of the status of the process Partly to synchronise the perception the group have of the process as well as to mentally prepare them for upcoming 10 2 4 Previous Chat Experiences Order Name The address of the order Can be left out if the contact is already is established Background To motivate and avoid mistakes Can be left out if the recipient is already familiar with the circum stances Measure Verb Object Per example system number and component number In cases where well known terms such as reactor tank or feed water tank these can be used Possi
79. ion of a new activity was added The solution may not be as neat as the other two but it is more solid and the possibility of unstable releases on this is very slim As mentioned earlier the intent for choosing a photo was available and the button was placed to the right of the edit text field When adding pictures it was a possibility of adding videos and sound files as seen in other chat applications This would increase the load on the connection and the system as the operator system would need to buffer for every lost segment As the control room have constant supervision of the plant it is no much they need a video of that they cannot see in their own panels It was considered as enough to add pictures to the chat The addition of sound files was regarded as unnecessary as there is a possibility of using the landlines for contact if one would like to send a message to the control room Another feature that was added to the chat application especially for purposes in an industrial environment was the sorting of messages concerning one item This would accord section 2 4 1 avoid confusion in an ongoing chat With the massive amount of units in a NPP displaying messages only regarding one item can possibly display nothing of interest for the operators To change this to a group will probably be a better idea and will display information one could put into use to find related problems The prefix sorted on did seam like a good idea and is not us
80. ished I need to finish the coating on the 324 filter first I am almost finished In 45 minutes I should be ready to start diesel A Very well Finish 324 first I will notify mechanics that we can start the trial run in about 45 minutes OK Table A 2 Communication Example 2 Appendix B System Specifications Samsung Galaxy S3 GENERAL BODY DISPLAY SOUND MEMORY DATA 2G Network 3G Network SIM Announced Status Dimensions Weight Type Size Multitouch Protection Alert types Loudspeaker 3 5mm jack Card slot Internal GPRS EDGE Speed WLAN Bluetooth GSM 850 900 1800 1900 HSDPA 850 900 1900 2100 Micro SIM 2012 May Available Released 2012 May 136 6 x 70 6 x 8 6 mm 5 38 x 2 78 x 0 34 in 133 g 4 69 oz Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen 16M colors 720 x 1280 pixels 4 8 inches 306 ppi pixel density Yes Corning Gorilla Glass 2 TouchWiz UI Vibration MP3 WAV ringtones Yes Yes microSD up to 64 GB 16 32 64 GB storage 1 GB RAM Class 12 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 slots 32 48 kbps Class 12 HSDPA 21 Mbps HSUPA 5 76 Mbps Wi Fi 802 11 a b g n dual band DLNA Wi Fi Direct Wi Fi hotspot Yes v4 0 with A2DP EDR 95 Appendix B System Specifications Samsung Galaxy S3 CAMERA FEATURES BATTERY 96 NFC USB Primary Features Video Secondary OS Chipset CPU GPU Sensors Messaging Browser Radio GPS Java Colors Stand
81. ject This system suggestion was presented to IFE and approved as the prototype to be implemented and used as an input to the system tested during 2014 32 Chapter 4 Implementation This chapter contains information on how the application was implemented and what different parts it consist of A suggestion of how to incorporate it into the already existing application is presented in E There are some differences between the system suggestion in chapter 3 and the resulting application in this application These changes are explained and discussed in the discussion in chapter 6 Included in this Master s Thesis there is a CD with the source code Appendix C contains the information on how to install the software to continue develpoment of the system A user manual for the completed system is also available in appendix D 4 1 Adding New Projects The systems need two parts One program that runs on a computer in the control room and one program that runs on the portable unit To do so two projects was created in Eclipse To implement the program used in the control room a Java project was created and for the program that was to be running on the portable unit an Android project was created 4 1 1 Java Project for Control Room 20 years ago one would need about 200 code lines to make a simple window in Windows Now a days one can simply click the button File gt new gt Java Project 33 Chapter 4 Implementation This
82. ke place in the year of 2013 In this article they debate that utilities are increasingly looking for ways to improve overall plant performance rather than pursuing those safety only strategies which have little impact on reliable day to day operations They also mean that the renewal of the control rooms will need to fulfil at least one of the following criteria e decrease operations and maintenance costs and increase people productiv ity e increase of production and decrease outages 2 3 Power Plant Communication e improve safety and reduction of safety challenges Thus an upgrading requires strict cost benefit justification In 2006 De Carvalho 24 wrote an article about ergonomic field studies in a nuclear power plant control room In this article the author wrote about how the operators would use verbal communication to maintain use verbal exchanges to produce ceaseless and recursive interactions which would partake ensuring that the mutual and individual awareness was maintained and continuously updated The communication is important to discover and avoid errors and faults and by that obtaining the stability and safety of the system The oral communication between the control room and the plant plays a fun damental role for the Nuclear Power Plant NPP operation and control Field operators maintenance instrumentation and engineering people are in constant contact with the operators in the control room As written earlier
83. kers e A field to write the message e A button to turn on off the sharing of ones current position e A microphone button that makes it possible to upload the sound file 2 5 3 Skype Skype is a VOIP and instant messaging client developed by the Microsoft Skype Division 37 The program was first launched as a desktop program in August 2003 As of June 2012 Skype had passed 70 million downloads on Android devices and had 34 of the international call market share arve0e Fe ew Recent Recent Favorites People Pete Bergman Edwin Smith head James amp Nina Kovac Takahashi Yumi Bryan Haynes M gt Dan Greco i 2 G i A Rose 9 Elena Powell amp Carly Davis t e Just got some great stuff in amp Nina Kovac Q Takahashi Kenta S amp S Will Bergman Elena Powell a Recent activity b List of conversations Figure 2 11 Screen shot from Skype Android application 1 7 20 2 5 Commonly Known Android Communication Applications The service allows users to communicate with their contacts via voice video or instant messaging An option would also be to combine these Calls to other users within the Skype system is free of charge while calls to landlines and cellphones via traditional telephone networks cost money This is withdrawn from an account with deposited money This application also allows file transfer and video conferencing To use Skype as a company video conferences cost money The Sk
84. l phones These systems will be integrated into desktop systems in the control room Availability of such a new hand held device could have the possibility of altering the cooperation between field operator and control room caused by the new way 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to share information both statically and dynamically In this way the control room could immediately get notification on what the field operators has done and not done and vice versa When these new applications are launched there is a possibility to renew not only the way to conduct procedures but also the way the control room and field operators exert the communication among them Although spoken communication is the communication the majority of the pop ulation have the most training in there is interest in exploring the possibility to add an online communication system to the program in the portable unit As most people these days have a substantial amount of training writing SMSs this should be a method of communicating which is easy to comprehend Even so is still a higher probability of misunderstandings than when talking This report is about the definition of general suggestions of adding this feature and which measures that needs to be taken to obtain the most natural way of performing written communicating This report consists of seven chapters In chapter two there is basic theory about the human machine discipline models of how humans make decisions
