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Final Report - King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

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1. Process Command Engine Control CN The command source is either Bluetooth or SMS User weg Broadcast Figure 21 Sequence Diagram showing the process of processing a user command 6 5 Engine Control Section This section will cover the use cases and methods that are part of the Engine Control Section code segment The method setlgnition int is responsible for changing the ignition mode of the car to the four possible modes which are OFF ACC ON and Start The ignition modes will be controlled using the four relays as shown previously in Table 1 This method will be used by several other methods such as the StartEngine method In addition to controlling the ignition of the car it is important to pay attention to the case where the user started the engine remotely then stopped the engine control by the system while using the key to operate the car In this case it is important that the system does not turn off the bypasser until the car engine is completely stopped despite the scenario of how that would happen Violating this and turning the bypasser off while the engine is running will show the key lamp to the driver in the instrument panel of the Accord In cars other than the Accord 2003 this may cause other unexpected consequences Figure 22 shows the activity diagram for the changing the ignition mode Command Type Set Ignition Initial Point Get IGN to OFF Mode Set IGN to ACC Mode S
2. Figure 4 Arduino Mega 2560 board The new Arduino Due board was an attractive candidate for the project It is more powerful than the Mega board and runs at 84 MHZ but it consumes more power during operation which is a major disadvantage for our car application 5 1 2 Bluetooth Module A wide range of Bluetooth modules was found and their prices vary a lot Many of the modules found that were part of ready development boards were limited in the pins offered For this application the module needs to support serial interface and must have pins available that indicate the connection status and a pin to access the command mode to configure the module should be available Du D ml 4 SE L Figure 5 Bluetooth Module Five pieces of a cheap and very small module for prototyping that have all the requirements were purchased for 17SR module One module will be used in this application The module is shown in Figure 5 5 1 3 GSM Modem The GSM modem is one of the important parts of the system A good range of modems was found They vary a lot in prices as well as in features supported such as supporting 3G networks quad or dual band GSM networks The modem for this application must support sending and receiving text messages The Arduino GSM shield The Arduino GSM shield was a very attractive board for prototyping especially that the Arduino community directly supports it also libraries for easy and direct controlling of this m
3. M PEL LT LE UT ERT Be ed eee WNT FOTIA N CE0678 E Lues t Ria Je tE d RRE vu el YI FER LE TN IA LIRE 1607 ROC EASLI DE E o A E EA E TE peice y 7 i Ki Sg Z el WW el gt a L ed Psy tet gt tt SOON e 1 Figure 6 SIM908 development board A board from a Chinese provider that uses the SIM908 chip was purchased for 96S It has two antenna inputs for the GSM network and the GPS engine and it is good for prototyping as it has an RS232 interface for PC debugging The board is shown in Figure 6 5 1 5 Relays Figure 7 Automotive Relay rated at 40A 14V There are some ready to use relay boards in the market however they cannot be used in this application because all of them use relays that are rated for 10A DC or less To control the ignitions wires of a car electronically relays that can handle large current 30 40A should be used Relays that are marketed as automotive relays can handle such amounts of current A pack of relays has been purchased for the purpose of controlling the ignition system of the car 5 2 Engine Starting Hardware Design This section will cover the design and integration of several components that are directly related to starting the engine from a microcontroller 5 2 1 Ignition Wirings Control The ignitions wires that were shown in the wires identification section before will be controlled using high current rated relays by measuring the voltage of each w
4. Device Serial Authentication Request Bluetooth Bluetooth SETSR New Device Serial Change Device Serial Allowed once in lifetime ENGST Lock Car Start Engine Request and lock car if desired GETST Get Car Status including SMS engine status and panic mode Bluetooth will receive status updates automatically ACCOF Turn Car Accessories OFF ACCON Turn Car Accessories ON ENGOF Stop Engine All Components SHORN Short Horn PANIC Activate Panic Mode PANCO Stop Panic Mode ENGKP Keep Engine Running SLOCK Lock Car Lock or Unlock Car GTGPS Car GPS Location Request SMS Bluetooth will receive GPS updates automatically SETMP PhoneNumber Set the master phone for Bluetooth SMS communication Messages originated from the system Table 4 shows a summary for the commands and messages that are originated from the system to external clients Table 4 Summary for commands originated from the system Command Arguments Description WELCM Welcome Message AUTHS Authorization Succeeded AUTHF Authorization Failed ACKW arg Acknowledgment for Bluetooth SMS commands received or Some acknowledgments will executed not be sent to SMS clients STAT STATUS Car Status Details Bluetooth SMS Used as acknowledgment as well GPSCO GPSData GPS Data Bluetooth SMS GPSNO GPS Data not available Bluetooth Waiting for fix 7 Android Software Engineering Design The Android application is the main user interface for interacting with the
5. Arduino on board regulator This design works correctly except for the fact that the regulators get very hot Current drawn from all the regulators is small as shown in the power section so it is not the source of heat dissipation The reason is the voltage drop which is considered to be large for example when the engine is running one of the regulators will drop the car voltage from 14 5 to 4 08volts for the SIM908 chip Installing heat sinks can help in minimizing the effects of over heat The final design was done by using two levels of regulations An adjustable LM2596 regulator was used it can accept voltage inputs up to 40V and can handle current up to 3A This regulator is the first level of regulation taking input from the car power source and producing 7 5volts Then the adjustable LM2576 will use this 7 5v to produce the 4 08v required to power the SIM908 chip Additionally the 5v version of the LM2576 will produce clean 5v that will be used to power the Arduino board while bypassing the Arduino on board regulator Although the on board Arduino regulator NCP1117ST50T3G is bypassed the IP2985 regulator will keep operating as it uses the clean 5v source to produce 3 3v it will be used to power the Bluetooth chip since it uses a maximum power of 50mA The datasheet of the LM2596 shows the steps of building the circuit and configuring the regulator to the desired output For example the desired output voltage can be selected by choosing the
6. board for programming the chips Using PICs for prototyping has no justification over using an Arduino for example FPGAs are very powerful however using a complete FPGA board for prototyping will be very costly will take large space and doesn t seem the right choice for final production as well Additionally although FPGAs are powerful they don t fit in this type of application where real time processing is not needed and FPGA lack the availability of software libraries that will ease the process of development and integration with the system components Arduinos are the right choice for this type of applications complete boards for prototyping are available with reasonable prices also the ATmega chips that are used with the Arduino are available with low prices for final production Main advantages of the Arduino is its simple IDE that will ease the process of development also the availability of huge range of software libraries that will accelerate developing the system and integrating its components The board that was chosen for prototyping is the MEGA2560 shown in Figure 4 It is based on the ATmega2560 chip and runs at 16 MHZ It has four hardware UART interfaces while the other models have only one UART interface which doesn t fit the needs of this application It also has all the needed features such as having 6 external interrupts among the 54 digital ports It also has 16 analog inputs pins but only few of them will be used
7. car especially that the temperature inside the car is expected to be hotter than the hot outside temperature while it is parked According to weather com the temperature of a car cabin can reach 59 Celsius if the outside temperature is 32 Celsius an extra 27 Celsius degrees after parking the car for 90 minutes only 2 Warming up the car in extreme cold weather conditions which will save the time of drivers by letting the car warm before reaching it The other part of the system is GPS tracking Such feature will be very useful in several situations such as 1 Ifthe car is stolen the user can easily locate its location accurately 2 Locating a driver who needs help by giving access to relatives or trusted people 3 Locating the car after parking it in a large parking area 2 1 Negative Impacts There are negative impacts that may result from the usage of the remote starting system 1 Users may start the engine much earlier than what they need Leaving the engine running in idle mode for long periods consumes a lot of gas and affect the engine health negatively 2 Leaving the engine running for long periods especially in idle mode can affect the environment and contribute negatively to the global warming issue According to EDF Environmental Defense Fund one pound of carbon dioxide is released into air every 10 minutes of engine idling 3 Having the car running in public without people inside may attract thieves to hijack the car Al
8. corresponding resistors according to the following equation R2 R2 Vig VREF 1 Gi 1 23 x 1 The value of R1 should be between 240 Q and 1 5K Q For an output of 7 5v the choice of resistors can be 1K and 6 1K Figure 14 shows the regulation circuit used note that the feed forward capacitor Crp is not shown as it is not needed in applications with output less than approximately 10V FEEDBACK e LM2596 ADJUSTABLE 220 Car Input 470 3 GND 5 D UF 7 5 Volts 35V Modified circuit Changed inputs outputs Added components values Removed C Original source Texas Instruments LM2596 datasheet Figure 14 7 5 Voltage regulation circuit using LM2596 The diagram in Figure 15 illustrates the final power design of the system 7 5 Volts Y 4 08 Volts Car Power Input LM2596 7 5v ese SIM 908 Regulation Circuit Regulation Circuit ATmega 2560 5 Volts LM2576 On GSM board Regulation Circuit 3 3 Volts Bluetooth Chip IP2985 Ge On Arduino board Regulation Circuit 5V Figure 15 Diagram illustrating the power design of the system 5 5 GSM GPS and Bluetooth Interfacing 5 5 1 Communication The GSM GPS module SIM908 and the Bluetooth module HC 05 both uses UART as a communication channel However they both operate at 3 3v while the Arduino in the current system is operating at 5 0v The modules may get damaged from the Arduino voltage of 5 volts The issue of voltage difference is actually
9. if he was not able to reach the car within the period of 10 minutes This feature is important for environmental reasons as well as maintaining the health of the engine and minimizing the gas consumption 6 5 5 Car Anti Theft An important aspect is preventing thieves from stealing the car if the original driver starts it remotely or if he leaves and asks the system to keep the engine running The system must identify the original driver by the car original key This means that the point of detecting a non authorized driver is if someone tries to drive the car without the key present in the key switch This is achieved by monitoring the brakes line of the car if someone presses the brake pedals of the car without inserting the car keys in the ON position of the switch the system will immediately shut the engine off This will not even allow the thieve to change the gear position of the car assuming the car uses an automatic gear Once a theft attempt is detected the system will send an alert human readable SMS to the master phone number stored in the system The system can be designed to activate the panic mode as well but this was not implemented because it is expected that car owners will fall in this scenario a lot by trying to drive the car without inserting the key in the switch 6 5 6 Design Violation Prevention In all the engine control features the system will never allow any violation of the original car electrical design Some
10. in one direction the Arduino can detect 3 3 signals coming from the modules as a HIGH signals without problems However the problem relies in the other direction There are two possible solutions to the issue e Logic Conversion Chips There are several chips that take care of doing the voltage logic conversion They differ in speed as well as supported voltages e Voltage Division Circuit The problem can also be easily solved using simple voltage division circuit on the data lines This will work especially if the data rate required is not very high Figure 16 shows the circuit for UART communication between the 5 0v Arduino and a 3 3v device using voltage division A choice of two resistors where R2 2R1 will give an output of 3 333v from the Arduino TX line where Vice Vin 5 3 333 volts 2R1 R1 3 SC Arduino External 3 3v TX Data Line EW RX SIM906 Bluetooth Arduino Dua 2K 1K ee 3 la A H D S i bid Th TITTIT ES Peter rie External 3 3v RX Data Line SIM90 amp Bluetooth Figure 16 Voltage division circuit for 5v to 3 3v communication 5 5 2 Bluetooth Module The Bluetooth modules vary in terms of connection mode per model The model HC 05 used in this application supports slave and master modes Other models such as the HC 06 support one of the two modes based on the firmware of the chip This application will use the slave mode where the system will receive connections from the A
