Home

Aquatic insect diversity of Costa Rica: state of knowledge

1. and more recent taxonomic descriptions of Costa Rican species and genera were published by Spies et al 1994 Andersen amp Saether 1995 1996 Epler amp de la Rosa 1995 and Epler 1996 a b among others A catalog and comprehensive revision of the bibliography of neotropical Chironomidae was published by Spies amp Reiss 1999 including many species from Costa Rica Also very diverse is the family Tipulidae with over 800 species described from the Central American region and with many more awaiting descriptions Byers 1982 An early work from Costa Rica was presented by Alexander 1914 who published a great amount of studies on neotropical craneflies cited in Byers 1982 The immature stages of most species are terrestrial but many genera have aquatic or semi aquatic larvae and pupae although no taxonomic keys are available for their identification in the neotropical region Besides the studies mentioned above there are many more publications on Costa Rican aquatic or semi aquatic Diptera espe cially taxonomic descriptions of adults like Fairchild 1961 Hogue amp Fairchild 1974 Tabanidae Mathis 1977 Ephydridae Hogue 1979 Blephariceridae Murillo amp Zeled n 1985 Quate 1996 Psychodidae Wirth amp Ratanaworabhan 1972 Spinelli amp Borkent 2004 Borkent et al 2008 and Borkent amp Picado 2004 Ceratopogonidae as well as cat alogues for different families from the region Papavero 1976 Ev
2. Biol Nal Aut n M xico Ser Zoolog a 56 213 216 Flint O S Jr 1991 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XLV the taxonomy phenology and faunistics of the Trichoptera of Antioquia Colombia Smiths Contrib Zool 520 1 113 Flint O S Jr 1992 A review of the genus Chloronia in Costa Rica with the description of two new species Neuropterida Megaloptera Corydalidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 105 801 809 Flint O S Jr amp J Bueno Soria 1977 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XXI The Genus Lepidostoma Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 90 375 387 Flint O S Jr 8 J Bueno Soria 1979 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XXIV The Genus Macronema in Mesoamerica Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 81 522 535 Flint O S Jr amp J Bueno Soria 1982 Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies XXXII the immature stages of Macronema variipenne Flint amp Bueno with the division of Macronema by the resurrection of Macrostemum Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 95 358 370 Flint O S Jr amp J Bueno Soria 1987 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XXXVII The Genus Calosopsyche in Central America with descriptions of its immature stages Trichoptera Hydropsychidae p 29 38 In M Bournaud amp H Tachet eds Proc of the 5 Int Symp on Trichoptera Flint O S Jr amp D G Denning 1989 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XL n
3. Bull 250 1 29 Holzenthal R W 1988a Systematics of Neotropical Triplectides Trichoptera Leptoceridae Ann Entomol Soc Am 81 187 208 Holzenthal R W 1988b Studies in Neotropical Leptoceridae Trichoptera VIII The Genera Atanatolica Mosely and Grumichella M ller Triplectidinae Grumichellini Trans Am Entomol Soc 114 71 128 Holzenthal R W 1988c Cat logo sistem tico de los tric pteros de Costa Rica Insecta Trichoptera Brenesia 29 51 82 Holzenthal R W 1995 The caddisfly genus Nectopsyche new gemma group species from Costa Rica and the Neotropics Trichoptera Leptoceridae J N Am Benthol Soc 14 61 83 Holzenthal R W amp T Andersen 2004 The caddisfly genus Triaenodes in the Neotropics Trichoptera Leptoceridae Zootaxa 511 1 80 Holzenthal R W amp R J Blahnik 2006 The caddis fly genus Protoptila in Costa Rica Trichoptera Glossosomatidae Zootaxa 1197 1 37 Holzenthal R W amp O S Flint 1995 Studies of the Neotropical caddisflies LI systematics of the neo tropical caddisfly genus Contulma Trichoptera Anomalopsychidae Smiths Contr Zool 575 1 59 Holzenthal R W amp S W Hamilton 1988 New species and records of Costa Rican Polycentropus Trichoptera Polycentropodidae J N Y Entomol Soc 96 332 344 Holzenthal R W amp S C Harris 1989 The larva of Brysopteryx mirifica Flint with an assessment of the phylogenetic placement of the
4. 104 106 Galindo P amp H Trapido 1955 Forest canopy mosquitoes associated with the appearance of sylvan yellow fever in Costa Rica 1951 Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 543 549 Garrison R W 1982 Archilestes neblina a new damselfly from Costa Rica with comments on the variablility of A latialatus Donnelly Odonata Lestidae Occ Pap Mus Univ Michigan 702 1 12 Garrison R W 1985 Acanthagrion speculum spec nov a new damselfly from Costa Rica Zygoptera Coenagrionidae Odonatologica 14 37 44 Garrison R W 1992 Libellula mariae spec nov a new dragonfly from Costa Rica Anisoptera Libellulidae Odonatologica 21 85 89 Garrison R W 1996 A synopsis of the Argia fissa group with descriptions of two new species 4 anceps sp n and A Westfalli sp n Zygoptera Coenagrionidae Odonatologica 25 31 47 Gittelman S H 1974 Locomotion and predatory strategy in backswimmers Hemiptera Notonectidae Am Midl Nat 92 496 500 Gittelman S H 1975 The ecology of some Costa Rican Backswimmers Hemiptera Notonectidae Ann Entomol Soc Am 68 511 518 Glorioso M J amp O S Flint 1984 A review of the genus Platyneuromus Insecta Neuroptera Corydalidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 97 601 614 G mez P L D 1977 La biota bromel cola excepto anf bios y reptiles Hist Nat Costa Rica 1 45 62 Guignot F 1949 Trentieme notes sur les Hydrocanthares Col Bull Soc Ent France 10 146 1
5. 1988 The larva and pupa of Cochliopsyche vazquezae Trichoptera Helicopsychidae J N Am Benthol Soc 7 152 159 Montero Moreno J R 2003 A note of Thaumatoneura inopinata McLachlan 1897 in R o Chitaria Costa Rica with a list of Costa Rican Medapodagrionidae Argia 15 17 Mosely M E 1933 A revision of the genus Leptonema British Museum Natural History London England Mosely M E 1949 New Trichoptera and a redescription of Leptocellodes flaveola Ulmer Proc R Entomol Soc B 18 37 41 Munroe E G 1982 Lepidoptera p 401 405 In S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State University San Diego California USA Mufioz Quesada F 1997 Five new species and a new record of Costa Rican Leptonema Gu rin Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 99 115 132 Mu oz Quesada F 1999 El g nero Leptonema Trichoptera Hydropsychidae en Costa Rica con la descripci n de una nueva especie Rev Biol Trop 47 959 1006 Mu oz Quesada F amp R W Holzenthal 1993 New species and records of Costa Rican Austrotinodes Trichoptera Ecnomidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 95 564 573 Mu oz Quesada F amp R W Holzenthal 1997 A new spe cies of Xiphocentron Antillotrichia from Costa Rica with semiterrestrial immature stages Trichoptera Xiphocentronidae p 355 363 In R W Holzenthal amp O S F
6. J K amp B W Sweeney 1995c Egg and larval development times for 35 species of tropical stream insects from Costa Rica J N Am Benthol Soc 14 115 130 Jackson J K B W Sweeney J D Newbold amp C L de la Rosa 1993 Seasonal variation in Trichoptera rich ness and abundance in a tropical stream in northwest ern Costa Rica J N Am Benthol Soc 10 97 Jim nez C amp M Springer 1994 Vertical distribution of benthic macrofauna in a Costa Rican crater lake Rev Biol Trop 42 175 179 Jim nez C amp M Springer 1996 Depth related distribu tion of benthic macrofauna in a Costa Rican crater lake Rev Biol Trop 44 673 678 Kelley 1983 New Neotropical species of Oxyethira Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 85 41 54 Klap lek F 1923 Pl copt res nouveaux Annales Soc Entomol Belgique 62 89 95 Kumm H W W H W Komp amp H Ruiz 1940 The mosquitoes of Costa Rica Am J Trop Med 20 385 422 Kumm H W amp W H W Komp 1941 Aedes Howardina allotechnon a new species of Aedes from Costa Rica and a description of the larva adult and male termi nalia of Aedes quadrivilluatus Coq Proc Entomol Soc Wash 43 17 25 Lane J 1942 Dixinae e Chaoborinae Revis o das esp cies neotr picas Diptera Culicidae Rev Entomol S o Paulo 13 81 148 Lichtwardt R W 1994 Trichomycete fungi living in the guts of Costa Rican phytotelm larvae and other lenti
7. Sweeney 1995 Fenoglio et al 2002 Castillo et al 2006 Stein et al 2008 Fern ndez amp Springer 2008 Springer amp Maue 2008 As is true with the surveys of different Costa Rican habitats many studies have been carried out in this par ticular field of interest but most of them never get published in scientific journals Recently two pictured guides for biomonitoring had been published enfazising on Atlantic low land streams and rivers Mafla Herrera 2005 Springer et al 2007 Finally it is important to take to account the several Master and PhD thesis dealing with aquatic insects that have been carried out in Costa Rica both by local and foreign students These can be found at the libraries of the dif ferent Universities UCR UNA TEC EARTH and CATIE and also at the OTS library Unfortunately the majority of them have not been published in scientific journals ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My very sincere thanks to Paul Hanson for reviewing earlier drafts ofthe manuscript as well as to the following specialists for their help with the different taxonomic groups Wills Flowers Ephemeroptera Alonso Ram rez Odonata Bill Shepard Coleoptera Guillermo Chaverr a Diptera in parts and Manuel Zumbado in parts This publication is a contribution to the Museo de Zoolog a and the CIMAR both at the University of Costa Rica RESUMEN Costa Rica alberga una biodiversidad extraordinaria y se encuentra afortunadamente
8. Trichoptera from Costa Rica Entomol News 25 149 150 Barbee N C 2005 Grazing insects reduce algal biomass in a neotropical stream Hydrobiologia 532 153 165 Barrantes U M Springer amp G Moya 2003a La comuni dad insectil en el bentos de r os de la cuenca del R o San Carlos en r os con y sin represas hidroel ctricas Tecnolog a en Marcha 16 101 110 Barrantes U M Springer amp G Mora 2003b Condici n de la fauna bent nica en r os de la Cuenca del R o San Carlos Tecnolog a en Marcha 16 110 118 Baumgardner D E 2007 New species of Leptohyphidae Ephemeroptera from Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 109 416 426 Baumgardner D E amp S vila A 2006 Cabecar serratus a new genus and species of leptohyphid mayfly from Central America and description of the imaginal stag es of Tricorythodes sordidus Allen Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Zootaxa 1187 47 59 Baumgardner D E amp W P McCafferty 2000 Leptohypnes zalope Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae A polytypic North and Central American species Entomol News 111 49 59 Baumgardner D E M D Meyer amp W P McCafferty 2006 A new species of Asioplax Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae from Costa Rica and Nicaragua Pan Pacific Entomol 82 346 350 Belle J 1975 On Agriogomphus tumens Calver 1905 with a description of its male Anisoptera Gomphidae Odonatologica 4 237 242 Belle J 1989 Epigomphus corniculatus a ne
