Impact of ivermectin-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in feedlot
Contents
1. EPG and pooled fecal culture was carried out for identification of the pa rasite genus in each sampling Fecal egg count reduction test FECR was calculated on day 22 PT The study design used was a totally randomized block with commercial feedlot and sex as block variables For data analysis a mixed model of the SAS statistical program was used The FECR average on day 22 was 28 4 in the IVM group and 94 2 in the RBZ group From this date on significant differences in EPG were kept until day 54 EPG counts were only equal near the end of the trial on day 75 p 0 16 In both commercial feedlots espe cially in the IVM group Cooperia spp was the most prevalent parasite in the fecal cultures Significant differences in weight P lt 0 01 on post treatment day 75 was found between the average weight in the RBZ and the IVM group 246 vs 238 kg respectively what means a difference of 8 3 in gains The importance for production in the antiparasite failure treat ment in commercial feedlots was demonstrated and the need of pos treatment controls to evaluate the efficacy of the antiparasitic administered is emphasized INDEX TERMS Feedlot antihelmintic resistence ivermectin ricobendazole calves RESUMO Impacto de nemat deos gastrointestinais ivermectina resistentes em bovinos em confinamento na Argentina O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar duran te 75 dias o impacto sobre a produ o da carga de parasita 1Received on O2. Ch Cetra B Lamberti R Olaechea F Ruiz M Schapiro J Martinez M Balbiani G Castro M 2005 Evalu aci n de la resistencia a los antihelm nticos en rumiantes en Argentina p 7 34 In Eddi C amp Vargas Ter n M Eds Resistencia a los Antiparasi tarios Internos en Argentina FAO Producci n y Sanidad Animal Roma Italia Coles G C Jackson F Pomroy W E Prichard R K Samson Himmelstjerna G von Silvestre A Taylor M A 8 Vercruysse J 2006 The detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance Vet Pa rasitol 136 3 4 167 185 Cristel S L amp Suarez V H 2006 Resistencia antihelm ntica evaluaci n de la prueba de reducci n del conteo de huevos Revta Invest Agropec RIA 35 3 29 43 Entrocasso C 1994 Fisiopatolog a del parasitismo gastroent rico p 3 17 In Nari A amp Fiel C A Eds Enfermedades Parasitarias de Importan cia Econ mica en Bovinos bases epidemiol gicas para su prevenci n y control Hemisferio Sur Montevideo Uruguay Entrocasso C Alvarez L Manazza J Lifschitz A Borda B Virkel G Mot tier L amp Lanusse C 2008 Clinical efficacy assessment of the albendazo le ivermectin combination in lambs parasitized with resistant nemato des Vet Parasitol 155 3 4 249 256 Fiel C A amp Steffan P E 1994 Epidemiolog a de los nematodes gastrointes tinales en la Pampa H meda p 67 94 In Nari A amp Fiel C Eds Enfer medades Para
3. as vari veis de bloco Para a an lise dos dados um modelo misto do programa estat stico SAS foi utilizado A m dia TROF no dia 22 foi de 28 4 no grupo IVM e 94 2 no grupo RBZ A partir desta data diferencas significativas na EPG foram mantidas at o dia 54 Contas de OPG s foram iguais perto do fim do estu do no dia 75 p 0 16 Em ambos os confinamentos comer ciais especialmente no grupo IVM Cooperia spp foram os parasitos mais prevalentes nas culturas fecais Diferen as significativas no peso P lt 0 01 75 dias p s tratamento fo ram encontradas entre o peso m dio nos grupos RBZ e IVM 246 vs 238 kg respectivamente o que significa uma dife renga de 8 3 nos ganhos A import ncia para a produ o no tratamento da insufici ncia antiparasit rios em confina mento comercial foi demonstrada bem como a necessida de de controles p s tratamento para avaliar a efic cia dos antiparasit rios administrados enfatizada TERMOS DE INDEXACAO Confinamento resist ncia antihelmin tica ivermectin ricobendazole bezerros INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the main sanitary pro blems affecting yield in cattle production systems with con sequences ranging from weight loss without clinical ma nifestations to death Ames et al 1969 Entrocasso 1994 Entrocasso et al 2008 Ostertagia ostertagi Cooperia spp Trichostrongylus axei and Haemonchus contortus are the most important gastrointestinal parasit
