Novon 11(1): 8?15. 2001 Passiflora tarminiana , a
Contents
1. CS 070 INIAP Loja Santiago 3 47 38 S 79 17 38 W 2450 m Coppens IPGRI AM 10 IPGRI Saraguro San Lucas 2550 m C Tapia amp E Morillo CTEM 040 INIAP Pichincha cultivada Parraoquia Calacali Reserva Geobot nica Pululahua 0 05 N 78 30 W Cer n amp Cer n 2740 MO 0 22 S 78 25 W 2650 m Coppens amp Barney IPGRI AM 12 IPGRI Unchibamba S of Quito 1 07 85 S 78 35 32 W 2610 m Coppens amp Barney IPGRI AM 11 IPGRD Rumi ahui Iasa 0 22 S 78 25 W 2650 m N Mazon amp B Elizalde NMO 038 INIAP Tungurahua Ambato 1 22 02 S 78 36 21 W 2500 m Barney IPGRI AM 9 IPGRI Ba os 2680 m Coppens IPGRI AM 4 IPGRI ETHIOPIA Alemaya cultivated 2000 m Jul 1967 Westphal amp Westphal Stevels 494 MO MEXICO Distrito Federal cultivated at El Rosario 20 Aug 1936 MacDaniels 635 BH Michoac n desv a San Jos del Rinc n carr Angangeo Villa Victoria 2750 m Soto amp Ram rez 1496 MEXU MO Morelos Mpio Huitzilac H Hern ndez 16 Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 8 MEXU Mpio Huitzilac 1 2 km de la Carr Federal Cuernavaca M xico D F rumbo a Zempoala 2500 m Luna C 21 MEXU MO NEW ZEALAND North Island Mount Albert 36 54 S 174 44 E Astridge AK 219103 Wellington 41 17 S 174 46 E Brownsey AK 152731 Titirangi 36 05 S 174 03 E Cameron AK 221386 Grafton Gully 36 52 S 174 46 E 50 m Cameron AK 221519 Waiheke Island 36 49 S 175 072. Ing Jorge Vega Universidad T cnica de Ambato Ing Llerm R os INIA and Dr C Lavigne CIRAD FLHOR for helping in collecting or by providing herbarium material Luigi Guarino IPGRI for mapping the distribution of the species and Sophie Primot and Vincent Rioux for gathering morphological data for Table 1 References Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 12 A A A Asistencia Agroemprearial Agribusiness 1992 Manual t cnico del taxo Editorial Ecuador Quito 31 pp Campos T C 1992 El cultivo de la curuba Passiflora mollissima H B K Bailey en Colombia Acta Hort 310 215 229 Escobar L K 1980 Interrelationships of the edible species of Passiflora centering around Passiflora mollissima H B K Bailey subgenus Tacsonia Doctoral Thesis University of Texas Austin USA Escobar L K 1988 Monograf a No 10 Passifloraceae Passiflora Subg neros Tacsonia Rathea Manicata amp Distephana Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogot D E Colombia 138 pp Fajardo D Angel F Grum M Tohme J Lobo M Roca W M and S nchez I 1998 Genetic variation analysis of the genus Passiflora L using RAPD markers Euphytica 101 341 347 Holm Nielsen L B J rgensen P M and Lawesson J E 1988 126 Passifloraceae No 31 Flora of Ecuador Berlings Arl v Copenhagen Denmark 129 pp Jaramillo A 1957 Primeros resultados de un ensayo sobre el cultivo de la curuba Passiflora spp Agri
3. New Zealand Dicotyledones Passifloraceae Rec Auckland Inst Mus 7 143 169 Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 14 Table 1 Comparison of three common or cultivated species of Passiflora subgenus Tacsonia AAA ee ME Leaf pubescence absent on upper surface moderate on lower surface small 4 7 mm long 2 6 mm wide subreniform denticulate or serrulate deciduous slender variable in length flower pendent united 1 2 their length or more light pink Kew color chart red var mollissima dense on both sides other varieties variable often glabrous at least on upper surface medium 6 12 mm long 13 19 mm wide reniform serrulate to serrate permanent slender short flower pendent united 1 2 their length or more pink to magenta Kew color chart most often glabrous occasionally pubescent medium to large 6 20 mm long 12 30 mm wide reniform dentate or serrate permanent stout variable in length flower half pendent to erect united on of their length or more light pink to bright red Kew color Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana purple group 57D 66D 74D 75A B C rarely white corolla reflex calyx tube corolla length ratio around 1 3 1 6 nectary chamber appreciably wider than the calyx tube pericarp yellow sometime orange tinged arils orange and succulent red purple group 57C D 62A 65A 66C D 6