85. lowing content of them Searches at the internet did display some examples of communication between a field operator and a supervisor in the control room but there were not enough examples to find any finished sets of communication One of the articles explained in section 2 3 2 explained a lot of the communi cation but only had specific examples of the communication inside the control room Otherwise there was a lot of articles on the communication during an emergency That the operators will take the time to type a message in stead of calling seems unlikely When looking at the examples in appendix A the examples both circulate around units within one system Therefore the logical solution would be that each category in the saved category list is one system inside the plant Suggested categories will be Boilers Steam Turbine Generators Chillers Water Plant Air Compressors 69 Chapter 5 Content of pre stored phrases Figure 4 25 UML for Portable Application left side 70 5 1 Phrases from papers Figure 4 26 UML for Portable Application right side 71 Chapter 5 Content of pre stored phrases aa i Nowe 5 J r oe Figure 5 1 Piping and Instrument Diagram example 11 e Cooling Towers These categories might be a bit unspecific and one might need to split them into levels as the plant would for example have more than one boiler When adding conte
86. m suggestion seem as a larger drawback than some irritation of not having time to read all messages In addition the exchange of messages would probably not be as frequent in a chat system between a limited numbers of people as in a debate environment When the layout of the main view of the chat was decided on improvements were in order From the section on power plant communication 2 3 it was stated the template of the communication between the control room and a field operator In section it is stated that the sender of the information is responsible of getting an confirmation from the recipients that they would have gotten the information When talking to someone face to face this is usually done with a nod or eye contact and if one is talking to someone over the phone one can simply say ok A way to simulate this confirmation when communicating in writing is to add a so called read check as seen in figure 3 1b This would work as a message to the sender that the receiver have opened the application or program and have seen the message If the sender of the message then notices 27 Chapter 3 System Suggestion that none have seen the message one is able to call them and repeat the message over telephone Talking to someone face to face will leave a lot of the conversation to body language Some of this can be translated into a phone call with the sound and intensity of the voice All of this is however lost when talking through
87. mber inside the circle Control Room Hello back og Received 2013 11 26 16 17 19 Control Room 1234 Received 2013 11 26 16 17 24 Figure D 2 Clickable items in main view 106 D 2 Portable unit 1 Send a message To make a message one need to press the Edit Text field This activates the soft keyboard as seen in figure D 3 After typing the message the button inside circle 1 need to be pressed This will send the message to the server and add it to the chat view Portable Device Application Received 2013 11 26 16 17 24 J Operator 1236 Sent 2013 11 26 16 17 28 Operator Sent 2013 11 26 16 17 36 og 123 re English UK Sym n Figure D 3 User Manual Sending message 107 Appendix D User Manual 2 108 Pressing chat item When pressing a chat item in the chat view which is only text this will trigger the activity shown in D 4 This displays the message it self in a bigger font for accommodating for readability Display Message Hello Figure D 4 User Manual Pressing Normal Chat Unit Pressing chat item with id When pressing a chat item with a ID number inside like the chat item inside circle 3 the activity loaded is as seen in figure D 5 This checks which ID s is in the chat item pressed and return a view of all items with same ID This also works when several ID s is involved Messages with ID 1236 Operator a
88. mmunication between the control room an field operators from before contain rather strict informational messages or instructions it is believed that this tone will be maintained in the written form of the messages Messages among field operators working more closely together might stray a bit more Hypothesis As a part of the assignment a set of hypotheses to be tested in the trial during 2014 needed to be formed These are suggested throughout this chapter and summarizes here By testing a chat system there is not many numerical values that can be tested Some numerical values that can be logged is 83 Chapter 6 Discussion e What is the ratio between the use of the chat system and the landlines system e Number of misunderstandings with the chat application compared to the phone system e Number of wrongly marked ids with pre stored compared to written e Which feature is most frequently used pre stored ids or pre stored phrases e Rate of non work related messages It is reasonable to believe that the use of landlines still will be more used than the chat application especially with not that experienced users if believing the indications from the operator interviewed The number of misunderstandings is believed to be less than with oral communication as one can see what is stated at all time and the number of wrongly marked ids with pre stored are supposed to be less than those written freely Filling out forms in advance
89. mock locations Select debug app No debug application set Input Show touches Show pointer location showing current touct Drawing Show layout boundaries Figure C 4 Debugger Options in Android Phone When importing the content on the CD the procedure is the same as in C 1 104 Appendix D User Manual D 1 Desktop Program This section contain a user manual for the implemented desktop programs Figure D 1 shows the different items in the program MainScreen Operator Hello Control Room Hello back Figure D 1 Desktop Program 1 Before starting the application the start button need to be clicked This make the server listen for connections from the client 2 This button terminates the connection and closes the socket To be able to reconnect on the same socket it is important to remember pressing this button 3 The send button send the message in the input area 4 This is the input area for the messages 5 Here the sent and received messages will be displayed 105 Appendix D User Manual D 2 Portable unit This section contain a user manual for the implemented application made in this Master s Thesis It is important the the control room program is started before starting the portable device application The main view is as follow in figure D 2 When clicking the items inside the circles the view that is triggered that have the same list number as the nu
90. n was triggered the program ran through the message of the specific position If the message contained a symbol a loop would run through the message and withdraw the characters following that symbol When a space occurred the phrase would be stored in a new string and this would be the id This means that the three first numbers and the rest of the id needed to be separated by an underscore in stead of a space When the id was found a new for loop would search through all the messages With the handy command string contain string one can get a true every time the message contained the id numbers in the initially selected message Each time the value true was returned a new method would be called and the content of all original arrayLists for the specific position was added to new arrayLists These arrayLists were therafter sent to a new activity This activity is called DisplayMessagesWithID and need to have the same layout and row adapter as the MainActivity This activity does not need to be started with the intent of wanting a result as the activity is a result in it self The new activity can be seen in figure 4 18 Figure 4 18a display the original chat with all messages and figure 4 18b display only messages with the selected id 59 Chapter 4 Implementation Dr E la 7 08 Si aa Messages with ID 123_567 Portable Device Application Operator Operator 123_567 123_567 ee ween al 03 Read 2013 11 25 17
91. n with display area and input area Another handy feature that was added to the Screen was the ability to start and stop the transferring of messages The finished screen can be seen in figure 4 5 When pressing the start button the TCP connection is established and the listening for a receiving unit begins When pressing the stop button the socket is closed and the transferring ends This makes the system sketch as in figure 4 6 Operator Hello Control Room Hello back Figure 4 5 Finished Desktop User Interface 44 4 3 Displaying Messages lt lt Java Class gt gt MainScreen DesktopProgram TcpServer OnMessageReceived F main Stringf void close void 31 sendMessage String void hasCommand String boolean m runServer void messageListener 0 1 run void lt lt Java Interface gt gt A OnMessageReceived DesktopProgram Figure 4 6 UML for Desktop Program 4 3 2 Portable Device From section 4 2 2 the code to add a send button as well as a thread that constantly listens for messages from the server After this a way to show the different messages in the current activity needed to be implemented An easy way to show a number of text messages was to make a list View This is an interface item that shows items in a vertically list with the possibility of scrolling To do so an arrayList lt String gt was chosen as the list type Code was added to both the client thread
