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Functions Used - Ideas to Integrated Circuits

1. Mesh Edges Full name Data MeshEdges Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type edge Ascii type MeshEdges Binary size 4 sizeof corners 0 nCorners 1 sizeof MeshEdges 2 sizeof Uns Parent Objects ALWAYS Mesh Format Data Format Subobjects nCorners AttributeSets order dependent Inherited No Referencable No Description Mesh Edges allow you to attach AttributeSets to a mesh edge You may attach mesh edges to any edge in the mesh that corresponds to a face edge To specify and edge that should have an attribute set attached to it include it as the nth edge the list of edges and specify the attribute set as the nth attribute set subobject Data structure Uns32 nEdges MeshEdge edges nEdges 0 lt nEdges where MeshEdge is Uns32 vertexIndex1 Uns32 vertexIndex2 Text samples Container Mesh Container MeshEdges 2 numEdges O 1 lst edge vertexIndices 1 2 2nd edge vertexIndices Container 1st edge attribute set AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 2 0 8 0 3 Container 2nd edge attribute set AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 8 0 2 0 3 NURB Curve 2D Full name Data NURBCurve2D Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type nb2c Ascii type NURBCurve2D Binary size 8 12 nPoints 4 order nPoints Parent Objects ALWAYS TrimCurves Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Refere
2. Display Group Full name Shared Shape Group DisplayGroup Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Group Binary type dspg Ascii type DisplayGroup Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects 1 DisplayGroupState optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A display group contains only objects that are drawable A display group adds the ability to be traversed for various operations via the DisplayGroupState subobject It is delimited by an end group object Data structure Text samples IO Proxy Display Group Full name Shared Shape Group DisplayGroup IOProxyDisplayGroup Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Group DisplayGroup Binary type iopx Ascii type IOProxyDisplayGroup Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects 1 DisplayGroupState optional default Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The IO proxy display group contains drawable objects that are similar representations of the same object in different formats For example if it is known that a particular application does not understand NURBPatchs the writing application may write the NURBPatch in an IO proxy group along with a mesh which is the tesselated NURBPatch The objects in a IO proxy display group appear in their preferencial order The first object is the most preferred representation the last object the least The first object that is understood b
3. View Hints Full name Shared ViewHints Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Binary type vwhn Ascii type ViewHints Binary size 0 Parent Objects none Format No Data Subobjects 1 Renderer optional 1 Camera optional many Lights optional 1 AttributeSet optional 1 ImageDimensions optional 1 ImageMask optional 1 ImageClearColor optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The subobjects of the view hints object specifies the preferences supplied by a writing application when rendering a scene The semantic to be followed when a view hints object is encountered in the metafile is that the view hints is specified previous to a list of objects to be rendered to that particular view hints preference The subobjects of the view hints object are inherited from the previous view hints in a metafile For example if a modelling application contains 10 camera locations for viewing various portions of a scene it would first store the default view as the first object in a metafile then the group representing the scene then a view containing the second camera position then a reference to the scene etc Data structure Text samples 3DMetafile 1 0 Normal toc gt Container ViewHints Container ViewAngleAspect 0 73 1 0 CameraPlacement 0 0 30 0 0 0 010 DirectionalLight 0 7 0 7 0 65 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 2 0 2 0 2 SpecularControl 3
4. Container Torus Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Triangle Full name Shared Shape Geometry Triangle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type trng Ascii type Triangle Binary size 36 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 VertexAttributeSetList optional nObjects 3 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The most basic polygon is a triangle which contains 3 points A VertexAttributeSetList may be used to attach attribute sets to the vertices containing three vertex attribute sets or an optional AttributeSet may be added to attach to the face There is no default parametrization for a triangle Data structure Point3D vertices 3 Text samples Container Triangle 1 05 0525 0 0 0 049 Le 0445 Container VertexAttributeSetList 3 Exclude 0 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 100 Container ttributeSet DiffuseColor 010 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 001 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 8 0 5 0 2 Tri Grid Full name Shared Shape Geometry TriGrid Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type trig Ascii type TriGrid Binary size 8 nColumns nRows 12 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 FaceAttributeSetList optional nObjects numNVer
5. Info Group Full name Shared Shape Group InfoGroup Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Group Binary type info Ascii type InfoGroup Binary size 0 Parent Objects none Format No Data Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description An info group contains nothing but String objects It is used to add human readable information pertaining to a files origin or history A use that comes to mind is copyright notices The info group object should be preserved by a reading application and appended with additional information if a file is re written It is delimited by an end group object Data structure Text samples BeginGroup InfoGroup CString Copyright 1995 Apple Computer Inc CString Author Bonanza Jellybean EndGroup Light Group Full name Shared Shape Group LightGroup Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Group Binary type lghg Ascii type LightGroup Binary size 0 Parent Objects none Format No Data Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A light group contains nothing but lights It is delimited by an end group object Data structure Text samples BeginGroup LightGroup AmbientLight DirectionalLight 1 0 0 False EndGroup Ambient Light Full name Shared Shape Light AmbientLight Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Light Binary typ
6. RFC 1963 pages 3 This document describes a new Network level protocol from the PPP point of view PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol that provides encapsulation and an associated Serial Data Control Protocol SDCP for transporting serial data streams over a PPP link This protocol was developed for the purpose of using PPP s many features to provide a standard method for synchronous data compression The encapsulation uses a header structure based on that of the ITU T Recommendation V 120 This document is a product of the TR30 1 ad hoc committee on compression of synchronous data It represents a component of a proposal to use PPP to provide compression of synchronous data in DSU CSUs In addition to providing support for multi protocol datagrams the Point to Point Protocol PPP has defined an effective and robust negotiating mechanism that can be used on point to point links When used in conjunction with the PPP Compression Control Protocol and one of the PPP Compression Protocols PPP provides an interoperable method of employing data compression on a point to point link This document provides a PPP encapsulation for serial data specifying a transport protocol PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol PPP SDTP and an associated control protocol PPP Serial Data Control Protocol PPP SDCP When these protocols are added to above mentioned PPP protocols PPP can be used to provide compression of serial data on a point to point
7. 3V 200mV Receiver Input Resistance Ohms 3k to 7k 4k min One byte of async data 15 Space 0 tN Ft ooo ov Indeterminate Region gy E E Mark E1 Seven Data Bits E R 15 Start Parity Two stop bit bit bits Data packet coresponding to the ASCII character A Cabling considerations you should use cabling made for RS 232 data but I have seen low speed data go over 250 on 2 pair phone cable Level 5 cable can also be used but for best distance use a low capacitance data grade cable The standard maxim length is 50 but if data is async you can increase that distance to as much as 500 with a good grade of cable The RS 232 signal on a single cable is impossible to screen effectively for noise By screening the entire cable we can reduce the influence of outside noise but internally generated noise remains a problem As the baud rate and line length increase the effect of capacitance between the different lines introduces serious crosstalk this especially true on synchronous data because of the clock lines until a point is reached where the data itself is unreadable Signal Crosstalk can be reduced by using low capacitance cable and shielding each pair Using a high grade cable individually shield low capacitance pairs the distance can be extended to 4000 At higher frequencies a new problem comes to light The
8. AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 5 0 5 0 5 near black SpecularColor 0 5 white highlights SpecularControl 1 larger highlight area Sphere Surface Tangent Full name Element Attribute SurfaceTangent Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type srtn Ascii type SurfaceTangent Binary size 24 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The surface tangent attribute indicates the direction of changing U and V on a surface Data structure Vector3D paramU Vector3D paramV Text samples Container Mesh Container VertexAttributeSetList Container AttributeSet SurfaceUV 0 1 0 293 SurfaceTangent 10 0 010 Surface UV Full name Element Attribute SurfaceUV Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type sruv Ascii type SurfaceUV Binary size 8 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The surface UV indicates an alternate UV to the shading UV for shading purposes Surface UVs are generally used for trim shaders Shading UVs are generally used by shaders that affect appearance information such as texture maps which alter the color on a geometric surface Data structure Param2D surfaceUV Any UV parametrization is allowed however s
9. Cable image created by CableEye 3 DB9 Null Modem Cable Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to T connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 80K The cable shown below is intended for RS232 asynchronous communications most PC based systems If you are using synchronous communications the null modem will have additional connections for timing signals and a DB25 connector would be necessary NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way In this cable Request to Send RTS pin 7 asserts the Carrier Detect pin 1 on the same side and the Clear to Send CTS pin 8 on the other side of the cable This device may also be available in the form of an adapter Left Side Connect to 9 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 9 pin DTE computer computer fm Match Data Wiring Display S elalziz sit ola Socket L Socket R DBS Female DBY Female Cable image created by CableEye 4 DB25 to DB9 Adapter Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Signals on the DB25 DTE side are directly mapped to the DB9 A assignments for a DTE device Use this to adapt a 25 pin COM connector on the back of a computer to mate with a 9 pin serial DCE device suchas 80K a 9 pin serial mouse or modem This adapter may also be in the form of a cable Le
10. If you are an existing user of the system there are several reasons why you might wish to install the latest version Firstly real silence rather than silence combs should work with a larger selection of equipment the original silence combs might somewhat saturate the IR receiver or indeed totally confuse some poorly filtered equipment always one of the known drawbacks of the method so the new method will hopefully improve the IR on off contrast ratio and thus improve the operating range or make it work properly with your target equipment for the first time Secondly the data stream will be much easier to observe on a proper oscilloscope than it used to be Thirdly you can do fun things like transmit a sample from one PC to another and get a close match I know you could do it more easily using a floppy or whatever Fourthly the new software has some helpful features in DOS screen mode which make it easier to experiment diagnose problems and manipulate data sets Fifthly the average power consumption of transmission is reduced prolonging your battery life saving the planet and so on The main thing here is I can see no downside All you need to do is replace the DOS program the change is invisible to the Windows program and any samples you already have remain totally compatible At worst you get the benefit of the new features at best you may also get better performance Hardware Section updated 26th August 2002 Here is a sche
11. The EIA232 standard uses negative bipolar logic in which a negative voltage signal represents logic 1 and positive voltage represents logic 0 This probably originated with the pre RS232 current loop standard used in 1950s vintage teletype machines in which a flowing current and hence a low voltage represents logic 1 Be aware that the negative logic assignment of EIA232 is the reverse of that found in most modern digital circuit designs See the inside rear cover of the CableEye manual for a comparison Common Signal Ground Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 standard includes a common ground reference on Pin 7 and is frequently joined to Pin 1 and a circular shield that surrounds all 25 cable conductors Data timing and control signal voltages are measured with respect to this common ground EIA232 cannot be used in applications where the equipment on opposite ends of the connection must be electrically isolated NOTE optical isolators may be used to achieve ground isolation however this option is not mentioned or included in the E A232 specification Signal Characteristics Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Equivalent Circuit All signal lines regardless of whether they provide data timing or control information may be represented by the electrical equivalent circuit shown here Int exface Points lt SO ohms 3k 7k ohms R o Ry Y o Cable CL E ier lt 2500pF T 42y fin Z Ground CAA U
12. oT d Request to Send ag s oT Receiver Signa Timing 17 DCE Source 18 DCE Ready a lt oT aca Oio Signal Ground me 20 Received Line ak On DTE Ready Hoved 21 ignal Detect Lo ol TS pain Loopback reserved for testing Pa 1 wen bl i Ring Indicator reserved for testing 14 i Ag i Pa 24 D ata Signal Rate Selector unzesigned 12 Sec Received Line x 3 ae i Transmitter Signal Timing 25 i DTE Sourc Signal Detect K Shield a i Test Mode Sec Request to Send Sec Jex to Send DB9 Female Received Line Signa Detect 1 a DCE Ready Transmitted Data wg 5 7 Clear to Send Received Data 3 8 DTE Ready 4 i Request to Send 9 5 Signal Ground 7 Ring Indicator Shidd a Received by DTE Device O Transmitted from DTE Device Copyright 1993 1997 CAMI Research Inc Many of the 22 signal lines in the EIA232 standard pertain to connections where the DCE device is a modem and then are used only when the software protocol employs them For any DCE device that is not a modem or when two DTE devices are directly linked far fewer signal lines are necessary You may have noticed in the pinout drawings that there is a secondary channel which includes a duplicate set of flow control signals This secondary channel provides for management of the remote modem enabling baud rates to be changed on the fly retransmission to be requested if a parity error is detected a
13. sizeof data Parent Objects any Format Data Format Subobjects Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The unknown text object is a way of transporting unknown data found in a text file It is an encapsulated replica of the original data found in a text metafile containing the object type a String and a text string containing the original data In some cases white space and comments may have been stripped from the contents field Unknown text objects may be written in either the text or binary files When an unknown text object is encountered in a metafile it is up to the reading program to either transport the data around validate it and convert it to a known object discard the data Unknown objects are inherently dirty meaning you may assume the unknown text object may contain out of sync bogus information as the original object may have been removed from its original context Data structure String asciiName String contents Text samples UnknownText Ellipsoid Macintosh Path Full name Shared Storage MacintoshPath Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Storage Binary type macp Ascii type MacintoshPath Binary size sizeof String Parent Objects ALWAYS Reference Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The Macintosh path specifies the pathname of an external file reference using the pathname specification found in the Insi
14. Control A __ E O eceive A __ __ oj S S EEPET ndication A ignal Timing A nN S nassigned Ground Transmit B K __ 0 Control B __ __ __ BE S EFEC S 1 Receive B 2 Indication B 3 Signal Timing B 14 Unassigned jo S 6 p i3 HAR Functional Description As can be seen from the pinning specifications the Signal Element Timing clock is provided by the DCE This means that your provider local telco office is responsible for the correct clocking and that X 21 is a synchronous interface Hardware handshaking is done by the Control and Indication lines The Control is used by the DTE and the Indication is the DCE one Cross cable pinning X 21 Cross Cable X 21 X 21 m SY OHNO ny BRR P kii 1 xa 1 2 s _ b 13 u EIA 561 defines RS 232 on a modular connec tor For nonsynchronous applications only since it does not provide for the synchronous clocking signals EIA 561 Interface 1 RI 2 CD Sometimes 3 DTR used as DSR 4 SG sat 5 RD m 6 TD 7 CTS 8 RTS IMM D UON a sa RS232D uses RJ45 type connectors similar to telephone connectors This is a standard 9 to 25 pin cable layout for async data on a PC AT serial cable rom Modem rom Modem rom Terminal Computer Dala eee aan DTR from Terminal C
15. Format Data Format Subobjects 1 TrimCurves optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description Non Uniform Rational B Spline NURB Patches are closed under projective transformations can represent quadrics exactly and can be refined locally to allow additional detail The default parametrization is given by the knot vectors Weights w are always positive Data structure Uns32 uOrder Uns32 vOrder Uns32 numColumns Uns32 numRows RationalPoint4D points numMPoints numNPoints Float32 uKnots uOrder numColumns Float32 vKnots vOrder numRows 2 numColumns 2 numRows 2 uOrder 2 vOrder 0 lt points w weights of points Text samples NURBPatch 444 4 u v order num M N points 2 201 soil 2 Oy oP 1201 DAEZ at 2 20u11 sil 2 70 A 1051 2201 B22 Oa OS SZ 0k th Dee 20 ee 22 sr T S22 S20 0 1 Sa SZ Oe ALS 20 Le lt 2 2108 0000111100001 1 1 1 knots Point Full name Shared Shape Geometry Point Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type pnt Ascii type Point Binary size 12 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The basic point primitive is an infinitesimally small point in space It is specified as a 3D point plus an optional attribute set A 3D point has no default parametrization Data structure Point3D point Text samples Point 0 1
16. ImageDimensions 200 200 refl BeginGroup DisplayGroup EndGroup Container ViewHints Container ViewAngleAspect 0 73 1 0 CameraPlacement 0 1 0 lt 0 Reference 1 How to use your RS232 or IRDA port for Remote Control Update History skip to Introduction if this is your first visit 26 02 2001 FAQ page added 28 02 2001 FAQ No 2 updated to include extra information on component selection 26 08 2002 Theory updated Hardware schematic and text updated Software Section text and code updated winsamp now version 1 3 FAQ updated xxx This was a big update please let me know if I ve broken anything that used to work oh ok a ck ok Introduction Firstly an apology There is a lot to read on this page and I m struggling to make it even slightly visually appealing If you feel that the subject is worthy of your attention then I suggest you print this page out or at least save it to disk snag the zip file mentioned in the software section not a big download then study it all offline Unlike some of my other stuff this one is fairly serious It is intended to introduce a concept and demonstrate its application rather than present the definitive finished product but having said that everything needed to get it working properly on a PC is included with enough information and flexibility to enable the software as supplied to be incorporated into much more elaborate Windows front e
17. SH Cable image created by CableEye 7 DB25 All Line Direct Extension Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic This shows a 25 pin DTE to DCE serial cable that would result if the T EIA232 standard were strictly followed All 25 pins plus shield are directly extended from DB25 Female to DB25 Male There are no crossovers or 84K self connects present Use this cable to connect modems printers or any serial device that uses a DB25 connector to a PC s serial port This cable may also serve as an extension cable to increase the distance between computer and serial device Caution do not exceed 25 feet separation between devices without a signal booster Caution the male end of this cable right also fits a PC s parallel printer port You may use this cable to extend the length of a printer cable but DO NOT attach a serial device to the computer s parallel port Doing so may cause damage to both devices Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DCE computer modem imi Match Data Wiring Display aj elella elt ola fd Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Male SH 14 15 Cable image created by CableEye 8 DB25 Loopback Connector Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic A loopback connector usually consists of a connector without a cable and T includes internal wiring to reroute signals back to the sender This DB25 female connector would attach to a DTE device such as a pe
18. TMPFILE mktemp tmp photopc upload XXXXxXX exit 1 for file in do echo Converting file djpeg file cjpeg sample 2x1 gt TMPFILE jhead te more data pics olympus reference pic jpg TMPFILE echo Uploading file photope upload STMPFILE sleep 2 done rm f STMPFILE Peter Astrand lt astrand at lysator liu se gt Appendix B Some Nikon models support an extension to the protocol described above specifically designed for remote control units This protocol allows to control zoom emulate half depress of the shutter release button bulb operation and possibly more lt vladimir vyskocil at wanadoo fr gt compiled a partial description of this protocol available here Please mail your corrections additions to lt crosser at average dot org gt See http photopc sourceforge net for possible updates Documentation MATLAB External Interfaces API External Interfaces API e gt Serial Data Format The serial data format includes one start bit between five and eight data bits and one stop bit A parity bit and an additional stop bit might be included in the format as well The diagram below illustrates the serial data format FETT tT tT tT tT tT tT tt Lo Se Start bit Data bits Parity bit Stop bits The format for serial port data is often expressed using the following notation number of data bits parity type number of stop bits For example 8 N 1 is interpreted as eight dat
19. This object is used as a delimiter for all group objects Data structure Groups should be arranged into non overlapping pairs of BeginGroup group type data and an EndGroup object All groups must be arranged into DAGs no cycles are permitted Text samples Empty group BeginGroup OrderedDisplayGroup EndGroup Group containing 1 object BeginGroup DisplayGroup Translate 12 3 Sphere EndGroup Inline group referenced elsewher REDColor BeginGroup DisplayGroup DisplayGroupState IsInline Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 100 EndGroup BeginGroup DisplayGroup Reference 1 REDColor Cone Cone is RED EndGroup toc TableOfContents nextTOC gt 1 2 0 12 ale 1 REDColor gt Junk Full name 3DMF Junk Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type junk Ascii type Junk Binary size any size Parent Objects special Format Data Format Subobjects any Inherited No Referencable No Description The junk object contains garbage and serves as a placeholder for deleted information in the metafile Junk objects should always be skipped and never parsed Data structure Text samples Container Box Junk AttributeSet DiffuseColor 101 is equivalent to Box Reference Full name 3DMF Reference Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type
20. W int3 lt GIS N NIS vdat D lt lt G Bic wS S NS Ere ET Filename of current frame Unknown Unknown enable folder features Write 60 here Folder navigation When read return number of folders on the card When written without data reset folder system Or select current folder by its number Current folder name may read or set Unknown Digital zoom 0 1X otherwise zoom factor x 100 i e in percent Unknown Current folder I D and name Note Marked registers only become useful for reading after setting register 4 If value of 0 assigned to register 4 after doing action 5 subsequent retrieval of picture data gives the live preview For command 2 the second byte is action code not register number The following action codes are known Argument Description Qa single zero byte Finish session immediately single zero byte Take preview snapshot retreivable as frame zero single byte Calibration testing Arg value 1 Calibrate autofocus 3 Test zoom exposure 4 6 Store 0 in Reg 32 9 Load LCD Brightness 0 31 from Reg 32 10 Load LCD size 25 for Nikon Coolpix 950 from Reg 32 11 LCD Saturation 0 32 from Reg 32 13 LCD Red Green 0 32 from Reg 32 14 LCD Blue 0 32 from Reg 32 15 Store 1 in Reg 32 16 Multi shot locks up if Icd is on 17 Take picture 18 Store 1 in Reg 32 20 23 locks up if Icd is on 24 25
21. nTXRDY _ Transmit Ready Pin 39 nRI Ring Indicator Pin 40 VDD 5 Volts Table 2 Pin Assignments for 16550A UART The UART requires a Clock to run If you look at your serial card a common crystal found is either a 1 8432 MHZ or a 18 432 MHZ Crystal The crystal in connected to the XIN XOUT pins of the UART using a few extra components which help the crystal to start oscillating This clock will be used for the Programmable Baud Rate Generator which directly interfaces into the transmit timing circuits but not directly into the receiver timing circuits For this an external connection mast be made from pin 15 BaudOut to pin 9 Receiver clock in Note that the clock signal will be at Baudrate 16 If you are serious about pursuing the 16550 UART used in your PC further then would suggest downloading a copy of the PC16550D data sheet from National Semiconductors Site Data sheets are available in PDF format so you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to read these Texas Instruments has released the 16750 UART which has 64 Byte FIFO s Data Sheets for the TL16C750 are available from the Texas Instruments Site Types of UARTS For PC s 8250 First UART in this series It contains no scratch register The 8250A was an improved version of the 8250 which operates faster on the bus side 8250A This UART is faster than the 8250 on the bus side Looks exactly the same to software than 16450 8250B Very similar to t
22. 1 0 Normal toc gt Container Cone Caps Bottom Container BottomCapAttributeSet capColor Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 100 Container Cone Caps Bottom Container BottomCapAttributeSet Reference 1 toc TableOfContents 1 capColor gt Caps Full name Data CapData Caps Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data CapData Binary type caps Ascii type Caps Binary size 4 Parent Objects ALWAYS Cone Cylinder Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description In the binary file the upper 28 bits of the caps bitfield should be ignored In the text file unknown bitfield strings should be skipped The default caps value is 0 or None The Top cap bit label is ignored in the Cone Data structure CapsFlags caps CapsFlags is defined as Binary Text 0x00000000 None 0x00000001 Bottom 0x00000002 Top Default is None Text samples Container Cylinder Caps Bottom Top Container Cone with a blue bottom Cone Caps Bottom Container BottomCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 001 Face Cap Attribute Set Full name Data CapData FaceCapAttributeSet Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data CapData Binary type fcas Ascii type FaceCapAttributeSet Binary size 0 Parent Objects ALWAYS Cone Cylinder Format No Data Sub
23. 8 Parent Objects ALWAYS ViewHints Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The image dimensions specifies the preferred image width and height in bits It is a subobject of the view hints which aids an application in determining how to display an image Data structure Uns32 width Uns32 height 0 lt width 0 lt height Text samples 3DMetafile 1 0 Normal toc gt Container ViewHints ImageDimensions 32 32 ImageClearColor 1 1 1 Rotate X 0 75 Rotate Y 0 75 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 1 0 0 Box Image Mask Full name Data ViewHintsData ImageMask Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data ViewHintsData Binary type immk Ascii type ImageMask Binary size 12 rowBytes height padding Parent Objects ALWAYS ViewHints Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The image mask is a bitmap that specifies how an images rendered pixels should be clipped The origin of the bitmap the upper left is aligned with the origin upper left of the drawing area Generally the image mask and the image dimensions are used simultaneously to specify an image which is partially clipped The example to the right specifies a mask to clip a 32x32 image The application using this data uses this clip mask to only render to a clipped portion of a custom document icon in this case th
24. Referencable No Description The GeneralPolygonHint gives a reading application some hint of what shape a general polygon is A Complex general polygon may contain intersecting concave or convex polygons A Concave general polygon contains no intersecting polygons but contains 1 or more concave polygons A Convex general polygon indicates that all contained polygons are convex and non intersecting Data structure GeneralPolygonHintEnum shapeHint GeneralPolygonHintEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 Complex 0x00000001 Concave 0x00000002 Convex default is Complex Text samples Container GeneralPolygon NOOWEH ONN OrFRW GeneralPolygonHint Convex Light Data Full name Data LightData Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type lght Ascii type LightData Binary size 20 Parent Objects ALWAYS any Light SpotLight AmbientLight PointLight DirectionalLight Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The light data object affects information about a light that is common among all lights A light may be on or off may vary in intensity or may have different colors Data structure Boolean isOn Float32 intensity ColorRGB color 0 intensity 1 Default is True isOn 1 0 intensity 111 color Text samples Container AmbientLight LightData True 0 4 100 Mesh Corners Full name Data MeshCorners Dra
25. Signal Quality Detector DCE Ring Indicator R DTEOCE Data Signal Rale Selector DTE Transmit Signal Element Timing DCE Test Mode No Connection PIN SIGNAL SOURCE DESIGNATION Shield __ _ __ Common Transmitted Data TD DTE Recaived Data RD DCE Request to Send Ready for Receiving RTS DTE Clear to Send CTS DCE DCE Ready DSR DCE Signal Ground Common Received Line Signal Detector OCD DCE Reserved for Testing Reserved for Testing Unassigned nn Secondary Received Line Signal f Secondary Clear to Send DCE 25 pin D shell connector RS232 commonly used for Async data PIN SIGNAL DESCRIPTION AARUN PGND Protective Ground TXD Transmit Data RXD Receive Data RTS Ready To Send CTS Clear To Send 6 DSR Data Set Ready 7 SG Signal Ground 8 CD Carrier Detect 20 DTR Data Terminal Ready 22 RI Ring Indicator Some applications require more than a simple async configurat RS 232 Interface RS 232 ELA Std applicable to the 25 pin interconnection of Data Terminal Equipment DTE and Data Communications Equipment DCE using serial binary data 21 Sig Quality Detector 22 Ring Indicator 3 Data Sig Rate Selector DCE 23 Data Sig Rate Selector DTE 24 Transmitter Sig Element Timing 25 Undefined Pins used for Synchronous data jump to Other Connector pages RS2
26. fptr 0119000300000003 offset nx ny 3 194 putc offset amp Oxff000000 16777216 fptr putc offset amp Ox00ff0000 65536 fptr putc offset amp Ox0000ff00 256 fptr putc offset amp Ox000000ff fptr Planar configuration tag short int WriteHexString fptr 011c00030000000100010000 Sample format tag short int WriteHexString fptr 0153000300000003 offset nx ny 3 200 putc offset amp Oxff000000 16777216 fptr putc offset amp Ox00ff0000 65536 fptr putc offset amp Ox0000ff00 256 fptr putc offset amp Ox000000ff fptr End of the directory entry WriteHexString fptr 00000000 Bits for each colour channel WriteHexString fptr 000800080008 Minimum value for each component WriteHexString fptr 000000000000 Maximum value per channel WriteHexString fptr O00ff00ffOOfE Samples per pixel for each channel WriteHexString fptr 000100010001
27. namely a black image with a single white pixel at the top left and the bottom right position The image is 100 pixels wide by 200 pixels high A hex dump is given below along with matching pointers and locations marked in matching colours these colours further match the appropriate parts of the source code gievn later The tags are underlined 4d4d 002a 0000 ea68 ffff ff00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 black 0 s deleted 0000 0000 OOff FELL 000e 0100 0003 0000 0001 0064 0000 0101 0003 0000 0001 00c8 0000 0102 0003 0000 0003 0000 eb16 0103 0003 0000 0001 0001 0000 0106 0003 0000 0001 0002 0000 0111 0004 0000 0001 0000 0008 0112 0003 0000 0001 0001 0000 0115 0003 0000 0001 0003 0000 0116 0003 0000 0001 00c8 0000 0117 0004 0000 0001 0000 ea60 0118 0003 0000 0003 0000 eblc 0119 0003 0000 0003 0000 eb22 Ol1lic 0003 0000 0001 0001 0000 0153 0003 0000 0003 0000 eb28 0000 0000 0008 0008 0008 0000 0000 0000 OOff OOff OOFL 0001 0001 0001 The above example uses 14 0100 Image width 0101 Image height 0102 Bits per sample 8 0103 Compression method 1 uncompressed 0106 Photometric Interpretation 2 RGB 0111 Strip Offsets 0112 Orientation 1 0 top 0 left hand side 0115 Samples per pixel 1 0116 Rows per strip 200 image height 0117 Strip Byte Counts 60000 100 x 200 x 3 0118 Minimum sample value 0 0 0 0119 Maximum sample value 255 255 255 Oll1c Planar
28. nx ny 3 182 offset amp Oxff000000 16777216 fptr offset amp Ox00ff0000 65536 fptr offset amp Ox0000ff00 256 fptr offset amp Ox000000ff fptr Compression flag short int WriteHexString fptr 010300030000000100010000 Photometric interpolation tag short int WriteHexString fptr 010600030000000100020000 Strip offset tag long int WriteHexString fptr 011100040000000100000008 Orientation flag short int WriteHexString fptr 011200030000000100010000 Sample per pixel tag short int WriteHexString fptr 011500030000000100030000 Rows per strip tag short int WriteHexString fptr 0116000300000001 fputc ny amp Oxff00 256 fptr fputc ny amp Ox00ff fptr WriteHexString fptr 0000 Strip byte count flag long int WriteHexString fptr 0117000400000001 offset nx ny 3 putc offset amp Oxff000000 16777216 fptr putc offset amp Ox00ff0000 65536 fptr putc offset amp Ox0000ff00 256 fptr putc offset amp Ox000000ff fptr Minimum sample value flag short int WriteHexString fptr 0118000300000003 offset nx ny 3 188 putc offset amp Oxff000000 16777216 fptr putc offset amp Ox00ff0000 65536 fptr putc offset amp Ox0000ff00 256 fptr putc offset amp Ox000000ff fptr Maximum sample value tag short int WriteHexString
29. rfrn Ascii type Reference Binary size 4 Parent Objects may be substituted for any Shared object Format Data Format Subobjects 1 Storage object optional Inherited No Referencable No Description The reference object is used to instantiate an object multiple times in a metafile It may be substituted anywhere in the metafile for another Shared object Only shared objects may be referenced References are resolved in the Table Of Contents If a Storage object is specified as a subobject it is assumed that the reference is external to the current metafile and should be resolved in that external storages table of contents Data structure Uns32 refID if refID 0 must contain subobjects if refID gt 0 a TOC must exist in current metafile that contains refIDs resolution This refID is resolved in the current metafile unless a Storage subobject is found in the Reference Text samples Reference 23 internal reference toc TableOfContents nextTOC gt 35 1 0 12 20 CarFrame gt 21 Axle gt 23 WheelOfCar gt Container external reference Reference 23 UnixPath parts car eb Table Of Contents Full name 3DMF TableOfContents Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type toc Ascii type TableOfContents Binary size 28 tocEntrySize nEntries Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The table of cont
30. the transit time through the transition region should be a less than Ims for bit periods greater than 25ms b 4 of the bit period for bit periods between 25ms and 125us c less than 5us for bit periods less than 125us The rise and fall times of data and timing signals ideally should be equal but in any case vary by no more than a factor of three Reenters Transition Reverses Within Fal Time Too Jow Region Transition Region An acceptable pulse top moves through the transition region quickly and without hesitation or reversal Defective pulses bottom could cause data errors 4 The slope of the rising and falling edges of a transition should not exceed 30v uS Rates higher than this may induce crosstalk in adjacent conductors of a cable Note that neither the ASCII alphabet nor the asynchronous serial protocol that defines the start bit number of data bits parity bit and stop bit is part of the E A232 specification For your reference it is discussed in the Data Communications Basics section of this web site Accepted Simplifications of the Standard Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 document published by the Electronic Industries Association describes 14 permissible configurations of the original 22 signal standard Each configuration uses a subset of the 22 defined signals and serves a more limited communications requirement than that suggested by using all the available 22 signals Applications for transmit only rec
31. 1 Arrows BeginGroup DisplayGroup Cone Scale 0 2 0 1 0 2 Cylinder EndGroup Reference 2 Reference 4 Type 1 Joes Garage RepairHistory 1 Jim Fixed lug nut 0 23 0 2 1 2 toc TableOfContents next TOC gt 5 refSeed 2 typeSeed 0 12 tocEntry Type Size 3 nEntries 1 box23 gt 2 Arrows gt 4 Geom34 gt Type Full name 3DMF Type Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type type Ascii type Type Binary size 4 sizeof String Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description A type definition is used to declare a custom data type A type definition may appear anywhere in a file however the custom type must be encountered before the custom object of that type is encountered All custom types in the metafile are negative numbers and the typeID field begins at 1 and is decremented for each additional type Only 2147483648 or 2431 custom types are permitted in a single metafile The owner string is an ISO 9070 registered owner string Owner strings are unique globally for each type of custom data In the binary and text metafile the typeID is used as the object type later in the file Data structure Int32 typeID String owner typeID lt 0 owner string Text samples Type Joes Garage BoltData 1 2 3 34 Stress kPA area Face Attribute Set List Full name D
32. 1993 2003 by CAMI Research Inc Lexington Massachusetts Send Us Your Comments Contents What is EIA232 Likely Problems when Using an EIA232 Interface Pin Assignments Cable Wiring Examples New Signal Definitions Signal Ground and Shield Primary Communications Channel Secondary Communications Channel Modem Status and Control Signals Transmitter and Receiver Timing Signals Channel Test Signals Electrical Standards Common Signal Ground Signal Characteristics Signal Timing Accepted Simplifications of the Standard Pin Description Index References to EIA Publications Back to CableEye Home Page What is EIA232 Next Topic TOC In the early 1960s a standards committee today known as the Electronic Industries Association developed a common interface standard for data communications equipment At that time data communications was thought to mean digital data exchange between a centrally located mainframe computer and a remote computer terminal or possibly between two terminals without a computer involved These devices were linked by telephone voice lines and consequently required a modem at each end for signal translation While simple in concept the many opportunities for data error that occur when transmitting data through an analog channel require a relatively complex design It was thought that a standard was needed first to ensure reliable communication and second to enable the interconnection of equipment
33. A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA The driver should be able to handle this without damage Take note of this one Above is no where near a complete list of the EIA standard Line Capacitance Maximum Baud Rates etc are also included For more information please consult the EIA RS232 C standard It is interesting to note however that the RS232C standard specifies a maximum baud rate of 20 000 BPS which is rather slow by today s standards A new standard RS 232D has been recently released Serial Ports come in two sizes There are the D Type 25 pin connector and the D Type 9 pin connector both of which are male on the back of the PC thus you will require a female connector on your device Below is a table of pin connections for the 9 pin and 25 pin D Type connectors Serial Pinouts D25 and D9 Connectors D Type 25 Pin ID Type 9 Pin No Full Name RTS Request To Send CTS Clear To Send DSR Daa Set Ready Pint Pins SG Signat Ground Pas Pint cD Cater Detect Pin 20 Pin 4 DTR Data Terminal Ready Ring Indicator Table 1 D Type 9 Pin and D Type 25 Pin Connectors Pin Functions Abbreviation Full Name TD Transmit Data RD Receive Data CTS Clear to Send DCD Data Carrier Detect DSR Data Set Ready DTR Data Terminal Ready RTS Request To Send RI Ring Indicator Null Modems Function Serial Data Output TXD Serial Data Input RXD This line indicates that the Modem is re
34. At that time data communications was thought to mean digital data exchange between a centrally located mainframe computer and a remote computer terminal or possibly between two terminals without a computer involved These devices were linked by telephone voice lines and consequently required a modem at each end for signal translation While simple in concept the many opportunities for data error that occur when transmitting data through an analog channel require a relatively complex design It was thought that a standard was needed first to ensure reliable communication and second to enable the interconnection of equipment produced by different manufacturers thereby fostering the benefits of mass production and competition From these ideas the RS232 standard was born It specified signal voltages signal timing signal function a protocol for information exchange and mechanical connectors Over the 30 years since this standard was developed the Electronic Industries Association published three modifications the most recent being the EIA232E standard introduced in 1991 Besides changing the name from RS232 to EIA232 some signal lines were renamed and various new ones were defined including a shield conductor Likely Problems when Using an EIA232 Interface Next Topic Previous Topic TOC During this 30 year long rapidly evolving period in electronics manufacturers adopted simplified versions of this interface for applications that w
