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1. Ao ee ey t E t e a fe BEEE AE LAEE OE A CIRO NSS mR a re AORA E EEEE IEEE DC DC 3 stage Interleaved Boost Converter Coupled Inductor Voltage Multiplier Tai CONTROL UNIT A pice E ENES ES EEE IVV JO GATE OF MOSFET SWITCHES AVSS 100 ohm ow RB15 PWML1 22 ohm 22 ohm l 100 ohm O ___ e D TRAE TO 5VOLT TO GATE OF MOSFET SWITCHES be 8 0008 0080 08 068 00086008868 800808 2808868 0 Fig 1 1 I INTRODUCTION Nowadays renewable energy is increasingly valued and employed worldwide because of energy shortage and environmental contamination Renewable energy systems generate low voltage output and thus high step up dc dc converters have been widely employed in many renewable energy applications such fuel cells wind power generation and photovoltaic PV systems Such systems transform energy from renewable sources into electrical energy and convert low voltage into high voltage via a step up converter The high step up conversion may require two stage converters with cascade structure for enough step up gain which decreases the efficiency and increases the cost Thus a high step up converter is seen as an important stage in the system because such a system requires a sufficiently high step up conversion www irjes com 8 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System II PROPOSED CONVERTER The proposed c2. Fast switching gt Ease of paralleling gt Simple drive requirements al ga Fig 4 5 2 IRF840 PRODUCT SUMMARY 500 Qg Max nC 63 Qas NC 9 3 Qga NC oe Configuration Single TABLE 4 5 PRODUCT SUMMARY OF MOSFET www irjes com 15 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System Third generation Power MOSFETs from Vishay provide the designer with the best combination of fast switching ruggedized device design low on resistance and cost effectiveness The TO 220AB package is universally preferred for all commercial industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 W The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO 220AB contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry This N Channel enhancement mode silicon gate power field effect transistor is an advanced power MOSFET designed tested and guaranteed to withstand a specified level of energy in the breakdown avalanche mode of operation All of these power MOSFETs are designed for applications such as switching regulators switching converters motor drivers relay drivers and drivers for high power bipolar switching transistors requiring high speed and low gate drive power These types can be operated directly from integrated circuits Features Ids 8A Vds S00V Rds on 0 850 Single Pulse Avalanche Energy Rated SOA is Power Dissipation Limited Nanosecond Switching Speeds Linear Transfer Chara
3. Generator SVG high voltage direct current HVDC applications etc Interleaving technique was also investigated in the early days for the smaller power spacecraft satellite or avionic applications and was introduced as unconventional SMPS power stage architecture In such applications one major concern is the input and output filters rely almost exclusively on tantalum capacitors due to the highest available energy storage to volume ratio at that time However the ESR of this filter capacitor causes high level thermal stress from the high switching pulsed current The input and output filter capacitance is usually determined by the required number of capacitors sufficient to handle the dissipation losses due to the ripple current Interleaving multiple converters can significantly reduce the switching pulsed current go through the filter capacitor By properly choosing the channel number with considering the duty cycle the ripple current may be reduced to zero Furthermore interleaving increases the ripple Frequency to be n n is the total channel number times the individual switching frequency The ESR of the tantalum capacitors is inversely proportional to the frequency NE iP D Ri EMI b i D Filter Ha i D3 Fig 3 1 Circuit diagram of IBC www irjes com 10 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System IV MICROPROCESSOR This Versatile programmer is a dedicated PIC Micro controller
4. contacts called source and drain The channel can be of n type or p type see article on semiconductor devices and is accordingly called an nMOSFET or a pMOSFET also commonly nMOS pMOS It is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more common The metal in the name is now often a misnomer because the previously metal gate material is now often a layer of polysilicon polycrystalline silicon Aluminium had been the gate material until the mid 1970s when polysilicon became dominant due to its capability to form self aligned gates Metallic gates are regaining popularity since it is difficult to increase the speed of operation of transistors without metal gates An insulated gate field effect transistor or IGFET is a related term almost synonymous with MOSFET The term may be more inclusive since many MOSFETs use a gate that is not metal and a gate insulator that is not oxide Another synonym is MISFET for metal insulator semiconductor FET Usually the semiconductor of choice is silicon but some chip manufacturers most notably IBM and Intel recently started using a chemical compound of silicon and germanium SiGe in MOSFET channels Unfortunately many semiconductors with better electrical properties than silicon such as gallium arsenide do not form good semiconductor to insulator interfaces thus are not suitable for MOSFETs Research continue
