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1. Number of divisions between It is necessary to define characteristic points grid points of the section Those points would be for example girder connection compartment boundaries pillar connections etc Figure shows characteristic points of the section marked red Blue points are the grid points Grid points are grid lines intersections There are no grid lines in CONSTRUCT only grid points Grid point coordinates are based on YGrid and ZGrid inputs Figure 8 Ship s section grid and characteristic points Here s the procedure e Select the newly created section e Fill the YGrid field to specify horizontal grid point distribution Coordinates are entered in sequence from the highest negative coordinate towards the positive User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 28 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT For example 9 7 4 1 0 1 4 7 9 coordinates sequence defines symmetrical section about the ZX plane Of course asymmetrical distribution is allowed Fill the ZGrid field specifying vertical grid point distribution In order to see the grid points click the Show Hide section grid points button on the Toolbar Click on the button next to it to enable the display of section lines as well Now click on the Front view button to view the YZ projection of the grid points After the grid points have been generated section lines can be drawn by connecting the appropriate grid points Before y
2. e WO weight factors of the original objectives The total number of objectives in a problem is equal to the sum of constraints and original objectives J M where each of them by default receives the same weight factor equal to 1 J M There is a possibility to manually change weight factors for the original objectives where the increase in value means their greater importance By altering them during the optimization better designs with respect to particular objective can be obtained However sum of weight factors for J M objectives is equal to one and user should keep in mind that certain emphasis must be given to minimize constraint violation otherwise majority of designs can become infeasible For problems with e g 100 or more constraints WOs that CONSTRUCT provides can be manually increased up to five times Through discussion on the value of weight factors can be found in Klanac and Jelovica 2008a where the principle that VOP is using in CONSTRUCT is named VO 2 The optimisation can be terminated at any time by clicking the stop optimisation button in menu bar see Figure 15 6 4 6 Review of optimisation results Optimisation creates Optimization txt file User can import this file to CONSTRUCT using Import Results command from Optimisation menu To review the optimisation results user has to activate DA from Drop Down menus and scroll the design alternatives in DesAlternatives datasheet CONSTRUCT I Program Files TKK CO
3. SBUCKFLANGE Stiffener flange buckling free sides simply supported Apply MinMax Values Show Pareto Charts Run Genetic Algorithms Import Results Filter Design Alternatives Export Active Results Import results Loads the optimization results An Import Optimization Data Window will appear asking the user to specify the path to the appropriate file design alternatives Filter Design Alternatives Filters the optimisation results according to the user specification Alternatives for filtering are All Feasible Infeasible Pareto Export Active Results Exports the selected optimisation to a OptExport txt file User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 13 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT 5 2 7 Options menu Has only one command Colors and Lines It is used for altering the appearance of GUI User can alter the background appearance the weight and color of lines points and other entities Colors and Weights Background Mode Gradient Bottom Color O Bitmap Entity Weight Node Point 40 Wireframe Line 1 0 Edge Line 1 0 General Colors Ee Entity Colors C RE 1 vr O Figure 7 Colors and Line Weights Options 5 2 8 Window menu Windows menu holds commands used for managing view windows e Copy to Clipboard Copies the contents of the view window to Clipboard as an image Then V it can be pasted into image editing software Copy to Clipboard and saved as an image f
4. e HPW Height of the profiles web in mm In case of a pillar type profile CH HPW is the diameter of the pillar e TPW Thickness of the profile s web mm In case of a pillar type profile CH TPW is the thickness of the pillars shell BPF Breadth of the profile s flange mm TPF Thickness of the profile s flange mm A Area of the profile mm Ns_x and NS_y location of the profile s neutral axis in the profile s coordinate system e Je xand ls_y Moments of inertia of the profile about the neutral axes 5 4 7 Materials Material properties are loaded from the proper datasheet or can be specified by the user CONSTRUCT supports isotropic materials only Here s the list of them ID Numerical data specifying unique material ID Description User can enter a description of the material or leave it blank YM Young s module of elasticity in MPa PR Poisson s ratio TR Tensile strength MPa YR Yield strength MPa eu Tensile strain e ro Materials density kg m Same data can be loaded from Material datasheets 5 4 8 Model Model is a branch in the PE that allows modeling of sections It shows the structure of the model s geometry It s composed of geometrical and structural entities which are explained in the following text Model properties e Description User can enter description of the model or leave it blank e Length Breadth Depth and Draught These are some design parameters of the mode
5. Groups The first Sub branch of PE Project Explorer is named Groups Clicking on it will load information about the model s groups into Data Table Profiles 100 total ER 003 m CN e JD Unique group number A Re e Description User can provide a description of the ES ioen group but it s not required Description B 100 7 Description 3 G T Th t t i bl E tit me le hence LS roup Type There are two types available Entity Material A7 Material and Description type em um Height of profile web m e Entity Type Specifies what entities are in the TPW Fi Thickness of profile w group E E ee e Color Specifies the Groups color TPF 14 8 Thickness of profile fl gt n e e Number of entities gives information about the 874 Cross section area m SS lee lar linn number of entities in that group E insy 55 Neutral axis postion e Entity Description f the group is Description ka 850000 Moment dree based this field specifies the description variable sy 19900 _ Moment of interia y that all elements of that group have in common What follows is a set of optimization parameters MinMax values give the range of parameters to use during optimization procedure e Parameters MatlDMinMax and ProlDMinMax specify the range of database ID for material and profiles respectively During optimization the program will use profiles and mater
6. User Interface kL Local strength Calculates the satisfaction of particular design criteria of the ship model taking into account appropriate response Ultimate strength Calculates the ultimate strength of the ship model As results moment deflection curves for hogging and sagging loading are printed to text files moments_hog txt and moments_sag txt CONSTRUCT Apply Group Safety Factors Calculate Cost Weight and CG Local Strength Ultimate Strength Use IMPROVE Cost Module Use IMPROVE Cost Module Activates the application IMPROVE Cost Module for the cost calculation Local strength analysis includes the following design criteria e CROSSOVER Overall buckling of stiffened panel O Hughes PBDNV Plate bending DNV PBUCKDNV Plate buckling DNV one free FATIGUE Fatigue criterion DNV 5 2 6 Optimization menu Used for optimization procedure manipulation Apply MinMax values Applies the specified minimum and maximum values of the panel parameters such as plate thickness number of stiffeners etc Show Pareto Charts Switch the optimisation charts to objective space Run Starts the optimization procedure Make sure that all optimization parameters have been specified SBUCKLAT Stiffener lateral buckling SBUCKLOCAL Stiffener web local buckling DNV TRIPPING Torsion buckling of the stiffener DNV ULSDNV Overall buckling of stiffened panel DNV STIFFBEND Stiffener bending beam theory
7. it is placed on an Entity Openings can be placed on LStrakes TStrakes Girders and Frames Thats because opening s area is calculated and subtracted from the area of it s carrier and in that way carrier s mass and moments of inertia are reduced LStrakes and TStrakes Figure 12 Pillars and Openings To place the opening on a LStrake do the following e Select the appropriate LStrake from the Project Explorer gt Data Table list or directly from View It s properties will be loaded into the Data Table e Under Openings field enter the appropriate combination of Opening ID Opening Point ID Orientation Angle i e 0 0 90 Press Enter and F9 to refresh Opening should appear at the location specified under opening point Note It s not necessary for the location of the Opening Point and the LStrake surface to be coincident The area will be subtracted from the LStrake anyway But for esthetic reasons it is recommendable that the opening point is placed on the appropriate LStrake 6 2 9 Creating TStrakes This is a simple procedure because TStrakes rely on existing points To create a TStrake e Select TStrakes from the Model branch e Click Add button to add a new TStrake e Specify 4 connection points their IDs of a TStrake 4 corners under Connections field Be sure to enter them in a clockwise or counterclockwise sequence Press Enter and F9 when finished TStrake should appear User s Guide_Rev1_
8. list of connection points an a TStrake will be created Like LStrakes TStrake can have an opening and it s specified in the same way like the LStrake opening Girders Girders are massive longitudinal structural entities Their position and orientation is defined by their connection points Unlike stiffeners girders allow placing of openings on them Girder properties e JD Unique ID number of girder e Description User can specify description of every girder e Connections Like mentioned before girder s orientation and location are defined by these points e Angle Specifies girders angle that is it s web angle If set to 0 deg girders web will be parallel to Z axis e Orient Specifies girders orientation vector Usually used to flip the girder about it s longitudinal axis For example input 0 0 1 will orient the girders web in Z direction e Profile ID Determines the shape of the girder Appropriate profile ID will be loaded from the profile database e Openings In order to add an opening on a girder user has to specify the opening type appropriate ID from Openings branch center point location from the opening points and orientation angle for example 1 7 90 Frames Frames are similar to girders but in this case they are transversal structural entities The properties are completely same as those of girders User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 22 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT Pillars Pillars are struc