9. a new neotropical biting midge genus ofthe tribe Shaeromiini Diptera Ceratopogonidae J Kansas Entomol Soc 45 476 490 294 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Wheelwright N T 8 G S Wilkinson 1985 Space use by a neotropical water strider Hemiptera Gerridae sex and age class differences Biotrocia 17 165 169 Wooldridge D P 1987 Two new neotropical species of Limnichoderus Casey Coleoptera Dryopoidea Limnichidae J Kansas Ent Soc 60 330 331 World Health Organization 1971 Reinfestation by 4edes aegypti in Costa Rica WHO Wkly Epidemiol Rep 43 95 Yamamoto T 1967 New species of the caddisfly genus Polycentropus from Central America J Kansas Entomol Soc 40 127 132 Young A M 1980 Feeding and oviposition in the giant tropical damselfly Megaloprepus coerulatus Drury in Costa Rica Biotropica 12 237 239 Young A M 1985 Notes on seasonal abundance of mayflies Ephermoptera at a Costa Rican rainforest locality Finca La Selva Brenesia 24 319 326 Young A M D Tyrrell amp D M MacLeod 1980 Observations of feeding aggregations of Orthemis ferruginea Fabricius in Costa Rica Anisoptera Libellulidae Odonatologica 9 325 328 Young F N 1974 Review of the predaceous water bee tles of genus Anodocheilus Coleoptera Dytiscidae Hydrosporinae Ocasional papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Mich
10. genus within the Leuchotrichiini Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Proc 6 Int Symp Trichoptera 403 407 Holzenthal R W amp S C Harris 1992 Hydroptilidae Trichoptera of Costa Rica the genus Oxyethira Eaton J N Y Entomol Soc 100 155 177 Holzenthal R W amp S C Harris 2002 New species of Nothotrichia Flint Trichoptera Hydroptilidae from Brazil and Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 104 106 110 Holzenthal R W amp R M Strand 1992 New Species of Lepidostoma from Mexico and Central America Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 94 490 499 Hungerford H B 1939 Report on some water bugs from Costa Rica Ann Entomol Soc Amer 32 587 588 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 287 Hurlbert S H amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds 1982 Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State University San Diego California USA Jackson J K amp B W Sweeney 1994 Egg and larval devel opment times for 17 species of tropical stream insects from Costa Rica J N Am Benthol Soc 11 118 Jackson J K amp B W Sweeney 1995a Research in tropi cal streams and rivers an introduction to a series of papers J N Am Benthol Soc 14 2 4 Jackson J K amp B W Sweeney 1995b Present status and future directions of tropical stream research J N Am Benthol Soc 14 5 11 Jackson
11. 007 Recent accounts on the systematics and biogeography of neotropical Megaloptera Corydalidae Sialidae Ann Mus Civ St nat Ferrara 8 67 72 Contreras Ramos A amp S C Harris 1990 Generic deter mination of American dobsonfly larvae Megaloptera Corydalidae Corydalinae resumen Bull N Am Benthol Soc 7 120 Cresson E T Jr 1918 Costa Rican Diptera collected by Phillip P Calvert Ph D 1909 1910 Paper 3 A report on the Ephydridae Trans Am Entomol Soc 44 39 68 Darsie R F Jr 1993 Keys to the Mosquitoes of Costa Rica Diptera Culicidae International Center for Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 283 Disease Control University of South Carolina South Carolina USA De Abate J 1960 Studies on the backswimmers of Costa Rica Hemiptera Notonectidae Tulane Stud Zool 8 1 28 De la Rosa C 1992 Phoretic associations of Chironomidae Diptera on Corydalidae Megaloptera in north western Costa Rican streams J N Am Benthol Soc 11 316 323 De la Rosa C amp A Ram rez 1995 A note on phototactic behavior and on phoretic associations in larvae of Mecistogaster ornata Rambur from northern Costa Rica Zygoptera Pseudostigmatidae Odonatologica 24 219 224 Denning D G amp R L Blickle 1979 New species of Helicopsyche Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Pan Pacific Entomol 55 27 33 Drake C J 1952 Two
12. 1 226 Short A E Z 2005b Two new species of Enochrus Thomson subgenus Hugoscottia Knisch from Costa Rica and Mexico Zootaxa 865 1 7 Short A E Z amp P D Perkins 2004 A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Zootaxa 783 1 45 Spangler P J 1980 A new species of the riffle beetle genus Portelmis from Ecuador Coleoptera Elmidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 82 63 68 Spangler P J 1982 Coleoptera p 328 397 In S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State University San Diego California USA Spangler P J 1990a A new species and new record of the water penny genus Psephenops Coleoptera Psephenidae from Costa Rica Entomol News 101 137 140 Spangler P J 1990b A new species of halophilous water strider Mesovelia polhemusi from Belize and a key and checklist of new world species of the genus Heteroptera Mesoveliidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 103 86 94 Spangler P J amp P D Perkins 1989 A revision of the Neotropical aquatic beetle genus Stenhelmoides Coleoptera Elmidae Smiths Contrib Zool 479 1 63 Spangler P J amp S Santiago Fragoso 1982 A new species of aquatic beetle Disersus uncus from Costa Rica Coleoptera Elmidae Larinae Spec Iss Mem Emer Prof M Ch j 17 20 Spangler P J 8 S Santiago Fragoso 1987 A revision ofthe ge
13. 131 138 n F Bola os amp J Lobo eds Historia Natural de Golfito Editorial INBio Heredia Costa Rica Edmunds G F Jr 1982 Ephemeroptera p 242 248 In S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State University San Diego USA Edmunds G F Jr S L Jensen amp L Berner 1976 The mayflies of North and Central America Univ Minnesota Minneapolis USA Epler J H 1996a New species of Oukuriella Diptera Chironomidae from Costa Rica Hydrobiologia 318 3 11 Epler J H 1996b A new species of Dicrotendipes Diptera Chironomidae from Costa Rica Hydrobiologia 318 13 15 Epler J H amp C L de la Rosa 1995 Tempisquitoneura a new genus of Neotropical Orthocladinae Diptera Chironomidae symphoretic on Corydalus Megaloptera Corydalidae J N Am Benthol Soc 14 50 60 Esquivel C 1991 Clave para identificar las familias de lib lulas Insecta Odonata presentes en M xico y Am rica Central Brenesia 34 15 26 Esquivel C 1994 Psaironeura selvatica sp nov Odonata Protoneuridae a new damselfly from Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 41 703 707 Esquivel C 2006 Lib lulas de Mesoam rica y el Caribe Dragonflies and damselflies of Middle America and the Caribbean INBio Heredia Costa Rica Fairchild G B 1961 A preliminary checklist of the Tabanidae of Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 9 23 38 Fallas
14. 54 Guignot F 1951 Hydaticus noveaux de la colecction Regimbart Rev Francaise Ent 18 21 24 Guignot F 1952 Description de Dytiscides inedites de la collection Regimbart Rev Francaise Ent 19 17 31 Haberyan K A G Umafia C Collado amp S P Horn 1995 Observations on the plankton of some Costa Rican lakes Hydrobiologia 312 75 85 Hamilton S W 1986 Systematics and biogeography of the New World Polycentropus sensu stricto Trichoptera Polycentropodidae PhD Thesis Clemson University Clemson USA Hamilton L D amp R D Montgomerie 1989 Population demography and sex ratio in a Neotropical damselfly Odonata Coenagrionidae in Costa Rica J Trop Ecol 5 159 171 286 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Harris S C amp R W Holzenthal 1990 Hydroptilidae Trichoptera of Costa Rica the genus Mayatrichia Mosely J N Y Entomol Soc 98 453 460 Harris S C amp R W Holzenthal 1993 Phylogeny of the species groups of Alisotrichia snsu lato with the description of a new species from Costa Rica Trichoptera Hydroptilidae p 155 160 Jn C Otto ed Proc 7 Int Symp on Trichoptera Backhuys Publishers Leiden Holland Harris S C amp R W Holzenthal 1994 Hydroptilidae Trichoptera of Costa Rica and the Neotropics sys tematics of the genus Byrsopteryx Flint Stactobiini J N Y Entomol Soc 102 154 192 Har
15. 6 Suppl 6 137 141 Springer M 2002 Diversidad biolog a y ecolog a de los insectos acu ticos p 158 166 In F Rodriguez amp A Chaves eds Estudios sobre la Cuenca del R o San Carlos Instituto Tecnol gico de Costa Rica Sede San Carlos Escuela de Ciencias y Letras San Carlos Costa Rica Springer M 2004 Primer listado de los insectos acu ticos de la Isla de Ca o Costa Rica Brenesia 62 97 98 Springer M 2005 Diversidad ecolog a e importancia de los insectos acu ticos de los ambientes de agua dulce de Golfito p 81 94 n F Bola os amp J Lobo eds Historia Natural de Golfito INBio Heredia Costa Rica Springer M 2006 Clave taxon mica para larvas de las familias del orden Trichoptera Insecta de Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 54 Suppl 1 273 286 Springer M 2009 Marine Insects pp 313 322 In LS Wehrtmann amp J Cort s eds Marine biodiversity of Costa Rica Central America Springer Science Business Media B V Monographiae Biologicae 86 Springer M amp R Acosta 2003 First description of the larva of Pharceonus Spangler et Santiago Fragoso 1992 and new records for the genus Coleoptera Elmidae Larainae Aquatic Insects 25 219 223 Springer M D V squez A Castro amp B Kohlmann 2007 Bioindicadores de la calidad del agua Illustrated Field Guide EARTH University San Jose Costa Rica Srivastava D S M C Melnychuk amp J T Ngai 2005 Landsca
16. 88 Simulium Hemicnetha hieroglyphicum Diptera Simuliidae a new black fly species from Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 90 76 86 Pittier H amp P Biolley 1895 Invertebrados de Costa Rica Hemipteros Heteropteros Ann Inst F sico Geogr fico Nac Costa Rica 6 75 83 Picado C 1913 Les bromeliacees epiphytes considerees comme milieu biologique Bull Sci France Belgique 47 215 360 Polhemus J T 1975 New estuarine and intertidal water strid ers from Mexico and Costa Rica Hemiptera Gerridae Mesoveliidae Pan Pac Entomol 51 243 247 Polhemus J T 1976 A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica Hemiptera Gerridae Pan Pac Entomol 52 321 323 Polhemus J T 1982 Hemiptera p 288 327 In S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State University San Diego California USA Polhemus J T 1985 Shore Bugs Heteroptera Hemiptera Saldidae A world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms The Different Drummer Englewood Colorado USA Polhemus J T amp L Cheng 1976 A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica Hemiptera Gerridae The Pan Pac Entomol 52 321 323 Polhemus J T amp C L Hogue 1972 Two new Microvelia from crabholes in Costa Rica Hemiptera Veliidae Contrib to Science 224 1 6 Polhemus J T amp M R Manzano 1992 Marine Heteroptera of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Gelastocorida
17. Aquatic insect diversity of Costa Rica state of knowledge Monika Springer 1 Escuela de Biolog a Universidad de Costa Rica 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca San Jos Costa Rica springer biologia ucr ac cr 2 Centro de Investigaci n en Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog a CIMAR Universidad de Costa Rica 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca Costa Rica Received 01 IV 2007 Corrected 05 V 2008 Accepted 03 IV 2009 Abstract Costa Rica hosts an extraordinarily high biodiversity and is among the best studied neotropical countries Insects represent the most diverse group of organisms not only in terrestrial but also in aquatic especially freshwater habitats Among the most diverse aquatic insect orders are the Trichoptera Diptera and Coleoptera although Ephemeroptera can locally also be very abundant and diverse In Costa Rica the taxonomi cally best known orders of aquatic insects are the caddisflies Trichoptera dragonflies Odonata and stoneflies Plecoptera and within the Dipterans groups of medical importance have received special attention The interest in aquatic insects has been constantly growing in Costa Rica over the past 10 years but scientific publications are widely dispersed and often difficult to locate Due to the importance of aquatic organisms in environmental impact studies and biomonitoring of freshwater habitats there is an urgent need for comprehensive studies and publications that are locally availab
