Ethernet Boot loader for ARM Processor
Contents
1. unsigned char RemoteIP 2 0 unsigned char RemoteIP 3 38 aN NNN oN Intialize Remote MAC unsigned char RemoteMAC 0x3C unsigned char RemoteMAC 1 0x4A unsigned char RemoteMAC 2 0x92 unsigned char RemoteMAC 3 0xD5 unsigned char RemoteMAC 4 0x29 unsigned char RemoteMAC 5 0x84 UDPLowLevelInit Initialize EMAC for UDP UDPLocalPort 1200 Set port we want to listen to UDPRemotePort 1024 Set port we want to Send to while 1 if Arp_reply 0 If ARP reply not received yet Send ARP request to Server to obtain its MAC address i PrepareARP REQUESTY 781 6 CONCLUSION Using the above procedure the external memory of the system can be used as the internal memory for booting up The flash memory in this case contains the firmware for the system which was supposed to be programmed in the internal flash Hence due to the wide space available for the firmware firm wares of up to 4GB can be programmed in the external flash for execution The procedure uses all the free and evaluation version soft wares The process is hence cost effective and does not provide any overhead to the system with respect to finances The results show that the data corruption check is also performed which confirms the programming of the correct firmware in the external memory The process can be modified and used2. Pre rupe sere a r Cume jd PumpKIN started firmware bin of type octet is requested from 192 168 0 100 A Server is running MA Fig 7 PumpKIN Window Transfer Begins IJSER 2013 http www ijser org International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2013 780 ISSN 2229 5518 PumpKIN X Prie o e oeer L a e The host 192 168 0 100 is attempting to send you a file flashIMG bin Accept Deny Access 7 PumpKIN started firmware bin of type Resume File Edit View Call Transfer Help Sending write request to IFIP Server 192 1 Sending write request to TFTP Server 192 1 Write request confirmed by Server BlkSize 512 negotiated Reading the program image from External Flash and uploading to server for verification Flash image uploaded to Server Executing user code Connected 00 00 31 Auto detect 9600 8 N 1 APS NUM wya Hyg 2 File Edit Wee Cal Tee Help De 55 Of E read request to Server 168 0 38 read request to Server l68 8 38 read request to Server 2 168 H8 38 read request to Server 168 0 38 ing read request to Server 19 g read request to Server ing read request to Server B 38 read request to Server 2 168 H 38 read request to Server 168 8 38 read request to Server 192 168 0 38 ing read request to Server 197 168 0358 read request to Server 192 168 8 8 Sending read req
3. PumpKIN Software Options Tab Network Set the Default connection timeout to 30 seconds Set the Default block size to 512 bytes Click on OK button The TFTP Server is now configured to start listening for incoming requests booting Generate the application code binary file explained in next section name it as firmware bin and copy it into the PumpKIN TFTP server root directory Connect the board to an Ethernet port in the network using a LAN cable The boot loading progress is displayed on the HyperTerminal Fig 5 When PumpKIN receives a read request from the boot loader it prompts the user for permission It displays the IP address from which the request is received and the filename that is requested Fig 6 On granting access the Server starts transferring the binary file to the boot loader The connection status and the activity log are displayed in their respective windows Fig 7 Similarly when PumpKIN receives a write request from the boot loader it prompts the user for permission It displays the IP address from which the request is received and the filename that will be copied to the root directory Fig 8 On granting access the Server starts accepting the binary file from the boot loader The connection status and the activity log are displayed in the respective windows uploading the Flash image to the PumpKIN TFTP Server the boot loader jum
4. Read Request Behavior Confirmation C Give all files timeout Prompt before giving file Deny all requests Write Request Behavior C Take allfiles C Prompt if file exists Always prompt before accepting file C Deny all requests Log file eave empty to disable logging to file D Projects Pumpkin pumpkin log G o cw Ar e Fig 3 PumpKIN Software Options Tab Server 7 The duration for which the Server waits for a reply from the boot loader can be adjusted using the Confirmation timeout slider 8 In the Log file text box enter the directory path and filename of the log file to be created The log file logs all download upload requests received by Server The log file can be viewed in any text editor like notepad etc 9 Click on the Network tab The Network tab opens as shown in Fig 4 10 In the UDP Ports section set the incoming and outgoing ports to 69 standard TFTP port 11 Enter the IP address of your PC in the ip address field http www ijser org International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2013 779 ISSN 2229 5518 12 13 14 After Options Server Network Sounds Access Lists UDP Ports Listen for incoming requests on port c9 Send outging requests to port 69 Default connection timeout 30 seconds 512 bytes Default block size ok ce av e Fig 4