9. menu First number shows the weight of a single panel Second number shows the Unit weight which is a function of User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 17 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT material and panel s plate thickness Basically it shows the weight per panel s area information Cost The cost of the Panel C G This is also a calculated data using the fore mentioned command Shows the location of the panel s center of gravity in panel s local coordinate system What follows is a set of optimization parameters MinMax values give the range of parameters to use during optimization procedure Parameters MatlIDMinMax and ProlDMinMax specify the range of database ID for material and profiles respectively During optimization the program will use profiles and materials from the appropriate database but only those materials and profiles which ID is within specified range e PlaThiMinMax specifies the range of plate thickness in mm variable NoOfStiMinMax specifies the minimum and maximum number of stiffeners to be used during optimization e Optimize parameter determines whether or not the optimization procedure should take this panel into account If the panel is not to be optimized Null data should be entered 5 4 5 Openings Openings are used to model all kinds of windows holes maintenance approaches etc They are defined by the following properties ID Opening s unique ID Description User can specify a description
10. of every opening type TYPE It defines the shape of the opening There are 2 opening types available RR rectangular and E manhole elliptical A and B Longitudinal and Transverse dimensions of the opening in mm Area Area of the opening It will be calculated using the Calculate Cost Weight and CG command in the Model menu The area of the opening will later be subtracted from the appropriate LStrake that is the LStrake on which the opening has been defined This will result in the lower mass of that LStrake 5 4 6 Profiles Profiles are elements that are used to define stiffness characteristics of all Stiffeners Girders Frames and Pillars of the model Profile parameters are loaded from the appropriate datasheet if available If that is not the case user is free to define a profile on it s own Here is the list of the Profile parameters ID Profile s ID value Description User is free to give a description of each Profile Type Defines the shape of the Profile There are 4 profile types available Depending on the data sheet T B CH The profile parameters are defined by it s shape i e profile has no flange like the T and B profile so no data will be specified under the flange breadth parameter Material Material ID of the profile List of the profiles geometrical and stiffness parameters They are loaded from the profile datasheet User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 18 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT
11. of inertia axis vu 1401 8 19 19 7 1 383E 03 11 1 81 8 6 3 2 660E 06 4 320E 04 Profile id B hs ts 440 10 19 197 1 663E 03 az 79 2 7 _3 160E 06 5 560E 04 k k 160 d 221 22 2 1 460E 03 3 0 96 6 6 4 3 730E 06 5 660E 04 160 8 22 22 2 1 620E 03 13 0 94 9 68 4 110E 06 6 550E 04 160 9 22 22 2 1 780E 03 14 2 93 6 7 1 4 480E 06 7 320E 04 17 A 180 8 25 __25 5 _1 886E 03 __15 1 109 7 4 _6 090E 06 9 900E 04 18 JA 180 9 25 25 5 2 066E 03 16 5 107 CO 6 630E 06 1 093E 05 19 A 180 10 25 25 5 2 246E 03 18 0 106 8 1 7 170E 06 1 205E 05 20 A 200 9 28 28 8 2 366E 03 18 9 1211 8 4 9 410E 06 1 576E 05 200 10 28 28 8 2 566E 03 20 5 119 SI 1 020E 07 1 721E 05 200 12 28 289 2 966E 03 23 7 117 _ 9 4 1 160E 07 2 046E 05 220 10 21 32 1 2 900E 03 _ 23 2 134 9 3 1 400E 07 2 389E 05 220 12 31 32 1 3 340E 03 26 7 130 10 1 590E 07 2 798E 05 240 10 34 35 4 3 249E 03 26 0 147 10 1 860E 07 3 234E 05 240 11 34 35 4 3 489E 03 _ 27 9 146 10 3 2 000E 07 3 481E 05 240 12 34 35 4 3 729E 03 29 8 144 10 6 2 130E 07 3 743E 05 N J JA X repr 28 A 260 10 37 _38 7 3 611E 03 28 9 e 10 7 2 477E 07 _4 284E 05 29 A 260 41 am 38 7 3 871E 03 31 0 460 11 2 610E 07 _4 500E 05 30 A 260 12 37 38 7 4 131E 03 33 0 1458 mal 2 770E 07 4 911E 05 Bulb
12. sss iiicinnisrsdernswisinedsnadacsmenscewonscanananivananeaswesenan 35 6 4 1 gt 2 gt gt me ee 35 6 4 2 Creating and applying oacdes 2 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 36 6 4 3 Evaluating global response 36 6 4 4 Strength analysis based on global and local response 37 6 4 5 Running optimization process sseeeeeeeeeeeeeeerrnrnreeseerere 37 6 4 6 Review of optimisation results ee 39 EXAMPLE MODELS E 40 e E er 41 APPENDIXE EN 42 9 1 Datasheet file examples cccssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 42 9 2 Design criteria s sssiinintsdnsesndisnctiadndncadcedecndasacndedadaduondedecasatnindecnduaaaean 43 9 21 Plate yield E 43 9 2 2 Stiffener yield E 43 9 2 3 Plate ielipng esgeegersdeeegeendeegeeCehEeSgCgelee dene deene 44 9 2 4 Stiffener lateral bucklmg 44 9 2 5 Stiffener torsional buckling tripping cceeeeeeeeeeeees 44 9 2 6 Stiffener s web and flange bUCKIING eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 45 9 3 Napa steel MAC siinsiisinsiied issvarivasinarinscinacssanenasaniinmadauaseradentsnnnsawins 46 User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 3 Installation CONSTRUCT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 General This document represents User s Guide for Conceptual Structural Design Software or CONSTRUCT It enables the efficient structural analysis of new ship concepts using Coupled Beam theory CONSTRUCT is focused especially on the conceptual design phase and the software enables fast generatio
13. that will be evaluated in each generation It should be an even number in range 50 100 increasing with the complexity of the structure e NCON number of constraints automatically calculated as 8 times of NV e NGEN number of generations defines how many times will the new set of designs of size POP be created and evaluated Simultaneously it is a stopping criterion that ends the optimization e PC probability of crossover defines the probability that two randomly selected designs from the population will swap part of their variables Commonly the best results are obtained using PC in range 0 7 0 9 e PM probability of mutation Each design alternative is represented with binary string and PM determines the probability of flipping each bit This random variation is essential for the proper functionality of the optimizer Typical PM is calculated as 1 number of bits representing the design meaning that only one bit per design will be changed consequently only one variable Back 1993 Deb 2001 Using this expression the value of PM is automatically provided by CONSTRUCT however it can be enlarged to 2 times of the original PM as used by Klanac et al 2008 on tanker s main frame User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 38 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT optimization Defining PM outside of this recommended range can result in slow optimization progress difficulties to retain feasible designs or even deterioration of initial designs
14. the beam s description or leave it blank Connections List of Coupled Beams Points that define the Coupled beam Reference Point reference point is also one of the Coupled Beam Points that serves as a reference for that Coupled Beam e CBConnections List of connection points to other Coupled Beams e CBintStrakes List of LStrakes that the Coupled Beam extends over e CBintPillars List of Pillars that are connected with the coupled beam if any LStrakes LStrakes are longitudinal strakes They are created directly from section lines Here s the list of LStrake s properties e JD Specifies unique LStrake ID number e Description It can be entered by the user or left blank e Length Longitudinal dimension of the LStrake inherited from the section length property e Width Transversal dimension of the LStrake defined by the section lines and section grid points e Panel IDs Every LStrake has one panel ID assigned to it That way user can quickly change the number of stiffeners or plate thickness of any LStrake by changing the Panel ID Or changing the panel s parameters user can change for example the stiffener type on a number of LStrakes that is those LStrakes that have the panel ID of the panel that user has altered e Connections List of LStrakes point connections During LStrake creation points have been created from the section line s intersections Another set of points are created at a section length distanc
15. 1 doc 33 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT 6 3 Creating a full model of a ship 6 3 1 Copying sections Select the section you wish to copy from the Sections sub branch of the Model branch Then select Copy Section command from the Model menu Input box will launch Enter longitudinal position of the new section and press enter to confirm User can make modifications on that newly created section For example delete LStrakes Girders add openings and so on On the figure on the left there is an assembly of 3 sections This was made by copying the first section then deleting 2 strakes from the newly created section After that first section was copied again but on a different longitudinal position next to the second section 6 3 2 Assembling sections into a full model This is done in a simple way by lining up numbers of desired sections To create a full ship model to the following e Select Model branch in the Project Explorer Model properties will load into Data Table area e Under Section List field enter the desired section combination For example 20 1 30 2 10 1 This means that the full ship will be composed of 20 sections number 1 then 30 sections number 2 and 10 sections number 1 again 60 sections total e Select Generate Full Model command from the Model menu e Select Full Model from the model menu or same command from the Toolbar Model drop down menu to display the full model 6 3 3 Generating C
16. 2 Oekv Safe 0 0 0 i 0y 1 and the components are obtained with the Coupled Beam method Tertiary stress component is calculated using the following equation 2 o 025 4 p 2 2 where k aspect ratio correlation factor p lateral pressure s Stiffener spacing t plate thickness 9 2 2 Stiffener yield The expression for c from plate yield criterion is used for primary and secondary response while the maximum bending moment for the tertiary response is calculated using M JC 83 User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 43 Appendixes CONSTRUCT where L is the length of the stiffener m and 12 is a factor defined by boundary condition DNV 2005 9 2 3 Plate buckling Plate buckling criterion comes from n o be dt C ax__ E HE lt 1 4 On Oey Oey On c where O compressive stress in axial direction Ou compressive stress in transverse direction O Critical stress in axial direction O Critical stress in transverse direction K n factors depending on the aspect ratio thickness yield strength and Young s modulus of the plate Parameter q is a function of actual shear stress t and critical shear stress 7 according to expression Ta q 1 5 Te 9 2 4 Stiffener lateral buckling Euler buckling equation is used to predict critical elastic buckling stress CO g Geen da E 6 where E Young s modulus I moment of inertia A cross sectional area of th