4. P tarminiana would key out to species with broadly ovate reniform or auriculate and denticulate stipules and pendent peduncles near P cumbalensis and P tripartita P mollissima in Escobar 1988 Our new species can easily be distinguished from these species by the size and permanence of the stipules and the widening of the nectar chamber Leaf pubescence is not useful to discriminate P tarminiana as both P cumbalensis and P tripartita show variation for this trait In Colombia because P tarminensis had not been described before as a distinct species and because it is sometimes named curuba quitefia or curuba ecuatoriana some researchers confused it with P tripartita var tripartita from Ecuador This confusion is sometimes found in the gray literature research reports and student theses e g Safiudo and Jurado 1990 Confusion with P tripartita var mollissima or with supposed hybrids is frequent in the horticultural weed science and fruit culture literature Pictures of flowers and fruits of P tarminiana are frequently presented as those of P tripartita var mollissima e g Vanderplank 1996 Ulmer amp Ulmer 1997 Wagner et al 1999 As commonly observed in the subgenus Tacsonia P tarminiana hybridizes easily with other species of the subgenus The hybrids with P mollissima and P mixta are fertile and show intermediate phenotypes pers obs Hybrid seeds have also been obtained with P cumbalensis J F Restrep
5. is curuba india curuba ecuatoriana or curuba quite a in Colombia called tacso amarillo in Ecuador P rez Arbel ez 1978 A A A 1992 Campos 1992 It is most frequently found in private gardens but some commercial growers have because of its rusticity started to grow it instead of the curuba de Castilla We describe this overlooked cultigen as a new species under the name Passiflora tarminiana in recognition of Tarm n Campos a Colombian agronomist who contributed with enthusiasm to the development of banana passion fruit cultivation and introduced the first author to the cultivated passifloras of the central Colombian highlands Surprisingly although producers and consumers easily differentiate Passiflora tarminiana from P tripartita var mollissima it has never been mentioned as a distinct species in taxonomical studies In a letter to Tarm n Campos Linda de Escobar considered it to be a hybrid of P tripartita var mollissima possibly with P cumbalensis Karst Harms We have observed P tarminiana almost everywhere in the Colombian highlands as well as in the Andes of Venezuela southern Ecuador and Peru with constant and distinct phenotypic traits Plants grown from seeds show no segregation for these phenotypic traits which would not be the case of a hybrid Recent morphological and isozyme studies have confirmed that P tarminiana is distinct from other common species of subge nus Tacsonia such as P tripartita va
6. on the upper side of the leaves the minute stipules that are almost always deciduous the flower with a greater sepal calyx tube ratio as compared to other common species as P tripartita or P mixta It is further characterized by reflexed light pink petals a nectar chamber that is much wider than the calyx tube a fusiform fruit with small whitish dots which are evenly distributed on the pericarp before maturity except on the aristas between the carpels In comparison the other widely cultivated banana passion fruit P tripartita var mollissima shows a marked pubescence on both leaf sides permanent and larger stipules a bell shaped corolla a longer calyx tube and shorter sepals and petals The fruit of the cultigen P tripartita var mollissima is oblong with round extremities and uniformly green before maturity however P tripartita var tripartita may also show the whitish dots on the immature fruit When both cultigens can be compared in the same orchard P tripartita var mollissima shows much darker foliage magenta flowers and pale yellow mature fruits The fruits of P tarminiana are of a deeper yellow to orange color and their pulp is less aromatic and tart These differences Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 3 in shape and color make them easy to recognize for the consumer and it is surprising that this species has escaped detection by botanists for so long According to the botanical keys of Colombia and Ecuador