18. CES Adames A J amp C L Hogue 1969 Mosquito studies Diptera Culicidae XVII Two new species of Deinocerites from Costa Rica Contr Am Entomol Inst Ann Arbor 5 9 20 Allen R K 1966 Haplohyphes a new genus of Leptohyphinae Ephemeroptera Tricorythidae J Kansas Entomol Soc 39 565 568 Allen R K 1967 New species of the New World Leptohyphinae Ephemeroptera Tricorythidae Can Entomol 99 350 375 280 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Allen R K 1973 Generic revisions of mayfly nymphs I Traverella in North and Central America Leptophlebiidae Ann Entomol Soc Am 66 1287 1295 Allen R K 1978 Thenymphs of North and Central American Leptohyphes Ephemeroptera Tricorythidae Ann Entomol Soc Am 71 537 558 Andersen T amp O A Saether 1995 The first record of Buchonomyia Fittkau and the subfam ily Buchonomyiinae from the New World Diptera Chironomidae p 363 367 In P S Cranston ed Chironomids From genes to ecosystems CSIRO East Melbourne Australia Andersen T amp O A Saether 1996 New species and records of Beardius Reiss et Sublette Diptera Chironomidae Ann Limnol 32 33 44 Arce P rez R amp W D Shepard 2001 Sinopsis de la famil ia Psepheidae Coleoptera Dryopoidae de Norte y Centroam rica Folia Ent Mex 40 397 406 Ard n M amp C M Pringle 2008 Do secondary com p
19. F amp V M Vargas 1981 Bionomics of black flies Diptera Simullidae in Costa Rica VIII Observations on the natural infection of black fly larvae by Neomesomermis travisi Nematoda Mermithidae Rev Biol Trop 29 308 310 Fenoglio S G Badino amp F Bona 2002 Benthic macroin vertebrate communities as indicators of river environ ment quality an experience in Nicaragua Rev Biol Trop 50 1125 1132 Fern ndez L amp M Springer 2008 El efecto de beneficios de caf sobre los insectos acu ticos en tres r os del 284 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Valle Central de Costa Rica Alajuela Rev Biol Trop 56 Suppl 4 255 274 Fish D 1977 An aquatic spittle bug Homoptera Cercopidae from a Heliconia flower bract in south ern Costa Rica Entomol News 88 10 12 Finke O M amp Hedstr m I 2008 Differences in forest use and colonization by Neotropical tree hole damsel flies Odonata Pseudostigmatidae Implications for forest conversion Stud Neotrop Fauna Environm 43 35 45 Flint O S Jr 1963a The species of Limnephilus from Central America and Haiti Trichoptera Limnephilidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 65 211 213 Flint O S Jr 1963b Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies I Rhyacophilidae and Glosssomatidae Trichoptera Proc U S Nat Mus 114 453 478 Flint O S Jr 1967 Studies of Neotropical Caddisfli
20. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 111 604 612 Bueno Soria J amp R W Holzenthal 2003 New species and records of the Microcaddisfly genus Metrichia Ross from Costa Rica Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Stud Neotrop Fauna Environm 38 173 197 Bueno Soria J amp R W Holzenthal 2008 The genus Ochrotrichia Mosely Trichoptera Hydroptilidae in Costa Rica with description of four new species Zootaxa 1763 41 54 Byers G W 1982 Tipulidae p 407 414 In S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State Univ San Diego California USA 282 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Cannings R A 1982 The larvae of the Tarnetum sub genus of Sympetrum with a description of the larva of Synpetrum nigrocreatum Clavert Odonata Libellulidae Proc 6 Int Symp Odonatology Advances in Odonatology 1 9 14 Calvert P P 1892 1908 Odonata p 17 420 In F D Godwin ed Biologia Centrali Americana Porter and Dulau Col London England Calvert P P 1911a Studies on Costa Rican Odonata I The larva of Cora Entomol News 22 49 64 Calvert P P 1911b Studies on Costa Rican Odonata II amp III The habits structure and transformation of the plant dwelling larva of Mecistogaster mod estus Entomol News 22 402 411 449 460 pls 18 19excl Calvert P P 1915 Studies on Costa Rican Odo
21. R W Flowers amp W Porras 2005 Rediscovery of Choroterpes atramentum in Costa Rica type species of Tikuna new genus Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Atalophlebiinae and its role in the Great American Interchange Zootaxa 932 1 14 Schaus W 1920 New species of Lepidoptera in the United States National Museum Proc U S Nat Mus 57 107 152 Schmid F 1982 La Famille des Xiphocentronides Trichoptera Annulipalpia M moires de la Soci t Entomologique du Canada 121 1 127 Seifert R P 8 F H Seifert 1976 Natural History of insects living in inflorescences of two species of Heliconia J New York Entomol Soc 84 233 242 Sharp D 1882 Haliplidae Dytiscidae Gyrinidae Hydrophilidae Heteroceridae Parnidae Georissidae Biologia Centrali Americana Coleoptera 1 1 14 Shepard W D R E Roughley 8 W Porras The Natural History of Lepicerus inaegualis Motschuylsky Coleoptera Myxophaga Lepiceridae in Costa Rica and additional morphological descriptions Folia Entomol Mex 44 97 105 Short A E Z 2004a Review of the Central American species of Hydrobiomorpha Blackburn Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Koleopt Rundschau 74 363 366 Short A E Z 2004b A new genus and species of Sphaeridiinae from Costa Rica Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Coleopt Bull 534 537 Short A E Z 2005a A review of the subtribe Acidocerina of Central America with special reference to Costa Rica Kleopt Rundschau 75 19
22. a description of the larva of H ferrugineus and a summary of records for the genus Coleopt Bull 27 143 150 Bueno Soria J 1984a Estudios en insectos acu ticos IL Revisi n para M xico y Centroam rica del g nero Hydroptila Dalman 1819 Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Folia Entomol M x 59 79 138 Bueno Soria J 1984b Three new species of the genus Protoptila from Mexico and Costa Rica Trichoptera Glossosomatidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 97 392 394 Bueno Soria J 1985 Estudios en insectos acu ticos III Cinco nuevas especies de Chimarra Stephens 1829 de M xico y Centroam rica Trichoptera Philopotamidae Folia Entomol M x 63 13 23 Bueno Soria J 1986 Estudios en insectos acu ticos VII Cinco nuevas especies de Tric pteros de M xico y Costa Rica Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Folia Entomol M x 68 53 65 Bueno Soria J 1990 Estudios en insectos acu ticos VIII revisi n para M xico y Centroam rica del g nero Polyplectropus Ulmer Trichoptera Polycentropodidae Anales Inst Biol Univ Nac Aut n M xico Ser Zool 61 357 404 Bueno Soria J 2004 New species and distribution of the genus Marilia M ller Trichoptera Odontoceridae in Mexico and Central America Proc Entomol Soc Wash 106 679 696 Bueno Soria J amp R W Holzenthal 1998 Studies in aquatic insects XIV Description of eight new species of Ochrotrichia Mosely Trichoptera Hydroptilidae from Costa Rica
23. al dragonfly Cora marina Odonata Polythoridae in Guanacaste Costa Rica J Trop Ecol 12 573 581 Quate L W 1996 Preliminary taxonomy of Costa Rican Psychodidae Diptera exclusive of Phlebotominae Rev Biol Trop 44 Suppl 1 1 81 Ram rez A 1992 Description and natural history of Costa Rican dragonfly larvae 1 Heteragrion erythrogas trum Selys 1886 Zygoptera Megapodagrionidae Odonatalogica 21 361 365 Ram rez A 1994a Descripci n e historia natural de las n yades de Odonatos de Costa Rica II Archilestes neblina Garrison 1982 Odonata Lestidae con una clave para las especies del g nero en Costa Rica Folia Ent Mex 90 9 16 Ram rez A 1994b Descripci n e historia natural de las n yades de Odonatos de Costa Rica III Gynacantha tibiada Karsch 1891 Anistoptera Aeshnidae Bull Am Odonatol 3 43 47 Ram rez A 1995 Descripci n e historia natural de las n yades de Odonatos de Costa Rica IV Mecistogaster ornata Cambur 1842 Zygoptera Pseudostigmatidae Bull Am Odonatol 3 43 47 Ram rez A 1996 Six new dragonfly larvae of the family Gomphidae in Costa Rica with a key to the Central American genera Anisoptera Odonatologica 25 143 156 Ram rez A 1996 1997 Lista de especies costarricenses del orden Odonata Insecta de las que se conoce la n yade Rev Biol Trop 44 45 225 232 Ramirez A 19972 Description and natural history of the Costa Rican Odona
24. and other aquatic insect orders de la Rosa 1992 de la Rosa amp Ram rez 1995 Epler amp de la Rosa 1995 A comprehensive investiga tion on the developmental times of several species of tropical stream insects from Costa Rica was carried out by Jackson amp Sweeney 1994 1995c Sweeney et al 1995 pub lished aspects of the life history of the mayfly species Euthyplocia hecuba Ephmeroptera Euthyplociidae and Young 1985 as well as Flowers amp Pringle 1995 investigated seasonal fluctuations in the mayfly popula tion from lowland rainforest streams Studies on the drift behavior of aquatic insects and macroinvertebrates from Costa Rican streams were carried out by Ram rez amp Pringle 1998a 2001 and Boyero amp Bosch 2002 Finally for marine insects from Costa Rica a revision was published by Springer 2009 Ecology methodology biomonitoring and distribution During the past 20 years the number of ecological investigations has also increased These include comparative studies of diversity patterns Stout amp Vandermeer 1975 Coffman et al 1992 studies of interactions between macro and meiobenthos Duft et al 2002 and between aquatic insects and other organisms like fish and shrimps Pringle amp Hamazaki 1997 1998 nematods Fallas amp Vargas 1981 algae Barbee 2005 and fungi Lichtwardt 1994 1997 Salazar Chang 2005 Relationships between the aquatic fauna and their environ ment have
25. been studied by Benstead 1996 Rosemund et al 1998 2002 Ram rez et al 1998 Ram rez amp Pringle 1998b 2006 Boyero amp Bosch 2004 Ard n et al 2006 Ard n amp Pringle 2008 Principe 2008 Tschelaut et al 2008 and Lorion amp Kennedy 2009 Other publications deal with the effect of different sampling methods for aquatic stream invertebrates Paaby et al 1998 Pringle amp Ram rez 1998 Stein et al 2008 Springer amp Maue 2008 Studies on the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects in certain habitats or regions of Costa Rica have focused mainly on lotic ecosystems while relatively few works deal with the invertebrate fauna of lentic freshwa ter habitats despite their great diversity and abundance in Costa Rica Uma a et al 1999 Some of the latter include volcanic lakes Jimenez amp Springer 1994 1996 and stud ies of planktonic communities which include in some cases insect larvae such as the dip teran Chaoborus Uma a 1993 Haberyan et al 1995 Studies on insects living in fito telmata like tanks of bromeliads have been published by Picado 1913 Hogue 1975 Seifert amp Seifert 1976 Fish 1977 G mez 1977 Rotheray et al 2000 Melnychuk amp Srivastava 2002 Srivastava et al 2005 2008 Srivastava 2006 Ngai et al 2008 Biogeographical and ecological notes on the mayfly genus Tikuna were recently published by Flowers amp vila A 2006 and acco
26. c dipterans Rev Biol Trop 42 31 48 Lichtwardt R W 1997 Costa Rican gut fungi Trichomycetes infecting lotic insect larvae Rev Biol Trop 45 1349 1383 Lorion C M amp B P Kennedy 2009 Relationships between deforestation riparian forest buffers and benthic Macroinvertebrates in neotropical headwater streams Freshw Biol 54 165 180 Lugo Ort z C R amp W P McCafferty 1994 The mayfly genus Acerpenna Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae in Latin America Stud Neotrop Fauna Environm 29 65 74 Lugo Ortiz C R amp W P McCafferty 1995a Contribution to the taxonomy of the Leptohyphidae Insecta Ephemeroptera of Central America Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ 30 165 176 Lugo Ortiz C R amp W P McCafferty 1995b Taxonomy of the North and Central American species of Camelobaetidius Ephemeroptera Baetidae Entomol News 106 178 192 Lugo Ortiz C R amp W P McCafferty 1995c Guajirolus nanus Ephemeroptera Baetidae a new species from Costa Rica Entomol News 106 68 70 Lugo Ortiz C R amp W P McCafferty 1996a New Central American and Mexican records of Ephemeroptera species Entomol News 107 303 310 Lugo Ortiz C R amp W P McCafferty 1996b Central American Tortopus Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae a unique new species and new country records Entomol News 107 23 27 Lugo Ortiz C R amp W P McCafferty 1996c New species of Leptophlebiidae Ephemeroptera from Me
