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1. USER S MANUAL by CASUARINA AQUATICS INC Copyright 2000 Casuarina Aquatics Inc All rights reserved CASUARINA DIVE PLANNER Casuarina Dive Planner software is a product of Casuarina Aquatics Inc It is intended for dive planning by properly certified divers or for training of appropriately trained divers by properly certified instructors Hence it can be utilized by a wide range of divers Casuarina Dive Planner can be used for planning non decompression dives within standard sport diving limits by recreational divers it can be used by divemasters and specialty divers to develop understanding of inert gas dynamics and established models for DCS and oxygen related phenomena and it can be used by technical divers for planning multi level mixed gas dives Casuarina Dive Planner uses well established algorithms for all calculations and has a user friendly interface that provides easy text inputs point and click selections and simple text and graphical outputs DIVE PLANNER Mullipuipese dre liar ond plang st li dns Ol Be Mee Coroanei Baoan Von Hee conrure Pure REIRIT LaL O2 Patia Pieire iga Fiti par ATA azo ats fi He Partial Pressure i00 Saren Fila Marra Protec it iu Mz Partial Peesoure 5 32 Equivalentar Depth feng DECO VE CEIUN DS Depth Corpetment BOTTOM TIME ml Equivalei nancois Dept RE Abeodubs Ceding Factors fro 0 Botton Time Lett ro c2. depth and runtime for each step in the dive CDP then returns outputs of a variety of kinds for the latest waypoint based on the entire dive profile up to the waypoint and tracks all waypoints in a plot of depth and ceilings vs time and in a text file that can be used subsequently to document and execute the selected dive plan The algorithms underlying CDP s computations its inputs and its outputs are described in the sections that follow However knowing that most of us are in a hurry to get started a quick start guide is provided first Hopefully this Manual will enable you to use CDP in with ease the sections after the quick start introduction section are intended to describe the use of CDP in sufficient depth to make its use straightforward and productive Questions on the use of CDP that remain after you read this Manual can be submitted to CAI by e mail fax or postal mail support casuarina aquatics com www casuarina aquatics com Casuarina Aquatics Inc P O Box 805 Rye NY 10580 0805 914 967 5778 STEP BY STEP QUICK START GUIDE This is a quick start guide to using CDP It introduces some of the basic techniques It is not a complete presentation of CDP s features These are presented in other sections of this manual It is not a substitute for proper training You must have proper training or be under the supervision of a properly trained instructor in order to use this software CDP is intended only for
3. no deco risk of ascending above a ceiling Stop Depth Steps GER pe Mo A rarely used optional input is the table of Beuhlman M value parameters half times and the slope and intercept values for 16 the Nz and He compartments used in decompression related calculations This table can be changed to incorporate alternative values for various reasons For example the He 17 values might be changed to values for an alternative inert gas such as H2 or neon were used to replace N2 Changing the values in this table should be done only by divers with advanced technical diving certifications and a thorough understanding of the physiological implications and consequences of such changes Compariment Piasamebers Heim Shoe zre 7a SE Ta frs FEJ Mis a fax ee Es fon pae am AE Heke Intencest 1556 1 366 fiir ficoo ET ass pr This table is accessed by clicking its icon in the upper right of the CDP GUI The adjacent icon selects a simple calculator that you can use to calculate the run time to the next stop from an entered ascent rate and stop depth You also can use it to calculate the run time to the next waypoint from the current runtime and a step time i e time to the next waypoint ORR loj x Ssa Calculators o STOF TIME CALCULATOR Stop Ascent Begin Depth Fate Stop RUN TIME CALCULATOR Current Run Mew Aun Step Aun 18 MENUS CDP offers several menus Some are basic standard menus othe
4. and EXIT If the computation is satisfactory click ACCEPT Once you click ACCEPT you cannot recompute any steps but before you click ACCEPT you can change the last waypoint inputs runtime and depth or other inputs and can recompute by clicking on RECOMP If you need to make a correction after clicking ACCEPT your only recourse is clicking REINITIAL which wipes the slate clean An example of the RECOMP button set is shown below es DIYE PLANNER Multipurpose dive training and planning software File Mines Conservatism Ascent View Help FECUMP RENTAL EXIT The lighter green frames include numerous additional input options Any of them can be changed at any waypoint and the changes will affect all subsequent computations including recomputations at a given Waypoint sygen Concentration 0 21 Surface Gradient Factor 0 60 Helium Concentration 00 Deep Gradient Factor 0 20 Surface Air Rate 0 50 Gradient Factor Depth 200 Surface Altitude jo Gas Bar graph Scale Fi O Feet per ATA 33 0 Masinurn Depth Scale fi 30 Save File Hame Profile tat Masimum Time Scale fi o0 The default O concentration is 0 21 and the default He concentration is 0 00 which corresponds to air CDP automatically computes N2 concentration as the difference between 1 00 and the sum of O and He concentrations The Surface Air Rate SAC is the rate of gas consumption referred to the surface Most divers have an estimate
5. and no errors in entries are observed then click ACCEPT Note that once you click ACCEPT you cannot correct prior computations After clicking ACCEPT you can correct an error only by clicking on REINITIAL and starting over If the displayed results are not satisfactory and if you have not yet clicked ACCEPT then you can correct or change your entries by clicking RECOMP and changing entries until the desired results are generated This might occur if your computation resulted in an unacceptable fractional ceiling for decompression or if you found you could extend bottom time and still have a favorable ceiling In other words you can adjust entries iteratively to optimize the result in terms of your dive objectives Note that these results can be optimized in terms of a variety of displayed parameters e g oxygen partial pressure nitrogen partial pressure CNS exposure degree of decompression risk ceilings for decompression stops etc See step 7 10 11 12 When you click ACCEPT three additional outputs are generated 1 a bar graph called Gas Content by Compartment that shows the gas content N2 and He in each of the compartments along with absolute M values in red and fractional M values in yellow 2 a line chart called Depth and Ceilings vs Time that shows the depth profile in blue the absolute ceiling in red and the fractional ceiling in yellow and 3 a record 1 e a line of text in a separate file call