7. 8B 70D for var mollissima 53B for var azuayensis 58B for var tripartita corolla campanulate calyx tube corolla length ratio around 2 4 3 2 nectary chamber slightly wider than the calyx tube pericarp pale yellow var mollissima to yellow var tripartita arils orange and succulent 15 chart most often red orange red group 39A 42A 50A 51B 52B 54A 54B 55A also red purple group in southern Colombia and Ecuador 63C D 75B corolla campanulate calyx tube corolla length ratio around 1 6 2 6 nectary chamber slightly wider than the calyx tube pericarp often green at maturity sometimes turning yellow arils grey to orange scant Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 16 Figure 1 Passiflora tarminiana Coppens amp Barry A Habit with bud and flower at anthesis B Fruit C Longitudinal section of hypanthium and floral tube showing nectary chamber operculum and reduced corona D Node showing stipules E Seed Figure 2 Distribution of Passiflora tarminina Coppens amp Barney in northwestern South America circles Figure 3 Color photos of the plant that provided the type material
8. Cauca Barrag n 4 01 52 N 75 53 54 W 2900 m Coppens amp S Segura TEN 5 CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI ECUADOR Loja Loja Coppens TEN 21 CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI Field observations Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 11 COLOMBIA Caldas Manizales 5 02 N 75 27 W observ by Coppens Nari o La Cocha 1 09 11 N 77 09 25 W observ by Coppens San Francisco 1 09 73 N 77 0 W 2140 m observ by Coppens FRANCE La R union recently introduced at elevations over 700 m observation and documentation by C Lavigne in letter with photography Acknowledgments The abbreviations INIA INIAP IPGRI and CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI used in the citations of specimens correspond to the following institutions INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaci n Agraria Per Casilla 2791 Lima 1 Peru INIAP Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Ecuador C P 17 01 340 Quito Ecuador IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute IPGRI AM oficina para las Americas c o CIAT A A 6713 Cali Colombia CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI field germplasm collections in Tenerife Colombia maintained by CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI Project for Neotropical Fruits address above This research has been partly funded by Colciencias through the project 1203 12 097 98 conservaci n y utilizaci n de los recursos gen ticos de pasifloras The authors thank Professor S Tillet MYF Ing Elide Gonzalez FONAIAP Dr Jaime Estrella and Ing Nelson Mazon INIAP
9. E 80 m Cameron 7524 AK 229217 Swanson 36 52 S 174 34 E 100 m Cameron 9458 AK 236385 Paihia 35 17 S 174 06 E Cumber AK 116173 Mount Albert 36 54 S 174 44 E Dingley AK 122719 Palmerston 40 24 S 175 33 E Esler AK 173113 Mount Albert 36 54 S 174 44 E Esler AK 219104 Esler AK 219109 Kerikeri 35 14 S 173 57 E Esler AK 219107 Wood Bay 36 57 S 174 40 E Esler AK 219108 between Nelson City and Whakapuaka Healy 74 50 MO Waitemata 36 57 S 174 35 E 240 m Mackinder AK 62676 Tutukaka and Matapouri 35 35 S 174 31 E Newfield AK 212296 Epsom 36 54 S 174 46 E J Reid AK 116084 Motuihe 36 49 S 174 56 E 30 m Sikes AK 220536 Buller Karamea near Karamea Sykes 10 85 MO Hokianga 35 37 S 173 29 E 1100 ft Wright 912 AK 138965 Waitemata 36 53 S 174 27 E Wright 1657 AK 140997 Mount Albert 36 54 S 174 44 E B Young AK 114204 B Young AK 114205 B Young AK 116172 B Young AK 117558 Titirangi 36 05 S 174 03 E B Young AK 116171 B Young AK 117563 Otahuhu 36 55 S 174 51 E G Young AK 116164 South Island Port Hills 43 34 S 172 04 E Sikes AK 225281 Punakaiki 42 07 S 171 20 E B Young AK 117584 B Young AK 221387 PANAMA Chiriqui carr hacia la cima del Volc n Bar Montenegro 1630 MO Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 9 PAPUA NEW GUINEA New Guinea Group New Guinea Eastern Highlands province Mo