11. int int intent void AppData Bere er tea aire g changeConnectionMethod int void e onCreateOptionsMenu Menu boolean e onOptonstemSelected Menukem boolean CcarsPragment Car loadCars Activity void A saveCars Activity void AppData a RS com sasoft android smartcar Car String e setName String void amp setBluetocthAddress String void e setKey String void amp setMobie String v oid e gelBluetoothA ddress String e getSecreiKey String e getMobleMumber String o getName String a clone Car D sms Fragment lt eJava Classes lt lt Jawa Class gt gt i 5 BluetoothFragment SMSFragment p HANS com sasoft android smartcar com sasoft android smartcar DS cout Steg listSMS ListView o adapter CustomListAdapter editCar 0 1 engineUpdate ListCustomiem a gpsinfi ListCustomitem opsinfO ListCustomitem 4 gpsinf2 ListCustomitem lt lt Java Class gt gt gpsinfi LstCustomiem d gpsBtrc ListCustomitem CarEditorFragment A gpsinf2 ListCustomiem A cmdList ListCustomiem com sasoft android smartcar gpsBtn An Ef Bluet thFragment edi int a a O onCreateView Layoutinfiater View Group Bundie View 4 SList ListCustomiten cmdList ListCustomitem F O setinfo String void adapter CustomListA dapter e SMSFragment e update void d Objectl e onCreateView Lavoutinflater View rg p Bundle View e selMode int
12. nn LS include y I 1h wi A a ge Der Ne F Tinglude Ki bk ne Short Horn ae Ki e Enable Security System d e include e DEE indlude V bh d gt include No indude Ny 27 A a e S Broadcast Car Status z AA anie a as E D inclide _ 7 AA A L pe gt A Disable Security System setae Joe FO extend Jo d Wie Fi BS de ra gt hija extend zu ES Stop Panic e include n e re a extend y hr E a dindude d e SMS C d FE La e L omman caen Aone A i a _ _ gt Lock Doors Wii _ EE extend Lock Car TaN us rd 1 SMS Authentication A A WF extend e Le i Ba A Per message Bxtend bag A W iee d H _ Unlock Doors r extend Unlock Car TT A extend S j k e Ki KN extend i A A ii d f 5 Bluetooth Client Time Peri pos j clude 4 8 Get Car Status ios d fy SMS Alert N i k of Ak oy Get GPS Location A e include xw A d d d Y e F include d d NN Fa Pi indude Y include include A J Vi Fa tenda d E Auto Lock Theft Attempt Detected Car Doors Status Change ef pr Y o extend a Eng Status Change Detected Actions maybe needed Driver Controlling Engine by Key Thieve Stealing Car Figure 19 Use Case Diagram representing the main components of the microcontroller software 6 3 Communication
13. phone number of the SIM card used by the car system Used to control the system over SMS Car Status The car last recorded status including engine status panic mode and the time this status was recorded Car GPS Data The car last recorded GPS data including coordinates speed and the time this data was recorded All cars data are stored in the phone storage using the SharedPreferences classes provided by the Android system All data are reloaded upon restarting the application 7 5 2 Car Management Interface The user is required to enter the system device PIN and its phone number in plain text In terms of Bluetooth connectivity the application will show the list of paired devices to the user to choose the system Bluetooth device of the car and it will show the option to pair a new device if the device is used for the first time Figure 36 and Figure 37 show two snapshots for the car configuration interface gt OE all 10 59 Modify Car Car Display Name My 2003 Accord System Access Settings y Car Security PIN Mil Modify security PIN Bluetooth Device Change paired device Mobile Number 966569565617 Remove Remove Car Remove car and its settings from your phone Cancel Save Figure 36 Car Managment Activity Snapshot gt OH ll 10 14 Smart Car D Bluetooth Connection 4 Select a car to control Cars managment U Tap and hold a car to modify its settings Add Ne
14. section will cover all the aspects including power dissipated as a result of the regulators efficiency Ammeter Smart TAS eo System Components 12v Source Figure 46 Ammeter used for measuring system power consumption Table 6 System power consumption in different components modes Microcontroller Bluetooth Total Current 12V i ide OFF FON ON 160mA Bo ide for Jon lo 130mA 3 ide ON ON ON 190mA a ide OFF ldle ON 150mA 5 Sleeping CS CE CS 125mA idle Putting the Atmega2560 on Power Mode _Idle and powering off all the ADCs Table 6 shows that the Bluetooth module saves 30mA if powered off however the system will not turn the module off in the current design as this will disable Bluetooth connectivity on the system Turning the GPS engine OFF saves around 30mA as well The system utilizes this important aspect because GPS engine will be used only when there is an SMS request from the user or when there is a Bluetooth connection to the system Putting the microcontroller on the idle mode saved only 10mA Also putting it on complete power down saving mode gave close results which is not expected This can be explained by the non efficient regulators on the Arduino board as well as the LEDs and the ATmega16U2 chip that consumes static power even when the micro controller is not operating Bypassing the NCP1117ST50T3G regulator on the Arduino board which is explained in the power section h
15. smart car system through either Bluetooth or SMS 7 1 Use Case Diagram The use case diagram in shows the main actors on the android software the phone user and the commands coming from the system through the two communication channels Mobile User Request Car Status Cars Managment LES D ki KH Start Engine Ss include e lt m include gt Ee ker e a e e include pe 7 Keep Engine Running Ea SC 20 SMS Car Control Txindude include bc Get TL wen re st 7 indude MA ocio e indude _ 7 o eee Bluetooth Car Control y include e indudes e d da ee de Be Be F d e Se T Stop Engine AE E eae GG include a E indude FN LS nn a pe a Dal Deeg LT Pia DS AN F ger fo al Le a View Car Location On Map Ki Ca i F gt duda gt ginduge WOON A d d d VW y i A NU duder 7 indug vi ff E K be Request Car Location A y igclude d gt 4 d Ki Ee Se d A b F j vi Ki hi Lock Unlock Car 7 re f Pa KN w K a Update Car Location e d Short Horr d N a d Update Car Status d Vd Panic Bluetooth System Command SMS System Command Figure 31 Use case diagram for the Android software 7 2 Class Diagram Figure 32 shows the classes of the Android application This section will summarize the role of each class in the application Car Class The car class contains data about a car that can be c
16. system over SMS It is the responsibility of the embedded system to ensure that no harmful action is taken for example when receiving a Start Engine command while the engine is already running the embedded system will drop such command 7 7 1 Engine Control Car Locks Horn and Panic Mode The system will show the latest car status known to the user and will provide complete list of the commands to the mobile user even the commands that don t comply with the latest known status because it s possible that the Android application is not aware of a newly updated car status when controlling over SMS However commands such as Keep Engine Running will not be shown as users are not expected to use such command using SMS from a long range 7 7 2 GPS Location If the user starts the application for the first time one command will be available to the user in the GPS section which is requesting the GPS location form the system Once GPS data is received from the system the system will show the GPS data coordinates and speed and will allow the user to view the location on map Also a command to update the GPS location will be shown to the user as well if the user wants to refresh the GPS location Similar to the Bluetooth mode the map will show the phone location using the phone GPS along with the latest known car location to locate the car more easily Figure 41 shows a snapshot for the application in SMS control and Figure 42 sho
17. v oid CarEditorFragment A smsRequest String string void e updateGPSi vaid e onCreateView Lay outinflater View Group _Bundie View e update void e gettemsList int ListCustomitem a prompibluetoothDevice woid e updateGPS void d e updateView void e getCarSMSModetem ListCustomike a amp Nulk String boolean Java Cases lt lt Java Class gt gt E Class gt gt szava Olass CarMapActivity ListCustomitem BluetoothController OCarEditActivity E E E com sasoft android smartcar com sasoft android smartcar o carMap GoogleMap 4 carPos Latlng 4 CarMarker Marker CarMapActivity com sasoft android smartcar o mBluetoothA dapter Bluetocth dapter tr FragmentTransaction 5 po CarEditActivity Eras r oim InputStream onA ctivityResult int int Intent woid arma ListCustomitem String an gt tyResuli int int Intent amp onDestroy vaid cactivityHandier Handler lt lt Java Class gt gt See ae e set String String Integer void A UpdateCarLocation void letrada a eer 3 SMSController prepareBluetooth Activity int getBondedDevices Set lt BluetoothDevice gt SMSController lt lt Java Class gt gt eFisConnected boolean e onFeceive Context ntent woid AE SdeviceConnect String void processRequest String String vaid com sasoft android smartcar sendiString void gfs end String woid d ceseu vod e CustomListA dapter A ctivity ListCustomiem OP processReques
18. will be used as a short communication channel between mobile phones and the system GPS module will be used for locating the car position through the GSM channel and external antenna to the GPS should be used because the system will be installed in hidden locations in the car most of the times signals in such locations are not strong enough to get a 3D GPS location The system should tap into all the required ignition wires and should minimize cutting wires or performing modifications If doing modifications is necessary the car should operate normally after doing all the required modifications in the absence of the system or in case of failure After remotely starting the car the user should use the car original key to drive the car otherwise the system should turn the engine off to prevent stealing the car An Android mobile application should be developed as a user interface to the system 3 1 System Concept The final concept for the system can be pictured as shown in Figure 1 yleusis Sd asessaw SINS Figure 1 Final concept for the system 4 Car Wirings Identification Interfacing with the car requires identifying the location and color of several wires in the car Since the system will be prototyped and tested on a 2003 Honda Accord this section will show the details of the wires identified in the 2003 Accord 4 1 Ignition System Wirings These are the main wirings that will eventually be controlled using the
19. F wy ba O gt M 3 The Stadium D FS 3 S lt A lues p e Y 6 Academic Be SCH Ra As k KING FAHD d UNIVERSITY OF My Brothers Edge S PETROLEUM Speed 28 80 km h AND MINERALS Par JT Y E d gt of 9 Si ces S 8 a GS Y ZS a 2 gt B 9 Q 3 A Ai SE 3 D d Fa Leg e d Eh d F Si gt S CoN gt y Google S L es S Figure 43 Remote GPS tracking with car in campus ZO RE ll 10 26 WARNING Faulty relays Please check the health of your smart car system relays or the system wirings For your safety please don t use the system until you get it inspected if you are not sure about this message OK Figure 45 Warning message reporting faulty relays Figure 44 Nearby GPS tracking showing user location relative to car location Additionally the application will show a warning message to the user if the relays are not operating as expected This is done by comparing the values of the ignitions lines as reported by the system with the expected values for the current car mode Figure 45 8 Power Analysis 8 1 Prototype Power Consumption The section will cover the power consumption of the system using the prototype boards and components For an accurate measure of power consumption the power will be measured at the source of power and before passing any of the regulators of the power system This will ensure that the power numbers calculated in this
20. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Computer Engineering Department COE 485 Senior Design Project Smart Car Project Report Project Supervisor Dr Kamal Chenaoua Project By Mohammed Al Shehri 200924950 Table of Contents 1 Ze FOCUCTIOM SRE lala ia 6 Problem Statement EE 6 LL Negative ee EE 6 Project Specificatii Sid teen er care ane une otre eee ere ra einen 7 3i System CONC cias 8 Car Wirines Identification tnra a a 9 AL Ienition System WINE iS 9 AS VES A Ann a da on dei etes de 10 BS IDOOPLOcKS ele LE e o e tn dan ad 10 4 IMMO MN ele TEEN 11 dis DOORS Sta EE 11 46 Brakes Statusa onara 11 BF HONU EGE ENEE 11 Hardware Engineering DOTE etant EE 12 DE Chose COMPONENTS eaea a a a a 12 wL tree 12 Mia Bluetooth lee DEE 13 Siae GEM EE 14 SA GP MOQUE stated anh ts 14 DS CROSS Eg E de 15 5 2 E gin Starting Eeer 16 5 2 1 denton WIFINES Controla aid 16 A AS EE 17 e Sr DE IMMODIIZE SYSE E 18 5 3 Car Controland Input INLET AGING ss ne one re ions 20 5 3 1 Security System and Doors Lock Control ss 20 E e HOT CON TO rico nn ee ee 20 5 3 3 Car Inputs Ignition Doors Status Brake Pressed Status 21 54 Powering the Syst m nain nt M di E rade 22 Sal System Componentes 22 S4 POWEr Sy stem GES Mica 23 55S GSM GPS and Bloc Nte de a uae 25 A IN 25 S2 Bluetooth le te TEE 25 Re GSIVI GPRS MOde EE 26 Microcontroller Software Engineering Design ss 27 Kl Code Sectio
21. Section 6 3 1 Bluetooth Communication Bluetooth is the communication channel that will provide complete functionality and interactive control with the system for Bluetooth clients such as mobile phone users Therefore it important that the system is reliable and secure Bluetooth Communication Format The format for communication between the system and Bluetooth clients was designed as the following Header 4 Command 5 Optional Arguments Trailer 1 XXXXX e Header Fixed 4 bytes BGN gt indicating the beginning of a message e Command 5 bytes indicating the command type e Optional Arguments Variable size field for optional arguments based on the command type e Trailer 1 byte consisting of Carriage Return character indicating message completion For example a Bluetooth client can send a command requesting starting the engine by filling the command field with ENGST and the optional argument with one byte 1 indicating that the system should lock the car doors as well as the following EE NEE The header and trailer helps the system identify messages and extract them even if they are followed or preceded by an unexpected flow of characters Please note that throughout the report the header and trailer of any message will not be shown intentionally in any communication example because they are fixed Bluetooth Authorization Upon the connectivity of any Bluetooth client the system will immediately se