5. User Manual for ARM 7 NXP website Website for PumpKIN http kin klever net pumpkin Website for TFTP http tftpd32 jounin net Website for HXD software http mh nexus de en hxd Website for Remote Server http tools etf org html rfc1350 Website for Remote Server http tools etf org html 1fc2347 Website for Flash Magic http flashmagic com IJSER 2013 http www ijser org 782
6. bin Offsect h 00 04 ot 00000000 18F09FE5 18FO05FE5 18FO95FE5 18F0IFES D 00000010 18F09FE5 D0000ADEi1 20F11FE5 i18FO5FES5 4Y4 amp 4 4 4Y4 00000020 58000080 40000080 44000080 48000080 X 8 D H 60000030 4C000080 00000000 50000080 54000080 L P T 00000040 FEFFFFEA FEFFFFEA FEFFFFEA FEFFFFEA poy epeyepyoepoye 00000050 FEFFFFEA FEFFFFEA ACO29FES AALOACES pyy pyy s T 00000060 SSZOADES OO3OAO S3 AOSIGOES OOSOAOES U 4 0 4 1 4 0 00000070 OCSIBOES 2330AOES3 43080ES BCiOSOKES 1 480 A o Aq C 00000080 2S C2090ES O13O0AOEJ 03090E S CiOSOES 4 0 e ocAq c 00000090 BC2080ES 2903O090ES 013213E2 FCFFFFOA 0 4 3 4 gy 000000AO 8E3OSOKFS 64429FES 043003KFO 2340AOEF3 0 dB 0 49 amp 000000BO0 043033FO0 FSFFFFi1A 0530AOE3 04318OF5 03 gy 0 amp 1 o00000CO OSSOADES 098318OKF5 0030AOE3 AS318OEKFS5 0 amp 1 4 0 E 1 000000DO 0030AOE3 AC3180E5 0330AOE3 803080 5 0 8164 0 amp ot hto AFARA 5 6 AEAEE AAAA Y ci cd va i kiina a a sees mE Fig 11 HDK Software Identical files 1 External Flash 2 Created by User The part of the code for the impelementation of UDP for TFTP is given below void UDPLowLevellnit void Init EMAC TransmitControl 0 print n n print nEMAC Initialized n print nOur IP 192 168 0 100 n print nOur MAC
7. files to be completely identical The boot loader keeps sending requests to the TFTP server for a predefined timeout period If there is no reply from server within this period the boot loader times out and jumps to the external flash start address and starts executing the application code already present in flash Also if the user denies access for downloading uploading the binary file when the TFTP server asks for permission the TFTP server sends an error message to the boot loader On receiving an error message the boot loader stops sending requests and jumps to the external flash start address and starts executing the application code 5 TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL TFTP is a simple protocol to transfer files and therefore was named the Trivial File Transfer Protocol or TFTP It has been implemented on top of the Internet User Datagram Protocol UDP so it may be used to move files between machines on different networks implementing UDP It is designed to be small and easy to implement It can read and write files from to a remote server As in 4 rfc1350 and 5 rfc2347 for detailed explanation of TFTP protocol Installing and configuring the TFTP server The Bthernet boot loader was tested using PumpKIN as in 1 TFTP server The procedure for installing and configuring PumpKIN on PC is as follows 1 Run the executable pumpkin 2 7 3 exe 2 Launch PumpKIN exe 3 The PumpKIN TFTP Server window opens
8. it into the external flash It then jumps to the external flash start address and starts executing the application code from external flash The literature survey for the same is done by referring the 1 7 references in the reference section 2 BOOTLOADER 2 1 What is a boot loader The code that runs before any operating system is called the boot loader Operating systems have their specific set of boot loader Boot loader may be used in several ways to boot the OS kernel The boot loader also consists of commands for debugging and or modifying the kernel environment The boot loader is a highly processor and board specific software or firmware which runs at every power up or reset e Sayali Kulkarni is currently pursuing masters degree program in VLSI and Embedded Systems from Pune University India PH 09657710122 E mail kulkarnisayo gmail com e Charudatta V Kulkarni is currently working as a Professor in MIT College of Engineering Pune India E mail charudatta kulkarniQ mitcoe edu in e Rakesh Mehta is currently working as the CEO of Bitmapper Integration Technologies Put Ltd Pune India Email rakesh mehta bitmapper com This information is optional change it according to your need 2 2 Board and Processor Specific Boot loader commences before any other software starts in the OS Hence the boot loader needs to be highly processor specific and board specific The necessary initializations to prepare the system fo