17. A d Aalto University e S Technology USER S MANUAL CONSTRUCT Conceptual Structural Design Software CC EE a REVISION 1 0 24 01 2010 Aalto University School of Science and Technology Department of Applied Mechanics Marine Technology Table of Contents CONSTRUCT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION eege i otiwucdenuwtcauiaaretieast 4 1 1 GGG d E 4 1 2 Operational principles sciciccccisenscccccsccsnsnisensnsecceesesnsaansnseuessessdsanseanan 4 1 3 Modelling PrinGipleS csccisisticisscisessccssisensnateseiedsrsnarnenieswatacanadans 5 1 4 Architecture Of software eeeEERRRREEEEEEEEEEEESEEEERSEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEESEEEEn 6 2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS megteeeieeete deeg eg 6 2 1 Hardware Requirements cccccccsssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeesenesseeeeeeeeeees 6 3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT LES edieteugetseegegieres gege iedie Een 7 4 INSTALLATION ice cers ae rE E 7 5 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE isscsvssces cass cercoccsreciisunsccucguasuvins 8 5 1 Emtee 8 i Mie DAP isis aa se ea se eebe 8 5 2 1 File MRM sisisi 8 5 2 2 View men 9 52 39 652 Bg 9b epee eee re meer ere re ere 10 5 2 4 Response MENU sac icnccceccceeccagcduc cacocdenceageannnestacbubendensnauaicuecent 12 5 2 5 Design Criteria men 12 5 2 6 Optimization KEIER 13 5 2 7 Options E 14 5 2 8 Window men 14 5 2 9 Help Er 14 5 3 Toolbar aredi EN 14 5 3 1 Grid point and Section line tools ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 15 5 3 2 Selection too
18. Arr 6 LIMITS ON ST TYPE OPENINGS LF 1 LQ OPN NAME F 12 FORM F 11 LENX LENY CGXA CGYA CGZA ANG TOO OPN HD S U UL field 2 LIST OPN ALL LF 5 PLATES C LIMITS OFF LIMITS valueof limArr 1 tol valueof limArr 2 tol limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 limArr 6 LIMITS ON ST TYPE PLATES FROM XMIN TO XMAX LF 1 LQ PLA NAME F 12 PLATE F 6 PLTH XMIN F 7 2 XMAX F 7 2 YMIN F 7 3 YMAX F 7 3 ZMIN F 7 3 ZMAX F 7 3 TOO PLA HD S U UL field 2 LIST PLA ALL LES LIMITS OFF LIMITS valueof limArr 1 10 tol valueof limArr 1 tol limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 limArr 6 LIMITS ON ST TYPE PLATES AT XMIN LF 1 LQ PLA NAME F 12 PLATE F 6 PLTH XMIN F 7 2 XMAX F 7 2 YMIN F 7 3 YMAX F 7 3 ZMIN F 7 3 ZMAX F 7 3 TOO PLA HD S U UL field 2 LIST PLA ALL LF5 LIMITS OFF LIMITS valueof limArr 2 10 tol valueof limArr 2 tol limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 limArr 6 LIMITS ON ST TYPE PLATES AT XMAX LF 1 LQ PLA NAME F 12 PLATE F 6 PLTH XMIN F 7 2 XMAX F 7 2 YMIN F 7 3 YMAX F 7 3 ZMIN F 7 3 ZMAX F 7 3 TOO PLA HD S U UL field 2 LIST PLA ALL LES LIMITS OFF LIMITS valueof limArr 1 tol valueof limArr 2 tol limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 limArr 6 LIMITS ON SCAN 1 1 outputFile os str directory gt file send outputFile END User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 47
19. CTION 1 limArr 1 _ gt limArr 2 _ STRUCTURE DATA LIMITS valueof limArr 1 tol valueof limArr 2 tol limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 limArr 6 LIMITS ON ST LF2 TYPE STRUCTURE DATA LEI LQ STE NAME F 16 STYPE MAT F 4 PLTH XMIN F 7 2 XMAX F 7 2 YMIN F 7 3 YMAX F 7 3 ZMIN F 7 3 ZMAX F 7 3 ORNT TOO STE HD S U UL LIST STE ALL LES CONNECTIONS BETWEEN STRUCTURES LIMITS OFF LIMITS limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 limArr 6 LIMITS ON ST TYPE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN STRUCTURES AT XMIN LF 1 LQ STC NAME REFC X Y Z ANG PRI TOO STC HD S U UL field 2 LIST STC ALL X valueof limArr 1 tol P LIST STC ALL X limArr 1 P LF5 ST TYPE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN STRUCTURES AT XMAX LF 1 LQ STC NAME REFC X Y Z ANG PRI TOO STC HD S U UL field 2 LIST STC ALL X valueof limArr 2 tol P LIST STC ALL X limArr 2 P LF5 STIFFENERS LIMITS OFF LIMITS valueof limArr 1 tol valueof limArr 2 tol limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 limArr 6 LIMITS ON ST TYPE STIFFENERS LF 1 User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 46 Appendixes CONSTRUCT LQ STI NAME F 16 PROFID F 16 MAT F 4 COORD F 9 2 AXIS F 4 IDIR F 4 XMIN F 6 2 XMAX F 6 2 YMIN F 6 2 YMAX F 6 2 ZMIN F 6 2 ZMAX F 6 2 TOO STI HD S U UL LIST STI ALL LF5 OPENINGS mee LIMITS OFF LIMITS valueof limArr 1 tol valueof limArr 2 tol limArr 3 limArr 4 limArr 5 lim
20. Filled and Shaded options are included Normals option is used to display the panel s normal orientation red colour shows normal direction Projection Contains a submenu with 2 View projection options Perspective and Orthogonal options are available Zoom Fit and Window options are available Fit option will fit the whole model into the view window and Window option allows zooming of the area of interest Pan Allows the user to pan the view up down left and right Rotate Allows the user to rotate the model From fore part This is an isometric view option Displays an isometric view of the model from the fore From aft part Displays an isometric view of the model from the aft User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT After that lists of 6 available view projections is given Front and Back Left and SE Top and Bottom respectively Coordinate axes Toggles the display of View window coordinate axes Origin When checked displays 3 orthogonal planes XY XZ and YZ shaded grey Origin is at the cross section of these 3 planes Extend box Graphically shows the total dimensions of the model Black dashed lines show total length height and width of the object Legend Displays the legend of the selected property in the upper left corner of the view window Charts Displays optimization results via diagrams It shows the curves of 3 object functions weight cost C G or the moment deflecti
21. Goldberg D E Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning Reading MA Addison Wesley 1989 Hughes O F Ship Structural Design Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Wiley New York 1988 Klanac A Jelovica J Niemelainen M Remes H Romanoff J Structural Omni Optimization of a Tanker Proc 7 International Conference on Computer Applications and Information Technology in the Maritime Industries COMPIT 08 Liege Belgium 2008b Klanac A Jelovica J Vectorization and constraint grouping to enhance optimization of marine structures submitted to Marine Structures 2008a Mantere H Strength Analysis for the Design of Local Ship Structures in Concept Stage Master s thesis Helsinki University of Technology 2007 Naar H Varsta P amp Kujala P A theory of coupled beams for strength assessment of passenger ships Marine Structures Design Construction amp Safety 2004 Vol 17 nro 8 590 611 Hughes O F Ghosh B Chen Y mproved prediction of Simultaneous local and overall buckling of stiffened pannels Thinn Walled Structures 2004 Vol 42 p 827 856 Remes H Klanac A Varsta P Ehlers S ConStruct Platform for Conceptual Structural Design IMPROVE Conference Dubrovnik Croatia 17 19 Sept 2009 User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 41 Appendixes CONSTRUCT 9 APPENDIXES 9 1 Datasheet file examples Material and profile datasheet files are made in M
22. NS TRUCT Examples CRUISERXCRUISER csd View 1 File View Model Response Design Criteria Optimization Options Window Help CPU 100 MEM 10GB amp X Seid lol ei ll SO aoa aere gt Model z Plate Thicknesses CONSTRUCT Groups PLATES amp Elements Panels Optimisation Openings Profiles Materials buttons Model FullModel LCs amp BCs Loads Cost Fatique amp Optimization DesAlternatives DesAlternatives 50 total SBS Value Description Description DA 0 Jpmm tons em Cost 113 Gm db Feasibility e g True Figure 15 The reviewing of optimisation results in CONSTRUCT User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 39 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT 7 EXAMPLE MODELS To get user familiar to CONSTRUCT the software includes three simple example models shown in Figure 16 Box beam Cruiser and Tanker Model files are available in TKK CONSTRUCT Examples folder Section Ship model 3610 6588 EH 15 521 Box beam Cruiser Tanker Figure 16 The example model included to CONSTRUCT software User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 40 References CONSTRUCT 8 REFERENCES Back T Optimal Mutation Rates in Genetic Search in Proc 15th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1993 Deb K Multi Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms Wiley Chichester UK 2001 Det Norske Veritas Rules for the classification of steel ships H vik 2005
23. S Office Excel format Profile datasheets contains along with the profile dimension data profile s cross section which defines dimensions User is free to add data to the datasheets obeying the data formats Here s an example of a profile datasheet based on Ruukki 3 E a 5 i i Se 8 3 i f eg 12 13 ha 15 16 17 18 19 o Material hs ts bfl tf As wi ne dl ns yl je A Ier PROFILE DATABASE Based on Ruukki DH mmi mm mm mm mm kg m mm mm mm mm hs height of stiffener 1001 5 15 5 14 8 6 750E 02 5 4 61 3 __4 8 _6 700E 05 __1 480E 04 _ ts thickness of stiffener web 100 6 15 5 14 8 7 740E 02 6 2 59 5 5 1 7 600E 05 1 700E 04 bi breadth of flange 100 TT 15 5 14 8 8 740E 02 7 0 58 7 5 5 8 500E 05 1 990E 04 _ tf thickness of flange 100 8 15 5 14 8 9 750E 02 78 57 8 5 9 9 400E 05 2 310E 04 As area of stiffener 120 5 17 17 7 8 120E 02 6 5 73 9 5 1 170E 06 1 980E 04 w weight of stiffener 1201 6 171 17 7 9 320E 02 7 5 72 D 1 330E 06 2 340E 04 ns x distance of centre of gravity in x direction 1201 7 17 _ 17 7 1 052E 03 8 4 70 7 _ 5 6 1 480E 06 2 700E 04 ns y distance of centre of gravity in y direction 120 _ 8 47 17 7 1 172E 03 94 69 6 6 1 640E 06 3 100E 04 Is_x moment of inertia axis x x 140 7 19 19 7 1 243E 03 9 9 83 1 5 9 _2 410E 06 3 800E 04 ls y moment
24. able must be defined in the group datasheet They determine the possible range where variable value can be chosen in the optimization process e g setting the plate thickness of certain strake in range of 5 20 mm However not all of these values are permitted since the criteria mentioned in the previous sub chapter have certain maximum allowed value so the design has to simultaneously satisfy all of them Since they User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 37 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT restrict variable values they are called the constraints The task of the optimization is to find designs that are the best according to objectives property that is to be minimized or maximized but which satisfy all constraints i e they are feasible Objectives that are used in CONSTRUCT are weight cost and VCG of the structure Optimization is performed using a robust optimization method genetic algorithm GA which has been modified to efficiently handle structural optimization problems with various amount and type of constraints More particularly VOP GA that is used in CONSTRUCT handles all problems as unconstrained by actively minimizing constraint violation alongside the original objectives in a transformation called vectorization Klanac and Jelovica 2008 Therefore the number of objectives in each problem is equal to the sum of constraints and original objectives and the minimization importance of each of them is controlled by th