22. ack which is disabling the immobilizer functionality Hot wiring the car will become easy and the immobilizer will allow any attempt to steal and start the car b Designing the system to regenerate the signal It is possible to design the system so it learns the data sent on the wire while starting the car using the key and then regenerate the data on the same wire whenever the system tries to remote starting the car The only problem with this method is that it is very hard to design the system to work with all car models Such solution will make the system limited to certain car models For example designing the system while prototyping on the Honda Accord will make the system work on that car and similar Honda cars This solution violates the goal of making the system universal for all car models c Immobilizer bypassing modules The other solution is to use the bypassing modules available in the market Its concept is very close to the concept described above which is regenerating the signal on the data wire The bypassing modules are provided by specialized companies such as Fortin Electronic Systems Bypassing modules for almost all car types have been designed and are available in the market The solution of using a bypasser module fits our application especially while prototyping In terms of security the bypassing module will be controlled from the microcontroller and it will be enabled only while remote starting the car Addit
23. ader boolean send sM int void send Sii void Car_Interfacing_Section blvelnterrupt r void a sendsMsMessaget void D TA a sendshMsMessaqgelr void send Ski void a sendMaster MS void GArduino_Main_Section Main_Section 9User_Interfacing long debug mi lang Setup void buzz mil long buzz target int buzz mode boolean A buzz void looper void Engine Control Section eng boolean etBDypas boolean void a engin Running boolean tantEngine booleani void zetan byte void Figure 18 Diagram of main Arduino code sections and their interrelations 6 2 Use Case Diagram Figure 19 shows a UML use case diagram representing the Main components of the software part of the Microcontroller Actors on the system are the Bluetooth User SMS Command Car Driver and a potential thieve as well as time based actors Additionally when a Bluetooth client is connected to the system the system will keep reading the GPS location data and sendingittothe user periodically such time action is shown as an actor as well Authenticate Keep Engine Running Bluetooth User Start Engine OO E include AN D a w m i be SR Power Accessories q Si Enable Bypasser a WO K WON y indge s 0S e include Stop Engine dd _ eye ee Disable Bypasser M CN
24. before attempting to read or send the GPS location to clients The following command asks for the current status of the GPS engine Microcontroller AT CGPSSTATIUS The following response is expected SIM908 AT CGPSSTATUS STATUS The STATUS can be one of the following four possible statuses each status followed by an explanation from experience Location Unknown Either the GPS engine is OFF needs a reset or simply there is no clear sight to the sky Location Not Fix A GPS location is available but it is not accurate Location 2D Fix A GPS location is available but with an estimated altitude May result in a non accurate horizontal coordinates However most of the time it is accurate Location 3D Fix An accurate GPS location is available The smart car system will always treat the last two statuses 2D and 3D fixes as an available GPS coordinates If the system tries to read the GPS location for 5 minutes with no success the system will automatically reset the GPS engine although it has been reset before to ensure that the GPS engine does not enter a dead lock status 6 9 3 Sending GPS Data to Clients Once the GPS data are available from the GPS engine the system will send the following command to read the GPS last available data Microcontroller AT CGPSINF 0 The following response is expected SIM908 AE SANS mode longitude latitude altitude UTC time TTFF num speed cours
25. ble ooooccccccononnncnnnnonanonnnnonanonnnnnos 61 Figure 43 Remote GPS tracking with car in campus sise 62 Figure 44 Nearby GPS tracking showing user location relative to car location 62 Figure 45 Warning message reporting faulty relays ss 62 Figure 46 Ammeter used for measuring system power consumption ss 63 1 Introduction Remote starting the car is one of the great and important features that is missing from most of the cars sold globally Although some cars support the remote starting functionality dealers usually limit such feature to cars sold in certain regions such as the US or to high end models only Additionally manufacturers use short range remote controllers which limits the benefits of using the system This project will help bring this important feature to almost all cars either old or new and will add many important features such as GPS tracking in the system all without compromising the safety and security aspects 2 Problem Statement The project should add the feature of remote starting the car to almost all cars that miss this feature and it is important to use long range connections in order not to limit the usage of the system The ability to start the engine remotely is very useful in two conditions 1 In extreme hot weather conditions it is very convenient for drivers to start the car along with the air conditioner prior to getting out of the house and driving the
26. cal parameters such as the system device serial The system will use the EEPROM built inside the Atmega2560 chip to store such values The EEPROM was chosen for several reasons First it is already available in the system with a space of 4KB that is much more than what is needed Second it is reliable and easy to access from the Arduino environment Other options were evaluated such as using an external SD card but this type of storage is applicable for applications that needs large space One limitation in the usage of the EEPROM is that it has limited number of writing cycles around 100K but this does not violate the requirements of the Smart Car system System Device Serial As shown previously in the communication sections clients need to authenticate with the system using the device serial This device serial is stored permanently in the system The device serial should be unique for each smart car system To achieve this the system accept one command over Bluetooth SETST followed by a 10 byte device serial to set the device serial number for the first time after manufacturing The system will store the device serial upon receiving the command in the EEPROM and will not allow executing the command or changing the device serial number any more in lifetime Master Phone Number A master phone number will also be stored in the EEPORM It will be used whenever the system wants to send an alert SMS to the user The master phone numbe
27. car input using voltage division circuit Another method to step the inputs voltage down is by using opto isolators For final production this method is recommended due to the fact that some car electrical environments are noisy and their electrical systems may generate high voltage sparks that will harm the system and the microcontroller The opto isolator will ensure that the car inputs are completely isolated from the system 5 4 Powering the system If the car engine is off the car battery is stable at voltages near 12v However if the car engine is running the car electrical system is noisy and the alternator produces a voltage near 14 5v Clearly in both situations our system needs power regulating circuits to power the components of the system 5 4 1 System Components The main components of the system that needs power are The Microcontroller The microcontroller in the current system runs at 5V The Arduino 2560 board that is used in prototyping is already equipped with an NCP1117ST50T3G voltage regulator This regulator has a maximum voltage input of 20V however the Arduino specifications recommends not exceeding an input voltage of 12v for overheating reasons The microcontroller can also be powered directly using an external 5V regulated source The Arduino board has an additional IP2985 regulator that outputs 3 3v It can provide current up to 150mA but the Arduino website specifies a maximum allowed current of 50mA T
28. d extended to the under dash panel as well 4 7 Horn Trigger The system may need to interact with the outside world using the car horn To control the horn of the car a wire with a yellow green color was found It s located inside the steering column as expected It was tapped and extended to the under dash panel as well Care must be taken while working with wirings near the steering column as some of them are responsible for activating the air bags 5 Hardware Engineering Design 5 1 Choosing Components Performing this task started by analyzing the system technical requirements The following major components needs to be purchased e Microcontroller e Bluetooth module e GSM modem e GPS module e Relays There are several models from several companies for almost each of the components listed above therefore it was necessary to make a reasonable comparison on which model to buy and use for prototyping the system 5 1 1 Microcontroller There are several candidates in the microcontroller section they include PIC microcontrollers Arduino boards or even an FPGA chip which is not considered a microcontroller The PIC microcontrollers are good for their cheap prices and the availability of huge models that vary according to the user needs They seem like a right choice for final production with large quantities However for prototyping their cost is not so cheap given the need for purchasing a development board or a programming
29. d to 12V battery 4 2 Security System Wirings It s necessary to find the wires that will give control of enabling and disabling the security system of the car This is needed to prevent the car and the original security system from starting the panic mode at the attempt of starting the engine remotely using our system After a deep search the security system of the car is integrated in the door module of the driver side inside the door panel Two wires were identified that can control the security system of the car The white wire of the module disables the security system while the white red wire enables the system Both are activated by sending a ground pulse Unfortunately the two wires control the doors locks along with the security system For example disabling the security system unlocks all the doors of the car as well No other wirings to disable or enable the security system without changing the doors lock position were found which is not the case with several other car models This could leave the doors of the car open after remotely starting it but a workaround is to relock the doors after disabling the security system The two wires were tapped and extended to the under dash panel of the car as shown in Figure 2 4 3 Door Locks Wirings A way to control the doors locks without using the security system wirings is needed for two reasons First to be able of relocking the doors after disabling the security system while remote
30. e The fields longitude latitude and altitude represent the GPS location Speed represent the car speed over ground in meters per second Other values are not of the system interest such as the TTFF represent the time it took the engine to fix the signal Feeding Bluetooth Clients Bluetooth clients do not need to send any GPS request to locate the car GPS location Once a Bluetooth client is connected and authenticated the system will automatically activate the GPS engine and start trying to fix the signal It will keep informing the Bluetooth client about the GPS engine status whether it has a fix or not Once a GPS fix is available it will start feeding the Bluetooth client with the latest available location until the client disconnects or the GPS signal is not available Fulfilling SMS requests If an authorized client sends an SMS message requesting the GPS location of the car The system will immediately response with the GPS location if it was available If the GPS data is not available the system will start the GPS engine and attempt reading the GPS data It will keep trying until GPS data is available it will then send one SMS response to the SMS client 6 10 System Commands Summary System Commands from external clients Table 3 summarizes the possible commands that can be received from external clients Table 3 System external commands summary Command Arguments Description Originating Source AUTHR
31. e alte RE Ee EE 54 Toz GOOCIE MS E Te 54 K Gd ee tee 55 7 4 1 Bluetooth Connecthvity 55 TM SIVIS COMMOCUIVIEY ES EE 56 Fabs Cars Mane En GE 57 TSE SCANS DT 57 T32 Car Management lee Ee ea nt cn 57 F0 VEER 59 ob EE EHNEN 59 1022 Gar LOCKS ae EE 60 AA A A a a 60 TOA lo dol A PP ae a de ane i 60 TE SMS CONTO daa 60 7 7 1 Engine Control Car Locks Horn and Panic Mode 60 EARL ESO CANON erica ce Nec 60 8 Power ANS AAA 63 S L Prototype POWer CONSUIMDUOM ani ee 63 8 2 Red cinge powercons mptlON EE 64 d Bi RR ele ee 65 NK Cars WITT engine SCD UTTON SAUNA RAS a NN Aa 65 LOF ISSUES SR SSSR A ee eer 65 10 1 Development et 65 E Enecineerin TOOIS and BE ae Ee EE 66 12 CONIU EE 66 List of Tables Table 1 Ignition wires connectivity in different switch modes 16 Table 2 Forwarding destination of the reply and broadcast Tunctions ccccoocccnccnccnnnononccnnenanonononanos 35 Table 3 System external commands summary ses 50 Table 4 Summary for commands originated from the system 50 Table 5 Engine Control Commands available to the user per car status 59 Table 6 System power consumption in different components modes 63 List of Figures Figures Final concept tor the SYSTEM A dee 8 Figure 2 Location and extension of the security system control wirings esssssseessssresessrrresrrrrerrrresse 10 Figure 3 Location and extension of the car locks control wirings cccoo