9. 00 30 6C 00 00 02 n print nTFTP Server IP Port 192 168 0 38 69 n print n n This function reads the length of the received ethernet frame and checks if the destination address is a broadcast message or not unsigned int IsBroadcast void unsigned short RecdDestMAC 3 48 bit MAC Address RecdFrameLength StartReadFrame CopyFromFrame_EMAC amp RecdDestMAC 6 Receive DA to see if it was a broadcast CopyFromFrame_EMAC amp RecdFrameMAC 6 Store SA for our answer if RecdDestMAC 0 OxFFFF amp amp Check if destination address is broadcast RecdDestMAC 1 OxFFFF amp amp RecdDestMAC 2 OxFFFF return 1 else IJSER 2013 http www ijser org International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2013 ISSN 2229 5518 return 0 j j For Flash EMC STA WAITRDO 0xlf EMC STA WAITPAGEO Ox1f EMC STA WAITWRO 0xl1f EMC STA WAITTURNDO Oxf delay 10000 print nReading External Flash ID n if FLASHCheckID FALSE print nFlash External ID Invalid n print nExternal Flash ID verified Flash SST39VF1602 Microchip Inc Vn Main DataTransfer Code part FLASHInit Initialize EMC for accessing External Flash Intialize Remote IP unsigned char RemoteIP 192 unsigned char RemoteIP 1 168
10. AC address On receiving an ARP reply the boot loader sends a read request to a TFTP server for downloading the binary image of the application code A TFTP Server application as in 15 PumpKIN or 16 tftpd32 runs on PC and keeps listening for incoming TFTP requests on UDP port 69 On receiving a read request the TFTP server prompts the user whether to grant access to the file or not If permission is granted the TFTP server starts sending the binary file in blocks of 512 bytes to the boot loader The boot loader accepts the data blocks and after receiving 4096 bytes programs one sector of external flash This process continues till the entire binary file has been transferred to the external flash To verify that the programming of external flash has been successful the boot loader reads the external flash and uploads it as a binary file to the TFTP server For this it sends a write request to the TFTP server The TFTP server prompts the user whether to accept the file or not If permission is granted the TFTP server starts accepting IJSER 2013 http www ijser org International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2013 778 ISSN 2229 5518 data from the boot loader and stores it in a binary file Once the uploading is complete the received file can be compared manually with the original application code binary file using a hex editor as in 17 HxD The file compare must show the two
11. AM c Peripheral initialization The boot loader needs to initialize peripherals required for the operation Hence minimum peripheral initializations are done In embedded systems a terminal is required A network connection may also be required if booting is done over the network hence Ethernet card needs to be initialized Initializations done are limited for the boot loader only They are not performed for the entire system The OS either over rides these initializations or discards them d Decide which OS image to start Boot loaders can choose to load one of several kernel images that are known to the boot loader This is used in embedded systems to make sure that a kernel upgrade can be done without fear of power loss during the upgrade Also the backup of the kernel to be loaded needs to be present The boot loaders accept kernel image to be loaded from a known location It provides several ways to load the kernel e Load kernel image from memory e Load kernel image from file e Load kernel image from network e Load kernel image to memory using TFTP 3 ARCHITECTURE The objective of the project is to develop a low power efficient flexible and low cost hardware which can implement and be used as a User interface for the system and can be effectively used in applications related to vehicle automation The system has the following architecture 1 Processor The processor is an advanced fast processor which ca
12. Chen daiyuan External FLASH Memory s Bootloader System for C6000 Telecommunication Engineering vol 49 No5 pp 86 88 May 2009 Daniel Allred and Gaurav Agarwal Software and hardware design Challenges due to the dynamic raw NAND market Texas Instruments Apr 2011 7 Odd Jostein Svendsli Atmel s Self Programming Flash Microcontrollers Print on Hyperterminal a ae Ea print nSending ARP Request to 192 168 0 38 n E pne uu ee im det McGraw Hill 2005 edition pg 365 2 Michael Barr Programming Embedded Systems in C and C Oreilly Publication edition January 1999 IJSER 2013 http www ijser org International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2013 ISSN 2229 5518 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Byte Craft First Steps with Embedded Systems ByteCraft Limited first edition Andrew Sloss Dominic Symes and Chris Wright ARM System Developers Guide Designing and Optimizing System Software published by ELSEVIER 2009 Ted Van Sickle Programming Microcontrollers in C LLH Technology Publishing 2001 Michael Pont Embedded C Pearson Publication 2002 David Katz and Rick Gentile Fundamentals of Booting for Embedded Processors Sept 2009 Site http www embedded com design mcus processors and socs 4008796 Fundamentals of Booting for Embedded Processors NXP