25. ace This is where user can specify pressure type load e D Load s unique ID number e Description Short optional description of the load e Pressure Magnitude of pressure to be applied in Pa Displacement Displacement can also be applied to the ship model in X direction e D Load s unique ID number e Description Short optional description of the load e xXDisplacement Enter desired displacement in X direction in m Hydrostatic Hydrostatic load is due to the ship s buoyancy e ID Load s unique ID number Description Short optional description of the load Density Specifies density of the fluid kg m Height Height Percent Specifies the tank fullness percentage Acceleration Acceleration loads can be applied in different directions Roll acceleration is also available about 3 main axes e D Load s unique ID number e Description Short optional description of the load e X Y and Z Acceleration Acceleration magnitude in 3 main directions mie e X Y and ZRoll Roll acceleration about 3 main axes in 1 rad Wave Load Wave Load is also available in form of a sine function e ID Load s unique ID number e Description Short optional description of the load User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 24 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT Density Density of the fluid kg m Amplitude Wave amplitude in meters Phase Specifies phase angle in degrees Function 5 4 12 Cost It is used to define costs
26. basic operations and rules of CONSTRUCT s GUI Prior to detailed explanation on how to create a model general idea of modeler as well as list of used terms is given Basic idea of mathematical modeler implemented in CONSTRUCT tool is a building block Following blocks used in modeler materials profiles openings and panels e Material is fundamental building block containing physical properties of materials used to build other blocks e Profile is used to define geometric characteristics of different profile sections It also contains information about material of which particular profile can be made or delivered e Openings are used to define different kind of cutouts which are later used to define ship structure e Panel is rectangular building block which contains information about plate thickness and material of part of ship structure and its stiffening characteristics like number of stiffeners distribution of stiffeners etc It doesn t contain information about openings In order to form a ship structure previously defined building blocks have to be placed in space and additionally described if needed adding of openings etc For that purposes following terms are introduced points sections strakes girders frames and pillars e Points are defined by 3 coordinates X Y and Z respectively They are used to position building blocks into a 3D space e Section is mathematical definition for part of the ship structure between XSec
27. bled listing trough the Panels LStrakes Points and so on in the Data Table will highlight those entities orange enabling the user to see which entity is in the focus at the moment Figure 10 Shaded display of sections LStrakes and Points View manipulation and quick selection User can quickly manipulate the viewing angle using the mouse and CTRL SHIFT keys To rotate the model press and hold the mouse wheel and drag the mouse to rotate the view To Pan the view hold the CTRL key and press and hold the mouse wheel while dragging the view To Zoom out or in hold the SHIFT key and the mouse wheel combination press and hold while dragging the mouse forward and backward Panel and LStrakes are both graphically presented in the same way This can cause problems with selection of particular entity To select for example LStrake and not the User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 30 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT Panel user has to click on Model branch or anywhere in the Model branch in the Project Explorer and then on the LStrake of interest in the View window Properties of that LStrake will be loaded into the Data Table To select Panel instead of the LStrake click on the Elements branch or anywhere in it and then on the LStrake in the View window Now the panel s properties will be loaded into the Data Table Make sure that the Selection tool is enabled in both cases 6 2 4 Adding structural entities to the m
28. ccount Properties e ID Loa s unique ID number Must be specified before Solver starts e Description A short description of the load case optional e LoadlDs List of loads specified under Loads branch It is useful for combining different load types i e moments plus pressure etc e GrouplDs List of groups to which the load case applies Useful for applying load to just a part of the ship model 5 4 11 Loads Loads branch is used to define specific loads like moment load or wave load Here s the list of sub branches and parameters Global Used to define global bending moment e D User must specify unique ID number e Description Short description of the load optional e Moment Specifies the bending moment which will be applied in kNm Point User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 23 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT User can define load force and moment to a specific point of the model Point Load parameters e D User must enter unique ID number e Description Short Description is optional e X Y and Z Force Force magnitude applied to the point in X Y and direction respectively e X Y and Z Moment Magnitude of the moment about X Y and Z axis respectively applied to the point Line Line load allows applying line loads like force and moment per length e D Load s unique ID e Description Short description is optional e Force and Moment magnitude of loads to be applied in N m and Nm m respectively Surf
29. ction list provided a full model of the ship will be generated Generate Coupled Beam Model The coupled beam model on which stress analysis is based on can be generated in 2 ways manually or automatically User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 11 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT 5 2 4 Manual generation needs Column beam connection points input A column beam will be created after user defines 4 connection points Generate Element Pressures Distributes pressure load depending on the specified surface load and group definition Calculate Cost Weight and CG Calculates cost weight and the position of the CG for the model Model Activates the display of the section model simply called model Full model Activates the display of the full model Full model has to be generated before Plate Thickness Displays the model s plate thickness distribution Coloring is explained by the legend in the upper left corner of the view window Number of Stiffeners Similar to the previous command this command will activate graphical display of the number of stiffeners per panel Also a legend which explains the colors will appear in the upper left corner of the view window Stiffener Spacing Graphically shows the stiffener spacing distribution per panel If the panel has no stiffeners it s spacing value will be 1 00 Stiffener Profile ID Graphically shows the ID of the panel s stiffeners That is it shows which panel has which stiffener pr
30. e ID to the pillar Note Since a pillar is being created CONSTRUCT will automatically apply a cylindrical profile from the profiles database Since profiles in that database are ordered by type so is their ID Specifying 1 under profile ID here will actually mean that profile ID 1 has been selected but from the list of cylindrical profiles and profile ID 1 overall e Then enter 2 connection points their IDs i e 23 35 Press Enter and then F9 A pillar should appear on the model 6 2 8 Openings Openings are defined by their type and the position of their center point opening point Ta add an opening to the model Select Openings from the Elements branch in the Project Explorer Click Add button in the Data Table to add an opening Specify the Type of the opening rectangular or elliptical RR or E Enter the desired longitudinal and vertical dimensions in appropriate fields Make sure to enter the dimension in millimeters Press enter to confirm An opening has been defined Second stage is defining the center point of the opening To do that e Select Opening Points from the Model branch in the Project Explorer e Click Add button to add a new opening point to the list e Enter X Y and Z coordinates respectively in the appropriate field to specify the desired location of the opening An opening point has been created User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 32 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT Opening will not be visible until
31. e from the original section lines User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 21 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT defining section length LStrake length also LStrakes are defined by the location of those points Note LStrake s shape and orientation can be modified by changing the coordinate of appropriate connection points e Rule Desc Rule description of the LStrake For instance Deck or Side e Group IDs Han LStrake is a member of any groups IDs of those groups will be displayed e Openings Specifies openings ID then ID of the opening point and the orientation of the opening Opening ID defines the type and size of the opening opening point ID determents the location of the opening and angle opening s orientation 0 to 180 deg e GirderlDs Gives the information about the girders connected to that LStrake Since girder s location and orientation is defined by their connection points altering this field will have no effect e Weight Calculated weight of the LStrake If an LStrake has an opening it will be taken into account during weight calculation TStrakes TStrakes are transversal strakes They are similar to LStrakes but TStrakes don t have stiffeners or girders TStrake can have a Panel with stiffeners assigned to it but stiffeners will not show up on a TStrake Only plate thickness and material property of the panel will be associated with that TStrake TStrakes are defined by their connection points User has to enter a
32. e stiffener and with the attached plate effective width of the stiffener plate flange is estimated to be 80 of the stiffener spacing 9 2 5 Stiffener torsional buckling tripping Buckling stress for the torsional mode of the stiffeners attached to the plate can be estimated using 2 m EI K I a m 0 385 L 7 Factor K is calculated as 4 K 10 8 m Elw where C spring stiffness exerted by supporting plate panel m is the number of half waves estimated between 1 and 4 on the basis on K w sectorial moment of inertia User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 44 Appendixes CONSTRUCT lt St Venant s moment of inertia lp polar moment of inertia 9 2 6 Stiffener s web and flange buckling Elastic buckling stress is calculated as 2 o and l 9 w where t web thickness h web height User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 45 Appendixes CONSTRUCT 9 3 Napa steel macro Example call of NAPA macro ladd NAPA_CS_EXPORT 99 103 C TEMP NAPA_STEEL_EXPORT txt 0 01 NAPA macro parameters limits s directory s file s tol n C C OOO E E E E AOA THIS MACRO CREATES AN OUTPUT LIST FROM NAPA STEEL STRUCTURE TO CONSTRUCT TOOL E O OO COE EEE E E AA ST LIMITS OFF NL STEEL OUTPUT CONSTRUCT Parsing limits limArr arr 3 n parse limits limArr IPAGE 120 2000 LF5 TYPESE