10. Novon 11 1 8 15 2001 Passiflora tarminiana a new cultivated species of Passiflora subgenus Tacsonia Geo Coppens d Eeckenbrugge Victoria E Barney Peter Moller Jorgensen John M MacDougaP CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI Project for Neotropical Fruits c o CIAT A A 6713 Cali Colombia Missouri Botanical Garden P O Box 299 St Louis Missouri 63166 0299 U S A Abstract The new species Passiflora tarminiana differs from its closes relative by the character combination of very small acicular stipules and large almost reflexed petals and sepals This species has escaped detection despite being widely cultivated Naturalized populations particularly on Hawa i have created problems for conservation of the native flora In Colombia it is more frequently adopted in industrial cultivation because of its rusticity and resistance to fungal diseases Introduction Passifloras of the subgenus Tacsonia are cultivated by many small farmers from Venezuela to Bolivia Some species are cultivated in New Zealand The main cultivated species is Passiflora mollissima Kunth Bailey Escobar 1980 amp 1988 also called P Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 2 tripartita var mollissima Kunth Holm Nielsen amp P Jorgensen Holm Nielsen et al 1988 It is called curuba de Castilla in Colombia tacso de Castilla in Ecuador and banana passionfruit in English speaking countries The second species of importance in the Andes
11. cultura tropical 13 5 301 308 La Rosa A M 1984 The biology and ecology of Passiflora mollissima in Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit Technical Report 50 147 pp P rez Arbel ez E 1978 Plantas utiles de Colombia Litograf a Arco Bogot Colombia 831 pp S nchez I Angel F Grum M Duque M C Lobo M Tohme J and Roca W 1999 Variability of chloroplast DNA in the genus Passiflora L Euphytica 106 15 26 Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 13 Sa udo B and Jurado D 1990 B squeda de fuentes de resistencia a enfermedades fungosas de la curuba en Nari o Ascolfi informa 16 1 3 Segura S D Coppens d Eeckenbrugge and G Ollitrault P 1998 Isozyme variation in five species of Passiflora subgenus Tacsonia and Passiflora manicata Proc Interamerican Soc Trop Hort 42 260 266 Ulmer T and Ulmer B 1997 Passionsblumen eine faszinierende Gattung pp 5 384 Laupenm hlen Druck Witten Vanderplank J 1996 Passion flowers Cassel London 224pp Villacis L A Vega J Grum M and Coppens d Eeckenbrugge G 1998 Morphological characterization of Andean passifloras Passiflora spp from Ecuador Plant Gen Res Newsl 115 51 55 Wagner W L Herbst D A and Sohmer S H 1999 Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai i Rev ed vol 2 989 1919 University of Hawai i Press Bishop Museum Press Young B R 1970 Identification of passionflowers in
12. ener amp Degener 35181 MO Hawaii Puna Hawaii Volcano National Park Degener amp Degener 35183 MO Kauai Henrickson 4034 NCU Puna district land of Olaa 1200 m D Horbst MYF 459 Kauai Waimea District Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve Makaha Valley 870 950 m Lorence 5221 MO Kauai Pu u Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 10 Hinahina Lookout Waimea Canyon 640 m Thorne amp Zupan 10153 MO Hawaii Muana Kea road by Douglass Monument 5000 ft Trujillo s n MO Hawaii North Kona Puuwaawaa 3000 ft Jun 1948 Webster amp Wilbur 1853 DUKE See also description of localities and ecology in Hawaii by La