35. DLAB Bit 6 Sets break enable When active the TD line goes into Spacing state which causes a break in the receiving UART Setting this bit to 0 Disables the Break Bits 3 4 and 5 select parity If you study the 3 bits you will find that bit 3 controls parity That is if it is set to 0 then no parity is used but if it is set to 1 then parity is used Jumping to bit 5 we can see that it controls sticky parity Sticky parity is simply when the parity bit is always transmitted and checked as a l or 0 This has very little success in checking for errors as if the first 4 bits contain errors but the sticky parity bit contains the appropriately set bit then a parity error will not result Sticky high parity is the use of a 1 for the parity bit while the opposite sticky low parity is the use of a 0 for the parity bit If bit 5 controls sticky parity then turning this bit off must produce normal parity provided bit 3 is still set to 1 Odd parity is when the parity bit is transmitted as a 1 or 0 so that there is a odd number of 1 s Even parity must then be the parity bit produces and even number of 1 s This provides better error checking but still is not perfect thus CRC 32 is often used for software error correction If one bit happens to be inverted with even or odd parity set then a parity error will occur however if two bits are flipped in such a way that it produces the correct p
36. Display feof feslea aft Of Socket L DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye 9 DB25 Null Modem no handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to tH connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K Note that Pins 11 and 12 are not necessary for this null modem cable to work As is often the case the manufacturer of equipment that uses this cable had a proprietary application in mind We show it here to emphasize that custom serial cables may include connections for which no purpose is clear IMPORTANT This cable employs NO handshaking lines between devices The handshake signals on each side are artificially made to appear asserted by the use of self connects on each side of the cable for example between pins 4 and 5 Without hardware handshaking you risk buffer overflow at one or both ends of the transmission unless STX and ETX commands are inserted in the dataflow by software Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display S felis slt ola ra Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH nun ton 1 2 E D sJ oO Cable image created by CableEye 10 DB25 Null Modem standard handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this fem
37. E Sale a EA 2 Le Shoe Te oc nFaces nContours 1 OMS wos U1 Ww O I WBN N AIO 3 FE COO OW dD UU ONoweP ITO WO DON WE O en NURB Curve Full name Shared Shape Geometry NURBCurve Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type nrbc Ascii type NURBCurve Binary size 8 nPoints 12 nPoints order 4 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description NURB curves are Non Uniform Rational B spline curves A rational B spline curve is a curve in 4D space which has been projected down to 3D space Thus the control points for a 3D rational curve have four components x y z and w usually known as the weight For such a point the corresponding point in 3D space is x w y w z w Weights w are always positive Data structure Uns32 order Uns32 nPoints RationalPoint4D points nPoints Float32 knots order nPoints 2 order 2 nPoints 0 lt points w weights of points Text samples NURBCurve 4 7 order nPoints 0 00 1 points I t 0 2001 3 ds OF 4 4001 5141 OS sal 6001 0000 0 25 0 5 0 75 11141 knots NURB Patch Full name Shared Shape Geometry NURBPatch Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type nrbp Ascii type NURBPatch Binary size 16 16 numColumns numRows uOrder numColumns 4 vOrder numRows 4 Parent Objects
38. I ve had the project has been constructed and run on a variety of PCs and implemented on and some other platforms in various parts of the world Now the interesting news I have figured out a way of retaining all the uart derived timing properties of transmission described above while achieving real silence during the silent periods rather than the combs of out of frequency band pulses which have been used up to now It works on all the PCs I can get my hands on The latest version of the DOS program version 1 3 implements this and no longer has the option to switch in software timing loops to achieve with some calibration effort the same effect It takes advantage of some particular features of the PC uart hardware so I wouldn t class it as a new method rather as an optimisation aimed at PCs Since the vast majority of users are PC users this new version should be of general interest though I stand by the original method as described above as the more general solution I have to say that I personally don t have a problem using the original silence method with the receivers I m controlling but this reworked version may be of some help with borderline cases and this is now the official version I ve moved over to it anyway because it has a couple of other features I wanted which are described elsewhere in the docs If you are a first time user of this project don t worry just use the latest version of the software
39. Previous Topic TOC During this 40 year long rapidly evolving period in electronics manufacturers adopted simplified versions of this interface for applications that were impossible to envision in the 1960s Today virtually all contemporary serial interfaces are E A232 like in their signal voltages protocols and connectors whether or not a modem is involved Because no single simplified standard was agreed upon however many slightly different protocols and cables were created that obligingly mate with any EIA232 connector but are incompatible with each other Most of the difficulties you will encounter in EIA232 interfacing include at least one of the following 1 The absence or misconnection of flow control handshaking signals resulting in buffer overflow or communications lock up 2 Incorrect communications function DTE versus DCE for the cable in use resulting in the reversal of the Transmit and Receive data lines as well as one or more handshaking lines 3 Incorrect connector gender or pin configuration preventing cable connectors from mating properly Fortunately E A232 driver circuitry is highly tolerant of misconnections and will usually survive a drive signal being connected to ground or two drive signals connected to each other In any case if the serial interface between two devices is not operating correctly disconnect the cable joining this equipment until the problem is isolated Pin Assignments Next T
40. Shared Shape Binary type ukbn Ascii type UnknownBinary Binary size 12 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The unknown binary object is a way of transporting unknown data found in a binary file It is an encapsulated replica of the original data found in a binary metafile containing the object type an Int32 the object size in bytes the byte order of the original file and the data itself The byte order is needed if unknown data is transported across different processors and allows for parsing endian specific primitives within the raw data block Unknown binary objects may be written in either the text or binary files When an unknown binary object is encountered in a metafile it is up to the reading program to either transport the data around validate it and convert it to a known object discard the data Unknown objects are inherently dirty meaning you may assume the unknown binary object may contain out of sync bogus information as the original object may have been removed from its original context Data structure Int32 objectType Uns32 objectSize EndianEnum byteOrder RawData objectData objectSize Text samples UnknownBinary 1701605476 4 BigEndian 0x0AB2 Unknown Text Full name Shared Shape UnknownText Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Binary type uktx Ascii type UnknownText Binary size sizeof name
41. Unicode Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared String Binary type uncd Ascii type Unicode Binary size 4 length 2 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The unicode object is another way of embedding text in a metafile See UNICODE reference for details Data structure Uns32 length RawData unicode length 2 Text samples Unicode 6 0x457363686572 Pixmap Texture Full name Shared Texture PixmapTexture Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Texture Binary type txpm Ascii type PixmapTexture Binary size 28 rowBytes height padding Parent Objects SOMETIMES TextureShader Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A generic means of transferring pixmap data Used in the Texture Shader Data structure Uns32 width Uns32 height Uns32 rowBytes Uns32 pixelSize PixelTypeEnum pixelType EndianEnum bitOrder EndianEnum byteOrder RawData image rowBytes height 0 lt width 0 lt height 0 lt pixelSize lt 32 width pixelSize rowBytes PixelTypeEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 RGB8 0x00000001 RGB 16 0x00000002 RGB24 0x00000003 RGB32 EndianEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 BigEndian 0x00000001 LittleEndian Text samples PixmapTexture 256 256 width height 128 rowBytes 32 pixelSize RGB24 BigEndian BigEndian 0x00123232 Ox
42. afraid you re stuck but there is a somewhat less satisfactory but quite functional method for accessing the dos program under Windows using nothing more than program groups and shortcuts which is explained in README TXT It may be possible to rewrite the whole thing as a proper Windows application but using the dos program makes it relatively simple to achieve the necessary low level hardware access and timing Certainly VB or similar could be used to provide sophisticated sample management archiving selection grouping exporting importing etc but I have only done enough to suit my own needs for the time being I hope you like it I have added a FAQ page I welcome feedback on the project but if you have specific questions or requests please do me a favour and make sure they haven t already been covered by this web page the docs or the FAQ Your question and or my response might be added in a generic and unattributed sort of way to the next revision of the FAQ this address should work void blankfrank co uk View my other offerings Copyright Possibly RLE Run Length Soursi Encoding Standard compression C source rle c Example code based upon the above Written by Paul Bourke rletest c August 1995 Introduction Run length encoding is a straightforward way of encoding data so that it takes up less space It is relies on the string being encoded containing runs of the same character Consider
43. all satisfied 1 The modem is connected to an active telephone line that is off hook 2 The modem is in data mode not voice or dialing mode and 3 The modem has completed dialing or call setup functions and is generating an answer tone If the line goes off hook a fault condition is detected or a voice connection is established the DCE Ready signal is deasserted logic 1 negative voltage IMPORTANT If DCE Ready originates from a device other than a modem it may be asserted to indicate that the device is turned on and ready to function or it may not be used at all If unused DCE Ready should be permanently asserted logic 0 positive voltage within the DCE device or by use of a self connect jumper in the cable Alternatively the DTE device may be programmed to ignore this signal Pin 20 DTE Ready DTR This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the DTE device when it wishes to open a communications channel If the DCE device is a modem the assertion of DTE Ready prepares the modem to be connected to the telephone circuit and once connected maintains the connection When DTE Ready is deasserted logic 1 negative voltage the modem is switched to on hook to terminate the connection IMPORTANT If the DCE device is not a modem it may require DTE Ready to be asserted before the device can be used or it may ignore DTE Ready altogether If the DCE device for example a printer is
44. amp RDRF es return SCDR The first function OutChar transmits a single byte The function simply waits in a loop until the TDRE bit transmit data register empty is set Once this is done we know that any previously loaded bytes have been successfully shifted out of the transmit data register The function then reloads the SCI s data register SCDR with the new data The other function Inchar receives a single byte The function waits in a while loop until the RDRF bit receive data register full is set thereby indicating that 8 bits of have been shifted into the receive data register Once this is done the function returns a pointer to the SCDR data register Bill Goodwine 2002 09 29 Next Up Previous Next Framing Error Up What is a UART Previous What is a UART Serial Data Format The serial data that we are interested in sending to and from the terminal is byte wide ASCII data ASCII is a standard code for sending alphanumeric data and is actually only 7 bits wide The 8th bit is often used to indicate the parity of the 7 bit data word and used for error detection For our circuit the high order bit will always be 0 but you should always send it anyway So each packet that is sent will consist of 8 bits 7 bits of ASCII and one 0 in the high order bit A table of the ASCII code is shown in Figure 1 B BsBs 0 OO on 100 TOI TO TIT 10 SP p z Wo s NA fh LUN e eK F Tee o
45. by Windows icon format ooo ie by Supported by Windows icon format icon format CuSeeMe small image size E a small QuickTime movie o a a E feos A za o o ooo 1 s meam O 13 1 4 CuSeeMe image size w a large QuickTime movie ES S aoe a tS 1 pe Se full eo PGA IBM VGA 640x57 sos ft O OE 1111 704x576 1 22222 r image size from ASUS video capture with TNT2 720x350 720x350 df 2 057142860 2105714286 Called MDA IBM VESA Called MDA IBM VESA IBM VESA 720x400 moxsoo hs Called MCGAIBM VESA O O Called MCGA IBM VESA 720x480 1 5 Format 480p NTSC video format as used by DPS PVR video hardware NTSC DV E 720x483 S 720x483 fies 149068323 SDTV 720x484 1 48760331 Alternative Media 100 NTSC eg Media 100 720x486 40 27 CCIR 601 NTSC 720x540 113 CCIR 601 NTSC Sq 720x576 CCIR 601 DV PAL and DV SECAM 729x348 2 094828 Hercules graphics 768x576 1 1 3 CCIR 601 PAL full Subtract 75 from left right and 55 top bottom for the PAL safe area 800x600 1 1 3 Called SVGA resolution Used in the first generation of LCD projectors their native resolution 1 e Non standard digital TV format supported some suppliers Caa 1 1 3 XGA Native resolution of many LCD projectors is by VisionStation and VisionStation eo a Format SoS HDTV e ee et H 1498829 Mac G4 15 Ban o 1280x950 O i2090 fz us SXVGA sd 1280x992 1 29 Optimi
46. common and the active state SPACE has the signal level positive with respect to common RS232 has numerous handshaking lines primarily used with modems and also specifies a communications protocol The RS 232 interface presupposes a common ground between the DTE and DCE This is a reasonable assumption when a short cable connects the DTE to the DCE but with longer lines and connections between devices that may be on different electrical busses with different grounds this may not be true RS232 data is bi polar 3 TO 12 volts indicates an ON or 0 state SPACE condition while A 3 to 12 volts indicates an OFF 1 state MARK condition Modern computer equipment ignores the negative level and accepts a zero voltage level as the OFF state In fact the ON state may be achieved with lesser positive potential This means circuits powered by 5 VDC are capable of driving RS232 circuits directly however the overall range that the RS232 signal may be transmitted received may be dramatically reduced The output signal level usually swings between 12V and 12V The dead area between 3v and 3v is designed to absorb line noise In the various RS 232 like definitions this dead area may vary For instance the definition for V 10 has a dead area from 0 3v to 0 3v Many receivers designed for RS 232 are sensitive to differentials of 1v or less This can cause problems when using pin powered widgets line drivers converters mod
47. condition is deasserted DTE Ready Default condition is DTE not ready DCE Ready Default condition is DCE not ready Note specifically that if the cable is connected but the power is off in the generator side or if the cable is disconnected there should be adequate bias voltage in the receiver to keep the signal above 3v logic 0 to ensure that the fail safe requirement is met Schmitt triggers or other hysteresis devices may be used to enhance noise immunity in some designs but should never be adjusted to compromise the fail safe requirement Signal Timing Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EJA232 standard is applicable to data rates of up to 20 000 bits per second the usual upper limit is 19 200 baud Fixed baud rates are not set by the EIA232 standard However the commonly used values are 300 1200 2400 9600 and 19 200 baud Other accepted values that are not often used are 110 mechanical teletype machines 600 and 4800 baud Changes in signal state from logic 1 to logic 0 or vice versa must abide by several requirements as follows 1 Signals that enter the transition region during a change of state must move through the transition region to the opposite signal state without reversing direction or reentering 2 For control signals the transit time through the transition region should be less than lms 3 For Data and Timing signals the transit time through the transition region should be
48. depending on how much you use the software Sorry An easy way round it would be to install one of these programs which syncs your PC to an atomic clock every time you go online if it bothers you to some the ability to slow down time might be seen as a bonus A more messy way round it would be for me to attempt something clever with the real time clock hardware following each interrupt suspension but it doesn t bother me that much to lose a few seconds now and again when the battery was going flat on my PC I used to lose minutes per day and managed to cope so this is nothing in comparison Because the interrupts are not suspended during sampling until the start of the IR stream from the remote is detected there is a very small chance that a system tick or similar might happen between detection and the instruction which does the suspending The chance of this happening is extremely small but becomes more possible on slower machines and the ISR would probably take longer to complete if it did happen The effect of this would be that the recorded width of the first comb would be smaller than it actually was which would perhaps make the sample invalid on playback for some protocols I think I ve seen this once in all the playing around during development but of course it might be that pressing the button on the remote causes it to move into range of the receiver just at the critical time or whatever I would suggest observing a few samples on th
49. for commercial packages to make errors with their postscript output Being able to look at the postscript and make some sense of what is going on can sometimes give insight on how to fix the problem The Basics Postscript files are generally plain text files and as such they can easily be generated by hand or as the output of user written programs As with most programming languages postscript files programs are intended to be at least partially human readable As such they are generally free format that is the text can be split across lines and indented to hilight the logical structure Comments can be inserted anywhere within a postscript file with the percent symbol the comment applies from the until the end of the line While not part of the postscript specification the first line of a postscript file often starts as This is so that spoolers and other printing software detect that the file is to interpreted as postscript instead of a plain text file The inline example below will not include this but the postscript files linked from this page will include it since they are design for direct printing The first postscript command to learn is showpage it forces the printer to print a page with whatever is currently drawn on it The examples given below print on single pages and therefore there is a showpage at the end of the file in each example see the comments later regarding EPS A Path A path is a collection of possi
50. h t h h h t h h h h ap oO t h h h t h h h h h h h t h h h t h h h t h Fh h h h h h h h h h h h Fh h h h h h h h h mh Fh h h h h h h h h h h h Fh h h h h h h h h h Fh h Fh h h oO oO h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h Fh 1 1 h jo oO a 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 l i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh Fy Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h h jo oO h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h jo oO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i H 1 h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh Fy Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh Fh h Fh h Fh ome oO C3 h E fh MFO mt MFO Fmt MFO mt Fh Si het MFO mt FO mt MFO mt MFO mt FO mt Fh fh MFO rH t MFO mt FO mt MFO Pmt MFO mt MFO rH t MFO mt MFO mht MFO rt FS he I gt image 24 Bit RGB Colour RGB images with 8 bits per pixel can be represented in postscript using the command colorimage which is very similar to the image command In the following example the image is 32 pixels wide by 38 pix
51. in conjunction with this protocol Packet format Glossary V 120 CCITT Recommendation V 120 09 92 Support by an ISDN of Data Terminal Equipment with V Series Type Interfaces with Provision for Statistical Multiplexing 1993 RFCs RFC 1963 PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol SDTP Disclaimer This description is completely unofficial Most of the information presented here is discovered by me Eugene Crosser while snooping the serial line and by trial and error I never had an official protocol description have never seen any related software source code and have never done reverse engineering of any related software This description may be incomplete inaccurate or completely wrong You are warned Some information is taken from camediaplay package by Jun ichiro Itoh lt itojun itojun org gt from the findings of Thierry Bousch lt bousch linotte uucp topo math u psud fr gt TsuruZoh Tachibanaya lt tsuruzoh butaman ne jp gt and from other open sources and not checked by me Serial Protocol of Some Digital Cameras Several models of digital cameras namely Epson Sanyo Agfa and Olympus cameras seem to use the same protocol for communication with the host Follows the description of the high level protocol they use over the serial line Protocol Basics The host and the camera exchange with data packets and individual bytes Serial line paramaters used are 8bit no parity No flow control is used All ar
52. in depth very technical jump to Data Modems for phone lines jump to Data Modems for fiber optics jump to Interface converters ARC Electronics 800 926 0226 Home Page arc arcelect com PC serial port buffer Summary of circuit features Brief description of operation Buffer to run RS 232 data to longer distanced as normally Circuit protection No special protection circuits used Circuit complexity Very simple two transistor buffer circuit Circuit performance Worked nicely in one special application doubled the line throughput Availability of components Widely available components at the time when the circuit was built Design testing Circuit was in constatant use by my friend for over a year Applications Maximizing RS 232 line throughput on long cable runs Power supply 12V DC power supply 80 mA Estimated component cost Few dollars Safety considerations No special safety considerations Circuit description This is a simple serial port buffer circuit I designed for a friend to speed up his SLIP connection in campus computer network TRINET of Helsinki University of Technology The problem in the network was that the RS232 commections from rooms to terminal server were long and made of bad quality wiring The circuit is a simple buffer which adds more driving capacity to PC serial port for the signal to go succesfully from PC computer to terminal server other direction had no problems The computer is connected
53. internal wiring to reroute signals back to the sender This DB9 female connector would attach to a DTE device such as a personal 80K computer When the computer receives data it will not know whether the signals it receives come from a remote DCE device set to echo characters or from a loopback connector Use loopback connectors to confirm proper operation of the computer s serial port Once confirmed insert the serial cable you plan to use and attach the loopback to the end of the serial cable to verify the cable In this case Transmit Data joins to Received Data Request to Send joins to Clear to Send and DTE Ready joins to DCE Ready and Received Line Signal Detect Left Side Connect to DTE computer Right Side none m Mat elella g t ol Socket L Female Cable image created by CableEye 3 DB9 Null Modem Cable Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to T connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 80K The cable shown below is intended for RS232 asynchronous communications most PC based systems If you are using synchronous communications the null modem will have additional connections for timing signals and a DB25 connector would be necessary NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way In this cable Reques
54. just the file name CreationDate date the file was created DocumentData Clean7Bit O B L o9 o9 o 5 o ol o o ae ole rigin eg 0 0 oundingBox xmin ymin xmax ymax anguageLevel 2 could be 1 2 or 3 Pages 1 Page 1 1 EOF AJP o o o o o o9 o9 o9 o9 Drawing large images Due to line length and other restrictions turning large bitmaps into postscript requires a modification to the methods discussed earlier The following will describe the most general case of representing a 24 bit RGB colour image as an EPS file While inefficient this can also be used for greyscale and even black and white images In the following code width and height should be replaced with the numbers appropriate to the image PS Adobe 3 0 EPSF 3 0 SCreator someone or something BoundingBox 0 0 width height LanguageLevel 2 SPages 1 SsDocumentData Clean7Bit width height scale width height 8 width 0 0 height 0 height currentfile 3 width mul string readhexstring pop bind false 3 colorimage AP AIP AIP o OO oP ol hexadecimal information cut ole SEOF The modifications for greyscale images are quite simple change the line currentfile 3 width mul string readhexstring pop bind to currentfile width string readhexstring pop bind and of course only write one hexadecimal number representing the grey level of the pixel for each pixel of the image This techn
55. load of the cable typically listed in a per foot basis One of the factors limiting total cable length is the capacitive load Systems with long lengths benefits from using low capacitance cable Propagation velocity of c The speed at which an electrical signal travels in the cable The value given typically must be multiplied by the speed of light c to obtain units of meters per second For example a cable that lists a propagation velocity of 78 gives a velocity of 0 78 X 300 X 106 234 X 106 meters per second Plenum cable Plenum rated cable is fire resistant and less toxic when burning than non plenum rated cable Check building and fire codes for requirements Plenum cable is generally more expensive due to the sheathing material used The specification recommends 24A WG twisted pair cable with a shunt capacitance of 16 pF per foot and 100 ohm characteristic impedance It can be difficult to qualify whether shielding is required in a particular system or not until problems arise We recommend erring on the safe side and using shielded cable Shielded cable is only slightly more expensive than unshielded There are many cables available meeting the recommendations of RS 422 and RS 485 made specifically for that application Another choice is the same cable commonly used in the Twisted pair Ethernet cabling This cable commonly referred to as Category 5 cable is defined by the EIA TIA ANSI 568 specification The extremely high
56. not responding confirm that DTE Ready is asserted before you search for other explanations Pin 8 Received Line Signal Detector CD also called carrier detect This signal is relevant when the DCE device is a modem It is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the modem when the telephone line is off hook a connection has been established and an answer tone is being received from the remote modem The signal is deasserted when no answer tone is being received or when the answer tone is of inadequate quality to meet the local modem s requirements perhaps due to a noisy channel Pin 12 Secondary Received Line Signal Detector SCD This signal is equivalent to the Received Line Signal Detector pin 8 but refers to the secondary channel Pin 22 Ring Indicator RI This signal is relevant when the DCE device is a modem and is asserted logic 0 positive voltage when a ringing signal is being received from the telephone line The assertion time of this signal will approximately equal the duration of the ring signal and it will be deasserted between rings or when no ringing is present Pin 23 Data Signal Rate Selector This signal may originate either in the DTE or DCE devices but not both and is used to select one of two prearranged baud rates The asserted condition logic 0 positive voltage selects the higher baud rate Transmitter and Receiver Timing Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 15
57. of 0 2 The data bits are transmitted The first data bit corresponds to the least significant bit LSB while the last data bit corresponds to the most significant bit MSB 3 The parity bit if defined is transmitted 4 One or two stop bits are transmitted each with a value of 1 The number of bits transferred per second is given by the baud rate The transferred bits include the start bit the data bits the parity bit if defined and the stop bits Start and Stop Bits As described in Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication most serial ports operate asynchronously This means that the transmitted byte must be identified by start and stop bits The start bit indicates when the data byte is about to begin and the stop bit s indicates when the data byte has been transferred The process of identifying bytes with the serial data format follows these steps 1 When a serial port pin is idle not transmitting data then it is in an on state 2 When data is about to be transmitted the serial port pin switches to an off state due to the start bit 3 The serial port pin switches back to an on state due to the stop bit s This indicates the end of the byte Data Bits The data bits transferred through a serial port might represent device commands sensor readings error messages and so on The data can be transferred as either binary data or ASCII data Most serial ports use between five and eight data bits Binary dat
58. pin 8 but refers to the secondary channel Pin 22 Ring Indicator RI This signal is relevant when the DCE device is a modem and is asserted logic 0 positive voltage when a ringing signal is being received from the telephone line The assertion time of this signal will approximately equal the duration of the ring signal and it will be deasserted between rings or when no ringing is present Pin 23 Data Signal Rate Selector This signal may originate either in the DTE or DCE devices but not both and is used to select one of two prearranged baud rates The asserted condition logic 0 positive voltage selects the higher baud rate Transmitter and Receiver Timing Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 15 Transmitter Signal Element Timing TC also called Transmitter Clock This signal is relevant only when the DCE device is a modem and is operating with a synchronous protocol The modem generates this clock signal to control exactly the rate at which data is sent on Transmitted Data pin 2 from the DTE device to the DCE device The logic 1 to logic 0 negative voltage to positive voltage transition on this line causes a corresponding transition to the next data element on the Transmitted Data line The modem generates this signal continuously except when it is performing internal diagnostic functions Pin 17 Receiver Signal Element Timing RC also called Receiver Clock This signal is similar to T
59. power down the serial cable 2 wait 200 msec These keycodes are probably wrong each new OFA model has a unique set of keycodes If you map out a particular unit s keycodes please send a list to Rob at remotes stormloader com to add to the codes page Table of Keycodes LE EI EEE LE LE EE lz oO Dn av tr cit HleleT Telefe alae elal UL Je afl y dall L J k a elid L EEEE 5 S S TENE Recall ee am 7 ro Audio Tuner Video Cable te Vol Power Satelli Home Forums Manuals Infra Red JP1 Upgrades Setup Codes Advanced Codes Links The RS232 STANDARD A Tutorial with Signal Names and Definitions renamed the EIA232 Standard in the early 1990 s Written by Christopher E Strangio Copyright 1993 2003 by CAMI Research Inc Lexington Massachusetts Send Us Your Comments Contents What is EIA232 Likely Problems when Using an EIA232 Interface Pin Assignments Cable Wiring Examples New Signal Definitions Signal Ground and Shield Primary Communications Channel Secondary Communications Channel Modem Status and Control Signals Transmitter and Receiver Timing Signals Channel Test Signals Electrical Standards Common Signal Ground Signal Characteristics Signal Timing Accepted Simplifications of the Standard Pin Description Index References to EIA Publications Back to CableEye Home Page What is EIA232 Next Topic TO
60. signal by 16 Assuming we had the 1 8432 MHZ clock signal that would leave us with a maximum 115 200 hertz signal making the UART capable of transmitting and receiving at 115 200 Bits Per Second BPS That would be fine for some of the faster modems and devices which can handle that speed but others just wouldn t communicate at all Therefore the UART is fitted with a Programmable Baud Rate Generator which is controlled by two registers Lets say for example we only wanted to communicate at 2400 BPS We worked out that we would have to divide 115 200 by 48 to get a workable 2400 Hertz Clock The Divisor in this case 48 is stored in the two registers controlled by the Divisor Latch Access Bit This divisor can be any number which can be stored in 16 bits ie 0 to 65535 The UART only has a 8 bit data bus thus this is where the two registers are used The first register Base 0 when DLAB 1 stores the Divisor latch low byte where as the second register base 1 when DLAB 1 stores the Divisor latch high byte Below is a table of some more common speeds and their divisor latch high bytes amp low bytes Note that all the divisors are shown in Hexadecimal Speed BPS Divisor Dec Divisor Latch High Byte Divisor Latch Low Byte 23004 00h Olh 80h 192 00h 48 00h 30h 24 00h Table 6 Table of Commonly Used Baudrate Divisors 18h Interrupt Enable Register IER Bit 1 Enable Transmitter Holding
61. telephone voice channel is established 5 Transmitter and receiver timing signals If a synchronous protocol is used these signals provide timing information for the transmitter and receiver which may operate at different baud rates 6 Channel test signals Before data is exchanged the channel may be tested for its integrity and the baud rate automatically adjusted to the maximum rate that the channel can support Signal Ground and Shield Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 7 Pin 1 and the shell are included in this category Cables provide separate paths for each but internal wiring often connects pin and the cable shell shield to signal ground on pin 7 Pin 7 Ground All signals are referenced to a common ground as defined by the voltage on pin 7 This conductor may or may not be connected to protective ground inside the DCE device The existence of a defined ground potential within the cable makes the EIA232 standard different from a balanced differential voltage standard such as EIA530 which provides far greater noise immunity Primary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 2 Transmitted Data TxD This signal is active when data is transmitted from the DTE device to the DCE device When no data is transmitted the signal is held in the mark condition logic 1 negative voltage NOTE Pin 2 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Received Data although by the EIA232 standard it should s
62. the CPU The Serial Mode Register SMR is an 8 bit register for setting of a serial data tranfer format and selecting a clock source for the baud rate generator SMR can always be read from or written to by the CPU The Serial Control Register 3 SCR3 is an 8 bit register for selecting transmit receive operation clock output in asynchronous mode interrupt request enable disable and transmit receive clock source SCR3 can always be read from or written to by the CPU The Serial Port Control Register SPCR is an 8 bit register to control P42 TXD32 pin In this task example P42 TXD32 pin is set as TXD32 output pin and the input data of TXD32 pin is set not to be inverted The Serial Status Register SSR is an 8 bit register with on chip status flags indicating operation status of SCI3 and multi processor bits SSR can always be read from or written to by the CPU except 1 cannot be written in TDRE RDRF OER PER or FER 1 must be read in advance to clear them by writing 0 TEND and MPBR are for read only and data cannot be written in them The Bit Rate Register BRR is an 8 bit register to set a transmit receive bit rate matched to the operating clock for baud rate generator selected by CKSO and CKS1 in SMR BRR can always be read from or written to by the CPU Table 1 shows an example of BRR setting in asynchronous mode Table 1 shows values in the active mode when OSC is 10 MHz Table 1 Example of BRR Settings for Bit Rate
63. the PolyLine Packing for this object is identical to the other attribute set lists Data structure Uns32 nObjects PackingEnum packing Uns32 nIndices Uns32 indices nIndices nObjects must match parent values PackingEnum described in FaceAttributeSetList Text samples Container PolyLine w Container GeometryAttributeSetList 3 Exclude 1 1 Container segment 0 tributeSet DiffuseColor 1 0 0 ct ct Container segment 2 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 0 1 Vertex Attribute Set List Full name Data AttributeSetList VertexAttributeSetList Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data AttributeSetList Binary type vasl Ascii type VertexAttributeSetList Binary size 12 nIndices sizeof Uns padding Parent Objects ALWAYS GeneralPolygon Line Mesh Polygon PolyLine Triangle TriGrid Format Data Format Subobjects many AttributeSet order dependent br gt Inherited No Referencable No Description The vertex attribute set list specifies a list of attributes to be attached to a set of vertices determined by the parents topology Packing for this object is identical to the other attribute set lists Data structure Uns32 nObjects PackingEnum packing Uns32 nIndices Uns32 indices nIndices nObjects must match parent values PackingEnum described in FaceAttributeSetList Text samples Container Triangle 0 0 0 0 2 0 00 2 Container Ver
64. the image is The file should not use any operators that change the global drawing state In particular the following command may not be used banddevice exitserver initmatrix setshared clear framedevice quit startjob cleardictstack grestoreall renderbands copypage initclip setglobal initgraphics setpagedevice erasepage nulldevice sethalfton setscreen setgstate setmatrix settransfer undefinefont The stack must be left EXACTLY in the same state at the end of the EPS file as it was at the start of the EPS file The lines in EPS files cannot exceed 255 characters in length Perhaps most importantly since usually an application that supports postscript file insertion doesn t have the full postscript interpreter an EPS file generally has a preview image associated with it The application dealing with the EPS file can display the preview in the user interface giving a better idea what will print It should be noted that EPS previews are one of the more machine OS dependent aspects of EPS Frequently Used Comments Comments can of course be be added anywhere and they will be ignored by the interpreter There are some standard comments the most common of which are be listed below The text within the square brackets should be replaced with the appropriate text for the file in which they appear without the ae PS Adobe 3 0 EPSF 3 0 Creator generally the program that generated the postscript Title descriptive name or
65. the next bit The start bit is used to synchronize the transmitter and receiver After the receiver senses the true false transition in the start bit it waits one half bit time and then starts reading the serial line once every bit time after that The baud rate is the total number of bits information overhead and idle per time that is transmitted over the serial link So we can compute the baud rate as the reciprocal of the bit time aaa ext Motorola 68HC11 SCI Interface Up Serial Communication Previous Asynchronous Serial Communication SCI Bill Goodwine 2002 09 29 1 k 3 ext isplay for the Up Serial Communication Previous RS 232 Serial Protocol Motorola 68HC11 SCI Interface The Motorola 68HC11 supports one SCI We ll discuss both transmitting and receiving ends of the SCI The programmer controls the operation of the SCI interface through a set of hardware registers that are memory mapped into the processor s address space There are 5 control registers shown below in figure 25 This figure also shows the logical names for individual bits in the registers The BAUD register is used to set the serial link s baud rate There are two control registers sccR1 and SccR2 that specify how the SCI should work There is a status register scsR that the programmer can use to check whether the transmission reception of a frame has been completed Finally there is the data register scpR that holds the transmitted or received information
66. the point of view of the DTE device If the EIA232 standard were strictly followed these signals would have the same name for the same pin number on the DCE side as well Unfortunately this is not done in practice by most engineers probably because no one can keep straight which side is DTE and which is DCE As a result direction sensitive signal names are changed at the DCE side to reflect their drive direction at DCE The following list gives the conventional usage of signal names DTE DCE Side Side 2 Transmitted Data i Ragweed Data 2 3 RecevedDaa Transmitted Dt 3 4 Request to Send Jer to Send 4 5 exto Sed h equest to Send 5 14 Sec Transmitted Dia iec Recciveed Data 14 16 Sec Received Daa ii 5E Transmitted Data 16 19 Sec Request to Send i iec Cler to Send 19 13 Sec dearto Ser k 5e Requesto Send 13 Cable Wiring Examples Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The following wiring diagrams come from actual cables scanned by the CableEye PC Based Cable Test System CableEye s software automatically draws schematics whenever it tests a cable Click here to learn more about CableEye 1 DB9 All Line Direct Extension Next Cable no previous cable Il Next Topic This shows a 9 pin DTE to DCE serial cable that would result if the tH EJA232 standard were strictly followed All 9 pins plus shield are directly extended from DB9 Female to DB9 Male There are no crossovers or 80K self con