32. eeded for the signal to be HIGH for triggering the horn it depends on how long the horn should be on but for pulsing wires such as the central lock and the security wires a minimum of 100ms was observed so that the car can detect the signal Controlled Wire Pulse Time ms Short Horn User Command Engine Start Acknowledgment Horm S 80 sam C k iam Arm Security Disarm Disarm Car Lock amp Unlock Commands Upon receiving a car lock or unlock command from the user the system should act based on the current status of the engine If the car engine is running then the system should simply control the lock and unlock wires However if the car engine is not running then the system should control the security system wires additionally if the security system wires do not control the doors locks as well which is not the case with prototypes accord the system should use the lock unlock wires as well Figure 27 and Figure 28 show the activity diagram for the lock and unlock use cases Unlock Doors Initial Point is EngineRunning True Disable Secunty System Dependent on cs a y ype ne Fe Unlock Doors Acknowledgment Reply High Priority End Point Figure 27 Activity diagram for the Unlock Car use case 6 6 2 Panic Mode Lock Doors Initial Point is EngineRunning True Tree Ki Enable Security System Dependent on c S type Tres Acknowledgment Reply High Pr
33. eep reading random signals for the car doors status To solve this problem whenever the system reads a signal that the doors are open it will immediately record this signal as the current car doors status However the system will never record that the car doors are closed until the doors signal indicate that the doors are closed for a minimum of 3 5 seconds 6 7 User Interfacing Bluetooth Interaction The system will provide Bluetooth clients with interactive information Any change in the current status of the car engine status panic status or the latest GPS data will always be sent to connected Bluetooth clients despite of the source that changed the status of the system RS SMS Interaction SMS interaction will be limited The system will send SMS messages only in the case of alerts or as a result of responding to a user SMS command as discussed before Buzzer A buzzer will be used for in car notifications for the driver In the mean time the buzzer is used for one purpose which is reminding the driver of inserting the key in the car switch before driving the car to avoid identifying the driver as a thieve The buzzer will keep playing tones as long as the engine is controlled by the system Once the driver inserts his key and presses the brakes pedal the system will stop controlling the engine and will stop the buzzer 6 8 Memory System 6 8 1 Permanent Memory Storage The system needs a reliable storage area to store some lo
34. elped greatly in reducing the power consumption Putting the SIM908 board on sleep mode saves around 35 mA The system will utilize this mode in most of the operating times In the current system prototype the system will operate on mode 5 that is shown in Table 6 most of the time The system will operate on mode 3 only when there is a need to get the GPS location because of an SMS command requesting the location or when the user connects to the system using Bluetooth The system will operate on mode 1 only when there is a need to communicate with the GSM modem such as when sending or receiving an SMS message Assuming that the current prototype is installed in a small sized car that is equipped with a 40AH battery The system will drain the car battery if it is not used in 40Ah Dem 320 hours 13 33 days 8 2 Reducing power consumption System board It is expected that the power consumption will drop largely upon using our own system PCB with the required components only and by using efficient regulators such as the ones used in the current prototype to power the SIM908 chips and the Atemga2560 The Arduino and the GSM boards contain several non necessary components and non efficient regulators Bluetooth Chip The usage of Bluetooth chips that are based on the new version 4 0 will save some power The system will use the low power services instead of the regular Bluetooth serial service The only limitation is that it s n
35. ending an SMS message to start the engine Start Engine An SMS message will be sent to complete your request Proceed Cancel Figure 35 Asking the user before sending SMS messages Receiving SMS messages The application handler will receive all SMS messages received by the mobile phone of the user The application will accept the message if two conditions are met First if the message sender number is the same as the number stored in the controlled car Second if the message is originated to the application by checking the header of the message The application will use the PhoneNumberUtils class provided by the Android OS to compare the phone number of the sender and the stored number for the car The class provides correct comparison when comparing phone numbers that are equal but not alphabetically identical For example the user may store the phone number in the format O5xxxxxxxx while the phone number provided by the network for the message is 9665xxxxxxx 7 5 Cars Management 7 5 1 Cars Data The application will allow users to configure multiple cars on their phone for controlling Data stored for each car in the application are Car Name A display name provided by the user Car Device ID The device ID for the system to be controlled for authentication Car Bluetooth Address The Bluetooth address of the Bluetooth chip of the system Used to connect to the system over Bluetooth Mobile Number The
36. ent connects to the system 6 3 2 SMS Communication SMS communication is the channel used for long range connectivity due to the additional costs that are usually carried by GSM operators in both directions of communication between system and mobile device the system will provide most of the control functions over this channel but in a limited way Compared to Bluetooth communication channel if the car status change due to an SMS Bluetooth or driver interaction the new car status will be reported immediately to the connected Bluetooth client For SMS and unlike the Bluetooth design the system will only send the car status to the user phone through SMS but only when the user request it or when there is a special case such as someone stealing the car Authorization Given the characteristics of SMS communication its cost and speed the authorization between the system and mobile clients should be part of each message sent This is illustrated in the message format below SMS Message Format for Receiving Commands Every message sent to the system should have the following format Header 9 Device ID 10 Command 5 Optional Arguments XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX The message doesn t need header and trailers similar to the Bluetooth design message format because reliable transfer in the SMS case and receiving the message in one piece is the responsibility of the GSM modem and the GSM network e Header Fixed 9 bytes the purpose o
37. et IGN to ON Mode Set IGN to Start Mode Check if engine is still running by key Turn OFF bypasser TT End Point Figure 22 Activity Diagram for the method responsible for changing ignition mode 6 5 1 Powering accessories ON OFF In terms of powering the accessories ON the system will only check that the engine must be OFF before proceeding If the engine is ON then the command has no meaning as the car accessories must already be ON Figure 23 shows the activity diagram for the Power Accessories use case For powering the accessories OFF the system should check that the engine is not controlled by the system because proceeding with changing the ignition mode to OFF in such case will lead to stopping the engine as well Power ON Accessories Initial Point Is Ignition Status ON is engine Running A True setlgnition ACC Broadcast Car Status Low Priotiry Car Status Reply e End Point Figure 23 Activity diagram for Powering Accessories use case Power OFF Accessories Initial Point Is Ignition Status ONT True Setlgnition OFF Broadcast Car Status Low Priotiry Car Status Reply br l Fi End Point Figure 24 Activity diagram for Powering Accessories OFF 6 5 2 Starting Stopping Engine The Start Engine use case checks first for the engine status to avoid attempting starting the engine while it is already running either through the sys
38. f the Active RFID transmitter inside our system the system will control the power going to the RFID chip because powering it all the time will violate the security of the car Once a remote start command is received the system will enable the transmitter to simulate the presence of the driver inside the car and will send a signal to the start button to start the car The car itself will take care of starting the engine electronically This method will not require even a bypasser and its compatibility with all cars that use a start button is guaranteed since all the electrical part is taken care of by the car itself unlike the regular method for cars with a key which is discussed in this report 10 Issues The system in its current state is reliable and has no operating issues 10 1 Development Issues Arduino Hanging In the first weeks of developing the embedded system an issue was faced were the Arduino hangs and does not respond to any external command It was hard to debug such problem however after tracking the code execution and printing debugging data to the PC serial the problem was found The problem was mainly a memory pointer that was incremented as the software needs but not reset to the previous location by mistake This causes the system to access random memory location which causes unexpected behaviour Lack of documentation The Chinese GSM GPS board is a complete development board but without any proper documentation T
39. f the header here is to easily identify messages that are directed to the Smart Car system and to easily filter messages that are coming from other sources such as advertisement messages that are usually sent over the GSM network e Device ID 10 bytes containing the device ID of the controlled Smart Car system Device ID and authorization is sent along every command sent to the system using SMS e Command 5 bytes indicating the command type e Optional Arguments Variable size field for optional arguments based on the command type Note that the command and the optional arguments fields are the same as the fields in the Bluetooth message format to facilitate the process of development Receiving SMS commands This subsection will cover how the system acts upon receiving a new SMS When a new SMS message is sent to the system mobile number the GSM modem upon receiving that message successfully will send the following to the system microcontroller GSM Modem POMPI SILA The letter X in the above message represent the message number as stored in the SIM card storage by the GSM modem The system will then recognize that a new SMS is received and will attempt reading that message from the SIM storage by sending the following request with the message number to the GSM modem Microcontroller AT CMGR X If the request is accepted by the GSM modem the following response is expected GSM Modem CMGR REC UNREAD SENDER T
40. format shown in section 6 3 1 in both directions For details on how to use the Bluetooth classes of the Android OS please refer to http developer android com guide topics connectivity bluetooth html Upon establishing a connection with the system the application will create a separate thread for receiving and analyzing data from the smart car system This is needed as the receive methods of the available Bluetooth classes will block the main thread of the application Additionally when creating the Bluetooth socket while connecting to a standard Bluetooth serial port such as the one used by the chip in the smart car system the value 00001101 0000 1000 8000 00805F9B34FB should be used as a UUID bluesSocker dev iee crearecRircommsocker loserviceRecord UUID fEromstring 00001 101 0000 LOGO SS VOO CI OS E Lia ER If the Bluetooth adapter of the phone is turned off the system can start Bluetooth automatically however the system will prompt the user first before starting Bluetooth following the convention of the Android OS development Hi all 10 18 P CO YE il 10 18 Smart Car y Bluetooth Connection gt My 2003 Accord Bluetooth permission request An app wants to turn on Bluetooth NO YES J E Connecting to car system Figure 33 Asking the user before starting Bluetooth if Figure 34 Connecting to the system needed 7 4 2 SMS Connectivity The application uses the smsManager class p
41. g the software on a real device or an emulator Eclipse Eclipse is a very powerful and free development environment and it s the official IDE for developing Android applications It was used for writing the JAVA code and debugging the android application and for writing the XML files of the application the Activities and View layouts TortoiseHg and Bitbucket TortoiseHg was used for creating and managing mercurial repositories for the source codes of the Arduino and the Android as well The usage of version control made the development much easier and safer Additionally the BitBucket website was used for pushing the repositories commits mainly to keep a backup of the source code during development Adobe Photoshop Photoshop was used to design the graphical part of the user interface for the Android application Some parts were designed from scratch while some parts were designed by modifying icons provided by free websites as needed PSpice PSpice was used to simulate the circuits that was used in the design 12 Conclusion The project was a great learning experience am into the field of software development from a long time but this project had the special taste of integrating hardware and software to come up with a complete and useful product The project added to my knowledge in several areas including hardware components integration communication electrical circuits designing Android software development as we
42. he modem All the functions including GSM and GPS functions can be done by AT commands to the SIM908 module The modem does provide a dedicate UART interface for GPS data but GPS can be controlled and its data can be obtained using the original UART interface Additionally two separate antennas were used to ensure having a good GPS as well as GSM signal in all locations By experience the GSM reception is good enough without the antenna in some locations but the antenna ensures a very good reception However a GPS signal will never fix a position without an antenna even in clear sight 6 Microcontroller Software Engineering Design The software of the microcontroller represents the heart of the system It is the component responsible for performing all the actions related to engine starting control security communication and GPS tracking in a smart way 6 1 Code Sections Summary During the software development of the microcontroller The software code was divided into several categories based on functionality and the interacting components The main sections in summary are e Global Section This section includes the global variables that are used by most other sections such as the Microcontroller pins definitions e Communication Section This section contains the code of interfacing and communicating with the Bluetooth module GSM and GPS modem The communication section was also divided into subsections based on the interacting co