4. diets formulated for this period and animal category The ration contain corn grains sunflower expeller chopped pasture hay cottonseed culls corn gluten and micro ingredients e g feed additives minerals and vitamins Fiber content in the diet was 23 for the first 7 days decreasing gradually to 8 and 5 in the last stage of the fattening in feedlot A and B respectively Animal selection and identification In feedlot A the herd had 70 Hereford female calves between 7 and 8 months old with an average live weight of 180 kg In fee dlot B there were 104 Hereford calves male and female between 5 and 6 months old with an average weight of 160 kg live In each feedlot seventy calves were selected at random In both feedlots the animals chosen for the experiment were identified with an individual correlative ear tag number and remained in the same pen Trial description When the trial started on day 0 two groups of 35 animals were made in feedlots A and B Manual collection of fecal samples from the rectum and registration of individual weight were the subsequent procedures in each group The first group received antiparasitic treatment with IVM 1 Ivomec Merial at a dose of 200mcg kgpv and the other was administered Ricobendazole RBZ 10 Axilur PI Intervet at a dose of 7 5 mg kgpv both subcutaneously administered The next samplings were taken on days 22 54 and 75 postreatment PT when fecal samples were collected fr
5. reinfection in feedlot cattle The formula used was FECR 100 1 T2 T1 being T2 the EPG average on PT day 22 and T1 the EPG average on pretreatment day 0 Mejia et al 2003 Cristel amp Suarez 2006 RESULTS The results of the average EPG counts obtained throughout the trial are shown in Figure 1 The FECR average on day 22 was 28 4 in the IVM group and 94 2 in the RBZ group From this date on significant differences were kept until day 54 Counts were only equal near the end of the trial on day 75 p 0 16 The results of the fecal cultures in each sampling are shown in Table 1 In feedlot A in the RBZ group larvae were not recovered on day 22 due to problems with its culture Therefore the corresponding sampling on day 22 RBZ group shows the results obtained only in the feedlot B In the IVM group Cooperia spp were the most prevalent parasite in fecal cultures in the RBZ group Cooperia spp and Haemonchus spp were the most prevalent parasite ge nus depending on the sampling day Table 1 The evolution in animal weight is shown in Table 2 At 700 600 500 400 EPG 300 200 100 0 0 20 40 60 80 Day Fig 1 Eggs per gram of faeces EPG from zero to 75 days in fee dlot calves after receiving Ivermectin IVM and Ricobenda zole RBZ P value lt 0 01 of slice option Table 1 Feedlot A Percentage of parasite larvae in Ivermectin IVM and Ricobendazole RBZ groups on different samplin
6. Pesq Vet Bras 32 5 419 423 maio 2012 Impact of ivermectin resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in feedlot cattle in Argentina Luis E Fazzio Nicolas Yacachury Walter R Galvan Elias Peruzzo Ricardo O Sanchez and Eduardo J Gimeno ABSTRACT Fazzio L E Yacachury N Galvan W R Peruzzo E Sanchez R O Gimeno EJ 2012 Impact of ivermectin resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in feedlot cattle in Argentina Pesquisa Veterindria Brasileira 32 5 419 423 Facultad de Ciencias Veterina rias Universidad Nacional de La Plata calle 60 y 118 CC 296 B1900AVW La Plata Argen tina E mail fazzio fcv unlp edu ar The aim was to evaluate for 75 days the impact on production of the remaining burden of ivermectin IVM resistant parasites in naturally infected feedlot calves The herds came from tick infested areas of cattle breeding where the systematic use of IVM to control tick increases the gastrointestinal parasites resistant to this drug This investigation was carried out in two commercial feedlots in Buenos Aires province In feedlot A two groups of 35 animal each received IVM 1 and the other received ricobendazole RBZ 10 respectively The same was done in feedlot B On day 0 two groups of 35 animals were made in feedlots A and B Fecal samples were taken on days 0 22 54 and 75 pos treatment PT and body weight was registered from each animal Fecal samples were processed for individual count of eggs per gram