67. their relevant data lines For example setting bit 1 to 1 makes the request to send line active Line Status Register LSR Data Ready SS BitO Data Ready Table 12 Line Status Register The line status register is a read only register Bit 7 is the error in received FIFO bit This bit is high when at least one break parity or framing error has occurred on a byte which is contained in the FIFO When bit 6 is set both the transmitter holding register and the shift register are empty The UART s holding register holds the next byte of data to be sent in parallel fashion The shift register is used to convert the byte to serial so that it can be transmitted over one line When bit 5 is set only the transmitter holding register is empty So what s the difference between the two When bit 6 the transmitter holding and shift registers are empty no serial conversions are taking place so there should be no activity on the transmit data line When bit 5 is set the transmitter holding register is empty thus another byte can be sent to the data port but a serial conversion using the shift register may be taking place The break interrupt Bit 4 occurs when the received data line is held in a logic state 0 Space for more than the time it takes to send a full word That includes the time for the start bit data bits parity bits and stop bits A framing error Bit 3 occurs when the last bit is not a stop bit This
68. to connector CON1 and the buffered output is available ar CON2 With this circuit the speed of RS232 connection to termial server could be succesfully raised for 9600 bps to 38400 bps The circuit is basically a two transistor buffer consistong of transistors Q1 and Q2 which can drive up to 1A current pulses but the maximum putput current of the circuit is limited by resistor R2 Value R2 was experimentally selected by testing resistor values in range of 22 ohm to 270 ohm and value 140 ohm gave best results it provides quite good impedance matching to cable used It is a good idea to use at least 1W resistor in place of R2 to make sure that it does not overheat in output short circuit situation RS232 devices must withstand that to meet the standard The circuit was designed to be a compact box which is powered through D25 connector as some commercial RS232 buffer circuits The idea is to feed the power to the buffer unit through serial port voltage test pins 9 and 10 The power was taken from an external power supply cheap universal wall transformer and wired to the D25 connector by modifying the cable connected between computer and the buffer circuit The circuit in this configuration takes maximally continuous current of about 100 mA RS 232C buffer for high speed tranfer over long wires CC Tomi Engdahl 1994 Used succesfully in speeding up TRINET connections in Otaniemi SHIELD 1 s SHIELD TxD RxD GND 12U GND 12V Tomi Engdah
69. type PhongI lumination Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The phong illumination model Data structure Text samples PhongIllumination Texture Shader Full name Shared Shape Shader SurfaceShader TextureShader Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Shader SurfaceShader Binary type txsu Ascii type TextureShader Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects 1 PixmapTexture required Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The texture shader is used to perform shading using a texture in this case a PixmapTexture Data structure Text samples Container TextureShader PixmapTexture Backfacing Style Full name Shared Shape Style BackfacingStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type bckf Ascii type BackfacingStyle Binary size Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The backfacing style tells a renderer how to clip backfacing polygons while rendering Data structure BackfacingEnum backfacing where BackfacingEnum is Text Binary 0x00000000 Both 0x00000001 Culled 0x00000002 Flipped Text samples BackfacingStyle Culled Fill Style Full name Shared Shape Style FillStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Bin
70. 0 0 0 origin Text samples Disk Container Cylinder Caps Bottom Top Container BottomCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 101 Container FaceCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Ellipse Full name Shared Shape Geometry Ellipse Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type elps Ascii type Ellipse Binary size 0 or 36 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description This is an ellipse at the given origin with two vectors specifying its dimensions There is no default parametrization for an ellipse Data structure Vector3D majorAxis Vector3D minorAxis Point3D origin For 0 sized objects default is 1 0 0 majorAxis O 1 0 minorAxis 0 0 0 origin Text samples Ellipse Ellipse 2 0 0 0 0 T 0 0 Container Ellipse Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Ellipsoid Full name Shared Shape Geometry Ellipsoid Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type elpd Ascii type Ellipsoid Binary size 0 or 48 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description An ellipsoid may have an att
71. 0001 are transmitted to your computer If even parity is selected then the parity bit is set to 0 by the transmitting device to produce an even number of 1 s If odd parity is selected then the parity bit is set to 1 by the transmitting device to produce an odd number of 1 s Serial Port Signals and Pin Assignments Finding Serial Port Information for Your Platform 4994 2003 The MathWorks Inc Trademarks Privacy Policy Connectors RGB Signal Input Port 15 pin Mini D sub female connector 1 ieee N 6 e 8 amp 10 1 E Wo 5 ee 22m RGB Input Analog 1 Video input red 8 Earth blue 2 Video input 9 Not connected green sync on green 10 GND 3 Video input blue 11 GND 4 Not connected 12 Bi directional data 5 Composite sync 13 Horizontal syne signal 6 Earth red 14 Vertical syne signal 7 Earth green sync on green 15 Data clock Computer Pioneer DYD9300 player cable DYD player DB 15 Male 1 8 8 5 2 3 9 15 Computer DB 9 female 1 5 4 1 2 3 6 9 Pioneer DVD 7300 7400 2 1 2 2 Interface Connector A computer may be connected to the DVD V7400 using a 15 pin D Sub connector g a JAE DALC J15SAF connector with suitable plug such as the JAE DA 15PF N to the RS 232C serial port or to the parallel port The pins are identified below 000000 11 12 13 14 15 QO O00 00O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Serial Interface Pin Specifi
72. 1 CameraPlacement optional default 1 CameraViewPort optional default 1 CameraRange optional default Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The lens characteristics are set with the dimensions of a rectangular view port in the frame of the camera Data structure Float32 left Float32 top Float32 right Float32 bottom left lt right bottom lt top Text samples OrthographicCamera ea eS ay clk Container OrthographicCamera Speak al CameraPlacement 0 0 20 00 0 100 CameraRange 1 25 View Angle Aspect Camera Full name Shared Shape Camera ViewAngleAspectCamera Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Camera Binary type vana Ascii type ViewAngleAspectCamera Binary size 8 Parent Objects SOMETIMES ViewHints Format Data Format Subobjects 1 CameraPlacement optional default 1 CameraViewPort optional default 1 CameraRange optional default Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A perspective camera specified in terms of the minimum view angle and the aspect ratio of X to Y Data structure Float32 fieldOfView Float32 aspectRatioXtoY 0 lt fieldOfView 0 lt aspectRatioXtoY Text samples ViewAngleAspectCamera he 0 Container ViewAngleAspectCamera a ae CameraPlacement 0 0 20 0 0 0 100 CameraRange L 25 View Plane Camera Full name Shared Shape Camera ViewPlaneCamera Dra
73. 17 on the other Pin 24 on the right side should connect to the timing signal source Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer imi Match Data Wiring Display aj ellz vt ola Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye 16 DB25 Null Modem Cable unconventional may pose risk no more Previous Cable Il Next Topic This simplified null modem cable uses only Request to Send pin 4 and TH Clear to Send pin 5 as handshaking lines DTE Ready DCE Ready and Carrier Detect are not employed so this cable should not be used with 80K modems CAUTION Normally null modem cables have the same gender on each connector either both male for two DTE devices or both female for two DCE devices This cable would be used when the gender on one of the devices does not conform to the standard However the opposite genders imply usage as a straight through cable and if used in that manner will not function Further if used as a standard null modem between two computers the opposite gender allows you to connect one end to the parallel port an impermissible situation that may cause hardware damage Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer with Gender Changer computer imi Match Data Wiring Display a ellz alt Of Socket L Socket R DB25 Male DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye Signa
74. 2 Polygon Full name Shared Shape Geometry Polygon Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type plyg Ascii type Polygon Binary size 4 nVertices 12 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 VertexAttributeSetList optional nObjects nVertices 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The polygon is convex with no holes To describe concave polygons or polygons with holes use the general polygon primitive The points that make up a polygons face are assumed to be planar within floating point tolerances Data structure Uns32 nVertices Point3D vertices nVertices 2 nVertices Text samples Polygon 4 11 1 1 Sd 0 0 0 01 1 Poly Line Full name Shared Shape Geometry PolyLine Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type plyl Ascii type PolyLine Binary size 4 nVertices 12 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 VertexAttributeSetList optional nObjects nVertices 1 GeometryAttributeSetList optional nObjects nVertices 1 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description An extension of the basic line primitive is a polyline where simple lines are drawn between adjacent points in a point list A polyline is NOT closed and the last point is never connected to the first point A polyline has no default parametrization Data s
75. 2000 PostScript Tutorial Written by Paul Bourke Original November 1990 Last updated December 1998 Introduction Postscript is a programming language that was designed to specify the layout of the printed page Postscript printers and postscript display software use an interpreter to convert the page description into the displayed graphics The following information is designed as a first tutorial to the postscript language It will concentrate on how to use postscript to generate graphics rather than explore it as a programming language By the end you should feel confident about writing simple postscript programs for drawing graphics and text Further information and a complete specification of the language can be obtained from The Postscript Language Reference Manual from Adobe Systems Inc published by Addison Wesley Reading Massachuchusetts 1985 Why learn postscript after all many programs can generate it for you and postscript print drivers can print to a file Some reasons might be Having direct postscript output can often result in much more efficient postscript postscipt that prints faster than the more generic output from printer drivers There are many cases where generating postscript directly can result in much better quality For example when drawing many types of fractals where high resolution is necessary being able to draw at the native high resolution of a postscript printer is desirable It isn t uncommon
76. 32 25 pin Tail Circuit Cable RS 232 Tail Circuit Cable EYN255C a coe ao mN m On CO amp Oho S endl 20 es ee I 24 24 gt e Do Null Modem cable diagrams Nullmodem 9p to 9p Nullmodem 9p to 25p Nullmodem 25p to 25p Cross Pinned cables for Async data Specialty Cross Pinned Specialty Cross Pinned Specialty Cross Pinned Cable I EYN253C Cable II EYN254C Cable IH EYN256C i i c ___ gt lt ee 3 a 3 4 4 7 i i ke a E e a fe b A ee i re lat Saker RE te SS E Pin out for local Async Data transfer Standard Pinning Special Pinning F F Model ME210 Loopback plugs Serial Port Loopback 9p Serial Port Loopback 25p RS 232 Specs ame RS232 RS423 SINGLE SINGLE Mode of Mode of Operation ENDED ENDED 1 DRIVER 1 DRIVER Total Number of Drivers and Receivers on One Line 1 RECVR 10 RECVR Maximum Cable Length 50 FT 4000 FT Maximum Data Rate 20kb s 100kb s Maximum Driver Output Voltage 25V 6V Driver Output Signal Level Loaded Min Loaded 5V to 15V 3 6V Driver Output Signal Level Unloaded Max Unloaded 25V 6V Driver Load Impedance Ohms 3k to 7k gt 450 Max Driver Current in High Z State Power On N A N A Max Driver Current in High Z State Power Off 6mA 2v 100uA Slew Rate Max 30V uS Adjustable Receiver Input Voltage Range 15V 12V Receiver Input Sensitivity
77. 5 Store 1 in Reg 32 single zero byte Switch LCD mode Arg value 1 Off 2 Record 3 Play show current frame fullscreen single byte 4 preview thumbnails 5 Thumbnail view smaller 6 Thumbnail view larger 7 Next 8 Previous b single byte Set protection state of current frame to the value of parameter binary 0 or 1 single zero byte Store freshly uploaded image into NVRAM see appendix A LCD test Arg value 0 white l gray 2 black 12 single byte 3 red 4 green 5 blue 6 test pattern Note actions 7 and 9 only useful after setting register 0x04 Appendix A Date Sun 14 Jul 2002 01 28 39 0200 CEST From iso 8859 1 0 Peter_ C5strand lt astrand at lysator liu se gt To allyn at fratkin com lt wolfgang at charlotte wsrcc com gt lt crosser at average org Subject Upload on Olympus C 860L BYT Tonight I ve been struggling with uploading arbitrary pictures to my Olympus C 860L I ve finally found out that for the camera to accept the picture to two conditions must be met 1 The subsampling must be 2x1 1x1 1x1 2 The EXIF info must be just like the pictures the camera itself produces So I ve made a small script to fix this Feel free to include it in FAQs and or photope dists more data pics olympus reference pic jpg is just some picture taken with the camera photopc upload all bin sh
78. 9 13 Sec deato Sed k 5e Requesto Send 13 Signal Definitions Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Signal functions in the EIA232 standard can be subdivided into six categories These categories are summarized below after which each signal described 1 Signal ground and shield 2 Primary communications channel This is used for data interchange and includes flow control signals 3 Secondary communications channel When implemented this is used for control of the remote modem requests for retransmission when errors occur and governance over the setup of the primary channel 4 Modem status and control signals These signals indicate modem status and provide intermediate checkpoints as the telephone voice channel is established 5 Transmitter and receiver timing signals If a synchronous protocol is used these signals provide timing information for the transmitter and receiver which may operate at different baud rates 6 Channel test signals Before data is exchanged the channel may be tested for its integrity and the baud rate automatically adjusted to the maximum rate that the channel can support Signal Ground and Shield Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 7 Pin 1 and the shell are included in this category Cables provide separate paths for each but internal wiring often connects pin and the cable shell shield to signal ground on pin 7 Pin 7 Ground All signals are referenced to a common ground as d
79. C In the early 1960s a standards committee today known as the Electronic Industries Association developed a common interface standard for data communications equipment At that time data communications was thought to mean digital data exchange between a centrally located mainframe computer and a remote computer terminal or possibly between two terminals without a computer involved These devices were linked by telephone voice lines and consequently required a modem at each end for signal translation While simple in concept the many opportunities for data error that occur when transmitting data through an analog channel require a relatively complex design It was thought that a standard was needed first to ensure reliable communication and second to enable the interconnection of equipment produced by different manufacturers thereby fostering the benefits of mass production and competition From these ideas the RS232 standard was born It specified signal voltages signal timing signal function a protocol for information exchange and mechanical connectors Over the 40 years since this standard was developed the Electronic Industries Association published three modifications the most recent being the EIA232E standard introduced in 1991 Besides changing the name from RS232 to EIA232 some signal lines were renamed and various new ones were defined including a shield conductor Likely Problems when Using an EIA232 Interface Next Topic
80. C described above except that it provides timing information for the DTE receiver Pin 24 Transmitter Signal Element Timing ETC also called External Transmitter Clock Timing signals are provided by the DTE device for use by a modem This signal is used only when TC and RC pins 15 and 17 are not in use The logic 1 to logic 0 transition negative voltage to positive voltage indicates the time center of the data element Timing signals will be provided whenever the DTE is turned on regardless of other signal conditions Channel Test Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 18 Local Loopback LL This signal is generated by the DTE device and is used to place the modem into a test state When Local Loopback is asserted logic 0 positive voltage the modem redirects its modulated output signal which is normally fed into the telephone line back into its receive circuitry This enables data generated by the DTE to be echoed back through the local modem to check the condition of the modem circuitry The modem asserts its Test Mode signal on Pin 25 to acknowledge that it has been placed in local loopback condition Pin 21 Remote Loopback RL This signal is generated by the DTE device and is used to place the remote modem into a test state When Remote Loopback is asserted logic 0 positive voltage the remote modem redirects its received data back to its transmitted data input thereby remodulating the receiv
81. Camera ViewPlaneCamera OrthographicCamera Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The camera viewport specifies a rectangular region of the viewing frustum to which the image is clipped Effectively the view port may be used to zoom in on a particular feature of an image The view port uses the cartesian coordinate system with Y towards the top of the screen X to the right and Z coming towards the viewer as shown in the diagram Data structure Point2D origin Float32 width Float32 height 1 origin x 1 1 origin y 1 0 lt width 2 0 lt height 2 Default is 1 1 origin 2 width 2 height Text samples Container OrthographicCamera 1 1 141 CameraViewPort zoom to 200 0 5 0 75 i Bottom Cap Attribute Set Full name Data CapData BottomCapAttributeSet Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data CapData Binary type bcas Ascii type BottomCapAttributeSet Binary size 0 Parent Objects ALWAYS Cone Cylinder Format No Data Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable No Description This object simply allows the attributes associated with the bottom cap of a Cone or Cylinder to be encapsulated Presence of a bottom cap attribute set does not neccessarily mean the bottom cap is drawn The Caps object determines whether the Cone and Cylinder caps are drawn or not Data structure Text samples 3DMetafile
82. Contents Specifications Functions Used Operations Software Functions Used Serial Data Transmission in Asynchronous Mode 1 In this task example a Serial Communication Interface SCI is used for serial data transmission in asynchronous mode Figure 2 shows a block diagram of serial data transmission in asynchronous mode which is described below In asynchronous mode serial data communication is performed asynchronously with synchronization provided character by character Serial data can by communicated with standard asynchronous communication LSIs such as Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter UART and Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter ACIA A multi processor communication function is provided to enable serial data communications with multiple processors The transfer format can be selected from 16 transfer format types The transmitter and receiver are independent enabling simultaneous transmission and reception Both the transmitter and receiver have a double buffer architecture to achieve continuous transmission and reception Any desired bit rate can be selected using the on chip baud rate generator The transmit receive clock source can be selected from internal or external clocks There are six interrupt factors namely transmit complete transmit data empty receive data full overrun error framing error and parity error The Receive Shift Register RSR is a register to receive serial data Serial da
83. DVI Analog Component Input Pin No Signal Pin No Signal Pin No Signal Pin No Signal 1 Not connected 16 Hot plug detection 1 Not connected 16 Not connected 2 Not connected 17 Not connected 2 Not connected 17 Not connected 3 Not connected 18 Not connected 3 Not connected 18 Not connected 4 Not connected 19 Not connected 4 Not connected 19 Not connected 5 Not connected 20 Not connected 5 Not connected 20 Not connected 6 DDC clock 21 Not connected 6 Not connected 21 Not connected 7 DDC data 22 Not connected 7 Not connected 22 Not connected 8 Vertical sync 23 Not connected 8 Not connected 23 Not connected 9 Not connected 24 Not connected 9 Not connected 24 Not connected 10 Not connected Ci Analog input Red 10 Not connected Ci Analog input Pr Cr 14 Not connected c2 Analog input Green 14 Not connected c2 Analog input Y 12 Not connected c3 Analog input Blue 12 Not connected c3 Analog input Pb Cb 13 Not connected C4 Horizontal sync 13 Not connected C4 Not connected 14 5V power c5 Ground 14 Not connected cs Ground 15 Ground 15 Ground Serial mouse 43 2 1 9 8 7 6 Pin Description 1 DCD Data carried detect 2 RD Receive data 3 TD Transmit data 4 DTR Data terminal ready 5 SG Signal ground 6 DSR Data set ready 7 RTS Request to send 8 CTS Clear to send 9 Ring Image Dimensions in Common Usage Collated by Paul Bourke May 2000 Ie S 8x8 16x16 1 Macintosh cursor size Supported by Windows icon format 32x32 Macintosh icon size eo o o
84. E Data Communications Equipment eg modem Data Set Ready DCE gt DTE Data Signal Rate Selector DCE gt DTE Not commonly used Data Terminal Equipment eg computer printer Data Terminal Ready DTE gt DCE Frame Ground screen or chassis No Connection Receiver external Clock input Ring Indicator ringing tone detected Ready To Send DTE gt DCE Received Data DCE gt DTE Signal Ground Secondary Clear To Send DCE gt DTE Secondary Data Carrier Detected Tone from a modem DCE gt DTE Secondary Ready To Send DTE gt DCE Secondary Received Data DCE gt DTE Secondary Transmitted Data DTE gt DTE Transmitted Data DTE gt DTE Is Your Interface a DTE or a DCE Find out by following these steps The point of reference for all signals is the terminal or PC 1 Measure the DC voltages between DB25 pins 2 amp 7 and between pins 3 amp 7 Be sure the black lead is connected to pin 7 Signal Ground and the red lead to whichever pin you are measuring 2 If the voltage on pin 2 TD is more negative than 3 Volts then it is a DTE otherwise it should be near zero volts 3 If the voltage on pin 3 RD is more negative than 3 Volts then it is a DCE 4 If both pins 2 amp 3 have a voltage of at least 3 volts then either you are measuring incorrectly or your device is not a standard EIA 232 device Call technical support 5 In general a DTE provides a voltage on
85. FOOfE FOOfE FOO FOO FOOfE FOOFf fefef00f fefefOOfft efO0ff FOOfE FOOfE FOOfE FOOfE FOOfE FOO FOO FOOfE FOOfE FOO FOO FOOfE FOO FOO OOO00fE EFFETT E ffffff 0 000000 Hh O HW O h Fh h Fh h h h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh Fy Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h h h h jo oO h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h 1 h oO oO 1 1 h h h 1 h h h 1 h h h 1 h h H 1 h Fh h Fh h Fh mh Fh mh Fh mh Fh Fy Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h h 1 1 h h jo oO oO h oO h O h O Fh h jo h O Fh th jo h O Fh th oO mm oy O HOH O h O Fh h jo BRO ERE t 0 h jo h O Fh th O h O Fh h jo HO Fh th h O h O h h O h O Fh h h ni h O Fh h Q h CO Fh th h h h Fh H oO oO h 1 Fh 1 h Fh h Fh h Fh Fh Fh Fh Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h Fh h h h h h O ODO oe 0 h oO h oO h O Mh lo h O Mh fo h O Mh oO h O M h O M fo h O Mh lo Fh Om Mh 0 O h O M h CO Mh 0 h OM h O Mh oO h O mM h OM oO h O Mh oO 0 0 H H h Fh H jo oO h 1 1 E O HO Mhi oO h O Mh oO hO M O HO Mh oO h Fh h Fh h Fh O hOM hO Mh O h O Mh fo eh eh b O h O Mh O hO M h O Mh oO O hO Mh 5 kh o A oe h O Mh oO mh Fh h h jo oO h h t h h h t h t h t h h
86. Face sizeof Int sizeof Uns nFaceVertexIndices Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 FaceAttributeSetList optional nObjects nFaces VertexAttributeSetList optional nObjects nVertices 1 MeshCorners optional 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The mesh is used for representing complex topological objects It contains enough information to determine which polygonal faces are adjacent to each other without numerical ambiguity This metafile object contains topological as well as geometrical information A contour hole in a face is indicated by supplying a negative number for the number of vertices and adds a hole to the previous face that was not a contour The size of nFace VertexIndices and face VertexIndices is based on the value of nVertices We introduce a special subobject used only with the mesh called MeshCorners This object allows multiple attribute sets to be attached to a single vertex where each attribute set is bound to a set of vertex face pairs It can be used to place a sharp edge in the mesh if the attribute set contains a normal for instance Data structure Uns32 nVertices Point3D vertices nVertices Uns32 nFaces Uns32 nContours MeshFace faces nFaces nContours where MeshFace is Int32 nFaceVertexIndices Uns32 faceVertexIndices nFaceVertexIndices 3 nVertices 3 nFaceVertexIndices Text samples Mesh 10 nVertices zk t
87. Register Empty Interrupt Bito Enable Received Data Available Interrupt Table 7 Interrupt Enable Register The Interrupt Enable Register could possibly be one of the easiest registers on a UART to understand Setting Bit 0 high enables the Received Data Available Interrupt which generates an interrupt when the receiving register FIFO contains data to be read by the CPU Bit 1 enables Transmit Holding Register Empty Interrupt This interrupts the CPU when the transmitter buffer is empty Bit 2 enables the receiver line status interrupt The UART will interrupt when the receiver line status changes Likewise for bit 3 which enables the modem status interrupt Bits 4 to 7 are the easy ones They are simply reserved If only everything was that easy Interrupt Identification Register IIR ad7 0 0 NoniroS Bit 3 0 Reserved on 8250 16450 1 16550 Time out Interrupt EA 2 Bit 0 0 Interrupt Pending 1 No Interrupt Pending Table 8 Interrupt Identification Register Modem Status Interrupt Transmitter Holding Register Empty Interrupt Received Data Available Interrupt Receiver Line Status Interrupt The interrupt identification register is a read only register Bits 6 and 7 give status on the FIFO Buffer When both bits are 0 no FIFO buffers are active This should be the only result you will get from a 8250 or 16450 If bit 7 is active but bit 6 is not active then the UART h
88. Send 5 14 Sec Transmitted Dia iec Recciveed Data 14 16 Sec Received Daa ii 5E Transmitted Data 16 19 Sec Request to Send i iec Cler to Send 19 13 Sec dearto Ser k 5e Requesto Send 13 Cable Wiring Examples Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The following wiring diagrams come from actual cables scanned by the CableEye PC Based Cable Test System CableEye s software automatically draws schematics whenever it tests a cable Click here to learn more about CableEye 1 DB9 All Line Direct Extension Next Cable no previous cable Il Next Topic This shows a 9 pin DTE to DCE serial cable that would result if the tH EJA232 standard were strictly followed All 9 pins plus shield are directly extended from DB9 Female to DB9 Male There are no crossovers or 80K self connects present Use this cable to connect modems printers or any device that uses a DB9 connector to a PC s serial port This cable may also serve as an extension cable to increase the distance between a computer and serial device Caution do not exceed 25 feet separation between devices without a signal booster Left Side Connect to DTE Right Side Connect to DCE modem or other computer serial device im elelzl g t 215 Socket L DBY Female Cable image created by CableEye 2 DB9 Loopback Connector Next Cable Previous Cable II Next Topic A loopback connector usually consists of a connector without a cable and ff includes
89. Shader ShaderTransform 1000 010 0 001 0 23 4 tk Type 3 Apple ATG 3DMarbleShader Container 38 0 228 Tea L049 ShaderTransform 100 0 010 0 0010 23 41 Shader UV Transform Full name Data ShaderUVTransform Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type sduv Ascii type ShaderUVTransform Binary size 36 Parent Objects ALWAYS any Shader Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The Shader UV transform allows the uvs on a geometric object to be transformed before shading occurs This allows you to rotate a texture map for example Data structure Matrix3x3 matrix Text samples Container TextureShader ShaderUVTransform 10 0 010 O 2 0 39 1 PixmapTexture Trim Curves Full name Data TrimLoop Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type trml Ascii type TrimLoop Binary size 0 Parent Objects ALWAYS NURBPatch Format No Data Subobjects many NURBCurve2D order dependent Inherited No Referencable No Description The Trim Loop subobject allows users to attach trimming loops to a NURB Patch The Trim Loop object contains no data and serves only as an encapsulation of various 2 dimensional curves used for trimming The Trim loop object contains a sequence of 2 dimensional curves which are concatenated together to form a loop The subobjects are order dependent Each trim loop subobjec
90. Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The ambient coefficient describes the intensity of the ambient light that is reflected by a surface Data structure Float32 ambientCoefficent 0 ambientCoefficient 1 0 Text samples Container AttributeSet AmbientCoefficient 0 7 Diffuse Color Full name Element Attribute DiffuseColor Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type kdif Ascii type DiffuseColor Binary size 12 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The diffuse color indicates the amount of diffuse light reflected by a surface Data structure ColorRGB diffuseColor Text samples Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 100 red Highlight State Full name Element Attribute HighlightState Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type hlst Ascii type HighlightState Binary size 4 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The highlight state attribute when true indicates that the current attribute state is overridden with the current highlight styles attribute set The highlight state attribute allows various portions of a geometry object to be highlighted for user interface etc while retaining the integrity of a geometrys attribute set D
91. TD RTS amp DTR whereas a DCE provides voltage on RD CTS DSR amp CD PC Com Port EIA 574 RS 232 V 24 pin out on a DB 9 pin used for Asynchronous Data Pin ignal Pin ianal 1 Data Carrier Detec EE Data Set Read 2 Received Data Request to Send Transmitted Data 8 lear to Send 4 Data Terminal Read 9 Ring Indicator 5 Signal Ground X 21 interface on a DB 15 connector X 21 Interface Sonce SIGNAL PIN PiN SIGNAL SOURCE DESIGNATION NO NO DESIGNATION OO 1 o _ __ DTE Transmit B 2 Transmit A DTE oe omen 9 RQ ee NE DCE Receive 8 4 Receive A __ XE DCE ee Indication B 5 Indication A OE oe OOO SoTi a s 8 Ground GND _ Common also see X 21 write up also see end of page for more info X 21 General Voltages 0 3Vdc Max 100Kbps X 26 Speeds Max 10Mbps X 27 The X 21 interface was recommended by the CCITT in 1976 It is defined as a digital signalling interface between customers DTE equipment and carrier s equipment DCE And thus primarally used for telecom equipment All signals are balanced Meaning there is always a pair for each signal like used in RS422 The X 21 signals are the same as RS422 so please refer to RS422 for the exact details Pinning according to ISO 4903 1 1 c e 15 Sub D15 Male Sub D15 Female J P Pin Signal abbr 1 Shield 2 Transmit A
92. TT Fin 7 Ground Generator Receiver Inform ation Flow f This is the equivalent circuit for an EIA232 signal line and applies to signals originating at either the DTE or DCE side of the connection Co is not specified in the standard but is assumed to be small and to consist of parasitic elements only Ro and Vo are chosen so that the short circuit current does not exceed 500ma The cable length is not specified in the standard acceptable operation is experienced with cables that are less than 25 feet in length Signal State Voltage Assignments Voltages of 3v to 25v with respect to signal ground pin 7 are considered logic 1 the marking condition whereas voltages of 3v to 25v are considered logic 0 the spacing condition The range of voltages between 3v and 3v is considered a transition region for which a signal state is not assigned Voltage Logic 0 Transition Region Logic 1 Logic states are assigned to the voltage ranges shown here Note that this is a negative logic convention which is the reverse of that used in most modern digital designs Most contemporary applications will show an open circuit signal voltage of 8 to 14 volts for logic T mark and 8 to 14 volts for logic 0 space Voltage magnitudes will be slightly less when the generator and receiver are connected when the DTE and DCE devices are connected with a cable IMPORTANT If you insert an LED s
93. Transmitter Signal Element Timing TC also called Transmitter Clock This signal is relevant only when the DCE device is a modem and is operating with a synchronous protocol The modem generates this clock signal to control exactly the rate at which data is sent on Transmitted Data pin 2 from the DTE device to the DCE device The logic l to logic 0 negative voltage to positive voltage transition on this line causes a corresponding transition to the next data element on the Transmitted Data line The modem generates this signal continuously except when it is performing internal diagnostic functions Pin 17 Receiver Signal Element Timing RC also called Receiver Clock This signal is similar to TC described above except that it provides timing information for the DTE receiver Pin 24 Transmitter Signal Element Timing ETC also called External Transmitter Clock Timing signals are provided by the DTE device for use by a modem This signal is used only when TC and RC pins 15 and 17 are not in use The logic 1 to logic 0 transition negative voltage to positive voltage indicates the time center of the data element Timing signals will be provided whenever the DTE is turned on regardless of other signal conditions Channel Test Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 18 Local Loopback LL This signal is generated by the DTE device and is used to place the modem into a test state When Local Loopback is ass
94. Wiring Display ml aiaviseliel mia Gil lL eo woffa gf ols P Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH 1 Cable image created by CableEye 11 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the Clear to Send pin 5 DCE Ready pin 6 and Carrier Detect pin 8 on the other side Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display z 5 Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 12 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable Il Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the Request to Send pin 4 on one side asserts t
95. WwW 12 74 86 5 16 73 5 92 20 26 74 60 5 32 60 50 5 Unlike the first example because each of the colour layers in this images are busy the difference between rgb and planar RLE compression is not so marked Note that the visual artifacts that occur to so on the wall where there is a smooth and subtle shade variation even at the highest quantisation level the artifacts on the vase are hard to pick RS232 Data Interface a Tutorial on Data Interface and cables RS 232 is simple universal well understood and supported but it has some serious shortcomings as a data interface The standards to 256kbps or less and line lengths of 15M 50 ft or less but today we see high speed ports on our home PC running very high speeds and with high quality cable maxim distance has increased greatly The rule of thumb for the length a data cable depends on speed of the data quality of the cable a Tutorial Electronic data communications between elements will generally fall into two broad categories single ended and differential RS232 single ended was introduced in 1962 and despite rumors for its early demise has remained widely used through the industry Independent channels are established for two way full duplex communications The RS232 signals are represented by voltage levels with respect to a system common power logic ground The idle state MARK has the signal level negative with respect to
96. a less than Ims for bit periods greater than 25ms b 4 of the bit period for bit periods between 25ms and 125us c less than 5us for bit periods less than 125us The rise and fall times of data and timing signals ideally should be equal but in any case vary by no more than a factor of three Reenters Transition Reverses Within Fal Time Too Jow Region Transition Region An acceptable pulse top moves through the transition region quickly and without hesitation or reversal Defective pulses bottom could cause data errors 4 The slope of the rising and falling edges of a transition should not exceed 30v uS Rates higher than this may induce crosstalk in adjacent conductors of a cable Note that neither the ASCII alphabet nor the asynchronous serial protocol that defines the start bit number of data bits parity bit and stop bit is part of the EI A232 specification For your reference it is discussed in the Data Communications Basics section of this web site Accepted Simplifications of the Standard Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 document published by the Electronic Industries Association describes 14 permissible configurations of the original 22 signal standard Each configuration uses a subset of the 22 defined signals and serves a more limited communications requirement than that suggested by using all the available 22 signals Applications for transmit only receive only half duplex operation and similar variations a
97. a bits no parity bit and one stop bit while 7 E 2 is interpreted as seven data bits even parity and two stop bits The data bits are often referred to as a character because these bits usually represent an ASCII character The remaining bits are called framing bits because they frame the data bits Bytes Versus Values The collection of bits that comprise the serial data format is called a byte At first this term might seem inaccurate because a byte is 8 bits and the serial data format can range between 7 bits and 12 bits However when serial data is stored on your computer the framing bits are stripped away and only the data bits are retained Moreover eight data bits are always used regardless of the number of data bits specified for transmission with the unused bits assigned a value of 0 When reading or writing data you might need to specify a value which can consist of one or more bytes For example if you read one value from a device using the int 32 format then that value consists of four bytes For more information about reading and writing values refer to Writing and Reading Data Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication The RS 232 standard supports two types of communication protocols synchronous and asynchronous Using the synchronous protocol all transmitted bits are synchronized to a common clock signal The two devices initially synchronize themselves to each other and then continually send characters to stay
98. a is typically transmitted as eight bits Text based data is transmitted as either seven bits or eight bits If the data is based on the ASCII character set then a minimum of seven bits is required because there are 2 or 128 distinct characters If an eighth bit is used it must have a value of 0 If the data is based on the extended ASCII character set then eight bits must be used because there are 28 or 256 distinct characters The Parity Bit The parity bit provides simple error parity checking for the transmitted data The types of parity checking are given below Table 9 2 Parity Types Even The data bits plus the parity bit result in an even number of 1 s The data bits plus the parity bit result in an odd number of 1 s The parity bit is always 1 Space The parity bit is always 0 Mark and space parity checking are seldom used because they offer minimal error detection You might choose to not use parity checking at all The parity checking process follows these steps 1 The transmitting device sets the parity bit to 0 or to 1 depending on the data bit values and the type of parity checking selected 2 The receiving device checks if the parity bit is consistent with the transmitted data If it is then the data bits are accepted If it is not then an error is returned Note Parity checking can detect only 1 bit errors Multiple bit errors can appear as valid data For example suppose the data bits 0111
99. a self connect jumper in the cable Alternatively the DTE device may be programmed to ignore this signal Pin 20 DTE Ready DTR This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the DTE device when it wishes to open a communications channel If the DCE device is a modem the assertion of DTE Ready prepares the modem to be connected to the telephone circuit and once connected maintains the connection When DTE Ready is deasserted logic l negative voltage the modem is switched to on hook to terminate the connection IMPORTANT If the DCE device is not a modem it may require DTE Ready to be asserted before the device can be used or it may ignore DTE Ready altogether If the DCE device for example a printer is not responding confirm that DTE Ready is asserted before you search for other explanations Pin 8 Received Line Signal Detector CD also called carrier detect This signal is relevant when the DCE device is a modem It is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the modem when the telephone line is off hook a connection has been established and an answer tone is being received from the remote modem The signal is deasserted when no answer tone is being received or when the answer tone is of inadequate quality to meet the local modem s requirements perhaps due to a noisy channel Pin 12 Secondary Received Line Signal Detector SCD This signal is equivalent to the Received Line Signal Detector
100. ackingEnum packing Uns32 nIndices Uns32 indices nIndices nObjects must match parent values PackingEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 Include 0x00000001 Exclude 0 indices lt nObjects Text samples Container Box Container FaceAttributeSetList 6 Include 2 QoL Container assigned to 0 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 1 0 0 Container assigned to 1 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 0 1 Container Box Container FaceAttributeSetList 6 Exclude 2 24 Container assigned to 0 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 100 Container assigned to 1 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 11 0 Container assigned to 3 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 101 Container assigned to 5 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 001 Geometry Attribute Set List Full name Data AttributeSetList GeometryAttributeSetList Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data AttributeSetList Binary type gas Ascii type Geometry AttributeSetList Binary size 12 nIndices 4 padding Parent Objects ALWAYS PolyLine Format Data Format Subobjects many AttributeSet order dependent Inherited No Referencable No Description The geometry attribute set list specifies a list of attributes to be attached to a set of geometric entities determined by the parents topology Currently only the PolyLine primitive uses this object Each attribute set is mapped to a line segment in