92. nt to these categories one would have a look at the piping and instrumentation diagram for the specific system An example of one of these diagrams is displayed in figure 5 1 This example displays only the cooling system in a power plant and gives a sense of how many power plant units there actually is To make a general suggestion for this system would be very difficult for someone that has not sat ones foot inside a power plant To make these phrases it would be better to have someone that knows the system explain what phrases they use most commonly As one have the option of adding categories and content it is also possible to add commonly used phrases to the categories In addition to the categories concerning the specific elemts it should be some categories with the more common phrases These would be possible to edit in aftermath and should contain phrases and categories like e Confirmation I how now turned on I have now checked the level on e Refutation 72 5 2 Interview with an operator I do not have time for that now please contact someone else I do not understand what you are asking me to do e Time estimates I think I will use about minutes I will do it immediately 5 2 Interview with an operator After the implementation was finished an interview with an operator was sched uled This interview was held to get the operators view on the application and which phrases he though was n
93. ntent in the end of every category and in the category list make an Add new category As all of the content of the categories was handled in the Stored Category activity this was were most of the changes was implemented In Android layout there is a ViewSwitcher available At first it seemed as a good idea to add a ViewSwitcher to the last item in the array so that one could switch between an EditText layout and a standard TextView This item would however be added to all of the items in the list To only activate this for the last item an onItemLongClickListener was added and which only activated the switch for the last item However the ViewSwitcher will be called every time the get View in the adapter is called And after some testing and failing the result was that the ViewSwitcher altered the behaviour of the application so that there was changed views where it should not be and as the normal onItemClickListener would react when trying to insert text Therefore the ViewSwitcher was deemed as not an appropriated choice for the use of this feature A new activity was then implemented only 63 Chapter 4 Implementation with the layout shown in section 4 2 2 This new activity also needed to be called from the Saved Category Content This activity would return a string When pressing the Add new button in the category list a new category would be added to the list of categories and a new arraylist would be added to the li
94. oao a 63 4 11 Saving Phrases Locally aoaaa a 64 4 12 Saving Messages Locally looo aa a 66 4 13 System sketch UML 00 0 67 5 Content of pre stored phrases 69 5 1 Phrases from papers o ee me oc da ha dee ee a a 69 5 2 Interview with an operator 0004 73 6 Discussion 77 7 Conclusion 87 Bibliography 89 A Example of Communication Between Field Operator and Con trol Room 93 B System Specifications Samsung Galaxy S3 95 C How to Install Content on CD 99 C 1 Desktop Program 0 00 05 eee eee 99 C 2 Portable Unit Application ooa a 102 D User Manual 105 Dl Desktop Program amp b fous a RAAB EG a i go ett A 105 D 2 gt Portablestnit 2 ve a oe Ee Bg SR Be Be ces 106 E Entire system 113 Acronyms and abbreviations IFE HMI UML IAEA NPP FO CRO VOIP Institute for Energy Technology Human Machine Interaction User Markup Language International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Power Plant Field Operator Control Room Operator Voice Over Internet Protocol xi xii List of Figures 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 Br then s analysis of a system from lecture slides 1 Correlation between task entropy and degree of automation Rasmussen s model for operator acting s ooo Correlation of Performance and Str
95. oftware 34 The link between these systems and new social software is largely missing as of the time the article was written However the author believes that the most likely solution is to wait for the next generation of system and include the social software in them Koskinen 34 made a test software that were going to be used within two dis 16 2 5 Commonly Known Android Communication Applications tributed collaboration networks between a group of experts centres and between an expert centre and a process plant The software was used for a year and in that time 220 messages was sent The usage was not obligatory and about 30 of the workers had used it at some point There was not noticeable reluctance of using the software event though it was unknown It seamed as everybody was rather comfortable asking questions as well 2 5 Commonly Known Android Communication Applications In this section there will be presented several commonly known chat applications available for an Android unit The applications is selected from Google Stores most downloaded applications Many of the applications have obtainable applications for other units and there is also some communication applications that is only available for iOS users Neither of these options will be considered in this report 2 5 1 Facebook Facebook is an online social networking site which as of March 2013 had 1 15 billion active users 35 This site requires that the u
96. on to the other part of the program Even so the program needed a server and a client side The control room seemed to be the most fitting side for implementing the server part of the program Before starting to implement a Java file was added to the Java Project In Eclipse this is done by right clicking the source file in the project directory as seen in figure 4 1 36 4 2 Simple TCP Server Client TCP UDP Reliability TCP is connection UDP is connectionless oriented protocol When protocol When you a a file or message send send a data or message it will get delivered un you don t know if it ll less connections fails get there it could get If connection lost the lost on the way There server will request the lost may be corruption while part There is no corrup transferring a message tion while transferring a message Ordered If you send two messages If you send two messages along a connection one af out you don t know what ter the other you know order they ll arrive in i e the first message will get no ordered there first You don t have to worry about data arriv ing in the wrong order Heavy Weight When the low level parts No ordering of messages of the TCP stream ar no tracking connections rive in the wrong order re etc It s just fire and for send requests have to be get This means it s a lot sent and all the out of se quicker and t
97. onversation Add a person to the conversation A menu bar that launces further options 2 5 4 Google Hangouts Earlier known as Google Talk Google Hangouts is an instant messaging and video chat platform developed by Google and launched on May 15th 2013 From before Google had several messaging products namely Talk Google Messenger and Hangouts a video chat system present within Google This application is standard on most Android phones as one need a google account to access the Android applications in Google Store The list of contacts as shown in figure 2 13b is generated through the users gmail contacts that also have gmail accounts The contacts most frequently contacted persons appear at the top as favourites The list of recent conversations can be seen in figure 2 13a The chat view it self can be seen in figure 2 14a In this application it is possible to send standard text maps pictures and emoticons Emoticons is pictures of a very small size that can be included into the text for entertainment of extended information One could chat with one person or start a group chat as one pleases The same applies to video calls seen in figure 2 14b Google Hangouts have a rather typical layout similar to those in Facebook and Viber The classic speech bubbles are there only in Google Hangouts they are square and not rounded in the corners The menu bar consists of the following items e A smiley button to add smileys or emo
98. ot the same It is believed that if the user has some experience the user will improve to a higher level of behaviour faster than those who have not seen it Making them feel a higher sense of user friendliness 84 How positive the person is to changes compared would probably also influence how much the person use the system and it is believed that change friendly persons will adapt to the possibility of the chat application faster than non change friendly 85 86 Chapter 7 Conclusion This Master s Thesis was written for the OECD Halden Reactor Project and the assignment has been determined by IFE Halden The work in this Master s Thesis consists of four parts literature study a sys tem suggestion to be approved by IFE a system implementation and a list of suggested hypothesis to be tested in the upcoming trial Portable devices have not been deployed to Nuclear Power Plants previously and a chat feature is not a part of the current procedures of communication Therefore literature from similar areas of work had to bee applied and to the best extent adapted to the circumstances regarding power plants The system suggestion presented is a composition of ideas from IFE and tested ideas from the theory chapter The layout of the application in the system suggestion is developed looking at commonly known Android communication applications to obtain a layout as familiar as possible for the user This would according to