43. he GSM GPS module According to the datasheet of the SIM908 the board runs at 3 2 4 8 volts The board that is used in this prototype is equipped with two voltage regulators First the LM2576S voltage regulator It has a wide range of allowed input voltage up to 40V and it can handle up to 3A of current The second regulator is the adjustable LM2576 ADJ regulator It was adjusted to provide a voltage of 4 08 volts to the SIM908 board This regulator is also capable of handling current up to 3 amps with a max voltage of 40V The Bluetooth Chip The Bluetooth module runs at regulated 3 3v 5 4 2 Power system design It was decided to power the Arduino using an external regulated 5V instead of using the built in regulator for several reasons First the maximum absolute rating of 20V for the on board NCP1117ST50T3G regulator makes it a non appropriate choice for a car application Second according to the Arduino website and by experience the regulator gets hot easily while operating at voltage around 15v Third it was noticed that the power consumption increases when the Arduino is powered using the on board regulator while measuring current consumption from the power source The first design was connecting the power source to the two LM2576 regulators that are built on the GSM GPS board This powers the SIM908 chip with 4 08V Additionally the other regulator produces clean 5 0v that is used to power the Atmega chip directly while bypassing the
44. he board has so many jumpers and pins without any proper documentation had to identify the pins by tracking the lines on the PCB coming from the components such as the SIM908 received the board around the third week of the semester communicating with the supplier for more than 4 weeks finally resulted in receiving a schematic diagram explaining parts of the board Development has started much before receiving such file but this schematic was useful in helping me disable some of the non used chips and components on the board for saving power 11 Engineering Tools and Standards Arduino IDE The Arduino IDE was used for compiling the microcontroller C code and uploading it to the microcontroller Notepad The Notepad is a rich text and code editor It was used for writing the Arduino C code because the Arduino IDE provides limited functionality in its code editor The Notepad allows splitting the code into segments for easier navigation and it shows the methods of the class in the side of the application It is a light rich and free software Unfortunately the Arduino IDE does not allow code compilation and uploading from external sources However Notepad allows configuring a keyboard shortcut that easily sends the code file to the Arduino IDE for compilation when desired Android SDK The Android SDK Tools and the Android Platform tools provide the APIs for different Android versions as well as the tools needed for testin
45. high current relays Because they carry large current they usually have large diameter compared to the other wirings which make them easier to locate Two methods helped in locating the ignition wires and verifying the identity of each wire First by reading the service manual of the car This manual is intended to guide Honda dealers on how to identify the source of ignition problems and the guide mentions the wiring colors of the ignition wires and their location Second by using a voltmeter and measuring the voltage of each wire relative to car ground in the different switch positions After tracking the wiring harness coming from the ignition switch under the steering column the following ignition wires have been identified e White Wire This wire is directly connected to 12V battery It s used to provide battery power to the other wires when desired e White Red Wire This wire powers the accessory part of the car such as the radio and DVD player when connected to 12V battery e Black Yellow Wire This is the first main ignition wire that provides power to the several main components of the car when connected to 12V battery e Black Red Wire This is the second ignition wire it provides power to several secondary components of the car such as the heater and the AC when connected to 12V battery e Black White Wire This is the starter wire that provides power to the starter motor while starting the car when connecte
46. ime Message OK Upon receiving the expected response the system will immediately parse the message and extract the sender phone number and the message The sender phone number will be temporarily stored as the system may need to send a reply to that particular phone as a result of executing some commands The message will be checked by verifying that it s directed to the system by checking its header and then the system will check the device ID and verifies that it matches the system device ID After that the system will safely execute the command and the arguments assuming the message contains a valid command Verifying the validity of the command is the responsibility of the Request processing section of the code Additionally after receiving any new SMS and processing it the system will remove all SMS messages that are stored in the SIM storage This is done to make sure that the storage doesn t get full of messages which will prevent the modem from receiving any new SMS message from the network The following command is sent to the modem to delete all the messages Microcontroller AT CMGD 0 4 The second parameter 4 indicates the desire to delete all the messages while the first parameter has no meaning here as it s used to point to a particular message to be deleted if the command is used to delete one message only Format and Destination for SMS messages sent from the system SMS messages sent from the syste
47. imum input voltage coming from the car input Second the divided output should be high enough for the microcontroller when the input is at its nominal voltage For example the usage of the two resistors 10K and 22K will have the following characteristics Division output See v 0 3125v 10 Given that Atmega2560 maximum input voltage vcc 0 5 5 5 volts Se 17 6 volts 0 3125 Car maximum input Division output at nominal car voltages 12v Engine OFF gt 3 75 volts 14v Engine ON gt 4 375 volts Both values of 3 75 and 4 375 will be read as HIGH by the Arduino given that the Atmega2560 Vu 0 7vcc 3 5 volts The maximum voltage input can be increased if the Arduino analog inputs will be used instead of the digital ones because the system will be able to detect lower voltages when the car inputs are at its nominal values For example if two resistors of value 10K and 33K are used Division output v 0 2326v 10 33 Car maximum input gt 23 65 volts 0 3125 Division output at nominal car voltages 12v Engine OFF gt 2 79 volts 14v Engine ON gt 3 26 volts Note that the voltage division circuit will also pull the floating inputs to ground which is desired Circuit shown in Figure 13 Car Input R2 A TEA Sa Beret ii Lee i i mr Arduino Input Digital Analog R1 ig 210 ma 1 AN EP d EPITEL dg Figure 13 Reading
48. ing the attempt of connecting the ignition wires while it is active The first thing to do before setting the ignition to the ON mode is to disarm the security system by sending a ground pulse to the disarm wire As noted before sending such signal and disabling the security system will also unlock all the doors of the car in some car designs which is not desired In such cases it is necessary to relock the wires of the car by sending a ground signal to the central lock wire More on how to interface with the security system is on the car interfacing section of the report 5 2 3 Immobilizer System The immobilizer system is used to prevent thieves from hot wiring and starting the car which is very close to what our system does The Blue Red wire mentioned in the wirings section of this report carries the data read from the key to the immobilizer system for verification A method to bypass the system is needed in order to have a usable remote starting system Several methods can be used to achieve this goal a Placing a copy of the key near the key lock In this method any user installing the remote starting system should make a copy of his key The chip inside the key is enough and place it near the key lock of the car Whenever the system tries to remote start the car the immobilizer will read the data from the copied key and will send its confirmation to the car ECU allowing fuel to flow to the engine This method has one major drawb
49. ionally no need to get involved with the different car immobilizer designs the system will control the bypasser without the need of knowing which car model it is controlling For prototyping on the Accord The HONDA SL3 bypasser by Fortin Electronics is used The bypasser must be programmed to learn the code of the car key Instructions on how to program each bypasser is available on the manual of each bypasser model per car Figure 9 Honda SL3 immobilizer bypasser by Fortin Electronics Bypasser Connections In addition to the power inputs and the ignition signal the bypasser will tap into the data line to output the key data signal while remotely starting and will also act as a bridge cutting the signal from the security lamp if the car is started without the key The security lamp has no effect on the remote starting procedure after enabling the bypasser but it will show a flashing lamp in the car instrument panel which can affect the user experience therefore it is recommended to cut that signal whenever the car is started remotely until it is stopped Figure 10 shows the connections of the bypasser to the car and to the microcontroller If a bypasser from a different company is used the connections may slightly vary and the wiring colors coming from the bypasser may not be the same Car ignition Wirings Accord 2003 Ignition 1 Black vello Security Lamp BluefOranpge Lol lA mann ets Qu ue B
50. iority End Point Figure 28 Activity diagram for the Lock Car use case In the panic mode the system will utilize the horn control to attract attention around the car if the user desires When the panic mode is activated the system will trigger the horn in the following pattern Figure 29 Pattern for triggering the horn in panic mode The user can send a stop panic command to deactivate the panic mode Additionally the system will automatically stop the panic mode after 3 minutes to avoid draining the car battery especially if the user is activating the panic mode remotely The user can reactivate the panic mode if desired Panic Mode Activate Initial Point Activate Panic Mode Panic Stop panic command OR Panic took more than 3 minutes ia ke TES Stop Panic 0 Figure 30 Activity diagram for the Panic mode use case 6 6 3 Doors Auto Lock If the driver uses the previously mentioned Keep engine running feature where the driver asks the system to keep the engine running while removing the key from the car the system will automatically close the car doors when the driver leaves the car This is done to avoid having the engine running with the doors open without a driver although it cannot be stolen This feature requires monitoring the doors status as well It was noticed that when the driver tries to close the door sometime the door doesn t get closed properly and stays in the middle the system will k
51. ire relative to ground in the different switch positions the wires connect as shown in Table 1 Table 1 Ignition wires connectivity in different switch modes White Red Black Yellow White Black Red Black White ACC IGN1 12V Starter AA ON Oo Y HO ew O ES Start D The microcontroller must control the relays to connect all the ignition wires according to the connections shown in Table 1 The Atemga2560 uses 5v digital output with limited maximum current of 40mA which cannot drive the chosen relays An external circuit driving the relays using the Arduino digital output can be designed by using a transistor allowing the 12v power source to pass through the relay coils when needed A diode between the coils of the relay is needed as well to protect the transistor To calculate the needed current to drive the relay we need to measure the coils resistance of our relays The multi meter reads a value of 850hms between the coils Therefore each relay needs a current of O yV 12v en DE a The 2N2222A transistor will be used in the circuit it is available in the local market in cheap prices Its maximum Vceo is 40v gt 12v and its maximum collector current is 600mA gt 141mA From the datasheet of the 2N2222A the transistor has an hre DC current gain value of 100 at the conditions that are the closest to our application 10v 150mA Therefore the resistance between the Arduino and the transistor can be calculated as the f
52. ll as microcontroller software designing Although all the basic requirements were met plan to continue the development of the project by adding more features that enhance the user experience to make cars more smarter
53. lock of the 2003 Accord Other cars may have different designs The data read from the key is sent to the immobilizer for verification The data is sent on a blue red wire near the key lock of the car under the steering column Also a security key sign lamp will flash at the instrument panel if the car was started without a key inserted in the key lock a blue orange wire powers the lamp of that sign Details on how to bypass the immobilizer will be on the remote starting design section of the report 4 5 Doors Status Some applications in the system will require a signal indicating the status of the doors of the car either open or closed The doors status can be identified per door by using the signal going to the lamp of every door which is activated when the door is open Another simpler option is to find a central wire that outputs high when one of the doors is open Such wire was identified in the Accord behind the fuse box near the kick panel which is not easy to reach The wire color is green red and it goes to one of the plugs their This wire was also tapped and extended to the under dash panel of the car 4 6 Brakes Status A wire identifying the brakes status of the car which outputs high when the brakes are pressed will be needed as well This wire was easily found it s located just above the brakes pedal and it is originally responsible for powering the brake lamps behind the car The wire color is white black and it was tapped an