101. ady to exchange data When the modem detects a Carrier from the modem at the other end of the phone line this Line becomes active This tells the UART that the modem is ready to establish a link This is the opposite to DSR This tells the Modem that the UART is ready to link This line informs the Modem that the UART is ready to exchange data Goes active when modem detects a ringing signal from the PSTN A Null Modem is used to connect two DTE s together This is commonly used as a cheap way to network games or to transfer files between computers using Zmodem Protocol Xmodem Protocol etc This can also be used with many Microprocessor Development Systems D9 D25 D25 Dg 3 2 TD _ gt RD 3 2 2 3 RD lt _ _ ___ TD 2 3 5 7 SG e a 86 7 5 4 20 DTR DTR 20 4 6 6 DSR 7 e PSR 6 6 1 8 cD cD 8 1 7 4 RTS RTS 4 a 8 5 CTS CTS 5 8 Figure 1 Null Modem Wiring Diagram Above is my preferred method of wiring a Null Modem It only requires 3 wires TD RD amp SG to be wired straight through thus is more cost effective to use with long cable runs The theory of operation is reasonably easy The aim is to make to computer think it is talking to a modem rather than another computer Any data transmitted from the first computer must be received by the second thus TD is connected to RD The second computer must have the same set up thus RD is connected to TD Signal Ground SG must also be co
102. ale to female cable in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K The cable shown below is intended for EIA232 asynchronous communications most PC based systems If you are using synchronous communications the null modem will have additional connections for timing signals not shown here NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the DCE Ready pin 6 and the Request to Send pin 5 on the other side Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display ml aiaviseliel mia Gil lL eo woffa gf ols P Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH 1 Cable image created by CableEye 11 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the Clear t
103. an Sp ro I NM eM BK CHM ALD 5 q r S t u v w x Z 5 O7ZrrwAees TO AMOAB B 3 Y oi A J Ti m Figure 1 ASCII Character Codes Once we agree to send ASCII we should also agree on how that data should be send as a serial data stream The protocol we will use defines that the bits in the byte are passed least significant bit first in a serial stream So send the bits one at a time starting with the least significant How long each bit is asserted in this serial stream depends on how fast your baud rate is At 9600 baud for example each bit will be asserted for 1 9600 of a second or about 104 sec Now the problem is how to decide when to look at the data wire in order to see the bit The DCE and DTE will not be synchronized to a common clock so in order to decide when to look at the data line to see new data being passed they must synchronize with each new byte that is being passed This is why the UART is asynchronous in operation The data is being passed at a known frequency but the starting time of each new byte is unknown So the receiving circuit must resynchronize at the start of each new byte In practice this is quite easy You only need some sort of protocol that tells you when to expect new data For our system and most asynchronous serial protocols in general the data line must be held in a 1 state 5v in our case until a byte is ready to be passed When a byte is to be sent th
104. ape Geometry Cone Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type cone Ascii type Cone Binary size 0 or 48 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 Caps optional default 1 FaceCapAttributeSet optional 1 BottomCapAttributeSet optional 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A cone may have a cap and may have attributes assigned to the entire geometry to the face cap or to the bottom cap The default parametrization is shown in the diagram Data structure Vector3D orientation Vector3D majorAxis Vector3D minorAxis Point3D origin For 0 sized objects default is 1 0 0 orientation O 1 0 majorAxis 0 0 1 minorAxis 0 0 0 origin Text samples Cone Cone O71 O7 Wd OCOWFO COFO Container Cone Caps Bottom Container BottomCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 100 Container FaceCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Cylinder Full name Shared Shape Geometry Cylinder Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type cyln Ascii type Cylinder Binary size 0 or 48 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 Caps optional default 1 TopCapAttributeSet optional 1 FaceCapAttributeSet optional 1 BottomCapAttributeSet optional 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No R
105. arity bit then an parity error will no occur Bit 2 sets the length of the stop bits Setting this bit to 0 will produce one stop bit however setting it to l will produce either 1 5 or 2 stop bits depending upon the word length Note that the receiver only checks the first stop bit Bits 0 and 1 set the word length This should be pretty straight forward A word length of 8 bits is most commonly used today Modem Control Register MCR Bit 7 Reserved Table 11 Modem Control Register The Modem Control Register is a Read Write Register Bits 5 6 and 7 are reserved Bit 4 activates the loopback mode In Loopback mode the transmitter serial output is placed into marking state The receiver serial input is disconnected The transmitter out is looped back to the receiver in DSR CTS RI amp DCD are disconnected DTR RTS OUT1 amp OUT2 are connected to the modem control inputs The modem control output pins are then place in an inactive state In this mode any data which is placed in the transmitter registers for output is received by the receiver circuitry on the same chip and is available at the receiver buffer This can be used to test the UARTs operation Aux Output 2 maybe connected to external circuitry which controls the UART CPU interrupt process Aux Output is normally disconnected but on some cards is used to switch between a 1 8432MHZ crystal to a 4MHZ crystal which is used for MIDI Bits 0 and 1 simply control
106. arth ground usually associated with the connector shells Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 9 pin DCE computer modem imi Match Data Wiring Display S elel Ut ela Socket L DB25 Female SH 1 E 5 D J Cable image created by CableEye 6 DB9 to DB25 Adapter Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Signals on the DB9 DTE side are directly mapped to the DB25 th assignments for a DTE device Use this to adapt a 9 pin COM connector on the back of a computer to mate with a 25 pin serial DCE devices such 80K as a modem This adapter may also be in the form of a cable Left Side Connect to 9 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DCE computer modem imi Match Data Wiring Display x Socket L Socket R DBY Female DB25 Male SH Cable image created by CableEye 7 DB25 All Line Direct Extension Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic This shows a 25 pin DTE to DCE serial cable that would result if the T EIA232 standard were strictly followed All 25 pins plus shield are directly extended from DB25 Female to DB25 Male There are no crossovers or 84K self connects present Use this cable to connect modems printers or any serial device that uses a DB25 connector to a PC s serial port This cable may also serve as an extension cable to increase the distance between computer and serial device Caution do not exceed 25 feet separation between devices without a sig
107. ary type fist Ascii type FillStyle Binary size 4 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The fill style tells a renderer what parts of a polygon to draw Data structure FillStyleEnum fillStyle where FillStyleEnum is Text Binary 0x00000000 Filled 0x00000001 Edges 0x00000002 Points 0x00000003 Empty Text samples FillStyle Edges Highlight Style Full name Shared Shape Style HighlightStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type high Ascii type HighlightStyle Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects 1 AttributeSet required Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The highlight style sets the binding for highlighting features of a geometry via the HighlightState attribute The attribute set subobject sets the highlight attribute set Data structure Text samples Container HighlightStyle Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 001 Interpolation Style Full name Shared Shape Style InterpolationStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type intp Ascii type InterpolationStyle Binary size 4 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The interpolation style tells a renderer how to interpolate shading values on a polygon Data structure Interpola
108. as it s buffers enabled but are unusable This occurs on the 16550 UART where a bug in the FIFO buffer made the FIFO s unusable If both bits are 1 then the FIFO buffers are enabled and fully operational Bits 4 and 5 are reserved Bit 3 shows the status of the time out interrupt on a 16550 or higher Lets jump to Bit 0 which shows whether an interrupt has occurred If an interrupt has occurred it s status will shown by bits and 2 These interrupts work on a priority status The Line Status Interrupt has the highest Priority followed by the Data Available Interrupt then the Transmit Register Empty Interrupt and then the Modem Status Interrupt which has the lowest priority First In First Out Control Register FCR o o e OOS o pese SS o o bess oooO DMA Mode Select Change status of RXRDY amp TXRDY pins Bit 3 from mode 1 to mode 2 Clear Transmit FIFO Clear Receive FIFO Enable FIFO s Table 9 FIFO Control Register The FIFO register is a write only register This register is used to control the FIFO First In First Out buffers which are found on 16550 s and higher Bit 0 enables the operation of the receive and transmit FIFO s Writing a 0 to this bit will disable the operation of transmit and receive FIFO s thus you will loose all data stored in these FIFO buffers Bit s 1 and 2 control the clearing of the transmit or receive FIFO s Bit 1 is responsible for the rec
109. at MANYBUTT EXE does not touch the ports as such MANYBUTT simply passes a string which the dos app uses to determine the hardware addresses it hits directly Some more detail The main software winsamp exe 21k is a dos application which can be run in stand alone mode or shelled from Windows tested with 95 and 98 It is not Windows aware and consequently takes more processor time when idle than it really needs but the normal way to use it under Windows is to shell it with various command line options set which causes it to start do what you want eg grab a sample or play back a sample then exit without any keyboard mouse screen activity so it s normally only loaded briefly and the program is so small that it takes a negligible amount of time to load Note that once a sample starts to arrive or starts to be played back interrupts are suspended until the operation has finished In the case of sampling the default sample window is approx 250ms but this can be pushed up to 500ms using command line options For playback this time is the duration of the stored sample which again can be controlled from the command line but defaults to around 150ms and cannot exceed 500ms Be aware that suspending interrupts in order to make sure there are no gaps in the data streams will inevitably result in system ticks being missed I certainly hope so this is one of the reasons for doing it and the result is that your clock will gradually lose time
110. at least provide information to help identify the problem if you wish to look deeper into it Finally if you would like me to investigate the implementation of this technique on other platforms you should send me non returnable hardware and development software for the experiments and if you make a fortune based on the idea I certainly wouldn t mind you giving me a share Blank Frank 24th November 1999 Theory Updated 26th August 2002 Ok Now to the good bit Without getting too technical here is an idea of what s going on and why Though there is a mind bogglingly large selection of remote control protocols at the bit level based on quite a number of types of protocol at the packet level the vast majority of ir remote controls function by sending data at relatively low rates by transmitting bursts of carrier pulses of various lengths with periods of silence inbetween also of various lengths The data is encoded in the lengths of the bursts and silences and receivers demodulate the carrier to recover the baseband data The carrier frequency is typically somewhere in the range 36 40 kHz and receivers are designed to allow signals of this frequency range through a few kHz while rejecting signals outwith this range in order to reject such things as strip lights You may wish to brush up on your serial port theory for this lots of info online maybe enough on the Furby page I make the assumption that most receivers wil
111. at the ends of a stroked line look like It takes one argument which may be 0 butt caps 1 round caps or 2 extended butt caps The radius of round caps and the extension of the butt caps is determined by the line thickness LINE newpath 0 0 moveto 100 0 lineto stroke def 100 200 translate 10 setlinewidth 0 setlinecap 0 setgray LINE Ee Sz setlinewidth 1 setgray LINE SSS Ss 0 20 translate 10 setlinewidth 1 setlinecap 0 setgray LINE L setlinewidth 1 setgray LINE 0 20 translate 10 setlinewidth 2 setlinecap 0 setgray LINE setlinewidth 1 setgray LINE p This determines the appearance of joining lines It takes one argument which may be 0 miter join 1 round join or 2 bevel join ANGLE Pl a newpath 100 0 moveto 0 O lineto 100 50 lineto stroke def 10 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 100 200 translate ANGLE 1 setlinejoin 0 70 translate ANGLE 2 setlinejoin 0 70 translate ANGLE This draws a bezier curve through the three points given as arguments The curve starts at the first point end at the last point and the tangents are given by the line between the first second and second third pair Instead of having to undo changes to the graphics state it is possible using save to push the entire graphics state onto the stack and then reinstate it later with a restore Drawing small Images Printing images using postscript is somewhat more involved
112. ata AttributeSetList FaceAttributeSetList Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data AttributeSetList Binary type fasl Ascii type FaceAttributeSetList Binary size 12 nIndices sizeof Uns padding Parent Objects ALWAYS Box GeneralPolygon Mesh TriGrid Format Data Format Subobjects many AttributeSet order dependent Inherited No Referencable No Description The face attribute set list specifies a list of attributes to be attached to a set of faces determined by the parents topology nObjects indicates the total number of objects being mapped to packing indicates how AttributeSet objects are mapped to indices Include packing lists the face indices in sequential order of those faces to be assigned face attribute sets Exclude packing lists the face indices in sequential order of those faces to NOT be assigned face attribute sets So for example supposing nObjects was 5 Include packing with a list of 3 indices after it means that there are 3 subobjects each assigned to the indices in their order Exclude packing with a list of 3 indices after it means there are 2 attribute sets subobjects assigned to the indices NOT in the exclude list in order The face attribute set list is padded to the nearest long word The values in indices always appear in increasing order If a packing value other than Include or Exclude is found this object and its subobjects should be ignored Data structure Uns32 nObjects P
113. ata structure Boolean highlighted Text samples Container HighlightStyle Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 1 0 0 RED Container Polygon 3 2 0 D O TT Or 1 2 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 01 2 HighlightState True polygon is drawn RED Normal Full name Element Attribute Normal Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type nrml Ascii type Normal Binary size 12 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description If normal is not of unit length upon reading it should be normalized npi The normal indicates the surface normal at a vertex Data structure Vector3D normal Inormall 1 Text samples Container Polygon 5 0 23423 0 56434 0 2312 Container VertexAttributeSetList 5 Exclude 0 Container AttributeSet Normal 0 8 0 1 0 1 Shading UV Full name Element Attribute ShadingUV Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type shuv Ascii type ShadingUV Binary size 8 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The shading UV indicates an alternate UV to the Surface UV for shading purposes Shading UVs are generally used by shaders that affect appearance information such as texture
114. ates the signal voltage may drop in magnitude to very near the minimum values of 3v for logic 1 and 3v for logic 0 Also note that some inexpensive EIA232 peripherals are powered directly from the signal lines to avoid using a power supply of their own Although this usually works without problems keep the cable short and be aware that noise immunity will be reduced Short Circuit Tolerance The generator is designed to withstand an open circuit unconnected condition or short circuit condition between its signal conductor and any other signal conductor including ground without sustaining damage to itself or causing damage to any associated circuitry The receiver is also designed to accept any signal voltage within the range of 25 volts without sustaining damage CAUTION Inductive loads or magnetically induced voltages resulting from long cables may cause the received voltage to exceed the 25 volt range momentarily during turn on transients or other abnormal conditions possibly causing damage to the generator receiver or both Keep the cable length as short as possible and avoid running the cable near high current switching loads like electric motors or relays Fail Safe Signals Four signals are intended to be fail safe in that during power off or cable disconnected conditions they default to logic 1 negative voltage They are Request to Send Default condition is deasserted Sec Request to Send Default
115. aws a unit square and it expects the RGB colour to be on the stack This could be used as a method albeit inefficient of drawing a bitmap image Even if one is simply drawing lots of lines on the page in order to reduce the file size it is common to define a procedure as shown below It just defines a single character 1 to draw a line segment one can then use commands like 100 200 200 200 1 to draw a line segment from 100 200 to 200 200 1 newpath moveto lineto stroke def Some other useful Commands The following are some other commonly used commands along with a brief description again you should consult a reference manual for the entire set of commands arc Draws an arc including a circle The arguments are xcenter ycenter radius start angle stop angle The arc is drawn counterclockwise the angles are in units of degrees centerpoint This is an example of an instruction that takes no arguments but leaves numbers on the stack namely the coordinates of the current point setdash This sets the dash attribute of a line in terms of a mark space array Just as strings are denoted by round braces arrays are denoted by square braces For example the following command 3 3 0 setdash would make any following lines have a 3 unit dash followed by a 3 unit space The argument after the dash array is the offset for the start of setlinecap setlinejoin curveto save and restore the first dash This specifies wh
116. be immediately displayed on the screen This can be used 7 4 RTS with the examples later in this tutorial 8 5 CTS Please note that this is not intended for use with Figure 2 Loopback Plug Wiring Diagram Diagnostic Programs and thus will probably not work For these programs you require a differently wired Loop Back plug which may vary from program to program DTE DCE Speeds We have already talked briefly about DTE amp DCE A typical Data Terminal Device is a computer and a typical Data Communications Device is a Modem Often people will talk about DTE to DCE or DCE to DCE speeds DTE to DCE is the speed between your modem and computer sometimes referred to as your terminal speed This should run at faster speeds than the DCE to DCE speed DCE to DCE is the link between modems sometimes called the line speed Most people today will have 28 8K or 33 6K modems Therefore we should expect the DCE to DCE speed to be either 28 8K or 33 6K Considering the high speed of the modem we should expect the DTE to DCE speed to be about 115 200 BPS Maximum Speed of the 16550a UART This is where some people often fall into a trap The communications program which they use have settings for DCE to DTE speeds However they see 9 6 KBPS 14 4 KBPS etc and think it is your modem speed Today s Modems should have Data Compression build into them This is very much like PK ZIP but the software in your modem compresses and decompresses the data When se
117. bits BAUD SCCR1 ee ae pee e SCCR2 SCSR SCDR Figure 25 68HC11 SCI Registers From the number of control bits in the sccr1 and sccR2 registers you can see that the programmer has quite a bit of control over the SCI interface Most of the situations we ll be using however have standard set ups so we won t need to discuss the control register bits in detail Instead we ll provide standard functions that encapsulate the user s interface to SCI devices such as a personal computers and simply discuss how these functions work The proper setup of the SCI subsystem is usually done in your program s init initialization routine To understand how the SCI subsystem works let s examine figure 26 Figure 26 shows how the programmer interacts with the SCI transmit and receive buffers In order to transmit the programmer first loads the 8 bit data register scbR with the data to be sent The SCI module automatically fills in the start bit stop bit and the extra T8 bit from control register SccR1 The T8 bit can be used as a parity bit Once the scpp register is loaded the subsystem loads this data into the SCI module s transmit buffer The SCI transmit buffer then holds a single frame and this frame is then clocked out of the transmit register one bit at a time at the rate specified in the BAUD register Once all of the bits have been clocked out of the transmit buffer the SCI module sets the TDRE transmit data register emp
118. ble The following registers are known read writablity info is inaccurate int3 i N p 5 ot 09 N p 5 ot oO N m BJB e o Go Go NIN Aperture 0 Auto 1 Low 2 Med 3 4 Hi m U N p e ee N Color mode 1 Color 2 B W Flash mode 0 Auto 1 Force 2 Off 3 Anti RedEye 4 Slow sync m BIB Go Go NIN p 5 gt Oo N p 5 ot 09 N aiee alsa 3 S Go u SININ lt QO feb 2 7 fint32 8 2 R fc eS Jee m m SVN YP Gut By Go fh ye i N 1 eT Peele ele 2 e 15 Unknown 128 Unknown 128 No of frames in current folder No of frames left Length of current frame Length of current thumbnail C C Battery capacity percentage Communication speed 1 9600 5 115200 6 230400 256 9600 264 911600 sync Unknown 1 Bright Contrast 0 Normal 1 Contrast 2 Contrast 3 Brightnes 4 Brightnes urrent frame data urrent thumbnail data White balance 0 Auto 1 Sunny 2 Incandescent 3 Fluorescent 5 Flash 6 White preset 255 Cloudy 21 vdata IR W Unused vda lt lt a a 2 S 2 S T 3 D NIS 5 gt 09 N amera I D Autoshut on host timer seconds Autoshut in field timer seconds erial No string lt QO 2 gt amp Availab
119. ble in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the DCE Ready pin 6 and Carrier Detect pin 8 on the other side Request to Send pin 4 is unused and Clear to Send pin 5 is driven by a proprietary signal pin 11 determined by the designer of this cable Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display ed Pana a C13 slt ola ra Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 15 DB25 Null Modem Cable synchronous communications Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic This female to female cable is intended for synchronous EIA232 connections and is designed to connect two DTE devices It contains the standard connections of an asynchronous null modem cable plus 84K additional connections on pins 15 17 and 24 for synchronous timing signals To connect two DCE devices use a male to male equivalent of this cable For synchronous communications the null modem cable includes an additional conductor for timing signals and joins pins 15 17 and 24 on one side to pins 15 and
120. bly disconnected lines and areas describing the image A path is itself not drawn after it is specified it can be stroked lines or filled areas making the appropriate marks on the page There is a special type of path called the clipping path this is a path within which future drawing is constrained By default the clipping path is a rectangle that matches the border of the paper it will not be changed during this tutorial The Stack Postscript uses a stack otherwise known as a LIFO Last In First Out stack to store programs and data A postscript interpreter places the postscript program on the stack and executes it instructions that require data will read that data from the stack For example there is an operator in postscript for multiplying two numbers mul it requires two arguments namely the two numbers that are to be multiplied together In postscript this might be specified as 10 20 mul The interpreter would place 10 and then 20 onto the stack The operator mul would remove 20 and then 10 from the stack multiply them together and leave the result 200 on the stack Coordinate system Postscript uses a coordinate system that is device independent that is it doesn t rely on the resolution paper size etc of the final output device The initial coordinate system has the x axis to the right and y axis upwards the origin is located at the bottom left hand corner of the page The units are of points which are 1 72 of an i
121. cation Pin Terminal Input Output Function Oi OGD tC grournd O Y OO 4 5 DTR Output enable data receiving POWER Output external power control 14 DLTST Input used only for servicing the unit do not connect 15 V 48V Output used only for servicing the unit do not connect Serial controller DYD player cable Computer DB 9 male DYD player DB 15 Male 1 8 9 15 PSIMA HT200 HT250 RS 232C Control Port Pin No Signal Definition sta NA _ Notused female Oa N A Not used SSoooo OOo eenean a Te NA nosa Parameter DaisLeng ids oS 4 pin USB connector USB connector 4 pin B type USB connector 2 1 Pin no Signal Name 1 VCC USB power 2 USB USB data 3 USB USB data 4 SG Signal Ground 3 4 DVI Digital Analog INPUT 1 port 29 pin connector DVI Digital INPUT Pin No Signal Pin No Signal 1 T M D S data 2 16 Hot plug detection 2 T M D S data 2 17 T M D S data 0 3 T M D S data 2 shield 18 T M D S data 0 ct 4 Not connected 19 T M D S data 0 shield c2 5 Not connected 20 Not connected C4 6 DDC clock 21 Not connected c5 7 DDC data 22 T M D S clock shield ca 8 Not connected 23 T M D S clock 9 T M D S data 1 24 T M D S dock 10 T M D S data 1 Ci Not connected 14 T M D S data 1 shield C2 Not connected 12 Not connected c3 Not connected 13 Not connected C4 Not connected 14 5V power C5 Ground 15 Ground DVI Analog RGB Input
122. ce for baud rate generator SSR _ Status flags to indicate operation status of SCI3 Contents Specifications Functions Used Operations Software Built in Peripheral Functions Simultaneous Serial Data Transmission and Reception Asynchronous Event Counter in Asynchronous Mode LED Flickering by Clock Multiprocessor LCD Display with Static Time Base Function Communication Duty Interrupt Period Setting by Voltage Measurement by F Auto Reload Timer Function 4 Channel A D Converter PED Display min Day Pulse Frequency Measurement by Event Counter Function Interrupt Counting by 16 Bit Flickering of LEDs Module Standby Mode Timer Counter Function Connected to I O Port Settings Count of Input Pulses by 16 Bit Event Counter Function PWM Output by Output Multiple Interrupt Operation Compare Function by Internal Interrupt ee eed Period Measurement Transition to Bae Medium ee eed Input Capture Function Bae Mode 8 bit Counter Count Up by Interval Function Duty Pulse Output by 10 Bit Oscillation Stabilization Time PWM Function Settings Count Start by External Clock Operation Using Timer Interrupt F Transition to Sleep High Speed Mode eee eel Data Transmission in eee eel Mode Transition to Standby Mode a senal Data oe Lo Transition to Watch Mode to Watch Mode oe Mode Simultaneous Serial Data Transmission and Reception Transition to Subsleep Mode in Synchronous mode eo Dato Lran
123. ceived Data tl 2 DB25 Female Sec Received Data 14 Transmitter Signal Timing Dy DT Source Transmitted Data 15 bee A uN Sec Transmitted Data Clear to Send ny oT d Request to Send ag s oT Receiver Signa Timing 17 DCE Source 18 DCE Ready a lt oT aca Oio Signal Ground me 20 Received Line ak On DTE Ready Hoved 21 ignal Detect Lo ol TS pain Loopback reserved for testing Pa 1 wen bl i Ring Indicator reserved for testing 14 i Ag i Pa 24 D ata Signal Rate Selector unzesigned 12 Sec Received Line x 3 ae i Transmitter Signal Timing 25 i DTE Sourc Signal Detect K Shield a i Test Mode Sec Request to Send Sec Jex to Send DB9 Female Received Line Signa Detect 1 a DCE Ready Transmitted Data wg 5 7 Clear to Send Received Data 3 8 DTE Ready 4 i Request to Send 9 5 Signal Ground 7 Ring Indicator Shidd Received by DTE Device O Transmitted from DTE Device Copyright 1993 2003 CAMI Research Inc Many of the 22 signal lines in the EIA232 standard pertain to connections where the DCE device is a modem and then are used only when the software protocol employs them For any DCE device that is not a modem or when two DTE devices are directly linked far fewer signal lines are necessary You may have noticed in the pinout drawings that there is a secondary channel which includes a duplicate set of flow control signals This
124. configuration 1 single image plane 0153 Sample format dec 900e1 directory entries Source code example The following is the guts of a C program to create a TIFF file of width nx height ny Each pixel is made up of 3 bytes one byte for each of Red Green Blue Each colour component ranges from 0 black to 255 white Write the header WriteHexString fptr 4d4d002a Little endian amp TIFF identifier offset nx ny 3 4 8 putc offset amp Oxff000000 putc offset amp O0x00ff0000 putc offset amp 0x0000ff00 putc offset amp 0x000000ff 16777216 fptr 65536 fptr 256 fptr fptr r Write the binary data for j 0 j lt ny j for i O i lt nx it t calculate the RGB value between 0 and 255 fputc red fptr fputc green fptr fputc blue fptr Write the footer WriteHexString fptr 000e The number of directory entries 14 Width tag short int WriteHexString fptr 0100000300000001 fputc nx amp Oxff00 256 fptr Image width fputc nx amp Ox00ff fptr WriteHexString fptr 0000 Height tag short int WriteHexString fptr 0101000300000001 fputc ny amp Oxff00 256 fptr Image height fputc ny amp Ox00ff fptr WriteHexString fptr 0000 Bits per sample tag short int WriteHexString fptr 0102000300000003 offse putc putc putc putc t
125. de Macintosh volumes essentially a colon based separator Data structure String pathName Text samples Container Reference 43 MacintoshPath Foo Bar Models Cheryl Unix Path Full name Shared Storage UnixPath Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Storage Binary type unix Ascii type UnixPath Binary size sizeof String Parent Objects ALWAYS Reference Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The unix path object serves as a way to reference files on a unix file system The path should obey naming standards for unix operating systems Data structure String unixPath Text samples Container Reference 23 UnixPath shaders eb C String Full name Shared String CString Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared String Binary type strc Ascii type CString Binary size sizeof String Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The CString is a way of embedding text in a metafile Other string types allow for internationalization The only allowable characters in a CString are 7 bit ASCII numbers The following characters may be escaped with the character Na b WP Wn vr wt Ww vy WwW Data structure String cString Text samples CString Copyright c 1994 Apple Computer Inc Unicode Full name Shared String
126. e ambn Ascii type AmbientLight Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects 1 LightData optional default Inherited No Referencable Yes Description An ambient light supplies light that comes from secondary reflections In lieu of other light sources the ambient light illuminates the scene with a flat uniform light Data structure Text samples AmbientLight Container AmbientLight LightData EcTrue isOn 1 0 intensity 1 0 0 red color Directional Light Full name Shared Shape Light DirectionalLight Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Light Binary type drct Ascii type DirectionalLight Binary size Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 LightData optional defaults Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A directional light is far enough away from the scene that we may treat it as though it were infinitely far away This produces shading results faster than any other type of light except ambient It is specified with a vector pointing in the same direction as the light rays an attenuation and a boolean value indicating whether this light casts shadows or not Data structure Vector3D direction Boolean castsShadows Idirection 1 0 Text samples DirectionalLight 1 0 O True Container DirectionalLight 1 0 0 True LightData True 0 4 100 Point Light Full name Shared Shape Ligh
127. e 3 shows data format of asynchronous communications In asynchronous communications the communication line is normally maintained in the mark state High level SCI3 monitors communication line and starts serial communications when it detects the place which has become a space Low level to serve as a start bit One character in communication data consists of the start bit Low level followed by transmit receive data LSB first starting from the least significant bit parity bit High or Low level and stop bit High level at the end In asynchronous mode synchronization is achieved by the falling edge of the start bit during reception Data is sampled on the eighth clock of a frequency obtained by multiplying 16 times the one bit period and communication data is fetched in the center of each bit Serial data Start bit Parity bit LSB MSB 1 Transmit receive data Stop bit Mark state 7 or 8 bits 1 bit 1 bit or or none two bits One unit of communication data character or frame Figure 3 Data Format in Asynchronous Communications SCI3 clock SCK32 is a clock input output pin of SCI3 SCI3 receive data input RXD32 is a receive data input pin of SCI3 SCI3 transmit data output TXD32 is a transmit data output pin of SCI3 SCI3 interrupt factors total six transmit complete transmit data empty receive data full and three receive errors overrun error framing error and parity error Common vec
128. e PC The most commonly used signals are shown in bold back to Pin Assignments description Looking Into the DTE Device Connector DB25 Male Sec Clea to Send Shield Ppa Mode Sec Received Line Transmitter Sgnal Timing 13 Signal Detect N eS A DTE Source 12048 ws 3 unassigned y ii l reserved for testing tT ie oa o l pe Ring Indicator L 21 yr Remote Loopback Received Line ma ore 20 8 DTE Ready Signal Det ect eL l 19i Sec Request to Send e x l l Data Signa Rate Sdector E a g reserved for testing sso Signal Ground 6 DCE Ready lt lt 1S Local Loopback 5 17 Clear to Send Receiver Signal Timing J j J DCE Source 1 4 Request to Send 4 16 3 K N Received Data Received Data Pai DN AS Transmitter Sgnal Timing 4 Transmitted Data aw Ne DCE Source Shield Sec Transmitted Data DB9 Male Shidd Signal Ground 9 as _ Ring Indicator 9 DTE Ready wf 4 3 Clear to Send Transmitted Data i 2 7 Received Data 2 Request to Send 1 6 Received Line Signa Detect Pii w DCE Ready j Received by DTE Device OB Transmitted from DTE Device Copyright 1993 2002 CAMI Research Inc This shows the full EIA232 signal definition for the DCE device usually the modem The most commonly used signals are shown in bold back to Pin Assignments description Looking Into the DCE Device Connector Shield Re
129. e between 3 and 15 Vdc represents a logical 1 This switching between positive and negative is called bipolar The zero state is not defined in RS232 and is considered a fault condition this happens when a device is turned off According to the above a maximum distance of 50 ft or 15 m can be reached at a maximum speed of 20k bps This is according to the official specifications the distance can be exceeded with the use of Line Drivers Functional description Also known as protective ground This is the chassis ground Site eorqune x connection between DTE and DCE Signal Ground oe ground between a DTE and a DCE Has the value Data send by the DTE Data received by the DTE Request To Send Originated by the DTE to initiate transmission by the DCE Send by the DCE as a reply on the RTS after a delay in ms Clear To Send CB which gives the DCEs enough time to energize their circuits and synchronize on basic modulation patterns Known as DSR Originated by the DCE indicating that it is basically operating power on and in functional mode Known as DTR Originated by the DTE to instruct the DCE to setup a connection Actually it means that the DTE is up and running and ready to communicate A signal from the DCE to the DTE that there is an incomming call telephone is ringing Only used on switched circuit connections Received Line Signal CF Known as DCD A signal send from DCE to its DTE to indicate Detector that it has recei
130. e bitmap will only draw inside of a document icon providing a small preview in the Finder with a black document icon The image mask to the right was used to render the example above Data structure Uns32 width Uns32 height Uns32 rowBytes EndianEnum bitOrder RawData image rowBytes height width height in bits 0 lt width 0 lt height width gt gt 3 width amp 0x7 1 0 rowBytes EndianEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 BigEndian 0x00000001 LittleEndian Text samples 3DMetafile 1 0 Normal toc gt Container ViewHints ImageDimensions 32 32 ImageClearColor 111 ImageMask 32 32 width height 4 rowBytes BigEndian bitOrder OxOOQ0000000FFFF8000FFFF8000FFE OxOFFFF8000FFFF8000FFFF8000FE OxOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEOOFE E OxOFFFF PFFFFEOOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEO OxOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEO OxOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEOOFFFFFEO OxOC61FFEOOF24FFEQQ0EF64FFEOQOOF24FFEO OxOF24FFEQOOC61FFEOOFFFFFE000000000 Rotate X 0 25 Rotate Y 0 23 Container Torus 00 70001 100000 0 7 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 2 0 9 0 9 Ambient Coefficient Full name Element Attribute AmbientCoefficient Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type camb Ascii type AmbientCoefficient Binary size 4 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format
131. e called Clear to Send because the signal is thought to originate from a remote DTE device Secondary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 14 Secondary Transmitted Data STxD Pin 16 Secondary Received Data SRxD Pin 19 Secondary Request to Send SRTS Pin 13 Secondary Clear to Send SCTS These signals are equivalent to the corresponding signals in the primary communications channel The baud rate however is typically much slower in the secondary channel for increased reliability Modem Status and Control Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 6 DCE Ready DSR When originating from a modem this signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage when the following three conditions are all satisfied 1 The modem is connected to an active telephone line that is off hook 2 The modem is in data mode not voice or dialing mode and 3 The modem has completed dialing or call setup functions and is generating an answer tone If the line goes off hook a fault condition is detected or a voice connection is established the DCE Ready signal is deasserted logic 1 negative voltage IMPORTANT If DCE Ready originates from a device other than a modem it may be asserted to indicate that the device is turned on and ready to function or it may not be used at all If unused DCE Ready should be permanently asserted logic 0 positive voltage within the DCE device or by use of
132. e considered logic 0 the spacing condition The range of voltages between 3v and 3v is considered a transition region for which a signal state is not assigned Voltage 25 Logic 0 Transition Region Logic 1 Logic states are assigned to the voltage ranges shown here Note that this is a negative logic convention which is the reverse of that used in most modern digital designs Most contemporary applications will show an open circuit signal voltage of 8 to 14 volts for logic 1 mark and 8 to 14 volts for logic 0 space Voltage magnitudes will be slightly less when the generator and receiver are connected when the DTE and DCE devices are connected with a cable IMPORTANT If you insert an LED signal tester in an EIA232 circuit to view signal states the signal voltage may drop in magnitude to very near the minimum values of 3v for logic 1 and 3v for logic 0 Also note that some inexpensive EIA232 peripherals are powered directly from the signal lines to avoid using a power supply of their own Although this usually works without problems keep the cable short and be aware that noise immunity will be reduced Short Circuit Tolerance The generator is designed to withstand an open circuit unconnected condition or short circuit condition between its signal conductor and any other signal conductor including ground without sustaining damage to itself or causing damage to any associat
133. e crosstalk in adjacent conductors of a cable Note that neither the ASCII alphabet nor the asynchronous serial protocol that defines the start bit number of data bits parity bit and stop bit is part of the EI A232 specification For your reference it is discussed in the Data Communications Basics section of this web site Accepted Simplifications of the Standard Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 document published by the Electronic Industries Association describes 14 permissible configurations of the original 22 signal standard Each configuration uses a subset of the 22 defined signals and serves a more limited communications requirement than that suggested by using all the available 22 signals Applications for transmit only receive only half duplex operation and similar variations are described Unfortunately connection to DCE devices other than modems is not considered Because many current serial interface applications involve direct device to device connections manufacturers do not have a standard reference when producing printers plotters print spoolers or other common peripherals Consequently you must acquire the service manual for each peripheral device purchased to determine exactly which signals are utilized in its serial interface END Return to TOC The RS232 STANDARD A Tutorial with Signal Names and Definitions renamed the EIA232 Standard in the early 1990 s Written by Christopher E Strangio Copyright
134. e data line drops to 0 gnd in our case for one bit time to signal that a byte will follow This is the start bit and its purpose is to wake up the receiver and alert it to the byte that is about to be sent The 8 data bits then follow least significant bit first each asserted for one bit time which depends on the baud rate Finally one or two stop bits are sent to indicate the end of the byte Stop bits are 1 bits that are asserted for one bit time each In our system the receiver will assume that only one stop bit is sent and the sender will send two stop bits This is the most general and safest solution For example if the receiver expects a single stop bit and two are sent nothing bad happens except that some extra time elapses between that byte and the next due to the extra stop bit On the other hand if the sender sends only a single stop bit but the external receiver expects two a mistake might be made So it s safer to expect only a single stop bit but always send two note that in practice most terminals and other communication devices have settings to control how many stop bits are sent or expected A picture of this data protocol is shown in Figure 2 Start Bit Idle Bit Bit B i BiG Bit Bat BIE Stopstcoy Idle o 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bit Bit l Figure 2 Data Byte Transmission Format Parity Next Up Previous Next Framing Error Up What is a UART Previous What is a UART Erik Brunvand Tue Apr 11 15 50 32 MDT