6. decompression time by optimizing stop times and ascent mixes you can read and print the parameters of the dive that were entered into Profile txt or an alternative file that you name at the time of initialization The large number of columns in the file are printed best if you use a landscape mode select a font size of 8 and set the margins no more than 0 5 inches You also can import this text file into Excel or other spreadsheet as a tab or space delimited text file and through the spreadsheet you can plot various parameters contained in the file in addition to ceilings and depths Examples are risk factors gas concentrations etc 12 DESCRIPTION OF THE SOFTWARE The Casuarina Dive Planner CDP software is described here in terms of its underlying algorithms its inputs its outputs and its tools This description is not intended to substitute for proper training If you encounter terms you do not understand be alert to the possibility that your training may be insufficient for safe use of this product for dive planning ALGORITHMS The core of CDP is the Beuhlman decompression model described in numerous publications See for example John Lippman Deeper Into Diving pp 247 278 J L Publications Victoria Australia 1991 CDP incorporates the most recent and conservative of the Beuhlman models The model used in CDP incorporates 16 compartments for nitrogen N2 and helium He with halftimes ranging from 4 00 to 640 minute
7. minute the default or other ascent rate entered by the user Hence bottom times shown in this output are less than bottom times established by maintaining an absolute ceiling of 0 The lavender frame shows numerous additional outputs Surface Pressure displays the pressure at the surface for the altitude entered by the diver Nitrogen Concentration is 1 00 minus the concentration of O and the other gas in the mixture typically He In the example shown the gas mix is EAN 32 Ambient pressure is the pressure at the present waypoint depth it is the sum of the surface pressure and the added pressure of the water for the entered Feet per ATA e g 33 for salt water The Partial Pressures of O2 N2 and He are given as a function of their concentrations and the depth i e pressure at the current waypoint The Equivalent air Depth expresses the depth that would impose the same decompression obligations as the waypoint depth if air were the breathing gas naturally this is of interest only if air is not the current breathing gas mixture When the gas mix consists of gases other than O and No e g if He is in the mixture then narcosis is reduced The depth at which air might be expected to produce the same narcosis effect is given as the Equivalent narcosis Depth this output assumes that Oz and N2 are equally narcotic The Maximum Depth for a PO of 1 4 and of 1 6 ATA are computed from the O concentration in the mix and the Best O concentrati
8. these warranties do not apply and you accept full responsibility for the product Except as specified above CAI makes no warranties or representations express or implied regarding the product or any programs media manuals or hardware therein and expressly disclaims the warranties of the merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose CAI does not warrant that CDP or any other CAI programs contained or used with the product will meet your requirements or that their operation will be uninterrupted or error free If any part of this product is not warranted as above CAI will at its own option and as your exclusive remedy repair or replace the non conforming item at no cost to you provided you request from CAI a Return Merchandise Authorization RMA number and return the product with proof of the date you obtained it and the RMA Number indicated to CAI within ten 10 days after the expiration of the applicable warranty period The warranties and remedies set forth above are in lieu of all others oral or written expressed or implied Any statements or representations which add to extend or modify the warranties or remedies are unauthorized by CAI and may not be relied upon by you Neither CAT nor anyone involved in the creation of delivery of this product to you shall have any liability to you or any third party for special incidental or consequential damages including but not limited to personal injury death loss of profi
9. 2 run time after adding the entered run time increment or STEP time to the current run time The default depth for the ascent calculator is the fractional ceiling if it is deeper than 15 feet otherwise it is 15 feet Access is gained by clicking on the calculator icon at the top of the main window or selecting the calculator in the view menu A separate form called Compartment Parameters shows the Beuhlman parameters i e half times M value slopes and M value intercepts upon which all dissolved gas computations are based They can be changed at any time for custom calculations by clicking the form s icon at the top of the main window or in the task bar but the default values always will be reentered when the program starts An example of a situation in which you might change values would be if you substitute Hz for He To estimate no decompression limits NDLs the recommended procedure is to enter a descent time of 0 01 minutes the minimum run time increment the program will allow for STEP 1 then enter and compute or recompute the run time to find the maximum that results in an absolute ceiling of 0 the NDL is the maximum time that allows a 0 value for the absolute ceiling e g 17 9 or 18 minutes at 100 feet and 53 9 or 54 minutes at 60 feet For repetitive diving the adjusted no decompression limit is calculated in the same manner after a surface interval the surface interval is simply time spent at a depth of zero fee
10. Increasing the a gradient factor value decreases conservatism decreasing it increases conservatism Gradient factors are set at the surface and at depth The default Surface Gradient Factor is 0 60 and the default Deep Gradient Factor is 0 20 The default Gradient Factor Depth is 300 and the gradient factor remains the same at greater depths than the Gradient Factor Depth The Gas Bar Graph Scale controls the vertical scaling of the bar graph that displays the gas content in each of the 16 Beuhlman compartments The bar graph changes immediately when the scale is changed This bar graph is described below under Graphical Outputs The Maximum Depth Scale and Maximum Time Scale control the scaling of axes on the dive profile plot that displays the depth absolute ceiling and fractional ceiling at every waypoint This profile plot is described below under Graphical Outputs Two other minor inputs are the check box for calculating BOTTOM TIME go the remaining no decompression bottom time and the text box for specifying the depth increment between Bottom Time Left no calc decompression stops Calculations of remaining no decompression time can be quite time consuming under STOP PARAMETERS some circumstances so the default is not to calculate The 10 default stop depth increment is commonly used Stop Time Left no deca because it theoretically minimizes the ascent and decompression time and simultaneously minimizes the Next Stop Depth
11. depth control 11 14 1 Complete the dive using one minute to ascend from 20 feet to the surface Switch to air especially if EAN 80 is used at the 20 foot stop to reduce CNS exposure j A surface interval may be followed by a subsequent dive or by an ascent to altitude in an automobile or airplane If limits in PO maximum of 1 6 or 1 4 ATA or minimum of 0 16 ATA are reached a message box will appear and will give a warning text box colors change to red A similar warning occurs when PN plus PO is greater than 6 0 i e equivalent to an air depth of 165 feet You also can note the equivalent air or narcosis depth boxes to observe the approach to this limit You can monitor the profile depths and the gas contents of each compartment by clicking on the appropriate display button in the task bar The gas contents also are shown numerically in the text boxes at the bottom of the main form A green background in a text box indicates a compartment pressure greater than ambient pressure a yellow background indicates a compartment pressure greater than 50 of the difference between ambient pressure and the M value pressure and a moderately risky situation re DCS a red background indicates a compartment pressure greater than the M value pressure and an extremely dangerous situation in terms of DCS risk Upon completion of an acceptable profile i e one that achieves the desired bottom time objectives while minimizing ascent