54. lue O Yellow Black Orange ice ls DAT eu PEERED ce aro E LE s Arduino Digital Output Bypass Activation d oN A ee Arduine Ground o num Mr es Eypasser Module Figure 10 Immobilizer bypasser connections to the microcontroller and the Accord 5 3 Car Control and Inputs Interfacing 5 3 1 Security System and Doors Lock Control The four wires responsible for arming and disarming the security system and for locking and unlocking the car wires is triggered by sending a ground pulse To send ground pulses to any wire a transistor connecting the wire to ground with its gate connected to the Arduino digital output is used as shown in Figure 11 Car wires to be pulsed Security Arm Disarm Doors lock unlock Arduino Digital Output Rise VON AAA 22222 E Arduino GND Car Chassis Figure 11 Circuit for sending ground pulses to external sources The software part takes care of activating the transistor for only a short period to send a ground pulse to the desired wire 5 3 2 Horn Control Controlling the horn of the car or any similar component that is activated by a ground signal depends on the current drawn from that component In the prototyped Accord connecting the horn wire to ground using an Ammeter showed that only 60mA is drawn from that wire This indicates that the wire is not directly connected to the horn ground because horns are known to use much larger a
55. ly starting the car Second because the security system wirings do not respond to any pulses while the engine is running while a user may want to lock or unlock the doors while it s running from outside the car Even the original car remote control do not work while the engine is running to lock or unlock the car as most cars are not designed to have the engine running while the key and the driver are outside the car Again it was not easy to find central wires that control all locks of the car except for two wires found in the module of the passenger side inside the door panel The two wires control the locks of all doors without changing the security system status of the car These two wires were also tapped and extended to the under dash panel of the car as shown in Figure 3 D J Figure 2 Location and extension of the security system control Figure 3 Location and extension of the car locks control wirings wirings 4 4 Immobilizer Wirings It is true that the car will not panic while remotely starting it after disabling the security system of the car but it will never start while the immobilizer system is working also it cannot be disabled as the car computer will not allow fuel to flow to the engine without a confirmation from the immobilizer system This system is almost present in all cars sold within 12 years from writing this report The car key has a built in RFID tag that is activated and read by an RFID loop near the key
56. m to the user mobile phone fall into two categories Human Readable Messages In some cases the system will send alarm messages to the user such as notifying him of a theft attempts This messages are sent in plain human readable text The destination of this type of messages is the master phone number that is stored in the system Data messages Those messages are directed to a client application running on the user mobile phone this type of messages will have the following format Header 9 Command 5 Optional Arguments XXXXX This format is similar to the format of receiving SMS commands except that it does not have the device ID as it is not needed If the client application is controlling more than one car system the client can identify the system sending the message using the sender system mobile number The destination for this type of messages is the phone number of the mobile that originated the SMS command to the system Sending SMS replies This section will cover how the system send SMS replies to mobile clients The destination of the SMS message is discussed in the previous subsection To send an SMS command the first step is to send a request to the GSM modem and then follow it by the message text Microcontroller AT CMGS PHONE NUMBER MESSAGE EE Please note that there should be a small time delay of at least 500ms after sending the AT CMGS command and before writing the message text This was ob
57. mount of current The wire is probably connected to a relay in the car The horn can be simply activated using the Arduino by connecting the wire to ground through a transistor only as shown in Figure 12 Please note that if the horn wire was directly connected to the horn ground then a high power relay must be used 12V Car_Battery Arduino Digital Output d 2N2222 Car Chassis Figure 12 Circuit Controlling Car Horn 5 3 3 Car Inputs Ignition Doors Status Brake Pressed Status The system needs to read several inputs from the car for proper and interactive operation Some of the inputs have values that are either HIGH or LOW such as the input coming from the Doors Status wire Other inputs such as the Ignition and the Brake wires are actually power wires and they are either HIGH or floating Z A voltage division circuit can be used to step down the voltage of the car input to the Arduino 5v input This method is currently used in the prototype because of its simplicity The input source will go through a series of two resistors to the ground The Arduino input will tap between the two resistors to read its lower voltage value The current drawn from the input source will depend on the summation of the two resistors while the amount of voltage drop will depend on the ratio between the two resistors The ratio of the two resistors should be selected based on several factors First the max
58. mponents Other sections that need access to the communication channels use methods from this section e Request Processing Section This section contains the code responsible for processing users requests despite of its source it represents the interface between the communication section and the control sections of the system e Arduino Main Section The code in this section contains the Microcontroller setup and loop functions Inputs that needs to be checked periodically and time based actions take place in this section e User Interfacing Section Code for interfacing with external components such as LEDS or buzzers come here e Car Interfacing and Control Section Direct interaction with the car systems for controlling or reading inputs take place in this section for non engine related components Examples are sending pulse signals to the central lock of the car and reading the car brakes status e Engine Control Section This section contains the code that is directly related to engine controlling such as controlling the ignition mode and the bypasser status Figure 18 shows a diagram representing the main sections and their interrelations in a class diagram manner Global_ Section carlyn bytel carControl bytel carlnput bytel amp blue bytel lasthluestatus boolean amp mil long ignstatus byte bypass boolean 4 watchhey boolean lastEngineRunning boolean etiOutputibyte bytes
59. nd 36 Figure 22 Activity Diagram for the method responsible for changing ignition mode 37 Figure 23 Activity diagram for Powering Accessories useCasge 38 Figure 24 Activity diagram for Powering Accessories OFF 39 Figure 25 Activity diagram for the Start Engine use case ss 40 Figure 26 Activity diagram for the Keep Engine Running use case 41 Figure 27 Activity diagram for the Unlock Car use case 44 Figure 28 Activity diagram for the Lock Car use case ss 44 Figure 29 Pattern for triggering the horn in panic mode occccccncccncncnnccnnnnnncnnnnnaconnnnaconononaronnonanonnnonanos 44 Figure 30 Activity diagram for the Panic mode use case 45 Figure 31 Use case diagram for the Android software ss 51 Figure 32 Class diagram for the Android application 53 Figure 33 Asking the user before starting Bluetooth if needed 55 Flieure 34 Connectine EE 55 Figure 35 Asking the user before sending SMS messages 56 Figure 36 Car Managment Activity SnapShot cccccccsscccessceecesececenccceenceeeueceseueceeeeneeseescesseeceseneeeeees 58 Fisure 37 Pick Bluetooth Device Interface IHRE a poles IN ee 58 Figure 38 Main interface at application started hi nash emi uit iste 58 Figure 39 Main interface snapshot when car engine is OFF 59 Figure 40 Main interface snapshot when car engine is ON 59 Figure 41 Snapshot for the main SMS control iii 61 Figure 42 Snapshot for SMS control with GPS data availa
60. nd a welcome message WELCM indicating a successful connection with the system Any Bluetooth client must send an authorization request to the system before sending any command to the system All commands will be automatically dropped by the system if a Bluetooth client did not authorize with the system To authorize with the system the client needs to send an authorization command AUTHR followed by a 10 byte system device ID For example this command is used to authorize with a system of device ID equal to 1xW 3 100 AUTHR1xW 3 100 Upon receiving the authorization request if the system accepts the device ID it will change the internal state for the Bluetooth client to be authorised and will send an authorization acknowledgment AUTHS the system will immediately send the current car status as well Otherwise the system will refuse the request and send an authorization failure reply AUTHF Figure 20 shows the activity diagram for the Bluetooth authorization use case Bluetooth Authorization Request Correct Device ID e e A ts we d ren Change Internal State To Authorized send Auth Failed Reply y send Auth Succeeded Reply y Send Car Current Status gt T End Point Figure 20 Activity diagram for the Bluetooth authorization use case If the Bluetooth device disconnected from the system the internal state of Bluetooth authorization is reset before another Bluetooth cli
61. ndroid phone or any other master device The HC 05 model is configured as a slave device by default and the connection mode can be changed if necessary The Bluetooth module by default will send all the data received by Bluetooth to the TX line to the microcontroller and will also send all the data on the RX line to the Bluetooth connected device This is enough for simple applications In the smart car system it is important to know the connection status of the module for several reasons such as power saving and authentication issues One pin in the chip can provide a signal indicating the connection status of the module The actual purpose of the pin is to power an LED indicating the connection status but clearly the Arduino can use this signal as a digital input directly Again the HIGH output of the pin is 3 3v which will be read as HIGH by the Arduino 5v System Another important pin is the KEY pin When this pin is pulled to low the Bluetooth module will transfer the data between the Bluetooth node and the microcontroller as described before However pulling this pin HIGH will let the Bluetooth module enter the AT command mode where it s possible to configure the chip such as changing its broadcasting name or PIN number RA Connection Status A A GND GND Figure 17 Bluetooth module and the PINS used in Smart Car system 5 5 3 GSM GPS Modem Beside the power and GND lines only the UART lines are needed for interfacing with t
62. ne Control Smart Car y Bluetooth Connection A BS My 2003 Accord Engine Control U Car Engine is OFF Start Engine Start engine and lock all doors Power Accessories Power car accessories such as radio U Car Engine is ON by Smart System Stop Engine Stop car engine and all components Car Location U Waiting for GPS fix Car Location Car Locks Waiting for GPS fix Lock All Doors Car Locks Lock all car doors Lock All Doors Unlock All Doors Enable the security system and lock doors Unlock all car doors Unlock All Doors SAF HOM Disable the security system and unlock doors Short Horn Car Horn Locate your nearby car by hearing a short horn waa Short Horn Figure 39 Main interface snapshot when car engine is OFF Panic Figure 40 Main interface snapshot when car engine is ON 7 6 2 Car Locks Control The two commands controlling the car locks by locking or unlocking the car will be shown to the user in all car possible statuses The description shown to the user for each command may differ in the different statuses because the lock command if the engine is OFF will enable the security system as well which is not the case when the engine is running 7 6 3 Horn amp Panic Control The Short Horn command will be available to the user in all car statuses The Panic command will also be always available but it will be replaced by a Stop Panic command when the panic mode is repo
63. ns SUMMA Mera ardido 27 D USCIS ET EE 29 Ce it lege e EE 30 6 3 1 Bluetooth COMMUNICATION ccccccsssssssescecccccccensseseccccccceaasssssssccccessenassssesceceessaasaseess 30 0 324 EE 32 64 Requests Processing Sectio i iiss ences techn io 35 KO ER CING COntro Seco caia ee 36 6 5 1 Powering accessories ON O FE is 38 G52 Stalling StOD DING ENCINO cece ida te e run 39 6 5 3 Keep Engine Running without Key ccc cceccsescccsecsceneceenceeeeceeectenseteseseneeteseteuseeeeseees 41 6 5 4 Engine Auto SHUTKOWN ccccccccccesecccesscccceecsceecsceecseeeeeeesececeueseeeueceeeeeseenceseueeseneneseeens 42 ES S ENEE ca ios 42 6 5 b Design Violation Pr vention dida lis 42 6 6 Carintertacing and Control Seco anadir 43 6 6 1 Horn doors lock amp unlock security arm amp disarm 43 God Pane MIA te la de os 44 Bs DOORS AUTO LO 45 Bie User Ia el 45 68 MEMO SV SECM SN a seis ge es io initi e 46 Del Permanent Memory SOT Eric 46 6 8 2 Constant Strings amp Limited BAM 46 BS Global Positionine System a e 48 6 9 1 Preparing the GPS Sng IM di db 48 092 GOING a GP En O ey aoe Ie 48 B23 Sendine GPS Data to Belt CEET 49 6 10 System Commands SUIMMANY EEN 50 Android Software Engineering Design siennes 51 a Use Case DISEASE ia caos 51 PA A oo O 52 7 3 Application s Permissions and Certificates eseeseeereseeeneeressrrrsrrresrrrertrsrrrrsrrrsrtresrereeereseeens 54 K a DE