5. only maintain this if the input voltage remains above about 7V before the output voltage begins sagging below the rated output Its dropout voltage is therefore 7V 5V 2V When the supply voltage is less than about 2V above the desired output voltage as is the case in low voltage microprocessor power supplies so called low dropout regulators LDOs must be used When one wants an output voltage higher than the available input voltage no linear regulator will work not even an LDO In this situation a switching regulatorextension of the said two circuits You will observe that you can infinitely multiply the input voltage by following the pattern of repeatedly adding a series connected rectifier capacitor combination It s up to you to experiment on adding more diodes and capacitor to achieve the desiredoutputvoltage www irjes com 19 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System The above voltage quadrupler circuit uses minimum components to approximately multiply quadrupler the AC voltage Vin across the input terminals The resulting output voltage is DC Direct Current Capacitors C2 and C3 charges to double the value of Vin The series combination of C2 and C3 produces a DC voltage equivalent to two batteries connected in series The result is an output DC voltage that is four times the value of Vin The voltage rating of the diodes and capacitors used should be within safe level preferably
6. 48 10 15 Vec one IGET Fig 4 6 IR2110 Driver 4 7 POWER SUPPLY UNIT Power Supply for PIC 16F877A Microcontroller This section describes how to generate 5V DC power supply and 12V DC power supply www irjes com 17 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System POWER SUPPLY ei SV 12v gt po i 47UF 125V sey eais m 4 230i 0 1 2VAC D 1 4 1N4007 Fig4 7 Power Supply Unit The power supply section is the important one It should deliver constant output regulated power supply for successful working of the project A 0 12V 1mA transformer is used for this purpose The primary of this transformer is connected in to main supply through on off switch amp fuse for protecting from overload and short circuit protection The secondary is connected to the diodes to convert 12V AC to 12V DC voltage And filtered by the capacitors which is further regulated to 5v by using IC 7805 and 12v by using IC7812 TO 220 Single Gauge GND 1 Input 1 2 GND 3 Output Susunan Kaki IC Regulator e O 1 A 3 1 s 3 IN Out Gnd Out Gnd IN 78xx untuk regulator positif 79xx untuk regulator negatif Fig 4 7 1 Regulator IC s www irjes com 18 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System Fig 4 7 2 Regulators Unit In electronics a linear regulator is a component used to maintain a steady voltage The resi
7. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science IRJES ISSN Online 2319 183X Print 2319 1821 Volume 4 Issue 3 March 2015 PP OS 21 High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System 1 p R Karunakaran Mr Lingeshwaran M E Bharath University M E Assistant Professor Abstract In this project A novel high step up converter which is suitable for renewable energy system is proposed Through a voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the lifetime of the input source In addition due to the lossless passive clamp performance leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal Hence large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated and the efficiency is improved Keywords Interleaved boost converter Matlab Simulink Solar panel rectifier Voltage multiplier module En ee eee ge ee eee ae a ptt ty m ri rs L1 e i i i H Iia A it 4 lt da A i aut e ry an Vie waa i 3 f r e i Ii t i 4 oO E E PV i S1 2 s3 i i a Ti t aE ci ii Lous Po eo pe
8. L S Yang A novel high step up DC DC converter for a microgrid system IEEE Trans Power Electron vol 26 no 4 pp 1127 1136 Apr 2011 C T Pan and C M Lai A high efficiency high step up converter with low switch voltage stress for fuel cell system applications IEEE Trans Ind Electron vol 57 no 6 pp 1998 2006 Jun 2010 www irjes com 21 Page