33. eir weight factors VOP can handle different number of constraints thus being able to optimize different levels of complexity Being in essence the genetic algorithm it is a stochastic search method that mimics the evolution of living organisms from the nature It requires evaluation of numerous designs which replace the calculation of gradients that are necessary in traditional optimization methods which would be difficult or impossible to derive due to the complexity of the constraints The optimization is started with randomly created alternatives using uniform distribution between variable bounds The amount of those designs is defined by user and is known as population size After evaluating all design criteria for every alternative in the population the algorithm is run to produce new the better set of designs That completes one generation and the same process is repeated until the determined number of generations is reached GA s working principle is thoroughly described in e g Goldberg 1989 and Deb 2001 Optimization process can be run after specifying all necessary parameters concerning the optimization To obtain automatically calculated initial values for the parameters user has to select Apply MinMax Values from the Optimisation menu Optimisation parameters are e NV number of variables automatically calculated based on the structural model and groups used e POP population size defines the number of design alternatives
34. erical data defining the points unique ID e xX Yand Z Stiffener point coordinates in meters Note Changing the coordinates of a Stiffener Point will not result in stiffeners relocation CONSTRUCT will create a new point with coordinates that are same as those of the point that has been altered This new point will be assigned to the stiffener connected to the altered point Opening Points Opening Points define the location of the opening s center which is actually a connection point for all openings Opening Point properties are e JD Defines the unique ID of an opening point e X Y and Z Coordinates of the opening point Sections Sections are something of a blueprint of the model This is the starting point when creating a new model from scratch It is here that the user defines points that are characteristic to the ship s section Section properties are ID Numerical data that is unique to every section Description Section s description it can be left blank XSection Longitudinal position of the particular section in meters Length Specifies the length of the section in meters Weight Calculated weight of the section in metric tons Cost Calculated cost of a section CG Calculated position of the section s center of gravity in global coordinate system Coordinates are given in X Y Z format e YGrid Specifies horizontal coordinates of section s characteristic points i e panel intersections girder
35. flat nas A 44 l_oo oam matt sr 1 1 M 4 gt rii Bulb flats I profiles T profiles Z Pillars Taf olf Ready NUM Notice that column captions are similar to the property captions of Profiles elements User can add profile data here or directly in CONSTRUCT Same applies to the Material Datasheet User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 42 Appendixes CONSTRUCT 9 2 Design criteria Loads can be divided on primary secondary and tertiary components which enable separate analysis of the response To obtain the total stress a simple superposition of the three components can be made Primary response comes from the bending of the hull girder when exposed to external vertical loads for which the Coupled Beam method Naar et al 2004 is used Secondary response is the consequence of possible local loads imposed on the part of the structure e g cargo on the deck while the tertiary comes from laterally loaded plates e g by hydrostatic sea pressure For better explanation of criteria presented below refer to Mantere 2007 t L an Figure 17 Dimensions of the stiffened panel length of s panel L breadth of s panel B stiffener spacing s thickness of plate t 9 2 1 Plate yield Due to stress components that come from the vertical forces the equivalent stress C can be calculated using the Mises Hencky yield criterion from which the material yields when 2 2
36. gn in ConStruct Information from previous design step New ship concepts with GA and hull shape Design criteria Response analysis Strength with CB Weight I Cots etc ee Initial definitions Techno Guided by economical Steel GA user or analysis Leads 3D keg optimisation based on keg Th objectives Scantling ranges 1 Initial scantling Analysis outcomes i Fara of Fara 2 The relation Database of all between design lt technically feasible objectives design alternatives Figure 1 Design procedure for CONSTRUCT User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 4 Installation CONSTRUCT 1 3 Modelling principles The efficient utilisation of the pre information in the iterative design process affects on structural modelling In CONSTRUCT the hull girder of the ship FullModel is built up one or more sections Section making it possible to study prismatic or non prismatic hull beam problems see Figure 2 Thus in the iterative design process this means that the first evaluation of strength is based on the prismatic model while the more accurate analysis in next design step can rely on the non prismatic model For instance to include the influence of a large deck opening or staircase the application of the non prismatic model is necessary Figure 3 presents the example of Section model in CONSTRUCT The section is composed of macro elements which are stiffened plate Strake deck beam Girder Fra
37. he bending moment then press Enter to confirm Now that the load has been created it is possible to apply it to the model To apply the load it is necessary to create a Load Case Do the following e Click on the LCs amp BCs branch e Click Add button to create a load case ID will be automatically assigned e Specify the list of loads to be applied Load ID s field This means that the user can combine several types of loads for example bending moment and Hydrostatic load Simply specify the IDs of appropriate loads and make sure those loads are created before e Next if necessary specify the groups GroupIDs of elements that will be subjected to the load case If none is specified load case will be applied to the whole model Grouping is important in order to apply non global loads such as Pressure and Point Loads After such groups of elements have been created it is necessary to specify them when applying loads Load Case has been created It s possible to create a number of load cases like this with various load combinations 6 4 3 Evaluating global response To run a Coupled Beams Solver select Calculate from the Response menu Solver will calculate each load case respectively and store the results To view the results of each load case select the appropriate load case results from the Toolbar s load case drop down list To view a different set of results Normall Stress Shear Stress etc select the appropriate result
38. he present version of ConStruct Software does not support Window 64 bits operating systems 4 INSTALLATION Installation of CONSTRUCT Tool is delivered on CD containing all necessary information to run it Put CD into your optical drive and run setup exe and follow the on screen instructions Although one can change installation path it is recommended to keep the default one User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 7 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT 5 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE 5 1 General CONSTRUCT Graphical user interface or simple GUI is divided into 5 areas They are Menu bar and Toolbar Project Explorer Data Table area and Visualization Window see Figure 5 CONSTRUCT 1 Program Files TKK CONS TRUCT Examples CRUISER CRUISER csd View 1 CPU 100 MEM 18GB e E QAQA ei ei EI ei Prototype ii Model Ss Thicknesses My L Usage 5 CONSTRUCT Groups PLATES amp Elements Panels P jem Openings E 14 000 Profiles 12 000 Materials 10 000 Model m FullModel LCs amp BCs Loads Cost Fatigue Optimization ts es RK Ai E t DN Hild Figure 5 Graphical User Interface model section with plate thicknesses 5 2 Menu bar Menu bar Located on the top of the GUI holds commands used for file data view and geometry manipulation 5 2 1 File Menu File menu is the file and data management centre of this GUI Here s the list and a short description of the com
39. ials from the appropriate database but only those materials and profiles which ID is within specified range e PlaThiMinMax specifies the range of plate thickness in mm variable and StiSpacings specify the stiffener spacing range NoOfStiMinMax specifies User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 16 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT the minimum and maximum number of stiffeners to be used during optimization 5 4 3 Elements Elements are the building blocks of the model There are several types of elements Panels Openings Materials and Profiles which then become different entities of the model For instance entities like Frames and Girders can have same Profile but different purpose in the model 5 4 4 Panels Panels are defined by their size thickness and stiffener distribution Panels are automatically created when importing model from NAPA for instance Here is the list of Panel parameters and a short explanation of them e ID Panel s ID value is a number and it is unique to every panel It is created automatically after panel generation e Description It is a description variable of the Panel It is automatically generated based on the panel s length width plate thickness and material User can enter its own description or erase this one and leave this field blank e Length Panel length total dimension in X direction always stiffener direction e Width Panel s width total dimension in Y direction always perpendicular to
40. ile Show Explorer Tree e Show Explorer Tree Toggles the Project Explorer display on and off Tile Horizontally e Tile Horizontally Vertically Arranges view Tile Vertically windows one above the other or side by side Cascade Active view window will be placed on top or to the left e Cascade Arranges view windows one in front of the other Active view window will have the priority and be placed on top 5 2 9 Help menu e User s Guide Launches User s Guide document in PDF format e About Displays information about the software version authors etc 5 3 Toolbar area Toolbar commands are in most cases shortcuts for Menu bar commands This paragraph will explain only those commands and menus that can not be found among the Menu bar commands User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 14 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT 5 3 1 Grid point and Section line tools These two buttons are used during the first stage of the modelling i g process They are from left to right Show Hide section grid points the red one Toggles the display of section grid points Show Hide section lines the blue button Toggles the display of section lines 5 3 2 Selection tool This is Selection tool button It is used to select entities directly from the view window Multiple selections are performed by holding the left mouse button and circling the elements of interest To select elements that are hidden behi