135. e sillyscope screen to get a feel for what a good sample looks like and have a quick look at the sample files to see if any are outstandingly different before burning them onto a million CD Roms or whatever And of course test the samples The most usual way to operate the program in real dos or dos prompt under Windows is to type gt WINSAMP or WINSAMP Cx where x is the COM port you want to use if the default of COM2 does not suit A 80 50 text mode screen is presented which might not be compatible with _very_ old graphics cards but if your machine can run Windows it should be ok and this has lots of things squished onto it You need to read all the bits of writing on it because the user controls are all hinted at somewhere there For details of command line options type WINSAMP and a horrible text screen will appear which might help A separate README TXT file is included explaining the command line options and controls in more detail along with examples of how to make it work from Windows programs I have also included a simple Windows front end demonstration written in VB5 which uses the dos app for all the low level stuff This is only the actual exe file due to bandwidth restrictions I can t put up a full distribution the exe is only a few k but all the support bits take up megs of space so unless you already have VB5 or have acquired the support files through other software installations you ve done over the years I m
136. e state of the left button 1 pressed 0 released RB is the state of the right button 1 pressed 0 released X0 7 is movement of the mouse in the X direction since the last packet Positive movement is toward the right YO 7 is movement of the mouse in the Y direction since the last packet Positive movement is back toward the user The mouse driver software collects the X and Y movement bits from the different bytes in the packet All moves are sent as two s complement binary numbers Although the Microsoft format only requires 7 data bits per byte most mice actually send 8 bit data with the most significant bit set to 1 Since the most significant bit D7 is last in the serial data stream this is the same as sending two stop bits instead of one The Joymouse sends data packets as shown below D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 DO lst byte 1 1 LB RB Y7 Y6 X7 X6 2nd byte 1 0 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0 3rd byte pi 0 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 YI YO Back to Data amp Documentation Home G ext Motorola 68HC11 SCI Interface Up Serial Communication Previous Asynchronous Serial Communication SCI RS 232 Serial Protocol The RS 232 serial communication protocol is a standard protocol used in asynchronous serial communication It is the primary protocol used over modem lines It is the protocol used by the MicroStamp11 when it communicates with a host PC Figure 23 shows the relationship between the various components in a serial ink The
137. e subdivision Constant subdivision supplies 2 integral values which indicate the number of sections the u and v axes of a decomposition should be divided into The Screen Space value indicates average size of a single polygon in a tesselation in screen space The world space value indicates the average size of a single polygon in a tesselation in world space Data structure This object has two forms based on the subdivison method field for subdivisionMethod WorldSpace or ScreenSpace the structure is SubdivisionMethodEnum subdivisionMethod Float32 valuel for subdivisionMethod Constant the values are integral SubdivisionMethodEnum subdivisionMethod Uns32 valuel Uns32 value2 where SubdivisionMethodEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 Constant 0x00000001 WorldSpace 0x00000002 ScreenSpace Text samples SubdivisionStyle Constant 12 12 SubdivisionStyle WorldSpace 50 SubdivisionStyle ScreenSpace 50 Matrix Transform Full name Shared Shape Transform Matrix Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Transform Binary type mtrx Ascii type Matrix Binary size 64 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description A custom invertible matrix transform Data structure Matrix4x4 matrix matrix is invertible Text samples Quaternion Transform Full name Shared Shape Transform Quaternion Drawable Yes Paren
138. e telephone line that is off hook 2 The modem is in data mode not voice or dialing mode and 3 The modem has completed dialing or call setup functions and is generating an answer tone If the line goes off hook a fault condition is detected or a voice connection is established the DCE Ready signal is deasserted logic 1 negative voltage IMPORTANT If DCE Ready originates from a device other than a modem it may be asserted to indicate that the device is turned on and ready to function or it may not be used at all If unused DCE Ready should be permanently asserted logic 0 positive voltage within the DCE device or by use of a self connect jumper in the cable Alternatively the DTE device may be programmed to ignore this signal Pin 20 DTE Ready DTR This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the DTE device when it wishes to open a communications channel If the DCE device is a modem the assertion of DTE Ready prepares the modem to be connected to the telephone circuit and once connected maintains the connection When DTE Ready is deasserted logic l negative voltage the modem is switched to on hook to terminate the connection IMPORTANT If the DCE device is not a modem it may require DTE Ready to be asserted before the device can be used or it may ignore DTE Ready altogether If the DCE device for example a printer is not responding confirm that DTE Ready is asserted befor
139. e under Windows or whatever There are additional notes about the driver transistor 2N7000 on my Furby page here The diode marked NOTE between the TX pin and the gate of the FET has been added because I occasionally observed the LED to be slightly on when the TX line was low and the LED should have been off with the result that the on off IR contrast ratio was reduced and consequently maybe the useful transmission range There are a couple of possible explanations for the LED being on which I didn t investigate further opting rather to kill the problem once and for all by including the diode Shame really because the tolerance to large positive and negative Vgs values was one of the reasons I chose the FET in the first place Anyway the diode effectively prevents the gate from going more negative than the source and the problem is gone If you suspect that the FET is not turning off fast enough with the 100k pulldown due to extremely high gate track capacitance or whatever you could safely reduce the resistor to 10k to see if that helps but I have no reason to think the change is needed The FAQ page has been updated and now includes a couple of untested suggestions for increasing the output of the transmitter and the simple change needed in order to replace the FET with a normal NPN transistor Software section updated 26th August 2002 There are now two versions of the software package available for download and unless yo
140. e you search for other explanations Pin 8 Received Line Signal Detector CD also called carrier detect This signal is relevant when the DCE device is a modem It is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the modem when the telephone line is off hook a connection has been established and an answer tone is being received from the remote modem The signal is deasserted when no answer tone is being received or when the answer tone is of inadequate quality to meet the local modem s requirements perhaps due to a noisy channel Pin 12 Secondary Received Line Signal Detector SCD This signal is equivalent to the Received Line Signal Detector pin 8 but refers to the secondary channel Pin 22 Ring Indicator RI This signal is relevant when the DCE device is a modem and is asserted logic 0 positive voltage when a ringing signal is being received from the telephone line The assertion time of this signal will approximately equal the duration of the ring signal and it will be deasserted between rings or when no ringing is present Pin 23 Data Signal Rate Selector This signal may originate either in the DTE or DCE devices but not both and is used to select one of two prearranged baud rates The asserted condition logic 0 positive voltage selects the higher baud rate Transmitter and Receiver Timing Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 15 Transmitter Signal Element Timing TC also called Trans
141. eSet DiffuseColor 100 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 001 Marker Full name Shared Shape Geometry Marker Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type mrkr Ascii type Marker Binary size 32 rowBytes height padding Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The marker is used to rasterize bitmaps parallel to the viewing plane They are used for annotation of an image Data structure Point3D location Int32 xOffset Int32 yOffset Uns32 width Uns32 height Uns32 rowBytes EndianEnum bitEndian RawData data height rowBytes 0 lt width 0 lt height width 8 width amp 7 gt 0 rowBytes EndianEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 BigEndian 0x00000001 LittleEndian Text samples Container Marker 0 5 0 5 0 5 origin 28 xOffset 3 yOffset 56 width 6 height 7 rowBytes BigEndian bitOrder Ox7E3C3C667E7C18606066666066187C3C 0x607E7C661860066066607C1860066666 0x6066007E3C3C667E6618 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 8 0 2 0 6 Mesh Full name Shared Shape Geometry Mesh Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type mesh Ascii type Mesh Binary size 4 nVertices 12 8 nFaces nContours sizeof faces 0 nFaces nContours 1 sizeof Mesh
142. ed circuitry The receiver is also designed to accept any signal voltage within the range of 25 volts without sustaining damage CAUTION Inductive loads or magnetically induced voltages resulting from long cables may cause the received voltage to exceed the 25 volt range momentarily during turn on transients or other abnormal conditions possibly causing damage to the generator receiver or both Keep the cable length as short as possible and avoid running the cable near high current switching loads like electric motors or relays Fail Safe Signals Four signals are intended to be fail safe in that during power off or cable disconnected conditions they default to logic 1 negative voltage They are Request to Send Default condition is deasserted Sec Request to Send Default condition is deasserted DTE Ready Default condition is DTE not ready DCE Ready Default condition is DCE not ready Note specifically that if the cable is connected but the power is off in the generator side or if the cable is disconnected there should be adequate bias voltage in the receiver to keep the signal above 3v logic 0 to ensure that the fail safe requirement is met Schmitt triggers or other hysteresis devices may be used to enhance noise immunity in some designs but should never be adjusted to compromise the fail safe requirement Signal Timing Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EJA232 standard is applicable to data ra
143. ed data and returning it to its source When the DTE initiates such a test transmitted data is passed through the local modem the telephone line the remote modem and back to exercise the channel and confirm its integrity The remote modem signals the local modem to assert Test Mode on pin 25 when the remote loopback test is underway Pin 25 Test Mode TM This signal is relevant only when the DCE device is a modem When asserted logic 0 positive voltage it indicates that the modem is in a Local Loopback or Remote Loopback condition Other internal self test conditions may also cause Test Mode to be asserted and depend on the modem and the network to which it is attached Electrical Standards Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 standard uses negative bipolar logic in which a negative voltage signal represents logic 1 and positive voltage represents logic 0 This probably originated with the pre RS232 current loop standard used in 1950s vintage teletype machines in which a flowing current and hence a low voltage represents logic 1 Be aware that the negative logic assignment of EIA232 is the reverse of that found in most modern digital circuit designs See the inside rear cover of the CableEye manual for a comparison Common Signal Ground Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 standard includes a common ground reference on Pin 7 and is frequently joined to Pin 1 and a circular shield that surro
144. ed within a number of image formats for example PNG TIFF and TGA While RLE is normally used as a lossless compression it can be assisted to create small files by quantising the rgb values thus increasing the chances of runs of the same colour There are two ways one can run length encode the pixels the first as used in the TGA format is to look for runs of all three components the other is to compress each colour plane seperately The second approach normally gives smaller files Below is a table for two different images along with the file size for the image quantised to different levels and saved in rgb order or planar order Image details and quantisation level RLE on RGB RLE on Planes Image example KBytes KBytes Uncompressed 197 197 1 none 151 141 2 135 110 101 81 64 70 49 36 12 16 20 46 35 28 24 5 18 5 14 5 26 22 11 5 32 17 5 9 5 The above example was chosen because it doesn t have long runs of equal colour and because any banding due to quantisation should be obvious to spot This occurs somewhere between 4 and 8 depending on how fussy one is Note the planar compression works much better than the rgb based compression Image details and Haase eeamsle RLE on RGB RLE on Planes quantisation level 8 P KBytes KBytes 197 197 oO a J S D 190 195 1 none 173 8 140 loa O 4 119 142 106 127 88
145. eferencable Yes Description A cylinder may have either top or bottom caps and may have attributes assigned to the entire geometry to the face cap the bottom cap or the top cap The default parametrization is shown in the diagram Data structure Vector3D orientation Vector3D majorRadius Vector3D minorRadius Point3D origin For 0 sized objects default is 1 0 0 orientation O 1 0 majorAxis 00 1 minorAxis 0 0 0 origin Text samples Cylinder Cylinder 2 0 0 O11 ON OW QO Container Cylinder Caps Bottom Top Container BottomCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 010 Container FaceCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 101 Container TopCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Disk Full name Shared Shape Geometry Disk Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type disk Ascii type Disk Binary size 0 or 36 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description This is an elliptical disk at the given origin with two vectors specifying the dimensions The default parametrization is shown in the diagram Data structure Vector3D majorRadius Vector3D minorRadius Point3D origin For 0 sized objects default is 1 0 0 majorRadius O 1 0 minorRadius
146. efined by the voltage on pin 7 This conductor may or may not be connected to protective ground inside the DCE device The existence of a defined ground potential within the cable makes the EIA232 standard different from a balanced differential voltage standard such as ELA530 which provides far greater noise immunity Primary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 2 Transmitted Data TxD This signal is active when data is transmitted from the DTE device to the DCE device When no data is transmitted the signal is held in the mark condition logic 1 negative voltage NOTE Pin 2 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Received Data although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Transmitted Data because the data is thought to be destined for a remote DTE device Pin 3 Received Data RxD This signal is active when the DTE device receives data from the DCE device When no data is transmitted the signal is held in the mark condition logic 1 negative voltage NOTE Pin 3 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Transmitted Data although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Received Data because the data is thought to arrive from a remote DTE device Pin 4 Request to Send RTS This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage to prepare the DCE device for accepting transmitted data from the DTE device Such preparation might include enabling the receive circuits or se
147. eive buffer while bit 2 is responsible for the transmit buffer Setting these bits to 1 will only clear the contents of the FIFO and will not affect the shift registers These two bits are self resetting thus you don t need to set the bits to 0 when finished Bit 3 enables the DMA mode select which is found on 16550 UARTs and higher More on this later Bits 4 and 5 are those easy type again Reserved Bits 6 and 7 are used to set the triggering level on the Receive FIFO For example if bit 7 was set to 1 and bit 6 was set to 0 then the trigger level is set to 8 bytes When there is 8 bytes of data in the receive FIFO then the Received Data Available interrupt is set See IIR Line Control Register LCR Bit 7 1 Divisor Latch Access Bit 0 Access to Receiver buffer Transmitter buffer amp Interrupt Enable Se break Ee Bit Bit6 Set Set Break Enable 0 OW i is s zr Enable t lParity Select m hoa cae ee ae 1 p Parity Sticky 1 1 Low Parity Sticky Bit 2 Length of Stop Bit 0 One Stop Bit 1 2 Stop bits for words of length UL ae 6 7 or 8 bits or 1 5 Stop Bits for Word lengths of 5 bits ke Ea 6 Bits 0 7 Bits TBs eS ee EG Te Table 10 Line Control Register The Line Control register sets the basic parameters for communication Bit 7 is the Divisor Latch Access Bit or DLAB for short We have already talked about what it does See
148. eive only half duplex operation and similar variations are described Unfortunately connection to DCE devices other than modems is not considered Because many current serial interface applications involve direct device to device connections manufacturers do not have a standard reference when producing printers plotters print spoolers or other common peripherals Consequently you must acquire the service manual for each peripheral device purchased to determine exactly which signals are utilized in its serial interface END Return to TOC SDTP PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol Description Protocol suite PPP Type PPP network layer protocol PPP protocol 0x0049 Working groups pppext Point to Point Protocol Extensions Serial Data Transport Protocol SDTP is used for synchronous serial data compression over a PPP link Before any SDTP packets may be communicated PPP must reach the Network Layer Protocol phase and the SDTP Control Protocol must reach the Opened state The maximum length of the SDTP datagram transmitted over a PPP link is limited only by the negotiated Maximum Frame Size and the maximum length of the Information field of a PPP encapsulated packet Note that if compression is used on the PPP link this the maximum length of the SDTP datagram may be larger or smaller than the maximum length of the Information field of a PPP encapsulated packet depending on the particular compression algorithm and protocol used
149. eld Ppa Mode Sec Received Line Transmitter Sgnal Timing 13 Signal Detect N eS A DTE Source 12048 ws 3 unassigned y ii l reserved for testing tT ie oa o l pe Ring Indicator L 21 yr Remote Loopback Received Line ma ore 20 8 DTE Ready Signal Det ect eL l 19i Sec Request to Send e x l l Data Signa Rate Sdector E a g reserved for testing sso Signal Ground 6 DCE Ready lt lt 1S Local Loopback 5 17 Clear to Send Receiver Signal Timing J j J DCE Source 1 4 Request to Send 4 16 3 K N Received Data Received Data Pai DN AS Transmitter Sgnal Timing 4 Transmitted Data aw Ne DCE Source Shield Sec Transmitted Data DB9 Male Shidd Signal Ground 9 as _ Ring Indicator 9 DTE Ready wf 4 3 Clear to Send Transmitted Data i 2 7 Received Data 2 Request to Send 1 6 Received Line Signa Detect Pii w DCE Ready l Received by DTE Device OB Transmitted from DTE Device Copyright 1993 1997 CAMI Research Inc This shows the full EIA232 signal definition for the DCE device usually the modem The most commonly used signals are shown in bold back to Pin Assignments description Looking Into the DCE Device Connector Shield Received Data tl 2 DB25 Female Sec Received Data 14 Transmitter Signal Timing Dy DT Source Transmitted Data 15 bee A uN Sec Transmitted Data Clear to Send ny
150. els tall 100 200 translate 32 38 scale 32 38 8 32 0 0 38 0 38 lt 1dfb0023fb002afb0031f 0037f 003ffb00 66fb006c b0073 b0079Fb0081 b0086 b00 adfb00b5fb00bbfb00c3fb00c8fb00cffb00 23 5002af50031 50037 5003 50044 500 i CUE 28 3807003 08004508004c0800520800590800 8108008608008d07009308009a0700a20800 c90800d00800d60800dd0800e40700ea0700 gt false 3 colorimage What is EPS EPS Encapsulated PostScript is normal postscript with a few restrictions and a few comments in a specified format that provides more information about the postscript that follows It was design to make it easier for applications to include postscript generated elsewhere within their own pages The full specification can be obtained from Adobe but in order to make a postscript file DSC Adobe s Document Structuring Convention compliant the following must be true There shouldn t be a showpage since EPS is designed to be included inside other documents a showpage would obviously ruin the intended effect In reality most programs that import EPS redefine showpage so that if it does exist it doesn t cause problems a common definition is showpage def The file should consist of just one page The first line of the file should be PS Adobe EPSF 3 0 There must be a correctly formed BoundingBox comment this looks like BoundingBox xmin ymin xmax ymax and tells application that plans to include the postscript how large
151. ems etc These type of units need enough voltage amp current to power them self s up Typical URART the RS 232 I O chip allows up to 50ma per output pin so if the device needs 70ma to run we would need to use at least 2 pins for power Some devices are very efficient and only require one pin some times the Transmit or DTR pin to be high in the SPACE state while idle An RS 232 port can supply only limited power to another device The number of output lines the type of interface driver IC and the state of the output lines are important considerations The types of driver ICs used in serial ports can be divided into three general categories Drivers which require plus and minus voltage power supplies such as the 1488 series of interface integrated circuits Most desktop and tower PCs use this type of driver Low power drivers which require one 5 volt power supply This type of driver has an internal charge pump for voltage conversion Many industrial microprocessor controls use this type of driver Low voltage 3 3 v and low power drivers which meet the EIA 562 Standard Used on notebooks and laptops Data is transmitted and received on pins 2 and 3 respectively Data Set Ready DSR is an indication from the Data Set i e the modem or DSU CSU that it is on Similarly DTR indicates to the Data Set that the DTE is on Data Carrier Detect DCD indicates that a good carrier is being received from the remote m
152. ent path so that it can be reinstated with grestore Text Text is perhaps the most sophisticated and powerful aspect of postscript as such only a fraction of its capabilities will be discussed here One of the nice things is that the way characters are placed on the page is no different to any other graphic The interpreter creates a path for the character and it is then either stroked or filled as per usual Times Roman findfont 12 scalefont setfont newpath Example 3 100 200 moveto Example 3 show As might be expected the position 100 200 above specifies the position of the bottom left corner of the text string The first three lines in the above example are housekeeping that needs to be done the first time a font is used By default the font size is 1 point scalefont then sets the font size in units of points 1 72 inch The brackets around the words Example 3 indicate that it is a string A slightly modified version of the above uses charpath to treat the characters in the string as a path which can be stroked or filled Times Roman findfont 32 scalefont setfont 100 200 translate 45 rotate 2 1 scale newpath 0 0 moveto Example 4 true charpath 0 5 setlinewidth 0 4 setgray stroke gn oy ANE fr Vy j m LY Ey ENA _ oe G ily Pee ad oS I b AX ZI AS y You should make sure you understand the order of the operators above and the resulting orientation and scale of the text procedura
153. ents provides a means of resolving references within a file The nextTOC file pointer points to the next table of contents in the file or is NULL if no other table of contents exists The reference seed indicates the next available reference id available for reference objects It is an unsigned positive number that is incremented with each addtional reference in a file It is always one more than the maximum reference seed in a file The type seed indicates the next available type ID available for type objects It is a negative number that is decremented with each additional type in a file It is always one less than the minimum type seed in a file The tocEntryType and tocEntrySize are a set of paired values which indicate the size and type of information stored in a tocEntry The tocEntries are sorted by reference ID in increasing order to allow fast searching of the table of contents Data structure FilePointer nextTOC Uns32 refSeed Int32 typeSeed Uns32 tocEntryType Uns32 tocEntrySize Uns32 nEntries TOCEntry tocEntries refSeed gt 0 typeSeed lt 0 tocEntryType 0 or 1 tocEntrySize 12 or 16 based upon tocEntryType the TOCEntry structure is tocEntryType 0 tocEntrySize 12 is Uns32 refID FilePointer objLocation tocEntryType 1 tocEntrySize 16 is Uns32 refID FilePointer objLocation ObjectType objType Text samples 3DMetafile T 0 Normal toc gt box23 Mesh 45 nVertices Reference
154. ere impossible to envision in the 1960s Today virtually all contemporary serial interfaces are E A232 like in their signal voltages protocols and connectors whether or not a modem is involved Because no single simplified standard was agreed upon however many slightly different protocols and cables were created that obligingly mate with any EIA232 connector but are incompatible with each other Most of the difficulties you will encounter in EIA232 interfacing include at least one of the following 1 The absence or misconnection of flow control handshaking signals resulting in buffer overflow or communications lock up 2 Incorrect communications function DTE versus DCE for the cable in use resulting in the reversal of the Transmit and Receive data lines as well as one or more handshaking lines 3 Incorrect connector gender or pin configuration preventing cable connectors from mating properly Fortunately E A232 driver circuitry is highly tolerant of misconnections and will usually survive a drive signal being connected to ground or two drive signals connected to each other In any case if the serial interface between two devices is not operating correctly disconnect the cable joining this equipment until the problem is isolated Pin Assignments Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Go to DTE Pinout looking into the computer s serial connector Go to DCE Pinout looking into the modem s serial connector If the fu
155. erted logic 0 positive voltage the modem redirects its modulated output signal which is normally fed into the telephone line back into its receive circuitry This enables data generated by the DTE to be echoed back through the local modem to check the condition of the modem circuitry The modem asserts its Test Mode signal on Pin 25 to acknowledge that it has been placed in local loopback condition Pin 21 Remote Loopback RL This signal is generated by the DTE device and is used to place the remote modem into a test state When Remote Loopback is asserted logic 0 positive voltage the remote modem redirects its received data back to its transmitted data input thereby remodulating the received data and returning it to its source When the DTE initiates such a test transmitted data is passed through the local modem the telephone line the remote modem and back to exercise the channel and confirm its integrity The remote modem signals the local modem to assert Test Mode on pin 25 when the remote loopback test is underway Pin 25 Test Mode TM This signal is relevant only when the DCE device is a modem When asserted logic 0 positive voltage it indicates that the modem is in a Local Loopback or Remote Loopback condition Other internal self test conditions may also cause Test Mode to be asserted and depend on the modem and the network to which it is attached Electrical Standards Next Topic Previous Topic TOC
156. f Contents location is NULL the entire file must be parsed to find a Table Of Contents Data structure Uns16 majorVersion Uns16 minorVersion MetafileFlags flags FilePointer tocLocation As of this release majorVersion 0 minorVersion 8 The final release of the metafile will be majorVersion 1 minorVersion 0 MetafileFlags bitfield is Binary Text 0x00000000 Normal 0x00000001 Stream 0x00000002 Database Text samples 3DMetafile 1 0 version Normal toc gt toc TableOfContents Begin Group Full name 3DMF BeginGroup Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type bgng Ascii type BeginGroup Binary size sizes of contained objects 8 number of child objects Parent Objects special Format Data Format Subobjects Inherited No Referencable No Description The begin group object is used similarly to the container object except it is used as the starting delimiter for a group This allows a naive parser to traverse a metafile without special casing the many types of groups that appear in the metafile spec It also allows for a single mechanism that is used to declare a group Please note that all objects of type group MUST be contained in a begin group to allow them to be identified as starting a group Data structure Text samples BeginGroup DisplayGroup Triangle 001000010 Translate 12 3 Sphere EndGroup BeginGroup OrderedD
157. f data is a subobject only to objects of type display group It affects how a display group is traversed These flags allow any display group to have the following characteristics To have invisible objects in a scene which may act as user interface items or may aid in bounding complex geometries To have non user interface items which may serve only as decoration and should not be picked To have a group of shaders attributes which affects the state as an inline group so it may be instantiated and inherited in many parts of a hierarchy Data structure DisplayGroupStateFlags traversalFlags DisplayGroupStateFlags is Binary Text 0x00000000 None 0x00000001 Inline 0x00000002 DoNotDraw 0x00000004 NoBoundingBox 0x00000008 NoBoundingSphere 0x00000010 DoNotPick default is Binary Text 0x00000000 None Text samples to pick a chess piece by a box around it BeginGroup DisplayGroup PickIDStyle 1 BeginGroup DisplayGroup DisplayGroupState DoNotDraw Scale 242 Box EndGroup Container DisplayGroup DisplayGroupState DoNotPick Mesh chess piece 56 nVertices 0 2 0 3 0 5 EndGroup EndGroup General Polygon Hint Full name Data GeneralPolygonHint Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type gplh Ascii type GeneralPolygonHint Binary size 4 Parent Objects ALWAYS GeneralPolygon Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No
158. ft Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 9 pin DCE computer modem im Match Data Wiring Display aj lana a 1 3 pe 2a Socket L DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye 5 DB25 to DB9 Adapter pin 1 connected to shield Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic This adapter has the same wiring as the previous cable 4 except that pin th 1 is wired to the connector shell shield Note that the cable s shield is usually a foil blanket surrounding all conductors running the length of the 84K cable and joining the connector shells Pin 1 of the EIA232 specification called out as shield may be separate from the earth ground usually associated with the connector shells Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 9 pin DCE computer modem imi Match Data Wiring Display S elel Ut ela Socket L DB25 Female SH 1 E 5 D J Cable image created by CableEye 6 DB9 to DB25 Adapter Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Signals on the DB9 DTE side are directly mapped to the DB25 th assignments for a DTE device Use this to adapt a 9 pin COM connector on the back of a computer to mate with a 25 pin serial DCE devices such 80K as a modem This adapter may also be in the form of a cable Left Side Connect to 9 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DCE computer modem imi Match Data Wiring Display x Socket L Socket R DBY Female DB25 Male
159. hading generally occurs with the following values 0 surfaceUV 1 0 surfaceUV 1 Text samples Container Mesh Container VertexAttributeSetList 200 Include 4 10 21 22 11 Container AttributeSet SurfaceUV 0 0 Container AttributeSet SurfaceUV 0 1 Container AttributeSet SurfaceUV 1 1 Container AttributeSet SurfaceUV 1 0 Transparency Color Full name Element Attribute TransparencyColor Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type kxpr Ascii type TransparencyColor Binary size 12 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The transparency color indicates the degree of light allowed to pass though the various channels r g b of a surface A color of 1 1 1 indicates complete transparency meaning 100 of the light behind an object is allowed to pass through a color of 0 0 0 indicates complete opacity meaning no light passes through an object Data structure ColorRGB transparency Text samples Container Polygon Container AttributeSet TransparencyColor 10 0 Generic Renderer Full name Shared Renderer GenericRenderer Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Renderer Binary type gnrr Ascii type GenericRenderer Binary size 0 Parent Objects SOMETIMES ViewHints Format No Data Subobjec
160. hat of the 8250 UART 16450 Used in AT s Improved bus speed over 8250 s Operates comfortably at 38 4KBPS Still quite common today 16550 This was the first generation of buffered UART It has a 16 byte buffer however it doesn t work and is replaced with the 16550A 16550A_ Is the most common UART use for high speed communications eg 14 4K amp 28 8K Modems They made sure the FIFO buffers worked on this UART 16650 Very recent breed of UART Contains a 32 byte FIFO Programmable X On X Off characters and supports power management 16750 Produced by Texas Instruments Contains a 64 byte FIFO Part Two Serial Port s Registers PC s Port Addresses amp IRQ s 3F8 2F8 3E8 2E8 Table 3 Standard Port Addresses Above is the standard port addresses These should work for most P C s If you just happen to be lucky enough to own a IBM P S2 which has a micro channel bus then expect a different set of addresses and IRQ s Just like the LPT ports the base addresses for the COM ports can be read from the BIOS Data Area 0000 0400 COM s Base Address 0000 0402 COM s Base Address 0000 0404 COM3 s Base Address 0000 0406 COM4 s Base Address Table 4 COM Port Addresses in the BIOS Data Area The above table shows the address at which we can find the Communications COM ports addresses in the BIOS Data Area Each address will take up 2 bytes The following sample program in C shows how
161. he Clear to Send pin 5 on the SAME side self connect and the Carrier Detect pin 8 on the other side The other handshaking signals are employed in a conventional manner 84K Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display Ta Pare oe oy ited wel Kad Bai ESA sit ejo Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 13 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the Clear to Send pin 5 and the DCE Ready pin 6 on the other side Request to Send pin 4 on one side asserts Received Line Signal Detect pin 8 on the other side Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer imi Match Data Wiring Display Sole slr oft Of Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 14 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female ca
162. high frequency component of the data signal is lost as the cable gets longer resulting ina rounded rather than square wave signal The maxim distance will depend on the speed and noise level around the cable run On longer runs a line driver is needed This is a simple modem used to increase the maxim distance you can run RS 232 data Making sense of the specifications Selecting data cable isn t difficult but often gets lost in the shuffle of larger system issues Care should be taken however because intermittent problems caused by marginal cable can be very difficult to troubleshoot Beyond the obvious traits such as number of conductors and wire gauge cable specifications include a handful of less intuitive terms Characteristic Impedance Ohms A value based on the inherent conductance resistance capacitance and inductance of a cable that represents the impedance of an infinitely long cable When the cable is out to any length and terminated with this Characteristic Impedance measurements of the cable will be identical to values obtained from the infinite length cable That is to say that the termination of the cable with this impedance gives the cable the appearance of being infinite length allowing no reflections of the transmitted signal If termination is required in a system the termination impedance value should match the Characteristic Impedance of the cable Shunt Capacitance pF ft The amount of equivalent capacitive
163. i type Box Binary size 0 or 48 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 FaceAttributeSetList optional nObjects 6 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description This is a rectangular parallelepiped A size of zero indicates the default values helpful in instantiating a unit cube The Face Attribute Set List subobject assigns color to the following faces Face orientation at origin orientation Face orientation at origin Face majorAxis at origin majorAxis Face majorAxis at origin Face minorAxis at origin minorAxis Face minorAxis at origin Basically the faces perpendicular to the orientation direction are assigned first then the majorAxis then the minorAxis Data structure Vector3D orientation Vector3D majorAxis Vector3D minorAxis Point3D origin For 0 sized objects default is 1 0 0 orientation O 1 0 majorAxis 0 0 1 minorAxis 00 0 origin Text samples Box Box 2 0 1 3 0 OC 0 2 0 Container Box Container FaceAttributeSetList 6 Exclude 0 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 100 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 011 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 010 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 101 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 001 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Cone Full name Shared Sh
164. icially made to appear asserted by the use of self connects on each side of the cable for example between pins 4 and 5 Without hardware handshaking you risk buffer overflow at one or both ends of the transmission unless STX and ETX commands are inserted in the dataflow by software Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display S felis slt ola ra Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH nun ton 1 2 E D sJ oO Cable image created by CableEye 10 DB25 Null Modem standard handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K The cable shown below is intended for EIA232 asynchronous communications most PC based systems If you are using synchronous communications the null modem will have additional connections for timing signals not shown here NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the DCE Ready pin 6 and the Request to Send pin 5 on the other side Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data
165. ignal tester in an EIA232 circuit to view signal states the signal voltage may drop in magnitude to very near the minimum values of amp shyp 3v for logic l and 3v for logic 0 Also note that some inexpensive EJA232 peripherals are powered directly from the signal lines to avoid using a power supply of their own Although this usually works without problems keep the cable short and be aware that noise immunity will be reduced Short Circuit Tolerance The generator is designed to withstand an open circuit unconnected condition or short circuit condition between its signal conductor and any other signal conductor including ground without sustaining damage to itself or causing damage to any associated circuitry The receiver is also designed to accept any signal voltage within the range of 25 volts without sustaining damage CAUTION Inductive loads or magnetically induced voltages resulting from long cables may cause the received voltage to exceed the 25 volt range momentarily during turn on transients or other abnormal conditions possibly causing damage to the generator receiver or both Keep the cable length as short as possible and avoid running the cable near high current switching loads like electric motors or relays Fail Safe Signals Four signals are intended to be fail safe in that during power off or cable disconnected conditions they default to logic 1 negative voltage They are Request to Send Defa
166. ique should work for images of any size Paper sizes Paper Size Dimension in points Comm 10 Envelope 297 x 684 C5 Envelope 461 x 648 DL Envelope 312 x 624 Folio 595 x 935 Executive 522 x 756 Letter 612 x 792 Legal 612 x 1008 Ledger 1224 x 792 Tabloid 792 x 1224 AO 2384 x 3370 Al 1684 x 2384 A2 1191 x 1684 A3 842 x 1191 A4 595 x 842 A5 420 x 595 A6 297 x 420 A7 210 x 297 A8 148 x 210 AQ 105 x 148 BO 2920 x 4127 B1 2064 x 2920 B2 1460 x 2064 B3 1032 x 1460 B4 729 x 1032 B5 516 x 729 B6 363 x 516 B7 258 x 363 B8 181 x 258 B9 127 x 181 B10 OL T27 QD3D Apple QuickTime 3D Meta file format Converted by Paul Bourke Metafile Header Full name 3DMF 3DMetafile Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type 3DMF Ascii type 3DMetafile Binary size 16 Parent Objects none Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The metafile header is the first object to appear in any metafile Metafile versions of 1 x are expected to maintain some degree of compatibility Flags indicate to a general degree of how the file is structured or should be read A database file indicates that the metafile is a library and all objects that are shared appear in the table of contents A stream file indicates that no references exist in the metafile so that a parsing program may discard encountered data when it is through with it If the toc location Table o
167. isplayGroup DisplayGroupState DoNotDraw Triangle 001000010 Translate 1 2 3 Sphere EndGroup BeginGroup InfoGroup CString Copyright c 1995 EndGroup Container Full name 3DMF Container Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type cntr Ascii type Container Binary size sizes of contained objects 8 number of child objects Parent Objects special Format Data Format Subobjects special Inherited No Referencable No Description Used to bind objects together to form a single object Container objects always contain other objects The first object in the container is called the root object and sets the scope of the remaining objects in the container called subobjects In general the root object instantiates the object with its default values and subobjects append information to the original root object There is one exception to these encapsulation rules which is group objects Although group objects contain a list of other objects they are delimited with another 3DMF object the end group object Data structure Text samples Container Box Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 101 End Group Full name 3DMF EndGroup Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy 3DMF Binary type endg Ascii type EndGroup Binary size 0 Parent Objects none Format No Data Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description