9. Programmer All the PIC series of IC s except the 17 series can be programmed with this Hardware through RS232 Port of PC This programmer also supports ICSP programming for on board programming of supported flash PIC devices MPLAB IDE PIC CCS C compiler Demo software with MPLAB Plug in and programming instructions are provided in CD ROM The programmer software is compatible to Windows 98 Windows 2000 and Windows XP platforms A Soft copy of the user manual is also included in the CD in addition to the hard copy provided with the Kit This Dedicated programmer is for programming a wide range of PIC Micro controllers including EEPROMS PIC12 series PIC16 series amp PIC18 series of IC s 4 1 SPECIFICA TIONS Auto detection of programmer by software Regulated Power supply 5 13 5V Auto Flash upgrades through serial port 16 MHz crystal Oscillator Built in RS232 connector ZIF socket for easy programming External CSP Interface for on board programming Programmable configuration and ID Selective Erase and programming for supported PIC Devices Manual Auto Reset Configurable COM Port Program Read Verify and Blank check Modes Hex Code Editor Program amp Verify fly Window Switchable to MPLAB software Extensive Integrated Help Debug vector Read amp write Oscal value read amp program for selected chips VVVVVVVVVVV VV VV VV WV 4 2 MPLAB MPLAB Integrated Development Environment IDE is a free integrated toolset f
10. THAIRP10 CNI6 PMD2RB10 OSCHICLKICNIORAZT 9 GO N i 20 7 Vou OSC2ICLKOICN2 PMAOIRA3 110 By N 19 Vss SOSCIRP4 CN1 PMBE RB4 T 41 TDOIPWM2L1 SDA1 RP9 CN21 PMD3 RBS SOSCO TICKICNO PMAMIRAS 7 12 TCK PWM2H1 SCL1 RP8 CN22 PMD4 RB8 von 143 INTORP7 CN23 PMDSIRB7 PGEC3 IASCL1 RP6 CN24 PMDGIRBS www irjes com 12 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System FIGURE 1 1 dsPIC33FJ32MC302 304 dsPIC33FJ64MCX02 X04 AND dsPIC33FJ128MCX02 X04 BLOCK DIAGRAM Data Access Control Block Y Data Bus Interrupt X Data Bus Controller PORTA 16 16 DMA RAM Data Latch Data Latch a PORTB Si PCH X RAM Y RAM Program Counter Control Control Latch Latch a KY Logic Logic H Controller i Address Latch Address Generator Units Program Memory EA MUX Data Latch ROM Latch i 16 16 g Instruction A Decode and E Control Instruction Reg g 16 Control Signals to Various Blocks DSP Engine 16 x 16 OSC2 CLKO _ Timing Power up 7 W Register Array OSC1 CLKI Generation Timer Divide Support Oscillator FRC LPRC i Oscillators Power on nesei 16 bit ALU i Precision Band Gap Watchdog Reference Timer m Brown out Regulator x Xx X VCAP VDD Vss MCLR PMP Comparator ECAN1 Timers UART1 2 ADC1 OC PWM RTCC DAC1 SPI1 2 1C1 2 7 8 I2C1 2 ipa Note Not all pins or features are implemented on all device pinout configurations See Pin Diagrams for the specific pins and featu
11. as an aluminium frame and glass on the front Solar panels use light energy photons from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect The structural load carrying member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer The majority of modules use wafer based crystalline silicon or thin film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver copper or other non magnetic conductive The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture Most solar panels are rigid but semi flexible ones are available based on thin film cells Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and or in parallel to provide a desired current capability 3 2Interleaved Boost converter With the rapid evolving IT technologies today the power factor correction PFC design is facing many challenges such as power scalability high entire load range efficiency and high power density Power scalability is a very desirable and cost effective approach in the PFC design in order to keep up with servers growing power requirements Higher power density can eventually reduce the converter cost and allows for accommodating more equipment in the existing infrastructures Driven strongly by economic and environmental concerns high entire load range efficien
12. ation of the proposed converter makes some diodes decrease conduction losses and alleviate diode reverse recovery losses III CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATIONS The proposed converter is a conventional interleaved boost converter integrated with a voltage multiplier module and the voltage multiplier module is composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors The coupled inductors can be designed to extend step up gain and the switched capacitors offer extra voltage conversion ratio In addition when one of the switches turns off the energy stored in the magnetizing inductor will transfer via three respective paths thus the current distribution not only decreases the conduction losses by lower effective current but also makes currents through some diodes decrease to zero before they turn off which alleviate diode reverse recovery losses 3 1 SOLAR PANEL A solarpanel is a packaged connected assembly of solar cells also known as photovoltaic cells The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power many installations contain several panels A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels an inverter and sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring A solar panel or photovoltaic module is composed of individual PV cells This crystalline silicon panel h
