Local knowledge about Thaumatococcus daniellii
Contents
1. Press Close on all three dialogue boxes 3 2 4 Topics From the main menu select KB Topics This gives you the list of all the topics in the knowledge base Highlight Weediness and weeds and press Details Edit In the dialogue box that appears you will see in the Boolean Search String how the topic was created it is a search for any of the following words weed or ego_weed or weeding or wraps_around Click on the Show use in statements at the bottom of the dialogue box and a list of all the statements on Weediness and weeds will appear There are 67 statements in all Close the list of statements and the topic details Try the same thing with the topic Yield of fruit the last topic in the list Question How many statements are there on Yield of fruit Knowledge is represented as statements these are the basic units of the knowledge base There are four different types of statements Attribute statements tell you about the properties attributes of something they are descriptive Causal statements give you information about causal relationships Comparison statements compare the properties of two objects Link statements represent knowledge that cannot be represented by the other type of statements Please be aware when using the program that AKT5 automatically generates a natural language translation in stylised English Close all open dialogue boxes and return to the ma2. successful participatory crop improvement and the development of decision support tools for the production of extension materials tailored to farmer circumstances The tool is also in active use in projects in Brazil China Peru Vietnam and Southern Africa as well as amongst a network of research and development workers in the Philippines Some examples of the use of the tool are discussed in Sinclair and Walker 1999 current activities are outlined in the AKTS5 newsletter and are posted on the website see Section 1 2 above When local knowledge is explicitly stored within a knowledge base it can then be consulted by natural resource scientists policy makers and development workers in a variety of ways to help them meet their own objectives 1 4 2 What is knowledge To define knowledge is to enter a philosophical minefield nevertheless an explicit definition is required in this context For the purposes of AKT Anowledge is seen as the outcome of the interpretation of data independent of the interpreter Data are recorded sets of observations that may be either qualitative or quantitative Knowledge is distinct from understanding which is a result of the interpretation of knowledge or data and is specific to the interpreter These definitions are more fully discussed in Sinclair and Walker 1999 1 4 3 What is a knowledge base A knowledge base is a store of knowledge In AKTS this consists of a collection of statements together wi
3. Sciences University of Wales Bangor Waliszewski W S Oppong S Hall J B and F L Sinclair in press Implications of Local Knowledge of the Ecology of a Wild Super Sweetener for its Domestication and Commercialisation in West and Central Africa Economic Botany Walker D H and Sinclair F L 1998 Acquiring qualitative knowledge about complex agroecosystems Part 2 Formal representation Agricultural systems 56 365 386
4. and Beynon R J 1991 Purification and characterization of thaumatopain a cysteine protease from the arils of Thaumatococcus daniellii Biochem J 274 231 36 Dixon H J Doores J W Joshi L and Sinclair F L 2001 Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit for Windows Methodological Guidelines computer software and Manual for AKTS5 School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor Mackenzie A Pridham J B and Saunders N A 1985 Changes in the sweet proteins Thaumatins in Thaumatococcus daniellii fruits during development Phytochemistry 24 11 p2503 6 McWhirter N 1983 Guinness book of world records 1984 Guinness Superlatives London Moss C Frost F Obiri Darko B Jatango J A Dixon H Sinclair F L 2001 Local knowledge and livelihoods tools for soils research and dissemination in Ghana School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor Most B M Summerfield R J and M Boxall 1978 Tropical plants with sweetening properties physiological and agronomic problems of protected cropping 2 Thaumatococcus daniellii Economic Botany 32 321 35 Onwueme I C Onochie B E and E A Sofowora 1979 Cultivation of T daniellii the sweetener World Crops 31 3 321 35 Pagella T F Chalathon C Preechapanya P Moss C and Sinclair F L 2002 Local knowledge about watershed functions in Northern Thailand A guide to using the Agroecolo