99. other version is to define different users and from there describe what the different users need Per example will a field operator have different needs in a system than a person sitting in the control room Chapter 2 Theory When finishing the what part of the analysis it s time to focus on the how part This part involves construction of the operators user interface construction of the human machine interaction software and hardware After the analysis part is finished the system needs to be tested This phase is called the experimental part These parts will continuously alter between each other as one see need for improving the system Analytical part Experimental part What Developmentof prototype simulator Establishing Function Analysing demands gt analysis gt operatorstask Evaluation of prototype simulator Construction Construction of operators sl of HMC SW user interface and HW Figure 2 1 Brathen s analysis of a system from lecture slides 1 When automating a system there is several arguments for whether or not the system should be automated While automation indisputably makes most pro cesses faster and in some cases less dangerous than it has been earlier meaning saving money there is some downfalls as well According to Bland 17 there is several reasons for that a system should not be fully automated He mentions amongst others that jobs will be lost as well as valu
100. ous Chat Experiences 2 4 1 Teaching Purposes 242 Air Control oLa anert ge aeeas hea ee 2 4 3 Social Messages in Workplace 2 5 Commonly Known Android Communication Applications 20 1 Facebook r e eor ESOS bw Beste a ah al bee Od 2 052 Naber ae ik e ta blind 22g of ok OE ann 2 0 3 ISKYPC aa ao a SR eae 2 5 4 Google Hangouts Earlier known as Google Talk 2 5 5 snapchati uor e K naa deo oo oe Dae ae 3 System Suggestion 4 Implementation 4 1 Adding New Projects 0 000 4 4 1 1 Java Project for Control Room 4 1 2 Android Project for Portable Device Application 25 33 33 33 34 Contents 4 2 Simple TCP Server Client 000 34 4 21 Control Room ze p ee Sok EE EE Oe ee 36 4 2 2 v Portable Devices x pl i aes hs al ol aw a APA aR Se ee GS 39 4 2 3 Adding exception on port 41 4 3 Displaying Messages oaoa a 42 4 3 1 Desktop Program onau aaa a 42 4 3 2 Portable Device anaana aaae 45 4 4 Expanding User Interface for Chat o oaoa a 48 4 5 Stored Categories oaao aa a ee 50 4 6 Stored Category Content aaa a 51 4 7 Read Confirmation 000 000 eee 54 4 7 1 Desktop Program 2 020005 54 4 7 2 Portable Device naaa e 57 4 8 Sorting of Messages by ID aoaaa a 58 4 9 Adding Pictures to Chat aaau aaa a 60 4 10 Adding Categories or Phrases a
101. out 280 EUR Display Contrast ratio Infinite nominal 3 419 1 sunlight Loudspeaker Voice 75dB Noise 66dB Ring 75dB Audio qual Noise 90 3dB Crosstalk 92 6dB ity Camera Photo Video Battery life Endurance rating 50h Table B 1 Samsung S3 System Specifications 13 97 98 Appendix C How to Install Content on CD The CD in the back of this assignment contains two zip files One named DesktopProgram which is the Java program with the program for the desktop and one named PortableUnitApplication which is the code for the application to run on the portable unit This chapter is an user manual for how to start using this code C 1 Desktop Program To develop Java code one need a text editor and a compiler In this example the Eclipse editor is shown and serves as a very good option when developing for Java This can be downloaded at eclipse org and has a compiler included in its installer The first thing to be done when the editor is installed is to go to File and select Import as shown in C 1 99 Appendix C How to Install Content on CD Java Eclipse eT Edit Refactor Source Navigate Search Project Run V New Alt Shift N gt f Open File Close Ctri W Close AIl Ctrl Shift W Save Ctrl S Save As Save All Ctrl Shift S Revert Move Rename F2 Refresh F5 Convert Line Delimiters To Print Ctrl P Switch Workspa Alt Enter
102. plications made for teaching purposes seen in section 2 4 1 one can see that conversations that consist of previously stored utterances have in average higher rate of understanding and quality Therefore improvement number 2 was suggested As seen in figure 3 4a a plus sign was planned to be added inside the text field This plus sign was then planned to be opening a menu of categories that contained the specific phrase The need for categories instead of simply opening a list of phrases was justified with the amount of phrases needed in a conversation within a plant To make the content more straightforward the requirement of categories was there When pressing one of the categories as shown in figure 3 4b a list of category content would appear where each row is selectable After selecting an item as seen in figure 3 5a the content of the item would be added to the edit text field as in figure 3 5b 29 Chapter 3 System Suggestion Pre stored utterances Categories Please check that VC18 is closed Procedure 3 D11 351 2C Shutdown Maintenance a New plus button b Saved Categories Figure 3 4 New plus button and Saved Categories Pre stored utterances 30 a Pressing button to add new phrase b Press category Figure 3 5 Phrase button and list of categories N Please check up Find thefearest phone This content would then be editable so that it is possible to edit an entry One can
103. preferred for security reasons 5 In the Available Software dialog select the checkbox next to Devel oper Tools and click Next 6 In the next window you ll see a list of the tools to be downloaded Click Next 7 Read and accept the license agreements then click Finish 8 If you get a security warning saying that the authenticity or validity of the software can t be established click OK 9 When the installation completes restart Eclipse When Eclipse restart do the following to configure the plugin 1 In the Welcome to Android Development window that appears select Use existing SDKs 2 Browse and select the location of the Android SDK directory you recently downloaded and unpacked 3 Click Next e Download the latest SDK tools and platforms using the SDK manager This is added with the installation of the SDK When running the application one need to have a portable unit available through the USB port or make an Android Virtual Device The AVD manager was installed along with the Android SDK and can be made in this There are a lot of great guides to this on the internet If you are using a real portable unit you need to activate your android device for debugging That is the slid button on top and the USB debugging option in figure C 4 103 Appendix C How to Install Content on CD RH a D fa lanl lt O Developer options vevugying USB debugging Depug mod Allow mock locations Allow
104. r navigates to the activity onStop I The activity is finishing or being destroyed by the system v onDestroy Figure 4 23 Android Activity Life Cycle 10 As the intention is to have a set of previously made statements in the application as well as the possibility of adding new categories or content this needs to be changed The solution is to remove the static strings from the program and in stead make a resource folder with the saved phrases These phrases was stored in a txt file and with the interpretation as shown in table 4 5 The reason the first item has a 0 and not a 1 in front of it is that the arrayLists is zero indexed The underscore works as an separator and one can therefore have categories or content with several words 65 Chapter 4 Implementation Input from text file Meaning 0__Category1 A new category to be placed first in the list 0__0__Category1Content1 New content to be placed first in the first category 1_Category2 New category to be placed second in the category list Table 4 5 Style of text input When starting the program for the first time the content of the phrases is to be read from this txt file But it is not possible to write to this file in runtime Therefore a local file needed to be established so that new content or categories could be saved in this file The first time the activity was run the content of the txt file was read and then written
105. r offers a complete set of decision action alternatives 10 the computer offers no assistance human must take all decisions and actions LOW 2 2 Psychology and Mental Models The higher the level of automation is the less work is left for the operator This level of automation is not wanted in a system where it is important that no mistakes happen Rasmussen s model for the operator behaviour will as seen in figure 2 3 explain how the operator perceive information and on what kind of level the information will be processed It is important to remember that normally the operator will change where in this model one is operating Starting with the job for the first time one will work at the rule based or knowledge based level while when one has done a task multiple times one will move this task to the skill based set of knowledge The knowledge based actions is more demanding than the two others and involves that the operator would need to have more understanding and insight of the system than required in the other two It is desired that the operators will move from one level to another as they work Knowledge based Problemsolving Rule based Planning Analysis Stimuli Motor skills Activating Skill based Figure 2 3 Rasmussen s model for operator acting One of the main reasons for mistakes in a system is because of stress level Typical reasons for stress can be stated as following
106. ry at the time Sending information between actions is a rather static affair and one can not change the number of items one send The thing that could have been changed was that one added the data to an arrayList and therefore could send as many phrases as one would desire As this feature was added before the save function it was not considered at the time to add a save variable that saved the added content directly to the SD card without returning to the category activity When implementing the adding of new content several methods were tried out The first thing tested was a view switcher that was called every time the user held the lowest button for a time This would change the view from only text to an edit text with a add button The drawback of this was that the switcher was called and inflated the view every time the view was touched Even though it would add a new item the system would keep the view switch on the selected item which by the time would have been the second lowest item When this problem was resolved the problem began that every time one wanted focus to the edit text area the get View function inflated the entire view over and over so that one would never be able to add any content After this failed trial an idea was to add an intent that would simply show in front of the text in a similar manner as the picture selector This intent is a finished feature from Android and a fitting element was not found Therefore the solut