168. it parity stop bit s gt Figure 24 RS 232 Frame 1 start bit 7 data bits 1 parity bits and 2 stop bits Most of the bits in a frame are self explanatory The start bit is used to signal the beginning of a frame and the stop bit is used to signal the end of a frame The only bit that probably needs a bit of explanation is the parity bit Parity is used to detect transmission errors For even parity checking the number of 1 s in the data plus the parity bit must equal an even number For odd parity this sum must be an odd number Parity bits are used to detect errors in transmitted data Before sending out a frame the transmitter sets the parity bit so that the frame has either even or odd parity The receiver and transmitter have already agreed upon which type of parity check even or odd is being used When the frame is received then the receiver checks the parity of the received frame If the parity is wrong then the receiver knows an error occurred in transmission and the receiver can request that the transmitter re send the frame In cases where the probability of error is extremely small then it is customary to ignore the parity bit For communication between the MicroStamp11 and the host computer this is usually the case and so we ignore the parity bit The bit time is the basic unit of time used in serial communication It is the time between each bit The transmitter outputs a bit waits one bit time and then outputs
169. ithmetic data is transmitted least significant byte first little endian Protocol Elements The elementary units of the protocol are Packet structure The packet has the following structure Meaning o fr Packet type Packet subtype sequence 2 2 Length of data a variable Data or lt checksum Data packets that are sent in responce to a single command are numbered starting from zero If all requested data fits in one packet it has type 0x03 and sequence 0 Command packet has subtype 0x43 or 0x53 Only the first command packet in a session has subtype 0x53 Maximum length of data field in a packet is 2048 bytes which yields in 2054 total packet length Checksum is a simple 16 bit arithmetic sum of all bytes in the data field As already mentioned above length and checksum values are transmitted least significant byte first Flow of Control A communication session flow is as follows Host Camera Port speed set to 19200 baud Host sends init byte 0x00 Camera responds with signature 0x15 Host sends command packet with subtype 0x53 and set speed command Camera sends ACK 0x06 Port speed set to the new value Host sends command Camera responds with either ACK plus optionally action taken notifier or data packet sequence Host sends ACK to every data packet Command reply cycle repeated Camera sends Oxff and resets after a few seconds value is m
170. l lt then delta hut fi gt l l a A j i Recommended Download Tuesda JQ I W OYU 1 Registry Mechanic gt Novembx k 4th 200 Universal Serial Bus Embedded Internet Legacy Ports Device Drivers Miscellaneous Interfacing the Serial RS232 Port The Serial Port is harder to interface than the Parallel Port In most cases any device you connect to the serial port will need the serial transmission converted back to parallel so that it can be used This can be done using a UART On the software side of things there are many more registers that you have to attend to than on a Standard Parallel Port SPP So what are the advantages of using serial data transfer rather than parallel 1 Serial Cables can be longer than Parallel cables The serial port transmits a 1 as 3 to 25 volts and a 0 as 3 to 25 volts where as a parallel port transmits a 0 as Ov and a l as 5v Therefore the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to the parallel port which has a maximum swing of 5 Volts Therefore cable loss is not going to be as much of a problem for serial cables than they are for parallel 2 You don t need as many wires than parallel transmission If your device needs to be mounted a far distance away from the computer then 3 core cable Null Modem Configuration is going to be a lot cheaper that running 19 or 25 core cable However you must take into account the cost of the interfacing at each end 3 I
171. l Definitions Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Signal functions in the EI A232 standard can be subdivided into six categories These categories are summarized below after which each signal described 1 Signal ground and shield 2 Primary communications channel This is used for data interchange and includes flow control signals 3 Secondary communications channel When implemented this is used for control of the remote modem requests for retransmission when errors occur and governance over the setup of the primary channel 4 Modem status and control signals These signals indicate modem status and provide intermediate checkpoints as the telephone voice channel is established 5 Transmitter and receiver timing signals If a synchronous protocol is used these signals provide timing information for the transmitter and receiver which may operate at different baud rates 6 Channel test signals Before data is exchanged the channel may be tested for its integrity and the baud rate automatically adjusted to the maximum rate that the channel can support Signal Ground and Shield Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 7 Pin 1 and the shell are included in this category Cables provide separate paths for each but internal wiring often connects pin and the cable shell shield to signal ground on pin 7 Pin 7 Ground All signals are referenced to a common ground as defined by the voltage on pin 7 This conductor may o
172. l be happy with combs of pulses at 38 4kHz since they are designed round R C filters and diode pumps at least conceptually though most use one integrated device I can achieve this by transmitting suitable characters at 115200 baud out of any serial port so long as there are no gaps between characters The precise pattern for a comb is the character value Oxdb at 115k2 8 e 2 Ox5b at 115k2 7 n 1 would also be possible but would require data to be loaded into the uart more frequently There is sufficient tolerance in most receivers to cope with the effective 4 pulse granularity or 3 pulse if 7 n 1 in the comb The next assumption I make is that out of frequency band pulses will be rejected by the receiver so if I transmit Oxfe still at 115k2 8 e 2 this will look like silence to the receiver So that s the transmission part covered by sending correctly sized groups of characters with values 0xdb and Oxfe I can effectively construct an infrared stream which looks like it came from a real remote control from the receiver s point of view so long as I keep the uart continuously stuffed with data The timing is derived from the uart not the raw speed of the PC or other host device and it is fairly easy to keep up Sampling works as follows Using the very simple hardware described below or your own equivalent doesn t need to be a handshake line could be a joystick or printer input for example I transmit a junk character Oxff a
173. le memory left S o N 5 09 N JEJEJE r aan on Go S DINIS 5 e 09 N mas par Bp S e o Go Go NIN lt QO fes D Upload image data to this register LED 0 Off 1 On 2 Blink Unknown 0 ut magic spell OxXOFECOOOE here before uploading image data T ocus mode Macro 2 Normal 3 Infinity fisheye Operation mode 1 Off 2 Record 3 Play 6 Thumbnail LCD brightness 1 to 7 Unknown 3 Unknown 0 LCD autoshut timer seconds Bp e oa e w Go NIN Protection state of current frame True No of frames taken Nn gt AJA A YR YTB YG laala aa aa POPOTNOINENMTNOPNOTN TN ITN A NTR OPoOLoOyNy Any AISAN R SOO ON ATA ASN et vda vdata R j za 09 o N vdat vdat pee vdatal R all ETE E T EEr Er v z lt Q iil HIS LCD date format 1 YY MM DD 2 DD MM HH Unknown Audio data description block 0 expanded wav length 1 compressed wav length 3 Unknown 0 4 Unknown 0 5 Unknown 0 6 Unknown 0 7 Unknown 0 Unknown Camera summary data 32 bytes with copies of 8 other registers Reg 1 Resolution Reg 35 LCD brightness or Reg 7 Flash mode Reg 10 Frames taken or Unknown Unknown 0 or Unknown Unknown 0 or Reg 16 Battery capacity Unknown 0 or Reg 10 Frames taken Unknown 0 or Reg 11 Frames left N
174. le of the same name it overlaps with this file but you would be expected to have both This html file REMOTE HTM and README TXT are expected to evolve as I find problems develop the idea further and hopefully if and as I get feedback Create a shortcut to MANYBUTT EXE on your desktop for convenience You can also create one for WINSAMP EXE if you prefer to access it this way rather than from dos prompt but if you want to see what s going on it would be best if you make sure by tweaking properties if necessary that it runs Full Screen Remember that if you want to run it on anything other than COM2 you ll need to edit the command line to WINSAMP EXE Cx You can actually look at and fiddle with the software without having any sample playback hardware If you already built the IR Thingy from the Furby page you re half way there hardware wise and if you managed to get the Furby stuff working there s a very good chance this will work too What I suggest is you save this page or print it out get the software and read the readme file maybe have a look at the programs then decide whether or not you can be bothered to build the hardware If you get that far then go to dos prompt and run WINSAMP EXE using appropriate COM port selection and start trying to sample remotes If that seems to function then use MANYBUTT EXE from the desktop it s a lot more convenient in the long run Note that only COM1 COM4 are supported by WINSAMP EXE and th
175. lear to Send Received Data 3 8 DTE Ready 4 i Request to Send 9 5 Signal Ground 7 Ring Indicator Shidd Received by DTE Device O Transmitted from DTE Device Copyright 1993 2003 CAMI Research Inc Many of the 22 signal lines in the EIA232 standard pertain to connections where the DCE device is a modem and then are used only when the software protocol employs them For any DCE device that is not a modem or when two DTE devices are directly linked far fewer signal lines are necessary You may have noticed in the pinout drawings that there is a secondary channel which includes a duplicate set of flow control signals This secondary channel provides for management of the remote modem enabling baud rates to be changed on the fly retransmission to be requested if a parity error is detected and other control functions This secondary channel when used is typically set to operate at a very low baud rate in comparison with the primary channel to ensure reliability in the control path In addition it may operate as either a simplex half duplex or full duplex channel depending on the capabilities of the modem Transmitter and receiver timing signals pins 15 17 and 24 are used only for a synchronous transmission protocol For the standard asynchronous 8 bit protocol external timing signals are unnecessary IMPORTANT Signal names that imply a direction such as Transmit Data and Receive Data are named from
176. link This first edition of PPP SDTP SDCP covers HDLC like synchronous serial data and asynchronous serial data It does this by using a terminal adaption header based on that of ITU T Recommendation V 120 Support may be added in the future for other synchronous protocols as the marketplace demands The V 120 terminal adaption header allows transported data frames to be split over several packets supports the transport of DTE port idle and error information and optionally supports the transport of DTE control state information In addition to the V 120 Header fields can be added to the packet format through negotiation to provide support for features not included in the V 120 header The extra fields are a Length Field which is used to distinguish packets in compound frames and a Port field which is used to provide multi port multiplexing capability The protocol also allows reserved bits in the V 120 header to be used to transport non octet aligned frames and to provide a flow control mechanism To provide these features PPP SDTP permits a single frame format to be selected from several possible formats by using PPP SDCP negotiation The terminal adaption header can be either fixed length or variable length to allow either simplicity or flexibility The default frame format places the terminal adaption header at the end of the packet This permits optimal transmitter timelines when user frames are segmented and compression is also used
177. ll E A232 standard is implemented as defined the equipment at the far end of the connection is named the DTE device Data Terminal Equipment usually a computer or terminal has a male DB25 connector and utilizes 22 of the 25 available pins for signals or ground Equipment at the near end of the connection the telephone line interface is named the DCE device Data Circuit terminating Equipment usually a modem has a female DB25 connector and utilizes the same 22 available pins for signals and ground The cable linking DTE and DCE devices is a parallel straight through cable with no cross overs or self connects in the connector hoods If all devices exactly followed this standard all cables would be identical and there would be no chance that an incorrectly wired cable could be used This drawing shows the orientation and connector types for DTE and DCE devices Computer oi Telephone Line Male DB2S Female DB2S Interface Cable DTE DCE Daa Daa Terminal Grcuitt aminating Equipment Equipment EIA232 communication function and connector types for a personal computer and modem DCE devices are sometimes called Data Communications Equipment instead of Data Circuit terminating Equipment Here is the full EIA232 signal definition for the DTE device usually the PC The most commonly used signals are shown in bold back to Pin Assignments description Looking Into the DTE Device Connector DB25 Male Sec Clea to Send Shi
178. lly it draws the text scale the y axis by a factor of 2 rotate counter clockwise about the origin finally translate the coordinate system to 100 200 Colour For those with colour LaserWriters the main instruction of interest that replaces the setgray is previous examples is setrgbcolor It requires 3 arguments the red green blue components of the colour each varying from 0 to 1 newpath 100 100 moveto 0 100 rlineto 100 0 rlineto 0 100 rlineto 100 0 rlineto closepath gsave 0 5 1 0 5 setrgbcolor fill grestore 1 0 0 setrgbcolor 4 setlinewidth stroke Programming As mentioned in the introduction postscript is a programming language The extend of this language will not be covered here except to show some examples of procedures that can be useful to simplify postscript generation and make postscript files smaller Lets assume one needed to draw lots of squares with no border but filled with a particular colour One could create the path repeatedly for each one alternatively one could define something like the following csquare newpath 0 0 moveto 0 1 rlineto 1 0 rlineto 0 1 rlineto closepath setrgbcolor fill def 20 20 scale E E 5 5 translate 1 0 0 csquare bh lo translate 0 1 0 csquare bh O translate 0 0 1 csquare This procedure draws three coloured squares next to each other each 20 72 inches square note the scale of 20 on the coordinate system The procedure dr
179. maps which alter the color on a geometric surface Surface UVs are generally used for trimming Data structure Param2D shadingUV Any UV parametrization is allowed however shading generally occurs with the following values 0 shadingUV u 1 0 shadingUV v 1 Text samples Container AttributeSet ShadingUv 0 0 Specular Color Full name Element Attribute SpecularColor Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type kspc Ascii type SpecularColor Binary size 12 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The specular color indicates the color of specular highlights on a surface Data structure ColorRGB specularColor Text samples Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 1 0 1 0 1 near black SpecularColor 111 white Sphere On E E 0 1 0 0 HOOD Specular Control Full name Element Attribute SpecularControl Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Element Attribute Binary type cspc Ascii type SpecularControl Binary size 4 Parent Objects ALWAYS AttributeSet Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The specular control attribute indicates the power to which the specular component of lighting computations is raised Data structure Float32 specularControl 0 specularControl Text samples Container
180. matic for the hardware I use This has been updated on 26th August 2002 to include the diode explained below If you built yours before this date and you think your LED might be glowing slightly in an IR sense when it should be off you should consider adding the diode even if everything seems to work fine It may give you improved performance You can check to see if you have the problem using a video camera or by measuring the current through the LED in the idle state don t bother changing it if you don t see the problem Having said that it only hit me when I started playing with substitute transistors which were intended to be near equivalents 2S5PIN SERIAL PORT CONNECTOR PINe 1N4081 OR OTHER 4K7 RESISTOR RTS DIODE I 1 1 1 1 I NPN BC1 7 1 1 I I 1 1 DETECTOR CIRCUIT 1 GND TANSMITTER CIRCUIT There are really two separate circuits and it would be ok just to build the receiver section for sampling and use the IRDA port for transmission The receiver section takes the power it needs from handshake lines so no external source required in this configuration The receiver range is only a couple of cm so the remote has to be close to work but there is no particular reason why a proper circuit shouldn t be built which would operate over several metres and indeed software could be written to let the PC decode the signal properly though it would be a non starter as a mouse substitut
181. may occur due to a timing error You will most commonly encounter a framing error when using a null modem linking two computers or a protocol analyzer when the speed at which the data is being sent is different to that of what you have the UART set to receive it at A overrun error normally occurs when your program can t read from the port fast enough If you don t get an incoming byte out of the register fast enough and another byte just happens to be received then the last byte will be lost and a overrun error will result Bit 0 shows data ready which means that a byte has been received by the UART and is at the receiver buffer ready to be read Modem Status Register MSR Bit5 Data Set Ready Bit4 Clear To Send Table 13 Modem Status Register Bit 0 of the modem status register shows delta clear to send delta meaning a change in thus delta clear to send means that there was a change in the clear to send line since the last read of this register This is the same for bits 1 and 3 Bit 1 shows a change in the Data Set Ready line where as Bit 3 shows a change in the Data Carrier Detect line Bit 2 is the Trailing Edge Ring Indicator which indicates that there was a transformation from low to high state on the Ring Indicator line Bits 4 to 7 show the current state of the data lines when read Bit 7 shows Carrier Detect Bit 6 shows Ring Indicator Bit 5 shows Data Set Ready amp Bit 4 shows the status of the Clear T
182. mitter Clock This signal is relevant only when the DCE device is a modem and is operating with a synchronous protocol The modem generates this clock signal to control exactly the rate at which data is sent on Transmitted Data pin 2 from the DTE device to the DCE device The logic 1 to logic 0 negative voltage to positive voltage transition on this line causes a corresponding transition to the next data element on the Transmitted Data line The modem generates this signal continuously except when it is performing internal diagnostic functions Pin 17 Receiver Signal Element Timing RC also called Receiver Clock This signal is similar to TC described above except that it provides timing information for the DTE receiver Pin 24 Transmitter Signal Element Timing ETC also called External Transmitter Clock Timing signals are provided by the DTE device for use by a modem This signal is used only when TC and RC pins 15 and 17 are not in use The logic 1 to logic 0 transition negative voltage to positive voltage indicates the time center of the data element Timing signals will be provided whenever the DTE is turned on regardless of other signal conditions Channel Test Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 18 Local Loopback LL This signal is generated by the DTE device and is used to place the modem into a test state When Local Loopback is asserted logic 0 positive voltage the modem redi
183. mpression consider a string where the next character is different from the current character Every 127 bytes will require a extra byte to indicate a new literal run length Best case The best case is when 128 identical characters follow each other this is compressed into 2 bytes instead of 128 giving a compression ratio of 64 Example For this reason RLE is most often used to compress black and white or 8 bit indexed colour images where long runs are likely RLE compression is therefore what was used for the original low colour images expected for the Macintosh PICT file format RLE is not generally used for high colour images such as photographs where in general each pixel will vary from the last The following 3 images illustrate the different extremes the first image contains runs along each row and will compress well The second image is the same as the first but rotated 90 degrees so there are no runs giving worse case and a larger file This suggests a natural extension to RLE for images that is one compresses vertically and horizontally and uses the best the flag indicating which one is used is stored in the image header The last case is the best scenario where the whole image is a constant value Original size 10000 bytes Original size 10000 bytes Original size 10000 bytes Compressed size 5713 bytes Compressed size 10100 Compressed size 200 Ratio 1 75 Ratio 0 99 Ratio 50 Image comparison Run length encoding is us
184. mputer computer im Match Data Wiring Display ed Pana a C13 slt ola ra Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 15 DB25 Null Modem Cable synchronous communications Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic This female to female cable is intended for synchronous EIA232 connections and is designed to connect two DTE devices It contains the standard connections of an asynchronous null modem cable plus 84K additional connections on pins 15 17 and 24 for synchronous timing signals To connect two DCE devices use a male to male equivalent of this cable For synchronous communications the null modem cable includes an additional conductor for timing signals and joins pins 15 17 and 24 on one side to pins 15 and 17 on the other Pin 24 on the right side should connect to the timing signal source Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer imi Match Data Wiring Display aj ellz vt ola Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye 16 DB25 Null Modem Cable unconventional may pose risk no more Previous Cable Il Next Topic This simplified null modem cable uses only Request to Send pin 4 and TH Clear to Send pin 5 as handshaking lines DTE Ready DCE Ready and Carrier Detect are not employed so this cable should not be used with 80K modems CAUTION No
185. n the Receiver Buffer TXRDY will be active low when there are no characters in the Transmit Buffer It will go inactive high after the first character byte is loaded into the Transmit Buffer Mode 1 is when the FIFO buffers are active and the DMA Mode Select 1 In Mode 1 RXRDY will go active low when the trigger level is reached or when 16550 Time Out occurs and will return to inactive state when no more characters are left in the FIFO TXRDY will be active when no characters are present in the Transmit Buffer and will go inactive when the FIFO Transmit Buffer is completely Full All the UARTs pins are TTL compatible That includes TD RD RI DCD DSR CTS DTR and RTS which all interface into your serial plug typically a D type connector Therefore RS232 Level Converters which we talk about in detail later are used These are commonly the DS1489 Receiver and the DS1488 as the PC has 12 and 12 volt rails which can be used by these devices The RS232 Converters will convert the TTL signal into RS232 Logic Levels Bais Ren paai EE Input The frequency of this input REEK a oe a e e the receivers baud rate 16 Pin Pinio RD Receive Data OOO Data Pin 11 TD Transmit Data Pin 20 VSS Connected to Common Ground Pin 21 RD Read Line Inverted Read Line Not Inverted Driver Disable This pin goes low when CPU is Pin 23 DDIS reading from UART Can be connected to Bus Transceiver in case of high capacity data bus
186. nal booster Caution the male end of this cable right also fits a PC s parallel printer port You may use this cable to extend the length of a printer cable but DO NOT attach a serial device to the computer s parallel port Doing so may cause damage to both devices Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DCE computer modem imi Match Data Wiring Display aj elella elt ola fd Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Male SH 14 15 Cable image created by CableEye 8 DB25 Loopback Connector Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic A loopback connector usually consists of a connector without a cable and T includes internal wiring to reroute signals back to the sender This DB25 female connector would attach to a DTE device such as a personal 80K computer When the computer receives data it will not know whether the signals it receives come from a remote DCE device set to echo characters or from a loopback connector Use loopback connectors to confirm proper operation of the computer s serial port Once confirmed insert the serial cable you plan to use and attach the loopback to the end of the serial cable the verify the cable In this case Transmit Data joins to Received Data Request to Send joins to Clear to Send and DTE Ready joins to DCE Ready and Received Line Signal Detect Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer Right Side none imi Match Data Wiring
187. ncable No Description The NURB Curve 2D is a subobject of the TrimCurves object and supplies a 2 dimensional curve to trim NURB Patches Data structure Uns32 order Uns32 nPoints RationalPoint3D points nPoints Float32 knots order nPoints 2 order 2 nPoints 0 lt points w weights of points Text samples Shader Data Full name Data ShaderData Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type shdr Ascii type ShaderData Binary size 8 Parent Objects ALWAYS any Shader Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The shader data initializes boundary wrapping conditions for a shader Data structure ShaderUV BoundaryEnum uBounds ShaderUV BoundaryEnum vBounds ShaderUV BoundaryEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 Wrap 0x00000001 Clamp default is Wrap Wrap Text samples Container CustomShader ShaderData Wrap Clamp Shader Transform Full name Data ShaderTransform Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type sdxf Ascii type ShaderTransform Binary size 64 Parent Objects ALWAYS any Shader Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description This transforms a shaded object into another world space coordinate system It does not affect how the object is drawn or the current state of the hierarchy Data structure Matrix4x4 shaderTransform Text samples Container 3DMarble
188. nch long In other words if we draw a line from postscript coordinate 72 72 to 144 72 we will have a line starting one inch in from the left and right of the page the line will be horizontal and be one inch long The coordinate system can be changed that is scaled rotated and translated This is often done to form a more convenient system for the particular drawing being created Basic Drawing Commands Time to draw something The following consists of a number of operators and data some operators like newpath don t need arguments others like lineto take two arguments from the stack All the examples in this text are shown as postscript on the left with the resulting image on the right The text on the left also acts as a link to a printable form of the postscript file newpath 100 200 moveto 200 250 lineto 100 300 lineto 2 setlinewidth stroke There are also a relative moveto and lineto commands namely rmoveto and rlineto In this next example a filled object will be drawn in a particular shade both for the outline and the interior Shades range from 0 black to 1 white Note the closepath that joins the first vertex of the path with the last newpath 100 200 moveto 200 250 lineto 100 300 lineto closepath gsave 0 5 setgray fill grestore 4 setlinewidth 0 75 setgray stroke The drawing commands such as stroke and fill destroy the current path the way around this is to use gsave that saves the curr
189. nd other control functions This secondary channel when used is typically set to operate at a very low baud rate in comparison with the primary channel to ensure reliability in the control path In addition it may operate as either a simplex half duplex or full duplex channel depending on the capabilities of the modem Transmitter and receiver timing signals pins 15 17 and 24 are used only for a synchronous transmission protocol For the standard asynchronous 8 bit protocol external timing signals are unnecessary IMPORTANT Signal names that imply a direction such as Transmit Data and Receive Data are named from the point of view of the DTE device If the EIA232 standard were strictly followed these signals would have the same name for the same pin number on the DCE side as well Unfortunately this is not done in practice by most engineers probably because no one can keep straight which side is DTE and which is DCE As a result direction sensitive signal names are changed at the DCE side to reflect their drive direction at DCE The following list gives the conventional usage of signal names DTE DCE Side Side 2 Transmitted Data RagvwedDta 2 3 RecevedDaa __ ernsmitted Daa 3 4 Request to Send Qer to end 4 5 dea to Send iim reqet to Send 5 14 Sec Transmitted Data i ic Received Datta 14 16 Sec Received Daa ik 5E Transmitted Data 16 19 Sec Request to Send i iec Cler to Send 1
190. nds if desired The idea is not limited to PC platforms however most devices with serial or IRDA ports are possible candidates for the technique as described and samples made on one platform should transfer easily to other platforms A number of people have done good work in the field of turning a PC into a learning universal infrared remote control for various appliances such as TVs video recorders satellite decoders etc The common methods appear to use either an IR detector and transmitter circuit attached to the parallel port or an intelligent device accepting high level commands attached to a serial port A quick online search will turn up schematics construction details driver software and some very attractive Windows front ends for this purpose Following on from my Furby experiments http www veg nildram co uk furby htm I set out to prove that it is possible to control the TV etc using either an IRDA port or a standard RS232 port with extremely minimalist hardware The reasons were threefold First the challenge Second the convenience or geek value many PCs PDAs and other devices already come with IRDA as standard wouldn t it be nice to use it for something different Third DEVICE INDEPENDENCE AND PORTABILITY OF SAMPLES serial ports of one type or another are fairly ubiquitous more so than parallel ports anyway and a drawback with sampling and playback through the parallel port is the heavy dependence on p
191. ne Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The pick parts style determines the level of granularity for picking Data structure PickPartsFlags pickParts where PickPartsFlags is Text Binary 0x00000000 Object 0x00000001 Face 0x00000002 Edge 0x00000004 Vertex default is Object Text samples PickPartsStyle Object Vertex Receive Shadows Style Full name Shared Shape Style ReceiveShadowsStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type rcsh Ascii type ReceiveShadowsStyle Binary size 4 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The receive shadows style determines whether a geometry receives shadows when rendering It is coupled with the casts shadows field in all lights excluding the ambient light Data structure Boolean receiveShadows Text samples ReceiveShadowsStyle True Subdivision Style Full name Shared Shape Style SubdivisionStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type sbdv Ascii type SubdivisionStyle Binary size subdivisionMethod Constant 12 8 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The subdivision style tells a geometric decomposition the courseness of a geometric primitive tesselation There are three methods of subdivision constant world space and screen spac
192. nects present Use this cable to connect modems printers or any device that uses a DB9 connector to a PC s serial port This cable may also serve as an extension cable to increase the distance between a computer and serial device Caution do not exceed 25 feet separation between devices without a signal booster Left Side Connect to DTE Right Side Connect to DCE modem or other computer serial device im elelzl g t 215 Socket L DBY Female Cable image created by CableEye 2 DB9 Loopback Connector Next Cable Previous Cable II Next Topic A loopback connector usually consists of a connector without a cable and ff includes internal wiring to reroute signals back to the sender This DB9 female connector would attach to a DTE device such as a personal 80K computer When the computer receives data it will not know whether the signals it receives come from a remote DCE device set to echo characters or from a loopback connector Use loopback connectors to confirm proper operation of the computer s serial port Once confirmed insert the serial cable you plan to use and attach the loopback to the end of the serial cable to verify the cable In this case Transmit Data joins to Received Data Request to Send joins to Clear to Send and DTE Ready joins to DCE Ready and Received Line Signal Detect Left Side Connect to DTE computer Right Side none m Mat elella g t ol Socket L Female
193. nfra Red devices have proven quite popular recently You may of seen many electronic diaries and palmtop computers which have infra red capabilities build in However could you imagine transmitting 8 bits of data at the one time across the room and being able to from the devices point of view decipher which bits are which Therefore serial transmission is used where one bit is sent at a time IrDA 1 The first infra red specifications was capable of 115 2k baud and was interfaced into a UART The pulse length however was cut down to 3 16th of a RS232 bit length to conserve power considering these devices are mainly used on diaries laptops and palmtops 4 Microcontroller s have also proven to be quite popular recently Many of these have in built SCI Serial Communications Interfaces which can be used to talk to the outside world Serial Communication reduces the pin count of these MPU s Only two pins are commonly used Transmit Data TXD and Receive Data RXD compared with at least 8 pins if you use a 8 bit Parallel method You may also require a Strobe Table of Contents Part 1 Hardware PC s Hardware Properties Serial Pinouts D25 and D9 connectors Pin Functions Null Modems Loopback Plugs DTE DCE Speeds Flow Control The UART 8250 s and Compatibles Type of UARTS For PC s Part 2 Serial Ports Registers PC s Port Addresses and IRQ s Table of Registers DLAB Interrupt Enable Register IER Interrupt Iden
194. nnected so both grounds are common to each computer The Data Terminal Ready is looped back to Data Set Ready and Carrier Detect on both computers When the Data Terminal Ready is asserted active then the Data Set Ready and Carrier Detect immediately become active At this point the computer thinks the Virtual Modem to which it is connected is ready and has detected the carrier of the other modem All left to worry about now is the Request to Send and Clear To Send As both computers communicate together at the same speed flow control is not needed thus these two lines are also linked together on each computer When the computer wishes to send data it asserts the Request to Send high and as it s hooked together with the Clear to Send It immediately gets a reply that it is ok to send and does so Notice that the ring indicator is not connected to anything of each end This line is only used to tell the computer that there is a ringing signal on the phone line As we don t have a modem connected to the phone line this is left disconnected LoopBack Plug LoopBack Plug This loopback plug can come in extremely handy when writing Serial RS232 Communications Programs It has a ue TD the receive and transmit lines connected together so that 2 3 RD anything transmitted out of the Serial Port is immediately are at SG received by the same port If you connect this to a Serial 4 20 DTR Port an load a Terminal Program anything you type will q
195. ns When the DCE is ready it acknowledges by asserting Clear to Send NOTE Pin 4 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Clear to Send although by the EJA232 standard it should still be called Request to Send because the request is thought to be destined for a remote DTE device Pin 5 Clear to Send CTS This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the DCE device to inform the DTE device that transmission may begin RTS and CTS are commonly used as handshaking signals to moderate the flow of data into the DCE device NOTE Pin 5 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Request to Send although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Clear to Send because the signal is thought to originate from a remote DTE device Secondary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 14 Secondary Transmitted Data STxD Pin 16 Secondary Received Data SRxD Pin 19 Secondary Request to Send SRTS Pin 13 Secondary Clear to Send SCTS These signals are equivalent to the corresponding signals in the primary communications channel The baud rate however is typically much slower in the secondary channel for increased reliability Modem Status and Control Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 6 DCE Ready DSR When originating from a modem this signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage when the following three conditions are all satisfied 1 The modem is connected to an activ
196. ns off the micro controller s watchdog timer The second instruction BAUD BAUD38K sets the SCI subsystem s baud rate to 38 kilo baud The variable BAUD38x is a logical name whose actual value will be found in hc11 h The next two lines set up the SCI subsystem s parameters By zeroing SCCR1 we are ignoring the parity bit and creating a 10 bit frame By setting sccR2 0x0c we ve disabled all transmit and receive interrupts and we ve enabled the transmit and receive modules in the SCI subsystem Note that the SCI module has hardware interrupts associated with the hardware events Transmission Complete TC which is set when the transmit shift register is empty Transmit Data Register Empty TDRE which is set when the transmit data register is empty Receive Data Register Full RDRF which is set when the receive data register is full Idle line ILIE which is when the receive module detects an idle line These hardware interrupts can be used to do parity bit processing on a transmitted or received frame In our particular examples however we assume no parity checking so these interrupts have been disabled As specific examples of how the SCI interface can be used we consider the two function Inchar and OutChar These functions are used to receive and transmit respectively a single byte frame of data void OutChar char data while SCSR amp TDRE Ja SCDR data void InChar void while SCSR
197. nstant intensity The outer angle is the angle for which the light falls to zero Between these two the light intensity tapers to zero according to the FallOff enumerated type Data structure Point3D location Vector3D orientation Boolean castsShadows Attenuation attenuation Float32 hotAngle Float32 outerAngle FallOffEnum fallOff lorientation 1 Attenuation is described in the Point Light 0 lt hotAngle outerAngle FallOffEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 None 0x00000001 Linear 0x00000002 Exponential 0x00000003 Cosine Text samples SpotLight 12 0 0 010 True 0 0 1 InverseDistanceSquared 0 7 hotAngle 0 8 outerAngle Cosine Container SpotLight 12 0 0 010 True 0 0 1 InverseDistanceSquared 0 7 hotAngle 0 8 outerAngle Cosine LightData True 0 4 LOI Lambert Illumination Full name Shared Shape Shader IluminationShader LambertIllumination Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Shader IluminationShader Binary type Imil Ascii type LambertI lumination Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The lambertian illumination model Data structure Text samples LambertIllumination Phong Illumination Full name Shared Shape Shader IluminationShader PhongI umination Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Shader IluminationShader Binary type phil Ascii
198. o Send pin 5 DCE Ready pin 6 and Carrier Detect pin 8 on the other side Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display z 5 Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 12 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable Il Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the Request to Send pin 4 on one side asserts the Clear to Send pin 5 on the SAME side self connect and the Carrier Detect pin 8 on the other side The other handshaking signals are employed in a conventional manner 84K Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer im Match Data Wiring Display Ta Pare oe oy ited wel Kad Bai ESA sit ejo Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 13 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male
199. o Send line Scratch Register The scratch register is not used for communications but rather used as a place to leave a byte of data The only real use it has is to determine whether the UART is a 8250 8250B or a 8250A 16450 and even that is not very practical today as the 8250 8250B was never designed for AT s and can t hack the bus speed Part 3 Programming PC s Polling or Interrupt Driven Source Code Termpoll c Polling Version Source Code Buff1024 c ISR Version Interrupt Vectors Interrupt Service Routine UART Configuration Main Routine Loop Determining the type of UART via Software Part 4 External Hardware Interfacing Methods RS 232 Waveforms RS 232 Level Converters Making use of the Serial Format 8250 and compatable UART s CDP6402 AY 5 1015 D36402R 9 etc UARTs Microcontrollers Copyright 1999 2001 Craig Peacock 19th August 2001 TIFF Image Creation Written by Paul Bourke August 1998 The following demonstrates how to create 24 bit colour RGB TIFF Tagged Image FIle Format files That is how to create images from your own software that can be then opened and manipulated with image handling software for example GIMP PhotoShop etc Given this aim this document illustrates the minimal requirements necessary to create a TIFF file it does not provide enough information for writing a TIFF file reader For more information on the full TIFF specification the following postscript and pdf files de
200. objects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable No Description Attaches a set of attributes to the face cap of the cone and cylinder primitives For the cone its indicated in the diagram Data structure Text samples Container Cone Caps Bottom Container FaceCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 2 0 9 0 4 Top Cap Attribute Set Full name Data CapData TopCapAttributeSet Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data CapData Binary type tcas Ascii type TopCapAttributeSet Binary size 0 Parent Objects ALWAYS Cylinder Format No Data Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable No Description Attaches a set of attributes to the top cap of the cylinder primitive Presence of a top cap attribute set does not neccessarily mean the top cap is drawn The Caps object determines whether the Cylinder caps are drawn or not Data structure Text samples Container Cylinder Caps Top Container TopCapAttributeSet Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 2 0 9 0 4 Display Group State Full name Data DisplayGroupState Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type dgst Ascii type DisplayGroupState Binary size 4 Parent Objects ALWAYS DisplayGroup OrderedDisplayGroup Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description This piece o