64. odem were available However it was not chosen as the GSM modem for this application for the following reasons 1 The version of this board that supports external antenna was not available at the time of purchasing 2 The board is overpriced offered at 100 3 It was not clear whether it is possible to put the modem into power saving modes to Save power The SIM900 modem The SIM900 modem seems like the right choice as it supports all the application requirements A wide range of boards that uses this modem was found and they vary in prices and number of pins available to the user The board chosen for prototyping is based on the SIM908 chip as shown in the GPS module section 5 1 4 GPS Module GPS modules are one of the modules that are widely available Similar to GSM modules a lot of options were evaluated before choosing the right components to purchase They differ in power consumption as well as the number of satellites used The SIM908 modem The SIM908 modem packs all the GSM modem features of the previously mentioned SIM900 modem but it is equipped with a GPS engine as well What makes the SIM908 GPS special is that it uses A GPS Assisted GPS a feature that is usually available in smartphones that uses the geographical location provided by the cellular network to accelerate the process of getting a 3D GPS fix The modem also supports direct control of the GPS power system for power saving simsas ME Sie dE COTE
65. ollowing I 141mA Arduino needed output current 1 1 41 mA hpg 100 V 5V Required resistance lt 3 5K I 141mA Because the hfe value is not accurate and to ensure that the relay will get enough current to drive it safely a lower resistance of 1K will be used Such resistance will only draw 5mA lt 40mA from the Arduino digital output and the transistor will allow up to 0 5A gt 0 14A to flow Note that driving the relays will be only when the engine is running or about to start which will not affect the battery life of the car and the power consumption of the system negatively Figure 8 shows the final circuit for controlling one relay the relay is represented by its coils resistance of 85 ohms The other three ignition relays will use identical circuits D1 4 L d A Relay e 85 5 Diode 1N4004 LAN We n i Ba z L RESCH owt LR Car Battery m il EEE EE Arduino Digital Output Arduino GND Car Chassis Figure 8 Circuit for controlling one automotive relay from Arduino Software can activate the four relays according to the connections shown in Table 1 for each mode The normally closed connection terminal of each relay will have no connection The other two terminals will connect the white 12v wire to the other desired wire for each relay ACC IGN1 IGN2 and STARTER 5 2 2 Car Security System The security system will panic dur
66. ontrolled by the system Such data inlcudes the car system unique serial number Bluetooth address and the phone number of the system It also includes the car status as well as it s GPS location AppData Class This class holds data about the current status of the program such as the connection mode used for controlling a car and the current user view The purpose of this class is to offer such data to all the activities of the application and to sustain the data even if the activities are destroied by the Android OS throughout the application lifecycle Bluetooth Controller This class contains all the necessary methods and variables that are needed to establish a connection with the smart car system using Bluetooth and do all the required communication and data extraction and filteration SMS Controller This class is responsible for delivering SMS messages from the application to the Android system for end delivery to the smart car system The class is also responsible for listening for all incoming SMS message that are coming to the user phone and identify messages that are directed to the smart car application such messages will be verified and extracted by the class MainControlActivity This is the main activity class that is started at first by the Android OS when the user starts the application It s responsible for managing the main layout of the application and most of the user interaction with the software BluetoothF
67. oocccnncconnnnnnnnnnnnncnnnnnnnanocnnnnnns 10 Figure 4 Arduino Mega 2560 p0ard EE 13 Figare 5 Bluetooth le el 13 Fisure 6 SIM908 development boards ea RE a E A a a 15 Figure 7 Automotive Relay rated at 40A 14V ocoocccnononononiononononononocinonarononarononarononorononarononarenonarenonanoso 15 Figure 8 Circuit for controlling one automotive relay from Arduino coocccnccnccnnnonacnnnnnoncnnnananonnnonanos 17 Figure 9 Honda SL3 immobilizer bypasser by Fortin Electronics 19 Figure 10 Immobilizer bypasser connections to the microcontroller and the Accord 19 Figure 11 Circuit for sending ground pulses toevternaleources 20 Figure EEGENEN eege 21 Figure 13 Reading car input using voltage division circuit 22 Figure 14 7 5 Voltage regulation circuit USING LMAbOp ses 24 Figure 15 Diagram illustrating the power design of the system ccooocccnncnnccnnnnnocnnnnnnconnnnnnncnnonanonnnnnnoss 24 Figure 16 Voltage division circuit for 5v to 3 3v communication 25 Figure 17 Bluetooth module and the PINS used in Smart Car system ooocccccccnccnnccnncnnnonanononnnnnnnnonanoss 26 Figure 18 Diagram of main Arduino code sections and their interrelations snnssssseenssssreressserersss 28 Figure 19 Use Case Diagram representing the main components of the microcontroller software 29 Figure 20 Activity diagram for the Bluetooth authorization use case 31 Figure 21 Sequence Diagram showing the process of processing a user comma
68. ot supported by old phones Microcontroller Power Powering the microcontroller with 3 3 volts instead of 5 volts will save power Please note that the Atmega2560 used in this application can be powered directly using 3 3 volts according to its datasheet Additionally all components in the system will be using 3 3 volts which will make power design as well as communication easier 9 Universal Compatibility The aspect of universal compatibility for all cars was considered during the system design This include the usage of an external bypasser as well as dealing with the security system and car locks based on the car original design In terms of the ignition control other car models are expected to have the same ignition requirements of the Accord discussed in the engine control sections However it is important to verify the electrical operation of the ignition switch of any new car to verify its compilation before installing the system it must match the connections shown in Table 1 otherwise small modifications can be done to the system to ensure compatibility 9 1 Cars with engine start button The current design works only with cars that uses the ignition key switch However cars that are equipped with a start button are much easier to control The system will not worry about simulating the ignition switch positions Actually the system will not even need to use relays to start the car engine A design suggestion is to have a copy o
69. r can always be changed by the user by sending a SETMTP command followed by the new phone number 6 8 2 Constant Strings amp Limited RAM Microcontrollers in general has low amount of RAM The Atmega2560 used in this application has 8Kbytes of SRAM which is the highest among its siblings such as the ATMega168 that has only 1Kbytes of RAM Constant strings consume significant amount of RAM in runtime For example the String in the following code printing to the Serial UART interface will consume 31 bytes 30 characters null character of SRAM Serial print Ring Pand University COLMO One way of saving the RAM and preventing constant Strings from consuming large amount of RAM is to store such Strings in the program ROM Starting from Arduino IDE version 1 0 constant Strings can be wrapped around the F function and they will be stored automatically in the program memory Example Serial primer EE Fring hand University COR ER Please note that the return type of the F function is not String therefore it cannot be assigned to a String The output is of Type FlashStringHelper and it is accepted by several functions such as the print function of the serial interface The usage of the constant strings in the system requires the modifications of the implementation for methods that use such strings by overloading its arguments to accept the type FlashStringHelper as an argument type in addition to the String type For example the s
70. ragment SMSFragment These are two inner classes for the MainControlActivity class They are responsible for the layout and interaction with the user in the corresponsing control communication method Bluetooth or SMS CarEditActivity This is the activity responsible for interacrting with the user while adding a new car to the system or while managing a previously added car CarMapActivity This is the activity responsible for displaying the car GPS location on the map if the location is available zadava Casse Car com sasoft android smartcar lt lt Java Gasse gt 9 MainControlActivity com sasoft android smartcar lt lt Java assez ACarsFragment com sasoft android smartcar a name String o bluetooth4 ddress String o secrelkKev String o mobileMumber String carlonitionMode int carPanicMode boolean initionTime Date o gpsData String o gpsCord String ons Time Date Stars Listview carsList Le tCustomiem otr FragmentManager okt String 4 menu Menu A ADD NEW CAFE String MainControlA ctivity CarsFragment onCreate Bundie v aid e onCreateView Layoutinflater View Group Bundie View a getFragments void he update void sl ai getCarsList ListCustomitenT lt lt onStartO w od onDestroy void e setWaiing String void e pickCar void e controlCar Car vaoid startBluetoothContral vaid e carBluetoothConnect void e show Var vox onActivityResult
71. rovided by the Android OS to send SMS and listen for incoming SMS messages Please refer to the smsManager API for additional details http developer android com reference android telephony SmsManager html The Android application developed will allow the user to send SMS commands to the system automatically without the need for writing the commands in messaging applications manually For Android versions before KitKat 4 4 the Android system will not keep version of messages sent from the application in the user s phone messaging application However starting from version 4 4 this is no longer the case The messaging software will keep versions of the messages sent and received by the smart car application This can be avoided only by being the master messaging application or by asking the master application to delete the messages every time a message is sent or received but this is not guaranteed to work on all devices especially if the system is using a messaging application other than the default one Given the type of messages sent and received by the software there is no harm from keeping such messages in the messaging application Sending SMS messages The application will use the same messaging format discussed in the microcontroller section HOR ul 13 41 The system will not send any SMS message before prompting the user This is done to avoid any unnecessary cost Figure 35 shows a sample dialog requesting permission before s
72. rted active by the system and vice verse 7 6 4 GPS Location While the system is trying to fix the GPS location the android application will show a Waiting for GPS fix message to the user Once the system fixes the GPS location the Android application will immediately show the GPS coordinates to the user as well as the current car speed Additionally the user will have the capability to view the car location on map using a Google Maps fragment integrated in the map Activity of the application and the car speed will also be shown next to the car location in map The GPS location on the map will be updated as long as the phone is connected to the system Additionally the map will show the phone location using the phone GPS along with the car location to locate the car more easily GPS Data Units The GPS speed will be received in m s and they will be converted to km h for user convenience Also the GPS coordinates will be received in Degrees Minutes format and they will be converted to decimals for proper viewing on Google Maps 7 7 SMS Control As discussed before the Application will not receive all car updates over SMS to minimize operator costs Therefore the system will display all the possible commands to the user assuming the user is aware of the latest car status The application in the SMS mode will show that latest known car status and the time of obtaining such data Also the user can request a status update from the
73. scenarios were discussed in other sections such as attempting to start the engine while it s already running using the car key Starting the car with key while powering the accessories with the system Additionally if the user power the car accessories such as the radio using the system if he attempts to start the car using his key once he puts the key switch in the start position a design violation of the electrical car system that was shown previously in Table 1 will happen because the system is powering the accessories line with 12V while it should be OFF when the engine is cranking To prevent such scenario from happening once the car accessories are powered by the system the system will continuously watch the ignition line if the car key switch goes to the ON position the ignition line will read HIGH and the system will immediately power off the accessories of the car before the driver starts cranking the engine 6 6 Car Interfacing and Control Section 6 6 1 Horn doors lock amp unlock security arm amp disarm Pulsing Time All the functions of triggering the horn locking and unlocking the car doors as well as enabling and disabling the car security system depends on sending a signal to the desired digital output for a given period of time This can be easily achieved in software by writing a HIGH value to the output and then waiting for desired period of time before resetting that value to LOW In terms of the time n