5. Local knowledge about Thaumatococcus daniellii Benn Benth in Ghana A GUIDE TO USING THE AGROECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TOOLKIT AKTS5 Wojtek Simon Waliszewski and Fergus L Sinclair School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK September 2004 Acknowledgements AKTS was developed over many years as an integral part of a suite of research projects funded by the UK Department for International Development DFID for the benefit of developing countries but DFID bear no responsibility for any information provided or opinions expressed Forestry Research Programme R7431 R6322 R7264 Natural Resources Systems Programme R7516 Livestock Production Programme R7637 This guide uses an approach to introduce first time users of AKTS pioneered in Ghana Moss et al 2001 and subsequently used in Thailand Pagella et al 2002 Lesotho Waliszewski et al 2003 and South Africa Waliszewski et al 2003 The template for this document was used by kind permission of the authors of these previous documents The research conducted to produce this guide was supported logistically and financially by Samartex Timber and Plywood Co Ltd 1 Introduction 1 1 Local knowledge and knowledge based systems approaches There is an increasing awareness that local knowledge and practices should be recognized in development initiatives aimed at sustaining and improving the livelihoods of farming communities an
6. about a certain formal term click on Formal terms on the right hand side of the Statements dialogue box select the formal term from the list and click on Details In the new dialogue box a definition synonym and picture will be shown if they are available Close all the dialogue boxes and return to the diagram When working with complex diagrams it is helpful to remember to switch the labels off You can so this by clicking the Label mode button once more The Navigate button gives you the immediate causes and effects of each node Click on Navigate on the right hand side of the screen and then click on the node picking ego fruit The node will be highlighted in green and some additional nodes will appear connected to picking ego fruit Carefully drag sideways all new nodes to reveal any further nodes underneath by pressing the left hand mouse button over the node and dragging the node away The red lines indicate that there is more then one line or arrow on top of one another You can continue to explore the knowledge base using this method building the diagram by selecting Navigate each time and clicking on one of the new nodes You can try this by clicking the navigate button and selecting ego stem death Alternatively if you are only interested in the factors that are an effect of a node or a cause for a node then click on either Causes or Effects in the Causes Effects box towards the bottom
7. ally One statement is represented by two nodes a rectangular or oval box connected by an arrow The different colours and shapes of the nodes indicate different types of node action process object and attribute nodes The arrows represent the linkages between the nodes It is possible to view diagrams in either English Press the Label Mode button once This will now show a pair of arrows adjacent to a number next to each statement The numbers or 2 represent whether the statement is reversible An arrow pointed upwards signifies an increase in the value where as a downward pointing arrow would signify a decrease in the value associated with the attribute in the node An indicates a different value such as low high yes no lt 3_ months or a range especially useful if representing a period of time for instance the rain season is between January to March can be represented using this function If the Label mode is pressed again this gives you statements written on the diagram in full You can make the statements more legible by dragging the nodes across the screen to separate them out Alternatively you can drag the statements themselves around the screen If the diagram is too large for the screen you can scroll through the diagram using the scroll bars or alternatively you can Zoom out up to four times to see the diagram if it is really large im Current knowledge base ego B File KB Diagram Tools Help ego fr
8. am Show use in statements Show use in hierarchies Figure 2 The formal term dialogue box This provides you with a brief description including information on what type of formal term it is and a thumbnail photograph if one is available Double click on the thumbnail to enlarge the picture 3 2 7 Understanding Parts Parts It is sometimes useful to identify component parts of an object For example a tree may have braches leaves and bark which are also objects in their own right It is useful therefore to refer to be able to refer to these as components of the tree In the dialogue box that is now open you can see that there are many parts of ego by scrolling down the list Some of the parts of ego are fita flower fruit leaf leaf_joint rhizome root seed seedling sepal shoot and stem Now click on leaf in the Parts box Part of You will now see that the dialogue box has changed and the object that is the formal term is leaf As you pressed leaf from the ego dialogue box you will see that the thumbnail picture is of an ego leaf You will also see that leaf is not only a Part of ego but afunpan branch cocoa and seedling If you now click on ego in the Part of box you will return to the ego formal term dialogue box The Definition is fairly self explanatory and provides further information about ego Synonyms The dialogue box lists the synonyms attached to a spec