201. odel dependant of inactivity p ot y e o Q Oo Nn i nN ie i on ct w Q z B i Q jae i ic Nn z oO ca z Oo LR O i Qo Nn ey Z gt yN mk D Q ie z z i Qa ca o esp o a comma easonable time or resp a can be resent If the camera does not provide a complete data packet in reasonable time or the data packet is corrupt checksum does not match the host can request resending of the packet by sending NAK instead of ACK o i Command code B variable Optional argument Five command codes are known p fims Ser value of integer register Commands 0 and 3 are replied with a single ACK 0x06 Command 2 is replied with an ACK 0x06 followed by an action complete notifier 0x05 Commands 1 and 4 are replied with a sequence of data packets each of them must be ACK ed by the host Command 0 must be issued with a 4 byte argument containg the new value for the register bytes in LSB first order Command 2 typically is issued with a single zero byte as an argument Command 3 is issued with an argument of variable number of bytes If this is a printable string it should not include the trailing zero byte Camera replies to the command with a single data packet containing 4 bytes of a 32bit integer in LSB first order Registers Camera replies to the command 4 with a sequence of data packets with varia
202. odem Pins 4 RTS Request To Send from the transmitting computer and 5 CTS Clear To Send from the Data set are used to control In most Asynchronous situations RTS and CTS are constantly on throughout the communication session However where the DTE is connected to a multipoint line RTS is used to turn carrier on the modem on and off On a multipoint line it s imperative that only one station is transmitting at a time because they share the return phone pair When a station wants to transmit it raises RTS The modem turns on carrier typically waits a few milliseconds for carrier to stabilize and then raises CTS The DTE transmits when it sees CTS up When the station has finished its transmission it drops RTS and the modem drops CTS and carrier together Clock signals pins 15 17 amp 24 are only used for synchronous communications The modem or DSU extracts the clock from the data stream and provides a steady clock signal to the DTE Note that the transmit and receive clock signals do not have to be the same or even at the same baud rate Note Transmit and receive leads 2 or 3 can be reversed depending on the use of the equipment DCE Data Communications Equipment or a DTE Data Terminal Equipment Glossary of Abbreviations etc CTS DCD DCE DSR DSRS DTE DTR FG NC RCk RI RTS RxD SG SCTS SDCD SRTS SRxD STxD TxD Clear To Send DCE gt DTE Data Carrier Detected Tone from a modem DCE gt DT
203. omputer Ready Modem Data Set Ready psr 6 Modem Terminal Computer Modem Ring Indicator RI 9 Modem JEJEJEJE ea lea ee sisicisis BIBS 15 IS V 24 RS 232 Interface PIN PIN SIGNAL SOURCE NO NO DESIGNATION 14 1 Saee Commr 15 2 Transmitted Data TD DTE 15 3 Received Data RD DCE ie 4 Request to Send ATS DIE 18 5 Clear to Send CTS DCE 6 Data Set Ready DSR DCE 19 7 Signal Ground Common 2 8 Received Line Signal Detector DCD DCE 21 9 VOLTAGE 22 so VOLTAGE 23 11 Unassigned 24 12 Secondary Received Line Signal Detecior DCE 25 13 Secondary Clear to Send DCE V 24 RS 232E ALT A Connector SOURCE SIGNAL DESIGNATION DTE Seconcary Transmitied Data OCE Transmitter Signal Element Timing DCE Secondary Received Data DCE Recaiver Signal Element Timing OTE Local Loopback LL DTE Secondary Request to Send DTE Data Terminal Ready DTA OTE Remote Loopback Fil DCE Ring Indicator A OTE DCE Data Signal Rate Selactor OTE Ext Transmit Signal Element Timing OCE Tasi Mode SOURCE SIGNAL DESIGNATION OTE Secondary Transmitted Data DCE Transmitter Signa Element Timing DCE Secondary Received Data DCE Receiver Signal Element Timing DTE Local Loopback LL DTE Secondary Request to Send tere DTE Ready OTR OTE Remote Loopback AL
204. ontaining sample information to your disk or whatever you run it from Also the Windows demo application keeps a couple of settings in the Registry to enable it to remember preferences from one session to the next None of this should cause you any distress but as with all things it could always go horribly wrong so you have been warned If you don t want to risk using my software you should be able to write your own using the information in the theory section Also be advised that there is a class of IR remote control so called flash controls which is not supported by the software in its present form but the project is still in a state of flux and I may add support later the issue here is one of trying to keep it simple enough for anyone to use when they don t have the use of a proper scope I m sure you don t wish to become an expert on remotes not that I am but a certain amount of it inevitably rubs off Anyway with the software and hardware described I routinely control a Toshiba TV JVC video recorder and Maspro satellite receiver either using a laptop irda port or a normal 232 port on my desktop PC using samples made from the original remotes and without having to know details of the three different protocols actually employed by the devices There is a good chance that most other appliances will work equally well flash devices being known exceptions If you can t get a device to work the sampler software will
205. opic Previous Topic TOC Go to DTE Pinout looking into the computer s serial connector Go to DCE Pinout looking into the modem s serial connector If the full E A232 standard is implemented as defined the equipment at the far end of the connection is named the DTE device Data Terminal Equipment usually a computer or terminal has a male DB25 connector and utilizes 22 of the 25 available pins for signals or ground Equipment at the near end of the connection the telephone line interface is named the DCE device Data Circuit terminating Equipment usually a modem has a female DB25 connector and utilizes the same 22 available pins for signals and ground The cable linking DTE and DCE devices is a parallel straight through cable with no cross overs or self connects in the connector hoods If all devices exactly followed this standard all cables would be identical and there would be no chance that an incorrectly wired cable could be used This drawing shows the orientation and connector types for DTE and DCE devices Computer pa Telephone Line Male DB25 Female DB25 Interface Cable DTE DCE Daa Data Terminal Grcuitt aminating Equipment Equiprmert EIA232 communication function and connector types for a personal computer and modem DCE devices are sometimes called Data Communications Equipment instead of Data Circuit terminating Equipment Here is the full EIA232 signal definition for the DTE device usually th
206. or hoods If all devices exactly followed this standard all cables would be identical and there would be no chance that an incorrectly wired cable could be used This drawing shows the orientation and connector types for DTE and DCE devices Computer pa Telephone Line Male DB25 Female DB25 Interface Cable DTE DCE Daa Data Terminal Grcuitt aminating Equipment Equiprmert EIA232 communication function and connector types for a personal computer and modem DCE devices are sometimes called Data Communications Equipment instead of Data Circuit terminating Equipment Here is the full EIA232 signal definition for the DTE device usually the PC The most commonly used signals are shown in bold back to Pin Assignments description Looking Into the DTE Device Connector DB25 Male Sec Clea to Send Shield Ppa Mode Sec Received Line Transmitter Sgnal Timing 13 Signal Detect N eS A DTE Source 12048 ws 3 unassigned y ii l reserved for testing tT ie oa o l pe Ring Indicator L 21 yr Remote Loopback Received Line ma ore 20 8 DTE Ready Signal Det ect eL l 19i Sec Request to Send e x l l Data Signa Rate Sdector E a g reserved for testing sso Signal Ground 6 DCE Ready lt lt 1S Local Loopback 5 17 Clear to Send Receiver Signal Timing J j J DCE Source 1 4 Request to Send 4 16 3 K N Received Data Received Data Pai DN AS T
207. ound on your serial card which plays the little games with your modem or other connected devices Most cards will have the UART s integrated into other chips which may also control your parallel port games port floppy or hard disk drives and are typically surface mount devices The 8250 series which includes the 16450 16550 16650 amp 16750 UARTS are the most commonly found type in your PC Later we will look at other types which can be used in your homemade devices and projects Figure 3 Pin Diagrams for 16550 16450 amp 8250 UARTs The 16550 is chip compatible with the 8250 amp 16450 The only two differences are pins 24 amp 29 On the 8250 Pin 24 was chip select out which functioned only as a indicator to if the chip was active or not Pin 29 was not connected on the 8250 16450 UARTs The 16550 introduced two new pins in their place These are Transmit Ready and Receive Ready which can be implemented with DMA Direct Memory Access These Pins have two different modes of operation Mode 0 supports single transfer DMA where as Mode 1 supports Multi transfer DMA Mode 0 is also called the 16450 mode This mode is selected when the FIFO buffers are disabled via Bit 0 of the FIFO Control Register or When the FIFO buffers are enabled but DMA Mode Select 0 Bit 3 of FCR In this mode RXRDY is active low when at least one character Byte is present in the Receiver Buffer RXRDY will go inactive high when no more characters are left i
208. ow f This is the equivalent circuit for an EIA232 signal line and applies to signals originating at either the DTE or DCE side of the connection Co is not specified in the standard but is assumed to be small and to consist of parasitic elements only Ro and Vo are chosen so that the short circuit current does not exceed 500ma The cable length is not specified in the standard acceptable operation is experienced with cables that are less than 25 feet in length Signal State Voltage Assignments Voltages of 3v to 25v with respect to signal ground pin 7 are considered logic 1 the marking condition whereas voltages of 3v to 25v are considered logic 0 the spacing condition The range of voltages between 3v and 3v is considered a transition region for which a signal state is not assigned Voltage 25 Logic 0 Transition Region Logic 1 Logic states are assigned to the voltage ranges shown here Note that this is a negative logic convention which is the reverse of that used in most modern digital designs Most contemporary applications will show an open circuit signal voltage of 8 to 14 volts for logic 1 mark and 8 to 14 volts for logic 0 space Voltage magnitudes will be slightly less when the generator and receiver are connected when the DTE and DCE devices are connected with a cable IMPORTANT If you insert an LED signal tester in an EIA232 circuit to view signal st
209. produced by different manufacturers thereby fostering the benefits of mass production and competition From these ideas the RS232 standard was born It specified signal voltages signal timing signal function a protocol for information exchange and mechanical connectors Over the 40 years since this standard was developed the Electronic Industries Association published three modifications the most recent being the EIA232E standard introduced in 1991 Besides changing the name from RS232 to EIA232 some signal lines were renamed and various new ones were defined including a shield conductor Likely Problems when Using an EIA232 Interface Next Topic Previous Topic TOC During this 40 year long rapidly evolving period in electronics manufacturers adopted simplified versions of this interface for applications that were impossible to envision in the 1960s Today virtually all contemporary serial interfaces are E A232 like in their signal voltages protocols and connectors whether or not a modem is involved Because no single simplified standard was agreed upon however many slightly different protocols and cables were created that obligingly mate with any EIA232 connector but are incompatible with each other Most of the difficulties you will encounter in EIA232 interfacing include at least one of the following 1 The absence or misconnection of flow control handshaking signals resulting in buffer overflow or communications lock
210. r 0 2 0 2 0 2 Attribute Set Full name Shared Set AttributeSet Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Set Binary type attr Ascii type AttributeSet Binary size 0 Parent Objects any AttributeSetList any Geometry any Group any CapAttributeSet Format No Data Subobjects 1 AmbientCoefficient optional 1 DiffuseColor optional 1 HighlightState optional 1 Normal optional 1 ShadingUV optional 1 SpecularColor optional 1 SpecularControl optional 1 SurfaceTangent optional 1 SurfaceUV optional 1 TransparencyColor optional 1 SurfaceShader optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A attribute set groups sets of unique attributes together and is associated with a vertex face or an entire geometry Any object that is an Element may be placed in an attribute set An attribute set also may be placed in a group The various attributes in an attribute set are inherited to nodes lower than it in a hierarchy Data structure Text samples Container Mesh Container VertexAttributeSetList 30 Exclude 2 29 30 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 SurfaceUV 0 87 1 70 O97 Orthographic Camera Full name Shared Shape Camera OrthographicCamera Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Camera Binary type orth Ascii type OrthographicCamera Binary size 16 Parent Objects SOMETIMES ViewHints Format Data Format Subobjects
211. r later data is going to get lost as buffers overflow thus flow control is used Flow control has two basic varieties Hardware or Software Software flow control sometimes expressed as Xon Xoff uses two characters Xon and Xoff Xon is normally indicated by the ASCII 17 character where as the ASCII 19 character is used for Xoff The modem will only have a small buffer so when the computer fills it up the modem sends a Xoff character to tell the computer to stop sending data Once the modem has room for more data it then sends a Xon character and the computer sends more data This type of flow control has the advantage that it doesn t require any more wires as the characters are sent via the TD RD lines However on slow links each character requires 10 bits which can slow communications down Hardware flow control is also known as RTS CTS flow control It uses two wires in your serial cable rather than extra characters transmitted in your data lines Thus hardware flow control will not slow down transmission times like Xon Xoff does When the computer wishes to send data it takes active the Request to Send line If the modem has room for this data then the modem will reply by taking active the Clear to Send line and the computer starts sending data If the modem does not have the room then it will not send a Clear to Send The UART 8250 and Compatibles UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Its the little box of tricks f
212. r may not be connected to protective ground inside the DCE device The existence of a defined ground potential within the cable makes the EIA232 standard different from a balanced differential voltage standard such as EIA530 which provides far greater noise immunity Primary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 2 Transmitted Data TxD This signal is active when data is transmitted from the DTE device to the DCE device When no data is transmitted the signal is held in the mark condition logic 1 negative voltage NOTE Pin 2 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Received Data although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Transmitted Data because the data is thought to be destined for a remote DTE device Pin 3 Received Data RxD This signal is active when the DTE device receives data from the DCE device When no data is transmitted the signal is held in the mark condition logic 1 negative voltage NOTE Pin 3 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Transmitted Data although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Received Data because the data is thought to arrive from a remote DTE device Pin 4 Request to Send RTS This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage to prepare the DCE device for accepting transmitted data from the DTE device Such preparation might include enabling the receive circuits or setting up the channel direction in half duplex applicatio
213. ransmitter Sgnal Timing 4 Transmitted Data aw Ne DCE Source Shield Sec Transmitted Data DB9 Male Shidd Signal Ground 9 as _ Ring Indicator 9 DTE Ready wf 4 3 Clear to Send Transmitted Data i 2 7 Received Data 2 Request to Send 1 6 Received Line Signa Detect Pii w DCE Ready j Received by DTE Device OB Transmitted from DTE Device Copyright 1993 2002 CAMI Research Inc This shows the full EIA232 signal definition for the DCE device usually the modem The most commonly used signals are shown in bold back to Pin Assignments description Looking Into the DCE Device Connector Shield Received Data tl 2 DB25 Female Sec Received Data 14 Transmitter Signal Timing Dy DT Source Transmitted Data 15 bee A uN Sec Transmitted Data Clear to Send ny oT d Request to Send ag s oT Receiver Signa Timing 17 DCE Source 18 DCE Ready a lt oT aca Oio Signal Ground me 20 Received Line ak On DTE Ready Hoved 21 ignal Detect Lo ol TS pain Loopback reserved for testing Pa 1 wen bl i Ring Indicator reserved for testing 14 i Ag i Pa 24 D ata Signal Rate Selector unzesigned 12 Sec Received Line x 3 ae i Transmitter Signal Timing 25 i DTE Sourc Signal Detect K Shield a i Test Mode Sec Request to Send Sec Jex to Send DB9 Female Received Line Signa Detect 1 a DCE Ready Transmitted Data wg 5 7 C
214. re described Unfortunately connection to DCE devices other than modems is not considered Because many current serial interface applications involve direct device to device connections manufacturers do not have a standard reference when producing printers plotters print spoolers or other common peripherals Consequently you must acquire the service manual for each peripheral device purchased to determine exactly which signals are utilized in its serial interface END Return to TOC The RS232 STANDARD A Tutorial with Signal Names and Definitions renamed the EIA232 Standard in the early 1990 s Written by Christopher E Strangio Copyright 1993 1997 by CAMI Research Inc Lexington Massachusetts Send Us Your Comments Contents What is EIA232 Likely Problems when Using an EIA232 Interface Pin Assignments Signal Definitions Signal Ground and Shield Primary Communications Channel Secondary Communications Channel Modem Status and Control Signals Transmitter and Receiver Timing Signals Channel Test Signals Electrical Standards Common Signal Ground Signal Characteristics Signal Timing Accepted Simplifications of the Standard Pin Description Index References to EIA Publications Back to CableEye Home Page What is EIA232 Next Topic TOC In the early 1960s a standards committee today known as the Electronic Industries Association developed a common interface standard for data communications equipment
215. rects its modulated output signal which is normally fed into the telephone line back into its receive circuitry This enables data generated by the DTE to be echoed back through the local modem to check the condition of the modem circuitry The modem asserts its Test Mode signal on Pin 25 to acknowledge that it has been placed in local loopback condition Pin 21 Remote Loopback RL This signal is generated by the DTE device and is used to place the remote modem into a test state When Remote Loopback is asserted logic 0 positive voltage the remote modem redirects its received data back to its transmitted data input thereby remodulating the received data and returning it to its source When the DTE initiates such a test transmitted data is passed through the local modem the telephone line the remote modem and back to exercise the channel and confirm its integrity The remote modem signals the local modem to assert Test Mode on pin 25 when the remote loopback test is underway Pin 25 Test Mode TM This signal is relevant only when the DCE device is a modem When asserted logic 0 positive voltage it indicates that the modem is in a Local Loopback or Remote Loopback condition Other internal self test conditions may also cause Test Mode to be asserted and depend on the modem and the network to which it is attached Electrical Standards Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 standard uses negative bipolar logic in
216. ribute set attached to it The default parametrization is shown in the diagram V is zero to the left of majorRadius and is 1 to the right U is zero at the orientation vector and 0 at the bottom Data structure Vector3D orientation Vector3D majorRadius Vector3D minorRadius Point3D origin For 0 sized objects default is 1 0 0 orientation O 1 0 majorRadius 0 0 1 minorRadius 0 0 0 origin Text samples Sphere Container Sphere Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 General Polygon Full name Shared Shape Geometry GeneralPolygon Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type gpgn Ascii type GeneralPolygon Binary size 4 sizeof polygons 0 nCoutours 1 sizeof PolygonData 4 nVertices 12 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 VertexAttributeSetList optional nObjects nVertices 0 nVertices nContours 1 1 AttributeSet optional 1 GeneralPolygonHint optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A general polygon is a polygon that may be convex or may contain holes A general polygon also assumes that all faces are planar within floating point tolerances Holes are indicated by specifying a contour of the generalPolygon in clockwise order Polygons that cross use the even odd rule to specify holes see diagram You may specify the complexity of a GeneralPolygon by adding a viewHints object Data
217. rmally null modem cables have the same gender on each connector either both male for two DTE devices or both female for two DCE devices This cable would be used when the gender on one of the devices does not conform to the standard However the opposite genders imply usage as a straight through cable and if used in that manner will not function Further if used as a standard null modem between two computers the opposite gender allows you to connect one end to the parallel port an impermissible situation that may cause hardware damage Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer with Gender Changer computer imi Match Data Wiring Display a ellz alt Of Socket L Socket R DB25 Male DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye Signal Definitions Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Signal functions in the EI A232 standard can be subdivided into six categories These categories are summarized below after which each signal described 1 Signal ground and shield 2 Primary communications channel This is used for data interchange and includes flow control signals 3 Secondary communications channel When implemented this is used for control of the remote modem requests for retransmission when errors occur and governance over the setup of the primary channel 4 Modem status and control signals These signals indicate modem status and provide intermediate checkpoints as the
218. rocessor speed and environment samples made on one speed of machine may not work reliably on a different speed of machine no criticism intended but this is what I found when I tried it so to have a good probability of success you have to sample your remotes on the machine you intend to use for playing them back consequently you can t simply sample your Sony CD remote and send the file off to your pal in Greenland when he loses his ahaaa until now Also most systems have more than one COM port so it s no great hardship tying one of them up permanently for remote control The next bit is a disclaimer of sorts then we ll get on with the theory Disclaimer Please read this Important What I am about to describe is my own original idea my own software my own project As far as I am aware nobody else does it or has done it this way but if they have what can I say Great minds think alike I am not intentionally ripping off anyone else s work and have worked long and hard to get it into its present state for my own amusement with no prior knowledge that it can or cannot be done or indeed that it has been attempted in this fashion The ideas and software have been put here because I thought you might be interested in how I did it It all works as far as I m concerned but I m not asking or telling you to use it in any way shape or form The software should you choose to try it can write small text and binary files c
219. rsonal 80K computer When the computer receives data it will not know whether the signals it receives come from a remote DCE device set to echo characters or from a loopback connector Use loopback connectors to confirm proper operation of the computer s serial port Once confirmed insert the serial cable you plan to use and attach the loopback to the end of the serial cable the verify the cable In this case Transmit Data joins to Received Data Request to Send joins to Clear to Send and DTE Ready joins to DCE Ready and Received Line Signal Detect Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer Right Side none imi Match Data Wiring Display feof feslea aft Of Socket L DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye 9 DB25 Null Modem no handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to tH connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K Note that Pins 11 and 12 are not necessary for this null modem cable to work As is often the case the manufacturer of equipment that uses this cable had a proprietary application in mind We show it here to emphasize that custom serial cables may include connections for which no purpose is clear IMPORTANT This cable employs NO handshaking lines between devices The handshake signals on each side are artif
220. s Asynchronous Mode ate te HHHH ee Bron pa ore oss oe wore sone 0 Notes 1 Set errors to be less than 1 2 BRR set values can be calculated as follows OSC __x 4981 64 x 2 xB B Bit rate bps N Set value of baud rate generator BRR 0 lt N lt 255 OSC Value of fosc MHz 10 MHz or subclock f w 32 768 kHz n Value set in CKS1 and CKSO in SMR 0 lt n lt 3 See Table 2 for the relation between n and clock Table 2 Relationship between n and Clock Clock Set Value of SMR CKS1 CKS0 o BEEE EEEa Ow 4 Ow 0 I a E 3 The error shown in Table 1 is given by the following equation rounded off to two decimals 6 x Error _ 10_ __i x 100 N 1 x Bx 64x 2 4 When OSC is 10 MHz the maximum bit rate asynchronous mode is 31250 bps provided n 0 and N 4 are set In asynchronous mode serial communication is performed with synchronization provided character by character transmitting and receiving characters added with a start bit indicating the start of communication and a stop bit indicating the end of communication The transmitter and receiver are independent inside SCI3 and full duplex communications are possible Both the transmitter and receiver have a double buffer architecture to achieve continuous transmission and reception Data writing during transmission and data reading during reception can make continuous transmission and reception possible Figur
221. s it happens but it doesn t matter continuously out the serial port with no gaps between characters While waiting for each character to be transmitted I sample the IR input as frequently as possible in my case a handshake line and if I ever see an active condition on it ie if IR is ever detected I assume that there is a comb 36 40kHz of data being received from a remote control during this period and if I don t see activity I assume this is a silent period I grab a big array with one bucket for each character time and the buckets will either be marked as active or silent After a preset number of characters have been sent I stop grabbing and process the data What I end up with is another array of buckets which contain alternating active counts and silent counts stored as numbers of character times adjusted to compensate for the inherent tendency of this method to round up comb lengths and round down silence lengths Arrays like this provide a compact method of sample storage and are very easy to play back when I want to transmit the sample as described above and again the timing is absolute based on the uart not the processor raw speed so it is accurate and repeatable By understanding the actual protocol used it would be easy to compute the packets rather than store samples as such and make the storage space requirement much smaller but I m trying to avoid this to keep things simple and flexible There are a few details
222. scribe the TIFF version 6 uff ps gz tff pdf gz The basic structure of a TIFF file is as follows The first 8 bytes forms the header The first two bytes of which is either I for little endian byte ordering or MM for big endian byte ordering In what follows we ll be assuming little endian ordering Note any true TIFF reading software is supposed to be handle both types The next two bytes of the header should be 0 and 42jec 2a The remaining 4 bytes of the header is the offset from the start of the file to the first Image File Directory IFD this normally follows the image data it applies to In the example below there is only one image and one IFD An IFD consists of two bytes indicating the number of entries followed by the entries themselves The IFD is terminated with 4 byte offset to the next IFD or 0 if there are none A TIFF file must contain at least one IFD Each IFD entry consists of 12 bytes The first two bytes identifies the tag type as in Tagged Image File Format The next two bytes are the field type byte ASCII short int long int The next four bytes indicate the number of values The last four bytes is either the value itself or an offset to the values Considering the first IFD entry from the example gievn below 0100 0003 0000 0001 0064 0000 tag short int H one valu value of 100 Example The following is an example using the TIFF file shown on the right
223. se components are the UART the serial channel and the interface logic An interface chip known as the universal asynchronous receiver transmitter or UART is used to implement serial data transmission The UART sits between the host computer and the serial channel The serial channel is the collection of wires over which the bits are transmitted The output from the UART is a standard TTL CMOS logic level of 0 or 5 volts In order to improve bandwidth remove noise and increase range this TTL logical level is converted to an RS 232 logic level of Es or E volts before being sent out on the serial channel This conversion is done by the interface logic shown in figure 23 In your system the interface logic is implemented by the comm stamp Interface Logic Figure 23 Asynchronous RS 232 serial link A frame is a complete and nondivisible packet of bits A frame includes both information e g data and characters and overhead e g start bit error checking and stop bits In asynchronous serial protocols such as RS 232 the frame consists of one start bit seven or eight data bits parity bits and stop bits A timing diagram for an RS 232 frame consisting of one start bit 7 data bits one parity bits and two stop bits is shown below in figure 24 Note that the exact structure of the frame must be agreed upon by both transmitter and receiver before the comm link must be opened aS i 26 12V tme 29 s z idle start bit 7 data b
224. secondary channel provides for management of the remote modem enabling baud rates to be changed on the fly retransmission to be requested if a parity error is detected and other control functions This secondary channel when used is typically set to operate at a very low baud rate in comparison with the primary channel to ensure reliability in the control path In addition it may operate as either a simplex half duplex or full duplex channel depending on the capabilities of the modem Transmitter and receiver timing signals pins 15 17 and 24 are used only for a synchronous transmission protocol For the standard asynchronous 8 bit protocol external timing signals are unnecessary IMPORTANT Signal names that imply a direction such as Transmit Data and Receive Data are named from the point of view of the DTE device If the EIA232 standard were strictly followed these signals would have the same name for the same pin number on the DCE side as well Unfortunately this is not done in practice by most engineers probably because no one can keep straight which side is DTE and which is DCE As a result direction sensitive signal names are changed at the DCE side to reflect their drive direction at DCE The following list gives the conventional usage of signal names DTE DCE Side Side 2 Transmitted Data i Ragweed Data 2 3 RecevedDaa Transmitted Dt 3 4 Request to Send Jer to Send 4 5 exto Sed h equest to
225. sed on the PowerStorm 350 2 i card drivers from Compaq 1365x768 16 9 nearly NEC 61 plasma 1 77734375 1365x1024 1 1 3 VisionStation 3 with upgrade and o e 5 1400x1050 1400x1050 sf 3671875 13671875 DELL DELL Laptop sd So a 17 G4 laptop 1600x1200 1 1 3 VESA UXGA e A e E Ce E C T e A e T e T ww fo f o o S 2048x1536 11 3 Feature film known as 2K Also used by DOME display controllers 2048x2048 Tiger high resolution display 3072x2252 3072x2252 sO 13641 Sometimes used for Sometimes used for IMAX Sometimes used for IMAX 3600x2613 3600x2613 si 37772675 137m6 Sometimes used for Sometimes used for IMAX Sometimes used for IMAX 4096x3072 1 1 3 Image size for IMAX 3D rendering known as 4K 4096x3840 1 0666666 NCSA tiled NCSA tiled wall 2001 NCSA tiled wall 2001 Serial Mouse Data Formats The Microsoft Serial Mouse format is the defacto standard for serial mice The Microsoft mouse format allows for only two buttons Three button mice working in Microsoft mode ignore the middle button The data packets are sent at 1200 baud with 1 stop bit and no parity Each packet consists of 3 bytes It is sent to the computer every time the mouse changes state ie the mouse is moved or the buttons are pressed released D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 DO Ist byte 1 LB RB Y7 Y6 X7 X6 2nd byte 0 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0 3rd byte 0 Y5 Y4 3 Y2 Y1 YO LB is th
226. sroission it Transition to Transition to Subactive Mode Mode eo Mode Serial Data Receptionin Transition to Active Medium Asynchronous Mode Speed Mode Watchdog Timer Older One For All IR Remote Serial Protocol This protocol supposedly works for URC 4000 One For All 6 URC 5000 One For All 12 For newer remotes click here Serial Settings 4800 baud start bit 8 data bits no parity 1 stop bit half duplex DTR High RTS Low The active components hidden in the serial cable s DB9 housing draw power from DTR Before communication you should lower DTR and CTS this resets the circuitry During communication you must raise DTR to power the serial cable Wake Up Sequence You must repeat this wake up sequence for each command you send to the remote To wake up the remote 1 raise DTR to power the serial cable 2 send a serial BREAK for at least 50 msec 15 msec minimum but some remotes take longer than that maybe even 100 msec 3 receive a wake up acknowlege from the remote 0x6E 4 send a serial execute command to the remote 0xBC 5 receive a serial execute command acknowlege Ox6F Once the remote s awake you can send any single byte keycode to the remote The remote will go to sleep after execute the keycode The remote will echo back the keycode If you send a macro command that issues multiple keycodes the remote echoes back only the last keycode After each command 1 lower DTR
227. storing the following short string abcddddddcbbbbabcdef There are 20 letters above if each is stored as a single byte that is 20 bytes in all However the runs of d and b above can be stored as two bytes each the first indicating how many letters in the run For example the following run length encoded string takes only 14 bytes abc6dc4babcdef In general of course it needs to be a bit more sophisticated than the above For example there is no way in the above encoding to encode strings with numbers that is how would one know whether the number was the length of the run or part of the string content Also one would not want to encode runs of length 1 so how does one tell when a run starts and when a literal sequence starts The common approach is to use only 7 of the 8 bits to indicate the run length this is normally interpreted as a signed byte If the length byte is positive it indicates a replicated run run of the following byte If the number is negative then it indicates a literal run that is that number of following bytes is copied as is To illustrate this the following sequence of bytes would encode the example string given above it requires 17 bytes 3abc6dad lc4b6abcdaef While 17 bytes to encode what would take 20 without RLE may not sound like much but as the frequency and length of the repeating characters increases the compression ratio gets better Worst case Of course RLE will not always result in a co
228. structure Uns32 nContours PolygonData polygons nContours where PolygonData is Uns32 nVertices Point3D vertices nVertices 0 lt nContours 2 lt nVertices Text samples Container GeneralPolygon 2 nContours 3 nVertices 1 0 0 T 040 01 7 0 3 nVertices 1 0 4 0 10 4 0 0 2 1 0 Container VertexAttributeSetList 6 Exclude 2 0 4 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 0 1 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 011 tainer tributeSet DiffuseColor 101 Q O me Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 110 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 111 Line Full name Shared Shape Geometry Line Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type line Ascii type Line Binary size 24 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 VertexAttributeSetList optional nObjects 2 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description Our basic line primitive is a line segment a simple line drawn between two vertices Optional vertex attributes may be attached using a VertexAttributeSetList A set of attributes may be applied to the entire line segment by attaching an attribute set Data structure Point3D start Point3D end Text samples Line 000100 Container Line 0 0 0 100 Container VertexAttributeSetList 2 Exclude 0 Container Attribut
229. synchronized Even when actual data is not really being sent a constant flow of bits allows each device to know where the other is at any given time That is each bit that is sent is either actual data or an idle character Synchronous communications allows faster data transfer rates than asynchronous methods because additional bits to mark the beginning and end of each data byte are not required Using the asynchronous protocol each device uses its own internal clock resulting in bytes that are transferred at arbitrary times So instead of using time as a way to synchronize the bits the data format is used In particular the data transmission is synchronized using the start bit of the word while one or more stop bits indicate the end of the word The requirement to send these additional bits causes asynchronous communications to be slightly slower than synchronous However it has the advantage that the processor does not have to deal with the additional idle characters Most serial ports operate asynchronously Note When used in this guide the terms synchronous and asynchronous refer to whether read or write operations block access to the MATLAB command line Refer to Controlling Access to the MATLAB Command Line for more information How Are the Bits Transmitted By definition serial data is transmitted one bit at a time The order in which the bits are transmitted is given below 1 The start bit is transmitted with a value
230. t location lupVectorl 1 0 Default Values 0 0 1 location 0 0 0 pointOflInterest 0 10 upVector Text samples Container OrthographicCamera Sash i CameraPlacement 10 0 0 located along X axis 0 0 0 point of interest is origin O10 Y is up Camera Range Full name Data CameraData CameraRange Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data CameraData Binary type cmrg Ascii type CameraRange Binary size 8 Parent Objects ALWAYS Camera objects ViewAngleAspectCamera ViewPlaneCamera OrthographicCamera Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The camera range affects the clipping of the viewing frustum This is used to bound the range of the set of objects of interest Hither is the frontmost clipping plane sometimes referred to as near yon is the backmost clipping plane sometimes referred to as far Each of these distances is measured along the camera vector described in the Camera Placement object Data structure Float32 hither Float32 yon O lt hither yon default is hither e yon Text samples Container OrthographicCamera 1 1 1 1 CameraRange 0 1 2 hither yon Camera ViewPort Full name Data CameraData Camera V iewPort Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data CameraData Binary type cmvp Ascii type CameraViewPort Binary size 16 Parent Objects ALWAYS any Camera object ViewAngleAspect
231. t PointLight Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Light Binary type pntl Ascii type PointLight Binary size Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 LightData optional defaults Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A point light is a light at an infinitesimally small point in space It may be attenuated or it may cast shadows Data structure Point3D location Attenuation attenuation Boolean castsShadows where Attenuation is the structure Float32 c0 Float32 cl Float32 c2 attenuation is computed using d as the distance from location 1 c0 cl d c2 d42 0 lt c0 0 lt cl 0 lt c2 attenuation is not clamped to 0 1 to allow for lighting washout such as in a nuclear explosion Text samples PointLight T2 232 0 0 1 InverseDistanceSquared True Container PointLight 12 2372 0 0 1 InverseDistanceSquared True LightData True 0 4 100 Spot Light Full name Shared Shape Light SpotLight Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Light Binary type spot Ascii type SpotLight Binary size Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 LightData optional defaults Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A spot light radiates with a circular cone of light that tapers toward the edge of the cone The hotSpotAngle is the angle in radians from the axis of the spot light for which the spot light has maximum co
232. t falls well short of some of the applications which have been written around the parallel port system It does everything I need it to do as far as controlling multiple devices and producing platform independent samples is concerned so I have drawn the line there for the time being but I hope I will have provided enough information to allow anyone with an inclination towards programming to write their own much nicer versions or to port the method to other platforms I have in mind some particular features I might add to the VB side to address some specific future project requirements but these are so far off the normal track that there would be little point in trying to build them in to a general app and anyway they still depend on utilising the same dos based core program How to get started Click here to download REMOTE13 ZIP 39k a zip file which contains five files WINSAMP EXE MANYBUTT EXE README TXT BUTT1 BUT and BUTT18 BUT Create a directory wherever you want and whatever you want to call it and put these into it WINSAMP EXE is the main dos app and is all you really need to get started MANYBUTT EXE is my VB5 demo for Win95 98 which calls the dos program as required The BUT files are example buttons used by MANYBUTT EXE README TXT is all the explanation and detail I didn t want to put on this page written in plain text and I only suggest that it be in the same directory so it doesn t get lost or overwrite any other fi