27. ca A taxonomic review for 18 aquatic and semiaquatic beetle families from Central America is given by Spangler 1982 including a comprehensive revision of the bibliography up to that date The most frequently encountered group of beetles in lotic habitats are the riffle beetles family Elmidae Neotropical riffle beetles were studied mainly by Spangler and his pub lications include several species descriptions and reports from Costa Rica Spangler 1980 Spangler amp Perkins 1989 Spangler amp Santiago Fragoso 1982 1987 1992 taking in account both larval and adult stages Other authors include Hinton 1936 Sanderson 1953 and Brown 1970 1971 1973 Recently Springer amp Acosta 2003 described the larval stage for the genus Pharceonus previously unknown Spangler also published on other aquatic beetle families that include Costa Rican species like Psephenidae 19902 Among predaceous water beetles Dytiscidae several new Costa Rican spe cies were described by Guignot 1949 1951 1952 and Balke 1990 Balke er al 2002 and additional species reports can be found in Zimmerman 1970 and Young 1974 1977 1981 1990 Further descriptions and records of Costa Rican waterbeetles can be found in Ochs 1949 for Gyrinidae Perkins 1979 Short 2004a b 2005a b Short amp Perkins 2004 for Hydrophilidae and Perkins 1980 for Hydraenidae Stribling 1986 for Ptilodactylidae and Wooldridge 1987 Spangl
28. choptera Philopotamidae Syst Entomol 17 109 132 Blahnik R J amp R W Holzenthal 2006 Revision of the genus Culoptila Trichoptera Glossosomatidae Zootaxa 1233 1 52 Blahnik R J amp R W Holzenthal 2008 Revision of the Mexican and Central American species of Mortoniella Trichoptera Glossosomatidae Protoptilinae Zootaxa 1711 1 72 Borkent A W L Grogan Jr amp A Picado Calvo 2008 A new genus of predaceous midge Diptera Ceratopogonidae from Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 110 622 634 Borkent A amp A Picado 2004 Distinctive new species of Atrichopogon Kieffer Diptera Ceratopogonidae from Costa Rica Zootaxa 637 1 68 Boyero L amp J Bosch 2002 Spatial and temporal varia tion of macroinvertebrate drift in two neotropical streams Biotropica 34 567 574 Boyero L amp J Bosch 2004 Multiscale spatial variation of stone recolonization by macroinvertebrate drift in a Costa Rican stream J Trop Ecol 20 I II Brooks S J 1989 Odonata collected from Guanacaste National Park Costa Rica July 1988 Not Odonatol 3 49 52 Brown H P 1970 Neocylloepus a new genus from Texas and Central America Coleoptera Dryopoidaea Elmidae Coleopt Bull 24 1 28 Brown H P 1971 Neotropical Dyopoids IIl New records of Xenelmis with a description of the larva Coleoptera Elmidae Coleopt Bull 25 95 101 Brown H P 1973 The true larva of Hexacylloepus with
29. e Odonatologica 9 57 74 May M L 1990 A review of the genus Neocordulia with a description of Mesocordulia subgen nov and of Neocordulia griphus sp nov from Central America and a note on Lauromacromia Odonata Corduliidae Folia Entomol Mex 82 17 67 May M L 1992 Telebasis aurea Odonata Zygoptera Coenagrionidae a new species of damselfly from Costa Rica Entomol News 103 161 168 Mathis W N 1977 A revision of the genus Rhisophora Cresson with a key to related genera Diptera Ephydridae Proc Biol Soc Wash 90 921 945 McCafferty W P 1970 Neotropical nymphs of the genus Hexagenia Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae J Georgia Entomol Soc 5 224 228 McCafferty W P 1985 New records of Ephemeroptera from Middle America Int Q Entomol 1 9 11 McCafferty W P R W Flowers amp R D Waltz 1992 The biogeography of Mesoamerican mayflies n S P Darwin amp A L Welden eds Biogeography of Mesoamerica Special Publ of the Mesoamerican Ecol Inst Tulane University New Orleans USA Melnychuk M amp D S Srivastava 2002 Vertical dis tibution of a bromeliad dwelling damselfly larva Mecistogaster modesta in a Costa Rican rainforest Int J Odonatol 5 81 97 Menke A S 1963 A review of the genus Lethocerus in North and Central America including the West Indies Hemiptera Belostomatidae Ann Entomol Soc Am 56 261 267 Monson M P R W Holzenthal amp G G Ahlstrand
30. e Gerridae Mesoveliidae Saldidae Veliidae p 302 320 In D Quintero amp A Aiello eds Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica Selected Studies Oxford University Oxfordshire England Polhemus J T amp P J Spangler 1989 A new species of Rheumatobates Bergroth from Ecuador and distri bution of the genus Heteroptera Gerridae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 91 421 428 Prather A L 2003 Revision of the Neotropical caddisfly genus Phylloicus Trichoptera Calamoceratidae Zootaxa 275 1 214 Prather A L 2004 Revision of the Neotropical caddisfly genus Banyallarga Trichoptera Calamoceratidae Zootaxa 435 1 76 Principe R E 2008 Taxonomic and size structures of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in different habitats of tropical streams Costa Rica Zool Stud 47 525 534 Pringle C M amp T Hamazaki 1997 Effects of fishes on algal response to storms in a tropical stream Ecology 78 2432 2442 290 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Pringle C M amp T Hamazaki 1998 The role of omnivory in a Neotropical stream separating diurnal and noc turnal effects Ecology 79 269 280 Pringle C M amp A Ram rez 1998 Use of both benthic and drift sampling techniques to assess tropical stream invertebrate communities along an altitudinal gradi ent Costa Rica Freshw Biol 39 359 373 Pritchard G 1996 The life history of a tropic
31. ect families is available on the Internet http bdei cs umb edu keys html index html and an illustrated field guide of Costa Rican aquatic insect families is being prepared by Springer and Co workers An illustrated field guide to the dragon and damselflies of Costa Rica was published recently by Esquivel 2006 Also the Webpage from the National Institute of Biodiversity INBio hosts information on some aquatic insect species especially mosquitoes http darnis inbio ac cr ubis Very important for the development of identification keys for a given region is the establishment of reference collections which also helps to avoid miss identifications Many of the scientific collec tions at the different Costa Rican institutions especially Universidad de Costa Rica Museo Nacional INBio and Universidad Nacional hold specimens that belong to aquatic insect orders or families Also some biological sta tions e g Maritza Area de Conservaci n Guanacaste and local ONG s e g ANAI in the Talamanca Atlantic Area host collections of aquatic macroinvertebrates from specific areas The most complete aquatic insect collec tion with emphasis on aquatic stages mainly immatures had been established since 1992 at the Museo de Zoolog a University of Costa Rica Springer 1998 This collection includes at the moment over 300 genera in 95 families and 11 orders a complete and updated list of the genera deposited can be accessed th
32. ects are the caddisflies Trichoptera dragonflies Odonata and stoneflies Plecoptera Several aquatic insect species from different orders had been described from Costa Rica by the end of the 19 and the beginning of the 20 century e g Sharp 1882 Eaton 1892 Calvert 1892 1908 191la b 1915 1917 1920a b 1923 Pittier amp Biolley 1895 Champion 1897 1901 Cresson 1918 Banks 1914a b Nav s 1924 A first classical ecological study was carried out by the Costa Rican scientist Clodomiro Picado Picado 1913 who investigated the aquatic insect fauna living in bromeliad tanks Although interest in this particular group of organisms has been constantly growing in Costa Rica over the past ten years scientific publications are widely dispersed and often Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 273 difficult to locate As analized by Jackson amp Sweeney 1995a b there exists a significant increase in studies related to tropical freshwa ter habitats but the literature is widely scat tered and can be found not only in journals specialized on freshwater biology and ecology e g Aquatic Insects J N Am Benthol Soc Freshwater Biology Hydrobiologia but also in those dealing with tropical research in gen eral e g Revista Biolog a Tropical Biotropica Ecotropica Studies in Neotrop Fauna and Environment The taxonomic literature deal ing with aquatic insects
33. en though still a great amount of species remain undescribed and very little is known on the aquatic immature stages and their biology and ecology Finally it is important to mention the comprehensive work on the Diptera of Mesoamerica Brown et al in prep which will be published in the near future by the INBio editorial and which also includes descriptions of aquatic life stages 278 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Biology and life history Studies on the biology and life history of certain taxa of aquatic insects from Costa Rica have been carried out by several authors For the order Hemiptera Stout 1978 1981 1982 studied the biology of several species of Naucoridae Gittelman 1974 1975 of the family Notonectidae and the behaviour of water striders was studies by Maier 1977 and Wheelwright amp Wilkinson 1985 On the biology life history and behaviour of certain Odonata species studies were published by May 1980 Young 1980 Young et al 1980 Hamilton amp Montogomerie 1989 Fraser amp Herman 1993 Pritchard 1996 F rster 1998 Eberhard 2005 Hedstr m amp Sahlen 2007 Finke amp Hedstr m 2008 Contreras Ramos 1999b published notes on life history and mating behavior of dobsonflies Megaloptera from Mexico and Costa Rica De la Rosa found some interesting foretic relationships between the larvae of chironomids Diptera
34. entre los pa ses neotropicales mejor estudiados Los insectos representan el grupo m s diverso de organismos no solamente en h bitats terrestres sino tambi n en h bitats acu ticos especialmente de agua dulce Entre los rdenes de insectos acu ticos m s diversos se encuentran Trichoptera Diptera y Coleoptera aunque Ephemeroptera tambi n puede llegar a ser localmente abundante y diverso En Costa Rica los grupos taxon mi camente mejor conocidos son los tric pteros los odonatos y los plec pteros adem s en los d pteros han recibido mayor atenci n aquellos de importancia m dica El inter s en los insectos acu ticos ha aumentado constantemente durante los ltimos diez a os en Costa Rica Sin embargo las publica ciones cient ficas se encuentran muy dispersas y en muchos casos dif ciles de localizar Debido a la importancia de los organismos acu ticos en estudios de impacto ambiental y biomonitoreo de ecosistemas de agua dulce existe una gran necesidad por estudios comprensivos y publicaciones que sean localmente accesibles Por lo tanto el presente trabajo trata de proveer una sinopsis sobre el estado de conocimiento y la literatura publicada hasta la fecha sobre los insectos acu ticos de Costa Rica tomando en cuenta tanto trabajos taxon micos como biol gicos y ecol gicos Palabras clave insectos acu ticos taxonom a ecolog a historia de vida biomonitoreo inventario Costa Rica bibliograf a REFEREN