9. ant Structure and Management of ego In Topic Hierarchies information about specific subject areas is arranged under a more general subject label e g Harvesting ego Locating ego and Propagating ego all fall under the general topic hierarchy of Management of ego On the left you can see a list of topic hierarchies in the knowledge base below which is an empty dialogue box termed Topics in selected hierarchy Highlighting any of the topic hierarchies will produce a new dialogue box to the right of the original box and display the topics in the Topics in selected hierarchy dialogue box Select Management of ego you will see a list of all the topics in the topic hierarchy and a new dialogue box to the right with a column containing a list of all topics in this topic hierarchy Management of ego highlighted in blue and immediately below all the subtopics under it Click on View Tree and scroll down the page This shows you the full topic hierarchy Click on Close Select Picking ego fruit in the Topics in hierarchy list You will see that it now appears in the Topic box with Management of ego specified as the supertopic above it and Ego fruit location Fruit picking season and Yield of fruit as the specified subtopics below it Click close to close the dialogue box on the right hand side of the screen leaving the original dialogue box Highlight in turn each to
10. arvesting and production the structure of the plant the environment in which it grows and interactions it has with other species and factors that impact on its growth This information has been grouped together in the following topic hierarchies Plant structure Management of ego Soil Water Light Weeds and weediness Ego growth 3 How to consult knowledge bases 3 1 Using the guide A number of instruction sheets are included in this package that is aimed at enabling you to consult the knowledge bases provided It is suggested that you start with A quick sightseeing tour around AKTS5 to familiarise yourself with the different functions of the software Once this is completed you can then move on to consulting the knowledge bases on particular topics that interest you After completing the Quick sightseeing tour around AKTS the user will be able to consult knowledge bases by using topics searching for terms and exploring diagrams These skills are reinforced and developed by the User Manual Dixon et al 2001 which provides a comprehensive guide to the software and the creation of knowledge bases there are also a series of other guides that have been produced to help consult knowledge bases on various topics and contexts Moss et al 2001 Joshi et al 2001 Pagella et al 2002 Waliszewski et al 2003 3 2 A quick sightseeing tour around AKT5 This quick tour around AKT with the ego knowledge base is designed to fa
11. d the environment Interest amongst institutions involved in research education and development in investigation and documentation of local knowledge has grown significantly over the last few years The University of Wales Bangor is a leading institution in the development of a knowledge based systems KBS methodology to acquire and use local knowledge in research and development The university spearheaded the development of this novel approach to acquire store and use local ecological knowledge about agroecosystems in collaboration with various national and international research institutions in Asia Africa and Latin America It promotes systematic collection and collation of ecological knowledge from farmers and development professionals The Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit AKTS is a tailor made computer software package that enables representation of knowledge in a computer readable form facilitating exploration of local ecological knowledge using computer based search and reasoning facilities Work so far has revealed that rural people often have sophisticated knowledge of ecological processes occurring in their environment and that local knowledge is largely complementary to scientific knowledge but is often not taken into account when planning research and development While knowledge differs to some extent between communities common frameworks and terminology may occur across large distances and people with similar agroecological circum