74. served by experience because the modem needs this time delay to be ready and it doesn t send any text after receiving the AT CMGS command indicating that it is ready to receive the message text The lt CTRL Z gt is the substitute character that has an ASCII code of 26 6 4 Requests Processing Section This part of the Microcontroller code represent the bridge between the communication part and the other parts of the system When a Bluetooth command is received the Bluetooth communication section is responsible for extracting that command out of the communication stream and giving it to the request processing section This applies to SMS commands as well This segment of the code will execute the command despite of its source this makes development much easier and helps in avoiding safety violations in the system design while interfacing with the control sections of the system The only difference when executing commands that are originated from different sources is when the system wants to send a reply to the client that issued the command in the first place The following should be taken into consideration The reply should go to the correct communication channel Some replies should not be sent to some communication channels For example when the system receives an engine start command from a Bluetooth client it will send an acknowledgment to that client that the command was received The system will send another confirmation after
75. starting the engine successfully However an SMS client is only interested in that final confirmation message but not the first acknowledgment To achieve this a separate reply function was written so that it supports directing the message to the appropriate communication channel and it has a priority argument that control whether the message should be sent to an SMS client or not Also the function supports broadcasting that sends the message to multiple communication channels based on the priority value Table 2 summarizes the possible scenarios for a reply message Table 2 Forwarding destination of the reply and broadcast functions Reply Priority Forwarding Destination Bluetooth re Anything Bluetooth SMS tow EE SMS igh SMS SMS In the meantime the system only supports Bluetooth and SMS controlling but the current design of the request processing section of the system makes adding and integrating any new communication channel such as the Internet very easy Figure 21 shows a sequence diagram for the system main sections while processing and executing an external user command Communication Section Section Global Global Request Processing Processing Engine Control Section Engine Control Section Section Gar interfacing Section Gar interfacing Section Section Global Section Section Lock Security Horn Control EA Lock Security Horn Control Panic A E AAA Opt Sel Device Serial Set Master Phone
76. t String String void e ListCustomitenx String String integer com sasoft android smartcar e getView int View View Group View Figure 32 Class diagram for the Android application Diagram generated automatically using the free eclipse Add On Object Aid UML 7 3 Application s Permissions and Certificates 7 3 1 Android Permissions The application uses the following permissions which are part of the application manifest XML These permissions must be part of the application so the system can access the required Android services Storage android permission WRITE_EXTERNAL_ STORAGE Bluetooth Connectivity android permission BLUETOOTH SMS Control android permission SEND_SMS android permission RECEIVE SMS 7 3 2 Google Maps Certificate To integrate Google Maps in the Android application a development account and a certificate specific for this application must be obtained An account can be obtained from the Google Console website https code google com apis console noredirect where a project can be added and a certificate for the application can be generated Additionally several steps should be taken to integrate that certificate in the application details can be read from this documentation https developers google com maps documentation android start getting the google maps and roid api v2 7 4 Connectivity 7 4 1 Bluetooth Connectivity The system uses the same Bluetooth messaging
77. tem or even through the car key If the command is accepted it will send a low priority acknowledgment reply to the client issuing the command Then it will disable the security system of the car The system will also activate the horn for a short period as an acknowledgment to the nearby driver for receiving the command However the system will not activate the horn if the command was received through SMS to avoid attracting attention around the car while the driver is away Additionally the system will lock all the car doors if needed and will attempt the engine starting operation After starting the car the system will send a low priority broadcast to connected clients Figure 25 shows the activity diagram for the Start Engine use case Engine Stop Request Any engine stop command will be accepted immediately despite the status of the car The command will stop the engine and all running components Initial Point Is Ignition Status ON is engine Running A True Whatis the source of Disable Security System command ho di Bluetooth Setlgnition Start Wait 950 ms Setlgnition ON Broadcast Car Status Low Priotiry Car Status Reply End Point Figure 25 Activity diagram for the Start Engine use case 6 5 3 Keep Engine Running without Key In some scenarios the drive may want to leave the car and leave the engine running as well Drivers some times leave the car key inside
78. the car to achieve this This is dangerous and may result in having the car stolen The system can provide a feasible solution by allowing the driver to take the car key with him and keep the engine running despite whether he started the car using the system or by key only in the first place To achieve this the user sends a Keep engine running command to the system and takes the car key No need to start the bypasser and the engine is already ON The system then will keep the engine running as if it was remotely started and will ensure it doesn t get stolen The system should check that the engine is actually running otherwise this will result in violating the bypassing system design This feature is only available to Bluetooth clients as it is not suitable for SMS clients Figure 26 shows the activity diagram for this use case Keep Engine Running Initial Point is EngineRunningal Free True setlgnitiom ON Broadcast Car Status Low Priotiry Car Status Reply ST End Paint Figure 26 Activity diagram for the Keep Engine Running use case 6 5 4 Engine Auto Shutdown When the driver starts the engine remotely or even if he uses the keep engine running feature if he doesn t use the car within 10 minutes from starting the engine or asking to keep it running the system will automatically shut the engine off and lock the car This is done to avoid having the engine running if the driver forgets about it or
79. though the system can be designed to prevent thieves from stealing the car losses can happen during hijacks attempts such as windows glasses breakage The negative effect of idling engines can be limited by stopping the engine automatically if the driver does not reach the car within a certain time GPS tracking can have negative impacts as well such as violating the privacy of other people by tracking their location in real time especially if the driver is unaware of having such a system installed in the car if he is not the primary owner or if the car is rented 3 Project Specifications The system must meet the following user requirements FNP Ability to start the engine using mobile phone from long ranges Preventing thieves from stealing a car after remotely starting it Locating the car location accurately from anywhere The system must not interfere or disable the regular operation of starting the car using the key The above user requirements can be translated into technical requirements as follows 1 GSM modem will be used to communicate with the system from virtually anywhere in the world for performing the control functions as well as location tracking GSM must not replace the short range communication channel as GSM may have large latencies sometimes and the GSM network may fail at any time Additionally using the GSM network may require additional user costs that can be avoided in short ranges Bluetooth connection
80. uetooth case but upon calling the function with the first portion of the SMS message text the function performs all the required communication with GSM that was mentioned in the communication section of the report void sendGSM char msg void sendGSM const __ FlashStringHelper msg void sendGSM char msg byte mode void sendGSM const __ FlashStringHelper msg byte mode void sendSMSMessage char phone char msg byte msgMode void sendSMSMessage char phone const __ FlashStringHelper msg byte msgMode 6 9 Global Positioning System GPS 6 9 1 Preparing the GPS engine The GPS engine is part of the SIM908 modem and it is controlled over the same UART interface To activate the GPS engine the system should power the engine and reset the GPS For controlling the power of the GPS engine the following command is used Microcontroller AT CGPSPWR X The value X can be set to 0 the shut the engine OFF or to 1 to power the GPS engine Additionally the GPS engine must be reset after powering it to get a GPS fix The following command is used to reset the GPS engine Microcontroller AT CGPSRST 0 6 9 2 Getting a GPS fix After preparing the GPS engine as shown in the previous section a GPS fix and a 3D location is expected within 30 seconds in clear sight However in some locations where there is no direct view to the sky the GPS fix took up to 4 minutes The system should always check for the GPS engine status
81. void setinputihyte byte void loadData byte char bytes wpa a storeDatalbyte char bytes etDeviceserial l void setasterPhone void loadMasterPhonel vid Request_Processing_Section Request_Processing_Section Section panic_activate boolean panic_mil_interval lang a GlobalProcessRkequest void getlarstatus t void doorstatus boolean door mil long doorLaststatus boolean panic_mil lang panic_target int Dan op mode boolean dooreClosed boolean brakePres ed boolean autoLock void A SetarmLock boolean void et2rmi booleani void setLock boolean void horncint void sendPulse byte inti void zendPulserbyter void A Dan void F pl ibwtetvoig replyibytej void A broadcastCarstatus bytes void broadcastCarStatus byte boolean void sendCaratatusibytel void sendCarstatus byte boolean void Bluetooth Subsection BbluetoothConnected boolean 2endBluetoothe void SendBluetoothy void readBluetoothd void Communication Global GSM_GPS_ Subsection amp pos byte SMSID byte gpsstated long meGP gt S boolean readssShModeml void getsPSCordinatesl void power ndReseGPS void A DM TTC void sendGP S byteT void readhHewyLinecinti boolean a wai nlForQkcint boolean erityAndEstractCmad boolean proces SMSHe
82. w Car Figure 38 Main interface at application start HORA Select Device Smart Car System AVH X8500BHS Cancel Pair new device Figure 37 Pick Bluetooth Device Interface Figure 38 shows the main interface when the application starts It allows the user from one window to select the desired connection method and car to control The user can also manage one of the cars or add a new car to control 7 6 Bluetooth Control As discussed in the Microcontroller section the system will provide the latest car status updates and GPS location to the connected Bluetooth client Therefore the Android application must provide an interactive interface that will show commands to the mobile user based on the status of the car 7 6 1 Engine Control Table 5 shows list of the commands available to the mobile user based on the car status The commands shown in the table were previously discussed in the microcontroller section Table 5 Engine Control Commands available to the user per car status EnpiseisorE ee CSS ENGINE ONY system car key Accessories are ON by system Engine is off K E Start Engine Stop Engine PEP ENEI Start Engine Running Commands Luis D Power Accessories OFF Figure 39 and Figure 40 show the main interface in two of the possible statuses when the engine is OFF and when the engine is ON by system DH a 10 19 TO LE ul 11 26 Smart Car y Bluetooth Connection A SP My 2003 Accord Engi
83. ws the same main Activity but with GPS data available Figure 43 and Figure 44 show the map Activity of the application while displaying the car location on the map These two figures apply to the Bluetooth and SMS connections EA y ill BE ul 10 38 Smart Car SEAT SG 10 53 Smart Car cu Short Messaging Service SMS My Brother s Edge Tap to request car engine status Engine Control Last updated 5 7 14 10 37 AM U Car Engine is OFF Start Engine Start engine and lock all doors Power Accessories Power car accessories such as radio Stop Engine Stop car engine and accessories Car Location Get Car Location Tap to request your car location Po R i a r Locks Lock All Doors Lock all car doors Figure 41 Snapshot for the main SMS control cu Short Messaging Service SMS ee ek ARE Sec Se Set Sei A Stop Engine Stop car engine and accessories Car Location Last updated 5 7 14 10 53 AM Lat 26 30689130 Lng 50 14673742 Car Speed 28 80 km h View on map View Car Location on Map A Refresh car location Tap to request your car latest location gt Car Locks Lock All Doors Lock all car doors Unlock All Doors Unlock all car doors Car Horn Figure 42 Snapshot for SMS control with GPS data available 7 LTE 7 LTE A y iil E TF ill 10 48 OH e OYE al 12 17 Smart Car Smart Car i m
84. ystem had an internal function to send messages to a connected Bluetooth client void sendBluetooth char msg To use the previously mentioned F function with the Bluetooth function the system needs to support the FlashStringHelper by providing an overloaded function void sendBluetooth const _ FlashStringHelper msg Additionally this raises another problem If the system wants to send a message such as the car status The message will be in the format lt HEADER gt lt Car Status Command gt lt Car Status gt lt Trailer gt Usually the car status command will use the F wrapper function while arguments like the car status will be available in a String variable The system can t send the two fields in two consecutive calls because the sendBluetooth function will include the HEADER and the TRAILER with both fields This special case can be solved by providing another overloaded function that has one additional argument indicating whether the function should send the TRAILER only the HEADER only both of them or neither of them void sendBluetooth char msg void sendBluetooth const FlashStringHelper msg void sendBluetooth char msg byte mode void sendBluetooth const FlashStringHelper msg byte mode This applies to GSM communication as well In the case of SMS communication this get a little more complicated as SMS message sending requires communicating with the GSM modem first However it is achieved similar to the Bl

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