233. t Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Transform Binary type qtrn Ascii type Quaternion Binary size 16 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The quaternion specifies three axes of rotation and a twist value Useful for user interface Data structure Float32 w Float32 x Float32 y Float32 z Text samples Quaternion 0 2 0 7 0 2 1 57 Rotate Transform Full name Shared Shape Transform Rotate Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Transform Binary type rott Ascii type Rotate Binary size Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description Rotate about the X Y or Z axes Data structure AxisEnum axis Float32 radians AxisEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 X 0x00000001 Y 0x00000002 Z Text samples Rotate X 1 57 Rotate About Axis Transform Full name Shared Shape Transform RotateAboutAxis Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Transform Binary type rtaa Ascii type RotateAboutAxis Binary size 28 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description Rotate about an arbitrary axis in space Data structure Point3D origin Vector3D orientation Float32 radians lorientation 1 Text samples RotateAboutAxis 20 0 0 origin O 1 0 orientation 1 57 radians Ro
234. t should contain loops that are geometrically continuous meaning the first trim curves end point ends at the next trim curves starting point In the metafile version 1 0 the only 2 dimensional curve allowed is a NURBCurve2D In future releases of the metafile we expect to add additional types of 2d trim curves for trimming NURBS Data structure Text samples Container NURBPatch 444 4 u v order num M N points 2 2 0 1 S 2 0 FL aL 325 0 ak 2201 S220 vi 2 0 7d L 0 Sk 2 2 O 1 2e 2 0 Ae eee S TL 25 a 1 Deve Ou ah H22 E oR ye 200d de 2 Ode 20 E 0000131 31310000d31131 421 knots Container TrimLoop NURBCurve2D NURBCurve2D Image Clear Color Full name Data ViewHintsData ImageClearColor Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data ViewHintsData Binary type imcc Ascii type ImageClearColor Binary size 12 Parent Objects ALWAYS ViewHints Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description This specifies the preferred rgb color with should be used to clear the drawing areas background Data structure ColorRGB clearColor Text samples 3DMetafile 1 0 Normal toc gt Container ViewHints ImageClearColor 111 white Box Image Dimensions Full name Data ViewHintsData ImageDimensions Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data ViewHintsData Binary type imdm Ascii type ImageDimensions Binary size
235. t to Send RTS pin 7 asserts the Carrier Detect pin 1 on the same side and the Clear to Send CTS pin 8 on the other side of the cable This device may also be available in the form of an adapter Left Side Connect to 9 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 9 pin DTE computer computer fm Match Data Wiring Display S elalziz sit ola Socket L Socket R DBS Female DBY Female Cable image created by CableEye 4 DB25 to DB9 Adapter Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Signals on the DB25 DTE side are directly mapped to the DB9 A assignments for a DTE device Use this to adapt a 25 pin COM connector on the back of a computer to mate with a 9 pin serial DCE device suchas 80K a 9 pin serial mouse or modem This adapter may also be in the form of a cable Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 9 pin DCE computer modem im Match Data Wiring Display aj lana a 1 3 pe 2a Socket L DB25 Female Cable image created by CableEye 5 DB25 to DB9 Adapter pin 1 connected to shield Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic This adapter has the same wiring as the previous cable 4 except that pin th 1 is wired to the connector shell shield Note that the cable s shield is usually a foil blanket surrounding all conductors running the length of the 84K cable and joining the connector shells Pin 1 of the EIA232 specification called out as shield may be separate from the e
236. t up correctly you can expect compression ratios of 1 4 or even higher 1 to 4 compression would be typical of a text file If we were transferring that text file at 28 8K DCE DCE then when the modem compresses it you are actually transferring 115 2 KBPS between computers and thus have a DCE DTE speed of 115 2 KBPS Thus this is why the DCE DTE should be much higher than your modem s connection speed Some modem manufacturers quote a maximum compression ratio as 1 8 Lets say for example its on a new 33 6 KBPS modem then we may get a maximum 268 800 BPS transfer between modem and UART If you only have a 16550a which can do 115 200 BPS tops then you would be missing out on a extra bit of performance Buying a 16C650 should fix your problem with a maximum transfer rate of 230 400 BPS However don t abuse your modem if you don t get these rates These are MAXIMUM compression ratios In some instances if you try to send a already compressed file your modem can spend more time trying the compress it thus you get a transmission speed less than your modem s connection speed If this occurs try turning off your data compression This should be fixed on newer modems Some files compress easier than others thus any file which compresses easier is naturally going to have a higher compression ratio Flow Control So if our DTE to DCE speed is several times faster than our DCE to DCE speed the PC can send data to your modem at 115 200 BPS Sooner o
237. ta input from RXD32 pin is set in RSR in the receiving order that is starting from the LSB Bit 0 and is converted into parallel data When one byte data is received it is transferred automatically to RDR RSR cannot be read from or written to directly by the CPU The Receive Data Register RDR is an 8 bit register to store received serial data Receiving one byte data the received data is transferred from RSR to RDR to complete receive operation RSR is then ready to receive data RSR and RDR have a double buffer enabling continuous receive operations RDR is a receive only register and cannot be written to by the CPU The Transmission Shift Register TSR is a register to transmit serial data Transmit data is temporarily transferred from TDR to TSR and is sent to TXD32 pin starting from the LSB Bit 0 for serial data transmission Transmitting one byte data the next transmit data is transferred automatically from TDR to TSR to start transmitting If data is not written in TDR 1 is set in TDRE data is not transferred from TDR to TSR TSR cannot be read from or written to directly by the CPU The Transmit Data Register TDR is an 8 bit register to store transmit data Detecting that TSR is empty transmit data written in TDR is transferred to TSR to start serial data transmission By writing next transmit data in TDR during TSR serial data transmission continuous transmission is possible TDR can always be read from or written to by
238. tate About Point Transform Full name Shared Shape Transform RotateAboutPoint Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Transform Binary type rtap Ascii type RotateAboutPoint Binary size 20 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description To rotate about the X Y or Z axes at an arbitrary point in space Data structure AxisEnum axis Float32 radians Point3D origin AxisEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 X 0x00000001 Y 0x00000002 Z Text samples Scale Transform Full name Shared Shape Transform Scale Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Transform Binary type scal Ascii type Scale Binary size Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description A scale transform Data structure Vector3D scale scale x 0 0 scale y 0 0 scale z 0 0 Text samples Scale 112 Translate Transform Full name Shared Shape Transform Translate Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Transform Binary type trns Ascii type Translate Binary size 12 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description A translate transfrom Data structure Vector3D translate Text samples Translate 1 2 100 Unknown Binary Full name Shared Shape UnknownBinary Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy
239. tes of up to 20 000 bits per second the usual upper limit is 19 200 baud Fixed baud rates are not set by the EIA232 standard However the commonly used values are 300 1200 2400 9600 and 19 200 baud Other accepted values that are not often used are 110 mechanical teletype machines 600 and 4800 baud Changes in signal state from logic 1 to logic 0 or vice versa must abide by several requirements as follows 1 Signals that enter the transition region during a change of state must move through the transition region to the opposite signal state without reversing direction or reentering 2 For control signals the transit time through the transition region should be less than lms 3 For Data and Timing signals the transit time through the transition region should be a less than Ims for bit periods greater than 25ms b 4 of the bit period for bit periods between 25ms and 125us c less than 5us for bit periods less than 125us The rise and fall times of data and timing signals ideally should be equal but in any case vary by no more than a factor of three Reenters Transition Reverses Within Fal Time Too Jow Region Transition Region An acceptable pulse top moves through the transition region quickly and without hesitation or reversal Defective pulses bottom could cause data errors 4 The slope of the rising and falling edges of a transition should not exceed 30v uS Rates higher than this may induc
240. texAttributeSetList 3 Exclude 0 Container vertex 0 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 000 Container vertex 0 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 001 Container vertex 0 AttributeSet DiffuseColor 010 Camera Placement Full name Data CameraData CameraPlacement Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data CameraData Binary type cmpl Ascii type CameraPlacement Binary size 36 Parent Objects ALWAYS Camera objects ViewAngleAspectCamera ViewPlaneCamera OrthographicCamera Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable No Description The camera placement specifies the location and orientation of the camera in space by a camera location a point of interest and an up vector This placement locates and orients the camera and defines a space in which the rest of the parameters are interpreted If the up vector is not of unit length upon reading it should be normalized by the reading program The camera placement is affected by the current transformation state in a hierarchy The location and point of interest are multiplied by the current transformation directly and the up vector is multiplied by the current transformation minus any translation component of the transform and unitized The camera vector is defined as camera vector pointOfInterest location Data structure Point3D location Point3D pointOfInterest Vector3D upVector upVector pointOfInteres
241. than the graphics discussed so far Examples of two image types will be presented grey scale images which could also be used for black and white images and 24 bit RGB images 8 Bit Grey Scale The simplest method that is applicable to small images is the postscript command image This take 5 arguments the width and height of the image the bits per pixel a transformation matrix 6 numbers and finally a procedure for acquiring the image data In the following example the grey scale 8 bit image is 24 pixels wide by 34 pixels tall Since in postscript an image is defined from the lower left comer and the image is defined from its top left corner the transformation matrix used here does the appropriate vertical flipping The procedure used here is esentially a null procedure it is a hexadecimal string as indicated by the angle brackets lt gt Postscript renders images as one point square hence the scaling by 24 horizontally and 34 vertically There are many details left out of this discussion the reader needs to consult a postscript reference manual for more information 100 200 translate 26 34 scale 26 34 8 26 0 0 34 0 34 h h EFEEEFEFEFETTF 00000000000 Ff 0 OM MFO Mm Ff FEFEFEFEEFEEEFEECEEEEE 0 ooo0o00ffffffffffffff f f f fefO000ffffffffffff fO0efefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef0O0ce00ffffffffff F O0Oefefefefefefefefefefefefefefefef00ceceODOffFfFLFLEFE FOOcececeOOfffffFf FOOcecececeO0Offff FOOO000000000000 Fef00
242. tices 1 numMVertices 1 2 1 VertexAttributeSetList optional nObjects numNVertices numMVertices attribute sets 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description Points specified are given in row major order You may add a FaceAttributeSetList to attach a set of attributes for each of the triangles generated by this primitive You may also add a VertexAttributeSetList to attach attributes to each vertex Data structure Uns32 nColumns Uns32 nRows Point3D points pumMVertices numNVertices 2 nColumns 2 nRows Text samples Container TriGrid 3 4 nUVertices nVVertices 1 1 1 OS 1 0 0 1 0 OT e085 FALA 045 0 0n Oro 02 2 0 0 5 0 0 I 1 0 Oa 2 00 ONT A022 1335 052 Container FaceAttributeSetList 12 Include 1 5 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 1 0 0 5 Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 8 0 7 0 3 Group Full name Shared Shape Group Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Binary type grup Ascii type Group Binary size 0 Parent Objects none Format No Data Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The group is useful for grouping any type of shared objects together It is delimited by an end group object Data structure Text samples BeginGroup Group CString This is the first day of the rest of your life Torus EndGroup
243. tification Register IIR First In First Out Control Register FCR Line Control Register LCR Modem Control Register MCR Line Status Register LSR Modem Status Register MSR Scratch Register Part 3 Programming PC s Polling or Interrupt Driven Source Code Termpoll c Polling Version Source Code Buff1024 c ISR Version Interrupt Vectors Interrupt Service Routine UART Configuration Main Routine Loop Determining the type of UART via Software Part 4 External Hardware Interfacing Methods RS 232 Waveforms RS 232 Level Converters Making use of the Serial Format 8250 and compatable UART s CDP6402 AY 5 1015 D36402R 9 etc UARTs Microcontrollers Part One Hardware PC s Hardware Properties Devices which use serial cables for their communication are split into two categories These are DCE Data Communications Equipment and DTE Data Terminal Equipment Data Communications Equipment are devices such as your modem TA adapter plotter etc while Data Terminal Equipment is your Computer or Terminal The electrical specifications of the serial port is contained in the EIA Electronics Industry Association RS232C standard It states many parameters such as A Space logic 0 will be between 3 and 25 Volts A Mark Logic 1 will be between 3 and 25 Volts The region between 3 and 3 volts is undefined RW N An open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts In Reference to GND 5
244. till be called Transmitted Data because the data is thought to be destined for a remote DTE device Pin 3 Received Data RxD This signal is active when the DTE device receives data from the DCE device When no data is transmitted the signal is held in the mark condition logic 1 negative voltage NOTE Pin 3 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Transmitted Data although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Received Data because the data is thought to arrive from a remote DTE device Pin 4 Request to Send RTS This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage to prepare the DCE device for accepting transmitted data from the DTE device Such preparation might include enabling the receive circuits or setting up the channel direction in half duplex applications When the DCE is ready it acknowledges by asserting Clear to Send NOTE Pin 4 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Clear to Send although by the EJA232 standard it should still be called Request to Send because the request is thought to be destined for a remote DTE device Pin 5 Clear to Send CTS This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the DCE device to inform the DTE device that transmission may begin RTS and CTS are commonly used as handshaking signals to moderate the flow of data into the DCE device NOTE Pin 5 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Request to Send although by the EIA232 standard it should still b
245. tionStyleEnum interpolationStyle where InterpolationStyleEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 None 0x00000001 Vertex 0x00000002 Pixel Text samples InterpolationStyle Vertex Orientation Style Full name Shared Shape Style OrientationStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type ornt Ascii type OrientationStyle Binary size 4 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The Orientation style is used to change the orientation of polygons Data structure OrientationEnum orientation where OrientationEnum is Binary Text 0x00000000 CounterClockwise 0x00000001 Clockwise Text samples OrientationStyle Clockwise Pick ID Style Full name Shared Shape Style PickIDStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type pkid Ascii type PickIDStyle Binary size 4 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects none Inherited Yes Referencable Yes Description The pick ID style is used to allow the user to insert ids within a hierarchy to aid in picking a hierarchy Data structure Uns32 id Text samples PickIDStyle 23 Pick Parts Style Full name Shared Shape Style PickPartsStyle Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Style Binary type pkpt Ascii type PickPartsStyle Binary size Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects no
246. to do with timeouts sample sizes waiting for the data to start suspending interrupts etc which will be explained elsewhere but the basic principle is very simple and apparently rock solid It is not possible to sample remotes through the IRDA port at least with my software but probably not at all on a PC due to the design of the port hardware Samples have to be made using a 232 port using the hardware described below or equivalent but this should not be a problem Playback through the IRDA port works fine so long as you are aware of the potential pitfalls again covered to some extent on my Furby page and in particular relating to operation under Windows I have run the same software on an 8MHz 286 yes I managed to find one that still works and a K6 2 333 and got the same results Samples made on both extremes of machine look the same and can be exchanged without problems This suggests that the technique will work well on a wide range of devices with serial ports not just PCs The actual sample grabbing process is designed to scream along even on a slow machine though the post grab processing can take as much time as it needs since it is not real time critical Update 26th August 2002 Things move on Since writing the above section PCs have got considerably faster I am happy to report that the system has now beem tested unchanged on Athlon 1000 boxes and above without problems under Windows 95 98SE and from the feedback
247. to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the Clear to Send pin 5 and the DCE Ready pin 6 on the other side Request to Send pin 4 on one side asserts Received Line Signal Detect pin 8 on the other side Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE computer computer imi Match Data Wiring Display Sole slr oft Of Socket L Socket R DB25 Female DB25 Female SH Cable image created by CableEye 14 DB25 Null Modem unusual handshaking Next Cable Previous Cable I Next Topic Use this female to female cable in any application where you wish to A connect two DTE devices for example two computers A male to male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two DCE devices 84K NOTE Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way Refer to the manual for your equipment if you experience problems In this cable the DTE Ready pin 20 on one side asserts the DCE Ready pin 6 and Carrier Detect pin 8 on the other side Request to Send pin 4 is unused and Clear to Send pin 5 is driven by a proprietary signal pin 11 determined by the designer of this cable Left Side Connect to 25 pin DTE Right Side Connect to 25 pin DTE co
248. tor address is assigned to them Each interrupt request can be enabled disabled by TIE and RIE in SCR3 If TDRE in SSR is set to 1 TXI is generated If TEND in SSR is set to 1 TEI is generated These two interrupts are generated during transmission The initial value of TDRE in SSR is 1 Therefore by setting TIE in SCR3 to 1 and by enabling a transmit data empty interrupt request TXI before transferring transmit data to TDR TXI is generated even when transmit data is not ready The initial value of TEND in SSR is 1 Therefore by setting TEIE in SCR3 to 1 and by enabling a transmit end interrupt request TEI before transferring transmit data to TDR TEI is generated even when transmit data is not sent By processing which transfers transmit data to TDR within the interrupt handling routine these interrupts can be utilized effectively To prevent these interrupt requests TXI and TED the enable bits TIE and TEIE interacting to these interrupt requests should be set to 1 after transmit data has been transferred to TDR RXI is generated when RDRF in SSR is set to 1 ERI is generated when OER PER or FER is set to 1 These two interrupt requests are generated during reception 2 Table 3 shows assignment of functions in this task example Serial data transmission in asynchronous mode is performed by assigning the functions as shown in Table 3 Table 3 Assignment of Functions SMR _ Sets a serial data transfer format and clock sour
249. tructure Uns32 nVertices Point3D vertices nVertices 2 nVertices Text samples Container PolyLine 4 5 0 9 0 429 0 5 1 5 0 45 0 0 0 T S eoa Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 4 0 2 0 9 Torus Full name Shared Shape Geometry Torus Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type tors Ascii type Torus Binary size 0 or 52 Parent Objects Format Data Format Subobjects 1 AttributeSet optional Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The orientation length specifies the radius of the circular along the orientation vector of the torus cross section The major and minor axes are vectors to the center of the torus cross section as in the diagram The ratio is the change in the orientation length in the axial direction A ratio of 2 for example creates a fatter torus cross section along the major and minor axes a ratio of 0 5 creates a fatter cross section along the orientation As far as anyone knows the torus is useful for drawing donuts and bagels and makes a great demo The default parametrization is shown in the diagram Data structure Vector3D orientation Vector3D majorAxis Vector3D minorAxis Point3D origin Float32 ratio For 0 sized objects default is 1 0 0 orientation O 1 0 majorAxis 0 0 1 minorAxis 00 0 origin 1 ratio Text samples Torus Toru 2 OWrFOoONn OOF On 0 2 0 1
250. ts none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A renderer that doesnt do anything but may be used to accumulate state or for picking Data structure Text samples Container ViewHints GenericRenderer ViewAngleAspectCamera AmbientLight Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 2 0 2 0 2 Interactive Renderer Full name Shared Renderer InteractiveRenderer Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Renderer Binary type ctwn Ascii type InteractiveRenderer Binary size 0 Parent Objects SOMETIMES ViewHints Format No Data Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The interactive renderer This will be renamed later when the corresponding product is named Data structure Text samples Container ViewHints InteractiveRenderer ViewAngleAspectCamera AmbientLight Container AttributeSet DiffuseColor 0 2 0 2 0 2 Wire Frame Renderer Full name Shared Renderer WireFrame Drawable No Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Renderer Binary type wrfr Ascii type WireFrame Binary size 0 Parent Objects SOMETIMES ViewHints Format No Data Subobjects none Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A wireframe renderer Data structure Text samples Container ViewHints Wireframe ViewAngleAspectCamera AmbientLight Container AttributeSet DiffuseColo
251. tting up the channel direction in half duplex applications When the DCE is ready it acknowledges by asserting Clear to Send NOTE Pin 4 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Clear to Send although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Request to Send because the request is thought to be destined for a remote DTE device Pin 5 Clear to Send CTS This signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage by the DCE device to inform the DTE device that transmission may begin RTS and CTS are commonly used as handshaking signals to moderate the flow of data into the DCE device NOTE Pin 5 on the DCE device is commonly labeled Request to Send although by the EIA232 standard it should still be called Clear to Send because the signal is thought to originate from a remote DTE device Secondary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 14 Secondary Transmitted Data STxD Pin 16 Secondary Received Data SRxD Pin 19 Secondary Request to Send SRTS Pin 13 Secondary Clear to Send SCTS These signals are equivalent to the corresponding signals in the primary communications channel The baud rate however is typically much slower in the secondary channel for increased reliability Modem Status and Control Signals Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Pin 6 DCE Ready DSR When originating from a modem this signal is asserted logic 0 positive voltage when the following three conditions are
252. ty bit in the SCI s status register ScsSR This single bit can then be used to check whether or not the frame has been successfully transmitted SCI transmit buffers read from SCDR RxBuffer kz Figure 26 SCI transmit and receive buffers A similar set of steps can be used to check and see if the receive data register has been filled Once initialized the receive data component of the SCI subsystem will wait for the true to false transition on the input line signalling a start bit After the start bit has been detected the receive subsystem will shift in 10 or 11 bits into the receive data register The start and stop bits are removed and 8 bits of data are loaded into the SCI data register scpr The ninth parity bit R8 is put in the sccR1 control register When the receive data register is full then the SCI subsystem sets the RDRF receive data register full flag in the status register scsR The programmer can then check this status flag to see if a full frame has been received The following code segment from an init function can be used to initialize the SCI module to transmit and receive at 38 kbaud This setup was used in our earlier kernel c functions to send characters back and forth between the MicroStamp11 and the PC void init void asm sei CONFIG 0x04 BAUD BAUD 3 8K SCCR1 0x00 SCCR2 0x0C asm cli The instructions in this function do the following The first instruction CONFIG 0x04 tur
253. u have a pressing desire to do comparisons between the original version winsamp version 1 1 and the current one V1 3 you should ignore REMOTE11 ZIP 37k and go for REMOTE13 ZIP 39k The packages contain versions of the same set of 5 files MANYBUTT EXE BUTT1 BUT and BUTT18 BUT are unchanged WINSAMP EXE and README TXT have been updated in the newer remote13 zip version If you are updating your installation from 1 1 to 1 3 only the two changed files need to be replaced obviously Just for information V1 2 was an intermediate version which was never published because I didn t want to have to do two page and docs revisions in quick succession but you re not missing anything because 1 3 contains all of 1 2 plus extra features At risk of repeating myself the upgrade will not require you to do anything to your existing sample files does not change the command line interface does not modify the settings of the GUI manybutt exe and only requires you to replace winsamp exe and the readme file if you want to keep things in step and then probably only if you actually want to read it Note that the remainder of this section is virtually the same as what was here before so there is no nead to read it again if you re already familiar with the contents The software here is enough to get you going both in dos and Windows95 98 but is not pretty clever or feature laden It goes some way beyond proving the point that the method works bu
254. uit Cable Interface Mechanical RS232 can be found on different connectors There are special specifications for this The CCITT only defines a Sub D 25 pins version where the EIA TIA has two versions RS232C and RS232D which are resp on a Sub D25 and a RJ45 Next to this IBM has added a Sub D 9 version which is found an almost all Personal Computers and is described in TIA 457 Pinning RS232 C Description pie sss TIA 457 Shield Ground a ee E e Transmitted Data ho le fa Received Data Request To Send 7 Clear To Send 106 6 DCE Ready 20 DTE Ready 108 2 Ring Indicator sl Received Line Signal Detector Data Signal Rate Select Rents ies 24 Transmit Signal Element Timing DTE Source Transmitter Signal Element Timing DCE Source Receiver Signal Element Timing DCE Source Local Loopback Quality Detector Remote Loopback A 110 Secondary Transmitted Data Secondary Received Data Secondary Request To Send Secondary Clear To Send ha f T Secondary Received Line Signal Detector 1 Data ne Rate Select DCE Source leans PS famo m YP Sd id p gt Reserved for Testing Reserved for Testing Unassigned p Nn SHAT i AT Q O ACE diei F if Interface Electrical All signals are measured in reference to a common ground which is called the signal ground AB A positive voltage between 3 and 15 Vdc represents a logical 0 and a negative voltag
255. ult condition is deasserted Sec Request to Send Default condition is deasserted DTE Ready Default condition is DTE not ready DCE Ready Default condition is DCE not ready Note specifically that if the cable is connected but the power is off in the generator side or if the cable is disconnected there should be adequate bias voltage in the receiver to keep the signal above 3v logic 0 to ensure that the fail safe requirement is met Schmitt triggers or other hysteresis devices may be used to enhance noise immunity in some designs but should never be adjusted to compromise the fail safe requirement Signal Timing Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 standard is applicable to data rates of up to 20 000 bits per second the usual upper limit is 19 200 baud Fixed baud rates are not set by the EIA232 standard However the commonly used values are 300 1200 2400 9600 and 19 200 baud Other accepted values that are not often used are 110 mechanical teletype machines 600 and 4800 baud Changes in signal state from logic 1 to logic 0 or vice versa must abide by several requirements as follows 1 Signals that enter the transition region during a change of state must move through the transition region to the opposite signal state without reversing direction or reentering 2 For control signals the transit time through the transition region should be less than lms 3 For Data and Timing signals
256. umber of animations taken 7 AfA Quy Quy Quy ey DA amp PISIS i i S e Nn O lt Bia wy S NL vdatal R lt lt a a 2 S 2 m 5 ot 09 N AJE S u o N m e 09 N Picture summary data 32 bytes or 8 int32 s 0 Hi order byte unknown next 3 bytes Length of current image Length of current thumbnail Audio data length expanded Resolution Protection state TimeDate Unknown 0 Animation type 1 10ms 2 20ms Manufacturer Unknown Unknown 0 Card detected 1 No 2 Yes Unknown Language 3 english 4 french 5 german 6 italian 8 spanish 10 dutch Unknown True No of frames taken 1 2 3 4 5 6 T I nN oo 0 1 sa AN xI nN J oy x A S J nN lt QO jab D PEER vdata R int32 W N A e ee n i ot lt C D Unknown Exposure Compensation 8 bytes 0 compensation value 20 to 20 1 0 Exp meter 2 Center weighted 3 Spot 5 Multi element matrix Effective zoom in tenths of millimeters 8 bytes Bitmap 1 AEL WBL 2 Fisheye 4 Wide 8 Manual zoom 16 B W 256 1 25x 512 1 6x 768 2 0x 1024 2 5x 1280 off Unknown Size of data packet from camera default 0x800 Unknown N 3 R O CO oo o0 Nn ey o0 1 le lt QO fes
257. unds all 25 cable conductors Data timing and control signal voltages are measured with respect to this common ground EIA232 cannot be used in applications where the equipment on opposite ends of the connection must be electrically isolated NOTE optical isolators may be used to achieve ground isolation however this option is not mentioned or included in the E A232 specification Signal Characteristics Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Equivalent Circuit All signal lines regardless of whether they provide data timing or control information may be represented by the electrical equivalent circuit shown here Int face Points lt SO ohms 3k 7k ohms R o Ri Y Cable CL E lt t25v lt 2500pF T Dy Fin Z Ground C UTU Fin 7 Ground Generator Receiver Inform ation Flow f This is the equivalent circuit for an EIA232 signal line and applies to signals originating at either the DTE or DCE side of the connection Co is not specified in the standard but is assumed to be small and to consist of parasitic elements only Ro and Vo are chosen so that the short circuit current does not exceed 500ma The cable length is not specified in the standard acceptable operation is experienced with cables that are less than 25 feet in length Signal State Voltage Assignments Voltages of 3v to 25v with respect to signal ground pin 7 are considered logic 1 the marking condition whereas voltages of 3v to 25v ar
258. up 2 Incorrect communications function DTE versus DCE for the cable in use resulting in the reversal of the Transmit and Receive data lines as well as one or more handshaking lines 3 Incorrect connector gender or pin configuration preventing cable connectors from mating properly Fortunately E A232 driver circuitry is highly tolerant of misconnections and will usually survive a drive signal being connected to ground or two drive signals connected to each other In any case if the serial interface between two devices is not operating correctly disconnect the cable joining this equipment until the problem is isolated Pin Assignments Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Go to DTE Pinout looking into the computer s serial connector Go to DCE Pinout looking into the modem s serial connector If the full E A232 standard is implemented as defined the equipment at the far end of the connection is named the DTE device Data Terminal Equipment usually a computer or terminal has a male DB25 connector and utilizes 22 of the 25 available pins for signals or ground Equipment at the near end of the connection the telephone line interface is named the DCE device Data Circuit terminating Equipment usually a modem has a female DB25 connector and utilizes the same 22 available pins for signals and ground The cable linking DTE and DCE devices is a parallel straight through cable with no cross overs or self connects in the connect
259. ved a basic carrier signal from a remote DCE Data Signal Rate Select CH CI A control signal that can be used to change the transmission DTE DCE Source gt speed Transmit Signal Element Timing DTE Source Transmitter Signal Element Timing Timing signals used by the DTE for transmission DCE Source Receiver Signal Element Timing Timing signals used by the DTE when receiving data DCE Source Timing signals used by the DTE for transmission where the clock is originated by the DTE and the DCE is the slave Originated by the DCE that changes state when the analog signal received from the remote DCE becomes marginal mesmo m O Reservedtor Tesne The secondary signals are used on some DCE s Those units have the possibility to transmit and or receive on a secondary channel Those secondary channels are mostly of a lower speed than the normal ones and are mainly used for administrative functions Cable pinning Here are some cable pinning that might be useful Not all applications are covered it is just a help Straight DB25 DB25 Null modem cable DB25 Tail circuit cable DB25 to DB9 DTE Cable Async Sync DCE cable jump to related fiber cable pages jump to The Belden Cable Company s cable selection tutorial pages jump to Data Communication by CAMI Research good write up jump to RS 232 by CAMI Research good write up jump to Interfacing the Serial RS232 Port good write up
260. volume of Category 5 cable used makes it widely available and very inexpensive often less than half the price of specialty RS422 485 cabling The cable has a maximum capacitance of 17 pF ft 14 5 pF typical and characteristic impedance of 100 ohms Category 5 cable is available as shielded twisted pair STP as well as unshielded twisted pair UTP and generally exceeds the recommendations making it an excellent choice for RS232 systems RS232 V 24 V 28 IS2110 X 20 bis for Async X 21 bis for Sync General In this document the term RS232 will be used when refered to this serial interface The description of RS232 is an EIA TIA norm and is identical to CCITT V 24 V 28 X 20bis X 21bis and ISO IS2110 The only difference is that CCITT has split the interface into its electrical description V 28 and a mechanical part V 24 or Asynchronous X 20 bis and Synchronous X 21 bis where the EIA TIA describes everything under RS232 As said before RS232 is a serial interface It can be found in many different applications where the most common ones are modems and Personal Computers All pinning specifications are writen for the DTE side All DTE DCE cables are straight through meaning the pins are connected one on one DTE DTE and DCE DCE cables are cross cables To make a destiction between all different types of cables we have to use a naming convention DTE DCE Straight Cable DTE DTE Null Modem Cable DCE DCE Tail Circ
261. wable No Parent Class Heirarchy Data Binary type crnr Ascii type MeshCorners Binary size 4 sizeof corners 0 nCorners 1 sizeof MeshCorner 8 nFaces 4 Parent Objects ALWAYS Mesh Format Data Format Subobjects nCorners AttributeSets order dependent Inherited No Referencable No Description Mesh Corners allow you to attach AttributeSets to a mesh vertex to allow for attributes to be associated with a particular face vertex pair This may be used to allow sharp corners in an object diagram above to set different shading parameters for adjacent faces etc Mesh corners supplies a vertex index a list of face indices and a vertex attribute set for each corner The mesh corners object most often appears inside a container and always has AttributeSet subobjects The first corner in the mesh corners data is mapped to the first attribute set subobject the second corner to the second attribute set etc Data structure Uns32 nCorners MeshCorner corners nCorners 0 lt nCorners where MeshCorner is Uns32 vertexIndex Uns32 nFaces Uns32 faces nFaces 0 lt nFaces Text samples Container Mesh Container MeshCorners 2 numCorners Corner 0 5 vertexIndex 2 faces 25 26 face indices Corner 1 5 vertexIndex 2 faces 23 24 face indices Container AttributeSet Normal 0 2 0 8 0 3 Container AttributeSet Normal 0 7 0 1 0 4
262. wable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Camera Binary type vwpl Ascii type ViewPlaneCamera Binary size 20 Parent Objects SOMETIMES ViewHints Format Data Format Subobjects 1 CameraPlacement optional default 1 CameraViewPort optional default 1 CameraRange optional default Inherited No Referencable Yes Description A view plane camera is a view angle aspect camera specified in terms of an arbitrary view plane This is most useful when setting the camera to look at a particular object The viewPlane is set to distance from the camera to the object The halfWidth is set to half the width of the cross section of the object and the halfHeight equal to the halfWidth divided by the aspect ratio of the viewPort This is the only perspective camera with specifications for off axis viewing which is desirable for scrolling Data structure Float32 viewPlane Float32 halfWidthAtViewPlane Float32 halfHeightAtViewPlane Float32 centerXOnViewPlane Float32 center YOnViewPlane 0 lt viewPlane 0 lt halfWidthAtViewPlane 0 lt halfHeightAtViewPlane centerXOnViewPlane centerYOnViewPlane may be any value Text samples ViewPlaneCamera Container ViewPlaneCamera 20 15 0 15 0 18 29 CameraPlacement 0 0 20 00 0 100 CameraRange 1 25 Box Full name Shared Shape Geometry Box Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Geometry Binary type box Asci
263. which a negative voltage signal represents logic 1 and positive voltage represents logic 0 This probably originated with the pre RS232 current loop standard used in 1950s vintage teletype machines in which a flowing current and hence a low voltage represents logic 1 Be aware that the negative logic assignment of EIA232 is the reverse of that found in most modern digital circuit designs See the inside rear cover of the CableEye manual for a comparison Common Signal Ground Next Topic Previous Topic TOC The EIA232 standard includes a common ground reference on Pin 7 and is frequently joined to Pin 1 and a circular shield that surrounds all 25 cable conductors Data timing and control signal voltages are measured with respect to this common ground EIA232 cannot be used in applications where the equipment on opposite ends of the connection must be electrically isolated NOTE optical isolators may be used to achieve ground isolation however this option is not mentioned or included in the E A232 specification Signal Characteristics Next Topic Previous Topic TOC Equivalent Circuit All signal lines regardless of whether they provide data timing or control information may be represented by the electrical equivalent circuit shown here Int face Points lt SO ohms 3k 7k ohms R o Ri Y Cable CL E lt t25v lt 2500pF T Dy Fin Z Ground C UTU Fin 7 Ground Generator Receiver Inform ation Fl
264. y a reading application should be used You may specify a group of objects inside a IOProxyDisplayGroup as a group up to its EndGroup delimiter is a single object It is understood that ONLY the first understood object in an IO proxy display group is traversed while drawing bounding or picking In other words if an IO proxy display group contains many objects only one of them will be drawn when it comes time to render an image etc Data structure Text samples BeginGroup I0ProxyDisplayGroup Mesh 8 PRORFOGCO FPOrRPFOFAOO OrRPFrFOWODOFOA Box EndGroup BeginGroup IO0OProxyDisplayGroup NURBPatch preferred object DisplayGroup 2nd choice object Translate 12 3 Box EndGroup EndGroup Ordered Display Group Full name Shared Shape Group DisplayGroup OrderedDisplayGroup Drawable Yes Parent Class Heirarchy Shared Shape Group DisplayGroup Binary type ordg Ascii type OrderedDisplayGroup Binary size 0 Parent Objects Format No Data Subobjects 1 DisplayGroupState optional default Inherited No Referencable Yes Description The ordered display group is simply a display group except that objects are sorted by type Objects always appear in an ordered group in the following order Transforms Styles AttributeSets Shaders Geometries DisplayGroups It is delimited by an end group object Data structure Text samples
265. you can read these locations to obtain the addresses of your communications ports include include void main void unsigned int far ptraddr Pointer to location of Port Addresses unsigned int address Address of Port int a ptraddr unsigned int far 0x00000400 for a 0 a lt 4 att address ptraddr if address 0 printf No port found for COM Sd n atl1 else printf Address assigned to COM d is Xh n at l address otraddrt t Table of Registers Base Address DLAB Read Write Abr Register Name 0 Write ER Transmitter Holding Buffer 0 Read Ea Receiver Buffer P Reaawrite Divisor Latch Low Byte P ReaaWrite Divisor Lach High Byte real beet E C keow serach Register Table 5 Table of Registers DLAB You will have noticed in the table of registers that there is a DLAB column When DLAB is set to or l some of the registers change This is how the UART is able to have 12 registers including the scratch register through only 8 port addresses DLAB stands for Divisor Latch Access Bit When DLAB is set to l via the line control register two registers become available from which you can set your speed of communications measured in bits per second The UART will have a crystal which should oscillate around 1 8432 MHZ The UART incorporates a divide by 16 counter which simply divides the incoming clock

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