Rosa 1984 VENEZUELA Jun n Betania Villa Paez 7 31 70 N 72 26 W 2000 m E Gonz lez amp Barney IPGRI AM 5 IPGRI M rida Mucuruba 8 09 46 N 71 20 W 2000 m E Gonz lez amp Barney IPGRI AM 6 IPGRI T chira Pueblo Hondo 8 15 19 N 71 53 07 W 2500 m E Gonz lez amp Barney IPGRI AM 7 IPGRI ZIMBABWE Distr Inyanga Inyanga Downs naturalized in Kloof near sawmill Jan 1981 Geddes s n MO Germplasm collections COLOMBIA Boyac Nuevo Col n 5 21 12 N 73 27 70 W 2450 m S Segura amp L L pez TEN 63 CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI Cauca Inz Coppens TEN 83 CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI Cundinamarca San Bernardo 4 09 05 74 23 50 2010 m S Segura amp L L pez TEN 50 CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI Putumayo Santa Clara Sibundoy 2700 m Coppens TEN 58 CIRAD FLHOR IPGRI Valle del
13. o pers com Passiflora tarminiana is adapted to a wide range of elevations as compared to other species of subgenus Tacsonia growing at tropical latitudes It may be cultivated Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 6 from about 2000 m up to more than 3000 m In comparison P tripartita var mollissima is not well adapted under 2400 m As in P tripartita var mollissima the fruits of P tarminiana grow larger at higher elevations Passiflora tarminiana seems to be more resistant to fungi We have never observed oidia on its leaves or a significant number of anthracnosis necrotic spots on its fruits On the contrary the pericarp of P tripartita var mollissima fruits is often affected by anthracnosis which reduces its market value despite its superior taste In Venezuela P tripatita var mollissima has shown high susceptibility to fusariosis while P tarminensis appeared tolerant or resistant E Gonz lez pers com The adaptative potential and rusticity of P tarminensis have probably been key factors in its conquest of new habitats in New Zealand and Hawaii where it is reported as a noxious weed La Rosa 1984 Villacis et al 1998 studied morphological variation in an Ecuadorian field collection including the most common species of subgenus Tacsonia The cluster analyses based on both quantitative and qualitative morphological data clearly separated accessions of P tarminiana from the other species Passiflora tarminiana appea
14. peduncles 3 10 cm canescent pubescent bracts 3 5 x 2 3 cm united halfway margins entire ovate acuminate nerves yellowish reticulate venation visible located 1 cm from hypanthium base hypanthium floral tube 6 8 x 0 7 1 cm light green outside whitish inside nectar chamber semiglobose 1 4 2 cm wide operculum reflexed margin recurved annulus present sepals and petals bright pink to light pink generally 64D or 75A in the RHS Kew color chart perpendicular to the hypanthium or reflexed sepals 4 5 6 x 1 2 2 5 cm oblong aristate subterminally awn 3 4 mm petals 3 6 mm shorter than the sepals corona tuberculate white with Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 4 purple base androgynophore 7 10 cm white free filaments 2 cm white anthers yellow ovary fusiform green pubescent styles white stigmas green Fruit 10 14 x 3 5 4 5 cm fusiform young fruits canescent the pericarp dark green with white dots except along the carpel seams the dried styles persistent during maturation dots disappearing and fruit turning yellow to orange yellow Seeds asymmetrical reddish brown when dry reticulate acute cordate arils orange sweet and aromatic Figure 2 shows the sites where P tarminiana has been observed or collected in the Andes Table 1 presents a comparison of P tarminiana against two other common species of the subgenus Tacsonia The most typical traits of P tarminiana are the absent or reduced pubescence