13. cteristics High Input Impedance VVVVV WV 4 6 PHERIPHERAL INTERFACE 4 6 1 MOSFET GATE DRIVER The High And Low Side Driver R2110 is a high voltage high speed power MOSFET and IGBT driver with independent high and low side referenced output channels Proprietary HVIC and latch immune CMOS technologies enable ruggedized monolithic construction Logic inputs are compatible with standard CMOS or LSTTL outputs down to 3 3V logic The output drivers feature a high pulse current buffer stage designed for minimum driver cross conduction Propagation delays are matched to simplify use in high frequency applications The floating channel can be used to drive an N channel power MOSFET or IGBT in the high side configuration which operates up to 600 volts The driver circuit is used to drive the bi directional converter switches where in this project the converter acts as a shunt active filter 2 quadrant for unity power factor operation and the dc voltage regulation Here two BJT s n type and p type are used for amplification MOSFET Daver 1 E ar 12 V 47 uF 10 nF 4 7 Ohm 2 W an a A o A B PWM in To MOSFET 20kHz ZN Lo 4 Ghim 2W t s Fig 4 6 1DRIVER CKT IR2110 www irjes com 16 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System Ver 10V ji ra ic 2 i O a INPUT A OUTPUT Hee s 4 Fig 4 6 2 Operation of the MOSFET gate driver upper IGBT 1n41
14. cy is more and more required by various organizations and programs such as the U S Energy Star Climate Savers and German Blue Angel Today the existing boost PFC is reaching its limitations to meet these challenges simultaneously Using the cutting edge semiconductor devices further efficiency improvement at light load is still needed There are limited approaches available for increasing the power density due to the large EMI filter and inductor size Interleaved multi channel boost PFC is a promising candidate to meet those challenges but the interleaved boost converter is a less explored area On the other hand the multi channel interleaved buck converter for the VR application has been intensively studied and thoroughly explored One basic approach of this study is trying to extend the existing knowledge and techniques www irjes com 9 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System obtained from multiphase buck converters to the multichannel interleaved boost converters since there are similarities existed between the multiphase buck and the multi channel boost converters The existing studies about the interleaving impact on the EMI filter design are based on the time domain ripple cancellation effect This approach is good enough for most of the filter designs However unlike the conventional filter designs the EMI filter design is a specification related process 3 2 1 Interleaving technique T
15. double the value of the input voltage You may use capacitance values of 1000mF or higher The higher the value of the capacitance the smoother non fluctuating the resulting output DC voltage IV SIMULATION MATLAB is a high performance language for technical computing It integrates computation visualization and programming in an easy to use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling simulation and prototyping Data analysis exploration and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development including graphical user interface building MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning This allows you to solve many technical computing problems especially those with matrix and vector formulations in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects Today MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users In university environments it is the standa
16. e the voltage stress on the power switch is restricted and much lower than the output voltage 380 V Furthermore the full load efficiency is 96 4 at Po 1000 W and the highest efficiency is 97 1 at Po 400 W Thus the proposed converter is suitable for high power or renewable energy applications that need high step up conversion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 REFERENCES T Kefalas and A Kladas Analysis of transformers working under heavily saturated conditions in grid connected renewable energy systems IEEE Trans Ind Electron vol 59 no 5 pp 2342 2350 May 2012 J T Bialasiewicz Renewable energy systems with photovoltaic power generators Operation and modeling IEEE Trans Ind Electron vol 55 no 7 pp 2752 2758 Jul 2008 S M Chen T J Liang L S Yang and J F Chen A safety enhanced high step up DC DC converter for AC photovoltaic module application IEEE Trans Power Electron vol 27 no 4 pp 1809 1817 Apr 2012 Z Song C Xia and T Liu Predictive current control of three phase grid connected converters with constant switching frequency for wind energy systems IEEE Trans Ind Electron vol 60 no 6 pp 2451 2464 Jun 2013 L Barote C Marinescu and M N Cirstea Control structure for single phase stand alone wind based energy sources IEEE Trans Ind Electron vol 60 no 2 pp 764 772 Feb 2013 Y P Hsieh J F Chen T J Liang and