13. International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2013 776 ISSN 2229 5518 Ethernet Boot loader for ARM Processor Sayali A Kulkarni Charudatta V Kulkarni Rakesh Mehta Abstract The Ethernet boot loader is used in the Arm processor to boot the ARM from the external flash memory The internal boot loader is programmed such that the program counter PC starts execution from the address of the external flash device The Ethernet and UART have been used to program the external and internal memory respectively All the utilities and the tools used are either evaluation versions or free softwares Hence the use of expensive boot loaders or boot loading devices is reduced making the module cost effective The module uses a flash of 4Mb as the external memory and an internal flash of 512Kb The Ethernet boot loader can be effectively used for any processor with modifications as applicable The TFTP has been implemented for the file transfer Index Terms AHM Boot loader Ethernet External Boot loader TFTP Processor Bootloader ARM7 1 INTRODUCTION HE Ethernet boot loader has been designed for LPC2478 ARM7 microcontroller having an on chip Ethernet controller and on chip external memory controller EMC interfaced with an external flash The boot loader is designed to download application code in form of a binary bin file from a Server using TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol and program
14. according to the requirements for various processors and embedded systems The paper describes important parts of the process for the use of external memory as the booting memory Some code parts have been provided for quick references The TFTP and UDP are the common protocols used widely hence they have been used to give a good scope for using the process to be used The prime benefit of this procedure is its cost effectiveness The use of chips such as Smart Fusion cSoC by Micro Semi as in 1 JTAG connectors for programming is hence not necessary The paper provides an overlook on an option for the secondary external boot loader to be implemented in an easy convenient and cost effective way 7 REFERENCES 1 2 5 4 5 6 Micro Semi Corporation Application Note AC346 SmartFusion cSoC Loading and Booting from External Memories pp 11 Feb 2012 Mohit Arora and Varun Jain Understanding embedded system boot techniques Freescale Semiconductors Feb 2011 site http www edn com design systems design 4363984 Understanding embedded system boot echniques 4363984 Texas Instruments Incorporated Creating a Second Level Bootloader for FLASH Bootloading on TMS320C6000 Platform with Code Composer Studio Texas Instruments May 2006 Zhang guolong Xu xiaosu Implemention of Secondary Bootloader for Large scale Embedded System Computer Engineering vol 36 No 13 pp 219 221 July 2010
15. as shown in Fig 2 4 To properly configure the PumpKIN TFIP server click on Options button The Options window opens as shown in Fig 3 5 Inthe Server tab enter the path for the TFTP root directory using the browse button This is the folder where the TFTP server searches stores the binary file requested by the boot loader for downloading uploading The user has to create a binary bin file of the application code to be downloaded into the external flash and place it in this root directory The flash image uploaded by the boot loader for verification is also stored by the Server in this root directory The procedure for generating the binary file of the application code in Keil IJSER O 2013 7 PumpKIN a Ls LSE ESE C C8 K Lhe Se he 4 P Fie ite peer ACK ize M Get Fie 4 p ETE PumpKIN stared Le AE LE Z8 T TE AS A Server is running M4 Fig 2 PumpKIN Software window 6 In the Read Request Behavior and Write Request Behavior in the Server tab select Prompt before giving file and Always prompt before accepting file respectively On using these settings the Server will ask for permission before giving or accepting a file If this is not desired other options can be selected as convenient Options pee Server Network Sounds Access Lists TFTP filesystem root download path D Projects Pumpkin Pumpkin Root amp v Allow access to subdirectories