15. r mollissima P mixta L f P cumbalensis and P pinnatistipula Cav Segura et al 1998 Villacis et al 1998 Passiflora tarminiana Coppens amp Barney sp nov Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 3 TYPE Colombia Department Valle del Cauca Tenerife municipio El Cerrito under cultivation 2200 2600 m 3 43 189 N 76 04 482W 8 March 1999 Coppens IPGRI AM 72 holotype COL isotypes AAU AK BISH CUZ GOET HUA IPGRI K MEXU MO MYF QCA QCNE TEX US VALLE VEN Figure 1 3 Table 1 Haec species a P tripartita var mollissima Kunth Holm Nielsen amp P Jorgensen sepalos et petalos longioribus et perpendicularis o reflexos nectarium mayoribus stipulis menoribus et acicularibus Liana stem cylindrical bark fibrous internodes 6 12 cm long indument canescent soft to the touch Stipules auricular and aristate 4 7 x 2 3 mm 1 3 mm long without the aristate apex arista 3 4 mm long early deciduous Petioles 1 5 4 cm slightly caniculate adaxially canescent ferruginously pubescent 1 4 pairs of adaxial glands Leaves trilobed 7 16 29 cm wide lobes ovate acuminate margin serrate central lobe 5 5 11 16 x 2 5 5 8 cm lateral lobes 5 9 16 x 2 3 4 7 cm lamina moderately lustrous above scarcely pubescent trichomes short although some very long undersurface canescent pubescent the trichomes ferrugineous along the nerves Flowers axillary solitary pendent
16. red closer to P tripartita var mollissima and P mixta than to P cumbalensis and P pinnatistipula Similarly using six isozyme systems Segura et al 1998 showed that P tarminiana is clearly separated from P tripartita var mollissima P mixta and P cumbalensis while P tripartita var mollissima and P mixta could not be clearly distinguished from each other In a study by Fajardo et al 1998 with RAPD markers on a sample of 52 plants from seven subgenera and 14 species of passifloras the eight plants of P tripartita var mollissima and five plants of the species here described identified in the work as Passiflora sp india formed two different subclusters within the subgenus Tacsonia Coppens et al 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 7 Three of these five plants produced the same cpDNA RFLP pattern distinct from that obtained on cpDNA from P tripartita var mollissima Sanchez et al 1999 Paratypes COLOMBIA Cauca Silvia Barney IPGRI AM 14 IPGRI Valle del Cauca Barrag n 4 01 52 N 75 53 54 W 2900 m Coppens amp S Segura IPGRI AM 3 IPGRI Tenerife municipio El Cerrito under cultivation 2200 2600 m 3 43 189 N 76 04 482W same plants as type Coppens amp Barney IPGRI AM 2 IPGRI MO ECUADOR Carchi S of Tulc n 0 30 52 N 77 54 05 W 2690 m Coppens amp Barney IPGRI AM 13 IPGRI Chimborazo Volc n Chimborazo Barney IPGRI A M 8 IPGRI Riobamba Qu miag 2650 m C Tapia amp J Vel squez
17. unt Wilhelm near Iwam Pass 5 49 S 145 07 E 2800 m Takeuchi 5898 MO PERU Arequipa Tuhuana 15 39 06 S 72 28 09 W 2545 m LI Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 230 INIA Cajamarca Barrio Santa Elena 7 17 51 S 78 51 56 W 2730 m LI Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 170 INIA alrededores de Guzmango Prov Contumaz 2600 2700 m Sag stegui A 122 US Huanuco Chinchao 9 72 72 S 76 09 68 W 2650 m LI Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 101 INIA 2480 m Ll Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 104 INIA Soldado Ucro 9 80 90 S 76 80 00 W 3200 m Li Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 113 INIA Conchamarca 10 03 99 S 76 20 35 2490 m LI Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 116 INIA La Libertad Ting 10 01 56 S 76 17 00 W 2820 m LI Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 116 INIA Quiulacocha 10 01 56 76 17 00 W 2820 m Li Rios J Medina amp L L pez INIA PRONARGEB 120 INIA U S A California cultivated in Southern California Jul Aug 1915 Boughton 242 US Golden Gate Park San Francisco Aug 1907 Wight 1806 MO Hawaii Hwy 550 along Waimea Canyon mile 14 near NASA tracking station 3500 ft Croat 44833 MO Kauai rd to Kumuwela Lookout 22 06 N 159 39 W 3400 ft Crosby amp Anderson 1496 DUKE Hawaii Muana Kea Aug 1949 Degener et al 20354 MO Kauai near Kokee Ranger Station Deg
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