35. er et al 2001 for Limnichidae and Lutrochidae Perkins 1997 for Drypodiae Arce P rez amp Shepard 2001 for Psephenidae and Shepard et al 2005 for Lepiceridae A webpage for the world water beetles can be accessed under http www zo utexas edu fac ulty sjasper beetles and a species list and key to families for Costa Rican Hydrophiloidea can be found under http www hydrophiloidea org home html Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 277 Diptera Within the Diptera more than twenty families have aquatic immature stages which can be found in a wide variety of aquatic and semi aquatic habitats In Costa Rica groups of medical interest early received special attention for example the families Simuliidae e g Vargas amp D az N jera 1951 Zeled n amp Vieto 1957 and Culicidae e g Kumm ef al 1940 Kumm amp Komp 1941 Galindo et al 1951 Galindo amp Trapido 1955 Trapido et al 1955 Between 1968 and 1970 a survey of the simuliid populations of 100 streams throughout Costa Rica was carried out by Vargas 8 Travis 1973 The collections included larvae pupae and adults and associa tions between immature and adult stages were made through rearing This important investi gation led to a variety of taxonomic Vargas et al 1977 1980 Vargas and Ram rez P 1988 Peterson et al 1988 Ram rez P et al 1988 ecological Travis amp Vargas 1978 Trav
36. es IV New Species from Mexico and Central America Proc United States Nat Mus 123 1 24 Flint O S Jr 1970 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies X Leucotrichia and related genera from North and Central America Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Smiths Contrib Zool 60 1 65 Flint O S Jr 1971 Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies XI The genus Rhyacopsyche in Central America Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 83 515 526 Flint O S Jr 1972 Studies of Neotropical caddis flies XIII the genus Ochrotrichia from Mexico and Central America Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Smiths Contrib Zool 118 1 28 Flint O S Jr 1973 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XVI the genus Austrotinodes Trichoptera Psychomyiidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 86 127 142 Flint O S Jr 1974a Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XVII the genus Smicridea from North and Central America Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Smiths Contrib Zool 167 1 65 Flint O S Jr 1974b Studies of Neotropical caddis flies XVIII new species of Rhyacophilidae and Glossosomatidae Trichoptera Smiths Contrib Zool 169 1 30 Flint O S Jr 1983 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XXXIV the genus Plectromacronema Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 96 225 237 Flint O S Jr 1985 Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XXXVI the genus Cochliopsyche in Middle America Trichoptera Helicopsychidae An Inst
37. ew species of Smicridea Smicridea from Middle America and the West Indies Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 102 418 433 Flint O S Jr R W Holzenthal amp S C Harris 1999 Catalog of the Neotropical caddisflies Insecta Trichoptera Special Publication Ohio Biological Survey Columbus Ohio USA Flint O S Jr J F McAlpine amp H H Ross 1987 A revi sion of the genus Leptonema Gu rin Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Macronematinae Smiths Contrib Zool 450 1 193 Flowers RW 1985 Guajirolus a new genus of Neotropical Baetidae Ephemeroptera Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ 20 27 31 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 285 Flowers R W 1987 New species and life stages of Atopophlebia Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Atalophlebiinae Aquatic Insects 9 203 209 Flowers R W 1992 Review of the genera of Mayflies of Panama with a checklist of Panamanian and Costa Rican species Ephemeroptera p 38 51 In D Quintero amp A Aiello eds Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica Selected Studies Oxford Univ England Flowers R W amp S vila A 2006 Biogeographical and ecological notes on the genus Tikuna Savage Flowers and Porras Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae from Central and South America Entomol News 117 133 138 Flowers R W Y Astorga C L Angulo A Heinrich amp S Fern ndez 1995 ndice biol g
38. fferty et al 1992 Descriptions and records for Costa Rican mayfly species nymps as well as adults can be found in the following publications Eaton 1892 Traver 1946 1947 1958a b 1960 Allen 1966 1967 1973 1978 Traver amp Edmunds 1967 McCafferty 1970 1985 Cohen amp Allen 1972 1978 Flowers amp Peters 1981 Waltz amp McCafferty 1985 1999 Flowers 1987 Flowers amp Dom nguez 1992 Dom nguez 1995 Lugo Ort z et al 1994 Lugo Ortiz McCafferty 1994 1995a b c 1996a b c d Baumgardner amp McCafferty 2000 Wiersema amp MacCafferty 2000 vila A amp Flowers 2005 2006 a b Baumgardner et al 2006 and Baumgardner 2007 A first checklist of species from Costa Rica and Panama was pub lished by Flowers 1992 who also co described the new genus Tikuna Leptophlebiidae for Costa Rica Savage et al 2005 and Guajirolus Baetidae for Panam Flowers 1985 which is now also known from Costa Rica The new genus Cabecar was recently described by Baumgardner amp vila A for Costa Rica 2006 To date more than 80 species have been collected in Costa Rica but with the actual ongoing sampling efforts this number is steadily increasing A species list of Central American mayflies with records for each coun try can be found at the Website Mayfly Central from Purdue University http www entm purdue edu entomology research mayfly mayfly html and a comprehensive col
39. ico para evaluaci n de calidad de agua en Centroam rica Abstract p 83 In Congreso Centroamericano del Caribe de Entomolog a San Jos Costa Rica Flowers R W amp E Dom nguez 1992 New genus of Leptophlebiidae Ephemeroptera from Central and South America Ann Entomol Soc Am 85 655 661 Flowers R W amp W L Peters 1981 Stenonema mexicana Heptageniidae Ephemeroptera in Southern Central America Entomol News 92 152 154 Flowers R W amp C M Pringle 1995 Yearly fluctuations in the mayfly community of a tropical stream drain ing lowland pasture in Costa Rica p 131 150 n L D Corkum amp J J H Ciborowski eds Current Directions in Research on Ephemeroptera Canadian Scholar s Inc Toronto Canada F rster S 1998 Oviposition high above water in Micrathyria dictynnaris Anisoptera Libellulidae Odonatologica 27 365 369 F rster S 1999 The dragonflies of Central America exclusive of Mexico and the West Indies A Guide to their identification Odonatological Monographs 1 Gunnar Rehfeldt Braunschweig Germany Fraser A M amp T B Herman 1993 Territorial and repro ductive behaviour in a sympatric species complex of the neotropical damselfly Cora selys Zygoptera Polythoridae Odonatologica 22 411 429 Galindo P S J Carpenter amp H Trapido 1951 Westward extensi n of the range of Hemagogus spegazzinii falco Kumm et al into Costa Rica Proc Entomol Wash Soc 53
40. igan USA Young F N 1977 Predaceous water beetles of the genus Neobidessus Young in the Americas north of Colombia Coleoptera Dytiscidae Hydrosporinae Ocasional papers of the Museum of Zoology Univ of Michigan Michigan USA Young F N 1981 Predaceous water beetles of the genus Desmopachira Babington the leechi glabricula group Coleoptera Dytiscidae Pan Pacific Entomol 57 57 64 Young F N 1990 Predaceous water beetles of the genus Desmopachria Babington the subgenus Pachriostrix Guignot Coleoptera Dytiscidae Coleopt Bull 44 224 228 Zeled n R amp P L Vieto 1957 Contribuci n al estudio de los sim lidos de Costa Rica Diptera Nematocera I Sobre Simulium panamense Fairchild 1940 Rev Biol Trop 5 19 33 Zimmermann J R 1970 A revision of the aquatic beetle genus Laccuphilus Dytiscidae of North America Mem Am Entomol Soc 26 1 275 Zloty J G Pritschard amp C Esquivel 1993 Larvae of the Costa Rican Hetaerina Odonata Calopterygidae with comments on distribution Syst Entomol 18 253 265 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 295
41. ionomics of black flies Diptera Simuliidae in Costa Rica V Description of Neomesomermis travisi sp n Nematoda Mermithidae Rev Biol Trop 38 73 90 Vargas M amp B V Travis 1973 Bionom a de los sim lidos Diptera Simuliidae en Costa Rica IV Localizaci n y descripci n de los lugares de recolecci n Rev Biol Trop 21 143 175 Vargas M B V Travis A D az N jera amp F Fallas 1977 Bionomics of black flies Diptera Simuliidae in Costa Rica VII Genus Simulium subgenus Hearlea Rev Biol Trop 25 137 149 Vargas M amp J V Vargas 2003 Male and mosquito larvae survey at the Arenal Tempisque irrigation Project Guanacaste Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 51 759 762 Waltz R D amp W P McCafferty 1985 Moribaetis a new genus of Neotropical Baetidae Ephemeroptera Proc Entomol Soc Wash 87 239 251 Waltz R D amp W P McCafferty 1999 Additions to the tax onomy of Americabaetis Ephemeroptera Baetidae A lugoi n sp adult of A robacki and key to larvae Entomol News 110 39 44 Watson C N amp M J Heyn 1992 A preliminary survey of the Chironomidae Diptera of Costa Rica with emphasis on the lotic fauna Neth J Aquat Ecol 26 257 262 Wiersema N A amp W P McCafferty 2000 Generic revision of the North and Central American Leptohyphidae Ephemeroptera Pannota Trans Am Entomol Soc 126 337 371 Wirth W W amp N C Ratanaworabhan Neobezzia
42. iptera Heteroptera Vol IL xii Charpentier C amp F A Tabash 1988 Variaciones en la diversidad de la comunidad bent nica del sedimento Un indicador biol gico del estado de contaminaci n de los r os de la subregi n de Heredia Costa Rica Uniciencia 5 69 76 Chavarri L G amp A Borkent 2007 The Meniscus midges of Costa Rica Diptera Dixidae Zootaxa 1575 1 34 Coffman W P C de la Rosa K W Cummins amp M A Wilzbach 1992 Species richness in some Neotropical Costa Rica and Afrotropical West Africa lotic communities of Chironomidae Diptera Netherlands J Aq Ecol 26 229 237 Cohen S D amp R K Allen 1972 New species of Baetodes from Mexico and Central America Ephemeroptera Baetidae Pan Pac Entomol 48 123 135 Cohen S D amp R K Allen 1978 Generic revisions of mayfly numphs III Baetodes in North and Central America Baetidae J Kansas Entomol Soc 51 253 269 Contreras Ramos A 1995 New species of Chloronia from Ecuador and Guatemala with a key to the species in the genus Megalopera Corydalidae J N Am Benthol Soc 14 108 114 Contreras Ramos A 1999a List of species of Neoptropical Megaloptera Neuropterida Proc Entomol Soc Wash 101 272 284 Contreras Ramos A 1999b Mating behaviour of Platyneuromus Megaloptera Corydalidae with life history notes on dobsonflies from Mexico and Costa Rica Entomol News 110 125 135 Contreras Ramos A 2005 2
43. is amp Holzenthal 1990 Because of the great percentage of new species encountered Holzenthal 1988b estimated the total fauna of Neotropical Trichoptera to be 10 000 species The catalog of Neotropical caddisflies pub lished by Flint et al in 1999 listed 309 species for Costa Rica and this number is constantly growing now reaching over 480 species from 15 families and 55 genera Information on their distribution can be obtained through the inter net pages and databases of the main collections that include Costa Rican caddisflies INBio 276 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Minnesota UCR Unfortunately only a few publications include descriptions of immature stages e g Flint 1970 1971 1973 1974a 1983 Flint amp Bueno Soria 1982 Monson ef al 1988 Holzenthal 1988b Holzenthal amp Harris 1989 Mu oz Quesada amp Holzenthal 1997 Holzenthal amp Andersen 2004 Blahnik Holzenthal 2006 Rueda Mart n 2006 A first key in spanish to the larval stages of Costa Rican caddisfly families was published by Springer 2006 although for the Costa Rican fauna less then 10 of the larvae have been associated with their adults Lepidoptera Another order that is primar ily terrestrial with very few aquatic species 1s Lepidoptera although the aquatic groups are especially well developed in Central America Munroe 1982 In Costa Rica larvae of the genus Petr