107. s Select a directory to search for existing Eclipse projects Select root directory Projects rowse Select archive file _C Users Hilde Dropbox Master oppgave K v F DesktopProgram DesktopProgram Select All Deselect All Options Search for nested projects Copy projects into workspace Working sets E Add project to working sets Figure C 3 Importing Archive file C 2 Portable Unit Application When developing an Android application one also need a text editor and a compiler If you are using the Eclipse editor it is easy to get started with this The editor is already in place and then one need to follow three simple steps e Download the Android SDK Provides the libraries and developer tools necessary to build test and debug apps for Android Contains Eclipse ADT plugin Android SDK Tools Android Platform tools The latest Android platform The latest Android system image for the emulator e Install the ADT plugin for Eclipse 51 1 Start Eclipse then select Help gt Install New Software 102 C 2 Portable Unit Application 2 Click Add in the top right corner 3 In the Add Repository dialog that appears enter ADT Plugin for the Name and the following URL for the Location https dl ssl google com android eclipse 4 Click OK If you have trouble acquiring the plugin try using http in the Loca tion URL instead of https https is
108. s it might help to lower the percentage of the errors in this area This is something that needs to be tested in the trial though The trial could test both alternatives with the phrases and the ids and see which system they find most useful They could then use the selected phrases to add the phrases they use the most their selves The amount of mistakes in a conversation in a nuclear power plant needs to be virtually none It was explained by the operator that those few error that occur in oral communication normally gets corrected at once Stated by Rognin 32 is that cooperation between operators with closely related work tasks will in most cases team members are rather tolerant of mistakes from other team members This is in a situation in air control where the potential faults may not be as severe as the most extreme faults of a power plant but still rather severe The same mistakes obtained by vocal communication can exist within written communication as well and it is reasonable that if the operators have a high degree of mutual awareness this will also be discovered and corrected in a written message In section 2 4 3 a social communication tool was added to an industrial envi ronment and tested there The result of this trial was that 30 of the workers in the test project used the new method of communication during the test trial This was the number of workers that have tested the system one or several times during the whole trial of
109. s often dependent on the design and procedures already made and a bad design will not give the operator enough support in a pressured situation Stated by Brathen 16 the different levels of automation and task entropy is important for the effectiveness and how the operator would feel about him herselves when working This is illustrated in figure 2 2 The more predictable the work is the less valued the operators feel when doing their work In addition it is easy for a person to loose interest in the job if it is not really a job worth doing Sheridan 21 splits the different levels of automation into the following categorizes HIGH Chapter 2 Theory Completely unpredictable Worthy of human labour Current remote control N Monitoring control Task entropy Current industrial robots Slave labour Mechanized labour Completely predictable Fully manually Degree of automation gt Fully automatic Figure 2 2 Correlation between task entropy and degree of automation the computer decides everything acts autonomously ignoring the human 2 informs the human only if it the computer decides to informs the human only if asked i pa executes automatically then necessarily informs the human allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution executes that suggestion if the human approves suggest one alternative narrows down the selection to a few Ge aN O oi the compute
110. sage it is not always easy to separate what is an emergency and what is only information This is the easiest with face to face conversation but easier with phone calls than only written 75 76 Chapter 6 Discussion In chapter 3 there is a system suggestion that was approved as the prototype to be implemented Some of the discussion mainly which features that where selected to be implemented is placed there As stated in section 2 1 the development of a system involves an analytical part and an experimental part The analytic s What part as seen in figure 2 1 is taken care of in chapter 3 The How part of this is also partly taken care of in that chapter with a suggestion for the layout The construction of the software was however not explained until chapter 4 and discussed in chapter When selecting an internet protocol to use the TCP was selected Even though this part of the program is not going to be part of the program further it turned out to be a good choice Even though connecting to a computer with an IP address and port number may seem a bit complicated this can not be solved unless one has a server to connect to This server would be the server side of the code and both the control room and the field operator would connect to this one This requires a server that delivers a static IP address but is not hard to obtain The use of the TCP protocol worked perfectly fine for its purposes The system needed stabilit
111. sers register before using the site and with that opening a profile From this profile one can add other users as friends It is then possible to communicate with these friends in the chat that is included into the website The Facebook application for Android was launched in 2009 and received gen erally bad critics However the application is as of 17th of November 2013 the second most downloaded application in Google Store The application consist of several parts such as a newsfeed with updates of so called statuses from friends as well as a chat application as shown in figure 2 8 This chat part consist of one view with a display of the chat itselves as seen in 2 8a A list of currently available users is accessible when dragging a finger from the right side of the screen towards the left side seen in figure 2 8b An overview of conversations one has taken part in is also available seen in 2 8c A close up of the chat it self is shown in figure 2 9 The layout of the chat consists of speech bubbles where the messages are displayed The users are separated by gravity of the speech bubble as the ones sent from ones own unit are placed to the right and received messages is placed to the left In addition to the gravity the colour is set to different colour if one is sending or receiving the message To see who the message is from it is added user pictures in front of the message In this application they have added the possibility of adding
112. six months When this is taken into account 30 is not an impressive number When adding that it was voluntarily to use it it makes the percentage a little more decent It still indicates that it might not only be safety that is a factor when renewing a rather conservative industry When workers have worked a while and have reached the skill based action pattern as seen in section 2 2 they might not be as willing to go back to the knowledge based level The operator in the interview was himself more than 82 fifty years old and on a general basis this would mean that he would not be as familiar with chatting on portable devices as per example a person of twenty years This can be seen with the argument given that written communication is not as personal as a phone call although it might not mean that much Another argument is that when introducing the aspect of new technology to a conservative business the people who work there might also be a bit conser vative With a system that can cause severe damages to the environment if something goes wrong they might feel reluctant to change the level of automa tion or procedures because if it works they do not see the point in changing it at all The early version of Murphy s Law in section 2 2 explained that one should be hesitant to add new elements into an already complex system Atten tion obtained by the operator should be in a manner that the operator would handle it when s he have time
