Remote Location and Tampering Detection of Domestic Load
Contents
1. the meter All these result in changing the electrical characteristics of the components thereby recording less or no energy usage 436 One may want to open the meter case to change the settings or even remove the backup battery so that the meter will reset when the main power goes off Anti tamper switches can be placed on the casing of the meter to trigger a tamper when the casing is opened 4 V FLOWCHART FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT Software is implemented into two major areas the foreground process and the background process The background functions use a timer interrupt to trigger the ADC and to collect the voltage and current samples These samples are further processed and accumulated into buffers 9 10 The background function deals mainly with the timing critical elements of the software Once sufficient samples have been accumulated the foreground functions are used to calculate the final values of KWH The program then enters the main foreground process loop and waits for the timer interrupt routine to gather data Initialize Timers Serial Ports ADC RAM disolav and Modem Read Voltage and current ie Calculate New Energy KWh watt 1000 x 3600 KWh Stored Energy in EEPROM and Disnlav on ICD Is any tampering Yes Display tampering name and on Buzzer Send tampering code at central room te Communicate with modem for reauested data Fig2. 1 Multiplying the average power by time gives the total energy consumed 2 N Average Power watts gt gt Vik lik Energy Consumed wattsec gt Vik lik Fs Fig 1 Block Diagram of Digital Energy Meter A general overview of the micro controlled energy meter can be seen in the block diagram shown in Fig 1 As shown the energy meter hardware includes a power supply an analogue front end a microcontroller section and an interface section We are using a power supply of 3V for the Microcontroller section 5V and 5v for analog front end the analogue front end is the part that interfaces to the high voltage lines WE TALE EXPLORING RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website www ijetae com ISSN 2250 2459 ISO 9001 2008 Certified Journal Volume 3 Issue 7 July 2013 It converts high voltages and high currents to voltages sufficiently small to be measured directly by the analogue digital converter ADC of the microcontroller Voltage measurement is done with a potential transformer PT while the current measurements require more accurate measurement and it is done by current transformer CT on phase along with current measurement on neutral to identify tampering which is basically depends upon phase and neutral current Microcontroller is heart of the energy meter Energy calculation is done by P89LPC938 microcontroller 8 8 bit microcontroller with
3. 4 Main flowchart VI RESULTS To validate the proposed energy meter several experimental tests were carried out The single phase prototype was initially calibrated using a 1kW standard load of unity power factor JE TALE EXPLORING RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website www ijetae com ISSN 2250 2459 ISO 9001 2008 Certified Journal Volume 3 Issue 7 July 2013 Designed energy meter is shown Some experimental results were obtained to verify the meter precision Bar chart of Kwh consumption at various Inductive load Kwh consumption Units QCalculated Measured 45 235 370 1000 Load Watt Fig 5 Designed energy meter a i Bar chart 2 For inductive load A Load test at different resistive load and inductive load Graph of Kwh consumption at various Inductive load Bar chart of Kwh consumption at various Resistive load 14 1 2 ki 0 8 Kwh consumption Calculated Units Measured Kwh consumption 0 6 Units i O Calculated Measured 0 4 0 2 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 0 Load Watt 45 235 370 1000 Load Watt Line grapg2 For inductive load Bar chart 1 For resistive Load Graph of Kwh consumption at various Resistive load Calculated E Measured Kwh consumption Units 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 Load Watt Line Graph1 For Resistive load 437 WE TALE EXPLORING RESEARCH AND INNOV
4. ATIONS International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website www ijetae com ISSN 2250 2459 ISO 9001 2008 Certified Journal Volume 3 Issue 7 July 2013 B Tampering test on different day at 1000watt resistive load TABLE NOI AVERAGE RESULT TABLE OF ABOVE SIX FOR DAILY LOSS CALCULATION Sr Load Time Kwh Consumption Total Tampe Total No watt Loss ring Loss Hrs Without With Metho Rs2 Tamper Tampe units d 17 ing ring Units Units Units 1 1000 1 1 0 32 0 68 Externa 1 475 1 6 Tamper 2 1000 1 0 8 0 26 0 54 Partial 1 171 Earth 8 200wa tt 3 1000 1 0 8 0 31 0 49 Double 1 063 Feedin 3 g 200wa tt 4 1000 1 1 0 28 0 72 Magnet 1 562 ic 4 Interfer ence 5 1000 1 1 0 33 0 67 Revers 1 153 e 9 Polarit y 6 1000 1 1 0 88 0 12 P amp N 0 260 swappe 4 d 7 1000 1 1 0 1 Missin 2 17 g Potenti al 8 1000 1 1 0 1 Bypass 2 17 ing Meter ITT 9 1000 1 1 0 1 Poweri 2 17 ng Off 438 Bar chart of Total loss Rs Units in one day for each tampering events Total Loss Rs Units W Total loss Rs Units ET PE DF MI RP PNS MP BPM PO Tampering Events Bar chart 2 bar chart of Total loss Rs Units at 1000watt load for one day with tampering From this monthly loss calculation is performed TABLE NO II MONTHLY LOSS CALCULATION Sr No Tampering Loosed Total Month