12. e Boolean Search dialogue box press Clear Now do the same thing again selecting haan and asase_mremre only this time using OR instead of AND Press Search Now you have 27 statements This is because you have selected all the statements that include either haan or asase_mremre In the Search Results press Close How many statements are there for asase_mremre alone In the Boolean Search string box keep asase_mremre in the Boolean Search string but this time select subobject in the search options box so that it is highlighted as well as object Press Search once more You now have 17 statements because besides the statements using asase_mremre alone you also have all the statements about its subobjects afonwea and asase_tuntum In the Boolean Search string box keep asase_mremre in the Boolean Search string but this time select superobject in the search options box so that it is highlighted as well as object You now have 108 statements because besides the statements using asase_mremre alone you also have all the statements related to its superobject soil Question How many statements are there if you select asase_mremre and select object subobject and superobject 3 2 11 Closing a Knowledge Base Close the knowledge base by selecting KB Close KB and close AKT by going to the main menu File gt Exit from AKT References Cusack M Stephen A G Roy P
13. ellii fruit is collected solely from the natural resource by local collectors in Ivory Coast and Ghana to provide arils for the processing of thaumatin Whilst the plant is abundant and appears to be resilient to local harvesting there has been no work done to specifically quantify this effect Research during the 1970s and 1990s focussed on agronomic studies of T daniellii Summerfield et al 1977 Most et al 1978 Onwueme et al 1979 and biochemical analyses of the activation and nature of the thaumatin proteins Mackenzie et al 1985 Cusack et al 1991 With the thaumatin market ripe for expansion increased pressure is expected on the natural resource Interest has since grown in its sustainable harvesting and management A small scale processing facility for thaumatin is being established in Ghana to produce the product locally and export it This output together with the ego knowledge base ego is the local twi name for T daniellii is the result of a local knowledge study into the agro ecology of the plant 2 2 Methodology 2 2 1 Location Interviews were conducted in eleven villages within a 30 km radius of Samerboi in the moist evergreen rain forests of south west Ghana and two villages further north in different forest zones Kwapanin and Adwenase 2 2 2 Definition of the knowledge domain Following a period of reconnaissance and discussion with villages in the study area selection of key informants occurred During t
14. gical knowledge Toolkit AKT School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bangor Sinclair F L and Walker D H 1998 Acquiring qualitative knowledge about complex agroecosystems Part 1 Representation as natural language Agricultural systems 56 341 363 Sinclair F L and Walker D H 1999 A utilitarian approach to the incorporation of local knowledge in agroforestry research and extension In L E Buck J P Lassoie and E C M Fernandes eds Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lewis Publishers New York pp 245 275 Sinclair F L and Joshi L 2000 Taking local knowledge about trees seriously In Lawrence A Ed Forestry forest users and research new ways of learning ETFRN Series Nol European Tropical Forest Research Network Vienna pp 45 61 Summerfield R J Most B M and M I Boxall 1977 Tropical plants with sweet tasting properties physiological and agronomic problems of protected cropping 1 Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii Economic Botany 31 331 39 Waliszewski W S 2002 Recommendations for the sustainable harvesting and production of Thaumatococcus daniellii Benn Benth in the Western Region of Ghana M Sc thesis University of Wales Bangor Waliszewski W S Mabote R and Sinclair F L 2003 Local knowledge about rangeland Agroecology in the Highlands of Lesotho A guide to using the Agroecological knowledge Toolkit AKT School of Agricultural and Forest
15. his stage the purpose of the study was explained and a preliminary evaluation of local people s knowledge was made Following this work and discussion with Samartex the domain was defined as the agro ecology of 7 danielli with relevance to sustainable harvesting and its propagation 2 2 3 Stratification of key informants Interaction with T danielli determined the basis of stratification with the following groups of users being identified Table 1 Location and description of strata groupings Waliszewski 2002 Defined strata Gender involvement Comments and activity with T daniellii Strata villages cultivating T daniellii for either fruit or leaves Leaf collector Female Collection of leaves from Amuaku Samreso cocoa farms secondary Krofrom fallows and virgin forest Mrebenini Located around Samreboi Fruit collector Female and Male Collection of fruits from Nsuakyir secondary fallows and Jerusalem Susaan virgin forest Farmer Predominantly Male The main interaction with Oda Adam T daniellii was controlling Krofrom it as it was a weed of cocoa Mrebenini Cultivator Female and Male People that had or were Samreboi Enchi Susaan Kwapanin Adwenase 2 2 4 Compilation of the knowledge base Interviews with key informants were held in the field where possible Figure 1 below and lasted no more than an hour unless the informant was keen to continue The interviews we