16. n meet the requirements like Ethernet sufficient internal memory inbuilt display driver etc ARM processor 2 Ethernet The system must have an Ethernet chip which can enable it to be controlled over the LAN 3 External UART It needs to have at least 8 UART serial channels for communication hence and external UART is a requirement as most processors cannot satisfy this demand 4 Flash Memory The external ROM is required to store the application code firmware if the internal memory is insufficient Also the system has to boot up from this external memory External 4 UART channels 8 Port TX RX GND 4 UART channels TX RX GND UART XR16L788 DTR RTS for Programming ARM through Serial Port ARM 7 LPC2478 12MHz b d d HOG 25MHz 4 14 78MHz P Fig 1 Block Diagram of the system The other interfaces and peripherals have been designed and the firmware for their interfacing is done with the information from reference 8 14 4 BOOT LOADING SCHEME The Ethernet boot loader is programmed in the internal flash of ARM controller through serial port using Flash Magic After power on reset the Ethernet boot loader starts running It initializes the ARM Ethernet controller for UDP communication and EMC External Memory Controller for accessing the external flash It then sends an ARP request to PC whose IP address is hard coded in the boot loader to obtain its M
17. ps to the external flash start sector address and starts executing the application code The boot loading progress is displayed in HyperTerminal Fig 9 If there is no reply from Server the boot loader times out and jumps to the user code previously loaded in the external flash as shown in Fig 10 10 The files firmware bin and flashIMG bin can be compared using a hex editor as in 17 HxD to verify that they are identical Fig 11 The results of the files transferred can be viewed on the hyper terminal The result will be as follows nyt HyperTerminal File Eda View Call Transfer Help Dg 505i UART Initialized Initializing Memory controller for accessing External Flash on CSO Reading External Flash ID Product Id 0x0OBI 0x234fl External Flash ID verified Flash SST39VF160 2 Microchip Inc Device Id EMAC Initialized Our IP 192 168 0 100 Our MAC 00 30 6C 00 00 02 TFTP Server IP Port 192 168 0 38 69 Sending ARP Request to 192 168 0 238 Sending ARP Request to 192 168 0 38 Sending ARP Request to 192 168 0 38 Sending ARP Request to 192 168 0 38 Connected 000111 Auto detect 9600 8 N 1 NUM Fig 5 Hyperterminal UARTO Initialisation 7 PumpKIN Ex Le Ba LAE RE BRE Ae ae Ae B A The host 192 168 0 100 is requesting the file firmware bin PumpKIN started firmware bin of type oc C PumpKIN gs Gm ZE A
18. r booting the Operating system are performed by the boot loader The OS is more generic and usually is associated to minimum board or processor specific code 2 3 Execution a Starts from ROM Flash When a CPU is in power up or reset the memory has certain preset values in its registers The CPU is unaware of the on board memory and its details It expects to find program code at a specific address The address is the one which points to ROM or Flash this is the commencement of the boot loader firmware e The primary task of the boot loader is to map the RAM to predefined addresses e After RAM is mapped the Stack pointer SP is setup This is the minimal setup required after that the boot loader starts work b Moves itself to RAM for actual work The RAM and Stack pointer are set and ready e The boot loader code is moved to the RAM memory for actual execution e The Flash memory is not used for this purpose because of its slow execution and scarce availability e The Flash memory is most of the times located in the address space that is non executable IJSER 2013 http www ijser org International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2013 777 ISSN 2229 5518 Example A serial flash that can be accessed by reading repetitively from one address Sometimes the actual boot loader software code is compressed and hence must be uncompressed first before writing into the R
19. uest to Server 192 169 80 38 Sending read request to Server 192 168 0 38 Ha reply from Server Bootloader Timed Out Execuling user code Fig 10 Hyperterminal No Reply from Server 2 ayz HyperTermi e IE n soe HD File Edit Search View Analysis Extras Window Perl a Yis 16 ANSI e hex 29 firmveare bin 1 flashIMG bin 28 C Ucers Akha Decktophdiff flec flachIMG ben Offsect h 00 04 oa oc 00000000 18FO9FE5 18FO9FE5 ISFOSFES 1SFOSFES 6Y4 6Y 4 46Y4 6Y4 00000010 18F09FE5 OOOOACEL 20F11FE5 i8FOS9FES 6Y4 A 4 6Y4 00000020 58000080 40000080 44000080 48000080 X D H 00000030 34C000080 00000000 50000080 54000080 L P I 00000040 FEFFFFEA FEFFFFEA FEFFFFER FEFFFFEA pbpyj6py 9o5pU 96po yt 00000050 FEFFFFEA FEFFFFEA ACO29FES AALOAOES pyy epyope YA amp 00000060 5520A0E3 0030AOE3 AO3180E5 0030AO0E3 U 4 0 A 1 4 0 00000070 0C3180E5 2330AO0E3 843080E5 BC1080E5 1 480 A O A GC 00000080 8BC2080E5 0130AOE3 803080ES5 BC1080ES 4 0 amp ocAm 00000090 8BC2080E5 BB3090E5 013313E2 FCFFFFOIZ i 000000A0 883090ES 64429FE5 04300320 2340AOFK 000000BO 043033E0 FOFFFFIA 0530AOE3 043180E 00000020 0530AOE3 083180E5 0030AOE3 AB3180EK 000000DO OO03OAOE3 AC3180ES O3SOAOES BOS080E mm S amp ow9 ws o The chosen files are identical rnt S a aj CAUser Akshay Desktop diff files firmware
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