17. he concept of interleaving or more generally that of increasing the effective pulse frequency of any periodic power source by synchronizing several smaller sources and operating them with relative phase shifts is not new Interleaving technique actually exists in different areas of modern technologies in different forms Take a typical automobile engine as an example In today s internal combustion engine several cylinders are connected to a common crankshaft and that the power stroke portions of their cycles are non simultaneous By firing each cylinder in sequence the effective pulse frequency of the engine is increased and the net torque ripple is reduced Increasing the number of cylinders raises the pulse frequency and total output power of the engine without increasing the firing frequency of the individual cylinders This could be considered as a very good example of interleaving technique being applied in the field of mechanical engineering In the field of power electronics application of interleaving technique can be traced back to very early days especially in high power applications In high power applications the voltage and current stress can easily go beyond the range that one power device can handle Multiple power devices connected in parallel and or series could be one solution However voltage sharing and or current sharing are still the concerns Instead of paralleling power devices paralleling power converters is another solution
18. he linear regulator also has the advantage of not requiring magnetic devices inductors or transformers which can be relatively expensive or bulky being often of simpler design and being quieter Linear regulators exist in two basic forms series regulators and shunt regulators Series regulators are the more common form The series regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to the load through a variable resistance the main transistor is in the top half of the voltage divider The power dissipated by the regulating device is equal to the power supply output current times the voltage drop in the regulating device The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance the main transistor is in the bottom half of the voltage divider The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows uselessly to ground making this form even less efficient than the series regulator It is however simpler sometimes consisting of just a voltage reference diode and is used in very low powered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of concern This form is very common for voltage reference circuits All linear regulators require an input voltage at least some minimum amount higher than the desired output voltage That minimum amount is called the dropout voltage For example a common regulator such as the 7805 has an output voltage of 5V but can
19. ng VSM PROTUES combines advanced schematic capture mixed mode SPICE simulation PCB layout and autorouting to make a complete electronic design system The PROTUES product range also includes our revolutionary VSM technology which allow you to simulate micro controller based design complete with all the surrounding electronic 4 3 2 Intelligent Schematic Input System ISIS ISIS lies right at the heart of the PROTUES system and is far more than just another schematic package It has powerful environment to control most aspects of the drawing appearance whether your requirement is the rapid entry of complex design for simulation amp PCB layout Or the creation of attractive Schematic for publication ISIS is the right tool for the job Product Features 1 Produces publication quality schematic style templates allow customization of supplied library 2 Mouse driven context sensitive user interface automatic wire routing and junction dot placement 3 Full support for buses including sub circuit ports and bus pins large and growing component library of over 8000 parts 4 4 CONTROLLER UNIT 28 Pin SPDIP SOIC E Pins are up to 5V tolerant MCLR 28 AVoo ANO VREFICN2IRAO 2 27 AVss ANINREF ICN3IRA1 7 PWMILAIRP din PMCS1 RB15 DITT y 24 PWMILZRP1 oy 13 PMRDIRB13 ANAICTINIRP2 CNBIRB2 e it 8 23 PWM H2 RP12 CN14 PMDOIRB12 ANSICAINYRPSU CNTIRB3 7 7 reo p PGECATMSPWMILSIRPT 1 CN15 PMD1 RB41 vs le SS Se 21 E PCED2TDIPWM
20. onverter is a conventional interleaved boost converter integrated with a voltage multiplier module and the voltage multiplier module is composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors The coupled inductors can be designed to extend step up gain and the switched capacitors offer extra voltage conversion ratio In addition when one of the switches turns off the energy stored in the magnetizing inductor will transfer via three respective paths thus the current distribution not only decreases the conduction losses by lower effective current but also makes currents through some diodes decrease to zero before they turn off which alleviate diode reverse recovery losses The advantages of the proposed converter are as follows 1 The proposed converter is characterized by low input current ripple and low conduction losses which increases the lifetime of renewable energy sources and makes it suitable for high power applications 2 The converter achieves the high step up gain that renewable energy systems require 3 Due to the lossless passive clamp performance leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal Hence large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated and the efficiency is improved 4 Low cost and high efficiency are achieved by employment of the low voltage rated power switch with low RDS ON also the voltage stresses on main switches and diodes are substantially lower than output voltage 5 The inherent configur