12. for the fixed or work bottom depth or the first bottom depth if a multi level dive is planned Repeat step 13d as appropriate for a single or multi level dive Adjust the run time to the last working depth to allow the fractional ceiling depth to be slightly shallower than the planned first decompression stop e g 97 or 98 feet for a 100 foot stop Use the STOP TIME CALCULATOR to determine the run time to the planned decompression stop depth at an ascent rate of 33 feet per minute or less Note that decompression stops typically are made at multiples of 10 feet except that some experts recommend the shallowest stop be at 20 feet See step 13h below Enter the run time and depth for the first decompression stop Remain at the stop depth until the fractional ceiling is safely above shallower than the next planned decompression stop depth which usually is 10 feet shallower Note that an ascent time of 0 5 minutes 30 seconds for a 10 foot ascent corresponds to a safe ascent rate of 20 feet per minute Repeat step 13g using a convenient mix nearest the optimal mix shown in the BEST mix text box A switch to air from tri mix can help purge He while maintaining an adequate partial pressure of O2 and a switch to EAN 32 or other nitrox mix during ascent can help purge Nz as well as He EAN 80 is commonly used at a stop depth of 20 feet The 10 foot stop often is replaced by a longer 20 foot stop on EAN 80 to minimize effects of waves on
13. of their surface rate of air consumption and it typically is between 0 40 and 16 1 00 cubic feet per minute The default of 0 50 cubic feet per minute is representative of an experienced fit diver under low stress conditions The SAC can and should be increased for higher stress dives cold or arduous but a higher SAC only increases computed gas consumption results it does not affect decompression considerations To take higher stress into account for decompression related calculations you must increase conservatism or the decrease the gradient factors discussed below The Surface Altitude can represent the actual altitude of the water surface during a dive or the altitude of a diver at a depth of 0 feet while flying or driving to an altitude different from the dive altitude The default is 0 which corresponds to sea level Feet per ATA depends on water density The default value of 33 corresponds to salt water the fresh water value is 34 Other values may be used for different water salinities Waypoint parameters and computed results are saved in an ASCII text file The Save File Name entry enables you to set the name of the file prior to initializing or reinitializing CDP Results of every accepted computation are entered into this file The default name is Profile txt As mentioned in the prior discussion of the basic algorithms used in CDP gradient factors provide a means of imposing conservatism with respect to decompression
14. personal injury or death Serious personal injury or death may result on ANY scuba dive even if all recognized safe diving procedures are followed and the diver performs every dive according to accepted diving practice Use of Casuarina Dive Planner You will read and follow all warnings and instructions for the use of the CDP software found in the owner s manual While use of CDP software or any other computer based decompression program can enhance the diving experience unavoidable risks and dangers exist when conducting a scuba dive with planned decompression stops Among the many risks you assume when using CDP software are the risks of decompression sickness DCS and central nervous system CNS oxygen toxicity Even if you follow all the warnings and instructions and even if you follow safe diving practices DCS or CNS oxygen toxicity might occur on any given dive causing serious personal injury or death You must be trained and prepared for these risks Informed and Voluntary Acceptance of Responsibility You ultimately are responsible for your own safety while diving By using CDP software you acknowledge that you understand and accept that responsibility INSTALLATION CDP is distributed on CD ROM and diskette media and through web downloads The distributed files include full Windows installation functions that utilize standard installation procedures The CDP executable files are installed in a default Dive Planner subfolder
15. than ambient The same values of gas pressure in different compartments may have different ratios because the M values in different compartments are different Equivalent information is shown graphically in the bar graphs that show Gas Content by Compartment described in the section on Graphical Outputs In the case being illustrated where a 30 decompression stop is being executed the adjacent orange frame shows the remaining time at that stop depth 1 7 minutes and reminds the diver that the next stop is at 20 with the diver s acceptance of 10 increments between stop depths When the runtime is extended for the next waypoint so that the required stop time is achieved the red will be replaced by green and the Stop Time Left box displays ascend When a decompression situation does not exist e g after a 1 5 minute descent to 100 the BOTTOM TIME output shows the safe time remaining for a direct ascent to the surface e g 16 9 minutes This display requires the Calc checkbox to be checked BOTTOM TIME M sale SEVER MME j E Bottom Time Left DECON Bottom Time Left hes STOF PARAMETERS STOF PARAMETERS Stop Time Left ITR Stop Time Lett no deco Next Stop Depth jo Next Stop Depth no deco Stop Depth Steps Fi 0 Stop Depth Steps fi 0 22 Note that the calculated remaining non decompression bottom time assumes a direct ascent to the surface All other calculations made by CDP are based on an ascent rate of 33
16. within your computer s Program Files folder This User s Manual is included as an Adobe Acrobat file that you either can view on your monitor or print Installation can be performed directly from CD ROM and diskette media Installation from a download requires you to place the installation files in a temporary folder then run the installation from that folder In any of the installation modes you will need to enter the serial number assigned to your software installation will abort if you do not provide the serial number During installation the installation software will give you an installation code different from the serial number that you must record and e mail fax or postal mail to CAT In return CAT will provide you with an activation key to complete your installation If you do not have and enter the activation key before 10 days after installation CDP will not run If you wish to transfer your CDP to a different computer than the computer used for its initial installation you will have to uninstall CDP using CDP s uninstall software not the Windows remove software function and obtain an uninstall code You will need to e mail fax or postal mail that uninstall code the serial number and the new installation code to CAI to activate CDP on the new computer CDP is ordinarily sold under a single user license agreement See the details in the Legal Issues section If you wish to install CDP on more than
17. Agreement and the following terms carefully before using CDP CDP is to be used for 1 planning recreational scuba dives by appropriately trained and certified divers 2 training recreational scuba divers by appropriately trained and certified instructors and 3 knowledge development by recreational divers in training under the supervision of an appropriately trained and certified instructor By using CDP you acknowledge and agree that Your Training and Skill You will use CDP software in the voluntary recreational activity of scuba diving and only if you have successfully completed training and certification in a diving course providing sufficient training for the type of diving you are planning by using CDP The CDP user s manual is NOT a substitute for adequate proper training and certification You are fully aware of the inherent risks and dangers of scuba diving in general and the risks of decompression diving in particular and understand that serious personal injury or death may result at any time on any scuba dive Scuba Diving Risks Generally Scuba diving takes place in a hostile environment It has certain inherent dangers and risks which can never be completely eliminated By scuba diving and using CDP you voluntarily choose to encounter and assume any and all such risks and dangers Good training good equipment and the proper safety conscious attitude can minimize the risks of diving but cannot eliminate the risks of serious
18. ac Max Depth P02 1 81 taro Frociceed Coir Focters i p STOP PARAMETERS Mas Depth iPO2 LEI TE DES RISK FACTORS pu Corgarment Stop Tima Left no des X CNS 02e o0 Abnohie Pisk Feciom roo fo Mes Siop Depth no dee OTU unas fin Fractional Aik Factors too ft Stop Depth Steps 0 Best 02 concentration 153 TABLE OF CONTENTS COLLE eoccccce eoccccce eoccccce COLLE Legal Issues License CLLILLELE eoccccccce eoccccccce COLLE COLLILLELE eoccccccce COLLE eoccccce eoccccce eoccccce Warnings Installation eoccccccce COLLE eoccccccce COLLE COLLE Overview eoccccce eoccccce eoccccccce eoccccce COLLE CLLILLELE CLLILLELE CLLILLELE CLLILLELE CLLILLELE Quick Start Description eoccccce CLIS eoccccce eoccccce eoccccce eoccccccce eoccccccce eoccccccce COLLE CLLILLELE Algorithms Inputs eoccccce eoccccce eoccccce eoccccce eoccccce Menus eoccccccce COLLE COLLILLELE CLLILLELE COLLILLELE eoccccce eoccccce eoccccce COLLE Textual Outputs COLLILLELE COLLE COLLE COLLE Graphical Outputs COLLE eoccccccce eoccccce eoccccccce Descr
19. approached DIVE PLANNER Multipurpose dive training and planning software Fle Mixes Conservatism Ascent View Help wv 33 min 20 min 15 min 10 min Surface Gradient Factor 0 60 Deep Gradient Factor 0 20 The View menu presents options for graphical outputs It duplicates the functions of the icons at the upper right of the CDP GUI Note that these viewing functions only are required on computers with monitors that display 800 x 600 pixels or less All graphical outputs can be made simultaneously visible on larger displays DIVE PLANNER Multipurpose dive training and planning software Fie Mikes Conservatism Ascent View Help Compartment Parameters Calculators Gas Content by Compartment Depth and Ceiling Profiles FEINITIAL Oxygen t ient Factor 0 60 20 TEXTUAL OUTPUTS CDP offers numerous outputs in a text form These are supplemented in graphical form as described in the next section The most frequently used outputs DECO DIVE CEILINGS are likely to be the DECO DIVE epth Compartment CEILINGS the Absolute and Absolute Ceiling Factors Fractional Ceiling Factors displayed in the orange frame When the absolute ceiling is not zero at a waypoint then at least DCS RISK FACTORS Fisk Compartment one M value would be exceeded after a 33 minute ascent to the Absolute Risk Factors surface Therefore a non zero Fractional Risk Factors absolute c
20. ctions You may physically transfer CDP from one computer to another provided that CDP is used only on one computer You may not translate modify adapt disassemble decompile reverse engineer or create derivative works based on CDP or any portions thereof 4 Transfer CDP is licensed to you You may not rent lease sub license sell assign pledge transfer or otherwise dispose of CDP on a temporary or permanent basis without the prior written consent of CAI 5 Termination This License is effective until terminated This License will terminate automatically without notice from CAI if you fail to comply with any provision hereof or the Important Warnings and Conditions of Use contained in CDP Upon termination you must cease all use of CDP and return it and any copies thereof to CAT 6 Limited Warranties and Limitation of Liability CAI warrants i the media on which CDP and the accompanying user s manual are recorded against material defects for a period of ninety 90 days and ii that CDP will perform substantially in accordance with the description in the related manual for a period of ninety 90 days These warranties commence on the day you first obtain the product and extend only to you the original licensee If CAI determines that a warranted item has been damaged by accident abuse misuse or misapplication or has been modified without CAJ s prior written consent or if any CAT label or serial number is removed or defaced
21. e M value DCS RISK FACTORS Fisk Compartment and 2 compartment number of the compartment with the greatest M factor gas load The Fractional Risk Factors show 1 the degree to which tissue gas pressure in the compartment that is most loaded relative to the gradient factor approaches the gradient factor limit and 2 the number of the compartment with the greatest gradient factor gas load In both cases red indicates the limit is exceeded and risk is assigned a value greater than 1 00 yellow indicates a risk between 0 50 and Fractional Ceiling Factors Absolute Risk Factors Fractional Risk Factors 21 1 00 and no color indicates a risk between 0 00 and 0 50 These displays are a summary result derived from the information presented in the matrix at the bottom of the CDP GUI This matrix shows the tissue compartment loading for each of the inert gases and the total of both gases in the breathing mixture in each compartment The example below shows the pressure of Nz and He in each compartment at the 30 stop of the dive illustrated above The pressure of He is 0 00 in all compartments because in this example the breathing gas is air The pressure ratio in each compartment is the gas pressure above ambient pressure divided by the difference between the M value for the compartment and ambient pressure A positive ratio indicates the compartment gas pressure exceeds ambient pressure a negative ratio indicates the pressure is less
22. e entered in the RUNTIME and DEPTH boxes you must enter a new time to define a new waypoint however depth can remain unchanged Each new runtime must be at least 0 01 minutes longer than the previous runtime The runtime is the time from the start of the profile The shaded boxes which do not accept inputs in this frame show the present dive NUMBER and STEP of the present dive in the DIVE STEP box and the descent rate in the RATE box A positive rate indicates a descent and negative rate indicates an ascent You can select an added margin of safety by selecting a CONSERVATISM option each increment of increasing conservatism reduces each of the 16 Beuhlman intercept values by an added 5 the reduced intercept values affect all decompression related calculations including ceilings no decompression limits stop times etc DIYE PLANNER Multipurpose dive training and planning software File Mixes Conservatism Ascent View Help COMPUTE FEIN I TIAL ERIT 15 After initialization you can enter your inputs for RUNTIME and DEPTH and can have CDP compute the parameters for the waypoint just entered by clicking on the COMPUTE button Sample inputs for a descent to 99 in 1 5 minutes are shown below The command button set changes to display COMPUTE REINITIAL and EXIT Note that in this example the default conservatism is selected After you click on the COMPUTE button the command buttons change to ACCEPT RECOMP REINITIAL
23. e that both types of output automatically rescale but the user can specify scaling to optimize viewing for the user s purposes These graphical outputs are particularly interesting on ascent as ambient pressure M value and gradient factor value decrease while gas pressures in faster compartments decrease when they exceed ambient pressure but gas pressures in slower compartments may tend to increase These pressure increases in higher compartments can lead to a need for extended top times at shallow stops if deep stops are longer than the minimum required time Therefore as these tools can so clearly show decompressing divers should ascend directly to the first decompression stop and stay at each stop for the prescribed time before ascending to the next stop which generally should be 10 shallower The exception might be maintaining the 20 stop for an extended period rather than risking dangerous depth fluctuations at 10 stop under conditions of heavy sea conditions and surge These tools also show dramatic benefits in terms of reduced decompression time that result from maximizing the gas gradients e g by utilizing EAN during ascent to flush He and then N gt The graphical outputs below show a diver s status during the ascent from the trimix dive illustrated above while using EAN 32 starting at a depth of 110 26 Gas Content by Compartment X M value mmm Fractional hl value Note that in planning this dive the
24. ed Profile txt or other name you designate at initialization as mentioned in item 8 which lists several dive parameters for the corresponding profile point e g run time depth ceilings gas mix variables gas consumption etc If the bar graph and dive profile charts are minimized or become hidden by the main form they can be viewed by clicking on their form s icon at the top of the main window or in the task bar at the bottom of the screen When you click on INITIAL you can enter an alternative output text file name or an alternative maximum depth and profile run time for the profile plot The defaults are Profile txt for the file name 130 feet for maximum depth and 100 minutes for maximum time At any time you can change a variety of other variables such as 1 O2 and He concentrations N concentration is calculated automatically 2 altitude at the surface which also can apply to driving or flying after diving and 3 fractions of the difference between ambient pressure and M value pressure at the surface and at depth 1 e the so called Gradient Factor GF The default depth for the deep fraction is 300 feet it can be changed and always should equal or exceed the maximum planned dive depth These changes only affect computations made after the changes are entered The main window allows access to calculators for manually computing 1 run time for an ascent at 33 feet per minute to an entered depth and
25. eiling at depth establishes that the dive is a decompression dive and requires decompression stops For a decompression dive the fractional ceiling indicates the minimum depth for the first decompression stop In the example at the left a stop at or deeper than 22 is prescribed ordinarily a 22 fractional ceiling would warrant a stop at 30 However the dive profile can be adjusted set so that the fractional ceiling is slightly shallower than a depth that is a multiple of 10 e g in the present example bottom time could have been extended to give a 28 ceiling for a 30 stop The Absolute and Fractional Ceiling Factors also display the compartment numbers that establish the two ceilings In the present examples both ceilings are established by conditions in compartment 3 Note that the no decompression limit for a dive can be established by increasing the bottom time iteratively until a non zero absolute ceiling appears The absolute ceiling depends upon the conservatism factors entered by the diver The fractional ceiling is dependent upon the surface and deep gradient factors as well as the conservatism factors entered by the diver Fractional Ceiling Factors DCS RISK FACTORS are DECO DIVE CEILINGS displayed upon ascent The r Depth Compartment Absolute Risk Factors for DCS Absolute Ceiling Factors show 1 the degree to which tissue gas pressure in the compartment that is most loaded relative to the M value approaches th
26. ile which normally has a default name of Profile txt has fewer entries than the basic CDP output file but adds a stop time entry to the run time entries of the CDP file The illustration below shows Profile txt for a dive to 165 feet using air and default decompression parameters as viewed in the simple Notepad word processor Ej Profle tet Motepad 11 Apr 20 18 15 PH BIVE STEP DEPTH ASH TIHE TOP TIME HIX HMB MIX DER COME OZ COHC HE FPEES 0 171 165 a z 1A 0 00 Vit 145 n 7 O 80 143 1 174 LEa B00 175 B A 80 LED 0 i 80 Wr Bb B 00 178 B J 0 80 VF LL LL 118 Be 5 au 1711 B I 6 00 Tt iIi 8 an Ww LL 8 00 1714 BI 0 80 1715 O 6 5 an ijid Hb LL 1717 80 0 00 1710 O80 a an 1419 80 LL 128 8 80 8 80 1721 80 0 80 a0 CAL b s i SHSSSRRESER B ni bb poo t E os ap g itmi 101 5 124 7 175 0 150 9 154 5 1hi 8 187 2 ak AD ph i ob Sy A ok Ste eee Cl 4 4 1 4 4 z z 3 z z 2 ra z z z 3 3 3 3 a 3 n Seekunees 1422 30 Casuarina Aquatics Inc P O Box 805 Rye NY 10580 0805 914 967 5778 voice and fax http www casuarina aquatics com 31
27. iption of CDP 2 Inputs COLLE COLLE COLLILLELE COLLILLELE COLLE eoccccce eoccccce eoccccccce eoccccce eocccccce Outputs 13 13 15 19 21 25 29 29 30 LEGAL ISSUES The Casuarina Dive Planner program and associated files are the property of Casuarina Aquatics Inc and are licensed to you pursuant to the following provisions Before installing this program and its associated files carefully read this License Agreement and the Important Warnings and Conditions of Use which is a part of this Agreement By installing this program and its associated files you accept these terms LICENSE AGREEMENT 1 License Casuarina Aquatics Inc CAI grants to you a limited non exclusive license to 1 install the Casuarina Dive Planner CDP software the Program and its associated files on a single computer and ii make an archival copy of CDP for use with the same computer You agree to affix to the archival copies the copyright notice contained in the documentation for CDP CAI retains all rights to CDP not expressly granted in this Agreement 2 Ownership of CDP and Copies CDP and related documentation are copyrighted works of authorship CAI retains the ownership of CDP and all copies thereof regardless of the form in which the copies may exist This License is not a sale of the original program or any copies of CDP 3 Use Restri
28. limit pulmonary risks The table below summarizes those OTU limits Under most recreational technical dive conditions OTU limits are very unlikely to be approached DAYS OTU limit 850 1400 1860 2100 2300 2420 2660 BO C2 olan awin CDP also includes simple algorithms to compute the volume s of breathing gas es consumed during the dive based on a reference surface air consumption rate SAR and the ambient pressure The user can increase the SAC if cold or arduous conditions are anticipated 14 INPUTS es DIVE PLANNER Multipurpose dive training and planning software File Mixes Conservatism Ascent View Help Before CDP runs you must initialize it by clicking on the INITIALIZE button at the upper left of the CDP graphical user interface GUI Oeygen Concentration oz Surface Gradient Factor 0 60 Helium Concentration 0 00 Deep Gradient Factor 0 20 Surface Air Rate 0 50 Gradient Factor Depth 300 Surface Altitude jo Gas Bar graph Scale i od Feet per ATA 23 0 Masimum Depth Scale Fi 30 Save File Name Prafile tat Masinum Time Scale Fi 00 The main inputs for CDP are located in frames with green backgrounds Any box with a white background can accept an input boxes with shaded backgrounds display outputs You most often will make inputs using the dark green frame at the upper left of CDP s graphical user interface GUI Inputs for each waypoint ar
29. minimal time spent at each stop puts the total gas pressure in the most burdened compartments immediately adjacent to the fractional M value The values of all fractional M values in turn are determined by the surface and deep gradient factors and by the conservatism specified by the diver This effect also is clearly shown in the profile graph where the depth profile follows a step pattern in which the depth plot closely approaches but does not touch or cross the fractional ceiling which is determined by the fractional M value and hence by the user specified gradient factors and conservatism As stated previously the ceiling profiles actually follow curved paths between waypoints and if the curvature is of interest to the user then closely spaced waypoints can be entered 27 Depth and Ceilings vs Time 10 au A 40 a El Fi a 30 100 oh cel ET racional ceing me polle depth memm At this point CAI needs to reiterate the warning that this User s Manual cannot substitute for proper training in the principles underlying the tools offered by CDP The Manual certainly does not provide any basis for developing the diving skills needed to execute the plans formulated using CDP CDP and this Manual should not be used for planning and executing dives without proper training and certification by an appropriately qualified instructor Proper training in concepts and dive skills and adequate fitness are essential for safe use of CDP in diving at a
30. new gas mix concentrations used at the gas mix change depth rate entries specify ascent rate above the corresponding gas mix change depth 29 Initially the decompression mix and depth entry window presents the default values of decompression gas composition gas switch depths ascent rates and gas consumption rate referred to the surface The user can change any of these values Note that the Finish depth can be different from 0 feet This important feature allows the user to terminate automatic calculations at a greater depth and to calculate remaining stops manually e g if a 10 foot stop is not desired Option buttons also allow all gas mixes to be set to a single mix e g air EANx 32 etc The window includes command buttons for saving user selected values in files that can be named by the user and for restoring user selected values by opening the appropriate file When a decompression situation arises 1 e when no decompression limits are exceeded then a CALC DECO command button automatically appears at the upper left of the main window When this command button is clicked automatic calculation of the decompression profile proceeds based on the parameters used in the decompression entry window COMPUTE REINITIAL CALC DECO EXIT OUTPUTS The gas content bar graph and the profile plot graph evolve as the decompression calculations proceed and they can be observed alongside the main window The CDP 2 output text f
31. nt is subject to restriction as set forth in subdivision c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252 227 7013 or subparagraphs c 1 and 2 of the Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights 48 CFR 52 227 19 as applicable The Contractor Manufacturer is Casuarina Aquatics Inc Rye NY 10580 0805 General You agree that any and all claims against CATI not effectively released or waived by the foregoing will be brought in the state or federal courts located in the Southern District of New York and that any such claim will be brought within one year of the date the incident or accident leading to such claim occurred and that no action in any forum or jurisdiction may be made or maintained after such one year anniversary These terms constitute a contract between you and CAI and can be modified only by a written agreement signed by both parties If any part thereof is determined to be void or unenforceable the remaining provisions shall remain in effect These terms shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York as applied to contracts made and wholly performed within that State IMPORTANT WARNINGS AND CONDITIONS OF USE Casuarina Dive Planner CDP software by Casuarina Aquatics Inc CAD is licensed for use by the purchaser you under the terms of the License Agreement above The following terms are a part of that License You must read the License
32. ny level from recreational through extreme technical 28 DESCRIPTION OF CDP 2 CDP 2 is an enhanced version of CDP that includes provisions for automatic calculations of decompression stop times and determination of the deepest i e first stop depth CDP 2 has several features that are not required for the basic CDP For example CDP 2 provides means of setting and customizing ascent parameter values The output text file generated by CDP 2 is simpler than the file generated by CDP and emphasizes parameters of interest in planning technical dives including dives that require stage decompression CDP 2 also uses a more sophisticated means of estimating CNS exposure CDP 2 is described below in terms of features that distinguish CDP 2 from the basic CDP INPUTS LLL a A key new feature of CDP 2 is the decompression command button that appears at the upper right of the main window when CDP 2 is initialized Clicking on this button displays a new window for entry of decompression related parameter values s Decompression Mix and Depth Entries Use this form to enter depths of gas mix changes and concentrations used during a decompressionssion ascent CDP2 employs these parameters in decompression stop time calculations Automatic calculation terminates at the finish depth to allow manual calculation above the finish depth Depth entries specify depths of gas mix changes oxygen helium and nitrogen entries specify the
33. on for the current waypoint depth also is presented Accumulated effects of elevated PO are given as the Central nervous system exposure in terms of the of the total allowable exposure and as accumulated Oxygen Tolerance Units OTU Examples below show outputs for EAN 32 and for a 13 45 Trimix Surface Pressure i oo Nitogen Concentration oe Ambient Pressure 4 03 02 Partial Pressure F 23 He Partial Pressure o oo M2 Partial Pressure 2 73 Equivalent air Depth 15 Equivalent narcosis Depth H Max Depth PO2 1 4 DE Max Depth PO2 1 6 EA CNS O2 limit 0 4 OTU units h o Best OF concentration fo 25 Surface Pressure Fi on Nitogen Concentration 0 37 Ambient Pressure 4 03 02 Partial Pressure 52 He Partial Pressure 2 02 M2 Partial Pressure fag Equivalent air Depth NA Equivalent narcosis Depth 35 Max Depth PO2 1 4 392 4 Max Depth FPO 1 6 373 2 CNS O limit 9 4 OTU units 1 0 Best 02 concentration 0 35 The yellow frame shows gas volumes consumed throughout the profile If the same mix is used twice in the dive CDP recognizes that the mix is the same and computes the total consumption for that mix Up to 14 different mixes can be displayed The entire dive profile is captured in a separate text file which can be named by the user but the default file name is Profile txt A sample Profile txt listing is shown below for a deep multi gas decompression dive it is red
34. onal dives to extreme technical dives Naturally CDP must be used in a manner that is consistent with the diver s level of training and certification and in most cases it will be of greater interest and value to the more advanced diver but as long as it is used in a manner consistent with a diver s training and certification it can serve a variety of diver needs Beginners can gain insight into gas related phenomena underlying their dive tables and planners while more advanced divers can develop safe profiles for extreme decompression diving that takes into account gas consumption oxygen effects and narcosis risks while allowing the individual diver to apply conservatism in a variety of ways and iteratively to develop an optimal plan that satisfies that diver s needs and constraints One of CDP s most significant features is its simple easy to use graphical user interface GUD that presents all important information on a single main screen with auxillary displays on separate screens On high resolution displays all screens can be viewed simultaneously On low resolution displays auxilliary screens can be displayed at any time by clicking on a menu an icon or a task bar entry CDP provides the diver with standard defaults for many variables such as gas composition air altitude sea level water type salt etc The diver can begin panning by entering non default values initializing CDP then entering waypoint information i e
35. one computer you may purchase CDP under a cost effective multiple user license Please contact CAI by e mail fax or postal mail for further information on multiple user licenses You must register your copy of CDP immediately upon installation You can register using the form on the CAI web site by e mail by fax or by postal mail Your registration information must include the CDP serial number and installation code and your name address and contact information Registration entitles you to free enhancement upgrades and reduced cost new versions Upon registration CAT will provide you with an activation key for fully enabling CDP Registration is important if you later move CDP from one computer to another It will enable CAT to validate that transfer using your registered serial number old and new installation codes and uninstall code and will authorize CAI to provide you with a new activation key for re enabling CDP on the new computer Sales casuarina aquatics com http www casuarina aquatics com Casuarina Aquatics Inc P O Box 805 Rye NY 10580 0805 914 967 5778 OVERVIEW CDP is a program intended to help properly trained divers learn about diving physiology gain an improved understanding of the reasons behind good diving practice e g prudent bottom times slow ascents mixed gas use decompression profiles etc and to plan safe dives across a broad spectrum of diving rigor e g from entry level recreati
36. place O and No of air with other gases typically He When He is used narcosis potential is reduced and CDP uses simple algorithms to express that potential as an equivalent narcosis depth or END if air were the actual mix Incidentally CDP considers O2 and N to be equally narcotic Diving at depth subjects the diver to elevated partial pressures of O2 this exposure is particularly relevant when EAN is the breathing mixture Oxygen partial pressure PO in excess of 0 50 ATA are considered to increase the risk of acute and chronic oxygen toxicity reactions CDP uses standard algorithms to express oxygen exposure factors in terms of the of allowable oxygen exposure for acute oxygen toxicity associated with central nervous system CNS responses to high pressure exposures and in terms of oxygen tolerance units OTUs associated with pulmonary responses to long term exposures These algorithms provide results identical to those presented in NOAA tables of oxygen exposure limits See various editions of the NOAA Diving Manual U S Department of Commerce Government Printing Office CNS exposure decreases with a half time of 90 minutes when PO is equal to or less than 0 21 OTU values do not increase when PO is less than 0 50 but remain constant and rely upon the diver to utilize published tables of OTU limits to asses risk The OTU concept originally was developed by Dr Bill Hamilton he established limits for various exposure durations to
37. rs are unique to CDP The menus that are unique to CDP are described here The Mixes menu shows several standard mixes It provides an alternative means of entering mix information and reduces the chance of error in inserting a mix Advise CAT if you think additional commonly used mixes should be included in this menu S DIVE PLANNER Multipurpose dive training and planning software Mixes Conservatism Ascent View Help v Ai Ci Eau EAN A365 EAN 40 Oxygen Concentration g21 Surface Gradient Factor 0 60 EAN 50 OR ARR EAN 80 Helium Concentration fj 00 Deep Gradient Factor 0 20 Tribdix 1 3 50 Surface As Rate 050 Gradient Factor Depth 200 TriMix 15 40 Surface Altitude fo Gas Bar graph Scale 1 00 The Conservatism menu presents the 5 optional degrees of conservatism It provides an alternative manner of entering different degrees of conservatism and it is explicit about the change each option produces DIVE PLANNER Multipurpose dive training and planning software File Mixes Conservatism Ascent View Help gen Concentration o z alium Concentration fo g Suface Gradient Factor 0 60 Deep Gradient Factor 0 20 19 The Ascent menu presents several different ascent rates for use in the Calculator It offers an alternative means of specifying ascent rates The diver can enter a higher ascent rate at depth and lower ascent rates as the surface is
38. s added conservatism Conservatism can be applied in many ways e g by reducing the intercept or slope values that define the M values A commonly used alternative method is to leave the slope and intercept unaltered but to limit tissue pressures to some portion or fraction of the difference between ambient pressure and M value pressure Common terminology calls the difference the gradient and the fraction the gradient factor CDP employs a means of specifying the gradient factor at depth 300 and at the surface The gradient factor changes linearly with depth between its surface and deep values As described in sections below the user can override all the default settings for the gradient factors and also can impose additional conservatism The user must employ judgment in cases where stressful diving conditions are anticipated e g cold or arduous dives and should increase conservatism accordingly 13 The reduction in N concentration that occurs when diving with nitrox or enriched air nitrox EANXx reduces the partial pressure of N2 at any depth This reduced nitrogen partial pressure is equivalent to the N3 partial pressure in air at a shallower depth When only nitrogen and oxygen are used in the breathing gas CDP expresses the depth at which the partial pressure of N2 in air equals that of the EANx being used as equivalent air depth or EAD Diving at depths of 100 or more imposes risks of narcosis Mixed gases re
39. s for N2 and from 1 51 to 240 minutes for He The exact values for all compartments are shown in CDP s Compartment Parameters table As described in the literature the Beuhlman model is Haldanian in that it assumes that tissues can tolerate a gas overpressure in each compartment and that the tolerated overpressure is proportional to ambient pressure The overpressure is termed the M value and it is higher for compartments with lower half times i e faster tissues The relationship between M value and ambient pressure is a simple linear one where the M value equals some intercept value value at zero absolute pressure plus a proportionality constant called the slope times the ambient pressure This can be expressed by the equation below M Mo m Pa where M is the M value M is the M value at zero absolute pressure intercept m is the proportionality constant slope is the symbol for multiplication and PA is the ambient pressure The conventional practice in no decompression diving is to limit the bottom time so that no compartment pressure exceeds its M value upon surfacing An interesting feature of this kind of formulation is that it lends itself easily to altitude diving In fact the anecdotes say that the need for tables applicable to diving in the high altitude lakes of Switzerland was part of Beuhlman s motivation to develop this model Decompression diving imposes added risk and warrant
40. t Note that either air or oxygen enriched air could be used during the surface interval Enriched air will decrease a required surface interval or extend the adjusted no 10 13 decompression limit but at the surface enriched air with an O2 concentration of more than 50 i e a PO2 of more than 0 50 will increase CNS exposure and OTU accumulation while any surface gas mix with an O concentration of 21 or less will reduce CNS exposure with a half time of 90 minutes without changing OTU accumulation Computations for a decompression dive would take place in the following steps each step is computed by clicking COMPUTE or RECOMPUTE after a correction or iterative change and recorded by clicking ACCEPT a Enter the appropriate values or verify the default values of surface and deep gradient factors depth for the deep gradient factor gas graph scale to optimize the display and maximum planned depth and time for the profile graph Enter appropriate new values or verify that the default values of gas concentrations for the first travel descent mix are correct e g the default values of 0 21 for O and 0 00 for He in air or 0 32 and 0 00 for EAN 32 Enter the run time and the depth at which the change to a second mix will occur if a mix change is planned e g a change from air to tri mix Repeat step 13c until the bottom is reached Verify that the gas concentrations in the working mix are correct Enter the run time
41. ts or savings downtime damage to or replacement of equipment and or property or recovery or replacement of programs or data arising from claims based on warranty contract tort including negligence strict liability or otherwise even if CAI has been advised of the possibility of such claim of damage CAI s liability for direct damages shall not exceed the amount paid for the product Indemnification and Hold Harmless Obligation You release and discharge CAI from any liability whatsoever resulting from personal injury or death sustained while engaged in scuba diving or its associated activities even if such injury or death is caused by the negligence of CAI or defective condition of CDP software You agree for yourself and on behalf of your heirs executors and assigns not to sue CAI for personal injury or wrongful death arising from use of CDP software You will indemnify and hold harmless CAI from any and all claims liability and expense arising out of the use of CDP software that may be initiated by you and or by any other person or organization on your behalf This indemnity and hold harmless obligation includes reimbursement of all legal costs and reasonable attorney fees incurred by CAI for the defense of any action s that may arise directly or indirectly from your use of CDP US Government Restricted Rights The Program manuals and promotional materials are provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS Use duplication or disclosure by the Governme
42. uced in order to fit the example on a page having a portrait orientation but ordinarily the user would print it in a landscape orientation for clarity 24 GRAPHICAL OUTPUTS CDP provides two key graphical outputs a bar graph displaying the gas content in each compartment and a linear plot displaying the depth vs time profile of the dive Both displays show absolute and fractional parameters the bar graph shows these parameters as the M value and gradient factor value while the linear plot shows the absolute and fractional ceilings The sample bar graph shown below presents N2 and He pressures at the end of the working portion of a trimix dive N values are shown below He values the bar height indicates the total gas pressure Note that the pressures in the lower compartment numbers which correspond to the faster tissues are higher but M values also are higher for the faster tissue compartments Gaz Content by Compartment M value mmm Fractional M value m 25 The corresponding depth vs time plot shows the dive profile along with clearly increasingly deep ceilings Note that this plot uses straight lines joining pairs of waypoints However the user can portray the developing ceilings that develop as curves over time by using numerous closely spaced waypoints rather than simply entering waypoints at the start and end of a stage such as a constant depth portion of the profile Depth and Ceilings vs Time Not
43. use by properly trained divers for planning and executing dives Units are decimal US and British e g feet ATA or bar minutes to hundredths of a minute not seconds etc 1 Set up the variables by clicking on the INITIAL command button in the upper left of the form Before you click INITIAL the available command buttons are INITIAL and EXIT After you click on INITIAL the command button set will change to COMPUTE REINITIAL and EXIT Verify that all input variables e g O2 and He concentration altitude planned dive depth shallow and deep gradient factors etc are properly entered before the computation for the first step of the dive Enter the depth and run time for the first STEP or waypoint of the dive typically this will be a descent to 130 feet or less The background of rate text box becomes yellow if a descent rate exceeds 66 feet minute It becomes red if the run time is not incremented See step 8 below if the planned depth exceeds 130 feet Note that you don t enter a depth of 100 and time of 20 for a 20 minute dive to 100 feet for each STEP you enter the depth reached at the end of the STEP and you enter the total run time from the very beginning of the computations to the end of that STEP After a successful computation the command button set changes to show ACCEPT RECOMP REINITIAL and EXIT If the displayed results are satisfactory e g acceptable ceilings or risks are computed
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