113. st of arraylists along with the entry Add new content When adding new content the content was added to the arraylist in question To do so the new string was sent back to the Saved Category Activity and added to the correct arrayList there The new button are shown in figure 4 22a with the triggered activity in figure 4 22b vuwyyiy v New Saved Phrase Add new content Edit Text Add new b Add new phrase activ a Add new phrase ity Figure 4 22 Adding new category or content 4 11 Saving Phrases Locally Android activities are managed as an activity stack When a new activity is started it is placed on the top of this stack and will remain so until another is started or the activity it self exits 10 The life cycle of an activity is shown in figure 4 23 When entering the Stored Category activity the first time all the entries are statically coded into the onCreate method and added to the list with static strings With the previous section 4 10 a problem arises If one have added a new category or new category content this exists when alters between these two activities but when entering it later from the Main Activity it is lost 64 4 11 Saving Phrases Locally onCreate v T onRestart User navigates to the activity ee Another activity comes into the n round eg User returns to the activity Apps with higher priority need memory m The activity is no longer visible Use
114. t a Android XML File 24 Export E nit Test Case amp Refresh F5 C3 Example Assign Working Sets T3 Other Debug As gt Run As gt Validate Team gt Compare With gt Restore from Local History Import from Repository Properties Figure 4 1 Adding new Jave File to Project This file was where all the functions that were needed for the server side of the connection were placed A port to send and receive on was also defined The functions placed in the server were as following Constructor of the class e public TcpServer OnMessageReceived messageListener Function where frame is to be added later e public static void main String args Close the server e public void close Methods to send the messages from server to client e public void sendMessage String message e public boolean hasCommand String message Build a new server connection and listens for incoming messages e private void runServer 38 4 2 Simple TCP Server Client 4 2 2 Portable Device As the control room was selected as the server side the portable device was subsequently selected as the client side In this case the TCP functions that were needed were added to the file that Eclipse added when making the project named MainActivity An Android project is based on activities where each activity is one screen on the device Within these activities the human machine interaction happens When starting
115. t and in a similar manner the control room operators need to actively move the mouse pointer into the window and it does not happen automatically To do so the mouse pointer enters the message area and the mouseEntered function is called In this function one sends the read confirmation to the portable unit One problem with this is that the mouseEntered function will be called every time the mouse pointer enters the frame This can be more often than the frequency of new messages and can cause the connection to the portable unit being flooded In order of avoiding this a boolean variable was added that indicated that the read message will only be sent if there is messages that are unread The class diagram with the files updated in this section is displayed in section 4 15 55 Chapter 4 Implementation 56 Focus listener Focus events are triggered when a unit gains or loses the keyboard focus This is true whether the change of focus hap pen with the mouse the keyboard or programmatically Mouse Listener Mouse events are triggered when the user uses the mouse to interact with a component The activities that invoke an event are e The mouse enter the item e The mouse leaves the item e The mouse presses an item e The mouse release the item it as released The mouse is clicked Window listener This listener listens for window events These are invoked by the actions e The window is s
116. t gt MainActivity com app portabledevicespplication a socket Socket 4 run boolean msg String SF SERVERPORT int SF SERVER_IP String Sof SELECT_PHRASE int printWriter PrintWriter bufferedReader BufferedReader o messageList ArrayList lt String gt a senderList ArrayList lt String gt n timeList ArrayList lt String gt a readList ArrayList lt Boolean gt a context Context a listView ListView S MainActivity onCreate Bundle void onSendClick View void onPlussClick View void onActivityResult int int Intent void addToArrays String String boolean boolean void getNewTime String onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean chatAdapter 0 1 lt lt Java Class gt gt ChatRowAdapter com app portabledevioeapplication a context Context a textViewResourceld int of messageList ArrayList lt String gt d senderList ArrayList lt String gt of timeList ArrayList lt String gt d read ArrayList lt Boolean gt amp ChatRowAdapter Context int ArrayList lt String gt ArrayList lt String gt ArrayList lt String gt ArrayList lt Boolean gt getView int View ViewGroup View getCount int gettem int Object getttemid int long lt lt Java Class gt gt COM app portabledev iceapplication A RL RelativeLayout 4 label TextView 4 message TextView 4 time TextView 4 check ImageView af ViewHolder
117. t Intent void addToArrays String String boolean void onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean Figure 4 12 UML for updated files in this section 4 6 Stored Category Content When the stored categories was implemented in section 4 5 there was a need to fill these categories and to display the content in a similar layout as the one 51 Chapter 4 Implementation displaying the category list them selves In order of avoiding one activity per category one needed to hold all of the data in the Stored Category class and thereafter pass the selected category content to the new activity according to the category chosen To hold the arrayLists that needed to be sent to the new activity an ArrayList lt ArrayList lt String was needed For list Views it is possible to add an item click listener which returns the position of the item selected This can be seen in code section 4 8 Listing 4 8 Listen for pressed item in List View list View setOnItemClickListener new OnItemClickListener Override public void onItemClick AdapterView lt gt parent View view int position long id FJS Subsequently when an item in the arraylist displayed in the Stored Category Activity was pressed the content in the arraylist that holds the other arraylists for the same position was sent to the Stored Category Content Activity To send data to another activity one can send it along with the intent that starts the
118. t of all I would like to give a big thanks to my supervisor at NTNU Amund Skavhaug who despite the physical distance have been a great help with con structive feedback and keeping high spirits I would also like to thank IFE Halden represented by Svein Nilsen and the Systems and User Interface De partment for housing me during this time and helping with the theoretical and practical parts of the Master s Thesis My lovely family deserve a big pat on the back for being there for me during the time of this Master s Thesis Even though not everybody is still around I would like to state my gratefulness that they all always believe in me and if needed is never short of encouragement My enjoyable funny and weird friends does also deserve a round for being there not only this last five months but also during the five years leading up to it vi Abstract The Nuclear Power Industry nowadays is still operating with communication equipment that does not utilize the technology that has become common the last 20 years There is a desire to upgrade these communication systems and a research activity has been started on this task at the OECD Halden Reactor Project As the communication between field operators and control room still consist of a broadcast landlines system a possibility is to add a portable unit with a synchronous messaging feature commonly known as a chat As the consequences of faults in a Nuclear Power Plant is potentially fat
119. the most com mon way of communication within the plant is by telephone but there is also speakers spread around the plant as well as an intercommunication system that connects the control to some specific areas of the plant When the control room want to reach the field operators a call is made at the general broadcast system and the field operator in question will have to go to the nearest intercommunication cabinet and place a call from there Previously radio and pagers are not aloud inside the plane because of the high risk of electronic interference with the integrated circuits Carvalho 24 made studies on this subject and they observed some difficulties in this routine One of them is that there is several so called blind spots in the plant where there was no speaker available or it was to noisy to hear the sound from them Another was that the field operator had to stop his work to answer the call from the control room The same author wrote an article some years later 2 were it was explained how the communication between the supervisors in the control room and the field operators were executed This is displayed in figure 2 5 As pictured the control room will observe an alarm a fault or something else When this is discovered they find the correct procedure to be carried out as a cause of this Inside the control room it is procedures of most of what is going to be done If the control room operator is insecure about the information