5. WE TALE EXPLORING RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website www ijetae com ISSN 2250 2459 ISO 9001 2008 Certified Journal Volume 3 Issue 7 July 2013 Remote Location and Tampering Detection of Domestic Load Prof S A Thete A B Thete Department of Electrical Engineering S V I T Nashik Maharashtra India 2MSTCL Nashik Maharashtra India Abstract This paper presents a single phase digital energy meter based on a microcontroller This digital meter does not having any rotating parts and the energy consumption can be easily read from a digital display also at remote place we can easily check energy consumption and tampering detection by using GSM technology When supply will be cut off the meter restart with the stored value Today energy theft is a worldwide problem that contributes heavily to revenue losses Consumers have been found manipulating their electric meters try to make them stop or even bypassing the meter effectively using power without paying for it This energy meter has provision to detect tampering in an energy meter by using microcontroller and provide there details at remote location Keywords Energy meter GSM technology Magnetic Interference Microcontroller Tampering I INTRODUCTION Today many electricity distribution companies try to find efficient ways to gather information regarding customers energy take off T
6. accelerated two clock 80C51 core 8 KB 3 V byte erasable Flash with 10 bit A D converter The P89LPC938 is a single chip microcontroller available in low cost packages based on a high performance processor architecture that executes instructions in two to four clocks six times the rate of standard 80C51 devices Many system level functions have been incorporated into the P89LPC938 in order to reduce no of components board space and system cost In interface section GSM modem is used to transmit data at remote place and also give notification of tampering of energy meter IV HACKING IN ENERGY METERS Due to the increasing cost of electricity Energy theft is becoming a major concern for government agencies across the globe and especially in populous countries like India and China A large portion of these revenue losses can be recovered by installing electronic energy meters because they can detect tampering conditions and assure proper billing unlike electromechanical meters This section describes several tampering techniques used by thieves along with solutions for avoiding tampering 3 The Analysis Of Electricity Stealing Method is done in following four classifications A Stealing electricity by under voltage technology B Stealing electricity by undercurrent Technology C Stealing electricity by phase shifted Technology D Stealing electricity by difference Expansion DE technology Figure 2 shows normal Phase and Neut
7. bile Computing technology Application and service creation Edition 1 Editor Prof H N Mahabala Tata McGRAW Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi
8. ly Events Units month Loss Total Loss Units Rs 2 17 Unit on basis of Rs 65 1 1 External 0 68 x 30 20 4 44 268 Tamper 2 Partial 0 54 x 30 16 2 35 154 Earth 3 Double 0 49 x 30 14 7 31 899 Feeding 4 Magnetic 0 72 x 30 21 6 46 872 Interference 5 Reverse 0 67 x 30 20 1 43 617 Polarity 6 P amp N 0 12 x 30 3 6 7 812 swapped 7 Missing 1x30 30 65 1 Potential 8 Bypassing 1x30 30 65 1 Meter ITT 9 Powering 1x30 30 65 1 Off JE TALE EXPLORING RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website www ijetae com ISSN 2250 2459 ISO 9001 2008 Certified Journal Volume 3 Issue 7 July 2013 Bar chart of Total loss Rs Units in month for each tampering events Total Loss Rs Units Total loss Rs Units ET PE DF MI RP PNS MP BPM PO Tampering Events Bar chart 3 For monthly loss calculation VII CONCLUSION By using GSM technology it is possible to collect energy consumption of consumer without knocking the door of consumer It turns out that the system can accurate monitors the behavior of electricity stealing giving prompt in time reduces losses of electricity stealing to the minimum decreases country property loss 439 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 REFERENCES MD Wasi ur Rahman MD Tanvir Ahmed Tareq Hasan Khan and S M Lutful Kabir Design of an Intelligent SMS based Remote Me
9. n both energy wires Phase and Neutral and compares them If they differ significantly tampering is detected ant notify to remote location 4 Phase and neutral wire swapped In this method live and neutral wires are swapped which makes the current in the live wire less than that in the neutral 4 WE TALE EXPLORING RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website www ijetae com ISSN 2250 2459 ISO 9001 2008 Certified Journal Volume 3 Issue 7 July 2013 Missing neutral The missing neutral tampering condition occurs when the neutral is disconnected from the power meter 4 Double feeding the meter Double Feeding to bypass the meter where additional feeding is connected directly to the line so that the consumption for additional feeding is not registered This can be identifying by comparing phase and neutral current In this Ip is less than In 4 C Stealing Electricity By Phase Shifted Technology Reverse current Reverse current occurs when the phase and neutral are wired to the wrong inputs causing current to flow in the direction opposite to normal When neutral wire connection is swapped then causing current IN to flow in the reverse direction Due to the reverse current flow through Neutral metering firmware will show wrong signs in active power readings 4 Neutral disturbance Tampering with the neutral at the source high frequency signals are s
10. raditional method was outdated that when a qualified person knocks at your door and asks for the relevant information This significant move towards automated data collection opens new doors for telecommunication companies and organizations using classical telephone lines and wireless technologies The power distribution monitor is an important research in electric power system and electricity stealing defense is one of the chief steps in distribution network reconstruction Electricity stealing is a major problem however each power supply department has made huge investments of manpower and material but still electricity stealing methods are improved day by day Due to the kind of electricity stealing and based on a digital single phase electric energy meter the metering equipment of electricity stealing with remote monitoring function is designed which monitors the time of electricity stealing and what type of stealing is done then it will be possible to cut off supply 1 II PRINCIPLES OF MEASURMENTS A watt hour meter is designed to measure energy or power consumed over time In simple terms electrical power is the product of voltage and current 434 If we make repeated measurements of both instantaneous voltage and current or Vi and Ji we can keep a calculating total of their products over time By dividing the total accumulated energy over the number of samples we have the average power the first expression in Equation
11. ral wire Connection to the meter Current of the Phase wire is the same as of the neutral wire IP IN 4 435 PHASE NEUTRAL Single Phase Ener gy Meler eee Kwh F 3 Fig 2 Normal P amp N connection A Stealing Electricity By Under Voltage Technology Missing potential This is a common connection fraud usually deployed in meters where the voltage component for one of the phases is made zero by removing one of the phase wires from the meter terminal This results in recording less energy consumption as consumption from one of the phases becomes zero During this condition since the voltage is absent and current is present the logic is easily able to sense this and record as tamper event 4 Bypassing meter There are many ways to bypass an energy meter The most common way is by putting a jumper in meter terminal such that connection is bypassed and the energy consumption is not registered This can be avoided by connecting sensor at incoming terminals P amp N 4 Powering off meter Meter can be powered off by removing all the voltage connections 4 B Stealing Electricity By Undercurrent Technology Partial earth fault condition An earth fault means some of the load has been connected to another ground potential and not the neutral wire Thus the current in the neutral wire IN is less than that in the Phase or live wire IP To detect this condition firmware monitors the currents o
12. tering System Institute of Information and Communication Technology IICT Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology BUET Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh Paul Daigle April 2000 Digital Energy Meters by the Millions edition of utility automation Zheng Dezhi Wang Shuai Research on Measuring Equipment of Single phase Electricity Stealing with Long distance Monitoring Function Electronic measurement technology 978 1 4244 2487 0 09 2009 IEEE Mohit Arora feb 2009 Prevent hacking tampering in energy metres Freescale Semiconductor EE Times India eetindia com Margery Conner Tamper resistant smart power meters relay on isolated sensors march 19 2009 Gaykwad Ramakant A 2008 Op Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits 4 edition Published by PHI Pvt ltd New Delhi P A V Loss M M Lamego G C D Soma and J L F Vieira A Single Phase Microcontroller Based Energy Meter 0 7803 4797 8 98 1998 IEEE UM10119 P89LPC938 User manual Rev 02 4 March 2005 User manual Muhammad Ali Mazidi J G Mazidi R D Mckinly 2008 The 8051 Microcontroller And Embedded System 4 edition published by Dorling Kindersley India pvt Ltd licensees of Pearson education in south Asia Stephen Underwood Frangline Jose Vincent Chan Application Report SLAA391 March 2008 Three Phase Electronic Watt Hour Meter Design Using Sp430 Asoke K Talukder Roopa R Yavagal 2005 Mo
13. uperimposed on neutral causing inaccurate current measurement and thus reducing the energy recorded by the meter Meter current is also reverse by using inverted supply at source 4 D Stealing Electricity By Difference Expansion DE Technology High voltage tamper A meter can be tampered with by an electrostatic device that generates spikes or voltages in the range of 35 kV This may induce errors in consumption recording or may even damage the meter The accuracy of the meter should not be affected by the application of abnormal voltage frequency generating device 4 Magnetic interference Consumers use heavy magnetic material in voltage and current measurement circuits and this are affected by abnormal external magnetic influences that in turn affect proper functioning of the meter For example the use of a strong magnet to change the magnitude of current this in turn introduces large errors in measurement One way to avoid this is by having magnet sensors to detect the presence of abnormal magnetic fields and provide evidence by logging it as a tamper 5 External crystal connection Electronic energy meter having crystals to generate clock pulses Tampering is done by connecting external crystal which slows down energy meter To avoid this tamper select a microcontroller such as having inbuilt clock oscillator External tampers External tampering may include breaking the meter case chemical injection or even burning
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