21. or the development of embedded applications on Microchip s PIC and dsPIC microcontrollers HI TECH Software is an Australian based company that provides ANSI C compilers and development tools Founded in 1984 the company is best known for its HI TECH C PRO compilers with whole program compilation technology or Omniscient Code Generation OCG HI TECH Software was bought by Microchip on 20 February 2009 whereupon it refocused its development effort exclusively on supporting Microchip products The HI TECH C Compiler for PIC10 12 16 MCUs Lite mode is a freeware compiler It supports all PIC10 PIC12 and PIC16 series devices The features of HI TECH C Compiler are listed as followings gt Fully compatible with Microchip s MPLAB IDE Fully ANSI compliant Includes Library source for standard libraries and sample code for I O drivers Includes macro assembler linker preprocessor and one step driver Runs on 32 64 bit Windows Linux and Mac OS X VV V WV 4 3 PROTEUS This package splits into three parts very conveniently namely ISIS Intelligent Schematic Input System for drawing circuit diagrams etc ARES Advanced Routing and Editing Software for producing pcb layout drawings LISA Lab center Integrated Simulation Architecture for simulation of circuit diagram Separate handout www irjes com 11 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System 4 3 1 PROTUES Virtual System Modelli
22. rd instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics engineering and science In industry MATLAB is the tool of choice for high productivity research development and analysis MATLAB features a family of add on application specific solutions called toolboxes Very important to most users of MATLAB toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions M files that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing control Systems neural networks fuzzy logic wavelets simulation and many others Output Voltage amp Current OUTPUT DC VOLTAGE T Fig 4 1 Output and load voltage of matlab simulation www irjes com 20 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System V CONCLUSIONS This paper has presented the theoretical analysis of steady state related consideration simulation results and experimental results for the proposed converter The proposed converter has successfully implemented an efficient high step up conversion through the voltage multiplier module The interleaved structure reduces the input current ripple and distributes the current through each component In addition the lossless passive clamp function recycles the leakage energy and constrains a large voltage spike across the power switch Meanwhil
23. res present on each device www irjes com 13 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System 4 5 MOSFET A cross section through an n MOSFET when the gate voltage VGS is below the threshold for making a conductive channel there is little or no conduction between the terminals source and drain the switch 1s off When the gate is more positive it attracts electrons inducing an n type conductive channel in the substrate below the oxide which allows electrons to flow between the n doped terminals the switch is on The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET MOS FET or MOS FET is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals The basic principle of this kind of transistor was first patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925 Twenty five years later when Bell Telephone attempted to patent the junction transistor they found Lilienfeld already holding a patent which was worded in a way that would include all types of transistors Bell Labs was able to work out an agreement with Lilienfeld who was still alive at that time It is not known if they paid him money or not It was at that time the Bell Labs version was given the name bipolar junction transistor or simply junction transistor and Lilienfeld s design took the name field effect transistor In MOSFETs a voltage on the oxide insulated gate electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two other