41. iption by their description Here s the procedure for creating a group e Select Groups from the Project Explorer e Click on the Add button in the Data Table area to add a new group to the list e Enter Group Type Entity or Description e H an Entity based group is to be created enter appropriate entity under Entity type For example to group LStrakes of the section input has to look like this Model LStrakes Make sure that the display option is on Model and not Full model when the grouping is done within the section e Select Selection tool and circle the area of interest Press F9 Number of Entities field Groups properties Data Table area should display the number of specified entities found among the selected elements When creating Description based groups user must provide both Entity Type and Entity Description 6 4 Analyzing the model 6 4 1 General This chapter will explain how to create and apply loads to the model run a Coupled Beams analysis and display the results User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 35 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT 6 4 2 Creating and applying loads To apply a load to the model it is necessary to create some loads Creating loads e Expand the Loads branch of the Project Explorer and select which load type to create The simplest example is the Global load in form of a bending moment e Click Add button to add Global load Its ID will be automatically generated e Specify the magnitude of t
42. l e SectionList Specifies the number and order of sections that make up full model of a ship For example user can enter 10 1 50 2 10 1 which means that the full model will be composed of 10 sections number 1 then 50 sections number 2 and then again 10 sections number 1 e Weight Calculated weight of the model e Cost e C G Position of the model s center of gravity X Y Z Points Points are connection locations between lines girders frames pillars and so on Many line entities like the ones we ve just named depend on them Surface entities like LStrakes are also defined by these Points Deleting any of the points will crash the model Point is defined by e D Numerical data unique to every point e xX Yand Z These are point coordinates in meters User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 19 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT Coupled Beam Points Like LStrakes Coupled Beams rely on their own set of points the Coupled Beam Points or CB Points They are automatically created during automatic CB generation or can be entered manually CB Point properties e ID Numerical data unique to every CB point e X Y and Z CB Point coordinates in meters Stiffener Points Stiffener Points are connection entities for panel s stiffeners They are created automatically after stiffener generation Their coordinates rely on the stiffener spacing property defined under the panel properties Stiffener Points properties are e ID Num
43. l ee eiegeegeeeeeg deeg 15 5 3 3 Drop DOWN mens ENEE 15 5 4 Project Explorer and Data Table areas RER 16 541 MAGNE EE 16 5 4 2 Eeer 16 5 4 3 Elements eieiei eegen 17 544 Panelini eie egener 17 9545 E ee S arseen eaaa een ESEETO 18 BA e ccoisiertiisioiie tieit n iit iG EEG E Ta EOE 18 5 4 7 Materials ieeteie ietee ieeeieiefiebukekeiiebe e efekekeh ebeieke ieebekek ieeeeieng 19 ee 19 5 4 9 Full Klegrel tietuneeteteussetiehunseteeheggorege eegent 23 E a K O Me 23 Eh We E 23 5412 SSE sagas sctaeas sates Gate enea on 98 a a E 25 5 4 13 OptimizatiOn een 25 6 WORKING WITH CONSTRUCT ccccccsssseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeees 26 Sg E IT 1 E 26 6 2 Step beSiep Miodelumg egoeseeugeekeeekgeeg ege ENEE KENE EE EREeRNEdEeN 27 6 2 1 Loading dataeheeis nnn eeeeeerrnnnnseeerrrren nn 27 6 2 2 Creating a MOOG ics ccie ceases Saeette ticles cable Seeley 27 6 2 3 View manipulation and quick selechon 30 6 2 4 Adding structural entities to the model 31 620 UMC NE ee Ee 31 User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 2 Table of Contents CONSTRUCT co N 6 2 6 Girders and FRANCS Jain eter ease reed ued eces gegen 31 6 2 UE 32 Seat fe 61219 919 EE 32 6 2 9 Creating TStrakes en 33 6 3 Creating a full model Of a SHIP ee eeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 34 6 3 1 Gopying SCC INS eenegen enee 34 6 3 2 Assembling sections into a full model 34 6 3 3 Generating Coupled DBeams 34 6 3 4 Creating OUD eebe 35 6 4 Analyzing the model
44. mands found in this menu e New Starts anew CONSTRUCT project User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 8 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT e Open Opens an existing CONSTRUCT project file Ele csd file extension D New e Save Saves the working project under a current LS Open Ctrl 0 name lal Save Ctri s e Save as Saves the working project under a new Save As name and location Database e Database Database holds a sub menu used to import material and profile data sheets into the current project and model respectively Sub menu Se commands will be explained in detail later in Working with CONSTRUCT chapter e Exit Exits CONSTRUCT At the end of this Menu there is a list of previously opened files if there are any Clicking on them will load them into CONSTRUCT 5 2 2 View menu This menu is used for view manipulation What follows is the list of commands that can be found here New Delete Rename Shading Projection Zoom Pan Rotate From fore part From aft part Front Back Left Right Top Bottom Coordinate axis Origin Extend Box Legend Charts Copy New Opens a new view window Delete Deletes active view window Rename Renames the active view window Selecting it Rename View input box will appear allowing the user to specify a new window name Shading Contains a sub menu allowing the user to select from a range of model display options Wireframe
45. me and pillar Pillar Definition of each macro element includes the information about its location geometry and property The geometry and property of macro element are obtained from the pre defined panel material and profile tables included in CONSTRUCT The panel is the main unit which includes the definition of stiffener spacing stiffener type size of panel and plate thickness and the panel is applied to model Strakes of the sections Section i FullModel Figure 2 A section Section and full ship model FullModel Opening Girder Pillar Stiffener Figure 3 Example of a section model composed of Strake Girder Frame Stiffener Pillar and Opening User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 5 Installation CONSTRUCT 1 4 Architecture of software The CONSTRUCT software is composed of a central unit CONSTRUCT engine ship model database and independent calculation modules see Figure 4 The central unit controls the database and the calculation modules with the help of a functional library Model database and calculation modules are controlled by user via Graphical User Interface GUI USER INTERFACE SHIP MODEL GUI CALCULATION DATABASE MODULES Geometry CONSTR e Weight ENGINE Loads Cost Profile and Response material Strength libraries Optimiser Etc sc LIBRARY Etc Figure 4 Architecture of CONSTRUCT software 2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 2 1 Hardware Requirements Minimum hardware requiremen
46. nd other elements repeat the previous procedure while holding the Shift key 5 3 3 Drop Down menus Drop down menus are used for manipulating response data display they are located in the upper right corner of the GUI and they are from left to right Prototype H Model None Materials Plate Thicknesses Number of Stiffeners Stiffener Spacings Stiffener Profiles Deformations Normal Stresses X Normal Stresses Y Shear Stresses Pressure Usage Factor Capability Demand sx None gt LCs Usage v H H GG L Design alternatives drop down menu It has 2 display options Prototype and Design Alternatives Design Alternatives option is used for optimization results display Model drop down menu It has 3 display options Model FullModel and Groups Model option will display only sections FullModel displays the full model of a ship and Groups option displays elements which are members of a particular group Properties and Response drop down menu this menu allows user to choose the graphical display of model s properties and response stress distribution Figure on the right shows the full list of display options The distribution of particular property i e Plate thickness is presented via colored panels A legend assigning values to colors appears in the upper left corner of the View window e When displaying analysis results user can choose the results of a particular load case trough the load case dro
47. ns of ship sections and assembling them into a full ship model In addition to it CONSTRUCT has built in support for various ship design criteria such as buckling yielding as well as structural optimisation First part of this manual explains the operational principles of CONSTRUCT the Graphical User Interface GUI CONSTRUCT elements and functions The next chapter will introduce user to the working philosophy of CONSTRUCT Tool through the demonstration example 1 2 Operational principles The design procedure for CONSTRUCT is presented in Figure 1 The starting point of the conceptual structural design is the information of previous design steps where for instance general arrangement and hull shape are created Based on this information the steel general arrangement loads and structural discretion for CB analysis are determined These initial definitions are done once since scantlings with stiffener spacing are only varied during structural optimisation During the optimisation process design alternatives are stored to have the wide coverage of the objective space which is exploited for the creation of Pareto surface CONSTRUCT allows manual design generation or automated optimisation CONSTRUCT is composed of a central unit ship model database and independent calculation modules The central unit controls the database and the calculation modules which include all methods required for techno economical analysis Conceptual structural desi
48. o check the validity of the input data of the panels and strakes e Check Girders Check panels for difference in stiffener height which can cause Import NAPA Import AutoCAD Import BY MARS Import Coupled Beams Export Coupled Beams Merge Hard Points Renumber Remove Unused Panels Sort Entities by Section Check Panels and Strakes Check Girders Flip Normals Copy Section Delete Section Generate Active Section Longitudinal Strakes Generate Full Model Generate Coupled Beams Generate Element Pressures Model Full Model Plate Thickness Number of Stiffeners Stiffener Spacing Stiffener Profile ID Export Visualisation Data Export LS DYNA Export BY MARS particular stiffener to behaviour like girder if stiffener height is 20 larger than other stiffeners than it becomes girder Flip normals Changes the direction of panel normals This is useful to change the orientation of the panel s stiffeners for example or to invert the curvature of a panel Copy section Copies the active selected section to a new coordinate longitudinal User can specify the longitudinal coordinate trough an input box that will appear Delete Section Deletes all data entities of the selected section Generate Active Section Longitudinal Strakes Generates longitudinal strakes from the lines drawn in the active section Longitudinal strakes are the building blocks of the model Generate Full Model Based on the se