120. the users 24 Chapter 3 System Suggestion In section 2 1 one can see Brathen s suggestion for how one is supposed to implement a system It exists of three parts The first one is a analytical part which contain three items Establishing demands Function analysis and analysing operator tasks For readability some of the theory will be discussed in this section The first thing that needs to be done is to establish demands The essential demand in this situation is the need to utilize new technology in industry As stated in section 2 3 there is three main concerns when adding new technol ogy to the Nuclear Power Industry To take advantage of new technology can potentially fulfil all three of these conditions if it is done properly To add a chat system can decrease operations with the fact that the field operators would not need to walk to the phone for simple messages and therefore increase the productivity When increasing productivity one can possibly also increase pro duction The safety can be improved with the continuous messages if something is wrong Function analysis is the second item in the list With this part of the system Brathen mean that the system designer should think about the different prob lems that can occur and which measures should be taken This will be done subsequently in this chapter Analysing operator tasks would in this case involve finding out what the field operator does As this assignment is only
121. theory make the users more inclined to sooner be acquainted with the chat and improve user friendliness It was also suggested to add some features to avoid confusion and misunderstandings in the communication Ad ditions to avoid confusion from system suggestion are read confirmation saved phrases and log of messages regarding one item This system suggestion was displayed to scientists at IFE and approved as the system to be implemented When implementing the application the system suggestion functioned as a foun dation and was followed to a large extent Some changes was made to the appli cation to accommodate for programmatic challenges and to better the perceived user friendliness and the entirety in the application After the application was finished it was made an attempt on making cate gories and filling them with phrases This turned out to be difficult with the amount of experience in communication between control room and field opera tors combined with the lack of articles on the subject To add more experience 87 Chapter 7 Conclusion a operator was interviewed He did not believe in the feature of phrases as it was too many items in a power plant to talk about and it was difficult to generalize conversations Subsequently he did not believe that messages should be sorted by ids either It is a possibility of sorting the ids on the systems The operator believed mostly in the possibility of adding multimedia messages to
122. ticons to the conversation e A area to add messages e A way to turn on off the location of ones wherabouts e A camerabutton to upload pictures 22 2 5 Commonly Known Android Communication Applications es 7 4 40 Q Hangouts i Q Hangouts i gs College buddies Now College budd B g Ei B oun m ys Taco Tuesdays Nein Taco Tuesday MA Jessica fim going dancing s Jessica Fm goin a IZED Peters besties ii rey Peter s bestie IG iil v Missed video can V Missed video Aaron LeBuf 9 re 5 g eah Muniz tie aff af Eg p Fotonin es cS essica Nguyer o EJ a Re bd a List of conversations b Online Users Figure 2 13 Screen shot from Hangouts Android application 2 8 Q Hangouts College budd CA f Sorry just woke up SE Any place in mind for O B Taco Tuesday Jessica I m goin Peter s bestie V Missed video Early bird catcheth the worm are you at bedstraw major fomo Yup Stephen from suggested it ay a Chat b Call with several users Figure 2 14 Screen shot from Hangouts Android application 1 8 23 Chapter 2 Theory 2 5 5 Snapchat Snapchat is a photo messaging application developed by Stanford University Students 38 When using the application users can take photos or record videos and send to their friends Before sending the user could add text or drawing onto the picture as seen in 2 15a These photo video messages could be sent to a list of pre
123. tion would add one value to each array as it was called Code to deal with the pictures was also added to the sorting feature displayed in section 4 8 The new bitmap retrieved from the intent was then stored in its own array and displayed in the chat application as shown in figure 4 20 At this point some padding was added to the speech bubbles to avoid that the content would be displayed outside the bubble 61 Chapter 4 Implementation Portable Device Application Control Room Can you send a picture Received 2013 11 26 10 57 09 Operator Yes here Sent 2013 11 26 10 57 29 Figure 4 20 Chat with pictures What was soon discovered when adding these pictures was that pictures take a lot of space in memory for the application For the small images needed to be displayed in this chat application the full picture was not needed to be displayed Therefore a thumbnail of the picture was needed to be displayed in the Main Activity The thumbnail in this example is a simple black picture that is meant as an illustration It is however not possible to see any details in a picture of such a small size and the choice to have a function that display the picture on a full screen was made As it exists a setOnItemClickListener function it also exist a se tOnItemLongClickListener This function will then trigger the display of the picture in the Picture Gallery that is in the phone To be able to obtain the picture it
124. to the user having the phone number in his hers contact list The functionality of the application contains the normal chat functionality as seen in figure 2 10a One can add pictures and there is a large collection of sticker that can easily be accessed by pressing the pluss sign The contact list in figure 2 10b is also rather similar to the other applications discussed in this section The thing that makes Viber differ from the other applications in this section is the ability to send video or sound files via the chat view To do so one press the pluss sign and select the option one want to The sound files are not available in other widely distributed applications Dina Mayer ig Celina Clark A Abby Phillips Antonio La Cava a Chat b Contact List c Sound conversation Figure 2 10 Screen shot from Viber Android application 6 Upon receiving a SMS from a contact on Viber this message will also open in 19 Chapter 2 Theory the application The drawback is that it is not possible to send SMSs from the application and one the need to open the message program one selves and send a message from there The layout in the chat application separates the messages in a similar way as facebook 2 5 1 with different gravity colour and user pictures It is also possible to change the background of which the messages are displayed on The bar on the bottom consists of the following items e A plus sign to add stic
125. to this local file After this it was necessary to check which file should be read from In order to do so the sizes of each files was compared and the biggest file was read from when populating the arrays Every time an item was added it was also written to the local file These methods was placed in its own class and accessed with a object that access the available methods To be able to write to the local storage the code in listing 4 13 needed to be added to the Android Manifest This would grant access to the external storage in the SD card Listing 4 13 PermissionStorage lt uses permission android name android permission WRITE_EXTERNAL STORAGE gt 4 12 Saving Messages Locally The same problem that occurred in section 4 11 occurred for the Main Activity when the entire application was started over again The code for storing the saved phrases and the messages was pretty much alike except the different file names Therefore most of the code used to save the phrases and categories could be used to save the messages and the other new methods were added to the same class The first time the application is run no messages are stored and so it is not necessary to read from the text file Code was added to check if the message file in the local SD card was empty and if it was not empty messages was read from it 66 4 13 System sketch UML Messages was added to the text file in the same manner as with t
126. ttp developer android com sdk installing installing adt html Online accessed 06 12 2013 16 28 Appendix A Example of Communication Between Field Operator and Control Room This section will display examples of communication within a Nuclear Power Plant Turbin Operator An alarm on low coolant on 441 PC2 has arrived I want you to open 441 VC102 a bit so that the alarm goes away You can take a look at the local flowmeter 441 KC316 when you adjust the flow Call me when you have adjusted the flow Field Operator I will open 441VC102 so that the flow alarm goes away I will call when this is done TO Good that is correct Table A 1 Communication Example 1 93 Appendix A Example of Communication Between Field Operator and Control Room 94 Reactor Operator Field Operator RO FO RO FO We have received a fault report on a somewhat el evated exhaust temperature on a cylinder on Diesel A when test running it yesterday We are therefore doing a new test now and the mechanics department are doing measurements as we go along I want you to do controls before the test drive and call me when you are finished I will do controls before test run on diesel A I will notify you when I am finished Thereafter mechan ics are going to join when test running it to control the cause of the elevated exhaust temperatures on a cylinder Yes that is correctly perceived How long do you think before you are fin