44. is equally dispersed and species descriptions can be found in gener al entomological e g Systematic Entomology Ann Entomol Soc Am Entomol News Pan Pacific Entomologist Folia Entomol gica Mexicana or taxonomic journals e g Proc Biol Soc Wash Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Spixiana as well as in more spe cialized ones e g The Coleopterists Bulletin Odonatalogica Bull Am Odonatol includ ing proceedings of Symposiums Finally many studies remain unpublished in the so called grey literature with very restricted distribu tion One important comprehensive study on the aquatic biota of Central America that should be mentioned here was edited by Hurlbert Villalobos Figueroa 1982 consisting in sum maries in spanish and english on the taxo nomic biological and ecological knowledge of the different aquatic insect orders and families Unfortunately very little specific information is given for each country of the region and no taxonomic keys are presented The lack of local taxonomic keys makes identification of family and genera difficult for the non specialist and next to impos sible for species A first identification guide in Spanish to the genera of Costa Rican freshwater macroinvertebrates is going to be published soon by our group with the collabo ration of over 40 international specialists An electronic field guide with pictures of the most commonly collected Costa Rican stream ins
45. is et al 1979 and epidemiological publications Travis et al 1974 Vargas also published the first identification keys to Costa Rican mosquito larvae 1956 1966 and the first taxonomic key to the larvae of aquatic dipteran families of Costa Rica 1974 Other identification keys for this group in Costa Rica were published by Kumm et al 1940 Culicidae adults except Culex Stojanovich et al 1966 Anopheles spp Vargas 1975 Anopheles females and Darsie 1993 Culicidae larvae and adults Further works on Culicidae include Adames amp Hogue 1969 Duret 1971 O Meara et al 1971 the World Health Organization 1971 Hogue 1975 and Vargas amp Vargas 2003 A comprehensive book on Culicidae includ ing species list identification keys to adults and larvae together with a list of references was published by Vargas in 1998 Members of the family Dixidae were originally described under Culicidae Lane 1942 Belkin et al 1965 Heinemann amp Belkin 1977 and an overview of this family for Central America is given by Nowell 1982 Recently Chaverri amp Borkent 2007 published description on new species of Dixidae including a key to the adult stages of all known species from Costa Rica Another family of Diptera that has been intensively studied is Chironomidae which are supposed to be especially species rich in Costa Rica de la Rosa pers com A preliminary sur vey was published by Watson amp Heyn 1992
46. le In this sense the present paper tries to give an overview on the state of knowledge and the literature published to date on the aquatic insects of Costa Rica taking in account taxonomic biological and ecological studies Rev Biol Trop 56 Suppl 4 273 295 Epub 2009 June 30 Key words aquatic insects taxonomy ecology life history biomonitoring inventory Costa Rica bibliography Costa Rica is surely one of the best studied neotropical countries due to many reasons including its small size political stability con servation areas and its great variety of climates and ecosystems leading to an extraordinarily high biodiversity It is estimated that Costa Rica hosts between 4 596 of the world s biodi versity although for some groups this percent age is even higher reaching up to 10 of the world s known species Obando 2002 This high biodiversity can be found not only in terrestrial but also in marine and freshwater habitats and among the latter aquatic insects represent the most diverse group of organisms They are abundant in a great variety of aquatic ecosystems and reach their highest diversity in clean fast flowing mountain rivers and streams Among the most diverse orders found in these habitats are the Trichoptera Diptera and Coleoptera Another diverse and locally very abundant group is Ephemeroptera espe cially in lotic habitats In Costa Rica the taxo nomically best known orders of aquatic ins
47. lection of references is available at Ephemeroptera Galactica http famu org mayfly Hemiptera From this mainly terrestrial order 14 families occur in Central America and Costa Rica which are considered aquatic or semi aquatic The aquatic hemipterans had been studied in Central America mainly by Polhemus who published an overview on each family and reported the presence of 636 species from 84 genera for Mesoamerica Polhemus 1982 The same author also described and reported several species from Costa Rica Polhemus amp Hogue 1972 Polhemus 1975 1976 1985 Polhemus amp Cheng 1976 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 275 Polhemus amp Spangler 1989 Other authors who published on Costa Rican Hemiptera species include Drake 1952 Veliidae De Abate 1960 Notonectidae Matsuda 1960 Gerridae Menke 1963 Notonectidae and Spangler 1990b Mesoveliidae Some early works were published by Pittier amp Biolley 1895 Champion 1897 1901 Hungerford 1939 A checklist of families with marine spe cies Gelastocoridae Gerridae Mesoveliidae Saldidae and Veliidae from the western tropical Pacific that includes several Costa Rican species was published by Polhemus amp Manzano 1992 Up to date no compre hensive study or species check list had been presented yet on the aquatic hemipteran fauna of Costa Rica Megaloptera Neuroptera Among the le
48. lint eds Proc 8 Int Symp on Trichoptera Ohio Biological Survey Columbus USA Murillo J amp R Zeled n 1985 Fleb tomos de Costa Rica Diptera Psychodidae Brenesia 23 Suppl 1 137 Novell W R 1982 Dixidae p 429 432 In S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State University San Diego California USA Nav s R P L 1924 Insectos de la Am rica Central Broteria S rie Zoologica 21 55 86 Ngai J T K R Kirby B Gilbert B M Starzomski A J D Pelletier amp J C R Conner 2008 The impact of land use change on larval insect communities Testing the role of habitat elements in conservation Ecoscience 15 160 168 Novelo Guti rrez R amp A Ram rez 1995 The larva of Neocordulia batesi longipollex Calvert 1909 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 289 Odonata Corduliidae J N Y Entomol Soc 103 180 184 Obando V 2002 Biodiversidad en Costa Rica Estado del conocimiento y gesti n InBio Heredia Costa Rica Ochs G 1949 A revision of the Gyrinoidea of Central America Rev Entomol 20 253 300 O Meara G F amp G B Craig Jr 1970 Geographical varia tion in Aedes atropalpus Diptera Culicidae Ann Entomol Soc Am 63 1392 1400 Paaby P A Ram rez amp C M Pringle 1998 The benthic macroinvertebrate community in Ca
49. mipteran Limnocoris insularis Naucoridae in a tropical low land stream Costa Rica Central America Brenesia 14 1 11 Stout R J 1981 How abiotic factors affect the distribution of two species of tropical predaceous aquatic bugs Family Naucoridae Ecology 62 1170 1178 Stout R J 1982 Effects of a harsh environment on the life history patterns of two species of tropical aquatic Hemiptera Family Naucoridae Ecology 63 75 83 Stout R J amp J Vandermeer 1975 Comparision of species richness for stream inhabiting insects in tropical and mid latitude streams The American Naturalist 109 263 280 Stribling J B 1986 Revision of Anchytarsus Coleoptera Dryopoidea and a key to the New World genera of Ptilodactylidae Ann Entomol Soc Am 79 219 234 Sweeney B W J K Jackson amp D H Funk 1995 Semicoltinism seasonal emergence and adult size variation in a tropical stream mayfly Euthyplocia hecuba J N Am Benthol Soc 14 131 146 Trapido H P Galindo amp S J Carpenter 1955 A survey of forest mosquitoes in relation to sylvan yellow fever in the Panama isthmian area Am J Trop Med Hyg 4 525 542 Traver JR 1946 Notes on Neotropical mayflies Part I Family Baetidae subfamily Leptophlebiinae Rev Entomol 17 418 436 Traver J R 1947 Notes on Neotropical mayflies Part II Family Baetidae subfamily Leptophlebiinae Rev Entomol 18 149 160 Traver J R 1958a Some Mexica
50. n and Costa Rican may flies Bull Brook Entomol Soc 53 81 89 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 293 Traver J R 1958b The subfamily Leptohyphinae Ephemeroptera Tricorythidae Part I Ann Entomol Soc Am 51 491 503 Traver J R 1960 Some Mexican and Costa Rican may flies Bull Brook Entomol Soc 60 16 23 Traver J R amp G F Edmunds Jr 1967 A revision of the genus Thraulodes Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Misc Publ Entomol Soc Am 5 349 395 Travis B V amp M V Vargas 1978 Bionomics of black flies Diptera Simuliidae in Costa Rica VI Correlations with ecological factors Rev Biol Trop 26 335 345 Travis B V M V Vargas amp F Fallas 1979 Bionomics of black flies Diptera Simuliidae in Costa Rica III Larval population dynamics in five selected streams Rev Biol Trop 27 135 143 Travis B V M V Vargas amp J C Swartzwelder 1974 Bionomics of black flies Diptera Simuliidae in Costa Rica I Species biting man with an epidemio logical summary for the Western Hemisphere Rev Biol Trop 22 187 200 Tschelaut J A Weissenhofer F Schiemer 2008 Macroinvertebrates and leaf litter decomposition in a neotropical lowland stream Quebrada Negra Costa Rica Stapfia 88 zugleich Kataloge der ober sterre ichischen Landesmuseen Neue Serie 80 457 466 Uma a G 1993 The planktonic community of Lag
51. nata VI The waterfall dwellers the transformation external fea tures and attached diatoms of Thaumatoneura larva Entomol News 26 195 305 Calvert P P 1917 Studies on Costa Rican Odonata VIII A new genus allied to Cora Entomol News 28 259 263 Calvert P P 1920a Studies on Costa Rican Odonata IX Sympetrum with description of a new species Entomol News 31 253 259 Calvert P P 1920b The Costa Rican species of Epigomphus and their mutual mating adaptations Odonata Trans Am Ent Soc 46 323 354 Calvert P P 1923 Studies on Costa Rican Odonata X Megaloprepus its distribution variation habits and food Entomol News 34 129 135 168 174 Calvert A S amp P P Calvert 1917 A year of Costa Rican Natural History Macmillan New York USA Castillo L E E Mart nez C Ruepert C Savage M Gilek M Pinnok amp E Solis 2006 Water quality and macroinvertebrate community response following pesticide applications in a banana plantation Limon Costa Rica Sci Tot Environm 367 418 432 Chamorro Lacayo M L 2003 Seven new species of Polycentropodidae Trichoptera from Nicaragua and Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 105 484 498 Chamorro Lacayo M L amp R W Holzenthal 2004 Seven new species of Polyplectropus Ulmer Trichoptera Polycentropodidae from Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 106 202 216 Champion G C 1897 1901 Biolog a Centrali Americana Insecta Rynchota Hem