49. odel Next stage of the modeling is adding structural entities into the model Generation of stiffeners girders and pillars will be shown 6 2 5 Stiffeners As mentioned before stiffeners are a part of panel To add stiffeners to the panel follow the procedure Click on the Panel sub branch in the Elements branch of the Project Explorer Select the appropriate panel from the list in the Data Table area Enter the appropriate StiffenerlD to define the stiffeners shape and it s structural characteristics If not sure which profile to select view the profile s characteristics under the Profiles branch first Specify the number of stiffeners NoOfStiffs field and stiffener layout Stiff Layout field For example layout for 2 stiffeners should look something like this 0 333 0 667 which means that the first stiffener is placed at the 1 3 of width and the second at 2 3 of the panel s width Press Enter to confirm the input then F9 to refresh the view Stiffeners should appear on the altered panels If stiffeners do not appear on the model and yet they appear in the Project Explorer double click on them in the Project Explorer to activate them If the stiffeners appear on the wrong side of the panel flip them around by selecting Flip Normals command from the model menu but be sure to select the appropriate LStrake before that 6 2 6 Girders and Frames Girders rely on Points Point s position and order define the location and orien
50. of the ship s production Material costs part production assembly and welding costs are included User can get information about the general cost and some average values of profile length and plate width and thickness 5 4 13 Optimization CONSTRUCT has built in optimization capabilities Optimization branch of the Project Explorer allows the user to set optimization parameters Optimization parameters e Description Short description can be entered here not necessary NV Number of variables taken into account NC Number of objective functions NCON Number of constraints POP Population size NOGEN Generation size PC Crossover probability PM Mutation probability WO Objective function ponders OPTMODE Toggles maximization or minimization of object function 1 or 0 SMODE Seed mode on off 0 1 GroOptlDs List of group IDs on which the optimization will be applied StrGroOptiDs List of group IDs on which the strake optimization will be performed After optimization has been completed a set of design alternatives is created they can be viewed by clicking on the DesAlternatives sub branch in the Project Explorer User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 25 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT 6 WORKING WITH CONSTRUCT 6 1 1 General This chapter will show how to create a ship section model turn it into a full ship model define loads analyze it and run an optimization procedure First a modeling procedure will be shown plus some
51. ofile If the panel has no stiffeners its Stiffener Profile ID value will be set to 1 00 Export Visualization Data Creates a txt file containing data necessary for visualization using VISUME software Export LS DYNA Creates a LS DYNA input file Delete BV MARS Creates a txt file containing data necessary for BV MARS software Response menu Used to calculate response and load basic output data 5 2 5 Export Coupled Beam Input Creates a file containing input data for the coupled beam solver Before the user can do that a set of Export CB Input ship s sections defining the full model must be ER specified Deformations Calculate Launches the Coupled Beam Solver Normal Stresses which will calculate the models response to the Shear Stresses applied loads Deformations Loads the deformation part of response data and graphically shows the deformation distribution along the full model of the ship Normal Stresses Loads and graphically displays calculated normal stresses Shear Stresses Loads and graphically shows the distribution of calculated shear stresses of the full model Design Criteria menu Commands used for calculation of design criteria and ultimate strength Apply Group Safety Factors Applies user specified safety factor for strakes Safety factor are given in group definination Calculate Cost Weight and CG Calculates cost weight and centre of gravity User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 12 Graphical
52. on curve for ultimate strength analysis Copy Copies the View window area into Clipboard so it can be pasted as a picture in any other software one is using for example Microsoft PowerPoint or Word etc PLATES ES eo 12 000 10 000 E 8 000 E 4 000 te Figure 6 Model s Origin Extend Box and plate thickness distribution 5 2 3 Model menu Commands used for model creation and manipulation can be found bellow Import NAPA Loads NAPA standard based section model Import NAPA data window will appear User must specify path to the appropriate file containing NAPA data User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 10 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT e Import Auto CAD Loads points and lines from AutoCAD dxf file e Import Coupled Beams Loads coordinates and connection point coordinates of the coupled beam model It is necessary in order to run a stress analysis of the model e Export Coupled Beams Exports the coordinates and connection points of the coupled beams e Merge hard points Merges coincident hard points e Renumber Renumbers indexing of data entities It can be utilized after entity removing e Remove Unused Panels Delete panels which are not currently applied in the ship model e Sort Entities by Section Sorts data entities of the model with several sections It is necessary after modification of the model composed of several sections e Check Panels and Strakes For future use t
53. ort Materials Database d Datasheet command Import Profiles Data Sheet from the File menu Exit Select Data sheet window will open Specify path to the appropriate Excel database that contains material data If such datasheet isn t available materials have to be defined manually After specifying the correct path and loading the datasheet a material successful loading message will appear Click OK to close the Information Window e Then select Database gt Import Profiles Datasheet Follow the same procedure as with material data sheet Clear Database Import Materials from Database to Model Import Profiles from Database to Model This procedure is to be done once after installation of tool and every time when profiles datasheets are changed Information is stored in condb xml file in working directory The materials and profiles have been loaded into the program s database but not into the current model To do this Select Database gt Import Materials from Database to Model command from the file menu Do the same for Profiles 100 total Description Unique ID profiles as well Expand the Elements branch and See left click on Materials sub branch There should Profile type T L B FB be several materials loaded into CONSTRUCT Material You can list them in the Data Table area and view Height of profile web m their properties Same can be done with profiles wb H the procedure
54. ou proceed make sure that the Selection tool is enabled Arrow button on the Toolbar and that the Show section lines option is enabled also Click on the first point for example 0 0 then holding the CTRL key click on the grid point you wish to connect A green section line should be drawn Release the CTRL key Now click on that point and holding the CTRL key connect it to the next point and so on That is the way section lines are drawn a G i i H M i _ Q Figure 9 Drawing section lines Now that the complete section has been drawn LStrakes can be generated Select Generate Active Section Longitudinal Strakes command from the Model menu Make sure that the active section is the one with the section lines LStrakes should be generated Click on the LStrakes sub branch in the Project explorer There should be a number of LStrakes generated and their properties visible in the Data Table User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 29 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT Double clicking on the LStrakes in the Model and FullModel branch will toggle on and off the display of that entity Same applies to other entities in those branches Double click on Points in the Model branch Red points should appear in the view window and point properties are loaded into Data table Panels are also created 6 2 3 Click on the Panels sub branch in the Elements branch of the PE If the Selection tool is ena
55. oupled Beams Before any analysis can be executed model Coupled Beams have to be generated It can be done automatically or manual Automatic procedure is simple User has to select Generate Coupled Beams gt Automatically from the Model menu Manual creation requires manual creation of Coupled Beam points and then coupled beams themselves After the Coupled Beams have been created they will appear on the model shaded green User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 34 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT The automatic procedure for Coupled Beams creation is not applicable to generic use particularly in the case of complex geometry In this case Coupled Beams can be defined based on the automatic generated points Generate Coupled Beams gt Points and applying the manual definition of Coupled Beam Generate Coupled Beams gt manual According to Coupled Beam Theory Naar et al 2004 it is recommitted that the boundary of the Coupled Beam element is located into the middle of plate see Figure 13 Coupled beam BON g E Kb E SU F TS g e E 27 e z TTIITIAAA ij Figure 13 Examples of the deviation of Coupled Beams 6 3 4 Creating Groups It is useful to create groups of entities with same characteristics Groups can be useful for easier viewing of the model applying loads etc there are two types of groups Entity and description based Entity groups group elements by their entity and descr
56. p down menu e Load case drop down menu It is a list of all defined load cases Choosing the load case from this menu will load its response and that response data will be available for viewing User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 15 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT e Usage drop down menu It allows the user to select the particular design criterion usage factor In order to display the usage factor that option has to be selected from the Properties and Response drop down menu first and of course design criteria has to be calculated Design Criteria menu gt Calculate 5 4 Project Explorer and Data Table areas 5 4 1 General Project Explorer basically shows the structure of the model User can find information about the Elements and Entities that the model is made of Also Project Explorer tree in conjunction with Data Table is used to specify all parameters about various entities load cases etc A figure on the right shows Project Explorer and Data Table area PROJECT EXPLORER CONSTRUCT d S Groups with profiles data loaded into the data table Project ae Explorer allows easier navigation trough the model Openings entities while Data Table provides information and ee enables creation of entities and later modification of their aternals D di Model properties FullModel LCs amp BCs ege Project Explorer branches are displayed on the left Cost 9 Optimization 5 4 2
57. points and so on e ZGrid Specifies vertical coordinates of section s characteristic points e NumOfDiv Stiffeners User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 20 Graphical User Interface CONSTRUCT Stiffeners are structural entities of the model Almost all of their properties are defined by the panel that they are a part of This means that in order to alter stiffener properties user has to do it through the Panel branch and Panel properties Stiffener properties e ID Stiffeners all have same ID which is null because stiffeners are defined by their panel e Description Stiffeners can have a description but it is inherited from the LStrake on which they are placed Changing the description here will have no effect e Connections Gives the list of stiffener s connection points e Angle Gives the information about stiffener s angle It is inherited from the panel e Orient Gives the information about the stiffener s orientation which is also inherited from the panel e Profile ID Gives information about the stiffeners shape which is inherited from the panel Coupled Beams Response of the ship s hull to the loads is calculated trough the coupled beams theory So in order to calculate the response user has to define coupled beams In the Coupled Beams branch of the PE tree user can manually define every coupled beam or view its properties Coupled Beams properties ID Beam s unique ID Description User can specify
58. s from the Display mode drop down list Figure below shows the response normal stress x of the model subjected to a global bending moment User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 36 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT NORMAL STRESS X E 73 319 58 514 E 43 709 28 905 14 100 0 705 15 509 30 314 45 119 59 924 74 728 Figure 14 Normal Stress response of a full ship model subjected to a global bending moment 6 4 4 Strength analysis based on global and local response To calculate the fulfillment of design criteria select Calculate from the Design Criteria menu To view the results for a certain criterion select the appropriate results from the Usage display drop down list Strength criteria are calculated based on recommendations and rules from DNV 2005 Hughes 1988 and Hughes et al 2004 and are described in Appendix 2 They include e plate yield stiffener yield plate buckling stiffener lateral buckling stiffener torsional buckling tripping stiffeners web buckling stiffener s flange buckling e crossover A crossover criterion ensures controlled panel collapse due to extensive in plane loading where plating between stiffeners should fail first Physically this means that the panel is not allowed to consist of thick plate and weak stiffening and the stiffener size has to rise with plate thickness 6 4 5 Running optimization process Before starting the optimization the lower and upper bound of each vari
59. stiffener direction e Radius variable that defines curvature of a panel only cylindrical panels can be defined e g stiffener direction remains straight e Thickness Plate thickness of a panel in millimeters e Material Specifies panel s material ID e Stiffener ID Specifies the ID of profile to be used as panel s stiffener If the panel is without stiffeners leave the box blank e Stiffener Layout Specifies the distribution of stiffeners along its width relatively For symmetric layout of for example 2 stiffeners layout value would look like this 0 33333 0 66667 This means that the first stiffener is located at 1 3 of the panel s width and second at 2 3 of the panel s width e NoOfStiffeners Specifies the number of stiffeners on the panel If the user provides this value and Stiffener ID Stiffener layout and Stiffener spacing will automatically be calculated e StiSpacing Based on number of stiffeners and the width of the panel this value is automatically calculated e StiAngle This variable specifies the angle of the stiffeners Angle 0 means that the stiffeners web is perpendicular to the panel See figure e StiOrientation For future use orients stiffener flange to left or right e Area Shows the calculated area of the panel It is calculated using the command Calculate Cost Weight and CG in the Model Menu e Weight Panel s weight is calculated using the command Calculate Cost Weight and CG from the Model
60. tation of the girder To add a girder to the model to the following Click on the Girders sub branch in the Model branch Girder properties will appear in the Data Table Click on the add button to add a new girder Girder s unique ID will be created Enter connection points IDs under Connection field of the Data Table For example enter 3 10 in order to place a girder between points 3 and 10 Next specify the girder s profile shape and size by selecting the appropriate profile from the Profiles branch and entering its ID in the ProfilelD field Press Enter to confirm and F9 to refresh the view To adjust the orientation or the angle of the girder modifies the appropriate field Angle or Orient For example to flip the girder about its longitudinal axis enter 0 0 1 under Orient or 180 deg under Angle To add and configure Frame just follow the procedure as with Girders Only difference between Frame and Girder is their orientation transversal versus longitudinal User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 31 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT Figure 11 Stiffeners purple Girders and Frames green 6 2 7 Pillars Generating pillars is same as with girders and frames Pillars are symmetrical so no Angle variable is available here To add a Pillar e Select the Pillars sub branch in the Model branch of the PE e Click the add button in the Data Table to add a new pillar New pillar ID is created e Assign the appropriate profil
61. tion and XSection Section Length It is used to simplify modeling process by forming collections of entities inside of it First section in model usually called reference section has zero Length and can not contain any entity They are defined between two adjacent transverse frames e Sitrake becomes a panel when attached to 4 points in space together with appropriate openings if any Depending on how they are positioned inside of model we distinguish LStrakes what states for Longitudinal Strakes and TStrakes what states for Transverse Strakes e Girders are longitudinal strong beams which divides stiffened panels into strakes Girder becomes profile when placed between two points e Frames are transverse strong beams which divides stiffened panels into strakes Frame becomes profile when placed between two points e Pillars are profiles connecting two different stiffened panels All those entities can have some additional data which are described in details later in this section User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 26 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT 6 2 Step by Step Modeling 6 2 1 Loading datasheets After starting up CONSTRUCT select New from the File menu A new project will be opened It is recommended to load some datasheets containing material and profiles These are used later on for ies o during the automatic import of OI New NAPA models LS Open Ctrl 0 ll Sae Org e Select Database gt Save As Imp
62. ts to run CONSTRUCT depend on operating system one is running These are listed below for most of the operating systems values in brackets are recommended Windows XP family e 600 MHz processor 1 GHz e 128 MB of RAM 512 MB e 50 MB of available hard disk space 100 MB e VGA with 32 MB RAM supporting 32 bit color and minimum resolution of 1024x768 pixels including appropriate monitor VGA with 128 MB RAM and resolution of 1400x1050 and higher wide screen is recommended Windows Vista e 1 GHz processor 2 GHz e 1 GB of RAM 2 GB e 100 MB of available hard disk space 200 MB e VGA with 128 MB RAM supporting 32 bit color and minimum resolution of 1024x768 pixels including appropriate monitor VGA with 512 MB RAM and resolution of 1400x1050 and higher wide screen is recommended User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 6 Installation CONSTRUCT 3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS CONSTRUCT is based on Microsoft NET framework version 2 and it is required to run tool If your system doesn t have the appropriate version of NET framework installation procedure will report that Appropriate version of NET framework is located on installation CD You can also download it from Microsoft web site In addition to NET framework Windows Installer version 2 is required also and if not installed one can find it on installation CD Adobe Acrobat Reader version 6 and newer is required for viewing documentation Appropriate copy is located on installation CD T
63. tural entities that connect decks They rely on connection points and profile ID Pillar properties e JD Pillars unique ID number e Description user can specify the description or leave it blank e Profile ID Specifies the shape and dimensions of the pillars cross section Appropriate profile will be loaded from the profile database e Connections Points that define the pillars position and orientation e Orientation 5 4 9 Full Model Full model branch allows an overview of the whole ship model User can view the ship s response and design criteria fulfillment element by element Full Model Properties e Description User can enter description of the model or leave it blank e Length Breadth Depth and Draught These are some design parameters of the full model Length calculation is based on section length and number e Weight Calculated weight of the model As mentioned before view of the element by element response is available User can view the response of every L and T strake Girder Frame and Pillar CONSTUCT calculates normal X Y and shear stress for every element plus some design criteria fulfillment that are characteristic to particular element For example buckling and yield criteria for pillars or stiffener flange buckling for LStrakes and so on 5 4 10 LCs amp BCs Load cases and Boundary Conditions is the full name of this sub branch This is where user specifies which Loads Load IDs should be taken into a
64. was done correctly clicking on EE Profiles branch will load profile s properties into Ze Data Table see figure and there it will be available for listing and viewing That s the Neutral axis position x direction mm Neutral axis position y direction mm introduction stage of the modeling process lts Moment of intertia x direction mm 4 necessary to define grid points and draw the Moment of intertia y direction mm 4 section lines 6 2 2 Creating a Model A simple section of a ship which will be modeled is shown on Figure 8 First step is creating the sections To create a section User s Guide_Rev1_1 doc 27 Working with CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT Expand the Model branch of PE tree by left clicking on it Select Sections sub branch from the list It s necessary to create a new reference zero section It will be located at the origin and its length is going to be zero X Position of section m To do this click on the button Add Section length m circled red in the figure A new section Section weight t with ID 0 will be created Section cost m Next add another section by clicking on Center of gravity CGX CGY C Add button again Newly created section will automatically receive ID 1 Specify the X position of the section and Length in meters Positions of vertical grid lines Positions of horizontal grid line

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