127. uter aided conversations was 11 75 while the mean for natural conversations was 8 33 Avoiding Chat Confusion A group of scientists from Rio de Janeiro developed a chat tool to be used in educational debates As one of the main goals in a debate is to avoid confusion this was one of their main concerns when making the chat program 31 One of the first problems that occurred was that users sometimes lost track of which message was currently answered They decided that the reason behind this was because of the non linearity of the chat session messages A HyperDialogue tool was then launched where the sender marked which theme s he was responding to The drawback of this was that 7 5 of the messages was wrongly marked and made the conversation even harder Another problem mentioned by the users was that it was difficult to read all the messages during the debate This problem was aggravated when many messages 13 Chapter 2 Theory 4 Voiced system 1 Learner selects amp utterance heard by submits utterance from system interface Text to s engi ine Database 2 Dialogue engine of processes learner input and matches to database Tutor creative writer develops system characters amp conversation scenarios Figure 2 6 System figure of chat program were exchanged within a short period of time They solved this problem with a timer which added a delay between each message This solution did prevent the users havin
128. writing A way the chat applications from section 2 5 has solved this is to be able to send emoticons As this seems to be kind of unnecessary in a professional situation this was not done in this application However to simulate a simple nod of the head the read confirmation was implemented This function needed to be implemented in both the desktop program as well as in the portable device Another improvement to the chat program from 2 4 1 was to add tags to the message which explained which item the information was about From sec tion 2 3 it was explained that each plant component in a NPP have its own identification number Please check up 1234 Figure 3 2 Log of messages A symbol that is not often used in any language is the symbol In several social networks for example Twitter or Instagram this is used as a hashtag Hashtag is a form of metadata tag which makes it possible to group the messages together When adding this symbol in front of a number the following word will transform into a link as seen in figure 3 2 When pressing the number as seen in figure 3 3a the view in figure 3 3b would 28 appear This view would display every message that has a link to the current item being pressed Log for item 1234 Please check 1234 Please check out 1234 Please check 1234 b Display items with correspond a Pressing link ing id Figure 3 3 Pressing id displaying list of messages From ap
129. xt and to the communication media A message may explicitly mention the intended receivers by their name or the identification of their role There is not a synchronous way of messaging each other but the messages are still possible to be delivered as synchronous messages when the attention is achieved Contrary to messages where the intended receivers are mentioned the non addressed communication corresponds to messages that are available to the receiver without the explicit intention of the sender to send them these messages This would be due to communication support This does not mean that the sender is not aware of the fact that messages are available to these non intended receivers Neither does this mean that the sender does not want them to receive the message This article 32 concludes with that cooperation in a shared workspace with between operators with closely related tasks and skills naturally exhibits pow erful dependability features where redundancy and diversification are exploited within the team as means for preventing or even tolerating potential errors from team members These capacities are based on several factors such as mu tual awareness which is mainly supported by human communication within the working groups This includes the underlying mechanisms associated to human communication to improve its efficiency and dependability 2 4 3 Social Messages in Workplace Misunderstandings during synchronous messagin
130. y and especially the importance of having the messages delivered in the correct order is important to a chat application As the TCP protocol delivers both these features it would be better than the UDP When adding multimedia the UDP protocol is a good choice as well but when security is such an important aspect of the application the need for steady video streams would probably be less important The videos and sound that is a possible solution for this application would not be streaming sound or videos either but recording only to be sent and played on the portable device The TCP client in the applications was placed in a thread to keep the listening running even though the activity was recycled as explained in section 4 11 One of the main reasons for implementing a chat application to a power plant would be to be able to reach the field operators even in areas that they cannot 77 Chapter 6 Discussion hear the broadcast calls If deploying a system like this one would need to make sure that the internet connection is available at all places inside the plant Control Room Desktop Program The control room side program was implemented only to display the messages sent from the portable device and check that the internet protocol actually worked It also worked as a way of sending the read confirmation This was implemented so that every time the pointer entered the frame a read confir mation was sent to the portable device The
131. y with short clarifying questions IFEs activities are oriented toward experimental studies in their human machine laboratory where they use operators from Nuclear Power Plants that study how iii Assignment they carry out their assignment and how it is affected by the availability of the different operator support systems as computer based procedure systems Portable units are planned to be tested during 2014 There is a current research activity of designing and developing these portable units Some are finished but others remains One of the remaining is chat functionality This assignment contains the following elements 1 A general literature study about human factors problems related to chat This study should be completed to interpret established theories into the current context that is the nuclear power industry 2 A recommendation of a design of the chat functionality for the prototype that is under development 3 Implementation of chat functionality on an Android unit which also runs the other parts of the system 4 A list of hypotheses that can be explored during a future study in HAMM LAB iv Preface This report is written as a Master s Thesis of a Master of Science degree in Engineering Cybernetics and is an answer to the assignment shown on the page after the title page This assignment has been written for and carried out as a part of the OECD Halden Reactor Project conducted by IFE Halden Firs
132. y write that during the day the number of work related messages sent during each thirty minute interval is rather consis tent during the day However the number of non work and humour messages increase significantly when one is closing in on the end of the work day Which result in a rather steep boost in the percentage of non work messages displayed in the curve The most research of social messages in a workplace takes place in Percent of each message type 142 Non work 40 Humor Work O N A OQO amp 400 600 800 10 00 12 00 14 00 16 00 18 00 20 00 Hour of day Figure 2 7 Percentage of Non work Humor and Work messages that occur on average in each 30 minute period of a weekday 3 an office environment There are a lot of similarities between social software in offices and in industry but one main difference is that work in a process plant takes place in shifts and the continuous production requires real time monitor ing Control rooms are equipped with several monitors and computer systems In addition to watch over the steer the production the personnel in the control room need to collaborate with other areas of the production as well as experts off site Social software in an in industrial context should be closely integrated to the existing work context and existing ICT infrastructure such as production sys tems product data management customer relation management and other enterprise resource planning s
133. ype Android application contains a list of conversations as shown in figure 2 11b and the chat it self as shown in figure 2 12a Also in this application it is possible to participate in group conversations Figure 2 12b displays the User Interface when calling other users The displayed picture is a call without video and therefore the profile picture is used Skype also have a home page with the recent status updates and events from contacts as well as the people that is called the most often 2 11a James lt io 9 00 24 James EVERYONE is going to be there e can t wait wanna go now James LOL Will shout when I get out of work big night u ready was born ready a amp amp a Chat b Call Figure 2 12 Screen shot from Skype Android application 2 7 Contrary to Facebook in section 2 5 1 and Viber in section 2 5 2 there is no speech bubbles seperating the different chat entries The only thing seperating is the colour of the entry as well as the picture of the sender The menu bar in this application contain two menu bars with the content e Upper menu bar 21 Chapter 2 Theory A plus button thet upload video files of pictures A area to write the message A smiley button to upload smileys e Lower menu bar Video button to start video call with the person included in the current conversation Phone button to start a voice call to the person s included in the c

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