52. nera Disersus Pseudodisersus and Potamophilops of the Western Hemisphere Coleoptera Elmidae Smiths Contrib Zool 446 1 40 Spangler P J amp S Santiago Fragoso 1992 The aquatic beetle subfamily Larainae Coleoptera Elmidae in Mexico Central America and the West Indies Smiths Contrib Zool 528 1 74 Spangler P J C L Staines P M Spangler amp S L Staines 2001 A checklist of the Limnichidae and the Lutrochidae Coleoptera of the world Insecta Munid 15 151 165 Spies M amp F Reiss 1996 Catalogue and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae Insecta Diptera Spixiana Suppl 22 61 119 Spies M E J Fittkau amp F Reiss 1994 The adult males of Parachironomus Lenz 1921 from the Neotropical faunal region Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Spixiana Suppl 20 61 98 Spinelli G amp A Borkent 2004 New species of Central American Culicoides LaTreille Diptera Ceratopogonidae with a synopsis of species from Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 106 361 395 Springer M 1997 Caddisflies of Costa Rican cloud for ests p 97 98 In N Nadkarni amp N T Wheelwright eds The natural history ecology and conserva tion of Monteverde Costa Rica Oxford University Oxfordshire England 292 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Springer M 1998 Genera of aquatic insects from Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 4
53. new Microvelia Westwood Hemiptera Veliidae Bull Brooklyn Entomol Soc 47 13 15 Dom nguez E 1995 Cladistic analysis of the Ulmeritus Ulmeritoides group Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae with descriptions of five new spe cies of Ulmeritoides J N Y Entomol Soc 103 15 38 Donnelly T W 1979 The genus Phyllogomphoides in Middle America Anisoptera Gomphidae Odonatologica 8 245 265 Donnelly T W 1984 A new species of Macrothemis from Central America with notes on the distiction between Brechmorhoga and Macrothemis Odonata Libellulidae Fla Entomol 67 169 174 Donnelly T W 1989 Protoneura sulfurata a new spe cies of damselfly from Costa Rica with notes of the circum carribean species of the genus Odonata Protoneuridae Fla Ent 72 436 441 Duft M K Fittkau amp W Traunspurger 2002 Colonization of exclosures in a Costa Rican stream effects of mac robenthos on meiobenthos and the nematode commu nity J Freshw Ecol 17 531 541 Dunkle S W 1995 Geographical variation in Micrathyria mengeri Ris With a description of M mengeri watso ni ssp nov Anisoptera Libellulidae Odonatologica 24 45 51 Duret J P 1971 Cinco especies nuevas de cul cidos neotropicales Diptera Culicidae Neotropica 17 15 28 Eaton A E 1892 Fam Ephemeridae Biologica Centrali Americana 38 1 16 Eberhard W 2005 Los machos de la lib lula Hetaerina en Golfito por qu pelean tanto p
54. ophila Crambidae can very fre quently be encountered in streams and rivers and can be locally very abundant They scrape algae from the surface of stones and rocks while other aquatic Lepidoptera larvae feed on vascu lar plants in standing water some of them living in portable cases like caddisflies Very little has been published about this group in Costa Rica and studies have focused on taxonomic descrip tions of adults e g Schaus 1920 For the remaining aquatic insect orders Coleoptera and Diptera it is quite difficult if not impossible to present a comprehensive revision of the literature since these two orders are extremely diverse with many different aquatic or semi aquatic families Almost every family has its own taxonomist working on it which results in wide spread publications that are often not easy to locate Therefore the following revision of these two orders is not intended to be complete but attempts to at least give an overview of the most important aquatic families within each order Coleoptera Early descriptions of aquatic beetle species from several families collect ed from Central America including Costa Rica were published by Sharp 1882 in the Biologia Centrali Americana A checklist of the Coleoptera of Central America including many species from Costa Rica was published by Blackwelder 1944 but no recent compre hensive study has been published yet on the aquatic Coleoptera of Costa Ri
55. oria 1977 1979 1987 Flint et al 1987 Flint amp Denning 1989 Also further descrip tions of species from Costa Rica can be found in the studies of several other authors e g Mosely 1933 1949 Yamamoto 1967 Denning amp Blickle 1979 Kelley 1983 Bueno Soria 1984a b 1985 1986 1990 2004 Hamilton 1986 An extensive inventory of the Costa Rican caddisfly fauna was done by Holzenthal and co workers in cooperation with the Institute of Biodiversity INBio and resulted in a first checklist Holzenthal 1988c which included 174 species The more than 10 year inventory revealed a great percentage of unde scribed species and even genera resulting in the description of a vast array of new species Holzenthal 1988a b Holzenthal amp Hamilton 1988 Holzenthal amp Harris 1989 1992 2002 Harris amp Holzenthal 1990 1993 1994 1999 Blahnik amp Holzenthal 1992a b Holzenthal amp Strand 1992 Mufioz Quesada amp Holzenthal 1993 1997 Blahnik 1995 1998 Holzenthal 1995 Holzenthal amp Flint 1995 Mufioz Quesada 1997 1999 Bueno Soria amp Holzenthal 1998 2003 Harris et al 2002 Chamorro Lacayo 2003 Chamorro Lacayo amp Holzenthal 2004 Holzenthal amp Andersen 2004 Prather 2003 2004 Blahnik amp Holzenthal 2006 Holzenthal amp Blahnik 2006 Blahnik amp Holzenthal 2008 Bueno Soria amp Holzenthal 2008 By 1990 the list included over 400 species where more than half of these are probably endemic Harr
56. ounds inhibit microbial and insect mediated leaf breakdown in a tropical rainforest stream Costa Rica Oecologia 155 311 323 Ard n M L A Stallcup amp C M Pringle 2006 Does leaf quality mediate the stimulation of leaf breakdown by phosphorus in Neotropical streams Freshw Biol 51 618 633 Astorga Y 1993 Diagn stico f sico qu mico y biol gico de la Quebrada Negritos Centro de Investigaci n en Contaminaci n Ambiental Universidad de Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rica vila A S amp R W Flowers 2005 New species and records of Ulmeritoides Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae from Costa Rica Zootaxa 1010 1 14 vila A S amp R W Flowers 2006a Two new species of Choroterpes Eaton Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae from Costa Rica Zootaxa 1245 59 68 vila A S amp R W Flowers 2006b Adult stages oftwo spe cies of Traverella Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae from Costa Rica Entomol News 117 395 398 Balke M 1990 Rhantus souzannae sp n from Costa Rica Coleoptera Dytiscidae Aquatic Insects 21 19 22 Balke M R Roughley W Sondermann amp P Spangler 2002 Diving Beetles of the genus Rhantus in Costa Rica Taxonomy and biogeography with notes on South American species Coleoptera Dytiscidae Stud Neotrop Fauna Environm 37 263 271 Banks N 1914a New neuropteroid insects native and exotic Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia 66 608 632 Banks N 1914b Neuroptera and
57. over of chironomid assemblages in response to stream phosphorus levels in a tropical lowland land scape Limnol Oceanogr 51 189 196 Ram rez P rez J B V Peterson amp M Vargas 1988 Mayacnephia salasi Diptera Simuliidae a new black fly species from Costa Rica Proc Entomol Soc Wash 90 66 75 Rosemond A D C M Pringle amp A Ram rez 1998 Macroconsumer effects on insect detritivores and detritus processing in a tropical stream Freshw Biology 39 515 523 Rosemond A D C M Pringle A Ram rez M J Paul amp J L Meyer 2002 Landscape variation in phosphorus concentration and effects on detritus based tropical streams Am Soc Limnol Oceanogr 47 278 289 Rotheray G E M Zumbado E G Hancock amp F C Thompson 2000 Remarkable aquatic predators in the genus Ocyptamus Diptera Syrphidae Stud Dipt 7 385 389 Rueda Martin P A 2006 Associations new records and a new species of Atopsyche from northwest ern Argentina and southern Bolivia Zootaxa 1367 51 62 Salazar Chang H 2005 Infestaci n de Smittium culisetae trichomycetes en larvas de mosquitos Diptera Culicidae en el Valle Central de Costa Rica Rev Costrric Cienc M d 26 23 31 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 291 Sanderson M W 1953 New species and a new genus of New World Elmidae with supplemental keys Coleopt Bull 7 33 40 Savage H M
58. pe variation in the larval density of a bro meliad dwelling zygopteran Mecistogaster mod esta Odonata Pseudostigmatidae Int J Odon 8 67 79 Srivastava D S 2006 Habitat structure trophic structure and ecosystem function interactive effects in a bro meliad insect community Oecologia 149 493 504 Srivastava D S M K Trzcinski B A Richardson amp B Gilbert 2008 Why are predators more sensitive to habitat size than their prey Insights from bromeliad insect food webs Am Nat 172 761 771 Stark B P 1998 The Anacroneuria of Costa Rica and Panama Insecta Plecoptera Perlidae Proc Biol Soc Wash 111 551 603 Standley L J amp B W Sweeney 1995 Organochlorine pesticides in stream mayflies and terrestrial vegeta tion of undisturbed tropical catchments exposed to long range atmospheric transport J N Am Benthol Soc 14 38 49 Stein H M Springer amp B Kohlmann 2008 Comparision of two sampling methods for biomonitoroing using aquatic macroinvertebrates in the Dos Novillos River Costa Rica Pp 267 275 In B Kohlmann amp W J Mitsch eds Ecological management and sustain able development in the humid tropics of Costa Rica Ecological Engineering 34 Stojanovich C J J R Gorham amp H G Scott 1966 Clave ilustrada para los mosquitos anofelinos de Am rica Central y Panam U S Department of Health Education and Welfare USA Stout R J 1978 Migration of the aquatic he
59. ribbean Costa Rican streams and the effect of two sampling meth ods Rev Biol Trop X Supl 6 185 199 Papavero N 1976 A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States Mus Zool Fasc 46 University of S o Paulo Brazil Paulson D R 1982 Odonata p 249 277 In S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and teh West Indies San Diego State University San Diego California USA Penny N D 1977 Lista de Megaloptera Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do M xico Am rica Central Ilhas Cariabas e Am rica do Sul Acta Amaz 7 4 Suppl 62 p Penny N D 1982 Neuroptera p 280 282 Jn S H Hurlbert amp A Villalobos Figueroa eds Aquatic Biota of Mexico Central America and the West Indies San Diego State University San Diego California USA Perkins P D 1979 Six new neotropical species of aquatic beetles in the Epimetopus costatus complex Hydrophilidae Epimetopinae Coleopt Bull 33 319 325 Perkins P D 1980 Aquatic beetles of the family Hydraenidae in the Western Hemisphere classifica tion biogeography and inferred phylogeny Insecta Coleoptera Question Entomol 16 3 554 Perkins P D 1997 Momentum and Ghiselinius new neo tropical genera of humicolous beetles with remarkable and divergent mouthparts Coleoptera Dryopidae Stud Neotrop Fauna Environm 32 100 117 Peterson B V M Vargas amp J Ram rez P rez 19
60. ris S C amp R W Holzenthal 1999 Hydroptilidae Trichoptera of Costa Rica the genus Hydroptila Dalman Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ 34 16 51 Harris S C R W Holzenthal amp O S Flint Jr 2002 Review of the Neotropical genus Bredinia Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Stactobiini Ann Carneg Mus 71 13 45 Heinemann S J amp J N Belkin 1977 Collection records of the project mosquitoes of Middle America 7 Costa Rica CR Mosq Syst 9 237 284 Hedstr m I amp G Sahlen 2001 A key to the adult Costa Rican helicopter damselflies Odonata Pseudostigmatidae with notes on their phenology and life zone preferences Rev Biol Trop 49 1037 1056 Hedstr m I amp G Sahlen 2007 The dry season governs the reproduction of three pesudostigmatid zygo pterans in Costa Rica Odonata Pseudostigmatidae Int J Odonatol 10 53 63 Hinton H E 1936 Descriptions of new genera and species of Dryopidae Coleoptera Trans R Entomol Soc Lond 85 415 434 Hogue C L 1975 A new species of bromeliad breeding Culex Culex from Cocos Island Moq Syst 7 357 362 Hogue C L 1979 The family Blephariceridae in Costa Rica Diptera Contr Sci Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles County 311 1 22 Hogue C L amp G B Fairchild 1974 A revised check list of the Tabanidae of Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 22 11 27 Hogue C L amp S E Miller 1981 Entomofauna of Cocos Island Costa Rica Atoll Res