24. s on creating insulators with acceptable electrical characteristics on other semiconductor material In order to overcome the increase in power consumption due to gate current leakage a high dielectric is used instead of silicon dioxide for the gate insulator while polysilicon is replaced by metal gates The gate is separated from the channel by a thin insulating layer traditionally of silicon dioxide and later of silicon oxynitride Some companies have started to introduce a high dielectric metal gate combination in the 45 nanometer node When a voltage is applied between the gate and body terminals the electric field generated penetrates through the oxide and creates an inversion layer or channel at the semiconductor insulator interface The inversion channel is of the same type p type or n type as the source and drain thus it provides a channel through which current can pass Varying the voltage between the gate and body modulates the conductivity of this layer and thereby controls the current flow between drain and source The Power MOSFET switch IRF840 is used A Power MOSFET is a specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET designed to handle significant power levels Compared to the other power semiconductor devices IGBT Thyristor its main advantages are high commutation speed and good efficiency at low voltages It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that makes it easy to drive It was made pos
25. sible by the evolution of CMOS technology developed for manufacturing Integrated circuits in the late 1970s The power MOSFET shares its operating principle with its low power counterpart the lateral MOSFET The power MOSFET is the most widely used low voltage i e less than 200 V switch It can be found in most power supplies DC to DC converters and low voltage motor controllers Because of their unipolar nature the power MOSFET can switch at very high speed Indeed there is no need to remove minority carriers as with bipolar devices The only intrinsic limitation in commutation speed is due to the internal capacitances of the MOSFET see figure 4 These capacitances must be charged or discharged when the transistor switches This can be a relatively slow process because the current that flows through the gate capacitances is limited by the external driver circuit This circuit will actually dictate the commutation speed of the transistor assuming the power circuit has sufficiently low inductance www irjes com 14 Page High Step Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy System D G S Fig 4 5 1 MOSFET 4 5 1ADVANTAGES gt Silicon gate for fast switching speeds gt Low R on to minimize On losses specified at elevated temperature gt Rugged SOA is power dissipation limited gt Source to drain diode characterized for use with inductive loads gt Dynamic dv dt rating gt Repetitive avalanche rated gt
26. stance of the regulator varies in accordance with the load resulting in a constant output voltage In contrast the switching regulator is nothing more than just a simple switch This switch goes on and off at a fixed rate usually between 50 kHz to 100 kHz as set by the circuit The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a constant output voltage The primary advantage of a switching regulator over linear regulator is very high efficiency a lot less heat and smaller size The transistor or other device is used as one half of a potential divider to establish the regulated output voltage The output voltage is compared to a reference voltage to produce a control signal to the transistor which will drive its gate or base With negative feedback and good choice of compensation the output voltage is kept reasonably constant Linear regulators are often inefficient since the transistor is acting like a resistor it will waste electrical energy by converting it to heat In fact the power loss due to heating in the transistor is the current times the voltage dropped across the transistor The same function can often be performed much more efficiently by a switched mode power supply but a linear regulator may be preferred for light loads or where the desired output voltage approaches the source voltage In these cases the linear regulator may dissipate less power than a switcher T
27. which could be more beneficial Furthermore with the power converter paralleling architecture interleaving technique comes naturally Benefits like harmonic cancellation better efficiency better thermal performance and high power density can be obtained In earlier days for high power applications in order to meet certain system requirement interleaving multi channel converter could be a superior solution especially considering the available power devices with limited performance at that time One of such example can be found in the application of Superconducting a Magnetic Energy Storage System SMES The current stress of such application is extremely high yet certain system performance still need to be met On the ac side the total harmonic distortion THD in voltages and currents of the regulatory standards must be respected A further constraint comes from the switching loss that is proportional to the valve switching frequency The proposed solution in the referred paper consists of using multiple interleaved three phase current source converters With this multi modular converter the current stress can be divided to a level that can be handled by gate turn off thyristor GTO the static induction thyristor SD etc and reduces the ohmic component of their conduction losses The results shows interleaving technique was applied quite successful in this application Such examples also can be found in many other applications such as Static VAR
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