16. ific formal term During knowledge base development in Ghana the standard practice was to write the formal terms in Twi the first synonym being the scientific name and the second and third place synonyms used for English and other local languages Still using the ego formal term dialogue box now press Show use in Hierarchies You will see that ego appears in the object hierarchy weed Press OK to close this dialogue box Press Show use in statements There are 440 statements about ego in the knowledge base Close all dialogue boxes Once again from the main menu select KB Formal Terms using the same method as above select the object okusie Highlighting details informs you that okusie is a rat Pressing the Show use in statements displays a new dialogue box with three statements containing the term okusie Under Diagram Selection Type at the bottom of the dialogue box press All Statements 3 2 8 Introduction to Diagrams The diagram that you see shows all the statements about okusie that can be represented diagrammatically The diagram has only got three nodes boxes To see a diagram that is more complex click on Diagrams Show Kb Diagrams and select one of the diagrams that have been produced by the knowledge base developer Please select the diagram labeled ego fruit location Diagrams are a way of representing the connections between statements Only causal and link statements can be represented diagrammatic
17. in menu 3 2 5 Object hierarchies From the main menu select KB Object Hierarchies On the left you can see a list of the object hierarchies in the knowledge base Highlight soil On the right you will see a long column containing a list of all the objects in the hierarchy to the right of this you will see soil highlighted in blue and immediately below all the sub objects under it Click on View Tree and scroll down the page This shows you the full object hierarchy soil Click on Close to close the tree that you have just viewed Now select asase_denden in the objects in hierarchy list that you can see in the larger of the two boxes on the screen You will see it now appears highlighted in blue in the Object box with soil specified as the superobject above it and ntetie specified as a subobject below it m Current knowledge base ego K i l j xj File KB Diagram Tools Help ax Object Hierarchies 600 x Kb Name ego Kb Name ego aa ieee Hierarchy Name eamp Selected Object m Objects in Hierarchy p Object Hierarchies f animal rodent Figure 1 The object hierarchy diseases showing the Object krimpsiekte theImmediate SubObjects and diseases as the SuperObject Objects are words used to refer to physical or conceptual items e g ego soil weeds rodent Object hierarchies represent classifications tha
18. miliarise you with the AKT software and with the ways of manipulating knowledge bases The breeding knowledge base can be consulted and explored using the methods outlined within this and the guides outlined above Getting Started 1 Load the AKT program onto your computer by clicking on the appropriate icon from the start menu 2 Once the AKT program is open select OK 3 From the main menu File KB Diagram Tools Help select KB 4 Open the ego kb by choosing Open Kb Ds You will find the veld KB together with other KBs in a window Highlight veld and click on Open 6 The ego KB will now open and you will see the Welcome Dialogue Box 3 2 1 Welcome Dialogue Box Read the welcome dialogue box to get an idea of what the knowledge base is about Note that some panels contain more information than is displayed and can be scrolled down to reveal more Press Further Details to find out more about where when and how the knowledge base was made Click on Pictures Diagrams If pictures are available view each picture by selecting it from the list and then clicking on Select When you have finished with each picture or diagram click on the X at the top right hand corner to close it These diagrams provide some background information about the rangelands Click on Close to return to the Welcome screen Now press Topics 3 2 2 Topic hierarchies Topics are ways of organizing information around particular subject areas e g Pl
19. ons to development problems Knowledge bases can be consulted in four main ways e by viewing sets of statements about particular topics e by searching for statements that contain particular terms or words e by representing statements as a diagram and then investigating chains of causation and e by using customized tools supplied with AKT to interrogate and reason with knowledge 1 4 The Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit AKTS5 1 4 1 What is AKT5 AKTS5 is a methodology and software package that enables users to create knowledge bases about chosen domains A knowledge base domain is defined both by the subject area it covers such as ego and by whose knowledge it is that has been represented for example users of ego in Ghana Creating a knowledge base involves collating knowledge from various sources that may include knowledgeable people such as farmers scientists and extension workers or documents such as extension manuals and scientific literature AKT5 has been used primarily as an analytical research tool to explore the extent and nature of local agro ecological knowledge and how this compares with conventional scientific and professional information This has led to profound changes in the way that research and extension are planned in areas of Africa Kenya Tanzania Ghana and Cameroon Asia Nepal Thailand Sri Lanka and Indonesia and Latin America Colombia Costa Rica and Nicaragua as well as forming the basis for