61. rough the Internet page of the Museum http museo biologia ucr ac cr and a connection via this Webpage to the collection s database with over 12 000 registers 1s planned for the near future Due to the importance of aquatic organisms in environmental impact studies and biomoni toring of freshwater habitats there is an urgent need for comprehensive studies and publica tions that are locally available The present paper intends to help fill this gap by providing an overview of the literature published to date on the aquatic insects of Costa Rica Taxonomy Plecoptera The stoneflies are represented by just one genus Anacroneuria Perlidae with some Costa Rican species described dur ing the early 20 century by Banks 19142 274 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 Klap lek 1923 and Nav s 1924 At the moment 27 species have been registered for the country with 18 of them described as new species by Stark 1998 Even though this is one of the smallest groups in terms of species richness the nymphal stages of almost all spe cies but three remain undescribed Currently rearing experiments are being carried out at the laboratory of CIMAR UCR resulting in the association of seven additional species of Anacroneuria Guti rrez amp Springer in prep Odonata The country s dragon and dam selfly fauna is very well known especially the adults but also
62. ss diverse orders of aquatic insects in Costa Rica are the Megaloptera and Neuroptera in the past often treated together in Neuroptera as two suborders While the first dobson flies is entirely aquatic during their larval stage the second includes only one aquat ic family in Costa Rica the spongillaflies Sysiridae Descriptions of some Megaloptera species a group comprising only one family and three genera in Costa Rica were published by Glorioso amp Flint 1984 Contreras Ramos 1995 and Flint 1992 a species list for the Neotropics was presented by Contreras Ramos 1999a Records for species from both orders from Costa Rica can also be found in Penny 1977 Contreras Ramos amp Harris 1990 pub lished a work on the generic determination of American dobsonfly larvae Two genera of spongillaflies have been recorded from Costa Rica Penny 1982 but only very few speci mens larvae exists in the aquatic entomology collection of the Zoological Museum at UCR This can probably be attributed to their rather secretive life style since they are parasitic on and in freshwater sponges which are not very frequently encountered in Costa Rican fresh water habitats Trichoptera The neotropical caddisfly fauna has been intensively studied especially by O S Flint and his numerous publica tions include many species from Costa Rica e g Flint 1963a b 1967 1970 1971 1972 1974a b 1983 1985 1991 Flint amp Bueno S
63. ta larvae V Megaloprepus caeru latus Drury 1782 Zygoptera Pseudostigmatidae Odonatologica 26 75 81 Ramirez A 1997b Dragonflies and Damselflies of Costa Rican cloud forests p 97 In N Nadkarni amp N T Wheelwright eds The Natural History Ecology and Conservation of Monteverde Costa Rica Oxford University Oxfordshire England Ramirez A amp R Novelo Guti rrez 1994 Megapodagrionidae Odonata Zygoptera de M xico y Centroam rica I Las n yades de Philogenia carril lica P peacocki y P terraba Acta Zool Mex n s 63 61 73 Ram rez A P Paaby C M Pringle amp G Ag ero 1998 Effect of habitat type on benthic macroinvertebrates in two lowland tropical streams Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 46 Supl 6 201 213 Ram rez A D R Paulson amp C Esquivel 2000 Odonata of Costa Rica Diversity and checklist of species Rev Biol Trop 48 247 254 Ram rez A amp C M Pringle 1998a Invertebrate drift and benthic community dynamics in a lowland Neotropical stream Costa Rica Hydrobiologia 386 19 26 Ram rez A amp C M Pringle 1998b Structure and produc tion of a benthic insect assemblage in a neotropical stream J N Am Benthol Soc 17 443 463 Ram rez A amp C M Pringle 2001 Spatial and temporal patterns of invertebrate drift in streams draining a Neotropical landscape Freshw Biol 46 47 62 Ram rez A amp C M Pringle 2006 Fast growth and turn
64. to some extent the imma tures For the 268 species of Odonata existing in Costa Rica a great amount of taxonomic works have been published Calvert 1892 1908 191la b 1915 1917 1920a 1920b 1923 Calvert amp Calvert 1917 Belle 1975 Donnelly 1979 Cannings 1982 Paulson 1982 Garrison 1982 1985 Donnelly 1984 1989 Belle 1989 Brooks 1989 Bick amp Bick 1990 May 1990 1992 Esquivel 1991 1994 Ram rez 1992 1994a 1994b 1995 1996 1997a 1996 1997 Garrison 1992 1996 Zloty et al 1993 Ram rez amp Novelo Guti rrez 1994 Bick amp Bick 1995 Dunkle 1995 Novelo Guti rrez amp Ram rez 1995 F rster 1999 Ram rez et al 2000 Hedstr m and Sahlen 2001 Montero Moreno 2003 and the Costa Rican dragonfly fauna is considered to be the best known of all Latin American countries Ram rez et al 2000 Despite this only half of the species have their nymphal stages described and next to nothing is known about their behavior natu ral history ecology and distribution Ram rez 1996 1997 Ram rez et al 2000 Ephemeroptera A first comprehensive study on the mayfly fauna of Central America was published by Edmunds et al 1976 which includes descriptions of adult as well as nymph al stages and identification keys to the genus level In 1982 Edmunds published a compre hensive bibliographic revision of the Central American Ephemeroptera The biogeography of Central American mayflies was also reviewed by McCa
65. una Hule Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 41 499 507 Uma a G K A Aver an amp S P Horn 1999 Limnology in Costa Rica p 33 62 In R G Weetzel B Gopal eds Limnology in Developing Countries 2 International Association for Limnology Uma a G amp M Springer 2006 Variaci n ambiental en el r o Grande de T rraba y algunos de sus aflu entes Pac fico sur de Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 54 Supl 1 265 272 Vargas M 1956 Llave num rica para identificaci n de larvas en cuarta fase de Anophelini en Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 4 27 34 Vargas M 1966 Llave gr fica para larvas de los g neros de Culidicae en Costa Rica O Bios 1 29 30 Vargas M 1974 Llave gr fica para la identificaci n de larvas de las familias m s comunes de d pteros acu ticos O Bios II 17 38 Vargas M 1975 Clave para anofelinos adultos hembras de Costa Rica Diptera Culicidae Brenesia 6 77 80 Vargas M 1998 El mosquito Un enemigo peligroso Biolog a control e importancia en la salud humana Diptera Culicidae Universidad de Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rica Vargas M amp A D az N jera 1951 Notas sobre sistem ti ca y morfolog a de sim lidos Rev Soc Mex Hist Nat 12 123 172 Vargas M amp P J Ram rez 1988 Gigantodax bierigi and G willei Diptera Simuliidae two black fly species from Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 36 457 470 Vargas M LA Rubtsov amp B F Fallas 1980 B
66. unts on the biogeography on neotropical Megaloptera were presented by Contreras Ramos 2005 The composition of the macroinvertebrate fauna of many rivers and streams of Costa Rica have been studied but the vast majority of these investigations remain unpublished in Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 279 the grey literature such as technical reports e g final reports of research projects and reports presented for environmental impact studies and student papers e g field courses of the Organization for Tropical Studies and the University of Costa Rica Studies published of lotic habitats include surveys of several water sheds R o San Carlos Springer 2002 Barrantes et al 2003 a b R o Grande del T rraba Uma a amp Springer 2006 and an inventory of aquatic insects on Cafio Island Springer 2004 Notes on aquatic insects from the Monteverde Cloud Forest were published by Ram rez Odonata and Springer Trichoptera in Nadkarni amp Whellwright 1997 An inventory of insects from Cocos Island based on adult insect col lections and including some aquatic taxa was published by Hogue amp Miller 1981 Despite the growing importance of aquatic insects in biomonitoring and environmental impact studies relatively few works had been published on this important topic in Costa Rica Charpentier amp Tabash 1988 Astorga 1993 Flowers et al 1995 Standley amp
67. w dragonfly from Costa Rica Odonata Gomphidae Tijdschr Ent 132 158 160 Belkin J N R X Schick amp S J Heinemann 1965 Mosquito studies Diptera Culicidae V Mosquitoes originally described from Middle America Contr Am Entomol Inst Ann Arbor 1 1 95 Benstead J P 1996 Macroinvertebrates and the process ing of leaf litter in a tropical stream Biotropica 28 367 375 Bick G H amp J C Bick 1990 A revision of the neotropical genus Cora Selys 1853 Zygoptera Polythoridae Odonatologica 19 117 143 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 281 Bick G H amp J C Bick 1995 A review of the genus Telebasis with descriptions of eight new species Zygoptera Coenagrionidae Odonatologica 24 11 44 Blackwelder R E 1944 Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico Central America the West Indies and South America Part 2 U S Natl Mus Bull No 185 189 342 Blahnik R J 1995 New species of Smicridea subgenus Smicridea from Costa Rica and a revision of the fasciatella complex Trichoptera Hydropsychidae J N Am Benthol Soc 14 84 107 Blahnik R J amp R W Holzenthal 1992a New species of Chimarra subgenus Chimarra Stephens from Costa Rica Trichoptera Philopotamidae Proc Entomol Soc Wash 94 409 438 Blahnik R J amp R W Holzenthal 1992b Revision of the neotropical genus Chimarrhodella Lestage Tri
68. xico and Central America Ann Limnol Int J Limnol 32 3 18 Lugo Ort z C R amp W P McCafferty 1996d Phylogeny and classification of the Baetodes complex Ephemeroptera Baetidae with description of a new genus J N Am Benthol Soc 15 367 380 Lugo Ort z C R W P McCafferty amp R D Waltz 1994 Contribution to the taxonomy of the panamerican genus Fallceon Ephemeroptera Baetidae J New York Entomol Soc 102 460 475 Mafla Herrera M 2005 Gu a para evaluaciones ecol gi cas r pidas con indicadores biol gicos en r os de tama o mediano Talamanca Costa Rica Serie t c nica Manual T cnico No 61 CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica Maier C T 1977 The behavior of Hydrometra cham pioniana Hemiptera Hydrometridae and resource 288 Rev Biol Trop Int J Trop Biol ISSN 0034 7744 Vol 56 Suppl 4 273 295 December 2008 partioning with Tenagogonus quadrilineatus Hemiptera Gerridae J Kansas Entomol Soc 59 263 271 Matsuda R 1960 Morphology evolution and a clas sification of the Gerridae Hemiptera Heteroptera University Kansas Sci Bull 41 25 632 Maue T M Springer 2008 Effect of methodology and sampling time on the taxa richness of aquatic macroinvertebrates and water quality index from three tropical rivers Costa Rica Rev Biol Trop 56 Suppl 4 275 289 May M L 1980 Temporal activity patterns of Micrathyria in Central America Anisoptera Libellulida

Aquatic insect diversity of Costa Rica: state of knowledge

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents