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Oregon Commercial Driver Manual
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1. Figure 3 1 3 3 2 Cargo Tiedown On flatbed trailers or trailers without sides cargo must be secured to keep it from shifting or falling off In closed vans tiedowns can also be important to prevent cargo shifting that may affect the handling of the vehicle Tiedowns must be of the proper type and 3 2 proper strength The working load limit of all cargo tiedowns must be at least one half times the weight of the cargo tied down Proper tiedown equipment must be used including ropes straps chains and tensioning devices winches ratchets clinching components Tiedowns must be attached to the vehicle correctly hooks bolts rails rings See figure 3 2 Cargo should have at least one tiedown for each ten feet of cargo Make sure you have enough tiedowns to meet this need No matter TIE DOWN DEVICES Cargo should have at least one tie down for each 10 feet of cargo Make sure you have enough tie downs to meet this need No matter how small the cargo is there should be at least two tie downs holding it Figure 3 2 how small the cargo it should have at least two tiedowns There are special requirements for securing e Logs Dressed lumber and building products Metal coils Paper rolls Concrete pipe Intermodal containers Automobiles light trucks and vans Heavy vehicles and machinery Crushed vehicles Roll on Roll off or hook lift containers e Large boulders Find out what the
2. Vehicles Required to Have Antilock Braking Systems The Department of Transportation requires that ABS be on Truck tractors with air brakes built on or after March 1 1997 e Other air brake vehicles trucks buses trailers and converter dollies built on or after March 1 1998 e Hydraulically braked trucks and buses with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10 000 Ibs or more built on or after March 1 1999 Many commercial vehicles built before these dates have been voluntarily equipped with ABS Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 2 18 3 How to Know If Your Vehicle Is Equipped with ABS Tractors trucks and buses will have yellow ABS malfunction lamps on the instrument panel Trailers will have yellow ABS malfunction lamps on the left side either on the front or rear corner Dollies manufactured on or after March 1 1998 are required to have a lamp on the left side As asystem check on newer vehicles the malfunction lamp comes on at start up for a bulb check and then goes out quickly On older systems the lamp could stay on until you are driving over five mph If the lamp stays on after the bulb check or goes on once you are under way you may have lost ABS control In the case of towed units manufactured before it was required by the Department of Transportation it may be difficult to tell if the unit is equipped with ABS Look under the vehicle for the ECU a
3. 2 5 2 Communicating Your Presence Other drivers may not notice your vehicle even when it s in plain sight To help prevent accidents let them know you re there When Passing Whenever you are about to pass a vehicle pedestrian or bicyclist assume they don t see you They could suddenly move in front of you When it is legal tap the horn lightly or at night flash your lights from low to high beam and back And drive carefully enough to avoid a crash even if they don t see or hear you When It s Hard to See At dawn dusk in rain or snow you need to make yourself easier to see If you are having trouble seeing other vehicles other drivers will have trouble seeing you Turn on your lights Use the headlights not just the identification or clearance lights Use the low beams high beams can bother people in the daytime as well as at night When Parked at the Side of the Road When you pull off the road and stop be sure to turn on the four way emergency flashers This is important at night Don t trust the tail lights to give warning Drivers have crashed into the rear of a parked vehicle because they thought it was moving normally 2 10 If you must stop on a road or the shoulder of any road you must put out your emergency warning devices within ten minutes Place your warning devices at the following locations If you must stop on or by a one way or divided highway place warning devices 10 feet 100 feet
4. 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Know the Rules Follow the Rules EE DRIVER S DAILY LOG ORIGINAL File each Gay at home terminai ONE CALENDAR DAY 24 HOURS OUPUCATE Orver retains in hs possession for aghi days DAY YEAR TOTAL MILEAGE TODAY Carty Rese ormie are vue and correct VEXGCLE NUMBERS SHOW EACH UNIT DRIVER S SIGNATURE N FULL NOTA MALES ORO TODAY NAME OF CARRIER OR CARRIERS NAME OF CO ORIVER aie MAIN OFFICE ADORESS HOME TERMINAL ADOMESS mam 1 2 4 5 10 T mT 2 Si EEPER mirii 3 DRIVING j 4 ON DUTY NOT DREVING MO wont 1 REMARKS Gooumen manilesi mumme o name ofa Hipper and Commod work and when and where each change of Aty occured Expter excess hours STARTING PONT OR PLACE DESTINATION OA TURN AROUND POINT OF PLACE USE TIME STANDARD AT HOME TERMINAL Help Save Lives Stop When Tired Oregon Department of Transportation Section 4 Transporting Passengers Safely 4 4 Section 5 Air Brakes This Section Covers e Air Brake System Parts e Dual Air Brake Systems e Inspecting Air Brakes e Using Air Brakes This section tells you about air brakes If you want to drive a truck or bus with air brakes or pull a trailer with air brakes you need to read this section If you want to pull a trailer with air brakes you also need to read Section 6 Co
5. 3 4 1 Dry Bulk Dry bulk tanks require special care because they have a high center of gravity and the load can shift Be extremely cautious slow and careful going around curves and making sharp turns 3 4 2 Hanging Meat Hanging meat suspended beef pork lamb in a refrigerated truck can be a very unstable load with a high center of gravity Particular caution is needed on sharp curves such as off ramps and on ramps Go slowly 3 4 3 Livestock Livestock can move around in a trailer causing unsafe handling With less than a full load use false bulkheads to keep livestock bunched together Even when bunched special care is necessary because livestock can lean in curves This shifts the center of gravity and makes rollover more likely Section 3 Transporting Cargo Safely 3 4 4 Oversized Loads Over length over width and or overweight loads require special transit permits Driving is usually limited to certain times Special equipment may be necessary such as wide load signs flashing lights flags etc Such loads may require a police escort or pilot vehicles bearing warning signs and or flashing lights These special loads require special driving care SECTION 3 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 What four things related to cargo are drivers responsible for 2 How often must you stop while on the road to check your cargo 3 How is Gross Combination Weight Rating different from Gross Combination Wei
6. Air lines and electrical wiring secured against snagging rubbing wearing Spare tire carrier or rack not damaged if so equipped Spare tire and or wheel securely mounted in rack Spare tire and wheel adequate proper size properly inflated Cargo securement trucks and trailers properly blocked braced tied chained etc Headerboard secure if equipped Side boards and stakes are strong enough free of damage and properly set in place if so equipped Canvas or tarp if required properly secured to prevent tearing billowing or blocking of mirrors If oversize all required signs flags lamps and reflectors safely and properly mounted and all required permits in driver s possession Curbside cargo compartment doors in good condition securely closed latched locked and required security seals in place Right Rear Condition of wheels and rims no missing bent or broken spacers studs clamps or lugs Condition of tires properly inflated valve stems and caps OK no serious cuts bulges tread wear tires not rubbing each other and nothing stuck between them Tires same type e g not mixed radial and bias types Tires evenly matched same sizes Wheel bearing seals not leaking Suspension Condition of spring s spring hangers shackles and u bolts Axle secure Powered axle s not leaking lube gear oil Condition of torque rods radius arms and bushings Section 2 Dr
7. If for any reason you get stuck on the tracks get out of the vehicle and away from the tracks Check signposts or signal housing at the crossing for emergency notification information Call 911 or other emergency number Give the location of the crossing using all identifiable landmarks especially the DOT number if posted 2 16 Mountain Driving In mountain driving gravity plays a major role On any upgrade gravity slows you down The steeper the grade the longer the grade and or the heavier the load the more you will have to use lower gears to climb hills or mountains In coming down long steep downgrades gravity causes the speed of your vehicle to increase You must select an appropriate safe speed then use a low gear and proper braking techniques You should plan ahead and obtain information about any long steep grades along your planned route of travel If possible talk to other drivers who are familiar with the grades to find out what speeds are safe You must go slowly enough so your brakes can hold you back without getting too hot Ifthe brakes become too hot they may start to fade This means you have to apply them harder and harder to get the same stopping power If you continue to use the brakes hard they can keep fading until you cannot slow down or stop at all 2 16 1 Select a Safe Speed Your most important consideration is to select a speed that is not too fast for the e Total weight of t
8. Truck fires can cause damage and injury Learn the causes of fires and how to prevent them Know what to do to extinguish fires 2 21 1 Causes of Fire The following are some causes of vehicle fires After Accidents Spilled fuel improper use of flares Tires Under inflated tires and duals that touch Electrical System Short circuits due to damaged insulation loose connections Fuel Driver smoking improper fueling loose fuel connections Cargo Flammable cargo improperly sealed or loaded cargo poor ventilation 2 21 2 Fire Prevention Pay attention to the following Pre trip Inspection Make a complete inspection of the electrical fuel and exhaust systems tires and cargo Be sure to check that the fire extinguisher is charged En Route Inspection Check the tires wheels and truck body for signs of heat whenever you stop during a trip Follow Safe Procedures Follow correct safety procedures for fueling the vehicle using brakes handling flares and other activities that can cause a fire Monitoring Check the instruments and gauges often for signs of overheating and use the mirrors to look for signs of smoke from tires or the vehicle Caution Use normal caution in handling anything flammable 2 21 3 Fire Fighting Knowing how to fight fires is important Drivers who didn t know what to do have made fires worse Know how the fire extinguisher works Study the instructions printed on the extingui
9. Braking Distance Total Stopping Distance The air brake lag distance at 55 mph on dry pavement adds about 32 feet to the total stopping distance So at 55 mph for an average driver under good traction and brake conditions the total stopping distance is over 450 feet See Figure 5 6 5 4 5 Brake Fading or Failure Brakes are designed so brake shoes or pads rub against the brake drum or disks to slow the vehicle Braking creates heat but brakes are designed to take a lot of heat However brakes can fade or fail from excessive heat caused by using them too much and not relying on the engine braking effect 5 7 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 15 jar alta 39 11619171 25 155 Total Stop DistL oth 65 28 bs a7 ie 35 243 Total Stopping Distance S gr 39 21 92 f 7 4 45 346 Total Stopping Distance bow wallts 117 l s 27 152 55 451 Total Stopping Distance 142 Ii 6e 32 216 Lag Reaction Braking Distance Distance MPH Perception Distance Figure 5 6 Excessive use of the service brakes results in overheating and leads to brake fade Brake fade results from excessive heat causing chemical changes in the brake lining which reduce friction and also causing expansion of the brake drums As the overheated drums expand the brake shoes and linings have to move farther to contact the drums and the force of this contact is reduced
10. Follow this checklist e Check to see that your driving partner is OK e Keep shipping papers with you e Keep people far away and upwind e Warn others of the danger e Call for help e Follow your employer s instructions 9 7 3 Fires You might have to control minor truck fires on the road However unless you have the training and equipment to do so safely don t fight hazardous materials fires Dealing with hazardous materials fires requires special training and protective gear When you discover a fire call for help You may use the fire extinguisher to keep minor truck fires from spreading to cargo before firefighters arrive Feel trailer doors to see if they are hot before opening them If hot you may have a cargo fire and should not open the doors Opening doors lets air in and may make the fire flare up Without air many fires only smolder until firemen arrive doing less damage If your cargo is already on fire it is not safe to fight the fire Keep the shipping papers with you to give to emergency personnel as soon as they arrive Warn other people of the danger and keep them away If you discover a cargo leak identify the hazardous materials leaking by using shipping papers labels or package location Do not touch any leaking material many people injure themselves by touching hazardous materials Do not try to identify the material Section 9 Hazardous Materialss 2014 2015 Commercial Driver Lice
11. Hazardous Materials Class 3 Flammable Liquids If you are transporting a flammable liquid and have an accident or your vehicle breaks down prevent bystanders from gathering Warn people of the danger Keep them from smoking Never transport a leaking cargo tank farther than needed to reach a safe place Get off the roadway if you can do so safely Don t transfer flammable liquid from one vehicle to another on a public roadway except in an emergency Class 4 Flammable Solids and Class 5 Oxidizing Materials If a flammable solid or oxidizing material spills warn others of the fire hazard Do not open smoldering packages of flammable solids Remove them from the vehicle if you can safely do so Also remove unbroken packages if it will decrease the fire hazard Class 6 Poisonous Materials and Infectious Substances It is your job to protect yourself other people and property from harm Remember that many products classed as poison are also flammable If you think a Division 2 3 Poison Gases or Division 6 1 Poison Materials might be flammable take the added precautions needed for flammable liquids or gases Do not allow smoking open flame or welding Warn others of the hazards of fire of inhaling vapors or coming in contact with the poison A vehicle involved in a leak of Division 2 3 Poison Gases or Division 6 1 Poisons must be checked for stray poison before being used again If a Division 6 2 Infectious Substa
12. Introduction 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Are wanted or under indictment for certain felonies Have a conviction in military or civilian court for certain felonies Have been adjudicated as a mental defective or committed to a mental institution Are considered to pose a security threat as determined by the Transportation Security Administration Fail to obtain a background check from TSA as required DMV will send you a notice prior to expiration of a previous background check Checks are required at 5 year intervals 1 6 Other Commercial Motor Vehicle Rules The Oregon Department of Transportation ODOT Motor Carrier Transportation Division MCTD has adopted Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations Some of these regulations are summarized below For detailed information you should check with your nearest DOT office and or familiarize yourself with 49 CFR Parts 382 383 385 and 390 399 1 6 1 Driver Qualifications To meet minimum CMV driver qualifications in Oregon you must Beat least 18 years old to operate a CMV intrastate and at least 21 years old to drive in interstate commerce In some cases you may be operating a vehicle in interstate commerce even if your vehicle does not leave the state When in doubt check with your employer or ODOT MCTD at 503 378 5849 Speak read and write English well enough to understand traffic signs and signals in English to respond to officials and to c
13. This brake application should last for about three seconds e When your speed has increased to your safe speed repeat steps 1 and 2 For example if your safe speed is 40 mph you would not apply the brakes until your speed reaches 40 mph You now apply the brakes hard enough to gradually reduce your speed to 35 mph and then release the brakes Repeat this as often as necessary until you have reached the end of the downgrade Escape ramps have been built on many steep mountain downgrades Escape ramps are made to stop runaway vehicles safely without injuring drivers and passengers Escape ramps use a long bed of loose soft material to slow a runaway vehicle sometimes in combination with an upgrade Know escape ramp locations on your route Signs show drivers where ramp are located Escape ramps save lives equipment and cargo Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual SUBSECTIONS 2 15 AND 2 16 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 What factors determine your selection ofa safe speed when going down a long steep downgrade 2 Why should you be in the proper gear before starting down a hill 3 Describe the proper braking technique when going down a long steep downgrade 4 What type of vehicles can get stuck on a railroad highway crossing 5 How long does it take for a typical tractor trailer unit to clear a double track These questions may be on the test If you can t
14. Tune radio to AM 1610 for updated weather information and road conditions ASHLAND MUNICIPAL AIRPORT mZ Emigrant Lake ee SPRIN Gs HWY LOWER TRUCK ESCAPE RAMP M P 9 49 NORTHBOUND 5 Mt Ashland Ski Access Rd UPPER TRUCK ESCAPE RAMP M P 6 23 NORTHBOUND BEGIN 6 DOWNGRADE NORTHBOUND Ls BRAKE INSPECTION AREA BRAKE INSPECTION AREA trucker warning RESPECY THE ay Siskiyou RESPECT THE PASS The Siskiyou Pass commonly called The Siskiyous is one of the most hazardous stretches of road along Interstate 5 Truckers Beware The summit is at an elevation of 4 310 feet You ll lose about 2 300 feet of elevation in six miles at a 6 percent downgrade while maneuvering your truck through sharp curves and some of the most hazardous visibility fog and road surface conditions in Oregon More than 13 000 vehicles travel this stretch of highway daily Approximately half of the vehicles involved in accidents on this stretch of highway were commercial trucks with trailers Extreme Caution Urged Escape ramps are located Northbound at Mileposts 6 3 and 9 5 When in doubt about snow and ice conditions chain up your truck It is better to be over prepared than to chain up after you jackknife Why Do Have to Chain Up Here Chain up areas are set up prior to inspection sites so that chains can be installed with ample shoulder space Sometimes th
15. s orders regarding possible effects Stay away from illegal drugs Don t use any drug that hides fatigue the only cure for fatigue is rest Alcohol can make the effects of other drugs much worse The safest rule is don t mix drugs with driving at all Use of drugs can lead to traffic accidents resulting in death injury and property damage Furthermore it can lead to arrest fines and jail sentences It can also mean the end of a person s driving career 2 23 Staying Alert and Fit to Drive Driving a vehicle for long hours is tiring Even the best of drivers will become less alert However there are things that good drivers do to help stay alert and safe 2 23 1 Be Ready to Drive Get Enough Sleep Sleep is not like money You can t save it up ahead of time and you can t borrow it But just as with money you can go into debt with it If you don t sleep enough you owe more sleep to yourself This debt can only be paid off by sleeping You can t overcome it with willpower and it won t go away by itself The average person needs seven or eight hours of sleep every 24 hours Leaving on a long trip when you re already tired is dangerous If you have a long trip scheduled make sure that you get enough sleep before you go Schedule Trips Safely Try to arrange your schedule so you are not in sleep debt before a long trip Your body gets used to sleeping during certain hours If you are driving dur
16. 454 20 000 100 45 4 2 000 oO 10 4 54 1 0 454 oO i 002 Figure 9 11 products that are lubricants or fuels see 49 CFR Part 171 8 Hazardous waste For the purposes of this chapter means any material that is subject to the Hazardous Waste Manifest Requirements of the U S Environmental Protection Agency specified in 40 CFR Part 262 Intermediate bulk container IBC A rigid or flexible portable packaging other than a cylinder or portable tank which is designed for mechanical handling Standards for IBCs manufactured in the United States are set forth in subparts N and O 178 Limited quantity The maximum amount of a hazardous material for which there may be specific labeling or packaging exception Marking The descriptive name identification number instructions cautions weight specification or UN marks or combinations thereof required by this subchapter on outer packaging of hazardous materials 9 15 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Mixture A material composed of more than one chemical compound or element Name of contents The proper shipping name as specified in Sec 172 101 Non bulk packaging A packaging which has 1 A maximum capacity of 450 L 119 gallons as a receptacle for a liquid 2 A maximum net mass less than 400 kg 882 pounds and a maximum capacity of 450 L 119 gallons or less as a receptacle for a solid or 3 A water capacit
17. ABS won t prevent power or turning skids ABS should prevent brake induced skids but not those caused by spinning the drive wheels or going too fast in a turn ABS won t necessarily shorten stopping distance ABS will help maintain vehicle control but not always shorten stopping distance ABS won t increase or decrease ultimate stopping power ABS is an add on to your normal brakes not a replacement for them ABS won t change the way you normally brake Under normal brake conditions your vehicle will stop as it always stopped ABS only comes into play when a wheel would normally have locked up because of over braking ABS won t compensate for bad brakes or poor brake maintenance Remember The best vehicle safety feature is still a safe driver Remember Drive so you never need to use your ABS Remember If you need it ABS could help to prevent a serious crash 10 7 Special Safety Considerations 10 7 1 Strobe Lights Some school buses are equipped with roof mounted white strobe lights If your bus is so equipped the overhead strobe light should be used when you have limited visibility This means that you cannot easily see around you in front behind or beside the school bus Your visibility could be only slightly limited or it could be so bad that you can see nothing at all In all instances understand and obey your state or local regulations concerning the use of these lights 10 7 2 Driving in Hi
18. Active Crossings This type of crossing has a traffic control device installed at the crossing to regulate traffic at the crossing These active devices include flashing red lights with or without bells and flashing red lights with bells and gates 10 4 2 Warning Signs and Devices Advance Warning Signs The round black on yellow warning sign is placed ahead of a public railroad highway crossing The advance warning sign tells you to slow down look and listen for the train and be prepared to stop at the tracks if a train is coming See Figure 10 5 10 6 PAVEMENT MARKINGS Figure 10 6 Pavement Markings Pavement markings mean the same as the advance warning sign They consist of an X with the letters RR and a no passing marking on two lane roads There is also a no passing zone sign on two lane roads There may be a white stop line painted on the pavement before the railroad tracks The front of the school bus must remain behind this line while stopped at the crossing See Figure 10 6 Crossbuck Signs This sign marks the crossing It requires you to yield the right of way to the train If there is no white line painted on the pavement you must stop the bus before the crossbuck sign When the road crosses over more than one set of tracks a sign below the crossbuck indicates the number of tracks See Figure 10 7 Flashing Red Light Signals At many highway rail grade crossings the crossbuck sign ha
19. Also check for other hazards at the same time Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 2 7 5 Space Below Many drivers forget about the space under their vehicles That space can be very small when a vehicle is heavily loaded This is often a problem on dirt roads and in unpaved yards Don t take a chance on getting hung up Drainage channels across roads can cause the ends of some vehicles to drag Cross such depressions carefully Railroad tracks can also cause problems particularly when pulling trailers with a low underneath clearance Don t take a chance on getting hung up halfway across 2 7 6 Space for Turns The space around a truck or bus is important in turns Because of wide turns and offtracking large vehicles can hit other vehicles or objects during turns Right Turns Here are some rules to help prevent right turn crashes e Turn slowly to give yourself and others more time to avoid problems If you are driving a truck or bus that cannot make the right turn without swinging into another lane turn wide as you complete the turn Keep the rear of your vehicle close to the curb This will stop other drivers from passing you on the right Don t turn wide to the left as you start the turn A following driver may think you are turning left and try to pass you on the right You may crash into the other vehicle as you complete your turn If you must cross into the onc
20. Correct packaging Correct label and markings Correct placards Must package mark and label the materials prepare shipping papers provide emergency response information and supply placards Certify on the shipping paper that the shipment has been prepared according to the rules unless you are pulling cargo tanks supplied by you or your employer 9 2 2 The Carrier Takes the shipment from the shipper to its destination Prior to transportation checks that the shipper correctly described marked labeled and otherwise prepared the shipment for transportation Refuses improper shipments Reports accidents and incidents involving hazardous materials to the proper government agency 9 2 3 The Driver e Makes sure the shipper has identified marked and labeled the hazardous materials properly e Refuses leaking packages and shipments e Placards his vehicle when loading if required 9 2 e Safely transports the shipment without delay e Follows all special rules about transporting hazardous materials e Keeps hazardous materials shipping papers and emergency response information in the proper place 9 3 Communication Rules 9 3 1 Definitions Some words and phrases have special meanings when talking about hazardous materials Some of these may differ from meanings you are used to The words and phrases in this section may be on your test The meanings of other important words are in the
21. If possible avoid using the brakes until your speed has dropped to about 20 mph Then brake very gently to avoid skidding on a loose surface e Keep One Set of Wheels on the Pavement if Possible This helps to maintain control e Stay on the Shoulder If the shoulder is clear stay on it until your vehicle has come to a stop Signal and check your mirrors before pulling back onto the road Returning to the Road If you are forced to return to the road before you can stop use the following procedure e Hold the wheel tightly and turn sharply enough to get right back on the road safely Don t try to edge gradually back on the road If you do your tires might grab unexpectedly and you could lose control e When both front tires are on the paved surface countersteer immediately The two turns should be made as a single steer countersteer move 2 17 2 How to Stop Quickly and Safely Ifsomebody suddenly pulls out in front of you your natural response is to hit the brakes This is a good response if there s enough distance to stop and you use the brakes correctly You should brake in a way that will keep your vehicle in a straight line and allow you to turn if it becomes necessary You can use the controlled braking method or the stab braking method Controlled Braking With this method you apply the brakes as hard as you can without locking the wheels Keep steering wheel movements very small while doin
22. Manual Draining Valve Figure 5 1 5 1 5 Alcohol Evaporator Some air brake systems have an alcohol evaporator to put alcohol into the air system This helps to reduce the risk of ice in air brake valves and other parts during cold weather Ice inside the system can make the brakes stop working Check the alcohol container and fill up as necessary every day during cold weather Daily air tank drainage is still needed to get rid of water and oil Unless the system has automatic drain valves 5 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 5 1 6 Safety Valve A safety relief valve is installed in the first tank the air compressor pumps air to The safety valve protects the tank and the rest of the system from too much pressure The valve is usually set to open at 150 psi If the safety valve releases air something is wrong Have the fault fixed by a mechanic 5 1 7 The Brake Pedal You puton the brakes by pushing down the brake pedal Itis alsocalled the foot valve or treadle valve Pushing the pedal down harder applies more air pressure Letting up on the brake pedal reduces the air pressure and releases the brakes Releasing the brakes lets some compressed air go out of the system so the air pressure in the tanks is reduced It must be made up by the air compressor Pressing and releasing the pedal unnecessarily can let air out faster than the compressor can replace it If the pressure gets too low th
23. Mental activities that take your mind away from driving are just as dangerous Your eyes can gaze at objects in the driving scene but fail to see them because your attention is distracted elsewhere Activities that can distract your attention include talking to passengers adjusting the radio CD player or climate controls eating drinking or smoking reading maps or other literature picking up something thatfell reading billboards and otherroad advertisements watching other people and vehicles including aggressive drivers talking on a cell phone or CB radio using telematic devices such as navigation systems pagers etc daydreaming or being occupied with other mental distractions 2 9 1 Don t Drive Distracted If drivers react a half second slower because of distractions crashes double Some tips to follow so you won t become distracted Review and be totally familiar with all safety and usage features on any in vehicle electronics including your wireless or cell phone before you drive Pre program radio stations Pre load your favorite CDs Clear the vehicle of any unnecessary objects Review maps and plan your route before you begin driving 2 17 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Adjust all mirrors for best all round visibility before you start your trip Don t attempt to read or write while you drive Avoid smoking eating and drinking while you drive Don t engage in complex or em
24. Offset Back Left You may be asked to back into a space that is to the left rear of your vehicle You will drive straight forward and back your vehicle into that space without touching or crossing the side boundaries or other boundary established by the examiner The alley formed by the exercise boundaries is 12 feet wide and 40 feet long Your vehicle must be straight upon completion of the exercise See Figure 12 3 Figure 12 3 Offset Back Left 12 2 4 Parallel Park Driver Side You may be asked to park in a parallel parking space that is on your left You are to drive past the parking space and back into it bringing the rear of your vehicle as close as possible to the rear of the space without crossing side or rear boundaries marked by cones You are required to get your vehicle completely into the space See Figure 12 4 Figure 12 4 Parallel Park Driver Side 12 2 12 2 5 Parallel Park Conventional You may be asked to park in a parallel parking space that is on your right You are to drive past the parking space and back into it bringing the rear of your vehicle as close as possible to the rear of the space without crossing side or rear boundaries marked by cones You are required to get your vehicle completely into the space See Figure 12 5 Figure 12 5 Parallel Park Conventional 12 2 6 Alley Dock You may be asked to back your vehicle into a driver side alley bringing the rear of your vehicle w
25. School Bus letters and bus numbers are clear and legible 11 7 Taking the CDL Pre trip Inspection Test 11 7 1 Class A Pre trip Inspection Test If you are applying for a Class A CDL you will be required to perform a pre trip inspection in the vehicle you have brought with you for testing The test includes a check of lights and reflectors engine compartment the outside of the truck or tractor the coupling system trailer and an in cab inspection 11 7 2 Class B Pre trip Inspection Test If you are applying for a Class B CDL you will be required to perform a pre trip inspection in the vehicle you have brought with you for testing The testincludes acheck of lights and reflectors engine compartment the outside of the truck or bus and an in cab inspection You will also have to inspect any special features of your vehicle e g school or transit bus 11 7 3 Class C Pre trip Inspection Test The pre trip inspection for class C commercial vehicles includes the same components and areas that are inspected in the Class B CDL test Hang up ON THE ROAD Drive Safely The Way fo Go Transportation Safety ODOT 11 8 Section 11 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test Section 12 Basic Control Skills Test This Section Covers e Basic Control Skills Test Scoring e Basic Control Skills Exercises Your basic control skills could be tested using one or more of the following exercises off road or
26. before coupling 5 What do you check when making a visual check of coupling 6 Why should you pull a dolly out from under a trailer before you disconnect it from the trailer in front 7 What should you check for when inspecting the converter dolly The pintle hook 8 Should the shut off valves on the rear of the last trailer be open or closed On the first trailer ina set of doubles On the middle trailer of a set of triples 9 How can you test that air flows to all trailers 10 How do you know if your converter dolly is equipped with antilock brakes pt These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read Section 7 Section 7 Doubles and Triples Section 8 Tank Vehicles This Section Covers e Inspecting Tank Vehicles e Driving Tank Vehicles e Safe Driving Rules This section has information needed to pass the CDL knowledge test for driving a tank vehicle You should also study Sections 2 5 6 and 9 A tank endorsement is required for certain vehicles that transport liquids or gases The liquid or gas does not have to be a hazardous material A tank endorsement is required if your vehicle needs a CDL and you want to haul a liquid or liquid gas within a tank or tanks having an individual rated capacity of more than 450 liters 119 gallons and an aggregate rated capacity of 1 000 gallons or more The same requirement applies whether the tanks are permanently attached to the veh
27. e An injured person requires hospitalization e Estimated property damage exceeds 50 000 e The general public is evacuated for more than one hour 9 13 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual e One or more major transportation arteries or facilities are closed for one hour or more e Fire breakage spillage or suspected radioactive contamination occurs e Fire breakage spillage or suspected contamination occur involving shipment of etiologic agents bacteria or toxins e A situation exists of such a nature e g continuing danger to life exists at the scene of an incident that in the judgment of the carrier should be reported National Response Center 800 424 8802 Persons telephoning the National Response Center should be ready to give e Their name Name and address of the carrier they work for Phone number where they can be reached Date time and location of incident The extent of injuries if any Classification name and quantity of hazardous materials involved if such information is available Type of incident and nature of hazardous materials involvement and whether a continuing danger to life exists at the scene If a reportable quantity of hazardous substance was involved the caller should give the name of the shipper and the quantity of the hazardous substance discharged Be prepared to give your employer the required information as well Carriers must make detailed written repo
28. emergency position when the air pressure falls into the pressure range specified by the manufacturer Usually within the range of 20 to 45 psi If the tractor protection valve doesn t work properly an air hose or trailer brake leak could drain all the air from the tractor This would cause the emergency brakes to come on with possible loss of control Test Trailer Emergency Brakes Charge the trailer air brake system and check that the trailer rolls freely Then stop and pull out the trailer air supply control also called tractor protection valve control or trailer emergency valve or place it in the emergency position Pull gently on the trailer with the tractor to check that the trailer emergency brakes are on T Test Trailer Service Brakes Check for normal air pressure release the parking brakes move the vehicle forward slowly and apply trailer brakes with the hand control trolley valve if so equipped You should feel the brakes come on This tells you the trailer brakes are connected and working The trailer brakes should be tested with the hand valve but controlled in normal operation with the foot pedal which applies air to the service brakes at all wheels SECTION 7 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE What is a converter dolly 2 Do converter dollies have spring brakes 3 What three methods can you use to secure a second trailer before coupling 4 How do you check to make sure trailer height is correct
29. fire explosion and initial methods of handling spills fires and leaks of the materials Such information can be on the shipping paper or some other document that includes the basic description and technical name of the hazardous material Or it may be in a guidance book such as the Emergency Response Guidebook ERG Motor carriers may assist shippers by keeping an ERG on each vehicle carrying hazardous materials The driver must provide the emergency response information to any federal state or local authority responding to a hazardous materials incident or investigating one Total quantity must appear before or after the basic description The packaging type and the unit of measurement may be abbreviated For example 10 ctns Paint 3 UN1263 PG II 500 Ibs The shipper of hazardous wastes must put the word WASTE before the proper shipping name of the material on the shipping paper hazardous waste manifest For example Waste Acetone 3 UN1090 PG II A non hazardous material may not be described by using a hazard class or an identification number 9 3 6 Shipper s Certification When the shipper packages hazardous materials he she certifies that the package has been prepared according to the rules The signed shipper s certification appears on the original shipping paper The only exceptions are when a shipper is a private carrier transporting their own product and when the package is provided by the carrier f
30. in the lower corner of the placard Permanently affixed subsidiary hazard placards without the hazard class number may be used as long as they stay within color specifications Placards may be displayed for hazardous materials even if not required so long as the placard identifies the hazard of the material being transported 9 7 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Abulk packaging is a single container with a capacity of 119 gallons or more A bulk package and a vehicle transporting a bulk package must be placarded even if it only has the residue of a hazardous material Certain bulk packages only have to be placarded on the two opposite sides or may display labels All other bulk packages must be placarded on all four sides SUBSECTIONS 9 1 9 2 AND 9 3 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Shippers package in order to fill in the blank the material 2 Drivers placard their vehicle to fill in the blank the risk 3 What three things do you need to know to decide which placards if any you need 4 A hazardous materials identification number must appear on the fill in the blank and on the fill in the blank The identification number must also appear on cargo tanks and other bulk packaging 5 Where must you keep shipping papers describing hazardous materials These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 9 1 9 2 and 9 3 9 4 Loading and Unloading D
31. or cloth but don t use water on an electrical fire can cause shock or a gasoline fire it will spread the flames A burning tire must be cooled Lots of water may be required If you re not sure what to use especially on a hazardous materials fire wait for firefighters Position yourself upwind Let the wind carry the extinguisher to the fire Continue until whatever was burning has been cooled Absence of smoke or flame does not mean the fire cannot restart Class Type of Fires Wood Paper Ordinary Combustibles Extinguish by Cooling and Quenching Using Water or Dry Chemicals Gasoline Oil Grease Other Greasy Liquids Extinguish by Smothering Cooling or Heat Shielding using carbon Dioxide or Dry Chemicals Electrical Equipment Fires Extinguish with Nonconducting Agents such as Carbon Dioxide or Dry Chemicals DO NOT USE WATER Fires in Combustible Metals Extinguish by Using Specialized Extinguishing Powders Figure 2 20 2 29 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Special Class of Fire Dry Powder Compound Figure 2 21 B On Some A SUBSECTIONS 2 20 AND 2 21 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 What are some things to do at an accident scene to prevent another accident 2 Name two causes of tire fires 3 What kinds of fires is a B C extinguisher not good for 4 When using your extinguisher should you get as close as possible to the fire 5 Name some causes of vehicle fires
32. skid or rollover Be prepared to countersteer that is to turn the wheel back in the other direction once you ve passed whatever was in your path Unless you are prepared to countersteer you won t be able to do it quickly enough You should think of emergency steering and countersteering as two parts of one driving action Where to Steer If an oncoming driver has drifted into your lane a move to your right is best If that driver realizes what has happened the natural response will be to return to his or her own lane If something is blocking your path the best direction to steer will depend on the situation Section 2 Driving Safely e If you have been using your mirrors you ll know which lane is empty and can be safely used e Ifthe shoulder is clear going right may be best No one is likely to be driving on the shoulder but someone may be passing you on the left You will know if you have been using your mirrors e If you are blocked on both sides a move to the right may be best At least you won t force anyone into an opposing traffic lane and a possible head on collision Leaving the Road In some emergencies you may have to drive off the road It may be less risky than facing a collision with another vehicle Most shoulders are strong enough to support the weight of a large vehicle and therefore offer an available escape route Here are some guidelines if you do leave the road e Avoid Braking
33. 7 Hazardous Materials Emergencies 2 cs csvsssesssccessversessteedesasinsacoesousedvevaseustesevs dessus tvesadivecegtovsudeacotent ER 9 12 9 8 Hazardous Materials Glossary a s t chaos niles a pied atin irate leant Mice naw ane ance Raina N ERNETEN 9 15 School Buse jcc sma Giaadiapecache adnate iecadesaaera ag aes oastantueaaedies nieuiodeeds 10 1 10 1 Danger Zones atid Use Of Mirrors iernii dion te an dee caine ernie AE ERA She EET e bette 10 1 10 2 Loading and Unloadin ta ons seacteeenseai se E chases gaps ET REA EN R EEO cas tos R R E EA E 10 3 10 3 Emergency Exit and Evacuation ck nnn a oa A REIN ER A ERRA a RA 10 5 10 4 Railroad highway Crossings 10 5 Student Management 10 6 Antilock Braking Systemas 10 7 Special Safety Considerati Ons asmone a E E AE deca ucdadeeetas aut cadet E E coe ates 10 9 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test oases csicvsiceices ilies iccnslsa setts isi esau pasisbias opie 11 1 Af T Engine Compartment sesan ena bse e tichc dpe eas eE a Eees aaa n fonsed st cetacean banat s eena leara 11 1 11 2 External Inspect On rano a Whence eases E A a E aa a deed NN E eaa 11 2 14 3 Trucks Tractor Trailerra a E A cates E E AA a E A A A E ERA E 11 4 11 4 Lights amp In Cab 11 5 Coach Transit Bus 11 6 School Bus Only sssr 14 7 Taking the CDL Pre trip Inspection Testinin aia eE i lesveceavieds coves A E N ER EEE aE 11 8 Basic Control S
34. Check from time to time during bad weather to make sure they are clean and working properly Windows and Mirrors Remove any ice snow etc from the windshield windows and mirrors before starting Use a windshield scraper snow brush and windshield defroster as necessary Hand Holds Steps and Deck Plates Remove all ice and snow from hand holds steps and deck plates This will reduce the danger of slipping Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Radiator Shutters and Winterfront Remove ice from the radiator shutters Make sure the winterfront is not closed too tightly If the shutters freeze shut or the winterfront is closed too much the engine may overheat and stop Exhaust System Exhaust system leaks are especially dangerous when cab ventilation may be poor windows rolled up etc Loose connections could permit poisonous carbon monoxide to leak into your vehicle Carbon monoxide gas will cause you to be sleepy In large enough amounts it can kill you Check the exhaust system for loose parts and for sounds and signs of leaks 2 13 2 Driving Slippery Surfaces Drive slowly and smoothly on slippery roads If it is very slippery you shouldn t drive at all Stop at the first safe place Start Gently and Slowly When first starting get the feel of the road Don t hurry Check for Ice Check for ice on the road especially bridges and overpasses A lack of spray from o
35. Entry located at I 5 Northbound Milepost 18 For Oregon road conditions call 511 toll free within Oregon for weather conditions on the hill or 1 800 977 6368 toll free within Oregon or 1 503 588 2941 outside Oregon Published by the Oregon Department of Transportation Funds for this publication provided by the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program DMV DRIVER G MOTOR VEHICLE SERVICES This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration under Cooperative Agreement No DTFH61 97 X 00017 Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author s and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration The manual has been modified for specific use in Oregon Although DMV tries to ensure the material is current and reflects applicable law at the time of publication it is not a legal authority and should not be referenced in a court of law Graphics Layout ODOT Design Front and back cover photos Oversize Load on I 84 with Mt Hood in the Background by Jack Barrie Help conserve our resources Keep this manual in your vehicle for future reference When you finish using the manual please recycle or return it to a local DMV field office Thank you The Correct Way to Wear a Safety Belt WEAR IT LOW The lap portion of the safety belt should be two to four inches below the waist snug across you
36. In addition the area to the left of the bus is always considered dangerous because of passing cars Figure 10 1 illustrates these danger zones 10 1 2 Correct Mirror Adjustment Proper adjustment and use of all mirrors is vital to the safe operation of the school bus in order to observe the danger zone around the bus and look for students traffic and other objects in this area You should always check each mirror before operating the school bus to obtain maximum viewing area If necessary have the mirrors adjusted 10 1 3 Outside Left and Right Side Flat Mirrors These mirrors are mounted at the left and right front corners of the bus at the side or front of the windshield They are used to monitor traffic check clearances and students on the sides and to the rear of the bus There is a blind spot immediately below and in front of each mirror and directly in back of the rear bumper The blind spot behind the bus could extend up to 400 feet depending on the width of the bus Ensure that the mirrors are properly adjusted so you can see e 200 feet or 4 bus lengths behind the bus e Along the sides of the bus e The rear tires touching the ground THE DANGER ZONES 10 Feet Most Dangerous H Walking Area w oO a S 10Feet 10 Feet 0 re 8 oo g z E g 9 N 3 S a 10 Feet Most Dangerous Figure 10 1 Figure 10 2 shows how both the outside left and right side flat mirrors sho
37. The governor controls when the air compressor will pump air into the air storage tanks When air tank pressure rises to the cut out level around 125 pounds per square inch or psi the governor stops the compressor from pumping air When the tank pressure falls to the cut in pressure around 100 psi the governor allows the compressor to start pumping again 5 1 3 Air Storage Tanks Air storage tanks are used to hold compressed air The number and size of air tanks varies among vehicles The tanks will hold enough air to allow the brakes to be used several times even if the compressor stops working 5 1 4 Air Tank Drains Compressed air usually has some water and some compressor oil in it which is bad for the air brake system For example the water can freeze in cold weather and cause brake failure The water and oil tend to collect in the bottom of the air tank Be sure that the air tanks are regularly drained Each air tank is equipped with a drain valve in the bottom There are two types e Manually operated by turning a quarter turn or by pulling a cable You must drain the tanks yourself at the end of each day of driving See Figure 5 1 e Automatic the water and oil are automatically expelled These tanks may be equipped for manual draining as well Automatic air tanks are available with electric heating devices These help prevent freezing of the automatic drain in cold weather Air Tank
38. They are filled by the emergency supply line from the tractor They provide the air pressure used to operate trailer brakes Air pressure is sent from the air tanks to the brakes by relay valves The pressure in the service line tells how much pressure the relay valves should send to the trailer brakes The pressure in the service line is controlled by the brake pedal and the trailer hand brake 6 5 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual It is important that you don t let water and oil build up in the air tanks If you do the brakes may not work correctly Each tank has a drain valve on it and you should drain each tank every day If your tanks have automatic drains they will keep most moisture out But you should still open the drains to make sure 6 2 7 Shut off Valves Shut off valves also called cut out cocks are used in the service and supply air lines at the back of trailers used to tow other trailers These valves permit closing the air lines off when another trailer is not being towed You must check that all shut off valves are in the open position except the ones at the back of the last trailer which must be closed 6 2 8 Trailer Service Parking and Emergency Brakes Newer trailers have spring brakes just like trucks and truck tractors However converter dollies and trailers built before 1975 are not required to have spring brakes Those that do not have spring brakes have emergency brakes whic
39. This means you have to apply increasing brake pedal pressure to slow the vehicle Continued overuse may increase brake fade until the vehicle cannot be slowed down or stopped Brake fade is also affected by adjustment To safely control a vehicle every brake must do its share of the work Brakes out of adjustment will stop doing their share before those that are in adjustment The other brakes can then overheat and fade and there will not be enough braking available to control the vehicle s Brakes can get out of adjustment quickly especially when they are hot Therefore check brake adjustment often 5 4 6 Proper Braking Technique Remember the use of brakes on a long and or steep downgrade is only a supplement to the braking effect of the engine Once the vehicle is in the proper low gear the following is the proper braking technique e Apply the brakes just hard enough to feel a definite slowdown e When your speed has been reduced to approximately five mph below your safe speed release the brakes This application should last for about three seconds e When your speed has increased to your safe speed repeat steps and 2 For example if your safe speed is 40 mph you would not apply the brakes until your speed reaches 40 mph You now apply the brakes hard enough to gradually reduce your speed to 35 mph and then release the brakes Repeat this as often as necessary until you have reached the end of the
40. and adjuster arm should not be less than 90 degrees when the brakes are applied or the parking brake set If the angle between the pushrod and adjuster arm is less than 90 degrees it is an indication that the brakes may be out of adjustment Brake Chambers e Check that the chamber is mounted securely to mounting brackets and there are no loose or missing bolts e Check that brake chambers are not cracked or dented Brake Hoses Lines e Look for cracked worn or leaking hoses lines and couplings e Ensure hoses or lines are securely connected Section 11 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test Brake Drum Rotor and Lining Pad e Check the drum or rotor for excessive wear or cracks e On some brakes there are openings where the brake linings or pads are visible Verify that the linings or pads are not cracked or broken and are at least 1 4 inch in thickness e Brake drums rotors and brake linings pads should be free of oil or grease 11 2 6 Wheels Rims e Check for cracks or welds Rims cannot have welding repairs e Check for dents in the bead flange e Make sure there is no distortion of the bolt holes Tires e The following items must be inspected on every tire Tread depth Check for minimum tread depth 4 32 on steering axle tires 2 32 on all other tires Sidewall condition Check for cuts bulges abrasions or other damage to the sidewalls Also make sure that valve caps and stems are not missi
41. and converter dollies built on or after March 1 1998 are required to have ABS However many trailers and converter dollies built before this date have been voluntarily equipped with ABS Trailers will have yellow ABS malfunction lamps on the left side either on the front or rear corner See Figure 6 7 Dollies manufactured on or after March 1 1998 are required to have a lamp on the left side In the case of vehicles manufactured before the required date it may be difficult to tell if the unit is equipped with ABS Look under the vehicle for the ECU and wheel speed sensor wires coming from the back of the brakes TESTING ABS SYSTEMS Back of Semitruck Trailer ABS Test Light Figure 6 7 6 3 2 Braking with ABS ABS is an addition to your normal brakes It does not decrease or increase your normal braking capability ABS only activates when wheels are about to lock up ABS does not necessarily shorten your stopping distance but it does help you keep the vehicle under control during hard braking ABS helps you avoid wheel lock up The computer senses impending lockup reduces the braking pressure to a safe level and you maintain control Section 6 Combination Vehicles 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Having ABS on only the trailer or even on only one axle still gives you more control over the vehicle during braking When only the trailer has ABS the trailer is less likely to swi
42. answer them all re read subsections 2 15 and 2 16 2 17 Driving Emergencies Traffic emergencies occur when two vehicles are about to collide Vehicle emergencies occur when tires brakes or other critical parts fail Following the safety practices in this manual can help prevent emergencies But if an emergency does happen your chances of avoiding a crash depend upon how well you take action Actions you can take are discussed below 2 17 1 Steering to Avoid a Crash Stopping is not always the safest thing to do in an emergency When you don t have enough room to stop you may have to steer away from what s ahead Remember you can almost always turn to miss an obstacle more quickly than you can stop However top heavy vehicles and tractors with multiple trailers may flip over Keep Both Hands on the Steering Wheel In order to turn quickly you musthave a firm grip on the steering wheel with both hands The best way to have both hands on the wheel if there is an emergency is to keep them there all the time How to Turn Quickly and Safely A quick turn can be made safely if it s done the right way Here are some points that safe drivers use e Do not apply the brake while you are turning It s very easy to lock your wheels while turning If that happens you may skid out of control Do not turn any more than needed to clear whatever is in your way The more sharply you turn the greater the chances of a
43. area than flat mirrors This is often helpful But everything appears smaller in a convex mirror than it would if you were looking at it directly Things also seem farther away than they really are It s important to realize this and to allow for it Figure 2 7 shows the field of vision using a convex mirror 99 66 FIELD OF VISION USING A CONVEX MIRROR Driver Conve Mirror View eg Planel Blindi Plan ela Mirroy Spot Mirro UGYE View Area View Figure 2 7 2 5 Communicating 2 5 1 Signal Your Intentions Other drivers can t know what you are going to do until you tell them Signaling what you intend to do is important for safety Here are some general rules for signaling Turns There are three good rules for using turn signals e Signal early Signal well before you turn It is the best way to keep others from trying to pass you 2 9 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual e Signal continuously You need both hands on the wheel to turn safely Don t cancel the signal until you have completed the turn e Cancel your signal Don t forget to turn off your turn signal after you ve turned if you don t have self canceling signals Lane Changes Put your turn signal on before changing lanes Change lanes slowly and smoothly That way a driver you didn t see may have a chance to honk his her horn or avoid your vehicle Slowing Down Warn drivers behind you wh
44. asked to change lanes to the left and then back to the right You should make the necessary traffic checks first then use proper signals and smoothly change lanes when it is safe to do so 13 1 5 Freeway Before entering the freeway e Check traffic in all directions including mirror checks at least every 8 10 seconds e Use proper signals e Merge smoothly into the proper lane of traffic Once on the freeway e Maintain proper lane positioning vehicle spacing and vehicle speed e Continue to check traffic thoroughly in all directions including mirror checks at least every 8 10 seconds You will be instructed to change lanes e You must make necessary traffic checks including mirror checks e Use proper signals e Change lanes smoothly when it is safe to do so When exiting the freeway Make necessary traffic checks including mirror checks Use proper signals Decelerate smoothly in the exit lane Once on the exit ramp you must continue to decelerate within the lane markings and maintain adequate spacing between your vehicle and other vehicles 13 1 6 Stop Start For this maneuver you will be asked to pull your vehicle over to the side of the road and stop as if you were going to get out and check something on your vehicle You must check traffic thoroughly in all directions and move to the right most lane or shoulder of the road As you prepare for the stop e Check traffic in all directions in
45. brakes to come on automatically When the low air pressure warning light and buzzer first come on bring the vehicle to a safe stop right away while you can still control the brakes The braking power of spring brakes depends on the brakes being in adjustment If the brakes are not adjusted properly neither the regular brakes nor the emergency parking brakes will work right 5 1 15 Parking Brake Controls In newer vehicles with air brakes you put on the parking brakes using a diamond shaped yellow push pull control knob Pull the knob out to put the parking brakes spring brakes on and push it in to release them On older vehicles the parking brakes may be controlled by a lever Use the parking brakes whenever you park Caution Do not apply excessive brake pedal pressure when the spring brakes are on If you do the brakes could be damaged by the combined forces of the springs and the air pressure Many brake systems are designed so this will not happen But not all systems are set up that way and those that are may not always work Modulating Control Valves In some vehicles a control handle on the dash board may be used to apply the spring brakes gradually This is called a modulating valve It is spring loaded so you have a feel for the braking action The more you move the control lever the harder the spring brakes come on They work this way so you can control the spring brakes if the service brakes fail When parking a veh
46. checks on your double or triple trailers 7 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 7 4 1 Additional Air Brake Checks Check That Air Flows to All Trailers Double and Triple Trailers Use the tractor parking brake and or chock the wheels to hold the vehicle Wait for air pressure to reach normal then push in the red trailer air supply knob This will supply air to the emergency supply lines Use the trailer handbrake to provide air to the service line Go to the rear of the rig Open the emergency line shut off valve at the rear of the last trailer You should hear air escaping showing the entire system is charged Close the emergency line valve Open the service line valve to check that service pressure goes through all the trailers this test assumes that the trailer handbrake or the service brake pedal is on and then close the valve If you do NOT hear air escaping from both lines check that the shut off valves on the trailer s and dolly ies are in the OPEN position You MUST have air all the way to the back for all the brakes to work Test Tractor Protection Valve Charge the trailer air brake system Thatis build up normal air pressure and push the air supply knob in Shut the engine off Step on and off the brake pedal several times to reduce the air pressure in the tanks The trailer air supply control also called the tractor protection valve control should pop out or go from normal to
47. curve 13 1 8 Upgrade As you approach an upgrade Check traffic in all directions including mirror checks at least every 8 10 seconds Select the proper gear to maintain speed and not lug the engine Move to the right most or curb lane If legal to do so use four way flashers if traveling too slowly for the flow of traffic 13 1 9 Downgrade Most drive test routes do not include a section of downgrade that is steep enough or long enough to evaluate your skill at downgrade driving Therefore you may be asked to orally describe the proper procedure for approaching and descending a long steep downgrade Before starting down the grade e Check traffic in all directions including mirror checks e Downshift as needed to control speed The gear selected should be the gear you would use to drive up the same hill or one gear lower e Test the brakes by gently applying the foot brake As your vehicle moves down the grade Continue checking traffic in all directions including mirror checks at least every 8 10 seconds Stay in the lane farthest to the right or curb lane and if legal use your four way flashers if your vehicle is moving too slowly for traffic Increase following distance Use snub braking to maintain a safe controlled speed Do not ride the clutch race the engine change gears or coast Section 13 On Road Driving Tests 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 13 1 10 Railroad C
48. drivers must be trained in the security risks of hazardous materials transportation This training must include how to recognize and respond to possible security threats The regulations also require that drivers have special training before driving a vehicle transporting certain flammable gas materials or highway route controlled quantities of radioactive materials In addition drivers transporting cargo tanks and portable tanks must receive specialized training Each driver s employer or his or her designated representative must provide such training Some locations require permits to transport certain explosives or bulk hazardous wastes States and counties also may require drivers to follow special hazardous materials routes The federal government may require permits or exemptions for special hazardous materials cargo such as rocket fuel Find out about permits exemptions and special routes for the places you drive 9 1 The Intent of the Regulations 9 1 1 Contain the Material Transporting hazardous materials can be risky The regulations are intended to protect you those around you and the environment They tell shippers how to package the materials safely and drivers how to load transport and unload the material These are called containment rules 9 1 2 Communicate the Risk To communicate the risk shippers must warn drivers and others about the material s hazards The regulations require shippers to
49. filling out a vehicle condition report listing any problems you find The inspection report helps a motor carrier know when the vehicle needs repairs 2 1 3 What to Look For Tire Problems Too much or too little air pressure Bad wear You need at least 4 32 inch tread depth in every major groove on front tires You need 2 32 inch on other tires No fabric should show through the tread or sidewall Cuts or other damage Tread separation Dual tires that come in contact with each other or parts of the vehicle Mismatched sizes Radial and bias ply tires used together Cut or cracked valve stems Regrooved recapped or retreaded tires on the front wheels of a bus These are prohibited Wheel and Rim Problems e Damaged rims e Rust around wheel nuts may mean the nuts are loose check tightness After a tire has been changed stop a short while later and re check tightness of nuts e Missing clamps spacers studs or lugs means danger 2 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual e Mismatched bent or cracked lock rings are dangerous e Wheels or rims that have had welding repairs are not safe Bad Brake Drums or Shoes e Cracked drums e Shoes or pads with oil grease or brake fluid on them e Shoes worn dangerously thin missing or broken Steering System Defects e Missing nuts bolts cotter keys or other parts e Bent loose or broken parts such as steering column steering gear box or
50. following conditions Is there a fire or danger of fire e Is there a smell of raw or leaking fuel e Is there a chance the bus could be hit by other vehicles e Is the bus in the path of a sighted tornado or rising waters e Are there downed power lines e Would removing students expose them to speeding traffic severe weather or a dangerous environment such as downed power lines e Would moving students complicate injuries such as neck and back injuries and fractures e Is there a hazardous spill involved Sometimes it may be safer to remain on the bus and not come in contact with the material Section 10 School Buses Mandatory Evacuations The driver must evacuate the bus when The bus is on fire or there is a threat of a fire e The bus is stalled on or adjacent to a railroad highway crossing e The position of the bus may change and increase the danger e There is an imminent danger of collision e There is a need to quickly evacuate because of a hazardous materials spill 10 3 2 Evacuation Procedures Be Prepared and Plan Ahead When possible assign two responsible older student assistants to each emergency exit Teach them how to assist the other students off the bus Assign another student assistant to lead the students to a safe place after evacuation However you must recognize that there may not be older responsible students on the bus at the time of the emergency Therefore emergency ev
51. frame No missing or damaged parts Enough grease No visible space between upper and lower fifth wheel Locking jaws around the shank not the head of kingpin See Figure 6 8 Release handle properly seated and safety latch lock engaged Check fifth wheel upper Glide plate securely mounted to trailer frame Kingpin not damaged Air and electric lines to trailer Electrical cord firmly plugged in and secured Air lines properly connected to glad hands no air leaks properly secured with enough slack for turns All lines free from damage Sliding fifth wheel Slide not damaged or parts missing Properly greased All locking pins present and locked in place If air powered no air leaks Check that fifth wheel is not so far forward that tractor frame will hit landing gear or the cab hit the trailer during turns Section 6 Combination Vehicles jo Ey Kingpin gt R lt BASE lt SHANK lt HEAD Figure 6 8 Kingpin Landing Gear e Fully raised no missing parts not bent or other wise damaged e Crank handle in place and secured e If power operated no air or hydraulic leaks 6 5 2 Combination Vehicle Brake Check Do these checks in addition to Section 5 3 Inspecting Air Brake Systems The following section explains how to check air brakes on combination vehicles Check the brakes on a double or triple tr
52. governor rpm is exceeded It is very important to use this braking effect when going down grades 2 3 4 Retarders Some vehicles have retarders Retarders help slow a vehicle reducing the need for using your brakes They reduce brake wear and give you another way to slow down There are four basic types of retarders exhaust engine hydraulic and electric All retarders can be turned on or off by the driver On some vehicles the retarding power can be adjusted When turned on retarders apply their braking power to the drive wheels only whenever you let up on the accelerator pedal all the way Because these devices can be noisy be sure you know where their use is not permitted by law Caution When your drive wheels have poor traction the retarder may cause them to skid Therefore you should turn the retarder off whenever the road is wet icy or snow covered 2 8 SUBSECTIONS 2 2 AND 2 3 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Why should you back toward the driver s side If stopped on a hill how can you start moving without rolling back When backing why is itimportant to use a helper 4 What s the most important hand signal that you and the helper should agree on 5 What are the two special conditions where you should downshift 6 When should you downshift automatic transmissions 7 Retarders keep you from skidding when the road is slippery True or False 8 What are the two ways to know when to
53. in ways that avoid damage and e Allow the driver to move freely and easily e Allow riders to exit by any window or door in an emergency e Protect riders from injury if carry ons fall or shift 4 2 1 Hazardous Materials Watch for cargo or baggage containing hazardous materials Most hazardous materials cannot be carried on a bus The Federal Hazardous Materials Table shows which materials are hazardous They pose a risk to health safety and property during transportation The rules require shippers to mark containers of hazardous material with the material s name identification number 4 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Hazard Class Definitions Class Class Name Example Ammunition 1 Explosives Dynamite Fireworks Propane Oxygen Gasoline Fuel 3 Flammable Acetone A Flammable Ammonium 5 Oxidizers Nitrate Hydrogen Peroxide 6 A rsenic Uranium Hydrochloric Acid Miscellaneous 9 Hazardous Ariane ini Materials ORM D Other Regulated Hair Spray or None Material Charcoal Domestic None Combustible Fuel Oils Lighter Liquids Fluid Figure 4 1 and hazard label There are nine different four inch diamond shaped hazard labels See Figure 4 1 Watch for the diamond shaped labels Do not transport any hazardous material unless you are sure the rules allow it 4 2 2 Forbidden Hazardous Materials Buses may carry small arms ammunition labeled ORM D eme
54. is engaged Safety Chains Cables e Check that the chains or cables are attached hooked or otherwise connected to the towing unit Eye Coupler e Check that there are no cracks or excessive wear on the eye or cracks or breaks in the coupler Drawbar Tongue e Check the condition of the drawbar or tongue Check for cracks and verify that it is not bent 11 4 11 3 3 Tow Truck Underlift System Underlift Reach e Check that the reach has no cracks or bends and no welded repairs to the structure Pivot Pin e Ensure the pivot pin is not cracked broken or excessively worn Crossbar e Check the crossbar for cracks and bends Receiver and Retaining Pins e Check that both receiver and retaining pins are in place and secure Tie down Chains or Straps e Check that the chains have no breaks or the straps have no frays or cuts Safety Chains Cables e Check that the chains or cables are attached hooked or otherwise connected to the towing unit and towed vehicle 11 3 4 Trailer Front Air Electrical Connections e Check that trailer air connectors are sealed and in good condition e Make sure glad hands are locked in place free of damage or air leaks e Make sure the trailer electrical plug is firmly seated and locked in place Headerboard e If equipped check the headerboard to see that it is secure free of damage and strong enough to contain cargo e If equipped the canvas or tarp carrier must be mo
55. is supporting trailer e Make sure landing gear is not damaged Step 10 Pull Tractor Clear of Trailer e Release parking brakes e Check the area and drive tractor forward until it clears Section 6 Combination Vehicles 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual SUBSECTIONS 6 3 AND 6 4 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 What might happen if the trailer is too high when you try to couple 2 After coupling how much space should be between the upper and lower fifth wheel 3 You should look into the back of the fifth wheel to see if it is locked onto the kingpin True or False 4 To drive you need to raise the landing gear only until it just lifts off the pavement True or False 5 How do you know if your trailer is equipped with antilock brakes These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 6 3 and 6 4 6 5 Inspecting a Combination Vehicle Use the seven step inspection procedure described in Section 2 to inspect your combination vehicle There are more things to inspect on a combination vehicle than on a single vehicle For example tires wheels lights reflectors etc However there are also some new things to check These are discussed below 6 5 1 Additional Things to Check During a Walk around Inspection Do these checks in addition to those already listed in Section 2 Coupling System Areas Check fifth wheel lower Securely mounted to
56. makes it difficult to reduce speed Braking and turning at the same time can be a dangerous practice Make sure you are going slowly enough before you get on the curved part of an off ramp or on ramp 2 8 3 Drivers Who Are Hazards In order to protect yourself and others you must know when other drivers may do something hazardous Some clues to this type of hazard are discussed below Blocked Vision People who can t see others are a very dangerous hazard Be alert for drivers whose vision is blocked Vans loaded station wagons and cars with the rear window blocked are examples Rental trucks should be watched carefully Their drivers are often not used to the limited vision they have to the sides and rear of the truck In winter vehicles with frosted ice covered or snow covered windows are hazards 2 16 Vehicles may be partly hidden by blind intersections or alleys If you only can see the rear or front end of a vehicle but not the driver then he or she can t see you Be alert because he she may back out or enter into your lane Always be prepared to stop Delivery Trucks Can Present a Hazard Packages or vehicle doors often block the driver s vision Drivers of step vans postal vehicles and local delivery vehicles often are in a hurry and may suddenly step out of their vehicle or drive their vehicle into the traffic lane Parked Vehicles Can Be Hazards especially when people start to get out of them Or they may su
57. of this manual Rollovers happen when you turn too fast Drive slowly around corners on ramps and off ramps Avoid quick lane changes especially when fully loaded 6 1 2 Steer Gently Trucks with trailers have a dangerous crack the whip effect When you make a quick lane change the crack the whip effect can turn the trailer over There are many accidents where only the trailer has overturned Rearward amplification causes the crack the whip effect Figure 6 1 shows eight types of combination vehicles and the rearward amplification each has in a quick lane change Rigs with the least crack the whip effect are shown at the top and those with the most at the bottom Rearward amplification of 2 0 in the chart means that the rear trailer is twice as likely to turn over as the tractor You can see that triples have a rearward amplification of 3 5 This means you can roll the last trailer of triples 3 5 times as easily as a five axle tractor Steer gently and smoothly when you are pulling trailers If you make a sudden movement with your steering wheel your trailer could tip over Follow far enough behind other vehicles at least 1 second for each 10 feet of your vehicle length plus another second if going over 40 mph Look far enough down the road to avoid being surprised and having to make a sudden lane change At night drive slowly enough to see obstacles with your headlights before it is too late to change lanes or sto
58. of truck trailer and tractor trailer combinations that are in use There are too many to cover in this manual Learn the right way to couple the vehicle s you will drive according to the manufacturer and or owner 7 3 Inspecting Doubles and Triples Use the seven step inspection procedure described in Section 2 to inspect your combination vehicle There are more things to inspect on a combination vehicle than on a single vehicle Many of these items are simply more of what you would find on a single vehicle For example tires wheels lights reflectors etc However there are also some new things to check These are discussed below 7 3 1 Additional Checks Do these checks in addition to those already listed in Section 2 Step 5 Do walk around Inspection Section 7 Doubles and Triples Coupling System Areas Check fifth wheel lower Securely mounted to frame No missing or damaged parts Enough grease No visible space between upper and lower fifth wheel Locking jaws around the shank not the head of kingpin Release handle properly seated and safety latch lock engaged Check fifth wheel upper Glide plate securely mounted to trailer frame Kingpin not damaged Air and electric lines to trailer Electrical cord firmly plugged in and secured Air lines properly connected to glad hands no air leaks properly secured with enough slack for turns All lines f
59. or roll packages Protect explosive packages from other cargo that might cause damage Do nottransfer a Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 from one vehicle to another on a public roadway except in an emergency If safety requires an emergency transfer set out red warning reflectors flags or electric lanterns You must warn others on the road Never transport damaged packages of explosives Do not take a package that shows any dampness or oily stain Section 9 Hazardous Materialss 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Do not transport Class 1 1 or 1 2 in vehicle combinations if e There is a marked or placarded cargo tank in the combination e The other vehicle in the combination contains Division 1 1 A Initiating Explosives Packages of Class 7 Radioactive materials labeled Yellow III Division 2 3 Poisonous Gas or Division 6 1 Poisonous materials Hazardous materials in a portable tank on a DOT Spec 106A or 110A tank Class 4 Flammable Solids and Class 5 Oxidizers Materials Class 4 materials are solids that react including fire and explosion to water heat and air or even react spontaneously Class 4 and 5 materials must be completely enclosed in a vehicle or covered securely Class 4 and 5 materials which become unstable and dangerous when wet must be kept dry while in transit and during loading and unloading Materials that are subject to spontaneous combustion or heating must b
60. package to another while in transit You may empty a cargo tank but do not empty any other package while it is on the vehicle Cargo Heater Rules There are special cargo heater rules for loading e Class 1 Explosives e Class 2 1 Flammable Gas e Class 3 Flammable Liquids The rules usually forbid use of cargo heaters including automatic cargo heater air conditioner units Unless you have read all the related rules don t load the above products in a cargo space that has a heater Use Closed Cargo Space You cannot have overhang or tailgate loads of e Class 1 Explosives e Class 4 Flammable Solids e Class 5 Oxidizers You must load these hazardous materials into a closed cargo space unless all packages are e Fire and water resistant e Covered with a fire and water resistant tarp Precautions for Specific Hazards Class 1 Explosives Materials Turn your engine off before loading or unloading any explosives Then check the cargo space You must e Disable cargo heaters Disconnect heater power sources and drain heater fuel tanks e Make sure there are no sharp points that might damage cargo Look for bolts screws nails broken side panels and broken floorboards e Usea floor lining with Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 The floors must be tight and the liner must be either non metallic material or non ferrous metal Use extra care to protect explosives Never use hooks or other metal tools Never drop throw
61. pme ae Materials ORM D Other Regulated Hair Spray or on Material Charcoal Domestic Combustible Fuel Oils Lighter hide Liquids Fluid Figure 2 24 tell shippers how to package safely Similar rules tell drivers how to load transport and unload bulk tanks These are containment rules To Communicate the Risk The shipper uses a shipping paper and diamond shaped hazard labels to warn dockworkers and drivers of the risk After an accident or hazardous material spill or leak you may be injured and unable to communicate the hazards of the materials you are transporting Firefighters and police can prevent or reduce the amount of damage or injury at the scene if they know what hazardous materials are being transported Your life and the lives of others may depend on quickly locating the hazardous materials shipping papers For that reason you must identify shipping papers related to hazardous materials or keep them on top of other shipping papers You must also keep shipping papers e In a pouch on the driver s door or e In clear view within reach while driving or e On the driver s seat when out of the vehicle 2 24 3 Lists of Regulated Products Placards are used to warn others of hazardous materials Placards are signs put on the outside of a vehicle that identify the hazard class of the cargo A placarded vehicle must have at least four identical Section 2 Driving Safely PLACARDS Figure 2 25 T
62. pothole chuckhole the wheel could pull away from your hands unless you have a firm hold 2 2 3 Stopping Push the brake pedal down gradually The amount of brake pressure you need to stop the vehicle will depend on the speed of the vehicle and how quickly you need to stop Control the pressure so the vehicle comes to a smooth safe stop If you have a manual transmission push the clutch in when the engine is close to idle 2 2 4 Backing Safely Because you cannot see everything behind your vehicle backing is always dangerous Avoid backing whenever you can When you park try to park so you will be able to pull forward when you leave When you have to back here are a few simple safety rules e Turn your 4 way flashers on Honk your horn Start in the proper position Look at your path Use mirrors on both sides Back slowly Back and turn toward the driver s side whenever possible Use a helper whenever possible e These rules are discussed in turn below Start in the Proper Position Put the vehicle in the best position to allow you to back safely This position will depend on the type of backing to be done Look at Your Path Look at your line of travel before you begin Get out and walk around the vehicle Check your clearance to the sides and overhead in and near the path your vehicle will take Use Mirrors on Both Sides Check the outside mirrors on both sides frequently Get out of the vehicle and chec
63. prevent school bus train crashes by following these recommended procedures Approaching the Crossing Slow down including shifting to a lower gear in a manual transmission bus and test your brakes Activate hazard lights approximately 200 feet before the crossing Make sure your intentions are known Scan your surroundings and check for traffic behind you Stay to the right of the roadway if possible Choose an escape route in the event of a brake failure or problems behind you At the Crossing Stop at the stop line or if there is no clearly marked stop line no closer than 15 feet and no farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail where you have the best view of the tracks Keep the service brake applied If there is any indication of an approaching train place the transmission in Park or if there is no Park shift point in Neutral and press down on the service brake or set the parking brakes Turn off all radios and noisy equipment and silence the passengers Open the service door and driver s window Look and listen for an approaching train Section 10 School Buses Figure 10 8 e Crossing the Track Check the crossing signals again before proceeding Atamultiple track crossing stop only before the first set of tracks When you are sure no train is approaching on any track proceed across all of the tracks until you have completely cleared them Cross the tr
64. raising the landing gear Once free of weight switch to the high gear range Raise the landing gear all the way up Never drive with landing gear only part way up as it may catch on railroad tracks or other things After raising landing gear secure the crank handle safely When full weight of trailer is resting on tractor Check for enough clearance between rear of tractor frame and landing gear When tractor turns sharply it must not hit landing gear Check that there is enough clearance between the top of the tractor tires and the nose of the trailer Step 16 Remove Trailer Wheel Chocks e Remove and store wheel chocks in a safe place 6 4 2 Uncoupling Tractor Semitrailers The following steps will help you to uncouple safely Step 1 Position Rig e Make sure surface of parking area can support weight of trailer e Have tractor lined up with the trailer Pulling out at an angle can damage landing gear Step 2 Ease Pressure on Locking Jaws e Shut off trailer air supply to lock trailer brakes e Ease pressure on fifth wheel locking jaws by backing up gently This will help you release the fifth wheel locking lever 6 8 e Put parking brakes on while tractor is pushing against the kingpin This will hold rig with pressure off the locking jaws Step 3 Chock Trailer Wheels e Chock the trailer wheels if the trailer doesn t have spring brakes or if you re not sure The air could leak out of the tra
65. safety belt at all times while operating a CMV With some exceptions Oregon law prohibits idling the primary engine of a CMV for more than five minutes in any continuous 60 minute period See Oregon Revised Statute 825 605 for additional details Texting and hand held cell phone use while operating a CMV is prohibited unless specifically exempted in ORS 811 507 SPEED LIMIT NE Section Introduction Section 2 Driving Safely This Section Covers Vehicle Inspection Basic Control of Your Vehicle Shifting Gears Seeing Communicating Space Management Controlling Your Speed Seeing Hazards Distracted Driving Aggressive Drivers Road Rage Night Driving Driving in Fog Winter Driving Hot Weather Driving Railroad highway Crossings Mountain Driving Driving Emergencies Antilock Braking Systems Skid Control and Recovery Accident Procedures Fires Alcohol Other Drugs and Driving Staying Alert and Fit to Drive e Hazardous Materials Rules This section contains knowledge and safe driving information that all commercial drivers should know You must pass a test on this information to get a CDL This section does not have specific information on air brakes combination vehicles doubles passenger vehicles or school buses You must read other sections of this manual to learn these subjects This section does have basic information on hazardous materials HAZMAT that all drivers should know If you need a HAZMA
66. should understand what students should do when exiting a school bus and crossing the street in front of the bus In addition the school bus driver should understand that students might not always do what they are supposed to do If a student or students must cross the roadway they should follow these procedures e Walk approximately 10 feet away from the side of the school bus to a position where you can see them e Walk to a location at least 10 feet in front of the right corner of the bumper but still remaining away from the front of the school bus e Stop at the right edge of the roadway You should be able to see the student s feet When students reach the edge of the roadway they should e Stop and look in all directions making sure the roadway is clear and is safe e Check to see if the red flashing lights on the bus are still flashing e Wait for your signal before crossing the roadway Upon your signal the students should e Cross far enough in front of the school bus to be in your view Walk to the left edge of the school bus stop and look again for your signal to continue to cross the roadway Look for traffic in both directions making sure roadway is clear Proceed across the roadway continuing to look in all directions 10 4 Note The school bus driver should enforce any state or local regulations or recommendations concerning student actions outside the school bus 10 2 4 Unloading Procedures at
67. somewhere on the street during the road test e Straight line backing e Offset back right e Offset back left e Parallel park driver side e Parallel park conventional e Alley dock These exercises are shown in Figures 12 1 through 12 6 12 1 Scoring Crossing Boundaries encroachments Pull ups Vehicle Exits Final Position Encroachments The examiner will score the number of times you touch or cross over an exercise boundary line with any portion of your vehicle Each encroachment will count as an error Pull ups When a driver stops and reverses direction to get a better position it is scored as a pull up Stopping without changing direction does not count as a pull up You will not be penalized for initial pull ups However an excessive number of pull ups will count as errors Outside Vehicle Observations Looks You may be permitted to safely stop and exit the vehicle to check the external position of the vehicle look When doing so you must place the vehicle in neutral and set the parking brake s Then when exiting the vehicle you must do so safely by facing the vehicle and maintaining three points of contact with the vehicle at all times Face forward when exiting a bus and maintain a firm grasp on the handrail at all times If you do not safely secure the vehicle or safely exit the vehicle it may result in an automatic failure of the basic control skills test The maximum number o
68. striking power of your vehicle When you double your speed from 20 to 40 mph the impact is 4 times greater The braking distance is also 4 times longer Triple the speed from 20 to 60 mph and the impact and braking distance is 9 times greater At 60 mph your stopping distance is greater than the length of a football field Increase the speed to 80 mph and the impact and braking distance are 16 times greater than at 20 mph High speeds greatly increase the severity of crashes and stopping distances By slowing down you can reduce braking distance Stopping Distance Chart Miles Perception Driver Vehicle Per Distance Reaction Braking Stopping Hour Distance Distance Distance Figure 2 11 The Effect of Vehicle Weight on Stopping Distance The heavier the vehicle the more work the brakes must do to stop it and the more heat they absorb But the brakes tires springs and shock absorbers on heavy vehicles are designed to work best when the vehicle is fully loaded Empty trucks require greater stopping distances because an empty vehicle has less traction 2 6 2 Matching Speed to the Road Surface You can t steer or brake a vehicle unless you have traction Traction is friction between the tires and the road There are some road conditions that reduce traction and call for lower speeds Slippery Surfaces It will take longer to stop and it will be harder to turn without skidding when the road is slippery Wet roads ca
69. tank 3 Your engine runs a pump used during delivery of compressed gas Should you turn off the engine before or after unhooking hoses after delivery p These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsection 9 5 Section 9 Hazardous Materialss 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 9 6 Hazardous Materials Driving and Parking Rules 9 6 1 Parking with Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 Explosives Never park with Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 explosives within five feet of the traveled part of the road Except for short periods of time needed for vehicle operation necessities e g fueling do not park within 300 feet of e A bridge tunnel or building e A place where people gather e An open fire If you must park to do your job do so only briefly Don t park on private property unless the owner is aware of the danger Someone must always watch the parked vehicle You may let someone else watch it for you only if your vehicle is e On the shipper s property e On the carrier s property e On the consignee s property You are allowed to leave your vehicle unattended in a safe haven A safe haven is an approved place for parking unattended vehicles loaded with explosives Designation of authorized safe havens is usually made by local authorities 9 6 2 Parking a Placarded Vehicle Not Transporting Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 Class A or B Explosives
70. tells you to slow down look and listen for the train and be prepared to stop at the tracks if a train is coming See Figure 2 15 2 22 ROUND YELLOW WARNING SIGN Figure 2 15 Pavement Markings Pavement markings mean the same as the advance warning sign They consist of an X with the letters RR and a no passing marking on two lane roads See Figure 2 16 PAVEMENT MARKINGS R R Figure 2 16 There is also a no passing zone sign on two lane roads There may be a white stop line painted on the pavement before the railroad tracks The front of a school bus must remain behind this line while stopped at the crossing Crossbuck Signs This sign marks the grade crossing It requires you to yield the right of way to the train If there is no white line painted on the pavement you must stop the bus before the crossbuck sign When the road crosses over more than one set of tracks a sign below the crossbuck indicates the number of tracks See Figure 2 17 Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual MULTIPLE TRACKS 4 Q 3 Figure 2 17 Flashing Red Light Signals At many highway rail grade crossings the crossbuck sign has flashing red lights and bells When the lights begin to flash stop A train is approaching You are required to yield the right of way to the train If there is more than one track make sure all tracks are clear before cross
71. to check it Look for loose straps ropes or chains Watch for a flapping or ballooning tarp Special Situations Special situations require more than regular mirror checks These are lane changes turns merges and tight maneuvers Lane Changes You need to check your mirrors to make sure no one is alongside you or about to pass you Check your mirrors e Before you change lanes to make sure there is enough room e After you have signaled to check that no one has moved into your blind spot e Right after you start the lane change to double check that your path is clear e After you complete the lane change Turns In turns check your mirrors to make sure the rear of your vehicle will not hit anything Merges When merging use your mirrors to make sure the gap in traffic is large enough for you to enter safely Tight Maneuvers Any time you are driving in close quarters check your mirrors often Make sure you have enough clearance Section 2 Driving Safely How to Use Mirrors Use mirrors correctly by checking them quickly and understanding what you see e When you use your mirrors while driving on the road check quickly Look back and forth between the mirrors and the road ahead Don t focus on the mirrors for too long Otherwise you will travel quite a distance without knowing what s happening ahead Many large vehicles have curved convex fisheye spot bugeye mirrors that show a wider
72. to prevent a jackknife e FromR D Ervin R L Nisconger C C MacAdam and P S Fancher Influence of size and weight variables on the stability and control properties of heavy trucks University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute 1983 Stop Using the Brake Release the brakes to get traction back Do not use the trailer hand brake if you have one to straighten out the rig This is the wrong thing to do since the brakes on the trailer wheels caused the skid in the first place Once the trailer wheels grip the road again the trailer will start to follow the tractor and straighten out Section 6 Combination Vehicles 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual TRAILER JACKNIFE Figure 6 2 6 1 6 Turn Wide When a vehicle goes around a corner the rear wheels follow a different path than the front wheels This is called offtracking or cheating Figure 6 3 shows how offtracking causes the path followed by a tractor to be wider than the rig itself Longer vehicles will offtrack more The rear wheels of the powered unit truck or tractor will offtrack some and the rear wheels of the trailer will offtrack even more If there is more than one trailer the rear wheels of the last trailer will offtrack the most Steer the front end wide enough around a corner so the rear end does not run over the curb pedestrians etc However keep the rear of your vehicle close to the curb This w
73. vehicle or is not permanently attached to a motor vehicle but which by reason of its size construction or attachment to a motor vehicle is loaded or unloaded without being removed from the motor vehicle and 3 Is not fabricated under a specification for cylinders portable tanks tank cars or multiunit tank car tanks Carrier A person engaged in the transportation of passengers or property by 1 Land or water as a common contract or private carrier or 2 Civil aircraft Consignee The business or person to whom a shipmentis delivered Division A subdivision of a hazard class EPA U S Environmental Protection Agency FMCSR The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations Freight container A reusable container having a volume of 64 cubic feet or more designed and constructed to permit being lifted with its contents intact and intended primarily for containment of packages in unit form during transportation Fuel tank A tank other than a cargo tank used to transport flammable or combustible liquid or compressed gas for the purpose of supplying fuel for propulsion of the transport vehicle to which it is attached or for the operation of other equipment on the transport vehicle Gross weight or gross mass The weight of a packaging plus the weight of its contents Hazard class The category of hazard assigned to a hazardous material under the definitional criteria of Part 173 and the Section 9 H
74. vehicle inspection test The test assesses your ability to determine whether your vehicle is safe to drive You will be asked to explain to the examiner how you would inspect various components Section 11 of this manual tells you what to inspect and how to inspect it but the following seven step inspection method should be useful 2 1 5 Seven step Inspection Method Method of Inspection You should do a pre trip inspection the same way each time so you will learn all the steps and be less likely to forget something Approaching the Vehicle Notice general condition Look for damage or vehicle leaning to one side Look under the vehicle for fresh oil coolant grease or fuel leaks Check the area around the Section 2 Driving Safely vehicle for hazards to vehicle movement people other vehicles objects low hanging wires limbs etc Vehicle Inspection Guide Step 1 Vehicle Overview Review Last Vehicle Inspection Report Drivers may have to make a vehicle inspection report in writing each day The motor carrier must repair any items in the report that affect safety and certify on the report that repairs were made or were unnecessary You must sign the report only if defects were noted and certified to be repaired or not needed to be repaired Step 2 Check Engine Compartment Check That the Parking Brakes Are On and or Wheels Chocked You may have to raise the hood tilt the cab secure loose things so they don t fall a
75. with air brakes Figure 1 2 Section Introduction 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 1 4 2 Skills Test If you pass the required knowledge test s you can take the CDL skills tests There are currently three types of general skills that will be tested pre trip vehicle inspection basic vehicle control and on road driving You must take these tests in the type of vehicle for which you wish to be licensed DMV will not conduct a skills test in a vehicle with hazardous materials on board with double triple trailers towing a trailer that has no brakes or uses surge brakes or is transporting any commercial load A tractor without trailer may not be used for any class of test All trailers must have an operable breakaway braking system that can be tested before the drive test begins Appropriate seating must be available for driver and examiner The vehicle must be equipped with operable seat belts for driver and examiner unless it is a bus without passenger seat belts Pre trip Vehicle Inspection Test You will be tested to see if you know whether your vehicle is safe to drive You will be asked to do a pre trip inspection of your vehicle and explain to the examiner how you would inspect various components for safety DMV cannot permit use of a vehicle that has components marked or labeled in any way An exception exists for those components that have been marked or labeled by the manufacturer Section 11
76. year DMV may waive the skills test for the class of CDL you held in the previous state If you need to take the skills tests you may make an appointment with DMV 503 945 5000 after successful completion of the knowledge test s It s a good idea to phone a minimum of three weeks in advance of the date you want to take your test s You may also take your skills test through a Third Party Tester Third Party Testers can often schedule tests more quickly and at times or on days not available at DMV Testing costs may be greater when using a Third Party Tester however You must have a CDL or CLP Section 1 Introduction and must have been licensed in Oregon for at least 21 days to test with an independent Third Party Tester You must also present a copy of a valid medical certificate and medical waiver if needed at the time you test Contact DMV or visit the DMV web site at www oregondmy com for the nearest Third Party Tester If you fail your first attempt at the skills portion of the test you may try again after one week If you fail your second attempt you will be required to wait two weeks before taking it again Additional tests will be given four weeks apart If you fail your fifth test you must wait at least one year before taking another test All CDL skills tests in Oregon must be conducted in English only DMV may waive CDL skills testing when a member or recent member of the military provides evidence of a primar
77. you work fora carrier ask your dispatcher about route restrictions or permits If you are an independent trucker and are planning a new route check with state agencies where you plan to travel Some localities prohibit transportation of hazardous materials through tunnels over bridges or other roadways Always check before you start Whenever placarded avoid heavily populated areas crowds tunnels narrow Streets and alleys Take other routes even if inconvenient unless there is no other way Never drive a placarded vehicle near open fires unless you can safely pass without stopping If transporting Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 explosives you must have a written route plan and follow that plan Carriers prepare the route plan in advance and give the driver a copy You may plan the route yourself if you pick up the explosives at a location other than your employer s terminal Write out the plan in advance Keep a copy of it with you while transporting the explosives Deliver shipments of explosives only to authorized persons or leave them in locked rooms designed for explosives storage A carrier must choose the safest route to transport placarded radioactive materials After choosing the route the carrier must tell the driver about the radioactive materials and show the route plan 9 6 6 No Smoking Do not smoke within 25 feet of a placarded cargo tank used for Class 3 flammable liquids or Division 2 1 gases Also do not s
78. 1 3 Obtaining Your LiCense nsee irnir e ie false RE EE eae NE Ee e E Mace e Ea AE SEERE E Teire 1 3 1 4 Commercial Tests s 1 5 Driver Disqualifications 0 cee we L 5 1 6 Other Commercial Motor Vehicle Rules eceeseeseseseeseesesseseeecseesesesseseescesesessceecseescesaeeseseeaesesseeassesaceesseeassesaeeeeates 1 6 Driving Safely 2 c0ccccccss dccsssessssesntsdesiasaasansecasntadsasavada aves O n e a e e s kaa ni Si 2 k Vehicle Inspectiotn eeen a a a a a a Moe e A EAEN 2 2 Basic Control of Your Vehicle ee 2 3 S hifin Bs Gears 2 55 tos sae testing E EREEREER ee dag E ae pee elee An eee ey DAS SCCM Gs ofthat te Abb eR ei AEE Sect ee A iets hee A She Blok aN be ae TE ERT ced ND E AE DSi COMMUNIC ALT Gs n aer ai o a e cod el EAEra Gage E aA EE aE E AERE EARE ENE aA 2 0 Controlling Speed arsscesszasseatesescocsasees sites ies a N a de A sl a A A E E erred 2 7 Managing Space DB SCeM B VATS REE ETE TE E E E E A EAE E EEEE ENEE ET 2 9 Distracted Drivin sire i o aa E AEN Shae A e RE A a l A AE AO ee e lie tes 2 10 Aggressive Driv rs Road Rage e E En EEEE AAE EA A EE EAEE A A E R Ni 2 AD Drivinigat N AE a aa a EE EAEE AAA e Aee EEA TOPI EIGI T E 2 12 Driving in Fog 2 13 Driving in Winter 2 14 Driving in Very Hot Weather 2 15 Railroad highway Crossings 0 ccssssssssseesseseeeesseecscescseeseecscesesessceecsceasseesceesseuassecscnassesacseessasseessaeeasasare
79. 2 and 4 of this manual If your bus has air brakes you must also pass a knowledge test on Section 5 You must also pass the skills tests required for the class of vehicle you drive In Oregon a restriction will be added to your CDL to limit operation of passenger vehicles to those at or below the class of passenger vehicle in which you tested School bus drivers must also have a school bus endorsement See Section 10 for requirements 4 1 Vehicle Inspection Before driving your bus you must be sure it is safe You must review the inspection report made by the previous driver Only if defects reported earlier have been certified as repaired or not needed to be repaired should you sign the previous driver s report This is your certification that the defects reported earlier have been fixed 4 1 1 Vehicle Systems Make sure these things are in good working order before driving e Service brakes including air hose couplings if your bus has a trailer or semitrailer Parking brake Steering mechanism Lights and reflectors Tires front wheels must not have recapped or regrooved tires Horn Windshield wiper or wipers Rear vision mirror or mirrors Coupling devices if present Wheels and rims Emergency equipment 4 1 2 Access Doors and Panels As you check the outside of the bus close any open emergency exits Also close any open access panels for baggage restroom service engine etc before drivin
80. ALATION HAZARD placard even for small amounts Appendix B to 49 CFR 172 101 List of Marine Pollutants Appendix B is a listing of chemicals that are toxic to marine life For highway transportation this list is only used for chemicals in a container with a capacity of 119 gallons or more without a placard or label as specified by the HMR Any bulk packages of a Marine Pollutant must display the Marine Pollutant marking white triangle with a fish and an X through the fish This marking it is not a placard must also be displayed on the outside of the vehicle In addition a notation must be made on the shipping papers near the description of the material Marine Pollutant Phosgene is the proper shipping name from Column 2 of the Hazardous Materials Table 2 3 is the Hazard Class from Column 3 of the Hazardous Materials Table UN1076 is the Identification Number from Column 4 of the Hazardous materials Table 9 3 4 The Shipping Paper The shipping paper shown in Figure 9 6 describes a shipment A shipping paper for hazardous materials must include e Page numbers if the shipping paper has more than one page The first page must tell the total number of pages For example Page of 4 e A proper shipping description for each hazardous material e A shipper s certification signed by the shipper saying they prepared the shipment according to the regulations 9 3 5 The Item Description If a sh
81. Connect Air Lines to Trailer e Check glad hand seals and connect tractor emergency air line to trailer emergency glad hand Check glad hand seals and connect tractor service air line to trailer service glad hand e Make sure air lines are safely supported where they won t be crushed or caught while tractor is backing under the trailer Step 8 Supply Air to Trailer From cab push in air supply knob or move tractor protection valve control from the emergency to the normal position to supply air to the trailer brake system Wait until the air pressure is normal Check brake system for crossed air lines Shut engine off so you can hear the brakes Apply and release trailer brakes and listen for sound of trailer brakes being applied and released You should hear the brakes move when applied and air escape when the brakes are released Check air brake system pressure gauge for signs of major air loss e When you are sure trailer brakes are working start engine e Make sure air pressure is up to normal Step 9 Lock Trailer Brakes Pull out the air supply knob or move the tractor protection valve control from normal to emergency Step 10 Back Under Trailer e Use lowest reverse gear e Back tractor slowly under trailer to avoid hitting the kingpin too hard e Stop when the kingpin is locked into the fifth wheel Step 11 Check Connection for Security e Raise trailer landi
82. D 5 3 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE What is a dual air brake system What are the slack adjusters How can you check slack adjusters How can you test the low pressure warning signal How can you check that the spring brakes come on automatically 6 What are the maximum leakage rates nAnBRWN eK These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 5 2 and 5 3 5 4 Using Air Brakes 5 4 1 Normal Stops Push the brake pedal down Control the pressure so the vehicle comes to a smooth safe stop If you have a manual transmission don t push the clutch in until the engine rpm is down close to idle When stopped select a starting gear 5 4 2 Braking with Antilock Brakes When you brake hard on slippery surfaces in a vehicle without ABS your wheels may lock up When your steering wheels lock up you lose steering control When your other wheels lock up you may skid jackknife or even spin the vehicle ABS helps you avoid wheel lock up The computer senses impending lockup reduces the braking pressure to a safe level and you maintain control You may or may not be able to stop faster with ABS but you should be able to steer around an obstacle while braking and avoid skids caused by over braking Having ABS on only the tractor only the trailer or even on only one axle still gives you more control over the vehicle during braking Brake normally When only
83. E Around which hazard classes must you never smoke Which three hazard classes should not be loaded into a trailer that has a heater air conditioner unit 3 Should the floor liner required for Division 1 1 or 1 2 materials be stainless steel 4 At the shipper s dock you re given a paper for 100 cartons of battery acid You already have 100 pounds of dry Silver Cyanide on board What precautions do you have to take 5 Name a hazard class that uses transport indexes to determine the amount that can be loaded in a single vehicle N e These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsection 9 4 9 5 Bulk Packaging Marking Loading and Unloading The glossary at the end of this section gives the meaning of the word bulk Cargo tanks are bulk packaging permanently attached to a vehicle Cargo tanks remain on the vehicle when you load and unload them Portable tanks are bulk packaging that are not permanently attached to a vehicle The product is loaded or unloaded while the portable tanks are off the vehicle Portable tanks are then put on a vehicle for transportation There are many types of cargo tanks in use The most common cargo tanks are MC306 for liquids and MC331 for gases 9 5 1 Markings You must display the identification number of the hazardous materials in portable tanks and cargo tanks and other bulk packaging such as dump trucks Identification numbers are in c
84. E Li QUICK RELAY oe TRAILER TEF LI its ANTILOCK PRESSURE ANTILOCK MODULE CONTROL INDICATION AND MODULATOR UNIT LOW AIR WARNING ANTILOCK N MODULATOR SECONDARY CHECK RESERVOIR VALVE DRAIN SERVICE VALVE BRAKE ACTUATOR AUTOMATIC AUTOM u AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC anit ADJUSTER AD USTER ADJUSTER ADJUSTER a CHECK A SPRING SPRING SPRING ADJUSTER SPRING VALVE BRAKE BRAKE BRAKE BRAKE PRIMARY ACTUATOR ACTUATOR ACTUATOR ACTUATOR PRESSURE RESERVOIR PROTECTION S CAM S CAM S CAM S CAM WHEEL 1 SUPPLY VALVE DRAIN BRAKE whee BRAKE BRAKE BRAKE T WHEEL SPEED ESERVOI VALVE SPEED SPEED mark SENSOR COMPRESSOR DRAIN SENSOR SENSOR ANTITOCK WITH GOVERNOR VALVE LIGHT Figure 5 4 Section 5 Air Brakes 5 4 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Trailers will have yellow ABS malfunction lamps on the left side either on the front or rear corner Dollies manufactured on or after March 1 1998 are required to have a lamp on the left side On newer vehicles the malfunction lamp comes on at start up for a bulb check and then goes out quickly On older systems the lamp could stay on until you are driving over five mph If the lamp stays on after the bulb check or goes on once you are under way you may have lost ABS control at one or more wheels In the case of towed units manufactured before it was required by the Department of Transportation it may be difficult to tell if the unit is equipped with ABS Look under the v
85. LP e For 60 days for your first violation e For 120 days for your second violation within any three year period e For one year for your third violation within any three year period These violations include violation of a federal state or local law or regulation pertaining to one of the following six offenses at a railroad highway grade crossing For drivers who are not required to always stop failing to stop before reaching the crossing if the tracks are not clear For drivers who are not required to always stop failing to slow down and check that the tracks are clear of an approaching train For drivers who are always required to stop failing to stop before driving onto the crossing For all drivers failing to have sufficient space to drive completely through the crossing without stopping For all drivers failing to obey a traffic control device or the directions of an enforcement official at the crossing For all drivers failing to negotiate a crossing because of insufficient undercarriage clearance 1 5 5 Hazardous Materials Endorsement Background Check and Disqualifications If yourequire a hazardous materials endorsement you will be required to submit your fingerprints and be subject to a background check You will be denied or you will lose your hazardous materials endorsement if you e Are not a lawful permanent resident of the United States e Renounce your United States citizenship Section
86. MV in excepted interstate commerce Most drivers will want to certify a driving type of non excepted interstate If there is any chance that you may operate a vehicle in non excepted interstate commerce and you qualify you should certify that driving type Otherwise your CDL and or CLP may be needlessly restricted to use in Oregon only If you are convicted of giving a false statement on your application such as a false social security number a false or fictitious name or document or giving a false address or age you may face a maximum fine of 6 250 a one year jail sentence or both DMV will also suspend your driving privileges for one year if you are convicted of one of these offenses or if DMV otherwise determines you committed one of these offenses 1 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 1 3 1 Hazardous materials endorsement Federal Transportation Security Administration TSA rules require every person who applies fora HAZMAT endorsement to undergo a security background check that includes submission of fingerprints for FBI review Oregon is using an agent under contract with TSA to collect fingerprints and initiate the security background checks At the time you submit fingerprints for the criminal background check you will be required to show the agent your Oregon driver license and proof of legal presence You will be required to pay a fee to the agent for this security background check For additional i
87. One drink is 1 5 oz of 80 proof liquor 12 oz of beer or 5 oz of table wine Figure 2 23 Section 2 Driving Safely These effects mean increased chances of a crash and chances of losing your driver license Accident statistics show that the chance of a crash is much greater for drivers who have been drinking than for drivers who have not How Alcohol Affects Driving All drivers are affected by drinking alcohol Alcohol affects judgment vision coordination and reaction time It causes serious driving errors such as e Increased reaction time to hazards e Driving too fast or too slow e Driving in the wrong lane e Running over the curb e Weaving 2 22 2 Other Drugs Besides alcohol other legal and illegal drugs are being used more often Laws prohibit possession or use of many drugs while on duty They prohibit being under the influence of any controlled substance amphetamines including pep pills uppers and bennies narcotics or any other substance which can make the driver unsafe This could include a variety of prescription and over the counter drugs cold medicines which may make the driver drowsy or otherwise affect safe driving ability However possession and use of a drug given to a driver by a doctor is permitted if the doctor informs the driver that it will not affect safe driving ability Pay attention to warning labels for legitimate drugs and medicines and to doctor
88. Report You may have to make a written report each day on the condition of the vehicle s you drove Report anything affecting safety or possibly leading to mechanical breakdown The vehicle inspection report tells the motor carrier about problems that may need fixing Keep a copy of your report in the vehicle for one day That way the next driver can learn about any problems you have found SUBSECTION 2 1 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 What is the most important reason for doing a vehicle inspection What things should you check during a trip Name some key steering system parts Name some suspension system defects What three kinds of emergency equipment must you have 6 What is the minimum tread depth for front tires For other tires 7 Name some things you should check on the front of your vehicle during the walk around inspection 8 What should wheel bearing seals be checked for 9 Howmanyred reflective triangles should youcarry 10 How do you test hydraulic brakes for leaks 11 Why put the starter switch key in your pocket during the pre trip inspection ARWN These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsection 2 1 2 2 Basic Control of Your Vehicle To drive a vehicle safely you must be able to control its speed and direction Safe operation of a commercial vehicle requires skill in e Accelerating e Steering e Stopping e Backing safely Fasten your seatb
89. School State and local laws and regulations regarding unloading students at schools particularly in situations where such activities take place in the school parking lot or other location that is off the traveled roadway are often different than unloading along the school bus route It is important that the school bus driver understands and obeys state and local laws and regulations The following procedures are meant to be general guidelines When unloading at the school you should follow these procedures Perform a safe stop at designated unloading areas as described in subsection 10 2 1 Secure the bus by Turning off the ignition switch Removing key if leaving driver s compartment Have the students remain seated until told to exit Position yourself to supervise unloading as required or recommended by your state or local regulations Have students exit in orderly fashion Observe students as they step from bus to see that all move promptly away from the unloading area Walk through the bus and check for hiding sleeping students and items left by students Check all mirrors Make certain no students are returning to the bus If you cannot account for a student outside the bus and the bus is secure check around and underneath the bus When all students are accounted for prepare to leave by Closing the door Fastening safety belt Starting engine Engaging the transmission Releas
90. See Figure 5 4 Before driving a vehicle with a dual air system allow time for the air compressor to build up a minimum of 100 psi pressure in both the primary and secondary systems Watch the primary and secondary air pressure gauges or needles if the system has two needles in one gauge Pay attention to the low air pressure warning light and buzzer The warning light and buzzer should shut off when air pressure in both systems rises to a value set by the manufacturer This value must be greater than 60 psi Section 5 Air Brakes The warning light and buzzer if equipped should come on before the air pressure drops below 60 psi in either system If this happens while driving you should stop right away and safely park the vehicle If one air system is very low on pressure either the front or the rear brakes will not be operating fully This means it will take you longer to stop Bring the vehicle to a safe stop and have the air brakes system fixed 5 3 Inspecting Air Brake Systems You should use the basic seven step inspection procedure described in Section 2 to inspect your vehicle There are more things to inspect ona vehicle with air brakes than one without them These things are discussed below in the order they fit into the seven step method 5 3 1 During Step 2 Engine Compartment Checks Check Air Compressor Drive Belt if compressor is belt driven Ifthe air compressoris belt driven check the condition and tig
91. T endorsement you should study Section 9 2 1 Vehicle Inspection 2 1 1 Why Inspect Safety is the most important reason you inspect your vehicle safety for yourself and for other road users Avehicle defect found during an inspection could save you problems later You could have a breakdown on the road that will cost time and dollars or even worse a crash caused by the defect Federal and state laws require that drivers inspect their vehicles Federal and state inspectors also may inspect your vehicles If they judge the vehicle to be unsafe they will put it out of service until it is fixed This section does not cover the details of the CDL pre trip vehicle inspection test Section 11 of this manual tells you what to inspect and how to inspect it 2 1 2 Types of Vehicle Inspection Pre trip Inspection A pre trip inspection will help you find problems that could cause a crash or breakdown During a Trip For safety you should Watch gauges for signs of trouble Use your senses to check for problems look listen smell feel Check critical items when you stop Tires wheels and rims Brakes Lights and reflectors Brake and electrical connections to trailer Trailer coupling devices Cargo securement devices After trip Inspection and Report You should do an after trip inspection at the end of the trip day or tour of duty on each vehicle you operated It may include
92. The trailer hand valve should be used only to test the trailer brakes Do not use it in driving because of the danger of making the trailer skid The foot brake sends air to all of the brakes on the vehicle including the trailer s There is much less danger of causing a skid or jackknife when using just the foot brake Never use the hand valve for parking because all the air might leak out unlocking the brakes in trailers that don t have spring brakes Always use the parking brakes when parking If the trailer does not have spring brakes use wheel chocks to keep the trailer from moving 6 2 2 Tractor Protection Valve The tractor protection valve keeps air in the tractor or truck brake system should the trailer break away or develop a bad leak The tractor protection valve is controlled by the trailer air supply control valve in the cab The control valve allows you to open and shut the tractor protection valve The tractor protection valve will close automatically if air pressure is low in the range of 20 to 45 psi When the tractor protection valve closes it stops any air from going out of the tractor It also lets the air out of the trailer emergency line This causes the trailer emergency brakes tocome on with possible loss of control Emergency brakes are covered later Section 6 Combination Vehicles 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 6 2 3 Trailer Air Supply Control The trailer air suppl
93. These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 2 20 and 2 21 2 22 Alcohol Other Drugs and Driving 2 22 1 Alcohol and Driving Drinking alcohol and then driving is very dangerous and a serious problem People who drink alcohol are involved in traffic accidents resulting in over 20 000 deaths every year Alcohol impairs muscle coordination reaction time depth perception and night vision It also affects the parts of the brain that control judgment and inhibition For some people one drink is all it takes to show signs of impairment How Alcohol Works Alcohol goes directly into the blood stream and is carried to the brain After passing through the brain a small percentage is removed in urine perspiration and by breathing while the rest is carried to the liver The liver can only process one third an ounce of alcohol per hour which is considerably less than the alcohol in a standard drink This is a fixed rate so only time not black coffee or a cold shower will sober you up If you have drinks faster than your body can get rid of them you will have more alcohol in your body and your driving will be more affected The Blood Alcohol Concentration BAC commonly measures the amount of alcohol in your body See Figure 2 22 2 30 Effects Of Increasing Blood Alcohol Content Blood Alcohol Content is the amount of alcohol in your blood recorded in milligrams of alcohol pe
94. Trailer Figure 7 1 For the safest handling on the road the more heavily loaded semitrailer should be in first position behind the tractor The lighter trailer should be in the rear A converter gear on a dolly is a coupling device of one or two axles and a fifth wheel by which a semitrailer can be coupled to the rear of a tractor trailer combination See Figure 7 1 Position Converter Dolly in Front of Second Rear Trailer Release dolly brakes by opening the air tank petcock Or if the dolly has spring brakes use the dolly parking brake control If the distance is not too great wheel the dolly into position by hand so it is in line with the kingpin Or use the tractor and first semitrailer to pick up the converter dolly Position combination as close as possible to converter dolly Move dolly to rear of first semitrailer and couple it to the trailer Lock pintle hook Secure dolly support in raised position Pull dolly into position as close as possible to nose of the second semitrailer Lower dolly support Unhook dolly from first trailer Wheel dolly into position in front of second trailer in line with the kingpin Connect Converter Dolly to Front Trailer e Back first semitrailer into position in front of dolly tongue e Hook dolly to front trailer Lock pintle hook Secure converter gear support in raised position 7 2 Connect Converter Dolly to Rear Trailer e Make sure trailer brakes a
95. You may park a placarded vehicle not laden with explosives within five feet of the traveled part of the road only if your work requires it Do so only briefly Someone must always watch the vehicle when parked on a public roadway or shoulder Do not uncouple a trailer and leave it with hazardous materials on a public street Do not park within 300 feet of an open fire 9 6 3 Attending Parked Vehicles The person attending a placarded vehicle must e Bein the vehicle awake and not in the sleeper berth or within 100 feet of the vehicle and have it within clear view e Be aware of the hazards of the materials being transported e Know what to do in emergencies Be able to move the vehicle if needed 9 6 4 No Flares You might break down and have to use stopped vehicle signals Use reflective triangles or red electric lights Never use burning signals such as flares or fuses around a e Tank used for Class 3 Flammable Liquids or Division 2 1 Flammable Gas whether loaded or empty e Vehicle loaded with Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 Explosives Section 9 Hazardous Materials 9 6 5 Route Restrictions Some states and counties require permits to transport hazardous materials or wastes They may limit the routes you can use Local rules about routes and permits change often It is your job as driver to find out if you need permits or must use special routes Make sure you have all needed papers before starting If
96. a resident to call for help As a last resort dispatch two older responsible students to go for help e Order the evacuation e Evacuate students from the bus Do not move a student you believe may have suffered a neck or spinal injury unless his or her life is in immediate danger Special procedures must be used to move neck or spinal injury victims to prevent further injury 10 5 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual ROUND YELLOW WARNING SIGN Figure 10 5 Direct a student assistant to lead students to the nearest safe place Walk through the bus to ensure no students remain on the bus Retrieve emergency equipment Join waiting students Account for all students and check for their safety Protect the scene Set out emergency warning devices as necessary and appropriate Prepare information for emergency responders 10 4 Railroad highway Crossings 10 4 1 Types of Crossings Passive Crossings This type of crossing does not have any type of traffic control device You must stop at these crossings and follow proper procedures However the decision to proceed rests entirely in your hands Passive crossings require you to recognize the crossing search for any train using the tracks and decide if there is sufficient clear space to cross safely Passive crossings have yellow circular advance warning signs pavement markings and crossbucks to assist you in recognizing a crossing
97. ability to see ahead Use high beams when it is safe and legal to do so Use them when you are not within 500 feet of an approaching vehicle Also don t let the inside of your cab get too bright This makes it harder to see outside Keep the interior light off and adjust your instrument lights as low as you can to still be able to read the gauges If You Get Sleepy Stop Driving at the Nearest Safe Place People often don t realize how close they are to falling asleep even when their eyelids are falling shut If you can safely do so look at yourself in a mirror If you look sleepy or you just feel sleepy stop driving You are ina very dangerous condition The only safe cure is to sleep 2 12 Driving in Fog Fog can occur at any time Fog on highways can be extremely dangerous Fog is often unexpected and visibility can deteriorate rapidly You should watch for foggy conditions and be ready to reduce your speed Do not assume that the fog will thin out after you enter it The best advice for driving in fog is don t It is preferable that you pull off the road into a rest area or truck stop until visibility is better If you must drive be sure to consider the following Obey all fog related warning signs Slow down before you enter fog Use low beam headlights and fog lights for best visibility even in daytime and be alert for other drivers who may have forgotten to turn on their lights Turn on your 4 way flashers This wil
98. ace Division 2 3 Poisonous Gas or Division 6 1 Poisonous Materials Never transport these materials in containers with interconnections Never load a package labeled POISON or POISON INHALATION HAZARD in the driver s cab or sleeper or with food material for human or animal consumption There are special Section 9 Hazardous Materials rules for loading and unloading Class 2 materials in cargo tanks You must have special training to do this Class 7 Radioactive Materials Some packages of Class 7 Radioactive materials bear anumber called the transport index The shipper labels these packages Radioactive II or Radioactive III and prints the package s transport index on the label Radiation surrounds each package passing through all nearby packages To deal with this problem the number of packages youcan load together is controlled Their closeness to people animals and unexposed film is also controlled The transport index tells the degree of control needed during transportation The total transport index of all packages in a single vehicle must not exceed 50 Table A to this section shows rules for each transport index It shows how close you can load Class 7 Radioactive materials to people animals or film For example you can t leave a package with a transport index of 1 1 within two feet of people or cargo space walls Mixed loads The rules require some products to be loaded separately You cannot load t
99. acks in a low gear Do not change gears while crossing Ifthe gate comes down after you have started across drive through it even if it means you will break the gate 10 4 4 Special Situations Bus Stalls or Trapped on Tracks If your bus stalls or is trapped on the tracks get everyone out and off the tracks immediately Move everyone far from the bus at an angle which is both away from the tracks and toward the train Police Officer at the Crossing If a police officer is at the crossing obey directions If there is no police officer and you believe the signal is malfunctioning call your dispatcher to report the situation and ask for instructions on how to proceed Obstructed View of Tracks Plan your route so it provides maximum sight distance at highway rail grade crossings Do not attempt to cross the tracks unless you can see far enough down the track to know for certain that no trains are approaching Passive crossings are those that do not have any type of traffic control device Be especially careful at passive crossings Even if there are active 10 7 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual railroad signals that indicate the tracks are clear you must look and listen to be sure it is safe to proceed Containment or Storage Areas If it won t fit don t commit Know the length of your bus and the size of the containment area at highway rail crossings on the school bus route as well as any cros
100. acuation procedures must be explained to all students This includes knowing how to operate the various emergency exits and the importance of listening to and following all instructions given by you Some tips to determine a safe place e Asafe place will be at least 100 feet off the road in the direction of oncoming traffic This will keep the students from being hit by debris if another vehicle collides with the bus e Lead students upwind of the bus if fire is present e Lead students as far away from railroad tracks as possible and in the direction of any oncoming train e Lead students upwind of the bus at least 300 feet if there is a risk from spilled hazardous materials e Avoid areas that are subject to flash floods General Procedures Determine if evacuation is in the best interest of safety e Determine the best type of evacuation Front rear or side door evacuation or some combination of doors Roof or window evacuation e Secure the bus by Placing transmission in Park or if there is no shift point in Neutral Setting parking brakes Shutting off the engine Removing ignition key Activating hazard warning lights e If time allows notify dispatch office of evacuation location conditions and type of assistance needed e Dangle radio microphone or telephone out of driver s window for later use if operable e If no radio or radio is inoperable dispatch a passing motorist or are
101. ailer as you would any combination vehicle Check That Air Flows to All Trailers Use the tractor parking brake and or chock the wheels to hold the vehicle Wait for air pressure to reach normal then push in the red trailer air supply knob This will supply air to the emergency supply lines Use the trailer handbrake to provide air to the service line Go to the rear of the rig Open the emergency line shut off valve at the rear of the last trailer You should hear air escaping showing the entire system is charged Close the emergency line valve Open the service line valve to check that service pressure goes through all the trailers this test assumes that the trailer handbrake or the service brake pedal is on and then close the valve If you do NOT hear air escaping from both lines check that the shut off valves on the trailer s and dolly ies are in the OPEN position You MUST have air all the way to the back for all the brakes to work Test Tractor Protection Valve Charge the trailer air brake system That is build up normal air pressure and push the air supply knob in Shut the engine off Step on and off the brake pedal several times to reduce the air pressure in the tanks The trailer air supply control also called the tractor protection valve control should pop out or go from normal to emergency position when the air 6 9 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual pressure falls into the p
102. air pressure by stepping on and off the brake pedal to reduce tank pressure The tractor protection valve should close pop out on a tractor trailer combination vehicle and on other combination vehicle types when the air pressure falls to the manufacturer s specification 20 45 psi Check Rate of Air Pressure Buildup When the engine is at operating rpms the pressure should build from 85 to 100 psi within 45 seconds in dual air systems If the vehicle has larger than minimum air tanks the buildup time can be longer and still be safe Check the manufacturer s specifications In single air systems pre 1975 typical requirements are pressure buildup from 50 to 90 psi within 3 minutes with the engine at an idle speed of 600 900 rpms If air pressure does not build up fast enough your pressure may drop too low during driving requiring an emergency stop Don t drive until you get the problem fixed Test Air Leakage Rate With a fully charged air system typically 125 psi turn off the engine release all brakes and time the air pressure drop The loss rate should be less than two psi in one minute for single vehicles and less than three psi in one minute for combination vehicles Then apply 90 psi or more with the brake pedal After the initial pressure drop if the air pressure falls more than three psi in one minute for single vehicles more than four psi for combination vehicles the air loss rate is too much Check for air leaks
103. ance ABS won t increase or decrease ultimate stopping power ABS is an add on to your normal brakes not a replacement for them ABS won t change the way you normally brake Under normal brake conditions your vehicle will stop as it always stopped ABS only comes into play when a wheel would normally have locked up because of over braking ABS won t compensate for bad brakes or poor brake maintenance Remember The best vehicle safety feature is still a safe driver Remember Drive so you never need to use your ABS Remember If you need it ABS could help to prevent a serious crash 2 19 Skid Control and Recovery A skid happens whenever the tires lose their grip on the road This is caused in one of four ways Over braking Braking too hard and locking up the wheels Skids also can occur when using the speed retarder when the roadis slippery Over steering Turning the wheels more sharply than the vehicle can turn Over acceleration Supplying too much power to the drive wheels causing them to spin Driving Too Fast Most serious skids result from driving too fast for road conditions Drivers who adjust their driving to conditions don t over accelerate and don t have to over brake or over steer from too much speed 2 19 1 Drive wheel Skids By far the most common skid is one in which the rear wheels lose traction through excessive braking or acceleration Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on i
104. and 200 feet toward the approaching traffic See Figure 2 8 One Way or Divided Highway Figure 2 8 Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual If you stop on a two lane road carrying traffic in both directions or on an undivided highway place warning devices within 10 feet of the front or rear corners to mark the location of the vehicle and 100 feet behind and ahead of the vehicle on the shoulder or in the lane you stopped in See Figure 2 9 Two Way or Undivided Highway Figure 2 9 Back beyond any hill curve or other obstruction that prevents other drivers from seeing the vehicle within 500 feet If line of sight view Section 2 Driving Safely is obstructed due to hill or curve move the rear most triangle to a point back down the road so warning is provided See Figure 2 10 OBSTRUCTED VIEW lt 100 500 gt Figure 2 10 When putting out the triangles hold them between yourself and the oncoming traffic for your own safety So other drivers can see you Use Your Horn When Needed Your horn can let others know you re there It can help to avoid a crash However it can startle others and could be dangerous when used unnecessarily 2 6 Controlling Speed Driving too fast is a major cause of fatal crashes You must adjust your speed depending on driving conditions These include traction curves visibility t
105. and construction vehicles may get in the way Drive slowly and carefully near work zones Use your four way flashers or brake lights to warn drivers behind you Drop Off Sometimes the pavement drops off sharply near the edge of the road Driving too near the edge can tilt your vehicle toward the side of the road This can cause the top of your vehicle to hit roadside objects signs tree limbs Also it can be hard to steer as you cross the drop off going off the road or coming back on Foreign Objects Things that have fallen on the road can be hazards They can be a danger to your tires and wheel rims They can damage electrical and brake lines They can be caught between dual tires and cause severe damage Some obstacles that appear to be harmless can be very dangerous For example cardboard boxes may be empty but they may also contain some solid or heavy material capable of causing damage The same is true of paper and cloth sacks It is important to remain alert for objects of all sorts so you can see them early enough to avoid them without making sudden unsafe moves Off Ramps On Ramps Freeway and turnpike exits can be particularly dangerous for commercial vehicles Off ramps and on ramps often have speed limit signs posted Remember these speeds may be safe for automobiles but may not be safe for larger vehicles or heavily loaded vehicles Exits that go downhill and turn at the same time can be especially dangerous The downgrade
106. and fix before driving the vehicle Otherwise you could lose your brakes while driving Check Air Compressor Governor Cut in and Cut out Pressures Pumping by the air compressor should start at about 100 psi and stop at about 125 psi Check manufacturer s specifications Run the engine at a fast idle The air governor should cut out the air compressor at about the manufacturer s specified pressure The air pressure shown by your gauge s will stop rising With the engine idling step on and off the brake to reduce the air tank pressure The compressor should cut in at about the manufacturer s specified cut in pressure The pressure should begin to rise If the air governor does not work as described above it may need to be fixed A governor that does not work properly may not keep enough air pressure for safe driving Test Parking Brake Stop the vehicle put the parking brake on and gently pull againstitin alow gear to test that the parking brake willhold Test Service Brakes Wait for normal air pressure release the parking brake move the vehicle forward slowly about five mph and apply the brakes firmly using the brake pedal Note any vehicle pulling to one side unusual feel or delayed stopping action This test may show you problems which you otherwise wouldn t know about until you needed the brakes on the road Section 5 Air Brakes 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual SUBSECTIONS 5 2 AN
107. and properly mounted and all required permits are in driver s possession Rear doors securely closed latched locked Left Side Check all items as done on right side plus Battery ies if not mounted in engine compartment Battery box es securely mounted to vehicle Box has secure cover Battery ies secured against movement Battery ies not broken or leaking Fluid in battery ies at proper level except maintenance free type Cell caps present and securely tightened except maintenance free type Vents in cell caps free of foreign material except maintenance free type Step 6 Check Signal Lights Get In and Turn Off Lights Turn off all lights Turn on stop lights apply trailer hand brake or have a helper put on the brake pedal Turn on left turn signal lights 2 5 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Get Out and Check Lights e Left front turn signal light clean operating and proper color amber on signals facing the front e Left rear turn signal light and both stop lights clean operating and proper color red or amber Get In Vehicle e Turn off lights not needed for driving e Check for all required papers trip manifests permits etc e Secure all loose articles in cab they might interfere with operation of the controls or hit you in a crash e Start the engine Step 7 Start the Engine and Check Test for Hydraulic Leaks If the vehicle has hydraulic brakes pump
108. ar other vehicles try to keep as much space as possible between you and them Also drop back or pull forward so that you are sure the other driver can see you Strong Winds Strong winds make it difficult to stay in your lane The problem is usually worse for lighter vehicles This problem can be especially bad coming out of tunnels Don t drive alongside others if you can avoid it 2 7 4 Space Overhead Hitting overhead objects is a danger Make sure you always have overhead clearance Don t assume that the heights posted at bridges and overpasses are correct Re paving or packed snow may have reduced the clearances since the heights were posted The weight of a cargo van changes its height An empty van is higher than a loaded one That you got under a bridge when you were loaded does not mean that you can do it when you are empty If you doubt you have safe space to pass under an object go slowly If you aren t sure you can make it take another route Warnings are often posted on low bridges or underpasses but sometimes they are not Some roads can cause a vehicle to tilt There can be a problem clearing objects along the edge of the road such as signs trees or bridge supports Where this is a problem drive a little closer to the center of the road Before you back into an area get out and check for overhanging objects such as trees branches or electric wires It s easy to miss seeing them while you are backing
109. arrant and or signs posted Be sure you have emergency warning devices triangles and use them if you are stopped Be sure all your lights are working Don t drive if you are fatigued For Oregon road conditions call 511 toll free within Oregon for weather conditions on the hill or 1 800 977 6368 toll free within Oregon or 1 503 588 2941 outside Oregon Published by the Oregon Department of Transportation Funds for this publication provided by the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program Notes Notes DMV Related Questions 503 945 5000 ODOT is an Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Employer ODOT does not discriminate on the basis of disability in admission or access to our programs services activities hiring and employment practices To report any complaints or concerns related to discrimination please call 1 877 336 6368 EEO ODOT This information can be made available in an alternative format by contacting a local DMV field office Green Light transponder application Tired of stopping at weigh stations Complete this application mail or fax it to the ODOT Motor Carrier Division and get a free transponder for each of your trucks Then start getting weighed in motion as you approach 22 Oregon weigh stations around the state and save time and money for every green light signal you get to keep on truckin past the stations CUSTOMER INFORMATION Carrier Name DBA Na
110. aseasaeeesets 2V6 Moma Dri vin EE TE E cn aaasasteuhss eve sce E AE AET A AETA 2 17 Driving Emergencies 2 18 Antilock Braking Systems ABS 2 19 Skid Control and Recovery 220 Crash Procedures n c 4 ibs EE EAEE EAE ted Enos lel ie Gk cee CIMA halt nd ol olin tele De DA FAVES sre EE EEE T EEE EE sesses detest sheen ded OEE EE AEE EE EE 2 22 Alcohol Other Drugs and Driving ssiesnnrani in Ga Bee E E EA Mina ER NERE 2 30 2 23 Staying Alert and Fit tO Dive sig rere na E ss dacs E R ch sseny E EN A N R RE EAR 2 32 2 24 Hazardous Materials Rules For All Commercial Drivers sseeesessesterersesrssrreestststststsrststeterereretntetetseerertsreisesesest 2 33 Transporting Cargo Safely ccc cc cccc ccc cee ccc ece cee cecececaecececaecececeeneseeeenenees 3 1 3 1 Inspectins Cargo isoro sunos a eee Sea ek Ge Aun ahoaceal Sect at a a aon ese ee NARREA 3 2 Weight and Balance F 3 3 SeCurinS Cargo EEEE E A ae ise cd E E E TEE E EET 34 Cargo Needing Special Attention eioan at AEE O ein ein Side O ER 3 3 Transporting Passengers Safely ccc cc cece cece cece nce c eee cececee eee ceseeeseceeeneees 4 1 4 1 Vehicle Inspection 4 2 Loading and Trip Start a di On the ROA cb cer ner n a N ENE AG Tea A gh guage SAN acne de ha BR ee beeen dae eae ass 4 4 A fter trip Vehicle Ins pechoty ionin torion iisa tents censencuecasaensen
111. ass of the product If a package needs more than one label the labels must be close together near the proper shipping name 9 3 8 Recognizing Hazardous Materials Learn to recognize shipments of hazardous materials To find out if the shipment includes hazardous materials look at the shipping paper Does it have e An entry with a proper shipping name hazard class and identification number e A highlighted entry or one with an X or RQ in the hazardous materials column Other clues suggesting hazardous materials e What business is the shipper in Paint dealer Chemical supply Scientific supply house Pest control or agricultural supplier Explosives munitions or fireworks dealer Are there tanks with diamond labels or placards on the premises What type of package is being shipped Cylinders and drums are often used for hazardous materials shipments Is a hazard class label proper shipping name or identification number on the package Are there any handling precautions 9 3 9 Hazardous Waste Manifest When transporting hazardous wastes you must sign by hand and carry a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest The name and EPA registration number of the shippers carriers and destination must appear on the manifest Shippers must prepare date and sign by hand the manifest Treat the manifest as a shipping paper when transporting the waste Only give the waste shipment to another registered carrier or disposal trea
112. atched securely Emergency Exits e Make sure that emergency exits are identified and that emergency exit doors operate smoothly and close securely from the inside e Check that any emergency exit warning devices are working Passenger Seating e Look for broken seat frames and check that seat frames are firmly attached to the floor e Check that seat cushions are attached securely to the seat frames 11 5 2 Entry Exit Doors Mirrors e Check that entry exit doors are not damaged and operate smoothly from the outside Hinges should be secure with seals intact e Make sure that the passenger exit mirrors and all external mirrors and mirror brackets are not damaged and are mounted securely with no loose fittings 11 5 3 External Inspection of Coach Transit Bus Level Air Leaks e See that the vehicle is sitting level front and rear and if air equipped check for audible air leaks from the suspension system Fuel Tank s e See that fuel tank s are secure with no leaks from tank s or lines Baggage Compartments e Check that baggage and all other exterior compartment doors are not damaged operate properly and latch securely Battery Box e Wherever located see that battery s are secure connections are tight and cell caps are present e Battery connections should not show signs of excessive corrosion e Check that battery box and cover or door is not damaged and is secure 11 5 4 Remainder
113. ation The numbers 1 6 in this column mean the hazardous material is a poison inhalation hazard PIH PIH materials have special requirements for shipping papers marking and placards Column 8 is a three part column showing the section numbers covering the packaging requirements for each hazardous material Note Columns 9 and 10 do not apply to transportation by highway Appendix A to 49 CFR 172 101 The List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities The DOT and the EPA want to know about spills of hazardous substances They are named in the List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities See Section 9 Hazardous Materialss 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Figure 9 5 Column 3 of the list shows each product s reportable quantity RQ When these materials are being transported in a reportable quantity or greater in one package the shipper displays the letters RQ on the shipping paper and package The letters RQ may appear before or after the basic description You or your employer must report any spill of these materials which occurs in a reportable quantity If the words INHALATION HAZARD appear on the shipping paper or package therules require display of the POISON INHALATION HAZARD or POISON GAS placards as appropriate These placards must be used in addition to other placards which may be required by the product s hazard class Always display the hazard class placard and the POISON INH
114. ay keep you awake for a while they won t make you alert And eventually you ll be even more tired than if you hadn t taken them at all Sleep is the only thing that can overcome fatigue Do Not Do not rely on coffee or another source of caffeine to keep you awake Do not count on the radio an open window or other tricks to keep you awake 2 23 4 Illness Once in a while you may become so ill that you cannot operate a motor vehicle safely If this happens to you you must not drive However in case of an emergency you may drive to the nearest place where you can safely stop 2 24 Hazardous Materials Rules For All Commercial Drivers All drivers should know something about hazardous materials You must be able to recognize hazardous cargo and you must know whether or not you can haul it without having a hazardous materials endorsement on your CDL license 2 24 1 What Are Hazardous Materials Hazardous materials are products that pose a risk to health safety and property during transportation See Figure 2 24 2 24 2 Why Are There Rules You must follow the many rules about transporting hazardous materials The intent of the rules is to e Contain the product e Communicate the risk e Ensure safe drivers and equipment To Contain the Product Many hazardous products can injure or kill on contact To protect drivers and others from contact the rules Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 C
115. azardous Materials provisions of the Sec 172 101 Table A material may meet the defining criteria for more than one hazard class but is assigned to only one hazard class Hazardous materials A substance or material which has been determined by the Secretary of Transportation to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health safety and property when transported in commerce and which has been so designated The term includes hazardous substances hazardous wastes marine pollutants elevated temperature materials and materials designated as hazardous in the hazardous materials table of 172 101 and materials that meet the defining criteria for hazard classes and divisions in 173 subchapter c of this chapter Hazardous substance A material including its mixtures and solutions that 1 Is listed in Appendix A to Sec 172 101 2 Is in a quantity in one package which equals or exceeds the reportable quantity RQ listed in Appendix A to Sec 172 101 and 3 When in a mixture or solution i For radionuclides conforms to paragraph 7 of Appendix A to Sec 172 101 ii For other than radionuclides is in a concentration by weight which equals or exceeds the concentration corresponding to the RQ of the material as shown in Figure 9 11 This definition of hazardous substance does not apply to petroleum Hazardous Substance Concentrations RQ Pounds Concentration by Weight Kilograms 5 000 2 270 100 000 1 000
116. bolts and that there are no leaks Note If your vehicle has more than one type of suspension be prepared to check each type 11 2 3 Side of Vehicle Door s Mirror s e Check that door s are not damaged and that they open and close properly from the outside e Hinges should be secure with seals intact e Check that mirror s and mirror brackets are not damaged and are mounted securely with no loose fittings Fuel Tank e Check that tank s are secure by inspecting nuts and or bolts of mounting brackets or looking for shiny areas near the mounting straps that would indicate shifting e Check that fuels cap s are tight and that there are no leaks from tank s or lines Battery Box e Wherever located see that battery s are secure connections are tight and cell caps are present e Battery connections should not show signs of excessive corrosion e Battery box and cover or door must be secure Drive Shaft e See that drive shaft is lubricated and is not bent or cracked e Make certain the drive shaft is mounted securely grab and try to shake laterally if possible or check nuts bolts on U joints or carrier bearing housing shaft couplings appear to be secure U joints and or carrier bearings are not cracked or broken and free of foreign objects Section 11 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Exhaust System e Check system for damage such as cracks holes
117. car used for the transportation of cargo by any mode Each cargo carrying body trailer rail car etc is a separate transport vehicle UN standard packaging A specification packaging conforming to the standards in the UN recommendations UN United Nations Section 9 Hazardous Materialss Section 10 School Buses This Section Covers e Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors e Loading and Unloading e Emergency Exit and Evacuation e Railroad highway Grade Crossings e Student Management e Antilock Braking Systems e Special Safety Considerations You must pass both a school bus knowledge test and a skills test in a school bus to obtain a school bus endorsement Because state and local laws and regulations regulate so much of school transportation and school bus operations many of the procedures in this section may differ from state to state In Oregon you will be informed of specific licensing and testing requirements when you become employed to operate a school bus 10 1 Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors 10 1 1 Danger Zones The danger zone is the area on all sides of the bus where children are in the most danger of being hit either by another vehicle or their own bus A danger zone may extend as much as 30 feet from the front bumper with the first 10 feet being the most dangerous Danger zones are also present 10 feet from the left and right sides of the bus and 10 feet behind the rear bumper of the school bus
118. ce or snow Taking your foot off the accelerator can easily stop them If it is very slippery push the 2 27 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual clutch in Otherwise the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction Rear wheel braking skids occur when the rear drive wheels lock Because locked wheels have less traction than rolling wheels the rear wheels usually slide sideways in an attempt to catch up with the front wheels In a bus or straight truck the vehicle will slide sideways in a spin out With vehicles towing trailers a drive wheel skid can let the trailer push the towing vehicle sideways causing a sudden jackknife See Figure 2 19 TRACTOR JACKKNIFE Figure 2 19 2 19 2 Correcting a Drive wheel Braking Skid Do the following to correct a drive wheel braking skid Stop Braking This will let the rear wheels roll and keep them from sliding any more Turn the Wheel Quickly Turn the wheel in the direction of the skid Countersteer As a vehicle turns back on course it has a tendency to keep on turning Unless you turn the steering wheel quickly the other way you may find yourself skidding in the opposite direction Learning to stay off the brake turn the steering wheel quickly push in the clutch and countersteer in a skid takes a lot of practice The best place to get this practice is on alarge driving range or skid pad 2 28 2 19 3 Fron
119. checkups literally can be lifesavers Illnesses such as diabetes heart disease and skin and colon cancer can be detected easily and treated if found in time You should consult your physician or a local sleep disorder center if you suffer from frequent daytime sleepiness have difficulty sleeping at night take frequent naps fall asleep at strange times snore loudly gasp and choke in your sleep and or wake up feeling as though you have not had enough sleep 2 23 2 While You Are Driving Keep Cool A hot poorly ventilated vehicle can make you sleepy Keep the window or vent cracked open or use the air conditioner if you have one Take Breaks Short breaks can keep you alert But the time to take them is before you feel really drowsy or tired Stop often Walk around and inspect your vehicle It may help to do some physical exercises Be sure to take a mid afternoon break and plan to sleep between midnight and 6 a m Recognize the Danger Signals of Drowsy Driving Sleep is not voluntary If you re drowsy youcan fall asleep and never even know it If you are drowsy you are likely to have micro sleeps brief naps that last around four or five seconds At 55 miles an hour that s more than 100 yards and plenty of time for a crash Even if you are not aware of being drowsy if you have a sleep debt you are still at risk Here are a few ways to tell if you re about to fall asleep If you experience any of these danger s
120. cles Loss of air pressure in the emergency line causes the trailer emergency brakes to come on The pressure loss could be caused by a trailer breaking loose thus tearing apart the emergency air hose Or it could be caused by a hose metal tubing or other part breaking letting the air out When the emergency line loses pressure it also causes the tractor protection valve to close the air supply knob will pop out on the dash Emergency lines are often coded with the color red red hose red couplers or other parts to keep from getting them mixed up with the blue service line 6 2 5 Hose Couplers Glad Hands Glad hands are coupling devices used to connect the service and emergency air lines from the truck or tractor to the trailer The couplers have a rubber seal which prevents air from escaping Clean the couplers and rubber seals before a connection is made When connecting the glad hands press the two seals together with the couplers at a 90 degree angle to each other A turn of the glad hand attached to the hose will join and lock the couplers When coupling make sure to couple the proper glad hands together To help avoid mistakes colors are sometimes used Blue is used for the service lines and red for the emergency supply lines Sometimes metal tags are attached to the lines with the words service and emergency stamped on them See Figure 6 6 If you do cross the air lines supply air will be sent to the se
121. cluding mirror checks e Activate your right turn signal e Decelerate smoothly brake evenly change gears as necessary e Bring your vehicle to a full stop without coasting and without rolling backward Once stopped e Vehicle must be parallel to the curb or shoulder of the road and safely out of the traffic flow Vehicle should not be blocking driveways fire hydrants intersections signs etc Cancel your turn signal Activate your four way emergency flashers Apply the parking brake Move the gear shift to neutral or park Remove your feet from the brake and clutch pedals 13 2 When instructed to resume Check traffic and your mirrors thoroughly in all directions Turn off your four way flashers Activate the left turn signal When traffic permits you should release the parking brake and pull straight ahead without rolling backward Do not turn the wheel before your vehicle moves Check traffic from all directions especially to the left Steer and accelerate smoothly into the proper lane when safe to do so Once your vehicle is back into the flow of traffic cancel your left turn signal 13 1 7 Curve When approaching a curve Check traffic thoroughly in all directions including mirror checks Before entering the curve reduce speed so further braking or shifting is not required in the curve Keep vehicle in the lane Continue checking traffic in all directions including mirrors throughout the
122. cuit warning and antilock brake system lights should go out right away 2 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual ENG OIL Pressure OIL PRESSURE Idling 5 20 PSI e Operating 35 75 PSI e Low Dropping Fluctuating STOP IMMEDIATELY Without oil the engine can be destroyed rapidly Figure 2 5 Check Condition of Controls Check all of the following for looseness sticking damage or improper setting Steering wheel Clutch Accelerator gas pedal Brake controls Foot brake Trailer brake if vehicle has one Parking brake Retarder controls if vehicle has them Transmission controls Interaxle differential lock if vehicle has one Horn s Windshield wiper washer Lights Headlights Dimmer switch Turn signal Four way flashers Parking clearance identification marker switch es Check Mirrors and Windshield Inspect mirrors and windshield for cracks dirt illegal stickers or other obstructions to seeing clearly Clean and adjust as necessary Check Emergency Equipment e Check for safety equipment Spare electrical fuses unless vehicle has circuit breakers Three red reflective triangles Properly charged and rated fire extinguisher e Check for optional items such as Chains where winter conditions require Tire changing equipment 2 4 e List of emergency phone numbers e Acciden
123. d or missing 2 2 SAFETY DEFECT BROKEN LEAF IN SPRING Broken Leaf a Axle Figure 2 3 e Air suspension systems that are damaged and or leaking See Figure 2 4 e Any loose cracked broken or missing frame members Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual AIR SUSPENSION PARTS Shock Absorber Height Control Valve Lower Bellows Axle Seat Support Figure 2 4 Exhaust System Defects A broken exhaust system can let poison fumes into the cab or sleeper berth Look for Loose broken or missing exhaust pipes mufflers tailpipes or vertical stacks Loose broken or missing mounting brackets clamps bolts or nuts Exhaust system parts rubbing against fuel system parts tires or other moving parts of vehicle Exhaust system parts that are leaking Emergency Equipment Vehicles must be equipped with emergency equipment Look for e Fire extinguisher s e Spare electrical fuses unless equipped with circuit breakers e Warning devices for parked vehicles for example three reflective warning triangles Cargo Trucks You must make sure the truck is not overloaded and the cargo is balanced and secured before each trip If the cargo contains hazardous materials you must inspect for proper papers and placarding 2 1 4 CDL Pre trip Vehicle Inspection Test In order to obtain a CDL you will be required to pass a pre trip
124. ddenly start up and drive into your way Watch for movement inside the vehicle or movement of the vehicle itself that shows people are inside Watch for brake lights or backup lights exhaust and other clues that a driver is about to move Be careful of a stopped bus Passengers may cross in front of or behind the bus and they often can t see you Pedestrians and Bicyclists Can Also Be Hazards Walkers joggers and bicyclists may be on the road with their back to the traffic so they can t see you Sometimes they wear portable stereos with headsets so they can t hear you either This can be dangerous On rainy days pedestrians may not see you because of hats or umbrellas They may be hurrying to get out of the rain and may not pay attention to the traffic Distractions People who are distracted are hazards Watch for where they are looking If they are looking elsewhere they can t see you But be alert even when they are looking at you They may believe that they have the right of way Children Children tend to act quickly without checking traffic Children playing with one another may not look for traffic and are a serious hazard Talkers Drivers or pedestrians talking to one another may not be paying close attention to the traffic Workers People working on or near the roadway are a hazard clue The work creates a distraction for other drivers and the workers themselves may not see you Ice Cream Trucks Someone selli
125. ditional requirements for operation of a triple trailer combination Most other sections in this manual have titles to coincide with the different endorsements Read the section s you need to obtain the desired endorsement s Endorsement exams cover not only the material from individual endorsement sections but also from other sections Figure 1 2 details which sections of this manual you should study for each particular class of license and for each endorsement DMV will waive all commercial knowledge tests EXCEPT the hazardous materials knowledge test if you surrender a current valid CDL or CLP from another jurisdiction for a comparable Oregon CDL or CLP If you fail your commercial knowledge test you must wait at least one day to retest If you fail a fourth or subsequent test however you must wait at least 28 days before taking the test again Do not cheat on a test by using a prohibited aid or another person If DMV determines that you did cheat you will not be able to take any knowledge tests for 90 days What Sections Should You Study LICENSE TYPE ENDORSEMENT J ep ei efis ijee 2 8 e 8B 8 e 1s 8 8 gt o Pe al s lt li2zia eels 5 1 0 2 1 x x oo 2 xX X xX x 3 xX X nm 4 X O 2 5 X X je a 6 X o D 7 5 8 lt 9 10 X 11 X X xX 121 X X X 13 X X X xX X Study section 5 if you plan to operate vehicles equipped
126. downgrade 5 8 5 4 7 Low Air Pressure If the low air pressure warning comes on stop and safely park your vehicle as soon as possible There might be an air leak in the system Controlled braking is possible only while enough air remains in the air tanks The spring brakes will come on when the air pressure drops into the range of 20 to 45 psi A heavily loaded vehicle will take a long distance to stop because the spring brakes do not work on all axles Lightly loaded vehicles or vehicles on slippery roads may skid out of control when the spring brakes come on It is much safer to stop while there is enough air in the tanks to use the foot brakes 5 4 8 Parking Brakes Except as noted below use the parking brakes every time you park Pull the parking brake control knob out to apply the parking brakes push it in to release The control will be a yellow diamond shaped knob labeled parking brakes on newer vehicles On older vehicles it may be around blue knob or some other shape including a lever that swings from side to side or up and down Don t use the parking brakes if the brakes are very hot from just having come down a steep grade or if the brakes are very wet in freezing temperatures If they are used while they are very hot they can be damaged by the heat If they are used in freezing temperatures when the brakes are very wet they can freeze so the vehicle cannot move Use wheel chocks to hold the vehicle Le
127. e all shipping papers Figure 9 6 shows an example shipping paper After an accident or hazardous materials spill or leak you may be injured and unable to communicate the hazards of the materials you are transporting Firefighters and police can prevent or reduce the amount of damage or injury at the scene if they know what hazardous materials are being carried Your life and the lives of others may depend on quickly locating the hazardous materials shipping papers For that reason the rules require e Shippers to describe hazardous materials correctly and include an emergency response telephone number on shipping papers Carriers and drivers to quickly identify hazardous materials shipping papers or keep them on top of other shipping papers and keep the required emergency response information with the shipping papers e Drivers to keep hazardous materials shipping papers Ina pouch on the driver s door or Inclear view within immediate reach when the seat belt is fastened while driving or On the driver s seat when out of the vehicle 9 3 2 Package Labels Shippers put diamond shaped hazard warning labels on most hazardous materials packages These labels inform others of the hazard If the diamond label won t fit on the package shippers may put the label on a tag securely attached to the package For example compressed gas cylinders that will not hold a label will have tags or decals Labels look like the examp
128. e you have completed the shift return both hands to the steering wheel e Do not palm the wheel 13 1 17 Regular Traffic Checks e Check traffic regularly e Check mirrors regularly e Check mirrors and traffic before while in and after an intersection e Scan and check traffic in high volume areas and areas where pedestrians are expected to be present 13 1 18 Use of Turn Signals e Use turn signals properly e Activate turn signals when required e Activate turn signals at appropriate times e Cancel turn signals upon completion of a turn or lane change 13 1 19 Student Discharge School Bus If you are applying fora school bus endorsement you will be required to demonstrate the procedures for unloading students Please refer to sections 10 2 1 and 10 2 3 for these procedures 13 3 LAST WARNING 6 MILES 6 DOWNGRADE AHEAD RUNAWAY TRUCK RAMPS MP 221 97 VIEWPOINT 5 AXLES OR MORE WEIGHT SPEED 50 000 65 000 37 65 000 70 000 26 70 000 75 000 22 75 000 80 000 18 trucker warning RESPECT THE Emigrant 7 i RESPECT THE HILL Emigrant Hill commonly called Cabbage Hill is one of the most hazardous stretches of road along westbound Interstate 84 This seven mile downgrade 35 miles west of La Grande Oregon has some of the most changeable and severe weather conditions in the Northwest These conditions may impair visibility and cause icy road surface
129. e Left front suspension Condition of spring spring hangers shackles u bolts Shock absorber condition Left front brake Condition of brake drum or disc Condition of hoses Front e Condition of front axle e Condition of steering system No loose worn bent damaged or missing parts Must grab steering mechanism to test for looseness e Condition of windshield Check for damage and clean if dirty Check windshield wiper arms for proper spring tension Check wiper blades for damage stiff rubber and securement e Lights and reflectors Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Parking clearance and identification lights clean operating and proper color amber at front Reflectors clean and proper color amber at front Right front turn signal light clean operating and proper color amber on signals facing forward Right Side Right front check all items as done on left front Primary and secondary safety cab locks engaged if cab over engine design Right fuel tank s Securely mounted not damaged or leaking Fuel crossover line secure Tank s contain enough fuel Cap s on and secure Condition of visible parts Rear of engine not leaking Transmission not leaking Exhaust system secure not leaking not touching wires fuel or air lines Frame and cross members no bends or cracks
130. e backing and watch for late comers Be sure that all students are in the bus before backing If you must back up at a student drop off point be sure to unload students after backing 10 7 4 Tail Swing A school bus can have up to a three foot tail swing You need to check your mirrors before and during any turning movements to monitor the tail swing SECTION 10 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Define the danger zone How far does the danger zone extend around the bus 2 Whatshould you be able to see if the outside flat mirrors are adjusted properly The outside convex mirrors The crossover mirrors 3 You are loading students along the route When should you activate your alternating flashing amber warning lights 4 You are unloading students along your route Where should students walk to after exiting the bus 5 Afterunloading atschool why should you walk through the bus 6 What position should students be in front of the bus before they cross the roadway 7 Under what conditions must you evacuate the bus 8 How far from the nearest rail should you stop at a highway rail crossing 9 What is a passive highway rail crossing Why should you be extra cautious at this type of crossing 10 How should you use your brakes if your vehicle is equipped with antilock brakes ABS These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read Section 10 10 9 2014 2015 Commercial Driver Licen
131. e brakes won t work 5 1 8 Foundation Brakes Foundation brakes are used at each wheel The most common type is the s cam drum brake The parts of the brake are discussed below Brake Drums Shoes and Linings Brake drums are located on each end of the vehicle s axles The wheels are bolted to the drums The braking mechanism is inside the drum To stop the brake shoes and linings are pushed against the inside of the drum This causes friction which slows the vehicle and creates heat The heat a drum can take without damage depends on how hard and how long the brakes are used Too much heat can make the brakes stop working S cam Brakes When you press the brake pedal air is let into each brake chamber Air pressure forces the pushrod out of the brake chamber moving the slack adjuster thus twisting the brake camshaft This turns the s cam so called because it is shaped like the letter S The s cam forces the brake shoes away from one another and presses them against the inside of the brake drum When you release the brake pedal the s cam rotates back and a spring pulls the brake shoes away from the drum letting the wheels roll freely again See Figure 5 2 Most S cam brakes are self adjusting but some require manual adjustment DRUM BRAKE Brake chamber Brake drum Slack adjuster Adjusting nut N Brake shoe lining Figure 5 2 5 2 Wedge Brakes In this type of brake the brake chamber p
132. e bus The driver must ensure that these mirrors are properly adjusted Ensure that the mirrors are properly adjusted so you can see e The entire area in front of the bus from the front bumper at ground level to a point where direct vision is possible Direct vision and mirror view vision should overlap e The right and left front tires touching the ground e The area from the front of the bus to the service door 10 2 Figure 10 3 LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE CROSSOVER MIRRORS Crossover Mirror Crossover Mirror n wn 2 co 5 D r m w w Z a D Figure 10 4 These mirrors along with the convex and flat mirrors should be viewed in a logical sequence to ensure that a child or object Section 10 School Busess 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual is not in any of the danger zones Figure 10 4 illustrates how the left and right side crossover mirrors should be adjusted 10 1 6 Overhead Inside Rearview Mirror This mirroris mounted directly above the windshield on the driver s side area of the bus This mirror is used to monitor passenger activity inside the bus It may provide limited visibility directly in back of the bus if the bus is equipped with a glass bottomed rear emergency door There is a blind spot area directly behind the driver s seat as well as a large blind spot area that begins at the rear bumper and could extend up to 400 feet or more behind the bus Yo
133. e cuts the normal air pressure to the front brakes by half Limiting valves were used to reduce the chance of the front wheels skidding on slippery surfaces However they actually reduce the stopping power of the vehicle Front wheel braking is good under all conditions Tests have shown front wheel skids from braking are not likely even on ice Make sure the control is in the normal position to have normal stopping power Many vehicles have automatic front wheel limiting valves They reduce the air to the front brakes except when the brakes are put on very hard 60 psi or more application pressure These valves cannot be controlled by the driver 5 1 14 Spring Brakes All trucks truck tractors and buses must be equipped with emergency brakes and parking brakes They must be held on by mechanical force because air pressure can eventually leak away Spring brakes are usually used to meet these needs When driving powerful springs are held back by air pressure If the air pressure is removed the springs put on the brakes A parking brake control in the cab allows the driver to let the air out of the spring brakes This lets the springs put the brakes on A leak in the air brake system which causes all the air to be lost will also cause the springs to put on the brakes Tractor and straight truck spring brakes will come fully on when air pressure drops to a range of 20 to 45 psi typically 20 to 30 psi Do not wait for the
134. e in vehicles with sufficient ventilation Class 8 Corrosive Materials If loading by hand load breakable containers of corrosive liquid one by one Keep them right side up Do not drop or roll the containers Load them onto an even floor surface Stack carboys only if the lower tiers can bear the weight of the upper tiers safely Do not load nitric acid above any other product Load charged storage batteries so their liquid won t spill Keep them right side up Make sure other cargo won t fall against or short circuit them Never load corrosive liquids next to or above e Division 1 4 Explosives C e Division 4 1 Flammable Solids e Division 4 3 Dangerous When Wet e Class 5 Oxidizers e Division 2 3 Zone B Poisonous Gases Never load corrosive liquids with e Division 1 1 or 1 2 Explosives A e Division 1 2 or 1 3 Explosives B e Division 1 5 Blasting Agents e Division 2 3 Zone A Poisonous Gases e Division 4 2 Spontaneously Combustible Materials e Division 6 1 PGI Zone A Poison Liquids Class 2 Compressed Gases Including Cryogenic Liquids If your vehicle doesn t have racks to hold cylinders the cargo space floor must be flat The cylinders must be e Held securely upright e In racks attached to the vehicle or in boxes that will keep them from turning over Cylinders may be loaded in a horizontal position lying down if it is designed so the relief valve is in the vapor sp
135. e lights Valid license plates Windshield cracks that obstruct view Turn signals Mirrors both sides Horn Four way flashers hazard lights Brakes that act on all wheels including trailer wheels Exhaust system Parking brake Headlights Speedometer Seatbelts for driver and examiner except busses that have no belts for passengers These additional items must operate dependent upon weather and lighting conditions e Taillights clearance and marker lights e Windshield Wipers e Heater Defroster Trucks and tractors must also have hand and footholds that allow 3 point contact for entry or exit DMV cannot test when the vehicle is a combination vehicle with a coupling system that is not described in section 11 2 8 11 2 9 or 11 2 10 If unsure contact DMV before scheduling a skills test You may still pass the pre trip inspection test even though the examiner postpones the basic controls and or drive test for an equipment failure Study the following vehicle components for the type of vehicle you will be using during the CDL skills tests You will need to identify each For most components you must also explain to the examiner how you would determine whether the component is or is not secure and what conditions would make the component unsafe 11 1 Engine Compartment All Vehicles Leaks e Look for fluid leaks on the ground under the engine You are checki
136. e loading as required or recommended by your state or local regulations 10 2 3 Unloading Procedures on the Route e Perform a safe stop at designated unloading areas as described in subsection 10 2 1 10 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Have the students remain seated until told to exit Check all mirrors Count the number of students while unloading to confirm the location of all students before pulling away from the stop Tell students to exit the bus and walk at least 10 feet away from the side of the bus to a position where the driver can plainly see all students Check all mirrors again Make sure no students are around or returning to the bus If you cannot account for a student outside the bus secure the bus and check around and underneath the bus When all students are accounted for prepare to leave by Closing the door Engaging transmission Releasing parking brake Turning off alternating flashing red lights if they did not turn off upon closing the door Turning on signal if reentering traffic from an off road stop Checking all mirrors again Allowing congested traffic to disperse When it is safe move the bus as necessary to enter the traffic flow and continue the route Note If you have missed a student s unloading stop do not back up Be sure to follow local procedures Additional Procedures for Students That Must Cross the Roadway You
137. ean and functional Light and reflector checks include Clearance lights red on rear amber elsewhere Headlights high and low beams Tail lights Turn signals left and right Four way flashers Brake lights Red reflectors or reflective tape on rear and amber reflectors elsewhere Note Checks of brake lights turn signals and four way flasher functions must be done separately 11 4 2 Cab Check Engine Start Clutch Gearshift e Depress clutch if the vehicle has a manual transmission e Place gearshift lever in neutral or park for automatic transmissions e Start engine then release clutch slowly Air Gauge e Make sure the air gauge is working properly and that air pressure builds while the engine is running Oil Pressure Gauge e Make sure oil pressure gauge is working e Check that pressure gauge shows increasing or normal oil pressure or that the warning light goes off Ammeter Voltmeter e Check that gauges show alternator and or generator is charging or that warning light is off Section 11 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test Anti lock Braking System if equipped e Check that warning light turns off Temperature Gauge e Make sure the temperature gauge is working e Temperature should begin to climb to the normal operating range or temperature light should be off Lighting Indicators e Left and right turn signal indicators operate when the corresponding s
138. eck for other vehicles e At streetcar crossings e Where a policeman or flagman is directing traffic e If a traffic signal is green e At crossings marked as exempt or abandoned 4 3 6 Drawbridges Stop at drawbridges that do not have a signal light or traffic control attendant Stop at least 50 feet before the draw of the bridge Look to make sure the draw is completely closed before crossing You do not need to stop but must slow down and make sure it s safe when e There is a traffic light showing green e The bridge has an attendant or traffic officer who controls traffic whenever the bridge opens 4 4 After trip Vehicle Inspection Inspect your bus at the end of each shift If you work for an interstate carrier you must complete a written inspection report for each bus driven The report must specify each bus and list any defect that would affect safety or result in a breakdown If there are no defects the report should say so Section 4 Transporting Passengers Safely Riders sometimes damage safety related parts such as handholds seats emergency exits and windows If you report this damage at the end of a shift mechanics can make repairs before the bus goes out again Mass transit drivers should also make sure passenger signaling devices and brake door interlocks work properly 4 5 Prohibited Practices Avoid fueling your bus with riders on board unless absolutely necessary Never refu
139. eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 9 m e e ee e e e e e e e e e ee ee eee m e m e e Figure 6 1 6 1 4 Railroad Highway Crossings Railroad highway crossings can also cause problems particularly when pulling trailers with low underneath clearance These trailers can get stuck on raised crossings e Low slung units lowboy car carrier moving van possum belly livestock trailer e Single axle tractor pulling a long trailer with its landing gear set to accommodate a tandem axle tractor If for any reason you get stuck on the tracks get out of the vehicle and away from the tracks Check signposts or signal housing at the crossing for emergency notification information Call 911 or other emergency number Give the location of the crossing using all identifiable landmarks especially the DOT number if posted 6 1 5 Prevent Trailer Skids When the wheels of a trailer lock up the trailer will tend to swing around This is more likely to happen when the trailer is empty or lightly loaded This type of jackknife is often called a trailer jackknife See Figure 6 2 6 2 The procedure for stopping a trailer skid is Recognize the Skid The earliest and best way to recognize that the trailer has started to skid is by seeing it in your mirrors Any time you apply the brakes hard check the mirrors to make sure the trailer is staying where it should be Once the trailer swings out of your lane it s very difficult
140. efore you enter a curve Braking in a curve is dangerous because it is easier to lock the wheels and cause a skid Slow down as needed Don t ever exceed the posted speed limit for the curve Be in a gear that will let you accelerate slightly in the curve This will help you keep control Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 2 6 4 Speed and Distance Ahead You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead Fog rain or other conditions may require that you slow down to be able to stop in the distance you can see At night you can t see as far with low beams as you can with high beams When you must use low beams slow down 2 6 5 Speed and Traffic Flow When you re driving in heavy traffic the safest speed is the speed of other vehicles as long as the speed is legal and not excessive for conditions Vehicles going the same direction at the same speed are not likely to run into one another In many states speed limits are lower for trucks and buses than for cars It can vary as much as 15 mph Use extra caution when you change lanes or pass on these roadways Keep a safe following distance The main reason drivers exceed speed limits is to save time But anyone trying to drive faster than the speed of traffic will not be able to save much time The risks involved are not worth it If you go faster than the speed of other traffic you II have to keep passin
141. ehicle Column 4 lists the identification number for each proper shipping name Identification numbers are preceded by the letters UN or NA The letters NA are associated with proper shipping names that are only used within the United States and to and from Canada The identification number must appear on the shipping paper as part of the shipping description and also appear on the package It also must appear on cargo tanks and other bulk packaging Police 9 4 Packaging 173 Special Provisions 172 102 Exceptions Appendix A to 49 CFR 172 List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities Hazardous Substances Reportable Quantity RQ Pounds Kilograms Phosphine 100 45 4 Phosphoric acid 5 000 2270 100 45 4 0 4 54 Phosphoric acid 4 nitrophenyl ester Phosphoric acid lead salt 10 454 Spills of 10 pounds or more must be reported Figure 9 5 diethyl and firefighters use this number to quickly identify the hazardous materials Column 5 shows the packing group in Roman numeral assigned to a material Column 6 shows the hazard warning label s shippers must put on packages of hazardous materials Some products require use of more than one label due to a dual hazard being present Column 7 lists the additional special provisions that apply to this material When there is an entry in this column you must refer to the federal regulations for specific inform
142. ehicle for the electronic control unit ECU and wheel speed sensor wires coming from the back of the brakes ABS is an addition to your normal brakes It does not decrease or increase your normal braking capability ABS only activates when wheels are about to lock up ABS does not necessarily shorten your stopping distance but it does help you keep the vehicle under control during hard braking SUBSECTION 5 1 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Why must air tanks be drained What is a supply pressure gauge used for 3 All vehicles with air brakes must have alow air pressure warning signal True or False 4 What are spring brakes 5 Front wheel brakes are good under all conditions True or False 6 How do you know if your vehicle is equipped with antilock brakes Ne These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsection 5 1 5 2 Dual Air Brake Most heavy duty vehicles use dual air brake systems for safety A dual air brake system has two separate air brake systems which use a single set of brake controls Each system has its own air tanks hoses lines etc One system typically operates the regular brakes on the rear axle or axles The other system operates the regular brakes on the front axle and possibly one rear axle Both systems supply air to the trailer if there is one The first system is called the primary system The other is called the secondary system
143. ehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating GVWR or actual gross vehicle weight GVW of 26 001 pounds or more e A trailer or multiple trailers with a total GVWR or GVW of more than 10 000 pounds when the gross combination weight rating GCWR or actual gross combination weight GCW of all vehicles combined is 26 001 pounds or more e A vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers including the driver e Any size vehicle that is used in the transportation of any material that requires hazardous materials placards or any quantity of a material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR Part 73 e Any motor home or recreational vehicle that meets the definition above and is used for business purposes To get a CDL you must pass knowledge and skills tests You also may need to pass additional tests including drive tests depending on the vehicles you plan to drive This manual will help you prepare for the tests This manual is not a substitute for a truck driver training class or program Formal training is the most reliable way to learn the many special skills required for safely driving a large commercial vehicle and becoming a professional driver in the trucking industry Figure 1 1 helps you determine if you need a CDL Do You Need a CDL Does the vehicle or combination of vehicles have a manufacturer s weight rating GVWR or actual gross vehicle weight GVW over 26 000 pounds Is the vehicle a combination veh
144. el in a closed building with riders on board Don t talk with riders or engage in any other distracting activity while driving Do not tow or push a disabled bus with riders aboard the vehicle unless getting off would be unsafe Only tow or push the bus to the nearest safe spot to discharge passengers Follow your employer s guidelines on towing or pushing disabled buses 4 6 Use of Brake door Interlocks Urban mass transit coaches may have a brake and accelerator interlock system The interlock applies the service brakes and holds the throttle in idle position when the rear door is open The interlock releases when you close the rear door Do not use this safety feature in place of the parking brake SECTION 4 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Name some things to check in the interior of a bus during a pre trip inspection 2 What are some hazardous materials you can transport by bus 3 What are some hazardous materials you can t transport by bus 4 What is a standee line 5 Does it matter where you make a disruptive passenger get off the bus 6 How far froma railroad crossing should you stop 7 When must you stop before crossing a drawbridge 8 Describe from memory the prohibited practices listed in the manual 9 The rear door of a transit bus has to be open to put on the parking brake True or False These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read Section 4 4 3
145. elt when on the road Apply the parking brake when you leave your vehicle 2 2 1 Accelerating Oregon law requires many commercial motor vehicles to be equipped with forward crossview mirrors or that drivers visually inspect the intended path of the vehicle before reentering the vehicle Ensure your path is free of persons and objects before moving the vehicle Don t roll back when you start You may hit someone behind you If you have a manual transmission vehicle partly engage the clutch before you take your right foot off the brake Put on the parking brake whenever necessary to keep from rolling back Release the parking brake only when you have applied enough engine power Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual to keep from rolling back On a tractor trailer equipped with a trailer brake hand valve the hand valve can be applied to keep from rolling back Speed up smoothly and gradually so the vehicle does not jerk Rough acceleration can cause mechanical damage When pulling a trailer rough acceleration can damage the coupling Speed up very gradually when traction is poor as in rain or snow If you use too much power the drive wheels may spin You could lose control If the drive wheels begin to spin take your foot off the accelerator 2 2 2 Steering Hold the steering wheel firmly with both hands Your hands should be on opposite sides of the wheel If you hit a curb or a
146. en you see you 1l need to slow down A few light taps on the brake pedal enough to flash the brake lights should warn following drivers Use the four way emergency flashers for times when you are driving very slowly or are stopped Warn other drivers in any of the following situations Trouble Ahead The size of your vehicle may make it hard for drivers behind you to see hazards ahead If you see a hazard that will require slowing down warn the drivers behind by flashing your brake lights Tight Turns Most car drivers don t know how slowly you have to go to make a tight turn in a large vehicle Give drivers behind you warning by braking early and slowing gradually Stopping on the Road Truck and bus drivers sometimes stop in the roadway to unload cargo or passengers or to stop at a railroad crossing Warn following drivers by flashing your brake lights Don t stop suddenly Driving Slowly Drivers often do not realize how fast they are catching up to a slow vehicle until they are very close If you must drive slowly alert following drivers by turning on your emergency flashers if it is legal Laws regarding the use of flashers differ from one state to another Check the laws of the states where you will drive Don t Direct Traffic Some drivers try to help out others by signaling when it is safe to pass You should not do this You could cause an accident You could be blamed and it could cost you many thousands of dollars
147. ense CDL with a hazardous materials endorsement before you drive any size vehicle that is used to transport hazardous material as defined in 49 CFR 383 5 You must pass a written test about the regulations and requirements to get this endorsement Everything youneed to know to pass the written test is in this section However this is only a beginning Most drivers need to know much more on the job You can learn more by reading and understanding the federal and state rules applicable to hazardous materials as well as attending hazardous materials training courses Your employer colleges and universities and various associations usually offer these courses You can get copies of the Federal Regulations 49 CFR through your local Government Printing Office bookstore and various industry publishers Union or company offices often have copies of the rules for driver use Find out where you can get your own copy to use on the job The regulations require training and testing for all drivers involved in transporting hazardous materials Your employer or a designated representative is required to provide this training and testing Hazardous materials employers are required to keep a record of that training on each employee as long as that employee is working with hazardous materials and for 90 days thereafter The regulations require that hazardous materials employees be trained and tested by their employer at least once every three years All
148. er range while you are driving Engine Coolant Before starting out make sure the engine cooling system has enough water and antifreeze according to the engine manufacturer s directions Antifreeze helps the engine under hot conditions as well as cold conditions When driving check the water temperature or coolant temperature gauge from time to time Make sure that it remains in the normal range If the gauge goes above the highest safe temperature there may be something wrong that could lead to engine failure and possibly fire Stop driving as soon as safely possible and try to find out what is wrong Some vehicles have sight glasses see through coolant overflow containers or coolant recovery containers These permit you to check the coolant level while the engine is hot If the container is not part of the pressurized system the cap can be safely removed and coolant added even when the engine is at operating temperature Never remove the radiator cap or any part of the pressurized system until the system has cooled Steam and boiling water can spray under pressure and cause severe burns If you can touch the radiator cap with your bare hand it is probably cool enough to open If coolant has to be added to a system without a recovery tank or overflow tank follow these steps e Shut engine off Wait until engine has cooled Protect hands use gloves or a thick cloth Turn radiator cap slowly to the first stop which releases t
149. ercial Driver License Manual Back Slowly This will let you make corrections before you get too far off course Correct Drift Immediately As soon as you see the trailer getting off the proper path correct it by turning the top of the steering wheel in the direction of the drift Pull Forward When backing a trailer make pull ups to re position your vehicle as needed BACKING A TRAILER 30 Right Figure 6 5 6 4 SUBSECTION 6 1 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE What two things are important to prevent rollover 2 When you turn suddenly while pulling doubles which trailer is most likely to turn over 3 Why should you not use the trailer hand brake to straighten out a jackknifing trailer 4 What is offtracking 5 When you back a trailer you should position your vehicle so you can back in a curved path to the driver s side True or False 6 Whattype of trailers can get stuck on railroad highway crossings j These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsection 6 1 6 2 Combination Vehicle Air Brakes You should study Section 5 Air Brakes before reading this In combination vehicles the braking system has parts to control the trailer brakes in addition to the parts described in Section 5 These parts are described below 6 2 1 Trailer Hand Valve The trailer hand valve also called the trolley valve or Johnson bar works the trailer brakes
150. erefore it can be used to slow the vehicle However be sure to press the release button or pull the release lever at the same time you use the emergency brake so you can adjust the brake pressure and keep the wheels from locking up Find an Escape Route While slowing the vehicle look for an escape route an open field side street or escape ramp Turning uphill is a good way to slow and stop the vehicle Make sure the vehicle does not start rolling backward after you stop Put it in low gear apply the parking brake and if necessary roll back into some obstacle that will stop the vehicle Brake Failure on Downgrades Going slow enough and braking properly will almost always prevent brake failure on long downgrades Once the brakes have failed however you are going to have to look outside your vehicle for something to stop it Your best hope is an escape ramp If there is one there I be signs telling you about it Use it Ramps are usually located a few miles from the top of the downgrade Every year hundreds of drivers avoid injury to themselves or damage to their vehicles by using escape ramps Some escape ramps use soft gravel that resists the motion of the vehicle and brings it to a stop Others turn uphill using the hill to stop the vehicle and soft gravel to hold it in place Any driver who loses brakes going downhill should use an escape ramp if it s available If you don t use it your chances of having a serious cras
151. ergency Response Guide ERG These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 9 6 and 9 7 Section 9 Hazardous Materialss 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 9 8 Hazardous Materials Glossary This glossary presents definitions of certain terms used in this section A complete glossary of terms can be found in the federal Hazardous Materials Rules 49 CFR 171 8 You should have an up to date copy of these rules for your reference Note You will not be tested on this glossary Sec 171 8 Definitions and abbreviations Bulk packaging Packaging other than a vessel or a barge including atransport vehicle or freight container in which hazardous materials are loaded with no intermediate form of containment and which has 1 A maximum capacity greater than 450 L 119 gallons as a receptacle for a liquid 2 A maximum net mass greater than 400 kg 882 pounds or a maximum capacity greater than 450 L 119 gallons as a receptacle for a solid or 3 A water capacity greater than 454 kg 1000 pounds as a receptacle for a gas as defined in Sec 173 115 Cargo tank A bulk packaging which 1 Is a tank intended primarily for the carriage of liquids or gases and includes appurtenances reinforcements fittings and closures for tank see 49 CFR 178 3451 c 178 3371 or 178 3381 as applicable 2 Is permanently attached to or forms a part of a motor
152. erstate commerce or intrastate commerce only and whether the vehicle is transporting property or passengers Consult 49 CEFR Part 395 for information about interstate hours of service limits and Oregon Administrative Rule 740 100 0010 2 g through j for information about intrastate hours of service limits Both of these regulations are discussed in detail at hitp www oregon gov ODOT MCT Pages EDUCATION aspx Safety 1 6 5 Other Rules There are other federal and state rules that affect drivers operating CMV s in all states Among them are You cannot have more than one license If you break this rule a court may fine you up to 6 500 or put you in jail and keep your home state license and return any others You must notify your employer within 30 days of conviction for any traffic violations except parking This is true no matter what type of vehicle you were driving You must notify your employer if your license is suspended revoked or canceled or if you are disqualified from driving You must give your employer information on all driving jobs you have held for the past 10 years You must do this when you apply for a commercial driving job No one can drive a commercial motor vehicle without a CDL or CLP A court may fine you or put you in jail for breaking this rule 1 7 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 1 8 If you have a hazardous materials endorsement you must notify and surrender your hazardou
153. ess than 04 while operating a CMV 1 2 4 Commercial Learner Permits You can get a commercial learner permit CLP to operate any class of CMV if you e are at least 18 years old have at least one year of driving experience have a valid Oregon driver license prove U S citizenship or legal presence provide a valid social security number pass the CDL general knowledge test present a valid medical certificate or medical waiver and e pay the required fee With your permit you may drive a CMV of any class as long as the person in the seat next to you is at least 21 years of age and has the appropriate class CDL and proper endorsement s to drive the vehicle However you may not operate any vehicle transporting hazardous materials Your permit is valid for one year 1 2 5 Hardship Permits If your driving privileges are suspended for any reason you will not be able to get a hardship permit to drive a commercial motor vehicle If you are eligible to obtain a hardship permit to drive non commercial vehicles you will have to surrender your CDL 1 3 Obtaining Your License To apply for a CDL you must be at least 18 years old You must be at least 21 years old to drive commercial vehicles in interstate commerce Note Interstate commerce includes vehicle operation within the Oregon if the trade traffic or transportation originates or terminates outside Oregon All applicants must meet all the requireme
154. eted duaetcavevocteesdttbetees aa aerie Ee etet eae a aaien iti eaoaai 7 1 T2 Couplins and Uncoupling s s 2cncdie cee wd Sh te healed RRS aceee dh ERMA EN eer Bie als 7 1 Ta Inspecting Doubles and Triples reri arn en css EEE RE NEENA E N EEEN cegton AER E oe ee a i 7 3 TA Do bles Tripl s Air Brake Check irsinin irene n E rae at ETO AA A EE AA TA ER 7 3 Tank Vehicles ifs a oiea eo ii ait nE AEEA AA AS EEE Ea PESARA E SEE A EEEE AA 8 1 8 1 Inspecting Tank Vehicles Siro Sila a a E AE A E RT Batis 8 1 8 2 Divine Tank Vehicles sprane n r aA ERE E E EAE EE AE OA EE E AE R EE 8 1 83 Safe Driving Rules a aaen vg ais ea ieee eda ees alist A E re a aaah TAE 8 2 Hazardous Materials 3 033 003 se Gau obits iia A aisia ara SaNi 9 1 941 The Intent ofthe Resulations 3 15 34 T led tied Mai Biel eee seein tee ch La aint he lok ah 9 1 9 2 Hazardous Materials Transportation Who Does What ccceseessseseseescesescescseesceecseescsecseseesecacsessesecseeassesseesseeaeeteas 9 2 9 3 Communication Rules eseeeeeeeeeeseeeeseeseeeeseeeeees 1 9 2 94 Loading and Unloading x 2 ciesrca Karan E E GER Sua ees cals cte dears cu eee ew eet se Age A REE eens eae 9 8 9 5 Bulk Packaging Marking Loading and Unloading 0 0 eeeeseeesseeseseesceecseeecsecscsecseecsecacseesesecsecaeeesseeasaeeseesaeeaeats 9 10 9 6 Hazardous Materials Driving and Parking Rules ceceseseeesseeseeesceecseeecsecsceecseseesessesesseeecseeacesseeasaeeasesseeaeats 9 11 9
155. f times that you may look to check the position of your vehicle is two 2 except for the Straight Line Backing exercise which allows one look Each time you open the door and move from a seated position where in physical control of the vehicle or walk to the back of a bus to get a better view it is scored as a look Final Position It is important that you finish each exercise exactly as the examiner has instructed you If you do not maneuver the vehicle into its final position as described by the examiner you will be penalized and could fail the basic skills test 12 2 Exercises 12 2 1 Straight Line Backing You may be asked to back your vehicle in a straight line for 100 feet without touching or crossing over the exercise boundaries The alley formed by the exercise boundaries is 12 feet wide See Figure 12 1 o o ee me me es meee a 2 Figure 12 1 Straight Line Backing 12 2 2 Offset Back Right You may be asked to back into a space that is to the right rear of your vehicle You will drive straight forward and back your vehicle into that space without touching or crossing the side boundaries or other boundary established by the examiner The alley formed by the exercise boundaries is 12 feet wide and 40 feet long Your vehicle must be straight upon completion of the exercise See Figure 12 2 Figure 12 2 Offset Back Right 12 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 12 2 3
156. for observing students Check for proper adjustment Checks that all internal and external mirrors and mirror brackets are not damaged and are mounted securely with no loose fittings Checks that visibility is not impaired due to dirty mirrors Stop Arm e If equipped check the stop arm to see that it is mounted securely to the frame of the vehicle Also check for loose fittings and damage Passenger Entry Lift e Check that the entry door is not damaged operates smoothly and closes securely from the inside Hand rails are secure and the step light is working if equipped The entry steps must be clear with the treads not loose or worn excessively If equipped with a wheelchair lift look for leaking damaged or missing parts and explain how lift should be checked for correct operation Lift must be fully retracted and latched securely Emergency Exit e Make sure that emergency exits are identified and that emergency exit doors operate smoothly and close securely from the inside e Check that any emergency exit warning devices are working 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Seating e Look for broken seat frames and check that seat frames are firmly attached to the floor e Check that seat cushions are attached securely to the seat frames School Bus Labeling e Check to ensure Unlawful to Pass When Red Lights Flash lettering on rear of bus is present and clear e Check that
157. format and message are easily seen Be affixed to a background of contrasting color The use of Drive Safely and other slogans is prohibited The front placard may be on the front of the tractor or the front of the trailer To decide which placards to use you need to know e The hazard class of the materials e The amount of hazardous materials shipped e The total weight of all classes of hazardous materials in your vehicle 9 3 11 Placard Tables There are two placard tables Table 1 and Table 2 Table 1 materials must be placarded whenever any amount is transported See Figure 9 7 Except for bulk packaging the hazard classes in Table 2 need placards only if the total amount transported is 1 001 pounds or more including the package Add the amounts from all shipping papers for all the Table 2 products you have on board See Figure 9 8 You may use DANGEROUS placards instead of separate placards for each Table 2 hazard class when e You have 1 001 pounds or more of two or more Table 2 hazard classes requiring different placards and e You have not loaded 2 205 pounds or more of any Table 2 hazard class material at any one place You must use the specific placard for this material e The dangerous placard is an option not a requirement You can always placard for the materials Section 9 Hazardous Materials Placard Table 2 1 001 Pounds Or More Category of Material Placard Name Hazard class or divisi
158. g 4 1 3 Bus Interior People sometimes damage unattended buses Always check the interior of the bus before driving to ensure rider safety Aisles and stairwells should always be clear The following parts of your bus must be in safe working condition e Each handhold and railing e Floor covering e Signaling devices including the restroom emergency buzzer if the bus has a restroom e Emergency exit handles The seats must be safe for riders All seats must be securely fastened to the bus Never drive with an open emergency exit door or window The Emergency Exit sign on an emergency door must be clearly visible If there is a red emergency door light it must work Turn it on at night or any other time you use your outside lights 4 1 4 Roof Hatches You may lock some emergency roof hatches in a partly open position for fresh air Do not leave them open as a regular practice Keep in mind the bus s higher clearance while driving with them open Make sure your bus has the fire extinguisher and emergency reflectors required by law The bus must also have spare electrical fuses unless equipped with circuit breakers 4 1 5 Use Your Seatbelt The driver s seat should have a seat belt Always use it for safety 4 2 Loading and Trip Start Do not allow riders to leave carry on baggage in a doorway or aisle There should be nothing in the aisle that might trip other riders Secure baggage and freight
159. g In some weather water or slush collects on the road When this happens your vehicle can hydroplane It s like water skiing the tires lose their contact with the road and have little or no traction You may not be able to steer or brake You can regain control by releasing the accelerator and pushing in the clutch This will slow your vehicle and let the wheels turn freely If the vehicle is hydroplaning do not use the brakes to slow down If the drive wheels start to skid push in the clutch to let them turn freely It does not take a lot of water to cause hydroplaning Hydroplaning can occur at speeds as low as 30 mph if there is a lot of water Hydroplaning is more likely if tire pressure is low or the tread is worn The grooves in a tire carry away the water if they aren t deep they don t work well Road surfaces where water can collect can create conditions that cause a vehicle to hydroplane Watch for clear reflections tire splashes and raindrops on the road These are indications of standing water 2 6 3 Speed and Curves Drivers must adjust their speed for curves in the road If you take a curve too fast two things can happen The tires can lose their traction and continue straight ahead so you skid off the road Or the tires may keep their traction and the vehicle rolls over Tests have shown that trucks with a high center of gravity can roll over at the posted speed limit for a curve Slow to a safe speed b
160. g other vehicles This increases the chance of a crash and it is more tiring Fatigue increases the chance of a crash Going with the flow of traffic is safer and easier 2 6 6 Speed on Downgrades Your vehicle s speed will increase on downgrades because of gravity Your most important objective is to select and maintain a speed that is not too fast for the e Total weight of the vehicle and cargo e Length of the grade e Steepness of the grade e Road conditions e Weather If a speed limit is posted or there is a sign indicating Maximum Safe Speed never exceed the speed shown Also look for and heed warning signs indicating the length and steepness of the grade You must use the braking effect of the engine as the principal way of controlling your speed on downgrades The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears Save your brakes so you will be able to slow or stop as required by road and traffic conditions Shift your transmission to a low gear before starting down the grade and use the proper braking techniques Please read carefully the section on going down long steep downgrades safely in Mountain Driving 2 6 7 Roadway Work Zones Speeding traffic is the number one cause of injury and death in roadway work zones Observe the posted speed limits at all times when approaching and driving through a work zone Watch your speedome
161. g hard brake applications Vehicles with ABS have yellow malfunction lamps to tell you if something isn t working Tractors trucks and buses will have yellow ABS malfunction lamps on the instrument panel TRACTOR PROTECTION VALVE amp EMERGENCY TRAILER BRAKE OPERATION Tractor protection valve e Provides air supply e Closes automatically if air supply drops when driving The parking brakes when applied close the tractor protection valve and set the spring brakes at the same time EMERGENCY SPRING BRAKE RELEASE PULL TO APPLY TRACTOR PROTECTION PULL TO APPLY BLUE PARKING BRAKES PUSH AND HOLD oO Mang TRAILER PARKING AIR SUPPLY Raae DR post ary AM RED YELLOW PUSH TO PUSH TO RELEASE RELEASE Figure 5 3 5 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Dual Air Brake System With ABS Courtesy of Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems LLC All rights Reserved TRACTOR Se HN CONTROL CONTROL VALVE COUPLING COUPLING a C Era AA AAN CONTROL TRAILER 7 PIN VALVE HAND CONNECTOR 7 PIN VALVE CONNECTOR WHEEL IN WHEEL WHEEL SPEED SPEED SPEED SENSORT ff SENSOR TSENSOR BABAR RRB paan DOUBLE CHECK VALVE AIR DISK AIR DISK AIR DISK AIR DISK AIR DISK BRAKE BRAKE BRAKE BRAKE BRAKE i ANTILOCK MODULATOR BRAKE ANTILOCK VALVE MODULATOR Quick RELEASE VALV
162. g this If you need to make a larger steering adjustment or if the wheels lock release the brakes Re apply the brakes as soon as you can Stab Braking e Apply your brakes all the way e Release brakes when wheels lock up e As soon as the wheels start rolling apply the brakes fully again It can take up to one second for the wheels to start rolling after you release the brakes If you re apply the brakes before the wheels start rolling the vehicle won t straighten out Don t Jam on the Brakes Emergency braking does not mean pushing down on the brake pedal as hard as you can That will only keep the wheels locked up and cause a skid If the wheels are skidding you cannot control the vehicle 2 25 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 2 17 3 Brake Failure Brakes kept in good condition rarely fail Most hydraulic brake failures occur for one of two reasons Air brakes are discussed in Section 5 e Loss of hydraulic pressure e Brake fade on long hills Loss of Hydraulic Pressure When the system won t build up pressure the brake pedal will feel spongy or go to the floor Here are some things you can do Downshift Putting the vehicle into a lower gear will help to slow the vehicle Pump the Brakes Sometimes pumping the brake pedal will generate enough hydraulic pressure to stop the vehicle Use the Parking Brake The parking or emergency brake is separate from the hydraulic brake system Th
163. ger but do show that you mean business If a change of seating is needed request that the student move to a seat near you Never put a student off the bus except at school or at his or her designated school bus stop If you feel that the offense is serious enough that you cannot safely drive the bus call for a school administrator or the police to come and remove the student Always follow your state or local procedures for requesting assistance 10 8 10 6 Antilock Braking Systems 10 6 1 Vehicles Required to Have Antilock Braking Systems The Department of Transportation requires that antilock braking systems be on e Air brakes vehicles trucks buses trailers and converter dollies built on or after March 1 1998 e Hydraulically braked trucks and buses with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10 000 Ibs or more built on or after March 1 1999 Many buses built before these dates have been voluntarily equipped with ABS Your school bus will have a yellow ABS malfunction lamp on the instrument panel if it is equipped with ABS 10 6 2 How ABS Helps You When you brake hard on slippery surfaces in a vehicle without ABS your wheels may lock up When your steering wheels lock up you lose steering control When your other wheels lock up you may skid or even spin the vehicle ABS helps you avoid wheel lock up and maintain control You may or may not be able to stop faster with ABS but you should be able to stee
164. gh Winds Strong winds affect the handling of the school bus The side of a school bus acts like a sail on a sailboat Strong winds can push the school bus sideways They can even move the school bus off the road or in extreme conditions tip it over If you are caught in strong winds e Keep a strong grip on the steering wheel Try to anticipate gusts e You should slow down to lessen the effect of the wind or pull off the roadway and wait e Contact your dispatcher to get more information on how to proceed 10 7 3 Backing Backing a school bus is strongly discouraged You should back your bus only when you have no other safe way to move the vehicle You should never back a school bus when students are outside of the bus Section 10 School Buses Backing is dangerous and increases your risk of a collision If you have no choice and you must back your bus follow these procedures Post a lookout The purpose of the lookout is to warn you about obstacles approaching persons and other vehicles The lookout should not give directions on how to back the bus Signal for quiet on the bus Constantly check all mirrors and rear windows Back slowly and smoothly If no lookout is available Set the parking brake Turn off the motor and take the keys with you Walk to the rear of the bus to determine whether the way is clear If you must back up at a student pick up point be sure to pick up students befor
165. ght 4 Name two situations where legal maximum weights may not be safe 5 What can happen if you don t have enough weight on the front axle 6 What is the minimum number of tiedowns for any flat bed load 7 Whatis the minimum number of tiedowns for a 20 foot load 8 Name the two basic reasons for covering cargo on an open bed 9 What must you check before transporting a sealed load These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read Section 3 3 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual THERE ARE ALL KINDS OF WAYS TO GET A DUII There are all kinds of things that can impair your driving alcohol drugs inhalants and even abuse of prescription and over the counter medication Oregon police are trained to spot any kind of impairment behind the wheel And that can spell big trouble Drive Sober It s The Way to Go Transportation Safety ODOT Section 3 Transporting Cargo Safely Section 4 Transporting Passengers Safely This Section Covers e Vehicle Inspection e Loading e On the Road e After trip Vehicle Inspection e Prohibited Practices e Use of Brake door Interlocks Bus drivers must have a commercial driver license if they drive a vehicle designed to seat 16 or more persons including the driver Bus drivers musthave a passenger endorsement on their commercial driver license To get the endorsement you must pass a knowledge test on Sections
166. glossary at the end of Section 9 Hazardous Materials Class Name of Class or ae Examples Division p UOISIAIG Mass Explosion 1 2 Projection Hazard 1 3 Fire Hazard 1 4 Minor Explosion 1 5 Very Insensitive Blasting Agents 1 6 Extremely Insensitive Explosive Devices Flammable Gases Propane 2 2 Non Flammable Gases Helium 2 3 Poisonous Toxic Gases Fluorine Compressed Fammate ius 4 1 Flammable Solids Ammonium Picrate Wetted White Phosphorus Sodium Dynamite Flares Display Fireworks Ammunition 4 2 Spontaneously Combustible 4 3 Dangerous When Wet 5 1 Oxidizers 5 2 Organic Peroxides i i Potassium Cyanide Poison Toxic Material ha Infectious Substances Anthrax Virus 7 Radioactive Uranium 8 Corrosives_ Battery Fluid Miscellaneous Polychlorinated Hazardous Materials Biphenyls PCB ORM D Other Food Flavorings Regulated Material Domestic Medicines Combustible Liquids Fuel Oil Figure 9 1 Ammonium Nitrate Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide Section 9 Hazardous Materialss 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual A material s hazard class reflects the risks associated with it There are nine different hazard classes The types of materials included in these nine classes are in Figure 9 1 A shipping paper describes the hazardous materials being transported Shipping orders bills of lading and manifests ar
167. h may be much greater If no escape ramp is available take the least hazardous escape route you can such as an open field or a side road that flattens out or turns uphill Make the move as soon as you know your brakes don t work The longer you wait the faster the vehicle will go and the harder it will be to stop 2 17 4 Tire Failure Recognize Tire Failure Quickly knowing you have a tire failure will let you have more time to react Having just a few extra seconds to remember what it is you re supposed to do can help you The major signs of tire failure are e Sound The loud bang of a blowout is an easily recognized sign Because it can take a few seconds for your vehicle to react you might think it was some other vehicle But any time you hear a tire blow you d be safest to assume it is yours 2 26 e Vibration If the vehicle thumps or vibrates heavily it may be a sign that one of the tires has gone flat With a rear tire that may be the only sign you get Feel If the steering feels heavy it is probably a sign that one of the front tires has failed Sometimes failure of a rear tire will cause the vehicle to slide back and forth or fishtail However dual rear tires usually prevent this Respond to Tire Failure When a tire fails your vehicle is in danger You must immediately e Hold the Steering Wheel Firmly If a front tire fails it can twist the steering wheel out of your hand The only wa
168. h work from the air stored in the trailer air tank The emergency brakes come on whenever air pressure in the emergency line is lost These trailers have no parking brake The emergency brakes come on whenever the air supply knob is pulled out or the trailer is disconnected A major leak in the emergency line will cause the tractor protection valve to close and the trailer emergency brakes to come on But the brakes will hold only as long as there is air pressure in the trailer air tank Eventually the air will leak away and then there will be no brakes Therefore it is very important for safety that you use wheel chocks when you park trailers without spring brakes You may not notice a major leak in the service line until you try to put the brakes on Then the air loss from the leak will lower the air tank pressure quickly If it goes low enough the trailer emergency brakes will come on SUBSECTION 6 2 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Why should you not use the trailer hand valve while driving Describe what the trailer air supply control does Describe what the service line is for What is the emergency air line for Why should you use chocks when parking a trailer without spring brakes 6 Where are shut off valves nAbBwWN These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsection 6 2 6 6 6 3 Antilock Brake Systems 6 3 1 Trailers Required to Have ABS All trailers
169. h you may see on road signs or to HM in government regulations Hazardous materials include explosives various types of gases solids flammable and combustible liquids and other materials Because of the risks involved and the potential consequences these risks impose all levels of government regulate the handling of hazardous materials The Hazardous Materials Regulations HMR is found in parts 100 185 of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations The common reference for these regulations is 49 CFR 100 185 The Hazardous Materials Table in these regulations contains a list of these items However this list is not all inclusive Whether or not a material is considered hazardous is based on its characteristics and the shipper s decision on whether or not the material meets a definition of a hazardous material in the regulations The regulations require vehicles transporting certain types or quantities of hazardous materials to display diamond shaped square on point warning signs called placards This section is designed to assist you in understanding yourrole and responsibilities in hauling hazardous materials Due to the constantly changing nature of government regulations it is impossible to guarantee absolute accuracy of the materials in this section An up to date copy of the complete regulations is essential for you to have Included in these regulations is a complete glossary of terms You must have a commercial driver lic
170. handle the emergency They may have to travel miles to get to you This information will help them to bring the right equipment the first time without having to go back for it Never move your vehicle if doing so will cause contamination or damage the vehicle Keep upwind and away from roadside rests truck stops cafes and businesses Never try to repack leaking containers Unless you have the training and equipment to repair leaks safely don t try it Call your dispatcher or supervisor for instructions and if needed emergency personnel 9 7 4 Responses to Specific Hazards Class 1 Explosives If your vehicle has a breakdown or accident while carrying explosives warn others of the danger Keep bystanders away Do not allow smoking or open fire near the vehicle If there is a fire warn everyone of the danger of explosion Remove all explosives before separating vehicles involved in a collision Place the explosives at least 200 feet from the vehicles and occupied buildings Stay a safe distance away Class 2 Compressed Gases If compressed gas is leaking from your vehicle warn others of the danger Only permit those involved in removing the hazard or wreckage to get close You must notify the shipper if compressed gas is involved in any accident Unless you are fueling machinery used in road construction or maintenance do not transfer a flammable compressed gas from one tank to another on any public roadway Section 9
171. he pressure seal Step back while pressure is released from cooling system When all pressure has been released press down on the cap and turn it further to remove it Visually check level of coolant and add more coolant if necessary Replace cap and turn all the way to the closed position Engine Belts Learn how to check v belt tightness on your vehicle by pressing on the belts Loose belts will not turn the water pump and or fan properly This will result in overheating Also check belts for cracking or other signs of wear Hoses Make sure coolant hoses are in good condition A broken hose while driving can lead to engine failure and even fire 2 21 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 2 14 2 Driving Watch for Bleeding Tar Tar in the road pavement frequently rises to the surface in very hot weather Spots where tar bleeds to the surface are very slippery Go Slowly Enough to Prevent Overheating High speeds create more heat for tires and the engine In desert conditions the heat may build up to the point where it is dangerous The heat will increase chances of tire failure or even fire and engine failure SUBSECTIONS 2 11 2 12 2 13 AND 2 14 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE You should use low beams whenever you can True or False 2 What should you do before you drive if you are drowsy 3 Whateffects can wet brakes cause How can you avoid these problems 4 You should let air out of hot tires
172. he rules require all drivers of placarded vehicles to learn how to safely load and transport hazardous products They must have a commercial driver license with the hazardous materials endorsement 2 33 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual To get the required endorsement you must pass a written test on material found in Section 9 of this manual A tank endorsement may also be required when the vehicle transports hazardous liquids or gases See Section 8 of this manual Drivers who need the hazardous materials endorsement must learn the placard rules If you do not know if your vehicle needs placards ask your employer Never drive a vehicle needing placards unless you have the hazardous materials endorsement To do so is a crime When stopped you will be cited and you will not be allowed to drive your truck further It will cost you time and money A failure to placard when needed may risk your life and others if you have an accident Emergency help will not know of your hazardous cargo Hazardous materials drivers must also know which products they can load together and which they cannot These rules are also in Section 9 Before loading a truck with more than one type of product you must know if it is safe to load them together If you do not know ask your employer and consult the regulations 2 34 SUBSECTIONS 2 22 2 23 AND 2 24 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Common medicines for colds can make you sleepy True o
173. he vehicle and cargo e Length of the grade e Steepness of the grade e Road conditions e Weather If a speed limit is posted or there is a sign indicating Maximum Safe Speed never exceed the speed shown Also look for and heed warning signs indicating the length and steepness of the grade You must use the braking effect of the engine as the principal way of controlling your speed The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears Save your brakes so you will be able to slow or stop as required by road and traffic conditions 2 16 2 Select the Right Gear Before Starting Down the Grade Shift the transmission to a low gear before starting down the grade Do not try to downshift after your speed has already built up You will not be able to shift into a lower gear You may not even be able to get back into any gear and all engine braking effect will be lost Forcing an automatic transmission into a lower gear at high 2 24 speed could damage the transmission and also lead to loss of all engine braking effect With older trucks a rule for choosing gears is to use the same gear going down a hill that you would need to climb the hill However new trucks have low friction parts and streamlined shapes for fuel economy They may also have more powerful engines This means they can go up hills in higher gears and have less friction and air drag to hold t
174. hem back going down hills For that reason drivers of modern trucks may have to use lower gears going down a hill than would be required to go up the hill You should know what is right for your vehicle 2 16 3 Brake Fading or Failure Brakes are designed so brake shoes or pads rub against the brake drum or disks to slow the vehicle Braking creates heat but brakes are designed to take a lot of heat However brakes can fade or fail from excessive heat caused by using them too much and not relying on the engine braking effect Brake fade is also affected by adjustment To safely control a vehicle every brake must do its share of the work Brakes out of adjustment will stop doing their share before those that are in adjustment The other brakes can then overheat and fade and there will not be enough braking available to control the vehicle Brakes can get out of adjustment quickly especially when they are used a lot also brake linings wear faster when they are hot Therefore brake adjustment must be checked frequently 2 16 4 Proper Braking Technique Remember the use of brakes on along and or steep downgrade is only a supplement to the braking effect of the engine Once the vehicle is in the proper low gear the following is the proper braking technique e Apply the brakes just hard enough to feel a definite slowdown e When your speed has been reduced to approximately five mph below your safe speed release the brakes
175. hem together in the same cargo space Figure 9 9 lists some examples The regulations the Segregation Table for Hazardous Materials name other materials you must keep apart Do Not Load Table Do Not Load In The Same Vehicle With Division 6 1 or 2 3 Animal or human food unless the POISON or poison poison package is over packed in inhalation hazard an approved way Foodstuffs are labeled material anything you swallow However mouthwash toothpaste and skin creams are not foodstuff Division 1 1 1 2 1 3 Explosives Division 5 1 Oxidizers Class 3 Flammable Liquids Class 8 Corrosive Liquids Division 5 2 Organic Peroxides Division 1 1 1 2 1 3 Explosives Division 1 5 Blasting Agents Division 2 1 Flammable Gases Class 4 Flammable Solids Charged storage bat Division 1 1 teries Class 1 Detonating Any other explosives unless in primers authorized containers or pack ages Acids corrosive materials or other acidic materials which could release hydrocyanic acid For Example Cyanides Inorganic n o s Silver Cyanide Sodium Cyanide Other materials unless the nitric acid is not loaded above any other material Division 2 3 Poison ous gas Zone Aor Division 6 1 Poison liquids PGI Zone A Division 6 1 Cya nides or cyanide mixtures Nitric acid Class 8 Figure 9 9 9 9 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual SUBSECTION 9 4 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDG
176. hicle it is the area ahead of the vehicle the space you re driving into that is most important The Need for Space Ahead You need space ahead in case you must suddenly stop According to accident reports the vehicle that trucks and buses most often run into is the one in front of them The most frequent cause is following too closely Remember if the vehicle ahead of you is smaller than yours it can probably stop faster than you can You may crash if you are following too closely How Much Space How much space should you keep in front of you One good rule says you need at least one second for each 10 feet of vehicle length at speeds below 40 mph At greater speeds you must add second for safety For example if you are driving a 40 foot vehicle you should leave 4 seconds between you and the vehicle ahead In a 60 foot rig you ll need 6 seconds Over 40 mph you d need 5 seconds for a 40 foot vehicle and 7 seconds for a 60 foot vehicle See Figure 2 12 To know how much space you have wait until the vehicle ahead passes a shadow on the road a pavement marking or some other clear landmark Then count off the seconds like this one thousand and one one thousand and two and so on until you reach the same spot Compare your count with the rule of one second for every ten feet of length If you are driving a 40 foot truck and only counted up to 2 seconds you re too close Drop back a little and count again until yo
177. hould board the bus only when signaled by the driver Monitor all mirrors continuously Count the number of students at the bus stop and be sure all board the bus If possible know names of students at each stop If there is a student missing ask the other students where the student is Have the students board the school bus slowly in single file and use the handrail The dome light should be on while loading in the dark Wait until students are seated and facing forward before moving the bus Check all mirrors Make certain no one is running to catch the bus If you cannot account for a student outside secure the bus take the key and check around and underneath the bus When all students are accounted for prepare to leave by Closing the door Engaging the transmission Releasing the parking brake Turning off alternating flashing red lights if they did not turn off upon closing the door Turning on signal if reentering traffic from an off road stop Checking all mirrors again Allowing congested traffic to disperse When it is safe move the bus as necessary to enter traffic flow and continue the route The loading procedure is essentially the same wherever you load students but there are slight differences When students are loading at the school campus you should e Turn off the ignition switch e Remove key if leaving driver s compartment e Position yourself to supervis
178. htness of the belt It should be in good condition 5 3 2 During Step 5 Walk around Inspection Check Slack Adjusters on S cam Brakes Park on level ground and chock the wheels to prevent the vehicle from moving Release the parking brakes so you can move the slack adjusters Use gloves and pull hard on each slack adjuster that you can reach If a slack adjuster moves more than about one inch where the pushrod attaches to it it probably needs adjustment Vehicles with too much brake slack can be very hard to stop Out of adjustment brakes are the most common problem found in roadside inspections and a leading cause for vehicles being placed out of service Be prepared and be safe Check the slack adjusters All vehicles built since 1991 have automatic slack adjustors Even though automatic slack adjustors adjust themselves during full brake applications they must be checked Automatic adjusters should not be manually adjusted except by trained personnel when performing maintenance on the brakes and during installation of the slack adjusters In a vehicle equipped with automatic adjusters when the pushrod stroke exceeds the legal brake adjustment limit itis an indication that a mechanical problem exists in the adjuster itself a problem with the related foundation brake components or that the adjuster was improperly installed The manual adjustment of an automatic adjuster to bring a brake pushrod stroke within legal limits is generall
179. icle You need a towing a unit or units Class A over 10 000 pounds CDL GVWR or GVW Does the single vehicle have a GVWR or GVW over 26 000 pounds Is the vehicle designed to carry 16 You need a or more people Class C including the driver CDL Does the vehicle require hazardous material placards or Class C transport a select CDL agent or toxin You need a You DONOT need a CDL m A bus may be Class A B or C depending on whether the GVWR is over 26 001 pounds or is a combination vehicle Figure 1 1 l 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 1 1 Commercial Driver License Types Oregon issues three classes of licenses and five endorsement types to drivers of CMV s Each class of license grants driving privileges for that class and all lower classes However no license class grants driving privileges which require an endorsement For example a Class B CDL does not permit you to operate a tank vehicle unless you also have a tank endorsement 1 1 1 License classifications Remember along with the license class you must also obtain the proper endorsements to be eligible to drive specific types of commercial vehicles For example a Class A CDL does not allow you to pull double and triple trailers unless you have a double and triple trailer endorsement see section 1 2 e A Class A CDL lets you drive any vehicle or combination of vehicles of any size A Class B CDL lets you drive an
180. icle or temporarily attached to the vehicle A tank endorsementis also required for Class C vehicles when the vehicle is used to transport hazardous materials in liquid or gas form in the above described rated tanks Before loading unloading or driving a tanker inspect the vehicle This makes sure that the vehicle is safe to carry the liquid or gas and is safe to drive 8 1 Inspecting Tank Vehicles Tank vehicles have special items that you need to check Tank vehicles come in many types and sizes You need to check the vehicle s operator manual to make sure you know how to inspect your tank vehicle 8 1 1 Leaks On all tank vehicles the most important item to check for is leaks Check under and around the vehicle for signs of any leaking Don t carry liquids or gases in a leaking tank To do so is a crime You will be cited and prevented from driving further You may also be liable for the clean up of any spill In general check the following e Check the tank s body or shell for dents or leaks e Check the intake discharge and cut off valves Make sure the valves are in the correct position before loading unloading or moving the vehicle e Check pipes connections and hoses for leaks especially around joints e Check manhole covers and vents Make sure the covers have gaskets and they close correctly Keep the vents clear so they work correctly 8 1 2 Check Special Purpose Equipment If your vehicle ha
181. icle with a modulating control valve move the lever as far as it will go and hold it in place with the locking device Dual Parking Control Valves When main air pressure is lost the spring brakes come on Some vehicles such as buses have a separate air tank which can be used to release the spring brakes This is so you can move the vehicle in an emergency One of the Section 5 Air Brakes valves is a push pull type and is used to put on the spring brakes for parking The other valve is spring loaded in the out position When you push the control in air from the separate air tank releases the spring brakes so you can move When you release the button the spring brakes come on again There is only enough air in the separate tank to do this a few times Therefore plan carefully when moving Otherwise you may be stopped in a dangerous location when the separate air supply runs out See Figure 5 3 5 1 16 Antilock Braking Systems ABS Truck tractors with air brakes built on or after March 1 1997 and other air brakes vehicles trucks buses trailers and converter dollies built on or after March 1 1998 are required to be equipped with antilock brakes Many commercial vehicles built before these dates have been voluntarily equipped with ABS Check the certification label for the date of manufacture to determine if your vehicle is equipped with ABS ABS is a computerized system that keeps your wheels from locking up durin
182. iding a vehicle description license number location and if possible direction of travel If you have a cell phone and can do it safely call the police If an aggressive driver is involved in a crash farther down the road stop a safe distance from the crash scene wait for the police to arrive and report the driving behavior that you witnessed Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual SUBSECTIONS 2 9 AND 2 10 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 What are some tips to follow so you won t become a distracted driver 2 How do you use in vehicle communications equipment cautiously 3 How do you recognize a distracted driver 4 What is the difference between aggressive driving and road rage 5 Whatshould you do when confronted with an aggressive driver 6 What are some things you can do to reduce your stress before and while you drive These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 2 9 and 2 10 2 11 Driving at Night 2 11 1 It s More Dangerous You are at greater risk when you drive at night Drivers can t see hazards as quickly as in daylight so they have less time to respond Drivers caught by surprise are less able to avoid a crash The problems of night driving involve the driver the roadway and the vehicle 2 11 2 Driver Factors Vision People can t see as sharply at night or in dim light Also their eye
183. ific types of commercial vehicles 1 2 1 Endorsements e Tank endorsement required to drive a commercial vehicle over 26 000 pounds designed to transport any liquid or gaseous material within a tank or tanks having an individual rated capacity of 119 gallons and an aggregate rated capacity of 1 000 gallons or more that is either permanently or temporarily attached to the vehicle or chassis Acommercial motor vehicle transporting an empty storage container tank not designed for transportation with a rated capacity of 1 000 gallons or more that is temporarily attached to a flatbed trailer is not considered a tank vehicle 1 2 e Double and triple trailer endorsement required to operate a CMV pulling double or triple trailers Passenger endorsement required to drive any vehicle except a school bus designed to carry 16 or more persons including the driver School bus endorsement required to drive a vehicle designed to carry 16 or more persons including the driver that is marked with or displays the words school bus and is used to transport students to or from school and may be used to transport students to or from authorized school activities School bus operation in Oregon is regulated by the Oregon Department of Education Normally a person will receive the training and skills testing required for a school bus endorsement after selection by a school district or pupil transportation contractor A school bus ma
184. ignal is activated e Four way emergency flasher indicator operates when the flasher is turned on e High beam headlight indicator operates when headlights switched to high beam Mirrors and Windshield e Mirrors should be clean not cracked broken or loose and adjusted properly from the inside e Windshield should be clean with no illegal stickers no obstructions and no cracks Emergency Equipment e Check for spare electrical fuses e Check for three red reflective triangles 6 fusees or 3 liquid burning flares e Check for a properly charged and rated fire extinguisher Note If the vehicle is not equipped with electrical fuses you must mention this to the examiner Wipers Washers e Check that wiper arms and blades are secure not damaged and operate smoothly If equipped windshield washers must operate correctly Horn e Check that air horn and or electric horn work Heater Defroster e Test that the heater and defroster fan works Parking Brake Check e Apply parking brake only and make sure that it will hold the vehicle by shifting into a lower gear and gently pulling forward against the brake Alternatively pull forward slowly and apply the parking brake With the parking brake released and the trailer parking brake engaged combination vehicles only check that the trailer parking brake will hold the vehicle by gently trying to pull forward If your vehicle is equipped with an auto neutral feature that a
185. igns take them as a warning that you could fall asleep without meaning to e Your eyes close or go out of focus by themselves e You have trouble keeping your head up e You can t stop yawning e You have wandering disconnected thoughts e You don t remember driving the last few miles e You drift between lanes tailgate or miss traffic signs 2 32 e You keep jerking the truck back into the lane e You have drifted off the road and narrowly missed crashing If you have even one of these symptoms you may be in danger of falling asleep Pull off the road in a safe place and take a nap 2 23 3 When You Do Become Sleepy When you are sleepy trying to push on is far more dangerous than most drivers think It is a major cause of fatal accidents Here are some important rules to follow Stop to Sleep When your body needs sleep sleep is the only thing that will work If you have to make a stop anyway make it whenever you feel the first signs of sleepiness even if it is earlier than you planned By getting up a little earlier the next day you can keep on schedule without the danger of driving while you are not alert Take a Nap If you can t stop for the night at least pull off at a safe place such as a rest area or truck stop and take a nap A nap as short as a half hour will do more to overcome fatigue than a half hour coffee stop Avoid Drugs There are no drugs that can overcome being tired While they m
186. iler air tank releasing its emergency brakes Without chocks the trailer could move Step 4 Lower the Landing Gear e If trailer is empty lower the landing gear until it makes firm contact with the ground e If trailer is loaded after the landing gear makes firm contact with the ground turn crank in low gear a few extra turns This will lift some weight off the tractor Do not lift trailer off the fifth wheel This will Make it easier to unlatch fifth wheel Make it easier to couple next time Step 5 Disconnect Air Lines and Electrical Cable Disconnect air lines from trailer Connect air line glad hands to dummy couplers at back of cab or couple them together Hang electrical cable with plug down to prevent moisture from entering it Make sure lines are supported so they won t be damaged while driving the tractor Step 6 Unlock Fifth Wheel e Raise the release handle lock e Pull the release handle to open position e Keep legs and feet clear of the rear tractor wheels to avoid serious injury in case the vehicle moves Step 7 Pull Tractor Partially Clear of Trailer e Pull tractor forward until fifth wheel comes out from under the trailer e Stop with tractor frame under trailer prevents trailer from falling to ground if landing gear should collapse or sink Step 8 Secure Tractor e Apply parking brake e Place transmission in neutral Step 9 Inspect Trailer Supports e Make sure ground
187. ill stop other drivers from passing you on the right If you cannot complete your turn without entering another traffic lane turn wide as you complete the turn This is better than swinging wide to the left before starting the turn because it will keep other drivers from passing you on the right See Figure 6 4 Section 6 Combination Vehicles Maximum width of swept path Path followed by the innermost tire Path followed by the outside tractor tire OFF TRACKING IN A 90 DEGREE TURN Figure 6 3 Figure 6 4 6 1 7 Backing with a Trailer Backing with a Trailer When backing a car straight truck or bus you turn the top of the steering wheel in the direction you want to go When backing a trailer you turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction Once the trailer starts to turn you must turn the wheel the other way to follow the trailer Whenever you back up with a trailer try to position your vehicle so you can back in a straight line If you must back on a curved path back to the driver s side so you can see See Figure 6 5 Look at Your Path Look at your line of travel before you begin Get out and walk around the vehicle Check your clearance to the sides and overhead in and near the path of your vehicle Use Mirrors on Both Sides Check the outside mirrors on both sides frequently Get out of the vehicle and re inspect your path if you are unsure 6 3 2014 2015 Comm
188. in driving you must be especially careful if you drive double and triple trailers You will have greater length and more dead axles to pull with your drive axles than other drivers There is more chance for skids and loss of traction 7 1 7 Parking the Vehicle Make sure you do not get in a spot you cannot pull straight through You need to be aware of how parking lots are arranged in order to avoid a long and difficult exit 7 1 8 Antilock Braking Systems on Converter Dollies Converter dollies built on or after March 1 1998 are required to have antilock brakes These dollies will have a yellow lamp on the left side of the dolly 7 2 Coupling and Uncoupling Knowing how to couple and uncouple correctly is basic to safe operation of doubles and triples Wrong coupling and uncoupling can be very dangerous Coupling and uncoupling steps for doubles and triples are listed below 7 2 1 Coupling Twin Trailers Secure Second Rear Trailer If the second trailer doesn t have spring brakes drive the tractor close to the trailer connect the emergency line charge the trailer air tank and disconnect the emergency line This will set the trailer emergency brakes if the slack adjusters are correctly adjusted Chock the wheels if you have any doubt about the brakes 7 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Ring Hitch Aa Air Hoses Air and Electrical Connections Fifth Wheel Rear
189. ing e Articles left on the bus e Sleeping students e Open windows and doors e Mechanical operational problems with the bus with special attention to items that are unique to school buses mirror systems flashing warning lamps and stop signal arms e Damage or vandalism Any problems or special situations should be reported immediately to your supervisor or school authorities 10 3 Emergency Exit and Evacuation Anemergency situation can happen to anyone anytime anywhere It could be a crash a stalled school bus on a railroad highway crossing or in a high speed intersection an electrical fire in the engine compartment amedical emergency to a student on the school bus etc Knowing what to do in an emergency before during and after an evacuation can mean the difference between life and death 10 3 1 Planning for Emergencies Determine Need to Evacuate Bus The first and most important consideration is for you to recognize the hazard If time permits school bus drivers should contact their dispatcher to explain the situation before making a decision to evacuate the school bus As a general rule student safety and control is best maintained by keeping students on the bus during an emergency and or impending crisis situation if so doing does not expose them to unnecessary risk or injury Remember the decision to evacuate the bus must be a timely one A decision to evacuate should include consideration of the
190. ing See Figure 2 18 Gates Many railroad highway crossings have gates with flashing red lights and bells Stop when the lights begin to flash and before the gate lowers across the road lane Remain stopped until the gates go up and the lights have stopped flashing Proceed when it is safe See Figure 2 18 2 15 3 Driving Procedures Never Race a Train to a Crossing Never attempt to race a train to a crossing It is extremely difficult to judge the speed of an approaching train Reduce Speed Speed must be reduced in accordance with your ability to see approaching trains in any direction and speed must be held to a point which will permit you to stop short of the tracks in case a stop is necessary Don t Expect to Hear a Train Because of noise inside your vehicle you cannot expect to hear the train horn until the train is dangerously close to the crossing Don t Rely on Signals You should notrely solely upon the presence of warning signals gates or flagmen to warn of the approach of trains Be especially alert at crossings that do not have gates or flashing red light signals Double Tracks Require a Double Check Remember that a train on one track may hide a train on the other track Look both ways Section 2 Driving Safely GATES LIGHTS Figure 2 18 before crossing After one train has cleared a crossing be sure no other trains are near before starting across the tracks Yard A
191. ing the parking brake Turning off alternating flashing red lights if they did not turn off upon closing the door Turning on left turn signal Checking all mirrors again Allowing congested traffic to disperse e When it is safe pull away from the unloading area 10 2 5 Special Dangers of Loading and Unloading Dropped or Forgotten Objects Always focus on students as they approach the bus and watch for any who disappear from sight Students may drop an object near the bus during loading and unloading Stopping to pick up the object or returning to pick up the object may cause the student to disappear from the driver s sight at a very dangerous moment Students should be told to leave any dropped object and move to a point of safety out of the danger zones and attempt to get the driver s attention to retrieve the object Section 10 School Busess 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Handrail Hang ups Students have been injured or killed when clothing accessories or even parts of their body get caught in the handrail or door as they exited the bus You should closely observe all students exiting the bus to confirm that they are in a safe location prior to moving the bus 10 2 6 Post trip Inspection When your route or school activity trip is finished you should conduct a post trip inspection of the bus You should walk through the bus and around the bus looking for the follow
192. ing those hours you will be less alert If possible try to schedule trips for the hours you are normally awake Many heavy motor vehicle 2 31 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual accidents occur between midnight and 6 a m Tired drivers can easily fall asleep at these times especially if they don t regularly drive at those hours Trying to push on and finish a long trip at these times can be very dangerous Exercise Regularly Resistance to fatigue and improved sleep are among the benefits of regular exercise Try to incorporate exercise into your daily life Instead of sitting and watching TV in your sleeper walk or jog a few laps around the parking lot A little bit of daily exercise will give you energy throughout the day Eat Healthy It is often hard for drivers to find healthy food But with a little extra effort you can eat healthy even on the road Try to find restaurants with healthy balanced meals If you must eat at fast food restaurants pick low fat items Another simple way to reduce your caloric intake is to eliminate fattening snacks Instead try fruit or vegetables Avoid Medication Many medicines can make you sleepy Those that do have a label warning against operating vehicles or machinery The most common medicine of this type is an ordinary cold pill If you have to drive with a cold you are better off suffering from the cold than from the effects of the medicine Visit Your Doctor Regular
193. ion 2 Driving Safely lights but many areas will have poor lighting On most roads you will probably have to depend entirely on your headlights Less light means you will not be able to see hazards as well as in daytime Road users who do not have lights are hard to see There are many accidents at night involving pedestrians joggers bicyclists and animals Even when there are lights the road scene can be confusing Traffic signals and hazards can be hard to see against a background of signs shop windows and other lights Drive slower when lighting is poor or confusing Drive slowly enough to be sure you can stop in the distance you can see ahead Drunk Drivers Drunk drivers and drivers under the influence of drugs are a hazard to themselves and to you Be especially alert around the closing times for bars and taverns Watch for drivers who have trouble staying in their lane or maintaining speed who stop without reason or show other signs of being under the influence of alcohol or drugs 2 11 4 Vehicle Factors Headlights At night your headlights will usually be the main source of light for you to see by and for others to see you You can t see nearly as much with your headlights as you see in the daytime With low beams you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams about 350 500 feet You must adjust your speed to keep your stopping distance within your sight distance This means going slowly enough to be ab
194. ippers carriers and drivers when trying to identify hazardous materials Before transporting a material look for its name on three lists Some materials are on all lists others on only one Always check the following lists e Section 172 101 the Hazardous Materials Table e Appendix A to Section 172 101 the List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities e Appendix B to Section 172 101 the List of Marine Pollutants The Hazardous Materials Table Figure 9 4 shows part of the Hazardous Materials Table Column 1 tells which shipping mode s the entry affects and other information concerning the shipping description The next five columns show each material s shipping name hazard class or division identification number packaging group and required labels 9 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 49 CFR 172 101 Hazardous Materials Table Hazard Class or Division Hazardous Materials Description amp Proper Shipping Names Acetaldehyde ammonia Six different symbols may appear in Column 1 of the table Identification Numbers Symbols Shows the proper shipping name hazard class and packing group to use even if the material doesn t meet the hazard class definition A Means the hazardous material described in Column 2 is subject to the HMR only when offered or intended for transport by air unless it is a hazardous substance or hazardous waste W Means the hazardous material de
195. ipping paper describes both hazardous and non hazardous products the hazardous materials will be either e Described first e Highlighted in a contrasting color e Identified by an X placed before the shipping name in a column captioned HM The letters RQ may be used instead of X if a reportable quantity is present in one package The basic description of hazardous materials includes the identification number the proper shipping name hazard class or division and the packing group if any in that order The packing group is displayed in Roman numerals and may be preceded by PG Section 9 Hazardous Materials Shipping Paper ABC Comik age Corporation 1 of 1 88 Valley 55 i TO Street FROM Mountain Anywhere Street VA oe Be eS BL Phosgene 2 3 25 bs aida UN1076 Poison Inhalation Hazard RQ Zone A means that this is a Phosgene is the reportable proper shipping quantity name from Column 2 of the Hazardous Materials Table 2 3 is the Hazard Class from Column 3 of the Hazardous Materials Table UN1076 is the Identification Number from Column 4 of the Hazardous materials Table This is to certify that the above named materials are properly classified described packaged marked and labeled and are in proper condition for transportation according to the applicable regulations of the United States Department of Transportation DEF Carrier Safety Shipper Corp
196. ir own lane Vehicles traveling at inconsistent speeds Drivers who are preoccupied with maps food cigarettes cell phones or other objects Drivers who appear to be involved in conversations with their passengers Give a distracted driver plenty of room and maintain your safe following distance Be very careful when passing a driver who seems to be distracted The other driver may not be aware of your presence and they may drift in front of you 2 10 Aggressive Drivers Road Rage 2 10 1 What Is It Aggressive driving and road rage is not a new problem However in today s world where heavy and slow moving traffic and tight schedules are the norm more and more drivers are taking out their anger and frustration in their vehicles 2 18 Crowded roads leave little room for error leading to suspicion and hostility among drivers and encouraging them to take personally the mistakes of other drivers Aggressive driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle in a selfish bold or pushy manner without regard for the rights or safety of others An aggressive driver may change lanes abruptly and without warning for instance Road rage is operating a motor vehicle with the intent of doing harm to others or physically assaulting a driver or their vehicle 2 10 2 Don t Be an Aggressive Driver How you feel before you even start your vehicle has a lot to do with how stress will affect you while driving Reduce
197. is headed toward the freeway exit but his brake lights come on and he begins braking hard This could mean that the driver is uncertain about taking the off ramp He might suddenly return to the highway This car is a hazard If the driver of the car cuts in front of you it is no longer just a hazard it is an emergency Seeing Hazards Lets You Be Prepared You will have more time to act if you see hazards before they become emergencies In the example above you might make a lane change or slow down to prevent a crash if the car suddenly cuts in front of you Seeing this hazard gives you time to check your mirrors and signal a lane 2 15 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual change Being prepared reduces the danger A driver who did not see the hazard until the slow car pulled back on the highway in front of him would have to do something very suddenly Sudden braking or a quick lane change is much more likely to lead to a crash Learning to See Hazards There are often clues that will help you see hazards The more you drive the better you can learn to see hazards This section will talk about hazards that you should be aware of 2 8 2 Hazardous Roads Slow down and be very careful if you see any of the following road hazards Work Zones When people are working on the road it is a hazard There may be narrower lanes sharp turns or uneven surfaces Other drivers are often distracted and drive unsafely Workers
198. is needs to be done some distance from the snow line itself Highway personnel are there to help you get over the pass safely Be cooperative Work with them If you are not fully chained up prior to the inspection site you will be turned around When required chains need to be installed prior to the inspection site Inspection sites are at Milepost 1 Northbound and Milepost 11 Southbound When is it the Best Time to Go Over the Pass Mother Nature is hard to figure At night temperatures drop and freezing is common Early in the morning when the sun comes up is when fresh snow is the slickest Midday is usually the best time to travel over the pass Reminders For a Safe Descent e Remember to check brakes before entering the downgrade Be aware of the safe recommended speed for your vehicle e Posted speeds are maximums in good weather Bad weather demands slower speeds Fog snow and black ice are common between October and April Be prepared e Descend the summit in the proper gear e Oregon law requires that you carry and use tire chains when conditions warrant and or signs posted e Be sure you have emergency warning devices triangles and use them if you are stopped e Be sure all your lights are working Don t drive if you are fatigued DOT Registration Information Motor carriers can obtain information and services about trucking regulations and appropriate Oregon permits at the Ashland Port of
199. ithin 3 feet of the rear of the alley without touching or crossing the side boundaries rear boundary or other boundary established by the examiner The alley formed by the exercise boundaries is 12 feet wide and 40 feet long Your vehicle must be straight upon completion of the exercise See Figure 12 6 Note This exercise is more difficult when a long tractor trailer combination is used 8 8 6 io Figure 12 6 Alley Dock Section 12 Basic Vehicle Control Tests Section 13 On Road Driving Test This Section Covers How You Will Be Tested You will drive over a test route that has a variety of traffic situations Atall times during the test you must drive in a safe and responsible manner and e Wear your safety belt e Obey all traffic signs signals and laws e Complete the test without an accident or moving violation During the driving test the examiner will be scoring you on specific driving maneuvers as well as on your general driving behavior You will follow the directions of the examiner Directions will be given to you so you will have plenty of time to do what the examiner has asked You will not be asked to drive in an unsafe manner If your test route does not have certain traffic situations you may be asked to simulate a traffic situation You will do this by telling the examiner what you are or would be doing if you were in that traffic situation 13 1 How You Will Be Tested 13 1 1 Tu
200. iving Safely Condition of shock absorber s If retractable axle equipped check condition of lift mechanism If air powered check for leaks Condition of air ride components Brakes Brake adjustment improper adjustment is one of the most common reasons for being placed out of service Condition of brake drum s or discs Condition of hoses look for any wear due to rubbing Lights and reflectors Side marker lights clean operating and proper color red at rear others amber Side marker reflectors clean and proper color red at rear others amber Rear Lights and reflectors Rear clearance and identification lights clean operating and proper color red at rear Reflectors clean and proper color red at rear Tail lights clean operating and proper color red at rear Right rear turn signal operating and proper color red or amber at rear License plate s present clean and secured Splash guards present not damaged properly fastened not dragging on ground or rubbing tires Cargo secure trucks and trailers Cargo properly blocked braced tied chained etc Tail boards up and properly secured End gates free of damage properly secured in stake sockets Canvas or tarp if required properly secured to prevent tearing billowing or blocking of either the rearview mirrors or rear lights If over length or over width make sure all signs and or additional lights flags are safely
201. jured 2 20 1 Protect the Area The first thing to do at a crash scene is to keep another crash from happening in the same spot To protect the crash area If your vehicle is involved in the crash try to get it to the side of the road This will help prevent another crash and allow traffic to move If you re stopping to help park away from the crash The area immediately around the accident will be needed for emergency vehicles Put on your flashers Set out reflective triangles to warn other traffic Make sure other drivers can see them in time to avoid the crash scene 2 20 2 Notify Authorities If you have a cell phone or CB call for assistance before you get out of your vehicle If not wait until after the crash scene has been Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual properly protected then phone or send someone to phone the police Try to determine where you are so you can give the exact location 2 20 3 Care for the Injured If a qualified person is at the crash and helping the injured stay out of the way unless asked to assist Otherwise do the best you can to help any injured parties Here are some simple steps to follow in giving assistance e Don t move a severely injured person unless the danger of fire or passing traffic makes it necessary e Stop heavy bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound e Keep the injured person warm 2 21 Fires
202. k your position and path if you are unsure Back Slowly Always back as slowly as possible Use the lowest reverse gear That way you can more easily correct any steering errors You also can stop quickly if necessary Back and Turn Toward the Driver s Side Back to the driver s side so you can see better Backing toward the right side is very dangerous because you can t see as well If you back and turn Section 2 Driving Safely toward the driver s side you can watch the rear of your vehicle by looking out the side window Use driver side backing even if it means going around the block to put your vehicle in this position The added safety is worth it Use a Helper Use a helper when you can There are blind spots you can t see That s why a helper is important The helper should stand near the back of your vehicle where you can see the helper Before you begin backing work out a set of hand signals that you both understand Agree on a signal for stop 2 3 Shifting Gears Correct shifting of gears is important If you can t get your vehicle into the right gear while driving you will have less control 2 3 1 Manual Transmissions Basic Method for Shifting Up Most heavy vehicles with manual transmissions require double clutching to change gears This is the basic method Release accelerator push in clutch and shift to neutral at the same time Release clutch Let engine and gears slow down to
203. kills Vest sfc ccnjoeseeavessgsscapsucdseinerrss oebesasde Moasvedsshiceesstanieaneses 12 1 TDAP SSS COMME rd n toe octet r ih neat ut aces be Ate ote td acts dee eat ai tae me in eben td wold teal 12 2 Exercises On Road Driving TeSt cccc cece ec ccncnee cence ene nea cence cncecacececneecececeeeseceseqeees 13 1 1331 How You Will Be Tested i213 ssitessediy aves Tia AER ater bien A E AE RE 13 1 Section 1 Introduction This Section Covers e Commercial Driver License Types e Special Endorsements and Permits e Obtaining Your Driver License e Commercial Driver License Tests e Driver Disqualifications e Other CDL Rules There is a federal requirement that each state have minimum standards for the licensing of commercial drivers This manual provides driver license testing information for drivers who want a commercial driver license CDL The manual does NOT provide information on all the federal and state requirements needed before you can drive a commercial motor vehicle CMV The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration www fmcsa dot gov publishes rules for operation of commercial motor vehicles and private companies offer printed copies of these rules for a fee In addition the Oregon Vehicle Code www oregon gov ODOT DMV pages form vehiclecodebk aspx includes statutes that are specific to Oregon CMV operators and operations Federal rules require you to have a CDL if you operate e Any single v
204. l give vehicles approaching you from behind a quicker opportunity to notice your vehicle Watch for vehicles on the side of the roadway Seeing taillights or headlights in front of you may not be a true indication of where the road is ahead of you The vehicle may not be on the road at all 2 20 e Use roadside highway reflectors as guides to determine how the road may curve ahead of you e Listen for traffic you cannot see e Avoid passing other vehicles e Don t stop along the side of the road unless absolutely necessary 2 13 Driving in Winter 2 13 1 Vehicle Checks Make sure your vehicle is ready before driving in winter weather You should make a regular pre trip inspection paying extra attention to the following items Coolant Level and Antifreeze Amount Make sure the cooling system is full and there is enough antifreeze in the system to protect against freezing This can be checked with a special coolant tester Defrosting and Heating Equipment Make sure the defrosters work They are needed for safe driving Make sure the heater is working and that you know how to operate it If you use other heaters and expect to need them e g mirror heaters battery box heaters fuel tank heaters check their operation Wipers and Washers Make sure the windshield wiper blades are in good condition Make sure the wiper blades press against the window hard enough to wipe the windshield clean otherwise they may not swee
205. le to stop within the range of your headlights Otherwise by the time you see a hazard you will not have time to stop Night driving can be more dangerous if you have problems with your headlights Dirty headlights may give only half the light they should This cuts down your ability to see and makes it harder for others to see you Make sure your lights are clean and working Headlights can be out of adjustment If they don t point in the right direction they won t give you a good view and they can blind other drivers Have a qualified person make sure they are adjusted properly Other Lights In order for you to be seen easily the following must be clean and working properly e Reflectors e Marker lights e Clearance lights e Taillights e Identification lights Turn Signals and Brake Lights At night your turn signals and brake lights are even more important for telling other drivers what you intend to do Make sure you have clean working turn signals and stop lights Windshield and Mirrors It is more important at night than in the daytime to have a clean windshield and clean mirrors Bright lights at night can cause dirt on your windshield or mirrors to create a glare of its own blocking your view Most people have experienced driving toward the sun just as it has risen or is about to set and found that they can barely see through a windshield that seemed to look OK in the middle of the day Clean your windshield on
206. les in Figure 9 2 INHALATION HAZARD POISON 78 OXIDIZER 51 ORGANIC PEROXIDE Examples of HAZMAT labels Figure 9 2 Section 9 Hazardous Materials 9 3 3 Lists of Regulated Products Placards Placards are used to warn others of hazardous materials Placards are signs put on the outside of a vehicle and on bulk packages which identify the hazard class of the cargo A placarded vehicle must have at least four identical placards They are put on the front rear and both sides of the vehicle See Figure 9 3 Placards must be readable from all four directions They are at least 10 3 4 inches square square on point in a diamond shape Cargo tanks and other bulk packaging display the identification number of their contents on placards or orange panels or white square on point displays that are the same size as placards 1 5 BLASTING AGENTS 1 Je FLAMMABLE ABNEY POISON OXIDIZER LA CORROSIVE 6 CDANGEROUS WY Examples of HAZMAT Placards Figure 9 3 Identification numbers are a four digit code used by first responders to identify hazardous materials An identification number may be used to identify more than one chemical The letters NA or UN will precede the identification number The United States Department of Transportation s Emergency Response Guidebook ERG lists the chemicals and the identification numbers assigned to them There are three main lists used by sh
207. ll continue to meet all federal requirements including medical qualifications for operation of a CMV in interstate commerce while holding a CDL or CLP You may also operate a CMV in excepted interstate commerce and intrastate commerce Excepted interstate You intend to operate a class A B or C CMV only in interstate commerce that is excepted under 49 CFR 390 3 f 391 2 391 68 or 398 You will not be required to maintain federal medical standards but you will have to meet Oregon State CDL and CLP medical standards You may also operate a CMV in intrastate commerce Operations that are excepted interstate include School bus operations Transportation performed by the federal government a state or political subdivision Occasional transport of personal property not for compensation nor for a commercial enterprise Transportation of human corpses or sick and injured persons Emergency delivery of propane winter heating fuel and pipeline response Farm custom operations custom harvesters Operation of a vehicle by a beekeeper engaged in seasonal transportation of bees Non articulated farm vehicle operation within 150 miles of the farm Non excepted intrastate You intend to operate a class A B or C CMV only in intrastate commerce You will not be required to maintain federal medical standards but you will have to meet Oregon State CDL medical standards You may also operate a C
208. ly to tip over It is most dangerous in curves or if you have to swerve to avoid a hazard It is very important to distribute the cargo so it is as low as possible Put the heaviest parts of the cargo under the lightest parts 3 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 3 2 4 Balance the Weight Poor weight balance can make vehicle handling unsafe Too much weight on the steering axle can cause hard steering It can damage the steering axle and tires Under loaded front axles caused by shifting weight too far to the rear can make the steering axle weight too light to steer safely Too little weight on the driving axles can cause poor traction The drive wheels may spin easily During bad weather the truck may not be able to keep going Weight that is loaded so there is a high center of gravity causes greater chance of rollover On flat bed vehicles there is also a greater chance that the load will shift to the side or fall off See Figure 3 1 3 3 Securing Cargo 3 3 1 Blocking and Bracing Blocking is used in the front back and or sides of a piece of cargo to keep it from sliding Blocking is shaped to fit snugly against cargo It is secured to the cargo deck to prevent cargo movement Bracing is also used to prevent movement of cargo Bracing goes from the upper part of the cargo to the floor and or walls of the cargo compartment LOADING CARGO Right a Right am Right Wrong Right
209. mbination Vehicles You may operate a vehicle with air brakes without testing or studying this section if a CDL is not otherwise required to operate the vehicle See Figure 1 1 in Section 1 Air brakes use compressed air to make the brakes work Air brakes are a good and safe way of stopping large and heavy vehicles but the brakes must be well maintained and used properly Air brakes are really three different braking systems service brake parking brake and emergency brake e The service brake system applies and releases the brakes when you use the brake pedal during normal driving e The parking brake system applies and releases the parking brakes when you use the parking brake control e The emergency brake system uses parts of the service and parking brake systems to stop the vehicle in a brake system failure The parts of these systems are discussed in greater detail below 5 1 The Parts of an Air Brake System There are many parts to an air brake system You should know about the parts discussed here 5 1 1 Air Compressor The air compressor pumps air into the air storage tanks reservoirs The air compressor is connected to the engine through gears or a v belt The compressor may be air cooled or may be cooled by the engine cooling system Itmay haveits own oil supply or be lubricated by engine oil If the compressor has its own oil supply check the oil level before driving 5 1 2 Air Compressor Governor
210. me Carrier Physical Location City State Zip Code Carrier Mailing Address City State Zip Code Contact Person Phone Number Fax Number U S DOT Federal EIN Oregon File IFTA Jurisdiction and F VEHICLE PLATE INFORMATION Base Base State Registration Expires Year Make Unit No Registered Vehicle State Plate No Month Day Year i GVW Complete VIN N Attach a separate sheet with information about additional vehicles if necessary siets Please indicate if you want enrollment to include pees Toe i Siw a ate NorPAss __ naa Terms and Conditions of Green Light Weigh Station Preclearance Program 1 Transponders are to be installed only on designated vehicles and in accordance with ODOT policies 2 Carrier will report any changes in vehicles added or removed from fleet operations to ODOT 3 Carrier will report any changes in the transponder application information to ODOT at the number listed below 4 Carrier agrees to allow its registration base state to provide information regarding FTA and IRP accounts to ODOT for the purpose of providing preclearance bypass to its vehicles Carrier may bypass an open port or weigh station only when the transponder indicates a green light or in accordance with ORS 818 400 2 Exception Carriers whose vehicles are operating under or should be operating under a variance permit other than an Extended Weight Permit must report to the scale even if they receive a gree
211. moke or carry a lighted cigarette cigar or pipe within 25 feet of any vehicle which contains e Class 1 Explosives e Class 3 Flammable Liquids e Class 4 Flammable Solids e Class 4 2 Spontaneously Combustible 9 6 7 Refuel with Engine Off Turn off your engine before fueling a motor vehicle containing hazardous materials Someone must always be at the nozzle controlling fuel flow 9 6 8 10 B C Fire Extinguisher The power unit of placarded vehicles must have a fire extinguisher with a UL rating of 10 B C or more 9 6 9 Check Tires Make sure your tires are properly inflated Check placarded vehicles with dual tires at the start of each trip and when you park You must check the tires each time you stop The only acceptable way to check tire pressure is to use a tire pressure gauge 9 11 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Do not drive with a tire that is leaking or flat except to the nearest safe place to fix it Remove any overheated tire Place it a safe distance from your vehicle Don t drive until you correct the cause of the overheating Remember to follow the rules about parking and attending placarded vehicles They apply even when checking repairing or replacing tires 9 6 10 Where to Keep Shipping Papers and Emergency Response Information Do not accept a hazardous materials shipment without a properly prepared shipping paper A shipping paper for hazardous materials must al
212. n double stopping distance You must drive slower to be able to stop in the same distance as on a dry road Reduce speed by about one 2 12 third e g slow from 55 to about 35 mph on a wet road On packed snow reduce speed by a half or more If the surface is icy reduce speed to a crawl and stop driving as soon as you can safely do so Identifying Slippery Surfaces Sometimes it s hard to know if the road is slippery Here are some signs of slippery roads Shaded Areas Shady parts of the road will remain icy and slippery long after open areas have melted Bridges When the temperature drops bridges will freeze before the road will Be especially careful when the temperature is close to 32 degrees Fahrenheit Melting Ice Slight melting will make ice wet Wet ice is much more slippery than ice that is not wet Black Ice Black ice is a thin layer that is clear enough that you can see the road underneath it It makes the road look wet Any time the temperature is below freezing and the road looks wet watch out for black ice Vehicle Icing An easy way to check for ice is to open the window and feel the front of the mirror mirror support or antenna If there s ice on these the road surface is probably starting to ice up Just After Rain Begins Right after it starts to rain the water mixes with oil left on the road by vehicles This makes the road very slippery If the rain continues it will wash the oil away Hydroplanin
213. n for a long time it will probably change before you get there Start slowing down and be ready to stop Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual CITY DRIVING 12 15 Seconds is About One Block 12 15 Seconds is About A Quarter Mile OPEN HIGHWAY Figure 2 6 2 4 2 Seeing to the Sides and Rear It s important to know what s going on behind and to the sides Check your mirrors regularly Check more often in special situations Mirror Adjustment Mirror adjustment should be checked prior to the start of any trip and can only be checked accurately when the trailer s are straight You should check and adjust each mirror to show some part of the vehicle This will give you a reference point for judging the position of the other images Regular Checks You need to make regular checks of your mirrors to be aware of traffic and to check your vehicle Traffic Check your mirrors for vehicles on either side and in back of you In an emergency you may need to know whether you can make a quick lane change Use your mirrors to spot overtaking vehicles There are blind spots that your mirrors cannot show you Check your mirrors regularly to know where other vehicles are around you and to see if they move into your blind spots Check Your Vehicle Use the mirrors to keep an eye on your tires It s one way to spot a tire fire If you re carrying open cargo you can use the mirrors
214. n light a Motor Carrier Self Certification Statement I agree to comply with the applicable state and federal motor carrier rules and regulations as administered by ODOT through which I am applying for preclearance I agree to maintain and or keep current my IFTA and or IRP account s as appropriate I also agree to comply with the terms and conditions of ODOT for the installation and use of the transponder j Signature ___ Title Date Send application to Green Light Program 550 Capitol Street NE Salem OR 97301 2530 Or fax to 503 373 1833 For more information call 503 378 6054 GREEN shtml Drive Safely and Courteously
215. nces package is damaged in handling or transportation you should immediately contact your supervisor Packages that appear to be damaged or show signs of leakage should not be accepted Class 7 Radioactive Materials If radioactive material is involved in a leak or broken package tell your dispatcher or supervisor as soon as possible If there is a spill or if an internal container might be damaged do not touch or inhale the material Do not use the vehicle until it is cleaned and checked with a survey meter Class 8 Corrosive Materials If corrosives spill or leak during transportation be careful to avoid further damage or injury when handling the containers Parts of the vehicle exposed to a corrosive liquid must be thoroughly washed with water After unloading wash out the interior as soon as possible before reloading If continuing to transport a leaking tank would be unsafe get off the road If safe to do so contain any liquid leaking from the vehicle Keep bystanders away from the liquid and its fumes Do everything possible to prevent injury to yourself and to others 9 7 5 Required Notification The National Response Center helps coordinate emergency response to chemical hazards It is a resource to the police and firefighters It maintains a 24 hour toll free line You or your employer must phone when any of the following occur as a direct result of a hazardous materials incident listed below e A person is killed
216. nd break something or open the engine compartment door Check the following e Engine oil level Coolant level in radiator condition of hoses Power steering fluid level hose condition if so equipped Windshield washer fluid level Battery fluid level connections and tie downs battery may be located elsewhere Automatic transmission fluid level may require engine to be running Check belts for tightness and excessive wear alternator water pump air compressor learn how much give the belts should have when adjusted right and check each one Leaks on the ground and in the engine compartment fuel coolant oil power steering fluid hydraulic fluid battery fluid Cracked worn electrical wiring insulation Lower and secure hood cab or engine compartment door Step 3 Start Engine and Inspect Inside the Cab Get In and Start Engine e Make sure parking brake is on e Put gearshift in neutral or park if automatic e Start engine listen for unusual noises Look at the Gauges e Oil pressure Should come up to normal within seconds after engine is started See Figure 2 5 Air pressure Pressure should build from 50 to 90 psi within 3 minutes Ammeter and or voltmeter Should be in normal range s Coolant temperature Should begin gradual rise to normal operating range Engine oil temperature Should begin gradual rise to normal operating range Warning lights and buzzers Oil coolant charging cir
217. nd tree limbs at stops Know the size of the gap your bus needs to accelerate and merge with traffic Wait for the gap to open before leaving the stop Never assume other drivers will brake to give you room when you signal or start to pull out Section 4 Transporting Passengers Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 4 3 4 Speed on Curves Crashes on curves that kill people and destroy buses result from excessive speed often when rain or snow has made the road slippery Every banked curve has a safe design speed In good weather the posted speed is safe for cars but it may be too high for many buses With good traction the bus may roll over with poor traction it might slide off the curve Reduce speed for curves If your bus leans toward the outside on a banked curve you are driving too fast 4 3 5 Railroad highway Crossings Stops Stop at RR Crossings e Stop your bus at the stop line or if a stop line is not present or visible between 15 and 50 feet before railroad crossings e Listen and look in both directions for trains You should open your forward door if it improves your ability to see or hear an approaching train e Before crossing after a train has passed make sure there isn t another train coming in the other direction on other tracks e If your bus has a manual transmission never change gears while crossing the tracks You do not have to stop but must slow down and carefully ch
218. nd wheel speed sensor wires coming from the back of the brakes 2 18 4 How ABS Helps You When you brake hard on slippery surfaces in a vehicle without ABS your wheels may lock up When your steering wheels lock up you lose steering control When your other wheels lock up you may skid jackknife or even spin the vehicle ABS helps you avoid wheel lock up and maintain control You may or may not be able to stop faster with ABS but you should be able to steer around an obstacle while braking and avoid skids caused by over braking 2 18 5 ABS on the Tractor Only or Only on the Trailer Having ABS on only the tractor only the trailer or even on only one axle still gives you more control over the vehicle during braking Brake normally When only the tractor has ABS you should be able to maintain steering control and there is less chance of jackknifing But keep your eye on the trailer and let up on the brakes if you can safely do so if it begins to swing out When only the trailer has ABS the trailer is less likely to swing out but if you lose steering control or start a tractor jackknife let up on the brakes if you can safely do so until you regain control 2 18 6 Braking with ABS When you drive a vehicle with ABS you should brake as you always have In other words e Use only the braking force necessary to stop safely and stay in control e Brake the same way regardless of whether you have ABS on the b
219. ndalism of the bus 4 3 On the Road 4 3 1 Passenger Supervision Many charter and intercity carriers have passenger comfort and safety rules Mention rules about smoking drinking or use of radio and tape players at the start of the trip Explaining the rules at the start will help to avoid trouble later on While driving scan the interior of your bus as well as the road ahead to the sides and to the rear You may have to remind riders about rules or to keep arms and heads inside the bus 4 3 2 At Stops Riders can stumble when getting on or off and when the bus starts or stops Caution riders to watch their step when leaving the bus Wait for them to sit down or brace themselves before starting Starting and stopping should be as smooth as possible to avoid rider injury Occasionally you may have a drunk or disruptive rider You must ensure this rider s safety as well as that of others Don t discharge such riders where it would be unsafe for them It may be safer at the next scheduled stop or a well lighted area where there are other people Many carriers have guidelines for handling disruptive riders 4 3 3 Common Accidents Bus crashes often happen at intersections Use caution even if a signal or stop sign controls other traffic School and mass transit buses sometimes scrape off mirrors or hit passing vehicles when pulling out from a bus stop Remember the clearance your bus needs and watch for poles a
220. nesveesavedeagesraasedncutecteensondeaseucunsuste ct cdestpscnenasagencenveds 4 5 Prohibited Practices 0 0 0 0 4 6 Use of Brake door Interlocks Air BEAK CS a shins eee vantish bee adddase Se obantios aa aso ta beara a Casas Cesc wanes tae 1 The Parts of an Air Brake S ystems t ycc5 hsscesbe cesses ethair e are dk Sand oh ies see eda e E E EEES 5 1 5 25 Dual Air Brakes snn i a EN e E edi shoe E E E A N A Sh ieee N OTRE 5 3 Inspecting Air Brake Systems ies SAA Using Air Brakes an o eaves cua evs oa a tices Audis a E copies wha cache e e mean Aaa aC RAN iii 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Section 10 Section 11 Section 12 Section 13 iv Combination Vehicles iis isk ees vanes aiwedeaksieek acs sadveedeaeetieveeseannneedesverevevedeseees 6 1 6 1 Driving Combination Vehicles Safely ninne e ian E ERAO A A E EE E EIEEE 6 1 6 2 Combination Vehicle Air Brakes 1 6 4 6 3 Antilock Brake Systems 0 0 6 6 6 4 Coupling and Uncoupling 1 6 7 6 5 Inspecting a Combination Vehicle ccc cceseseeeeseesesseseeeesceecseesceecseeecsessceecscecsesscsecseeaesesscsessesacsessesecseeasaessseasseeaeategs 6 9 Doubles and Triples eeaeee chek cd ed deals ches Wb es cae bnindess cine vdsncotans open 7 1 7A Pulling Double Triple Trailers 5 2025 3h cise scdesstecdee cov
221. nformation on requirements for the criminal background check locations and hours of operation of fingerprint sites to complete the application and submit fees or check the status of your background check visit the TSA website at ittps hazprints tsa dhs gov Public or call 877 429 7746 Persons who are wanted or under indictment have been found not guilty by reason of insanity have a felony conviction within the previous 7 years or were released from incarceration during the previous 5 years for a felony conviction of certain crimes may be considered a security threat by TSA and disqualified from holding a hazardous materials endorsement Also an individual is not qualified for a hazardous materials endorsement if the individual has a mental defect as defined in TSA rules or has renounced their U S citizenship TSA will notify you of the background check results If TSA determines that you represent a security threat DMV will not issue a CDL with hazardous materials endorsement Only U S citizens and lawful permanent residents may obtain and retain a hazardous materials endorsement 1 4 Commercial Tests 1 4 1 Knowledge Tests You may go to any full service DMV office to take your knowledge tests Many offices do not conduct knowledge tests after 4 00 p m weekdays and after 11 00 a m on Saturday Look for signs in the lobby or ask the office staff Go early enough to give yourself plenty of time to take the tests bef
222. ng broken or damaged Tire inflation Check for proper inflation by using a tire gauge A visual check is not acceptable for dual tires Between the tires duals only Check that dual tires are not touching and that no debris is lodged between the tires Note You will not get credit if you simply kick the tires to check for proper inflation Hub Oil Seals Axle Seals e See that hub oil grease seals and axle seals are not leaking and if wheel has a sight glass oil level is adequate Note If your vehicle has more than one type of hub be prepared to inspect each type Lug Nuts e Check that all lug nuts are present free of cracks and distortions and show no signs of looseness such as rust trails shiny threads bolt hole distortion or cracks around the bolt holes Spacers e Ifequipped check that spacers are not bent damaged or rusted through e Spacers should be evenly centered with the dual wheels and tires evenly separated 11 3 Truck Tractor Trailer 11 3 1 Fifth Wheel Coupling Mounting Bolts e Check that bolts and nuts are not loose or missing e Check for rust trails which may indicate loose nuts e Check for shiny metal or filings that may indicate shifting 11 3 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Platform e Check for cracks or breaks in the platform structure above the upper mounting bolts that supports the fifth wheel skid plate e Check for loose or missing pin
223. ng out but if you lose steering control or start a tractor jackknife let up on the brakes if you can safely do so until you gain control When you drive a tractor trailer combination with ABS you should brake as you always have In other words e Use only the braking force necessary to stop safely and stay in control Brake the same way regardless of whether you have ABS on the tractor the trailer or both As you slow down monitor your tractor and trailer and back off the brakes if it is safe to do so to stay in control Remember if yourABS malfunctions you still have regular brakes Drive normally but get the system serviced soon ABS won t allow you to drive faster follow more closely or drive less carefully 6 4 Coupling and Uncoupling Knowing how to couple and uncouple correctly is basic to safe operation of combination vehicles Wrong coupling and uncoupling can be very dangerous General coupling and uncoupling steps are listed below There are differences between different rigs so learn the details of coupling and uncoupling the truck s you will operate 6 4 1 Coupling Tractor Semitrailers Step 1 Inspect Fifth Wheel e Check for damaged missing parts e Check to see that mounting to tractor is secure no cracks in frame etc Be sure that the fifth wheel plate is greased as required Failure to keep the fifth wheel plate lubricated could cause steering problems because of friction between the t
224. ng distance Empty tank vehicles may take longer to stop than full ones 8 3 5 Skids Don t over steer over accelerate or over brake If you do your vehicle may skid On tank trailers if your drive wheels or trailer wheels begin to skid your vehicle may jackknife When any vehicle starts to skid you must take action to restore traction to the wheels SECTION 8 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE How are bulkheads different than baffles Should a tank vehicle take curves on ramps or off ramps at the posted speed limits 3 How are smooth bore tankers different to drive than those with baffles 4 What three things determine how much liquid you can load What is outage How can you help control surge What two reasons make special care necessary when driving tank vehicles N e AIAN These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read Section 8 Section 8 Tank Vehicles Section 9 Hazardous Materials This Section Covers e The Intent of the Regulations e Hazardous Material Transportation Who Does What e Communications Rules e Loading and Unloading e Bulk Packaging Marking Loading and Unloading e Hazardous Materials Driving and Parking Rules e Hazardous Materials Emergencies e Hazardous Materials Glossary Hazardous materials are products that pose a risk to health safety and property during transportation The term often is shortened to HAZMAT whic
225. ng for puddles of oil coolant or fuel e Look for dripping fluids on underside of engine and transmission e Inspect hoses for condition and leaks 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Oil Level e Indicate where dipstick is located e See that oil level is within safe operating range Level must be above refill mark Coolant Level e Inspect reservoir sight glass or e f engine is not hot remove radiator cap and check for visible coolant level Power Steering Fluid e Indicate where power steering fluid dipstick or reservoir sight glass is located e Check for adequate power steering fluid level Level must be above refill mark Engine Compartment Belts e Check the following belts if equipped for snugness 1 2 to 3 4 inch play at center of belt and condition cracks frays loose fibers or other signs of wear Power steering belt Water Pump belt Alternator belt Air compressor belt Alternator e Check that the alternator is mounted securely with no loose or missing bolts e Check for loose electrical connections or exposed burned or broken wiring Power Steering Pump e Check that the pump is securely mounted with no loose or missing bolts e Check for fluid leaks or cut cracked or frayed hoses Air Compressor e Check that the compressor is mounted securely with no loose or missing bolts e Check for any fluid or air leaks from the compressor Water Pump e Check
226. ng gear slightly off ground e Pull tractor gently forward while the trailer brakes are still locked to check that the trailer is locked onto the tractor 6 7 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Step 12 Secure Vehicle e Put transmission in neutral e Put parking brakes on e Shut off engine and take key with you so someone else won t move truck while you are under it Step 13 Inspect Coupling Use a flashlight if necessary Make sure there is no space between upper and lower fifth wheel If there is space something is wrong kingpin may be on top of the closed fifth wheel jaws and trailer would come loose very easily Go under trailer and look into the back of the fifth wheel Make sure the fifth wheel jaws have closed around the shank of the kingpin Check that the locking mechanism release handle is in the lock position Check that the safety latch is in position over the release handle On some fifth wheels the catch must be put in place by hand If the coupling isn t right don t drive the coupled unit get it fixed Step 14 Connect the Electrical Cord and Check Air Lines e Plug the electrical cord into the trailer and fasten the safety catch e Check both air lines and electrical line for signs of damage e Make sure air and electrical lines will not hit any moving parts of vehicle Step 15 Raise Front Trailer Supports Landing Gear Use low gear range if so equipped to begin
227. ng ice cream is a hazard clue Children may be nearby and may not see you Disabled Vehicles Drivers changing a tire or fixing an engine often do not pay attention to the danger that roadway traffic is to them They are often careless Jacked up wheels or raised hoods are hazard clues Crashes Crashes are particularly hazardous People involved in the crash may not look for traffic Passing drivers tend to look at the crash People often run across the road without looking Vehicles may slow or stop suddenly Shoppers People in and around shopping areas are often not watching traffic because they are looking for stores or looking into store windows Confused Drivers Confused drivers often change direction suddenly or stop without warning Confusion is common near freeway or turnpike interchanges and major intersections Tourists unfamiliar with the area can be very hazardous Clues to tourists include car top luggage and out of state license plates Unexpected actions stopping in the middle of a block changing lanes for no apparent reason backup lights suddenly going on are clues to Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual confusion Hesitation is another clue including driving very slowly using brakes often or stopping in the middle of an intersection You may also see drivers who are looking at street signs maps and house numbers These drivers may not be paying attention to you Sl
228. nse Manual or find the source of a leak by smell Toxic gases can destroy your sense of smell and can injure or kill you even if they don t smell Never eat drink or smoke around a leak or spill If hazardous materials are spilling from your vehicle do not move it any more than safety requires You may move off the road and away from places where people gather if doing so serves safety Only move your vehicle if you can do so without danger to yourself or others Never continue driving with hazardous materials leaking from your vehicle in order to find a phone booth truck stop help or similar reason Remember the carrier pays for the cleanup of contaminated parking lots roadways and drainage ditches The costs are enormous so don t leave a lengthy trail of contamination If hazardous materials are spilling from your vehicle e Park it e Secure the area e Stay there e Send someone else for help When sending someone for help give that person A description of the emergency Your exact location and direction of travel Your name the carrier s name and the name of the community or city where your terminal is located The proper shipping name hazard class and identification number of the hazardous materials if you know them This is a lot for someone to remember It is a good idea to write it all down for the person you send for help The emergency response team must know these things to find you and to
229. nts for a Class C non commercial driver license before applying for a CDL You also must have at least one year of driving experience before you can apply A person who has a CDL issued by another state must obtain an Oregon CDL within 30 days of being domiciled in Oregon You are required to provide proof of U S citizenship or legal presence in the U S as well as evidence of your name age identity and residence address If you have a driver license you will need to have it with you when you come to the office You will also need to enter your social security number on the CDL application and provide one other document to prove your identity Your social security number will be verified with the Social Security Administration before issuance of a CDL or CLP Section 1 Introduction Please refer to an Oregon Driver Manual or visit www oregondmy com for a list of documents that might be used to fulfill the requirements described in the preceding paragraph All applicants for an original CDL including an upgrade to a higher class must submit a copy of their medical certificate to DMV unless a copy has been previously submitted and is still valid You must also certify the type of driving you intend to do while holding a CDL or CLP Your options in Oregon are e Non excepted interstate You intend to operate or may operate a class A B or C CMV in interstate commerce that is not excepted by federal regulations You meet and wi
230. nufacturer dealer or mechanic is not required to have the endorsement while operating a school bus that is not transporting students A driver must also qualify for a passenger endorsement to obtain a school bus endorsement Hazardous materials endorsement required to drive any vehicle carrying hazardous materials that require placards or transporting any amount of material listed in the Federal Department of Health and Human Services regulations as a select agent or toxin 1 2 2 Restrictions e Air brake restriction a person may not operate a CMV with air brakes To remove the air brake restriction you must pass both an air brake knowledge test and a skill test in a vehicle equipped with air brakes Passenger endorsement restrictions a person may not operate a passenger vehicle that is in a higher class than the class of passenger vehicle the person used for testing For example you may not drive a class B bus if you tested in a class C bus A person issued an original CDL may obtain or add an additional endorsement at a later date If you add an endorsement or remove a restriction at a later date DMV will charge a replacement fee as well as any testing fee s unless you are also renewing your CDL 1 2 3 Farm endorsed Class C license Farmers ranchers are exempt from CDL requirements when operating afarm ranch vehicle thatis plated or credentialed as a farm vehicle and is transporting non hazardous farm or ranch sup
231. o all you can to protect containers of hazardous materials Don t use any tools that might damage containers or other packaging during loading Don t use hooks 9 4 1 General Loading Requirements Before loading or unloading set the parking brake Make sure the vehicle will not move Many products become more hazardous when exposed to heat Load hazardous materials away from heat sources Watch for signs of leaking or damaged containers LEAKS SPELL TROUBLE Do not transport leaking packages Depending on the material you your truck and others could be in danger It is illegal to move a vehicle from the location of loading when the cargo includes packages or containers leaking hazardous materials Containers of hazardous materials must be braced to prevent movement of the packages during transportation No Smoking When loading or unloading hazardous materials keep fire away Don t let people smoke nearby Never smoke around e Class 1 Explosives e Class 2 1 Flammable Gas e Class 3 Flammable Liquids e Class 4 Flammable Solids e Class 5 Oxidizers 9 8 Secure Against Movement Brace containers so they will not fall slide or bounce around during transportation Be very careful when loading containers that have valves or other fittings All hazardous materials packages must be secured during transportation After loading do not open any package during your trip Never transfer hazardous materials from one
232. o emergencies You look for the hazards in order to have time to plan a way out of any emergency Section 2 Driving Safely When you see a hazard think about the emergencies that could develop and figure out what you would do Always be prepared to take action based on your plans In this way you will be a prepared defensive driver who will improve your own safety as well as the safety of all road users SUBSECTIONS 2 7 AND 2 8 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 How do you find out how many seconds of following distance space you have 2 If you are driving a 30 foot vehicle at 55 mph how many seconds of following distance should you allow 3 You should decrease your following distance if somebody is following you too closely True or False 4 If you swing wide to the left before turning right another driver may try to pass you on the right True or False 5 What is a hazard 6 Why make emergency plans when you see a hazard These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 2 7 and 2 8 2 9 Distracted Driving Whenever you are driving a vehicle and your attention is not on the road you re putting yourself your passengers other vehicles and pedestrians in danger Distracted driving can result when you perform any activity that may shift your full attention from the driving task Taking your eyes off the road or hands off the steering wheel presents obvious driving risks
233. of Coach Transit Bus Remainder of Vehicle e Please refer to Section 11 2 5 of this manual for detailed inspection procedures regarding the wheels Remember you must pass the pre trip vehicle inspection before you can proceed to the basic control skills test Section 11 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test 11 6 School Bus Only Emergency Equipment e In addition to checking for spare electrical fuses if equipped three reflective triangles and properly charged and rated fire extinguisher school bus drivers must also inspect the following emergency equipment Fully stocked and sealed first aid kit Fully stocked and sealed body fluid cleanup kit Lighting Indicators e In addition to checking the lighting indicators listed in Section 11 1 2 of this manual school bus drivers must also check the following lighting indicators internal panel lights Alternately flashing amber lights indicator if equipped Alternately flashing red lights indicator Lights Reflectors e In addition to checking the lights and reflective devices listed in Section 11 2 1 of this manual school bus drivers must also check the following external lights and reflectors Stop arm light if equipped Alternately flashing amber lights if equipped Alternately flashing red lights Student Mirrors e In addition to checking the external mirrors school bus drivers must also check the internal and external mirrors used
234. of this manual explains the details of the testing process Basic Control Skills Test You will be tested on your skill to control the vehicle You will be asked to move your vehicle forward backward and turn it within a defined area These areas may be marked with traffic lanes cones barriers or something similar The examiner will tell you how each control test is to be done Section 12 of this manual provides additional details On road Test You will be tested on your skill to safely drive your vehicle in a variety of traffic situations The situations may include left and right turns intersections railroad crossings curves up and down grades single or multi lane roads streets or highways You may also be asked what you would do as you approach and descend along steep hill The examiner will tell you where to drive Section 13 of this manual explains more about this test DMV must have a copy of a valid medical certificate and medical waiver if needed before you take the test If you are applying for a CDL with a passenger endorsement the vehicle used on the skills test must qualify as a passenger vehicle The skills test for a school bus endorsement must be taken in a school bus If you are applying for a CDL without the air brake restriction the vehicle used on the skills test must have air brakes If you are a new resident applying for a CDL and you have a valid out of state CDL or one that is expired for less than one
235. ol and the Brain Alcohol affects more and more of the brain as BAC builds up The first part of the brain affected controls judgment and self control One of the bad things about this is it can keep drinkers from knowing they are getting drunk And of course good judgment and self control are absolutely necessary for safe driving As BAC continues to build up muscle control vision and coordination are affected more and more Effects on driving may include e Straddling lanes e Quick jerky starts e Not signaling failure to use lights e Running stop signs and red lights e Improper passing See Figure 2 23 Section 2 Driving Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual What is a Drink It is the alcohol in drinks that affects human performance It doesn t make any difference whether that alcohol comes from a couple of beers or from two glasses of wine or two shots of hard liquor Approximate Blood Alcohol Content z 5 Body Weight in Pounds 2 a ny os loeloaloalcos J E B lt i e i 5 o E O V 5 2 1 04 03 03 0 3 S guU of guU payeoixoyul Ajje6e7 payoyy Anueowiubig sig Bunua 9 34 10 38 N N ad ai ai 7 o wo D A N I _ f N wo on N 0 N N J ze N Zz w w gt on w nN i N R oo on N N M ab ab ab ab ah o N a wo N nN ND N Subtract 01 for each 40 minutes of drinking
236. olumn 4 of the Hazardous Materials Table The rules require black 100 mm 3 9 inch numbers on orange panels placards or a white diamond shaped background if no placards are required Specification cargo tanks must show re test date markings Portable tanks must also show the lessee or owner s name They mustalso display the shipping name of the contents on two opposing sides The letters of the shipping name must be at least two inches tall on portable tanks with capacities of more than 1 000 gallons and one inch tall on portable tanks with capacities of less than 1 000 gallons The identification number must appear on each side and each end of a portable tank or other bulk packaging that hold 1 000 gallons or more and on two opposing sides if the portable tank holds less than 1 000 gallons The identification numbers must still be visible when the portable tank is on the motor vehicle If they are not visible you must display the identification number on both sides and ends of the motor vehicle Intermediate bulk containers IBCs are bulk packages but are not required to have the owner s name or shipping name 9 10 9 5 2 Tank Loading The person in charge of loading and unloading a cargo tank must be sure a qualified person is always watching This person watching the loading or unloading must e Be alert e Have a clear view of the cargo tank e Be within 25 feet of the tank e Know of the hazards of the materials in
237. oming lane to make a turn watch out for vehicles coming toward you Give them room to go by or to stop However don t back up for them because you might hit someone behind you See Figure 2 13 Figure 2 13 Left Turns On a left turn make sure you have reached the center of the intersection before you start the left turn If you turn too soon the left side of your vehicle may hit another vehicle because of offtracking If there are two turning lanes always take the right turn lane Don t start in the inside lane because you may have to swing right Section 2 Driving Safely to make the turn Drivers on your left can be more readily seen See Figure 2 14 Figure 2 14 2 7 7 Space Needed to Cross or Enter Traffic Be aware of the size and weight of your vehicle when you cross or enter traffic Here are some important things to keep in mind e Because of slow acceleration and the space large vehicles require you may need a much larger gap to enter traffic than you would in a car e Acceleration varies with the load Allow more room if your vehicle is heavily loaded e Before you start across a road make sure you can get all the way across before traffic reaches you 2 8 Seeing Hazards 2 8 1 Importance of Seeing Hazards What Is a Hazard A hazard is any road condition or other road user driver bicyclist pedestrian that is a possible danger For example a car in front of you
238. ommercial Driver License Manual Hazard Class Definitions Class Name Example Ammunition Explosives Dynamite Fireworks Helium 3 Flammable Gasoline Fuel Acetone Aer iaeia Matches Fuses Solids Ammonium 5 Oxidizers Nitrate Hydrogen Peroxide 6 h Arsenic gt placards They are put on the front rear and both sides Placards must be readable from all four directions They must be at least 10 3 4 inches square turned upright on a point in a diamond shape Cargo tanks and other bulk packaging display the identification number of their contents on placards or orange panels Identification Numbers are a four digit code used by first responders to identify hazardous materials An identification number may be used to identify more than one chemical on shipping papers The identification number will be preceded by the letters NA or UN The US DOT Emergency Response Guidebook ERG lists the chemicals and the identification numbers assigned to them Notall vehicles carrying hazardous materials need to have placards The rules about placards are given in Section 9 of this manual You can drive a vehicle that carries hazardous materials if it does not require placards If it requires placards you cannot drive it unless your driver license has the hazardous materials endorsement See Figure 2 25 Uranium 7 Radioactive Helene 8 Corrosives Hydrochloric Acid Battery Acid Miscellaneous o
239. omplete reports and records Be able to operate the vehicle safely Be able to properly locate distribute and secure cargo on the vehicle Pass a physical examination and have a valid medical certificate and if required a valid medical waiver or exemption Have a valid license for the class and type of vehicle you drive Pass a road test given by your employer Fill out a detailed job application to include a report of all traffic violations Meet controlled substance and alcohol testing requirements 1 6 2 Annual Report to Employer You may be required to furnish your employer at least once every 12 months a list of all the convictions for traffic violations other than parking violations you have received throughout the previous 12 month period This list will become part of your qualification file 1 6 3 Physical Examination You will be required to pass a physical examination and have your doctor sign a medical certificate stating that you meet required qualifications One copy of the medical certificate must be submitted to DMV and another must be carried with you at all times while you are driving commercially A medical certificate must also be carried if you operate a commercial vehicle in interstate commerce or if you operate a vehicle for hire in intrastate commerce that Section 1 Introduction e Has a gross vehicle weight rating or actual weight in excess of 10 000 pounds or e Is designed to transport m
240. on number and additional description as appropriate Explosives 1 4 Explosives 1 5 1 4 Minor Explosion 1 5 Very Insensitive ombustible Spontaneously Combustible Oxidizer Organic Peroxide 1 6 Extremely Insensitive 2 1 Flammable Gases 2 2 Non Flammable Gases 3 Flammable Liquids Combustible Liquid 4 1 Flammable Solids 4 2 Spontaneously Combustible 5 1 Oxidizers 5 2 other than organic peroxide Type B liquid or solid Temperature Controlled 6 1 other than inhalation hazard Poison zone Aor B 6 2 Infectious Substances Class 9 8 Corrosives 9 Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials ORM D None FLAMMABLE may be used in place of a COMBUSTIBLE on a cargo tank or portable tank Class 9 Placard is not required for domestic transportation Figure 9 8 If the words INHALATION HAZARD are on the shipping paper or package you must display POISON GAS or POISON INHALATION placards in addition to any other placards needed by the product s hazard class The 1 000 pound exception does not apply to these materials Materials with a secondary hazard of dangerous when wet must display the DANGEROUS WHEN WET placard in addition to any other placards needed by the product s hazard class The 1 000 pound exception to placarding does not apply to these materials Placards used to identify the primary or subsidiary hazard class of a material must have the hazard class or division number displayed
241. oot brake to 90 psi or until the air compressor is operating Fully apply the foot brake at least 50 pounds of application pressure and hold it for one minute After the initial air pressure drop due to the brake application the air supply pressure must remain steady or increase Any decrease in air pressure will be considered an equipment failure The truck should be incapable of moving forward or the truck will move forward and the trailer tires will drag If e This check will be performed only on a combination vehicle when the trailer has electric brakes This test will determine if the module functions properly and will set the trailer brakes Disconnect the breakaway wiring from the connector on the trailer Start the engine place the transmission in first gear and drive the truck forward Low Air Warning the combination moves forward freely trailer tires do e This test will determine that the low air warning system will not drag or if there is an absence of braking action on 20 function early enough to allow the driver to stop the vehicle percent or more of the wheels the emergency breakaway safely is inoperative If the emergency breakaway is inoperative With the engine running and all brakes released begin it will be considered an equipment failure fanning off the air pressure by rapidly applying and Safety Belt releasing the foot brake The low air warning devices buzzer light flag should ac
242. opping at a green light or waiting for too long at a stop Open window in cold weather Speeding up or slowing down suddenly driving too fast or too slow Be alert for drunk drivers or sleepy drivers especially late at night Driver Body Movement as a Clue Drivers look in the direction they are going to turn You may sometimes get a clue from adriver s head and body movements that a driver may be going to make a turn even though the turn signals aren t on Drivers making over the shoulder checks may be going to change lanes These clues are most easily seen in motorcyclists and bicyclists Watch other road users and try to tell whether they might do something hazardous Conflicts You are in conflict when you have to change speed and or direction to avoid hitting someone Conflicts occur at intersections where vehicles meet at merges such as turnpike on ramps and where there are needed lane changes such as the end of a lane forcing a move to another lane of traffic Other situations include slow moving or stalled traffic in a traffic lane and accident scenes Watch for other drivers who are in conflict because they are a hazard to you When they react to this conflict they may do something that will put them in conflict with you 2 8 4 Always Have a Plan You should always be looking for hazards Continue to learn to see hazards on the road However don t forget why you are looking for the hazards they may turn int
243. or example a cargo tank Unless a package is clearly unsafe or does not comply with the HMR you may accept the shipper s certification concerning proper packaging Some carriers have additional rules about transporting hazardous materials Follow your employer s rules when accepting shipments 9 3 7 Package Markings and Labels Shippers print required markings directly on the package an attached label or tag An important package marking is the name of the hazardous materials It is the same name as the one on the shipping paper The requirements for marking vary by package size and material being transported When required the shipper will put the following on the package The name and address of shipper or consignee e The hazardous material s shipping name and identification number e The labels required It is a good idea to compare the shipping paper to the markings and labels Always make sure that the shipper shows the correct basic description on the shipping paper and verifies that the proper 9 6 labels are shown on the packages If you are not familiar with the material ask the shipper to contact your office Ifrules require it the shipper will put RQ MARINE POLLUTANT BIOHAZARD HOT or INHALATION HAZARD on the package Packages with liquid containers inside will also have package orientation markings with the arrows pointing in the correct upright direction The labels used always reflect the hazard cl
244. or mechanical problems 5 1 11 Low Air Pressure Warning A low air pressure warning signal is required on vehicles with air brakes A warning signal you can see must come on before the air pressure in the tanks falls below 60 psi Or one half the compressor governor cutout pressure on older vehicles The warning is usually ared light A buzzer may also come on Another type of warning is the wig wag This device drops a mechanical arm into your view when the pressure in the system drops below 60 psi An automatic wig wag will rise out of your view when the pressure in the system goes above 60 psi The manual reset type must be placed in the out of view position manually It will not stay in place until the pressure in the system is above 60 psi On large buses it is common for the low pressure warning devices to signal at 80 85 psi 5 1 12 Stop Light Switch Drivers behind you must be warned when you put your brakes on The air brake system does this with an electric switch that works by air pressure The switch turns on the brake lights when you put on the air brakes 5 1 13 Front Brake Limiting Valve Some older vehicles made before 1975 have a front brake limiting valve andacontrolin the cab The control is usually marked normal Section 5 Air Brakes 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual and slippery When you put the control in the slippery position the limiting valv
245. or severe dents and any signs of leaks such as rust or carbon soot e System must be connected tightly and mounted securely with no loose or missing nuts bolts Frame e Look for cracks broken welds or bends in the longitudinal frame members loose or damaged cross members loose or missing bolts rivets holes in the floor or floor damage 11 2 4 Rear of Vehicle Splash Guards e Check that splash guards or mud flaps are not torn or damaged are mounted securely and not more than 10 inches from the ground Doors Ties Lifts e Check that doors and hinges are not damaged that doors are latched and handles are locked in place e Ties straps chains and binders must be secured e If equipped with a cargo lift the lift must be fully retracted and latched securely Air Electric Lines e Listen for air leaks Check that air hoses and electrical lines are not cut chafed spliced or worn steel braid should not show through e Make sure air and electrical lines are not tangled pinched or dragging against tractor parts Catwalk e Check that the catwalk is solid clear of objects and securely bolted to tractor frame 11 2 5 Brakes Slack Adjusters e Look for broken loose or missing parts e Check for brake adjustment The pushrod should not move more than one inch with the brakes released or exceed the maximum stroke identified on a brake stroke indicator when pulled by hand The angle between the pushrod
246. oration Per First Per Smith Date Date October 15 2003 Special Instructions 24 hour Emergency Contact John Smith 1 800 555 5555 Figure 9 6 Shipping name hazard class and identification number must not be abbreviated unless specifically authorized in the hazardous materials regulations The description must also show The total quantity and unit of measure e The letters RQ if a reportable quantity e Ifthe letters RQ appear the name of the hazardous substance e For all materials with the letter G Generic in Column 1 the technical name of the hazardous material Shipping papers also must list an emergency response telephone number The emergency response telephone number is the responsibility of the shipper Itcan be used by emergency responders to obtain information about any hazardous materials involved in a spill or fire Some hazardous materials do not need a telephone number You should check the regulations to determine which materials need a telephone number 9 5 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Shippers also must provide emergency response information to the motor carrier for each hazardous material being shipped The emergency response information must be able to be used away from the motor vehicle and must provide information on how to safely handle incidents involving the material It mustinclude information on the shipping name of the hazardous materials risks to health
247. ore than 8 passengers including the driver for compensation The medical certificate is valid for no more than two years While you hold a CDL or CLP DMV will monitor the validity of your certificate If it expires you will be notified that you must submit a new certificate to DMV or surrender your CDL or CLP DMV must cancel your CDL or CLP if you do neither Some physical conditions will disqualify you from driving a CMV A medical waiver may be issued for some otherwise disqualifying conditions but a medical waiver issued by DMV is good for no more than two years and applies only to drivers operating a CMV in intrastate commerce An application for a medical waiver is available from DMV by calling 503 945 0891 A medical waiver or exemption to operate a CMV in non excepted interstate commerce may be issued by the U S DOT Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FMCSA If you believe you qualify for a federal waiver or exemption call 503 399 5775 After May 20 2014 only medical examiners listed in the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners maintained by FMCSA may perform the physical examinations required to obtain commercial driving privileges Visit itps nationalregistry fmcsa dot gov for a list of certified examiners in your area 1 6 4 Hours of Service There are rules on how many hours commercial drivers can drive There are different rules depending on whether you are operating a vehicle in int
248. ore the office closes You will have to take one or more knowledge tests depending on what class of license and what endorsements you need All tests are offered in English only The commercial knowledge tests include The general knowledge test taken by all applicants The passenger endorsement test taken if operating vehicles designed to transport 16 persons or more including the driver The school bus test required if you want to drive a school bus designed to carry 16 persons or more including the driver The air brakes test which you must take if your CMV has air brakes including air over hydraulic brakes Neither CDL nor test is required to operate a non CMV with air brakes The combination vehicles test which is required if you want to drive combination vehicles Class A The hazardous materials test required if you want to haul hazardous materials or waste in amounts that require placarding or any quantity of a material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR Part 73 In addition all applicants must pass this 1 4 test before each renewal of a CDL with hazardous materials endorsement The tank vehicle test required if your CMV is designed to transport a liquid or gas in a cargo tank or tanks rated at more than 119 gallons with an aggregate capacity of 1 000 gallons or more The doubles and triples vehicle test required if your CMV combination includes double or triple trailers Contact your employer about ad
249. orine in cargo tanks must have an approved gas mask in the vehicle The driver must also have an emergency kit for controlling leaks in dome cover plate fittings on the cargo tank 9 6 13 Stop Before Railroad Crossings Stop before a railroad crossing if your vehicle e Is placarded e Carries any amount of chlorine 9 12 e Has cargo tanks whether loaded or empty used for hazardous materials You must stop 15 to 50 feet before the nearest rail Proceed only when you are sure no train is coming Don t shift gears while crossing the tracks 9 7 Hazardous Materials Emergencies 9 7 1 Emergency Response Guidebook ERG The Department of Transportation has a guidebook for firefighters police and industry workers on how to protect themselves and the public from hazardous materials The guide is indexed by proper shipping name and hazardous materials identification number Emergency personnel look for these things on the shipping paper That is why it is vital that the proper shipping name identification number label and placards are correct 9 7 2 Crashes Incidents As a professional driver your job at the scene of a crash or an incident is to Keep people away from the scene Limit the spread of material only if you can safely do so Communicate the danger of the hazardous materials to emergency response personnel Provide emergency responders with the shipping papers and emergency response information
250. otionally intense conversations with other occupants 2 9 2 Use In vehicle Communication Equipment Cautiously It is best to pull off the road in a safe legal place when making receiving a call on communication equipment If possible turn the cell phone off until your destination is reached Position the cell phone within easy reach Pre program cell phones with commonly called numbers If you have to place a call find a safe place to pull off the road Do not place a call while driving Some jurisdictions require that only hands free devices can be used while driving Even these devices are unsafe to use when you are moving down the road If you must use your cell phone keep conversations short Develop ways to get free of long winded friends and associates while on the road Never use the cell phone for social visiting Hang up in tricky traffic situations Do not use the equipment when approaching locations with heavy traffic road construction heavy pedestrian traffic or severe weather conditions Do not attempt to type or read messages on your satellite system while driving 2 9 3 Watch Out for Other Distracted Drivers You need to be able to recognize other drivers who are engaged in any form of driving distraction Not recognizing other distracted drivers can prevent you from perceiving or reacting correctly in time to prevent a crash Watch for Vehicles that may drift over the lane divider lines or within the
251. ou intend to carry hazardous material that requires placards on your vehicle you will also need to have a hazardous materials endorsement Section 9 of this manual has the information you need to pass the hazardous materials test 3 1 Inspecting Cargo As part of your pre trip inspection make sure the truck is not overloaded and the cargo is balanced and secured properly After Starting Inspect the cargo and its securing devices again within the first 50 miles after beginning a trip Make any adjustments needed Re check Re check the cargo and securing devices as often as necessary during a trip to keep the load secure A good habit is to inspect again e After you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles e After every break you take during driving Federal state and local regulations for commercial vehicle weight securing cargo covering loads and where you can drive large vehicles vary from place to place Know the rules where you will be driving 3 2 Weight and Balance You are responsible for not being overloaded The following are some definitions of weight you should know 3 2 1 Definitions You Should Know Gross Vehicle Weight GVW The total weight of a single vehicle plus its load Gross Combination Weight GCW The total weight of a powered unit plus trailer s plus the cargo Gross Vehicle Weight Rating GVWR The maximum GVW specified by the manufacturer for a single vehicle plus its load G
252. ow Drivers Motorists who fail to maintain normal speed are hazards Seeing slow moving vehicles early can prevent a crash Some vehicles by their nature are slow and seeing them is a hazard clue mopeds farm machinery construction machinery tractors etc Some of these will have the slow moving vehicle symbol to warn you This is a red triangle with an orange center Watch for it Drivers Signaling a Turn May Be a Hazard Drivers signaling a turn may slow more than expected or stop If they are making a tight turn into an alley or driveway they may go very slowly If pedestrians or other vehicles block them they may have to stop on the roadway Vehicles turning left may have to stop for oncoming vehicles Drivers in a Hurry Drivers may feel your commercial vehicle is preventing them from getting where they want to go on time Such drivers may pass you without a safe gap in the oncoming traffic cutting too close in front of you Drivers entering the road may pull in front of you in order to avoid being stuck behind you causing you to brake Be aware of this and watch for drivers who are in a hurry Impaired Drivers Drivers who are sleepy have had too much to drink are on drugs or who are ill are hazards Some clues to these drivers are Weaving across the road or drifting from one side to another Leaving the road dropping right wheels onto the shoulder or bumping across a curb in a turn Stopping at the wrong time st
253. ow large vehicles closely during bad weather especially when it is hard to see the road ahead If you find yourself being tailgated here are some things you can do to reduce the chances of a crash 2 14 Avoid quick changes If you have to slow down or turn signal early and reduce speed very gradually Increase your following distance Opening up room in front of you will help you to avoid having to make sudden speed or direction changes It also makes it easier for the tailgater to get around you Don t speed up It s safer to be tailgated at a low speed than a high speed Avoid tricks Don t turn on your taillights or flash your brake lights Follow the suggestions above 2 7 3 Space to the Sides Commercial vehicles are often wide and take up most of a lane Safe drivers will manage what little space they have You can do this by keeping your vehicle centered in your lane and avoid driving alongside others Staying Centered ina Lane You need to keep your vehicle centered in the lane to keep safe clearance on either side If your vehicle is wide you have little room to spare Traveling Next to Others There are two dangers in traveling alongside other vehicles e Another driver may change lanes suddenly and turn into you e You may be trapped when you need to change lanes Find an open spot where you aren t near other traffic When traffic is heavy it may be hard to find an open spot If you must travel ne
254. p gently Slow down to a safe speed before going into a turn 6 1 3 Brake Early Control your speed whether fully loaded or empty Large combination vehicles take longer to stop when they are empty than when they are fully loaded When lightly loaded the very stiff suspension springs and strong brakes give poor traction and make it very easy to lock up the wheels Your trailer can swing out and strike other vehicles Your tractor can jackknife very quickly You also must be very careful about driving bobtail tractors tractors without semitrailers Tests have shown that bobtails can be very hard to stop smoothly It may take them longer to stop than a tractor semitrailer loaded to maximum gross weight In any combination rig allow lots of following distance and look far ahead so you can brake early Don t be caught by surprise and have to make a panic stop 6 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 5 axle tractor semitrailer with 45 ft r C N 3 axle tractor semitrailer with 27 ft Turnpike double 45 ft trailers B train double 27 ft trailers a_i Rocky mountain double 45 ft Califomia truck full trailer 65 ft conventional double 27 ft Triple 27 ft trailers INFLUENCE OF COMBINATION TYPE ON REARWARD AMPLIFICATION be ae id oe wol lp e P 10 1 in oa m em me eee a m eae eee en eee eee nelle neil elle e n e n oe ee MO eee ree
255. p off snow properly Make sure the windshield washer works and there is washing fluid in the washer reservoir Use windshield washer antifreeze to prevent freezing of the washer liquid If you can t see well enough while driving for example if your wipers fail stop safely and fix the problem Tires Make sure you have enough tread on your tires The drive tires must provide traction to push the rig over wet pavement and through snow The steering tires must have traction to steer the vehicle Enough tread is especially important in winter conditions You must have at least 4 32 inch tread depth in every major groove on front tires and at least 2 32 inch on other tires More would be better Use a gauge to determine if you have enough tread for safe driving Tire Chains You may find yourself in conditions where you can t drive without chains even to get to a place of safety Carry the right number of chains and extra cross links Make sure they will fit your drive tires Check the chains for broken hooks worn or broken cross links and bent or broken side chains Learn how to put the chains on before you need to do it in snow and ice You should familiarize yourself with Oregon chain laws and requirements Information is available from the Safety section on ODOT s Web page www oregon gov odot mct Lights and Reflectors Make sure the lights and reflectors are clean Lights and reflectors are especially important during bad weather
256. plies within Oregon Sucha vehicle may also be operated outside Oregon provided it is no more than 150 air miles from the Oregon farm When the vehicle is not plated or credentialed as a farm vehicle or is transporting hazardous materials the farmer may operate the vehicle under the authority of a farm endorsed license The farm endorsement allows you to haul agricultural products farm machinery and farm supplies including hazardous materials when the vehicle is properly placarded within 150 air miles of the farm A farm endorsement may also allow farmers to operate tank vehicles and vehicles towing one or two trailers when the vehicles are used as described in this section Any person having this license must be driving a vehicle controlled or operated by a farmer within the state of Oregon It cannot be used in operation of a common or contract for hire motor carrier A farm endorsement does not allow a farmer to operate a vehicle designed to carry 16 or more Section Introduction 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual persons including the driver or operate a triple trailer combination You must obtain the appropriate class of CDL and endorsement to operate these vehicles You will not be eligible for a farm endorsement if you do not have a good driving record In addition you will not be allowed to acquire or retain a farm endorsement if you commit two or more of the offenses described in Section 1 5 1 except BAC l
257. put hazard warning labels on packages provide proper shipping papers emergency response information and placards These steps communicate the hazard to the shipper the carrier and the driver 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 9 1 3 Assure Safe Drivers and Equipment In order to get a hazardous materials endorsement on a CDL you must pass a written test about transporting hazardous materials To pass the test you must know how to e Identify what are hazardous materials e Safely load shipments e Properly placard your vehicle in accordance with the rules e Safely transport shipments Learn the rules and follow them Following the rules reduces the risk of injury from hazardous materials Taking shortcuts by breaking rules is unsafe Non compliance with regulations can result in fines and jail Inspect your vehicle before and during each trip Law enforcement officers may stop and inspect your vehicle When stopped they may check your shipping papers vehicle placards and the hazardous materials endorsement on your driver license and your knowledge of hazardous materials 9 2 Hazardous Materials Transportation Who Does What 9 2 1 The Shipper e Sends products from one place to another by truck rail vessel or airplane Uses the hazardous materials regulations to determine the product s Proper shipping name Hazard class Identification number Packing group
258. r 100 millimeters of blood or milligrams Your BAC depends on the amount of blood which increases with weight and the amount of alcohol you consume over time how fast you drink The faster you drink the higher your BAC as the liver can only handle about one drink per hour the rest builds up in your blood Effects on Driving Condition Less inhibited BAC Effects on Body Mellow feeling slight body warmth 02 Less alert less self focused coordination impairment begins Drunk driving limit 05 Noticeable relaxation Definite impairment in 08 coordination amp judgment Noisy possible 10 embarrassing behavior mood swings Impaired balance amp 15 movement clearly Reduction in reaction time Unable to drive drunk 30 Many lose consciousness Most lose 40 consciousness some die Breathing stops many 50 s die BAC of 10 means that 1 10 of 1 or 1 1000 of your total blood content is alcohol Figure 2 22 All of the following drinks contain the same amount of alcohol e A 12 ounce glass of 5 beer e A5 ounce glass of 12 wine e A 1 1 2 ounce shot of 80 proof liquor What Determines Blood Alcohol Concentration BAC is determined by the amount of alcohol you drink more alcohol means higher BAC how fast you drink faster drinking means higher BAC and your weight a small person doesn t have to drink as much to reach the same BAC Alcoh
259. r False What should you doif you become sleepy while driving Coffee and a little fresh air will help a drinker sober up True or False What is a hazardous materials placard Why are placards used What is sleep debt What are the danger signals of drowsy driving WN NANA These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 2 22 2 23 and 2 24 Section 2 Driving Safely Section 3 Transporting Cargo Safely This Section Covers e Inspecting Cargo e Cargo Weight and Balance e Securing Cargo e Cargo Needing Special Attention This section tells you about hauling cargo safely You must understand basic cargo safety rules to get a CDL If you load cargo wrong or do not secure it it can be a danger to others and yourself Loose cargo that falls off a vehicle can cause traffic problems and others could be hurt or killed Loose cargo could hurt or kill you during a quick stop or crash Your vehicle could be damaged by an overload Steering could be affected by how a vehicle is loaded making it more difficult to control the vehicle Whether or not you load and secure the cargo yourself you are responsible for Inspecting your cargo Recognizing overloads and poorly balanced weight Knowing your cargo is properly secured and does not obscure your view ahead or to the sides Knowing your cargo does not restrict your access to emergency equipment If y
260. r around an obstacle while braking and avoid skids caused by over braking 10 6 3 Braking with ABS When you drive a vehicle with ABS you should brake as you always have In other words e Use only the braking force necessary to stop safely and stay in control e Brake the same way regardless of whether you have ABS on the bus However in emergency braking do not pump the brakes on a bus with ABS e As you slow down monitor your bus and back off the brakes if it is safe to do so to stay in control 10 6 4 Braking if ABS is Not Working Without ABS you still have normal brake functions Drive and brake as you always have Vehicles with ABS have yellow malfunction lamps to tell you if something is not working The yellow ABS malfunction lamp is on the bus s instrument panel As asystem check on newer vehicles the malfunction lamp comes on at start up for a bulb check and then goes out quickly On older systems the lamp could stay on until you are driving over five mph If the lamp stays on after the bulb check or goes on once you are under way you may have lost ABS control at one or more wheels Remember if your ABS malfunctions you still have regular brakes Drive normally but get the system serviced soon Section 10 School Busess 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 10 6 5 Safety Reminders e ABS won t allow you to drive faster follow more closely or drive less carefully
261. r hip and pelvic bones NOT across your stomach In a crash a belt worn too high places you at high risk of potentially fatal internal injuries WEAR IT SNUG The shoulder portion should rest smoothly over your collarbone and across your chest and shoulders Pull the belt out and let it retract to remove slack Safety belts will stretch slightly in a crash If not snug before the crash you may slide under and out or up and over the belt WEAR IT RIGHT If the belt rubs against your neck try changing the seat position or the way you sit Some vehicles have shoulder belt adjusters which you slide up or down to provide a correct comfortable fit Belt extenders may also be purchased Some cars feature a shoulder belt that automatically comes across your chest but you must fasten the lap portion manually to achieve proper use and compliance with Oregon law Safety belts should be worn over the front of the shoulder never behind your back or under your arm Table Of Contents Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 TtrOdutiOn 0 ccc cece cece cece ccccceccceccecccecccecceesceescecscceceecceeseeescecsceesessseessess 1 1 1 Commercial Driver License Types iit xo eeiaci nit en ia ale ee aa eee Ee A 1 2 1 2 Special Endorsements and Permits 0 0 0 0 cccecssssssseseeesseeseseesceecseesesesscecseeacsessceeseeacsecsesaesecscseeseeecsesscsesseeaseesseetseeeeateas 1 2
262. ractor and trailer Check if fifth wheel is in proper position for coupling Wheel tilted down toward rear of tractor Jaws open Safety unlocking handle in the automatic lock position If you have a sliding fifth wheel make sure it is locked Make sure the trailer kingpin is not bent or broken Step 2 Inspect Area and Chock Wheels e Make sure area around the vehicle is clear e Be sure trailer wheels are chocked or spring brakes are on e Check that cargo if any is secured against movement due to tractor being coupled to the trailer Step 3 Position Tractor e Put the tractor directly in front of the trailer Never back under the trailer at an angle because you might push the trailer sideways and break the landing gear e Check position using outside mirrors by looking down both sides of the trailer Section 6 Combination Vehicles Step 4 Back Slowly e Back until fifth wheel just touches the trailer e Don t hit the trailer Step 5 Secure Tractor e Put on the parking brake e Put transmission in neutral Step 6 Check Trailer Height e The trailer should be low enough that it is raised slightly by the tractor when the tractor is backed under it Raise or lower the trailer as needed If the trailer is too low the tractor may strike and damage the trailer nose if the trailer is too high it may not couple correctly e Check that the kingpin and fifth wheel are aligned Step 7
263. raffic and hills 2 6 1 Stopping Distance Perception Distance Reaction Distance Braking Distance Total Stopping Distance Perception Distance This is the distance your vehicle travels in ideal conditions from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain recognizes it Keep in mind certain mental and physical conditions can affect your perception distance It can be affected 2 11 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual greatly depending on visibility and the hazard itself The average perception time for an alert driver is 134 seconds At 55 mph this accounts for 142 feet traveled Reaction Distance The distance you will continue to travel in ideal conditions before you physically hit the brakes in response to a hazard seen ahead The average driver has a reaction time of 34 second to 1 second At 55 mph this accounts for 61 feet traveled Braking Distance The distance your vehicle will travel in ideal conditions while you are braking At 55 mph on dry pavement with good brakes it can take about 216 feet Total Stopping Distance The total minimum distance your vehicle has traveled in ideal conditions with everything considered including perception distance reaction distance and braking distance until you can bring your vehicle to a complete stop At 55 mph your vehicle will travel a minimum of 419 feet The Effect of Speed on Stopping Distance The faster you drive the greater the impact or
264. re locked and or wheels chocked e Make sure trailer height is correct It must be slightly lower than the center of the fifth wheel so trailer is raised slightly when dolly is pushed under Back converter dolly under rear trailer Raise landing gear slightly off ground to prevent damage if trailer moves Test coupling by pulling against kingpin of the second semitrailer Make visual check of coupling No space between upper and lower fifth wheel Locking jaws closed on kingpin Connect safety chains air hoses and light cords Close converter dolly air tank petcock and shut off valves at rear of second trailer service and emergency shut offs Open shut off valves at rear of first trailer and on dolly if so equipped Raise landing gear completely Charge trailer brakes push air supply knob in and check for air at rear of second trailer by opening the emergency line shut off If air pressure isn t there something is wrong and the brakes won t work 7 2 2 Uncoupling Twin Trailers Uncouple Rear Trailer e Park rig in a straight line on firm level ground e Apply parking brakes so rig won t move e Chock wheels of second trailer if it doesn t have spring brakes e Lower landing gear of second semitrailer enough to remove some weight from dolly Section 7 Doubles and Triples 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Close air shut offs at rear of first semitrailer and on dolly if so eq
265. reas and Grade Crossings in Cities and Towns Yard areas and grade crossings in cities and towns are just as dangerous as rural grade crossings Approach them with as much caution 2 15 4 Stopping Safely at Railroad highway Crossings A full stop is required at grade crossings whenever e The nature of the cargo makes a stop mandatory under state or federal regulations e Such a stop is otherwise required by law In Oregon refer to ORS 811 455 through 811 475 When stopping be sure to e Check for traffic behind you while stopping gradually Use a pullout lane if available e Turn on your four way emergency flashers 2 15 5 Crossing the Tracks Railroad crossings with steep approaches can cause your unit to hang up on the tracks Never permit traffic conditions to trap you in a position where you have to stop on the tracks Be sure you can get all the way across the tracks before you start across It takes a typical tractor trailer unit at least 14 seconds to clear a single track and more than 15 seconds to clear a double track Do not shift gears while crossing railroad tracks 2 23 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 2 15 6 Special Situations Be Aware These trailers can get stuck on raised crossings e Low slung units lowboy car carrier moving van possum belly livestock trailer e Single axle tractor pulling a long trailer with its landing gear set to accommodate a tandem axle tractor
266. ree from damage Sliding fifth wheel Slide not damaged or parts missing Properly greased All locking pins present and locked in place If air powered no air leaks Check that fifth wheel is not so far forward that tractor frame will hit landing gear or cab hit the trailer during turns Landing Gear e Fully raised no missing parts not bent or otherwise damaged e Crank handle in place and secured e If power operated no air or hydraulic leaks Double and Triple Trailers Shut off valves at rear of trailers in service and emergency lines Rear of front trailers OPEN Rear of last trailer CLOSED Converter dolly air tank drain valve CLOSED Be sure air lines are supported and glad hands are properly connected If spare tire is carried on converter gear dolly make sure it s secured Be sure pintle eye of dolly is in place in pintle hook of trailer s Make sure pintle hook is latched Safety chains should be secured to trailer s e Be sure light cords are firmly in sockets on trailers 7 3 2 Additional Things to Check During a Walk around Inspection Do these checks in addition to subsection 5 3 Inspecting Air Brake Systems 7 4 Doubles Triples Air Brake Check Check the brakes on a double or triple trailer as you would any combination vehicle Subsection 6 5 2 explains how to check air brakes on combination vehicles You must also make the following
267. regulations regarding approaching a school bus stop This would involve the proper use of mirrors alternating flashing lights and when equipped the moveable stop signal arm and crossing control arm When approaching the stop you should Approach cautiously at a slow rate of speed Look for pedestrians traffic or other objects before during and after coming to a stop Continuously check all mirrors Activate alternating flashing amber warning lights 100 to 300 feet before the school bus stop Continuously check mirrors to monitor the danger zones for students traffic and other objects Section 10 School Buses Bring school bus to a full stop with the front bumper at least 10 feet away from students at the designated stop This forces the students to walk to the bus so you have a better view of their movements Place transmission in Park or if there is no Park shift point in Neutral and set the parking brake at each stop Activate alternating red lights by partially opening the door or by other means when traffic is a safe distance from the school bus Ensure stop arm is extended if so equipped Make a final check to see that all traffic has stopped before completely opening the door and signaling students to approach 10 2 2 Loading Procedures Perform a safe stop as described in subsection 10 2 1 Students should wait in a designated location for the school bus facing the bus as it approaches Students s
268. requirements are before you carry such loads 3 3 3 Headerboards Front end headerboards headache racks protect you from your cargo in case of a crash or emergency stop If your vehicle is equipped with a front end structure be sure it is in good condition The front end structure should block the forward movement of any cargo you carry 3 3 4 Covering Cargo There are two basic reasons for covering cargo e To protect people from spilled cargo e To protect the cargo from weather Spill protection is a safety requirement in many states Be familiar with the laws in the states you drive in You should look at your cargo covers in the mirrors from time to time while driving A flapping cover can tear loose uncovering the cargo and possibly block your view or someone else s Section 3 Transporting Cargo Safely 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 3 3 5 Sealed and Containerized Loads Containerized loads generally are used when freight is carried part way by rail or ship Delivery by truck occurs at the beginning and or end of the journey Some containers have their own tiedown devices or locks that attach directly to a special frame Others have to be loaded onto flatbed trailers They must be properly secured just like any other cargo You cannot inspect sealed loads but you should check that you don t exceed gross weight and axle weight limits 3 4 Cargo Needing Special Attention
269. ressure range specified by the manufacturer Usually within the range of 20 to 45 psi Ifthe tractor protection valve doesn t work right an air hose or trailer brake leak could drain all the air from the tractor This would cause the emergency brakes to come on with possible loss of control Test Trailer Emergency Brakes Charge the trailer air brake system and check that the trailer rolls freely Then stop and pull out the trailer air supply control also called tractor protection valve control or trailer emergency valve or place it in the emergency position Pull gently on the trailer with the tractor to check that the trailer emergency brakes are on Test Trailer Service Brakes Check for normal air pressure release the parking brakes move the vehicle forward slowly and apply trailer brakes with the hand control trolley valve if so equipped You should feel the brakes come on This tells you the trailer brakes are connected and working The trailer brakes should be tested with the hand valve but controlled in normal operation with the foot pedal which applies air to the service brakes at all wheels SUBSECTION 6 5 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Which shut off valves should be open and which closed 2 How can you test that air flows to all trailers 3 How can you test the tractor protection valve 4 How can you test the trailer emergency brakes 5 How can you test the trailer service brakes ee These q
270. rgency hospital supplies and drugs You cancarry small amounts of some other hazardous materials if the shipper cannot send them any other way Buses must never carry Division 2 3 poison gas liquid Class 6 poison tear gas irritating material More than 100 pounds of solid Class 6 poisons Explosives in the space occupied by people except small arms ammunition Labeled radioactive materials in the space occupied by people More than 500 pounds total of allowed hazardous materials and no more than 100 pounds of any one class Riders sometimes board a bus with an unlabeled hazardous material Do not allow riders to carry on common hazards such as car batteries or gasoline 4 2 4 2 3 Standee Line No rider may stand forward of the rear of the driver s seat Buses designed to allow standing must have a two inch line on the floor or some other means of showing riders where they cannot stand This is called the standee line All standing riders must stay behind it 4 2 4 At Your Destination When arriving at the destination or intermediate stops announce e The location e Reason for stopping e Next departure time e Bus number Before coming to a complete stop remind riders to take carry ons with them if they get off the bus If the aisle is on a lower level than the seats remind riders of the step down Charter bus drivers should not allow riders on the bus until departure time This will help prevent theft or va
271. rns You have been asked to make a turn e Check traffic in all directions including mirror checks e Use turn signals and safely get into the lane needed for the turn As you approach the turn e Use turn signals to warn others of your turn e Slow down smoothly change gears as needed to keep power but do not coast unsafely Unsafe coasting occurs when your vehicle is out of gear clutch depressed or gearshift in neutral for more than the length of your vehicle e Check traffic including pedestrians and mirror checks both mirrors before starting the turn If you must stop before making the turn Come to a smooth stop without skidding Come to a complete stop behind the stop line crosswalk or stop sign If stopping behind another vehicle stop where you can see the rear tires on the vehicle ahead of you safe gap Do not let your vehicle roll Keep the front wheels aimed straight ahead When turning Check traffic in all directions including mirror checks both mirrors Keep both hands on the steering wheel during the turn Do not change gears during the turn Keep checking your mirror to make sure the vehicle does not hit anything on the inside or outside of the turn e Vehicle should finish turn in correct lane After turn e Check traffic in all directions including mirror checks both mirrors e Make sure turn signal is off e Get up to speed of traffic use turn signal and move into right mo
272. rolling over you must steer gently and go slowly around corners on ramps off ramps and curves A safe speed on a curve for a straight truck or a single trailer combination vehicle may be too fast for a set of doubles or triples 7 1 2 Beware of the Crack the whip Effect Doubles and triples are more likely to turn over than other combination vehicles because of the crack the whip effect You must steer gently when pulling trailers The last trailer in a combination is most likely to turn over If you don t understand the crack the whip effect study subsection 6 1 2 of this manual 7 1 3 Inspect Completely There are more critical parts to check when you have two or three trailers Check them all Follow the procedures described later in this section 7 1 4 Look Far Ahead Doubles and triples must be driven very smoothly to avoid rollover or jackknife Therefore look far ahead so you can slow down or change lanes gradually when necessary 7 1 5 Manage Space Doubles and triples take up more space than other commercial vehicles They are not only longer but also need more space because they can t be turned or stopped suddenly Allow more following distance Make sure you have large enough gaps before entering or crossing traffic Be certain you are clear at the sides before changing lanes 7 1 6 Adverse Conditions Be more careful in adverse conditions In bad weather slippery conditions and mounta
273. ross Combination Weight Rating GCWR The maximum GCW specified by the manufacturer for a specific combination of vehicles plus its load Axle Weight The weight transmitted to the ground by one axle or one set of axles Tire Load The maximum safe weight a tire can carry at a specified pressure This rating is stated on the side of each tire Suspension Systems Suspension systems have a manufacturer s weight capacity rating Coupling Device Capacity Coupling devices are rated for the maximum weight they can pull and or carry 3 2 2 Legal Weight Limits You must keep weights within legal limits States have maximums forGVWs GCWs and axle weights Often maximum axle weights are set by a bridge formula A bridge formula permits less maximum axle weight for axles that are closer together This is to prevent overloading bridges and roadways Overloading can have bad effects on steering braking and speed control Overloaded trucks have to go very slowly on upgrades Worse they may gain too much speed on downgrades Stopping distance increases Brakes can fail when forced to work too hard During bad weather or in mountains it may not be safe to operate at legal maximum weights Take this into account before driving 3 2 3 Don t Be Top heavy The height of the vehicle s center of gravity is very important for safe handling A high center of gravity cargo piled up high or heavy cargo on top means you are more like
274. rossing Before reaching the crossing all commercial drivers should e Decelerate brake smoothly and shift gears as necessary e Look and listen for the presence of trains e Check traffic in all directions including mirror checks Do not stop change gears pass another vehicle or change lanes while any part of your vehicle is in the crossing If youare driving a bus aschool bus ora vehicle displaying placards you should be prepared to observe the following procedures at every railroad crossing unless the crossing is exempt e As the vehicle approaches a railroad crossing activate the four way flashers Stop the vehicle at the stop line or if there is no clearly marked stop line within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail Listen and look in both directions along the track for an approaching train and for signals indicating the approach of a train If operating a bus you may also be required to open the window and door prior to crossing tracks Keep hands on the steering wheel as the vehicle crosses the tracks Do not stop change gears or change lanes while any part of your vehicle is proceeding across the tracks Four way flashers should be deactivated after the vehicle crosses the tracks Not all driving road test routes will have a railroad crossing You may beasked to explain and demonstrate the proper railroad crossing procedures to the examiner at a simulated location 13 1 11 Bridge Ove
275. rpass Sign After driving under an overpass you may be asked to tell the examiner what the posted clearance or height was After going over a bridge you may be asked to tell the examiner what the posted weight limit was If your test route does not have a bridge or Overpass you may be asked about another traffic sign When asked be prepared to identify and explain to the examiner any traffic sign which may appear on the route 13 1 12 Clutch Usage for Manual Transmission e Always use clutch to shift e Double clutch when shifting e Do not rev or lug the engine e Do not ride clutch to control speed coast with the clutch depressed or pop the clutch Section 13 On Road Driving Tests 13 1 13 Gear Usage for Manual Transmission e Do not grind or clash gears e Select gear that does not over rev or lug engine e Do not shift in turns and intersections e Do not coast in neutral 13 1 14 Brake Usage e Do not ride or pump brake e Do not brake harshly Brake smoothly using steady pressure 13 1 15 Lane Usage Do not put vehicle over curbs sidewalks or lane markings Stop behind stop lines crosswalks or stop signs Move to or remain in right lane unless the lane is blocked or other obstructions prevent use Finish a right turn in the right curb lane Do not wander outside the proper lane of travel 13 1 16 Steering e Keep both hands on the wheel at all times unless shifting Onc
276. rts within 30 days of an incident CHEMTREC 800 424 9300 The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center CHEMTREC in Washington also has a 24 hour toll free line CHEMTREC was created to provide emergency personnel with technical information about the physical properties of hazardous materials The National Response Center and CHEMTREC are in close communication If you call either one they will tell the other about the problem when appropriate Do not leave radioactive yellow I or yellow II labeled packages near people animals or film longer than shown in Figure 9 10 9 14 Radioactive Separation Table A MINIMUM DISTANCE IN FEET TO NEAREST UNDEVELOPED FILM TO PEOPLE OR CARGO COMPARTMENT PARTITIONS 8 SUBSECTIONS 9 6 AND 9 7 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Ifyourplacarded trailer has dual tires how often should you check the tires What is a safe haven How close to the traveled part of the roadway can you park with Division 1 2 or 1 3 materials How close can you park to a bridge tunnel or building with the same load What type of fire extinguisher must placarded vehicles carry You re hauling 100 pounds of Division 4 3 dangerous when wet materials Do you need to stop before a railroad highway crossing Atarest area you discover your hazardous materials shipments slowly leaking from the vehicle There is no phone around What should you do What is the Em
277. rvice line instead of going to charge the trailer air tanks Air will not be available to release the trailer spring brakes parking brakes If the spring brakes don t release when you push the trailer air supply control check the air line connections Section 6 Combination Vehicles lt 2 lt P ly Vi oe a L fey Lit a JO EMERGENCY LINE Check for Cracks Truck Line Trailer Line 4 Figure 6 6 Older trailers do not have spring brakes If the air supply in the trailer air tank has leaked away there will be no emergency brakes and the trailer wheels will turn freely If you crossed the air lines you could drive away but you wouldn t have trailer brakes This would be very dangerous Always test the trailer brakes before driving with the hand valve or by pulling the air supply tractor protection valve control Pull gently against them in a low gear to make sure the brakes work Some vehicles have dead end or dummy couplers to which the hoses may be attached when they are not in use This will prevent water and dirt from getting into the coupler and the air lines Use the dummy couplers when the air lines are not connected to a trailer If there are no dummy couplers the glad hands can sometimes be locked together depending on the couplings It is very important to keep the air supply clean 6 2 6 Trailer Air Tanks Each trailer and converter dolly has one or more air tanks
278. s You ll lose about 2 000 feet of elevation in six miles and twist through a double hair pin turn at a 6 percent downgrade On an average 78 percent of the Cabbage Hill crashes involve out of state motor carriers Extreme caution urged Drivers traveling west on I 84 are urged to be prepared before descending the hill and to use extreme caution and defensive driving techniques as you maneuver through the downgrade which begins at Milepost 227 and continues through Milepost 217 On average 59 percent of brake problems contribute to accidents on the Hill drivers should check their brakes before the downgrade A brake check area is located at the weigh station at Milepost 227 Warning signs provide recommended speeds for trucks descending the Hill Drivers in trucks with Green Light transponders will receive a personalized message from a variable message sign with the recommended speed Escape ramps are located at Milepost 221 and Milepost 220 Reminders for a safe descent Make sure your brakes are properly adjusted and check them before entering the downgrade Be aware of the safe recommended speed for your vehicle Descend the hill in proper gear Control your speed Posted speeds are maximums in good weather Bad weather demands lower speeds Fog snow and black ice are common between October and April Be prepared Oregon law requires that you carry and use tire chains when conditions w
279. s any of the following equipment make sure it works e Vapor recovery kits e Grounding and bonding cables Emergency shut off systems e Built in fire extinguisher Never drive a tank vehicle with open valves or manhole covers 8 1 3 Special Equipment Check the emergency equipment required for your vehicle Find out what equipment you re required to carry and make sure you have it and it works CG 60 78 High Q CG 18 24 g Figure 8 1 8 2 Driving Tank Vehicles Hauling liquids in tanks requires special skills because of the high center of gravity and liquid movement See Figure 8 1 8 2 1 High Center of Gravity Highcenter of gravity means that much of the load s weightis carried high up off the road This makes the vehicle top heavy and easy to roll over Liquid tankers are especially easy to roll over Tests have shown that tankers can turn over at the speed limits posted for curves Take highway curves and on ramp off ramp curves well below the posted speeds 8 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 8 2 2 Danger of Surge Liquid surge results from movement of the liquid in partially filled tanks This movement can have bad effects on handling For example when coming to a stop the liquid will surge back and forth When the wave hits the end of the tank it tends to push the truck in the direction the wave is moving If the truck is on a slipper
280. s flashing red lights and bells When the lights begin to flash stop A train is approaching You are required to yield the right of way to the train If there is more than one track make sure all tracks are clear before crossing See Figure 10 8 Gates Many railroad highway crossings have gates with flashing red lights and bells Stop when the lights begin to flash and before the gate lowers across the road lane Remain stopped until the gates go up and the lights have stopped flashing Proceed when it is safe If the gate stays down after the train passes do not drive around the gate Instead call your dispatcher See Figure 10 8 10 4 3 Recommended Procedures Each state has laws and regulations governing how school buses must operate at railroad highway crossings It is important for you to understand and obey these state laws and regulations In general school buses must stop at all crossings and ensure it is safe before proceeding across the tracks The specific procedures required in each state vary Section 10 School Busess 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual MULTIPLE TRACKS GATES LIGHTS Figure 10 7 Aschool bus is one of the safest vehicles on the highway However a school bus does not have the slightest edge when involved in a crash with a train Because of a train s size and weight it cannot stop quickly An emergency escape route does not exist for a train You can
281. s for life for a second occurrence of any combination of offenses described above You will lose your commercial driving privileges for life if you use a CMV to commit a felony involving controlled substances You will be put out of service for 24 hours by a commercial motor vehicle inspector if you have any detectable amount of alcohol under 04 The holder of commercial driving privileges is not eligible for diversion or any other action that prevents conviction for a traffic offense from appearing on his her driving record A person holds commercial driving privileges even if the commercial driving privileges are suspended cancelled or revoked 1 5 2 Serious Traffic Violations Serious traffic violations are excessive speeding 15 mph or more above the posted limit in a CMV reckless driving in any vehicle speeding at 100 mph or more in any vehicle improper or erratic lane changes in a CMV following a vehicle too closely in a CMV texting or using a hand held cell phone while operating a CMV driving a CMV without obtaining commercial driving privileges or having a CDL or CLP in the driver s possession driving a CMV without the proper class of CDL or without the proper endorsement and traffic offenses committed in a CMV in connection with fatal traffic accidents Also exceeding the speed limit in any vehicle by 30 mph or more when the court imposes a suspension for that violation is a serious violation You will lo
282. s materials endorsement to the state that issued your CDL within 24 hours of any conviction or indictment in any jurisdiction civilian or military for or found not guilty by reason of insanity of a disqualifying crime listed in 49 CFR 1572 103 who is adjudicated as a mental defective or committed to a mental institution as specified in 49 CFR 1572 109 or who renounces his or her U S citizenship Your employer may not let you drive a commercial motor vehicle if you have more than one license or if your commercial driving privilege is suspended or revoked A court may fine the employer or put him her in jail for breaking this rule All states are connected to one computerized system to share information about commercial drivers The states will check drivers records to be sure they do not have more than one CDL OBEY THE SIGN OR PAY THE Fy FMCSA rules and Oregon statutes do not permit courts to offer diversion for traffic offenses if you held commercial driving privileges at the time of the offense This includes the ability to plead guilty to a first DUI and get a diversion The conviction for Driving Under the Influence of Intoxicants DUID and all other traffic convictions will be entered on your driving record if you hold a CDL or CLP You are considered to hold a CDL or CLP even if your privileges are suspended cancelled or revoked You may not operate a CMV with a hardship permit You must be properly restrained by a
283. s need time to adjust to seeing in dim light Most people have noticed this when walking into a dark movie theater Glare Drivers can be blinded for a short time by bright light It takes time to recover from this blindness Older drivers are especially bothered by glare Most people have been temporarily blinded by camera flash units or by the high beams of an oncoming vehicle It can take several seconds to recover from glare Even two seconds of glare blindness can be dangerous A vehicle going 55 mph will travel more than half the distance of a football field during that time Don t look directly at bright lights when driving Look at the right side of the road Watch the sidelines or fog lines when someone coming toward you has very bright lights on Fatigue and Lack of Alertness Fatigue being tired and lack of alertness are bigger problems at night The body s need for sleep is beyond a person s control Most people are less alert at night especially after midnight This is particularly true if you have been driving for a long time Drivers may not see hazards as soon or react as quickly so the chance of a crash is greater If you are sleepy the only safe cure is to get off the road and get some sleep If you don t you risk your life and the lives of others 2 11 3 Roadway Factors Poor Lighting In the daytime there is usually enough light to see well This is not true at night Some areas may have bright street Sect
284. s or cotter keys Release Arm Fifth Wheel e If equipped make sure the release arm is in the engaged position Kingpin e Check that the kingpin is not bent or cracked and that the jaws are locked around it Apron e Make sure the visible part of the apron plate attached to underside of trailer that rests on the skid plate is not bent cracked or broken e Check that the trailer is laying flat on the fifth wheel skid plate no gap Sliding Fifth Wheel Locking Pins e If equipped look for loose or missing pins in the slide mechanism of the sliding fifth wheel If air powered check for leaks e Make sure locking pins are fully engaged e Check that the fifth wheel is positioned properly so that the tractor frame will clear the landing gear during turns Skid Plate e Check for proper lubrication and that 5th wheel skid plate is securely mounted to the platform and that all bolts and pins are secure and not missing 11 3 2 Pintle Hook Ball Hitch Coupling Systems Mounting Bolts e Check that bolts and nuts are not loose or missing e Check for rust trails shiny metal or filings that might indicate loose nuts e Check for broken or cracked welds Pintle Hook Ball e Check that there are no cracks or breaks in the pintle hook structure and there is not excessive wear on the pintle hook e Check that the nut on the shank of the ball is tight Safety Latch Locking Device e Make sure the safety latch or locking device
285. scribed in Column 2 is subject to the HMR only when offered or intended for transportation by water unless it is a hazardous substance hazardous waste or marine pollutant D Meansthe proper shipping name is appropriate for describing materials for domestic transportation but may not be proper for international transportation I Identifies a proper shipping name that is used to describe materials in international transportation A different shipping name may be used when only domestic transportation is involved G Means this hazardous material described in Column 2 is a generic shipping name A generic shipping name must be accompanied by a technical name on the shipping paper A technical name is a specific chemical that makes the product hazardous Column 2 lists the proper shipping names and descriptions of regulated materials Entries are in alphabetical order so you can more quickly find the right entry The table shows proper shipping names inregular type The shipping paper must show proper shipping names Names shown in italics are not proper shipping names Column 3 shows a material s hazard class or division or the entry Forbidden Never transport a Forbidden material Placard shipments based on the quantity and hazard class You can decide which placards to use if you know these three things e Material s hazard class e Amount being shipped e Amount of all hazardous materials of all classes on your v
286. se Manual A truck cab is a Crug Ta Workplace Help keep it that way Medical Review Officers Consortiums Report to Oregon DMV when an Oregon CDL holder tests positive for drugs Trucking Company Employers Make sure your MRO or Consortium reports positive drug tests Check every applicant s Oregon employment driving record and drug test record M Oregon Department of Transportation Motor Carrier Transportation Division 10 10 Section 10 School Busess Section 11 Pre trip Vehicle Inspection Test This Section Covers e Internal Inspection e External Inspection When a pre trip inspection test is required it will be conducted before other required skills tests During the pre trip inspection you must show that the vehicle is safe to drive You may not take other required skills tests until you have passed the pre trip inspection test You will be given a CDL Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Memory Aid to use while you are performing the test This identifies the components that you will need to check Other memory aids lists notes etc may not be used during the test Follow the list in the order it is printed as you walk around the vehicle Point to or touch each component and explain to the examiner how you are checking that component Be specific General explanations such as looks good or I m checking to ensure it is secure are not acceptable and you will be asked for more detail Tell
287. se your CDL and or CLP e For at least 60 days if you have committed two serious traffic violations within a three year period e For at least 120 days for three serious traffic violations within a three year period 1 6 1 5 3 Violation of Out of Service Orders You will lose your CDL and or CLP e For 180 days if you have committed your first violation of an out of service order or notice and you were not transporting hazardous materials For one year if you have committed your first violation of an out of service order or notice and you were transporting hazardous materials For three years if you have committed a second or subsequent violation of an out of service order or notice in a ten year period and you were not transporting hazardous materials For five years if you have committed a second or subsequent violation of an out of service order or notice in a ten year period and you were transporting hazardous materials It is a Class A misdemeanor to violate an out of service order In addition DMV will impose a civil penalty in the amount of 2 500 for a first offense and 5 000 for a second and subsequent offense if you violate an out of service order or notice A civil penalty will be imposed up to 25 000 on an employer who knowingly allows or requires violation These rules improve highway safety for you and for all highway users 1 5 4 Railroad highway Grade Crossing Violations You will lose your CDL and or C
288. sher before you need it Here are some procedures to follow in case of fire Pull Off the Road The first step is to get the vehicle off the road and stop In doing so e Park in an open area away from buildings trees brush other vehicles or anything that might catch fire e Don t pull into a service station e Notify emergency services of your problem and your location Section 2 Driving Safely Keep the Fire from Spreading Before trying to put out the fire make sure that it doesn t spread any further e With an engine fire turn off the engine as soon as you can Don t open the hood if you can avoid it Shoot foam through louvers radiator or from the vehicle s underside e For a cargo fire in a van or box trailer keep the doors shut especially if your cargo contains hazardous materials Opening the van doors will supply the fire with oxygen and can cause it to burn very fast Extinguish the Fire Here are some rules to follow in putting out a fire e When using the extinguisher stay as far away from the fire as possible e Aim at the source or base of the fire not up in the flames Use the Right Fire Extinguisher Figures 2 20 and 2 21 detail the type of fire extinguisher to use by class of fire The B C type fire extinguisher is designed to work on electrical fires and burning liquids The A B C type is designed to work on burning wood paper and cloth as well Water can be used on wood paper
289. shift NOR W These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 2 2 and 2 3 2 4 Seeing To be a safe driver you need to know what s going on all around your vehicle Not looking properly is a major cause of accidents 2 4 1 Seeing Ahead All drivers look ahead but many don t look far enough ahead Importance of Looking Far Enough Ahead Because stopping or changing lanes can take a lot of distance knowing what the traffic is doing on all sides of you is very important You need to look well ahead to make sure you have room to make these moves safely How Far Ahead to Look Most good drivers look at least 12 to 15 seconds ahead That means looking ahead the distance you will travel in 12 to 15 seconds At lower speeds that s about one block At highway speeds it s about a quarter of a mile If you re not looking that far ahead you may have to stop too quickly or make quick lane changes Looking 12 to 15 seconds ahead doesn t mean not paying attention to things that are closer Good drivers shift their attention back and forth near and far Figure 2 6 illustrates how far to look ahead Look for Traffic Look for vehicles coming onto the highway into your lane or turning Watch for brake lights from slowing vehicles By seeing these things far enough ahead you can change your speed or change lanes if necessary to avoid a problem If a traffic light has been gree
290. sing you encounter in the course of a school activity trip When approaching a crossing with a signal or stop sign on the opposite side pay attention to the amount of room there Be certain the bus has enough containment or storage area to completely clear the railroad tracks on the other side if there is a need to stop As a general rule add 15 feet to the length of the school bus to determine an acceptable amount of containment or storage area 10 5 Student Management 10 5 1 Don t Deal with On bus Problems When Loading and Unloading In order to get students to and from school safely and on time you need to be able to concentrate on the driving task Loading and unloading requires all your concentration Don t take your eyes off what is happening outside the bus If there is a behavior problem on the bus wait until the students unloading are safely off the bus and have moved away If necessary pull the bus over to handle the problem 10 5 2 Handling Serious Problems Tips on handling serious problems Follow your school s procedures for discipline or refusal of rights to ride the bus Stop the bus Park in a safe location off the road perhaps a parking lot or a driveway Secure the bus Take the ignition key with you if you leave your seat Stand up and speak respectfully to the offender or offenders Speak in a courteous manner with a firm voice Remind the offender of the expected behavior Do not show an
291. so the pressure goes back to normal True or False 5 You can safely remove the radiator cap as long as the engine isn t overheated True or False p These questions may be on the test If you can t answer all of them re read subsections 2 11 2 12 2 13 and 2 14 2 15 Railroad highway Crossings Railroad highway grade crossings are a special kind of intersection where the roadway crosses train tracks These crossings are always dangerous Every such crossing must be approached with the expectation that a train is coming 2 15 1 Types of Crossings Passive Crossings This type of crossing does not have any type of traffic control device The decision to stop or proceed rests entirely in your hands Passive crossings require you to recognize the crossing search for any train using the tracks and decide if there is sufficient clear space to cross safely Passive crossings have yellow circular advance warning signs pavement markings and crossbucks to assist you in recognizing a crossing Active Crossings This type of crossing has a traffic control device installed at the crossing to regulate traffic at the crossing These active devices include flashing red lights with or without bells and flashing red lights with bells and gates 2 15 2 Warning Signs and Devices Advance Warning Signs The round black on yellow warning sign is placed ahead of a public railroad highway crossing The advance warning sign
292. st lane when safe to do so if not already there 13 1 2 Intersections As you approach an intersection Check traffic thoroughly in all directions Decelerate gently Brake smoothly and if necessary change gears If necessary come to a complete stop no coasting behind any stop signs signals sidewalks or stop lines maintaining a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward When driving through an intersection Check traffic thoroughly in all directions Decelerate and yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the intersection Avoid entering the intersection unless you can clear the other side without blocking traffic Do not change lanes or shift gears while proceeding through the intersection Keep your hands on the wheel Once through the intersection e Continue checking traffic e Accelerate smoothly and change gears as necessary 13 1 3 Urban Rural Driving During this part of the test you are expected to make regular traffic checks to include mirror checks at least every 8 10 seconds and maintain a safe following distance Your vehicle should be centered in the proper lane normally the right most lane and you should keep up with the flow of traffic but not exceed the posted speed limit 13 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 13 1 4 Lane Changes During the multiple lane portions of the urban and rural sections you may be
293. strictions 1 5 Driver Disqualifications You may not drive acommercial motor vehicle if you are disqualified for any reason 1 5 1 Alcohol Leaving the Scene of an Accident Commission of a Felony and Driving a CMV While Suspended It is illegal to operate a CMV if your blood alcohol concentration BAC is 04 or more If you operate a CMV you shall be deemed to have given your consent to alcohol testing 1 5 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual You will lose your commercial driving privileges for at least one year for a first offense of Driving a CMV if your blood alcohol concentration is 04 or higher Driving any vehicle under the influence of alcohol Driving any vehicle while under the influence of a controlled substance Leaving the scene of an accident involving any vehicle Committing a felony involving the use of any vehicle Driving a CMV while suspended as a result of prior violations ina CMV You will lose your commercial driving privileges for at least three years if the offense occurs while you are operating a CMV that is placarded for hazardous materials A refusal to submit to a blood or breath test for alcohol in any vehicle will also result in loss of your all commercial driving privileges for at least 3 years If the offense occurs while operating a CMV containing a hazardous material you will lose your CDL and CLP for 5 years You will lose your commercial driving privilege
294. t you should Slow down and place transmission in a low gear Gently put on the brakes This presses linings against brake drums or discs and keeps mud silt sand and water from getting in Increase engine rpm and cross the water while keeping light pressure on the brakes When out of the water maintain light pressure on the brakes for a short distance to heat them up and dry them out Make a test stop when safe to do so Check behind to make sure no one is following then apply the brakes to be sure they work well If not dry them out further as described above CAUTION Do not apply too much brake pressure and Section 2 Driving Safely accelerator at the same time or you can overheat brake drums and linings 2 14 Driving in Very Hot Weather 2 14 1 Vehicle Checks Do a normal pre trip inspection but pay special attention to the following items Tires Check the tire mounting and air pressure Inspect the tires every two hours or every 100 miles when driving in very hot weather Air pressure increases with temperature Do not let air out or the pressure will be too low when the tires cool off If a tire is too hot to touch remain stopped until the tire cools off Otherwise the tire may blow out or catch fire Engine Oil The engine oil helps keep the engine cool as well as lubricating it Make sure there is enough engine oil If you have an oil temperature gauge make sure the temperature is within the prop
295. t hot brakes cool before using the parking brakes If the brakes are wet use the brakes lightly while driving in a low gear to heat and dry them If your vehicle does not have automatic air tank drains drain your air tanks at the end of each working day to remove moisture and oil Otherwise the brakes could fail Never leave your vehicle unattended without applying the parking brakes or chocking the wheels Your vehicle might roll away and cause injury and damage SUBSECTION 5 4 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Why should you be in the proper gear before starting down a hill 2 What factors can cause brakes to fade or fail 3 The use of brakes on a long steep downgrade is only a supplement to the braking effect of the engine True or False 4 If you are away from your vehicle only a short time you do notneed to use the parking brake True or False How often should you drain air tanks 6 How do you brake when you drive a tractor trailer combination with ABS 7 You still have normal brake functions if your ABS is not working True or False Nn These questions may be on your test If you can t answer them all re read subsection 5 4 Section 5 Air Brakes Section 6 Combination Vehicles This Section Covers e Driving Combinations e Combination Vehicle Air Brakes e Antilock Brake Systems e Coupling and Uncoupling e Inspecting Combinations This section provides information needed to pass the
296. t reporting kit packet Check Safety Belt Check that the safety belt is securely mounted adjusts latches properly and is not ripped or frayed Step 4 Turn Off Engine and Check Lights Make sure the parking brake is set and turn off the engine Take the key with you to ensure no one can start or move the vehicle while you are performing your walk around inspection Turn on headlights low beams and four way emergency flashers and get out of the vehicle Step 5 Do Walk around Inspection Go to front of vehicle and check that low beams are on and both of the four way flashers are working Push dimmer switch and check that high beams work The key may need to be in the ON position to check high beam operation Turn off headlights and four way emergency flashers Turn on parking clearance side marker and identification lights Turn on right turn signal and start walk around inspection General e Walk around and inspect e Clean all lights reflectors and glass as you go along Left Front Side e Driver s door glass should be clean e Door latches or locks should work properly Left front wheel Condition of wheel and rim missing bent broken studs clamps lugs or any signs of misalignment Condition of tires properly inflated valve stem and cap OK no serious cuts bulges or tread wear Use wrench to test rust streaked lug nuts indicating looseness Hub oil level OK no leaks
297. t wheel Skids Driving too fast for conditions causes most front wheel skids Other causes include lack of tread on the front tires and cargo loaded so not enough weight is on the front axle In a front wheel skid the front end tends to go in a straight line regardless of how much you turn the steering wheel On a very slippery surface you may not be able to steer around a curve or turn When a front wheel skid occurs the only way to stop the skid is to let the vehicle slow down Stop turning and or braking so hard Slow down as quickly as possible without skidding SUBSECTIONS 2 17 2 18 AND 2 19 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Stopping is not always the safest thing to do in an emergency True or False 2 What are some advantages of going right instead of left around an obstacle 3 What is an escape ramp 4 Ifa tire blows out you should put the brakes on hard to stop quickly True or False 5 How do you know if your vehicle has antilock brakes 6 What is the proper braking technique when driving a vehicle with antilock brakes 7 How do antilock brakes help you These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 2 17 2 18 and 2 19 2 20 Crash Procedures When you re in a crash and not seriously hurt you need to act to prevent further damage or injury The basic steps to be taken at any crash are to e Protect the area e Notify authorities e Care for the in
298. tage requirement when hauling liquids in bulk 8 2 7 How Much to Load A full tank of dense liquid such as some acids may exceed legal weight limits For that reason you may often only partially fill tanks with heavy liquids The amount of liquid to load into a tank depends on e The amount the liquid will expand in transit e The weight of the liquid e Legal weight limits 8 3 Safe Driving Rules In order to drive tank vehicles safely you must remember to follow all the safe driving rules A few of these rules are 8 2 8 3 1 Drive Smoothly Because of the high center of gravity and the surge of the liquid you must start slow down and stop very smoothly Also make smooth turns and lane changes 8 3 2 Controlling Surge Keep a steady pressure on the brakes Do not release too soon when coming to a stop Brake far in advance of a stop and increase your following distance If you must make a quick stop to avoid a crash use controlled or stab braking If you do not remember how to stop using these methods review subsection 2 17 2 Also remember that if you steer quickly while braking your vehicle may roll over 8 3 3 Curves Slow down before curves then accelerate slightly through the curve The posted speed for a curve may be too fast for a tank vehicle 8 3 4 Stopping Distance Keep in mind how much space you need to stop your vehicle Remember that wet roads double the normal stoppi
299. ter and don t allow your speed to creep up as you drive through long sections of road construction Decrease your speed for adverse weather or road conditions Decrease your speed even further when a worker is close to the roadway Section 2 Driving Safely SUBSECTIONS 2 4 2 5 AND 2 6 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE How far ahead does the manual say you should look What are two main things to look for ahead 3 What s your most important way to see the sides and rear of your vehicle 4 What does communicating mean in safe driving 5 Where should your reflectors be placed when stopped on a divided highway 6 What three things add up to total stopping distance 7 If you go twice as fast will your stopping distance increase by two or four times 8 Empty trucks have the best braking True or False 9 What is hydroplaning 10 What is black ice N e These questions may be on the test If you can t answer them all re read subsections 2 4 2 5 and 2 6 2 7 Managing Space To be a safe driver you need space all around your vehicle When things go wrong space gives you time to think and to take action To have space available when something goes wrong you need to manage space While this is true for all drivers itis very important for large vehicles They take up more space and they require more space for stopping and turning 2 7 1 Space Ahead Of all the space around your ve
300. tests for combination vehicles tractor trailer doubles triples straight truck with trailer The information is only to give you the minimum knowledge needed for driving common combination vehicles You should also study Section 7 if you need to pass the test for doubles and triples 6 1 Driving Combination Vehicles Safely Combination vehicles are usually heavier longer and require more driving skill than single commercial vehicles This means that drivers of combination vehicles need more knowledge and skill than drivers of single vehicles In this section we talk about some important safety factors that apply specifically to combination vehicles 6 1 1 Rollover Risks More than half of truck driver deaths in crashes are the result of truck rollovers When more cargo is piled up in a truck the center of gravity moves higher up from the road The truck becomes easier to turn over Fully loaded rigs are ten times more likely to roll over in a crash than empty rigs The following two things will help you prevent rollover keep the cargo as close to the ground as possible and drive slowly around turns Keeping cargo low is even more important in combination vehicles than in straight trucks Also keep the load centered on your rig If the load is to one side so it makes a trailer lean a rollover is more likely Make sure your cargo is centered and spread out as much as possible Cargo distribution is covered in Section 3
301. that the water pump is not leaking 11 2 External Inspection All Vehicles 11 2 1 Steering Steering Box Hoses e Check that the steering box is securely mounted to the frame e Look for any loose or missing bolts e Check for power steering fluid leaks damage to hoses and cracks in the housing Steering Linkage e See that connecting links arms and rods from the steering box to the wheel are not worn cracked or bent e Check that joints and sockets are not worn or loose and that there are no missing nuts bolts or cotter keys 11 2 11 2 2 Suspension Springs Air Torque e Look for missing shifted cracked or broken leaf springs e Look for broken or distorted coil springs e If vehicle is equipped with torsion bars torque arms radius rods or other types of suspension components check that there are no loose or missing bolts bushings or mounting parts Also check the condition to ensure that the arm or rod is not cracked or broken e Air ride suspension should be checked to ensure air bags are inflated and have no cuts bulges or audible leaks Mounts e Look for cracked or broken spring hangers missing or damaged bushings and broken loose or missing bolts u bolts or other axle mounting parts The mounts should be checked at each point where they are secured to the vehicle frame and axle s Shock Absorbers e See that shock absorbers are secure no cracked mounting brackets loose or missing
302. the inside and outside for safe driving at night 2 19 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 2 11 5 Night Driving Procedures Pre trip Procedures Make sure you are rested and alert If you are drowsy sleep before you drive Even a nap can save your life or the lives of others If you wear eyeglasses make sure they are clean and unscratched Don t wear sunglasses at night Do a complete pre trip inspection of your vehicle Pay attention to checking all lights and reflectors and cleaning those you can reach Avoid Blinding Others Glare from your headlights can cause problems for drivers coming toward you They can also bother drivers going in the same direction you are when your lights shine in their rearview mirrors Dim your lights before they cause glare for other drivers That means you should dim your lights within 500 feet of an oncoming vehicle Oregon law requires you to dim your lights within 350 feet of a vehicle you are following Avoid Glare from Oncoming Vehicles Do not look directly at lights of oncoming vehicles Look slightly to the right at a right lane or edge marking if available If other drivers don t put their low beams on don t try to get back at them by putting your own high beams on This increases glare for oncoming drivers and increases the chance of a crash Use High Beams When You Can Some drivers make the mistake of always using low beams This seriously cuts down on their
303. the brake pedal three times Then apply firm pressure to the pedal and hold for five seconds The pedal should not move If it does there may be a leak or other problem Get it fixed before driving If the vehicle has air brakes do the checks described in Sections 5 and 6 of this manual Brake System Test Parking Brake e Fasten seat belt e Allow vehicle to move forward slowly e Apply parking brake e If it doesn t stop vehicle it is faulty get it fixed Test Service Brake Stopping Action e Go about five miles per hour Push brake pedal firmly Pulling to one side or the other can mean brake trouble Any unusual brake pedal feel or delayed stopping action can mean trouble If you find anything unsafe during the pre trip inspection get it fixed Federal and state laws forbid operating an unsafe vehicle 2 1 6 Inspection During a Trip Check Vehicle Operation Regularly You should check e Instruments Air pressure gauge if you have air brakes Temperature gauges Pressure gauges Ammeter voltmeter Mirrors Tires Cargo cargo covers If you see hear smell or feel anything that might mean trouble check it out Safety Inspection Drivers of trucks and truck tractors when transporting cargo must inspect the securement of the cargo within the first 50 miles of a trip and every 150 miles or every three hours whichever comes first thereafter 2 6 2 1 7 After trip Inspection and
304. the examiner what leads you to believe the component looks good or how you know the component is secure You may check the security of many components simply by grabbing the component and trying to shake or move it Make sure the examiner knows what you are doing An examiner will not knowingly take a person on a drive test in a vehicle that may be unsafe or illegal to operate If the examiner determines that any of the following components are defective unsafe or missing the test will be considered an equipment failure and the drive test will be postponed e Air Brakes Low air warning device does not activate by 55 psi Tractor protection valve on combination vehicle is missing or inoperative Air compressor cannot compensate for any leaks that may exist The tractor protection valve does not close before the air pressure drops below 20 psi Any apparent fuel leak not to be confused with an overfilled tank e Wheels and tires Tire is flat or has noticeable leak Loose missing broken or stripped lug nuts or bolts a 3 anywhere or 2 adjacent on a 10 bolt wheel b 2 anywhere on an 8 bolt or less wheel Tires that are bald or damaged and constitute a hazard e g the tire has obvious breaks or bulges in the tread or sidewall the tire is so bald that fabric material or metal is showing through the tread the tire is bald over the entire width of the tire Other Brak
305. the rpm required for the next gear this takes practice Push in clutch and shift to the higher gear at the same time Release clutch and press accelerator at the same time Shifting gears using double clutching requires practice Ifyou remain too long in neutral you may have difficulty putting the vehicle into the next gear If so don t try to force it Return to neutral release clutch increase engine speed to match road speed and try again Knowing When to Shift Up There are two ways of knowing when to shift Use Engine Speed rpm Study the driver s manual for your vehicle and learn the operating rpm range Watch your tachometer and shift up when your engine reaches the top of the range Some newer vehicles use progressive shifting the rpm at which you shift becomes higher as you move up in the gears Find out what s right for the vehicle you will operate Use Road Speed mph Learn what speeds each gear is good for Then by using the speedometer you ll know when to shift up With either method you may learn to use engine sounds to know when to shift Basic Procedures for Shifting Down Release accelerator push in clutch and shift to neutral at the same time Release clutch Press accelerator increase engine and gear speed to the rpm required in the lower gear Push in clutch and shift to lower gear at the same time Release clutch and press accelerator at the same time Downshifting like upshif
306. the tractor has ABS you should be able to maintain steering control and there is less chance of jackknifing But keep your eye on the trailer and let up on the brakes if you can safely do so if it begins to swing out When only the trailer has ABS the trailer is less likely to swing out but if you lose steering control or start a tractor jackknife let up on the brakes if you can safely do so until you gain control When you drive a tractor trailer combination with ABS you should brake as you always have In other words e Use only the braking force necessary to stop safely and stay in control e Brake the same way regardless of whether you have ABS on the tractor the trailer or both Section 5 Air Brakes e As you slow down monitor your tractor and trailer and back off the brakes if it is safe to do so to stay in control There is only one exception to this procedure if you always drive a straight truck or combination with working ABS on all axles in an emergency stop you can fully apply the brakes Without ABS you still have normal brake functions Drive and brake as you always have Remember if your ABS malfunctions you still have regular brakes Drive normally but get the system serviced soon 5 4 3 Emergency Stops Ifsomebody suddenly pulls out in front of you your natural response is to hit the brakes This is a good response if there s enough distance to stop and you use the brakes correctl
307. ther vehicles indicates ice has formed on the road Also check your mirrors and wiper blades for ice If they have ice the road most likely will be icy as well Adjust Turning and Braking to Conditions Make turns as gently as possible Don t brake any harder than necessary and don t use the engine brake or speed retarder They can cause the driving wheels to skid on slippery surfaces Adjust Speed to Conditions Don t pass slower vehicles unless necessary Go slowly and watch far enough ahead to keep a steady speed Avoid having to slow down and speed up Take curves at slower speeds and don t brake while in curves Be aware that as the temperature rises to the point where ice begins to melt the road becomes even more slippery Slow down more Adjust Space to Conditions Don t drive alongside other vehicles Keep alonger following distance When you see a traffic jam ahead slow down or stop to wait for it to clear Try hard to anticipate stops early and slow down gradually Watch for snowplows as well as salt and sand trucks and give them plenty of room Wet Brakes When driving in heavy rain or deep standing water your brakes will get wet Water in the brakes can cause the brakes to be weak to apply unevenly or to grab This can cause lack of braking power wheel lockups pulling to one side or the other and jackknife if you pull a trailer Avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water if possible If you can
308. tie rods e If power steering equipped check hoses pumps and fluid level check for leaks e Steering wheel play of more than 10 degrees approximately 2 inches movement at the rim of a 20 inch steering wheel can make it hard to steer STEERING SYSTEM Steering Wheel Tie Rod Le 7 teering Shaft Power Steering Cylinder Steering Arm i Gear Box Pitman Arm Spindle Steering Knuckle Hydraulic Fluid Reservoir t Q Drag Link KEY SUSPENSION PARTS Leaf Spring Vehicle Frame Frame Bearing Plates Front ui Hanger IEN Spring Shackle oe Main Spring Axle Figure 2 2 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 1 illustrates a typical steering system Suspension System Defects The suspension system holds up the vehicle and its load It keeps the axles in place Therefore broken suspension parts can be extremely dangerous Look for e Spring hangers that allow movement of axle from proper position See Figure 2 2 Cracked or broken spring hangers Missing or broken leaves in any leaf spring Your vehicle may be placed out of service if 1 4 or more of the leaves in any spring assembly are broken or if any leaf is missing or separated See Figure 2 3 Broken leaves in a multi leaf spring or leaves that have shifted so they might hit a tire or other part Leaking shock absorbers Torque rod or arm u bolts spring hangers or other axle positioning parts that are cracked damage
309. ting requires knowing when to shift Use either the tachometer or the speedometer and downshift at the right rpm or road speed 2 7 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Special conditions where you should downshift are Before Starting Down a Hill Slow down and shift down to a speed that you can control without using the brakes hard Otherwise the brakes can overheat and lose their braking power Downshift before starting down the hill Make sure you are in a low enough gear usually lower than the gear required to climb the same hill Before Entering a Curve Slow down toa safe speed and downshift to the right gear before entering the curve This lets you use some power through the curve to help the vehicle be more stable while turning Italso allows you speed up as soon as you are out of the curve 2 3 2 Multi speed Rear Axles and Auxiliary Transmissions Multi speed rear axles and auxiliary transmissions are used on many vehicles to provide extra gears You usually control them by a selector knob or switch on the gearshift lever of the main transmission There are many different shift patterns Learn the right way to shift gears in the vehicle you will drive 2 3 3 Automatic Transmissions Some vehicles have automatic transmissions You can select a low range to get greater engine braking when going down grades The lower ranges prevent the transmission from shifting up beyond the selected gear unless the
310. tivate before air pressure drops below 60 psi The low air warning device must activate by 55 psi or it will be considered an equipment failure 11 5 Coach Transit Bus Tractor Protection Valve e Check that the safety belt is securely mounted adjusts latches properly and is not ripped or badly frayed e This test will be performed on a combination vehicle only 11 5 1 Passenger Items when the trailer has air brakes The test will determine that Passenger Entry Lift the tractor protection valve functions properly by stopping air flow to the trailer so that the truck tractor s service brakes will remain operable With the engine running parking brakes released and the tractor protection control valve in the normal position continue to fan down the brake air pressure At approximately 40 psi on a tractor trailer combination vehicle the tractor protection valve and parking brake e Check that entry doors operate smoothly and close securely from the inside e Check that hand rails are secure and if equipped that the step light s are working e Check that the entry steps are clear with the treads not loose or worn excessively 11 6 Section 11 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual e If equipped with a wheelchair lift look for any leaking damaged or missing part and explain how it should be checked for correct operation e Lift should be fully retracted and l
311. tment facility Each carrier transporting the shipment must sign by hand the manifest After you deliver the shipment keep your copy of the manifest Each copy must have all needed signatures and dates including those of the person to whom you delivered the waste 9 3 10 Placarding Attach the appropriate placards to the vehicle before you drive it You are only allowed to move an improperly placarded vehicle during an emergency in order to protect life or property Placards must appear on both sides and both ends of the vehicle Each placard must be Easily seen from the direction it faces Placed so the words or numbers are level and read from left to right At least three inches away from any other markings Kept clear of attachments or devices such as ladders doors and tarpaulins Section 9 Hazardous Materialss 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Placard Table 1 Any Amount IF YOUR VEHICLE PLACARD AS CONTAINS ANY AMOUNT OF 1 1 Mass Explosives Explosives 1 1 1 2 Project Hazards Explosives 1 2 1 3 Mass Fire Hazards Explosives 1 3 2 3 Poisonous Toxic Poison Gas Gases 4 3 Dangerous When Wet Dangerous When Wet 5 2 Organic Peroxide Organic Peroxide Type B liquid or solid Poison toxic inhalation Temperature controlled 6 1 Inhalation hazard Radioactive zone A amp B only 7 Radioactive Yellow III label only Figure 9 7 Kept clean and undamaged so that the color
312. u have 2 13 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual 4 seconds of following distance or 5 seconds if you re going over 40 mph After a little practice you will know how far back you should be Remember to add 1 second for speeds above 40 mph Also remember that when the road is slippery you need much more space to stop HEAVY VEHICLE FORMULA For timed interval following distance e 1 second required for each 10 feet of vehicle length at speeds under 40 MPH Above 40 MPH use same formula then add 1 second for the additional speed 40 foot truck under 40 MPH 4 seconds 50 foot truck above 40 MPH 6 seconds da 60 foot truck under 40 MPH 6 seconds Figure 2 12 2 7 2 Space Behind You can t stop others from following you too closely But there are things you can do to make it safer Stay to the Right Heavy vehicles are often tailgated when they can t keep up with the speed of traffic This often happens when you re going uphill If a heavy load is slowing you down stay in the right lane if you can Going uphill you should not pass another slow vehicle unless you can get around quickly and safely Dealing with Tailgaters Safely In a large vehicle it s often hard to see whether a vehicle is close behind you You may be tailgated e When you are traveling slowly Drivers trapped behind slow vehicles often follow closely e In bad weather Many car drivers foll
313. u must use the exterior side mirrors to monitor traffic that approaches and enters this area You should position the mirror to see e The top of the rear window in the top of the mirror e All of the students including the heads of the students right behind you 10 2 Loading and Unloading More students are killed while getting on or off a school bus each year than are killed as passengers inside of a school bus As a result knowing what to do before during and after loading or unloading students is critical This section will give you specific procedures to help you avoid unsafe conditions which could result in injuries and fatalities during and after loading and unloading students The information in this section is intended to provide a broad overview but is not a definitive set of actions It is imperative that you learn and obey the state laws and regulations governing loading unloading operations in your state 10 2 1 Approaching the Stop Each school district establishes official routes and official school bus stops All stops should be approved by the school district prior to making the stop You should never change the location of a bus stop without written approval from the appropriate school district official You must use extreme caution when approaching a school bus stop You are in a very demanding situation when entering these areas It is critical that you understand and follow all state and local laws and
314. uestions may be on your test If you can t answer all of them re read subsection 6 5 DON T GET A TICKET IIITTN OK EAVE MORE SPAC 6 10 Section 6 Combination Vehicles Section 7 Doubles And Triples This Section Covers e Pulling Double Triple Trailers e Coupling and Uncoupling e Inspecting Doubles and Triples e Checking Air Brakes This section has information you need to pass the CDL knowledge test for driving safely with double and triple trailers It tells about how important it is to be very careful when driving with more than one trailer how to couple and uncouple correctly and about inspecting doubles and triples carefully You should also study Sections 2 5 and 6 If you operate a longer combination vehicle LCV your employer must provide and document LCV training An LCV is acombination vehicle with two or more trailers that has a gross vehicle weight greater than 80 000 pounds A permit issued by ODOT Motor Carrier Transportation Division is required to operate a vehicle that tows a triple trailer combination in Oregon Triple trailers may not be legal in some states 7 1 Pulling Double Triple Trailers Take special care when pulling two and three trailers There are more things that can go wrong and doubles triples are less stable than other commercial vehicles Some areas of concern are discussed below 7 1 1 Prevent Trailer from Rolling Over To prevent trailers from
315. uipped Disconnect all dolly air and electric lines and secure them Release dolly brakes Release converter dolly fifth wheel latch Slowly pull tractor first semitrailer and dolly forward to pull dolly out from under rear semitrailer Uncouple Converter Dolly e Lower dolly landing gear e Disconnect safety chains e Apply converter gear spring brakes or chock wheels e Release pintle hook on first semi trailer e Slowly pull clear of dolly Never unlock the pintle hook with the dolly still under the rear trailer The dolly tow bar may fly up possibly causing injury and making it very difficult to re couple 7 2 3 Coupling and Uncoupling Triple Trailers Couple Tractor First Semitrailer to Second Third Trailers e Couple tractor to first trailer Use the method already described for coupling tractor semitrailers e Move converter dolly into position and couple first trailer to second trailer using the method for coupling doubles Triples rig is now complete Uncouple Triple trailer Rig e Uncouple third trailer by pulling the dolly out then unhitching the dolly using the method for uncoupling doubles e Uncouple remainder of rig as you would any double trailer combination using the method already described 7 2 4 Coupling and Uncoupling Other Combinations The methods described so far apply to the more common tractor trailer combinations However there are other ways of coupling and uncoupling the many types
316. uld be adjusted 10 1 4 Outside Left and Right Side Convex Mirrors The convex mirrors are located below the outside flat mirrors They are used to monitor the left and right sides at a wide angle They 10 1 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE FLAT MIRRORS 200 Feet 200 Feet Blind spot can be 50 150 eee ee a LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE CONVEX MIRRORS 32 Feet Figure 10 2 provide a view of traffic clearances and students at the side of the bus These mirrors present a view of people and objects that does not accurately reflect their size and distance from the bus You should position these mirrors to see e The entire side of the bus up to the mirror mounts e Front of the rear tires touching the ground e At least one traffic lane on either side of the bus Figure 10 3 shows how both the outside left and right side convex mirrors should be adjusted 10 1 5 Outside Left and Right Side Crossover Mirrors These mirrors are mounted on both left and right front corners of the bus They are used to see the front bumper danger zone area directly in front of the bus that is not visible by direct vision and to view the danger zone area to the left side and right side of the bus including the service door and front wheel area The mirror presents a view of people and objects that does not accurately reflect their size and distance from th
317. umn 1 of the Appendix RSPA now PHMSA The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration U S Department of Transportation Washington DC 20590 Shipper s certification A statement on a shipping paper signed by the shipper saying he she prepared the shipment properly according to law For example This is to certify that the above named materials are properly classified described packaged marked and labeled and are in proper condition for transportation according to the applicable regulations or the Department of Transportation or Thereby declare that the contents of this consignment are fully and accurately described above by the proper shipping name and are classified packaged marked and labeled placarded and are in all respects in proper condition for transport by according to applicable international and national government regulations e words may be inserted here to indicate mode of transportation rail aircraft motor vehicle vessel Shipping paper A shipping order bill of lading manifest or other shipping document serving a similar purpose and containing the information required by Sec 172 202 172 203 and 172 204 Technical name A recognized chemical name or microbiological namecurrently used in scientific and technical handbooks journals and texts Transport vehicle A cargo carrying vehicle suchas an automobile van tractor truck semi trailer tank car or rail
318. unted and fastened securely e On enclosed trailers check the front area for signs of damage such as cracks bulges or holes 11 3 5 Side of Trailer Landing Gear e Check that the landing gear is fully raised has no missing parts crank handle is secure and the support frame is not damaged e If power operated check for air or hydraulic leaks Doors Ties Lifts If equipped check that doors are latched securely and that handles are locked in place Check that ties straps chains and binders are secure If equipped with a cargo lift look for leaking damaged or missing parts and explain how it should be checked for correct operation Lift should be fully retracted and latched securely Section 11 Pre Trip Vehicle Inspection Test 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Frame e Look for missing bolts cracks broken welds holes or other damage to the frame cross members and floor Tandem Release Arm Locking Pins e If equipped make sure the locking pins are locked in place and release arm is secured 11 3 6 Remainder of Trailer Remainder of Trailer e Please refer to Section 11 2 of this manual for detailed inspection procedures regarding the following components Wheels Suspension system Brakes Doors ties lift Splash guards 11 4 Lights amp In Cab All Vehicles 11 4 1 Lights Reflectors Check that all external lights and reflective equipment are cl
319. us tractor the trailer or both e As you slow down monitor your tractor and trailer and back off the brakes if it is safe to do so to stay in control There is only one exception to this procedure If you drive a straight truck or combination with working ABS on all axles in an emergency stop you can fully apply the brakes Section 2 Driving Safely 2 18 7 Braking If ABS Is Not Working Without ABS you still have normal brake functions Drive and brake as you always have Vehicles with ABS have yellow malfunction lamps to tell you if something isn t working As a system check on newer vehicles the malfunction lamp comes on at start up for a bulb check and then goes out quickly On older systems the lamp could stay on until you are driving over five mph If the lamp stays on after the bulb check or goes on once you are under way you may have lost ABS control on one or more wheels Remember if your ABS malfunctions you still have regular brakes Drive normally but get the system serviced soon 2 18 8 Safety Reminders e ABS won t allow you to drive faster follow more closely or drive less carefully ABS won t prevent power or turning skids ABS should prevent brake induced skids or jackknifes but not those caused by spinning the drive wheels or going too fast in a turn ABS won t necessarily shorten stopping distance ABS will help maintain vehicle control but not always shorten stopping dist
320. ushrod pushes a wedge directly between the ends of two brake shoes This forces them apart and against the inside of the brake drum Wedge brakes may have a single brake chamber or two brake chambers pushing wedges in at both ends of the brake shoes Wedge type brakes may be self adjusting or may require manual adjustment Disc Brakes In air operated disc brakes air pressure acts on a brake chamber and slack adjuster like s cam brakes But instead of the s cam a power screw is used The pressure of the brake chamber on the slack adjuster turns the power screw The power screw clamps the disc or rotor between the brake lining pads of a caliper similar to a large c clamp Wedge brakes and disc brakes are less common than s cam brakes 5 1 9 Supply Pressure Gauges All vehicles with air brakes have a pressure gauge connected to the air tank If the vehicle has a dual air brake system there will be a gauge for each half of the system Or a single gauge with two needles Dual systems will be discussed later These gauges tell you how much pressure is in the air tanks 5 1 10 Application Pressure Gauge This gauge shows how much air pressure you are applying to the brakes This gauge is not on all vehicles Increasing application pressure to hold the same speed means the brakes are fading You should slow down and use a lower gear The need for increased pressure can also be caused by brakes out of adjustment air leaks
321. utomatically places the transmission in neutral when the parking brake is applied drive forward slowly lt 5 mph and then apply the parking brake The vehicle should stop almost immediately 11 5 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual Hydraulic Brake Check valve should close pop out On other combination vehicle types and single vehicle types the parking brake valve should close pop out If the knob on the dash fails to pop out by 20 psi you must manually check that the tractor protection valve is functioning To do this the air pressure must be built up to above 60 psi and the engine shut off Place the transmission in the lowest possible gear and release the parking brake Then disconnect the emergency air line from the trailer There should be a rapid discharge of air e Pump the brake pedal three times then hold it down for five seconds The brake pedal should not move depress during the five seconds e If equipped with a hydraulic brake reserve back up system with the key off depress the brake pedal and listen for the sound of the reserve system electric motor e Check that the warning buzzer or light is off Air Brake Check Air Brake Equipped Vehicles Only e Failure to perform an air brake check properly will result in from the emergency line If the tractor protection valve an automatic failure of the vehicle inspection test Air brake is working properly it will shut off the air flow from safet
322. ve cracks longer than one half the width of the friction area Linings friction material must not be loose or soaked with oil or grease They must not be dangerously thin Mechanical parts must be in place not broken or missing Check the air hoses connected to the brake chambers to make sure they aren t cut or worn due to rubbing 5 3 3 Step 7 Final Air Brake Check Note Although the following air brake check is an acceptable method you will be required to perform the air brake check described in Section 11 for the Pre trip Vehicle Inspection Test Do the following checks instead of the hydraulic brake check shown in Section 2 Step 7 Check Brake System Test Low Pressure Warning Signal Shut the engine off when you have enough air pressure so that the low pressure warning signal is not on Turn the electrical power on and step on and off 5 6 the brake pedal to reduce air tank pressure The low air pressure warning signal must come on before the pressure drops to less than 60 psi in the air tank or tank with the lowest air pressure in dual air systems See Figure 5 5 If the warning signal doesn t work you could lose air pressure and you would not know it This could cause sudden emergency braking in a single circuit air system In dual systems the stopping distance will be increased Only limited braking can be done before the spring brakes come on Check Spring Brakes Come On Automatically Continue to fan off the
323. volved e Know the procedures to follow in an emergency e Be authorized to move the cargo tank and able to do so There are special attendance rules for cargo tanks transporting propane and anhydrous ammonia Close all manholes and valves before moving a tank of hazardous materials no matter how small the amount in the tank or how short the distance Manholes and valves must be closed to prevent leaks It is illegal to move a cargo tank with open valves or covers unless it is empty according to 49 CFR 173 29 9 5 3 Flammable Liquids Turn off your engine before loading or unloading any flammable liquids Only run the engine if needed to operate a pump Ground a cargo tank correctly before filling it through an open filling hole Ground the tank before opening the filling hole and maintain the ground until after closing the filling hole 9 5 4 Compressed Gas Keep liquid discharge valves ona compressed gas tank closed except when loading and unloading Unless your engine runs a pump for product transfer turn it off when loading or unloading If you use the engine turn it off after product transfer before you unhook the hose Unhook all loading unloading connections before coupling uncoupling or moving a cargo tank Always chock trailers and semi trailers to prevent motion when uncoupled from the power unit SUBSECTION 9 5 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE What are cargo tanks 2 How is a portable tank different from a cargo
324. ways be easily recognized Other people must be able to find it quickly after a crash e Clearly distinguish hazardous materials shipping papers from others by tabbing them or keeping them on top of the stack of papers When you are behind the wheel keep shipping papers within your reach with your seat belt on or in a pouch on the driver s door They must be easily seen by someone entering the cab When not behind the wheel leave shipping papers in the driver s door pouch or on the driver s seat Emergency response information must be kept in the same location as the shipping paper 9 6 11 Papers for Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 Explosives A carrier must give each driver transporting Division 1 1 1 2 or 1 3 explosives a copy of Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations FMCSR Part 397 The carrier must also give written instructions on what to do if delayed or in an accident The written instructions must include e The names and telephone numbers of people to contact including carrier agents or shippers e The nature of the explosives transported e The precautions to take in emergencies such as fires accidents or leaks Drivers must sign a receipt for these documents You must be familiar with and have in your possession while driving the e Shipping papers e Written emergency instructions e Written route plan e A copy of FMCSR Part 397 9 6 12 Equipment for Chlorine Adriver transporting chl
325. y You should brake in a way that will keep your vehicle in a straight line and allow you to turn if it becomes necessary You can use the controlled braking method or the stab braking method Controlled Braking With this method you apply the brakes as hard as you can without locking the wheels Keep steering wheel movements very small while doing this If you need to make a larger steering adjustment or if the wheels lock release the brakes Re apply the brakes as soon as you can Stab Braking e Apply your brakes all the way e Release brakes when wheels lock up e As soon as the wheels start rolling apply the brakes fully again It can take up to one second for the wheels to start rolling after you release the brakes If you re apply the brakes before the wheels start rolling the vehicle won t straighten out 5 4 4 Stopping Distance Stopping distance was described in Section 2 under Speed and Stopping Distance With air brakes there is an added delay the time required for the brakes to work after the brake pedal is pushed With hydraulic brakes used on cars and light medium trucks the brakes work instantly However with air brakes it takes a little time one half second or more for the air to flow through the lines to the brakes Thus the total stopping distance for vehicles with air brake systems is made up of four different factors Perception Distance Reaction Distance Brake Lag Distance
326. y control on newer vehicles is a red eight sided knob which you use to control the tractor protection valve You push it in to supply the trailer with air and pull it out to shut the air off and put on the trailer emergency brakes The valve will pop out thus closing the tractor protection valve when the air pressure drops into the range of 20 to 45 psi Tractor protection valve controls or emergency valves on older vehicles may not operate automatically There may be a lever rather than a knob The normal position is used for pulling a trailer The emergency position is used to shut the air off and put on the trailer emergency brakes 6 2 4 Trailer Air Lines Every combination vehicle has two air lines the service line and the emergency line They run between each vehicle tractor to trailer trailer to dolly dolly to second trailer etc Service Air Line The service line carries air which is controlled by the foot brake or the trailer hand brake Depending on how hard you press the foot brake or hand valve the pressure in the service line will similarly change The service line is connected to relay valves These valves allow the trailer brakes to be applied more quickly than would otherwise be possible Emergency Air Line The emergency line also called the supply line has two purposes First it supplies air to the trailer air tanks Second the emergency line controls the emergency brakes on combination vehi
327. y devices vary However this procedure is designed to see the emergency line This is verified by looking at the air that any safety device operates correctly as air pressure drops pressure reservoir gauge It must stop at 20 pounds or from normal to a low air condition During the brake checks greater If the tractor protection valve fails to operate you must explain to the examiner what you are doing as by 20 psi it will be considered an equipment failure you do it as well as the specific criteria that would make _ Service Brake Check your vehicle unsafe to operate Unless certain the vehicle will not roll use wheel chocks while performing the checks You will be scored based on the following procedure e You may be required to check the application of air or hydraulic service brakes This procedure is designed to determine that the brakes are working correctly and that the vehicle does not Leaks Test pull to one side or the other e This test will determine if there are any air leaks that may Pull forward at 5 mph apply the service brake and stop deplete the vehicle air reserves and cause the spring brakes to Check to see that the vehicle does not pull to either side drag or lock up and that it stops when the brake is applied Withthe engine running build the air pressure to governed Breakaway Control Module cut out 100 125 psi Release all brakes and fan the air pressure down by rapidly applying and releasing the f
328. y greater than 454 kg 1 000 pounds or less as a receptacle for a gas as defined in Sec 173 115 N O S Not otherwise specified Outage or ullage The amount by which a packaging falls short of being liquid full usually expressed in percent by volume Portable tank Bulk packaging except a cylinder having a water capacity of 1 000 pounds or less designed primarily to be loaded onto or on or temporarily attached to a transport vehicle or ship and equipped with skids mountings or accessories to facilitate handling of the tank by mechanical means It does not include a cargo tank tank car multiunit tank car tank or trailer carrying 3AX 3AAX or 3T cylinders Portable tank Bulk packaging except a cylinder having a water capacity of 1 000 pounds or less designed primarily to be loaded onto or on or temporarily attached to a transport vehicle or ship and equipped with skids mountings or accessories to facilitate handling of the tank by mechanical means It does not include a cargo tank tank car multiunit tank car tank or trailer carrying 3AX 3AAX or 3T cylinders Proper shipping name The name of the hazardous materials shown in Roman print not italics in Sec 172 101 P s i or psi Pounds per square inch P s i a or psia Pounds per square inch absolute 9 16 Reportable quantity RQ The quantity specified in Column 2 of the Appendix to Sec 172 101 for any material identified in Col
329. y masking a mechanical problem and is not fixing it Further routine adjustment of most automatic adjusters will likely result in premature wear of the adjuster itself It is recommended that when brakes equipped with automatic adjusters are found to be out of adjustment the driver take the vehicle to a repair facility as soon as possible to have the problem corrected The manual adjustment of automatic slack adjusters is dangerous because it may give the driver a false sense of security regarding the effectiveness of the braking system The manual adjustment of an automatic adjuster should only be used as a temporary measure to correct the adjustment in an emergency situation as it is likely the brake will soon be back out of adjustment since this procedure usually does not fix the underlying adjustment problem 5 5 2014 2015 Commercial Driver License Manual LOW AIR PRESSURE WARNING DEVICES SOODO2 Light Some vehicles are equipped with a Wig Wag that drops into the driver s view and will not stay up in place until the desired air pressure is restored DROP ARM WIG WAG Figure 5 5 Note Automatic slack adjusters are made by different manufacturers and do notall operate the same Therefore the specific manufacturer s Service Manual should be consulted prior to troubleshooting a brake adjustment problem Check Brake Drums or Discs Linings and Hoses Brake drums or discs must not ha
330. y single vehicle regardless of weight You may tow a trailer if the trailer s GVWR and GVW are not more than 10 000 pounds If the trailer you are towing has a GVWR or GVW of more than 10 000 pounds and the GCWR or GCW of all vehicles combined is more than 26 000 pounds you will need a Class A CDL A Class C CDL lets you drive any vehicle designed to transport 16 or more persons including the driver if the GVWR and GVW are less than 26 001 pounds and you have a passenger endorsement It also lets you drive any vehicle used to transport hazardous materials if the GVWR and GVW are less than 26 001 pounds and you have the proper endorsement The only drivers of CMV s who do not need to get a CDL are on duty operators of emergency vehicles and members of the military while operating a vehicle in the course of their military duties Farmers ranchers may also be exempt from CDL requirements if they are transporting non hazardous farm or ranch supplies or products within 150 air miles of the farm or ranch in a vehicle that has farm plates or other credentials that identify the vehicle as a farm ranch vehicle Farmers that operate vehicles transporting hazardous materials or vehicles not credentialed as farm vehicles may operate those vehicles within Oregon if they have a farm endorsement see section 1 2 3 1 2 Special Endorsements and Permits Aperson who operates a CMV must have an endorsement on his her CDL to be eligible to drive spec
331. y specialty MOS AFSC or Rating whose principle duty is operation of a commercial motor vehicle Additional provisions and application details are available at www oregondmy com under Commercial Skills Tests or from DMV Customer Assistance at 503 945 5000 1 4 3 Fees The cost of your original CDL or CLP will vary depending upon the number of tests you must take DMV will charge for each test you take In addition if you fail a knowledge or skills test you need to pay the test fee again each time you take the test Test fees must be paid prior to taking the test Please bring a separate payment for your issuance fee For example bring one check for your test s and one check for your CDL issuance If you bring one check for both the test and issuance fee and you fail your test DMV cannot refund the difference The fees are DMV TEST FEES Knowledge tests 2s sein eseas 10 Skills test given by DMV personnel 0 eee eee 70 Skills test given by a Third Party Tester ee 40 The fee a Third Party Tester collects to conduct a skills test is separate from any DMV fee LICENSING FEES Class C non commercial isSuance cccccceesseeeeeeeenes 60 00 CDE issuance cccceccccccsssecessseecesseeeceseececseeeensseeeenseeeess 75 50 CLP ISSUANCE ecenin ereen ee E EATE ANER Ea 23 50 Replacement license or CDL sesesseeeeesererrrrerrereeereeen 26 50 Includes addition or removal of CDL endorsement s or re
332. y surface such as ice the wave can shove a stopped truck out into an intersection The driver of a liquid tanker must be very familiar with the handling of the vehicle 8 2 3 Bulkheads Some liquid tanks are divided into several smaller tanks by bulkheads When loading and unloading the smaller tanks the driver must pay attention to weight distribution Don t put too much weight on the front or rear of the vehicle 8 2 4 Baffled Tanks Baffled liquid tanks have bulkheads in them with holes that let the liquid flow through The baffles help to control the forward and backward liquid surge Side to side surge can still occur This can cause a roll over 8 2 5 Un baffled Tanks Un baffled liquid tankers sometimes called smooth bore tanks have nothing inside to slow down the flow of the liquid Therefore forward and back surge is very strong Un baffled tanks are usually those that transport food products milk for example Sanitation regulations forbid the use of baffles because of the difficulty in cleaning the inside of the tank Be extremely cautious slow and careful in driving smooth bore tanks especially when starting and stopping 8 2 6 Outage Never load a cargo tank totally full Liquids expand as they warm and you must leave room for the expanding liquid This is called outage Since different liquids expand by different amounts they require different amounts of outage You must know the ou
333. y to prevent this is to keep a firm grip on the steering wheel with both hands at all times Stay Off the Brake It s natural to want to brake in an emergency However braking when a tire has failed could cause loss of control Unless you re about to run into something stay off the brake until the vehicle has slowed down Then brake very gently pull off the road and stop Check the Tires After you ve come to a stop get out and check all the tires Do this even if the vehicle seems to be handling all right If one of your dual tires goes the only way you may know it is by getting out and looking at it 2 18 Antilock Braking Systems ABS ABS is a computerized system that keeps your wheels from locking up during hard brake applications ABS is an addition to your normal brakes It does not decrease or increase your normal braking capability ABS only activates when wheels are about to lock up ABS does not necessarily shorten your stopping distance but it does help you keep the vehicle under control during hard braking 2 18 1 How Antilock Braking Systems Work Sensors detect potential wheel lock up An electronic control unit ECU will then decrease brake pressure to avoid wheel lockup Brake pressure is adjusted to provide the maximum braking without danger of lockup ABS works far faster than the driver can respond to potential wheel lockup At all other times the brake system will operate normally 2 18 2
334. your stress before and while you drive Listen to easy listening music Give the drive your full attention Don t allow yourself to become distracted by talking on your cell phone eating etc Be realistic about your travel time Expect delays because of traffic construction or bad weather and make allowances If you re going to be later than you expected deal with it Take a deep breath and accept the delay Give other drivers the benefit of the doubt Try to imagine why he or she is driving that way Whatever their reason it has nothing to do with you Slow down and keep your following distance reasonable Don t drive slowly in the left lane of traffic Avoid gestures Keep your hands on the wheel Avoid making any gestures that might anger another driver even seemingly harmless expressions of irritation like shaking your head Be a cautious and courteous driver If another driver seems eager to get in front of you say Be my guest This response will soon become a habit and you won t be as offended by other drivers actions 2 10 3 What You Should Do When Confronted by an Aggressive Driver First and foremost make every attempt to get out of their way Put your pride in the back seat Do not challenge them by speeding up or attempting to hold your own in your travel lane Avoid eye contact Ignore gestures and refuse to react to them Report aggressive drivers to the appropriate authorities by prov
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