20. pic hierarchy listed in the Topic Hierarchies dialogue box Question What topics does the topic hierarchy Ego growth include Press Close on all dialogue boxes to return to the Welcome Memo and Close again to arrive at the main menu 3 2 3 Sources Go to the main menu top left and select KB Sources Sources tell you the origin of the information contained in a statement All statements have a source which can be of two types an interview with a person e g a leaf collector fruit collector cocoa farmer or a cultivator or a reference to a written document e g a journal reference On the left is a list of all the sources interviewed for the knowledge base Let us look at one of them Highlight the name Adwoa Nkrumah Amuaku 2002a the second in the list of sources The the a in 2002a in the first entry for Adwoa Nkrumah reflects that this was the first interview with her The second entry for her has the suffix b attached to 2002 signifying the second interview Amuaku is the name of the village that she lives in Now press Details A dialog box appears giving you the name of the interviewers interviewees and the date of the interview You are also given the gender the type of herder of their age and the name of the location where the interview took place If you press Memo you will be given any further details that the person who developed the knowledge base felt was important
21. re informal and semi structured using non leading questions in order to elicit the informants knowledge rather than influence answers Figure 1 Interviews conducted in the field allowed the interviewer to gain a better insight into the collection method In this photograph red fruit are seen on the forest floor Interviews were recorded and then knowledge was documented from subsequent analysis of the recordings This allowed an easy flow of conversation during the interview without too many distractions Recording of interviews made transcription of interviews easier Transcribed interviews were broken down into unitary statements and input into the knowledge base software following guidelines set out in the AKT5 methodology This involved using a formal grammar to develop an unambiguous representation of the informant s environmental knowledge Automated reasoning techniques were then used with this representation to help view evaluate and analyse the knowledge Evaluation of the knowledge base as it developed led to the identification of the need for further questions to clarify some aspects resolve apparent inconsistencies and so develop a comprehensive picture of local knowledge about the domain 2 3 The ego knowledge base The ego knowledge base was constructed to investigate and document local knowledge on the agro ecology of T daniellii held by local people in the study area This focused on Management actions pertaining to its h
22. right of the diagram interface You will get an upward arrow if you have selected Causes and a diagonal arrow if Effects has been selected By placing the arrow over the node of interest and clicking the immediate causes or effects are displayed When you have finished go to the main menu top left hand corner and select Diagram Hide Diagrams 3 2 9 Boolean Search Go to the main menu Select KB Boolean Search Formal terms and sources will now appear in the Display Kb terms of type dialogue box Scroll through the terms listed and Select haan Now press Select and haan will appear in the Boolean search string at the bottom of the dialogue box If you want to know what haan is and which object hierarchies it is a member of please follow the instructions given in 3 2 6 Now press the AND button From the list select asase_mremre an object and press Select once more If you want to check the synonym for asase_mremre select Details Take care to ensure that you have not accidentally selected a formal term twice in succession as the Boolean search string will not operate If you do this highlight the second entry and press delete on your keyboard or backspace to remove it Press the Search button Only one statement will appear This is the only statement in the knowledge base which include both haan and asase_mremre In the Search Results dialogue box press Close In th
23. stances in different geographical and cultural contexts may have similar perceptions 1 2 What is the purpose of this guide The instructions that follow will guide you through a knowledge base about ego Thaumatococcus daniellii Benn Benth created from interviews with local people conducted by Wojtek Waliszewski and Seth Oppong By following the instructions set out in this guide you will be introduced gradually to the AKT software while at the same time learning about local people s knowledge about ego This guide was designed to assist new users of the AKTS package to explore local knowledge that has already been documented by others It is not intended to guide users through the creation of their own knowledge bases The methodology for creating new knowledge bases is set out in a comprehensive user manual available electronically or on paper Dixon et al 2001 The principles underlying knowledge base creation are explained in Sinclair and Walker 1998 and Walker and Sinclair 1998 and the approach is discussed in the context of natural resource management in Sinclair and Walker 1999 and Sinclair and Joshi 2000 The software and manual can be downloaded from the AKT website at http www akt5 bangor ac uk 1 3 Consulting Knowledge Bases Local knowledge can help researchers and development workers explain the rationale behind farmers actions and can contribute to making more effective decisions in developing appropriate soluti
24. t people use to organize their knowledge by arranging some objects as specific types of more general objects e g asase_fita asase_denden asase_koko are all types of soil These are therefore subobjects of the more general object soil and soil is a superobject of the objects asase_fita asase_denden asase_koko All statements that refer to the superobject are inherited by all its subobjects Now Close all dialogue boxes 3 2 6 Formal Terms From the main menu select KB Formal Terms Formal terms are the key components of statements Objects are one type of formal term Other types include actions human activities e g harvesting or collecting and natural processes such as growth or flowering You will notice that underscores are used to connect words that make up a single term e g asase_denden Words that require a capital letter are written in quotation marks e g Odwuma Press the downward arrow on Type next to the word all to see the different types of formal terms Select object All the objects in the knowledge base are now listed Scroll down and get an idea of the objects in the knowledge base Highlight ego and press Details wa Formal Term Details ego Fomaltom E O E CT fita a Part of Parts flower fruit iv found in forests and abandoned cocoa E farms The arils of which are the 1 Thaumatococcus daniellii 2 abwonom 3 abrohab
25. th object hierarchies that represent taxonomic relationships Each statement is associated with information about whose knowledge it represents the source of the knowledge which is generally either a person or a document although each statement may have a number of sources The knowledge is organised in two main ways e Topics comprise knowledge about specific subject areas or from specific sources e g Harvesting ego produce or Propagating ego Topic hierarchies gather similar topics under broader headings For example the above topics both fall under the more general topic of Management of ego e Object hierarchies represent local taxonomic relationships amongst terms For example asase_fita asase_tuntum and ntetie are all types of soil and therefore fall under the more general object label soil 2 The ego knowledge base Context of the Study 2 1 The importance of Thaumatococcus daniellii Thaumatococcus daniellii a robust rhizomal understorey forest herb found throughout the Guineo Congolian rain forest Waliszewski et al in press is the raw material for the intense protein sweetener thaumatin the sweetest naturally occurring substance in the world McWhirter 1983 Thaumatin used in the beverage confectionary and pharmaceuticals industries is an internationally traded commodity with a market value of 4000 kg S Cuthbert Overseal Foods Swadlincote UK pers comm Currently T dani
26. uit location al causal C link Copy to Clipboard Memo a x f i ilek asadweree i cuts _ collectors skin ski cuts 3 ii f i i i Statements r Hide Causes Effects Node Link Causes Effects p Show Hide Select Diagram m Figure 3 The diagram interface of AKT5 There are two methods for finding extra information about the statements containing the word Aswaderee 1 Click on the Statements button on the right to get a list of all the statements represented on the diagram Then select the statement containing Aswaderee and click on Details At the top of the dialogue box you will see the natural language statement and at the bottom the formal language The source of the statement is given at the top 2 Double click on the node Aswaderee and a list of all the formal statements pertaining to Aswaderee will appear Highlighting and clicking on Details will provide information about that statement in a Statements dialogue box Statements are typed into the knowledge base as formal language statements using a formal grammar like a code specific to AKT These are then translated by the AKT program into stylised natural language equivalents This use of computer generated translation explains why some statements in the knowledge base do not sound like natural English If you require further clarification
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