7. ctober 13 2011 Accepted for publication on January 30 2012 2 Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional de La Plata calle 60 y 118 CC 296 B1900AVW La Plata Argentina Corresponding author fazzio fcv unlp edu ar 3 Laboratorio Mesopot mico de Diagn stico Veterinario Ramirez 72 3200 Concordia Entre Rios Argentina 419 ivermectina IVM resistentes remanescentes em bezerros naturalmente infectados no confinamento Os rebanhos s o provenientes de areas infestadas por carrapatos onde o uso sistem tico de IVM para o controle do carrapato au menta a resist ncia de parasita gastrintestinais a esta dro ga Este trabalho foi realizado em dois confinamentos co merciais na prov ncia de Buenos Aires Na fazenda A dois grupos de 35 animais cada receberam IVM 1 e ricoben dazole RBZ 10 respectivamente O mesmo foi feito no confinamento B No dia 0 dois grupos de 35 animais foram feitos nas fazendas A e B As amostras fecais foram tomadas nos dias 0 22 54 e 75 p s tratamento PT e o peso cor 420 Luis E Fazzio et al poral foi registrado de cada animal Amostras fecais foram processadas para a contagem individual de ovos por grama EPG Amostras fecais foram agrupadas para a identifica o do g nero parasit ria O teste de redu o de ovos fecais TROF foi calculado no dia 22 PT O desenho do estudo utilizado foi aquele dos blocos inteiramente randomizados sendo confinamento comercial e sexo
8. es in calves but their prevalence and importance vary in different regions of Argentina Fiel amp Steffan 1994 Fiel et al 1994 Caracos tantogolo et al 2005 Macrocyclic lactones especially ivermectin IVM are the most commonly used antiparisitic drugs in Argentina Most of the times IVM has been adopted as the only tool for anthelmintic control without considering other epide miologic variables Sievers amp Alocilla 2007 Canul Ku et al 2011 In Argentina the first references to anthelmintic resistance to IVM in cattle were made by Fiel et al 2000 2001 and Anziani et al 2001 and afterwards cases of anthelmintic resistance to different chemical groups of drugs have been frequently described Mejia et al 2003 Anziani et al 2004 Caracostantogolo et al 2005 In tick infested areas of cattle breeding as happens in the northeast of the country the systematic use of IVM to control tick increases the gastrointestinal parasites resis tant to this drug Caracostantogolo et al 2005 Canul Ku et al 2011 Commercial feedlot is increasing in Argentina In this kind of farms efficiency i e avoiding production loss de pends on the strict control of the sanitary variables The administration of an endectocide when the animals enter Pesq Vet Bras 32 5 419 423 maio 2012 to the feedlot is one of the most frequent routine measu res used to eliminate endo and ectoparasites However its efficacy against the
9. g days Group Parasite Day 0 22 54 75 IVM Cooperia spp 82 96 90 82 Haemonchus spp 10 4 10 18 Ostertagia spp 2 0 0 0 Trichostrongylus spp 2 0 0 0 Oesophagostomun spp 4 0 0 0 RBZ Cooperia spp 82 16 58 64 Haemonchus spp 10 84 32 27 Ostertagia spp 2 0 4 5 Trichostrongylus spp 2 0 6 4 Oesophagostomun spp 4 0 0 0 Table 2 Weight standart error in calves in feedlot for 75 days treated with Ivermectin IVM and Ricobendazole RBZ Day p value 0 22 54 Lats Day Treatment Day x Treatment IVM 171 1 3 181 0 9 210 1 3 238 1 3 0 001 0 001 0 004 RBZ 170 1 3 183 0 9 216 1 3 246 1 3 P value lt 0 05 lt 0 01 slice option in the same column the end of the trial on post treatment day 75 a difference P lt 0 01 of 8 kgs was found between the average weight in the RBZ and IVM groups 246 vs 238 kg respectively which means a difference of 8 3 in gains DISCUSSION IVM is a broad spectrum drug against gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes as well as against ectoparasites in domestic animals Lanusse 1994 These characteristics were deciding factors for the choice of this drug to prevent parasite diseases when the calves entered at the feedlot However a decade ago several reports marked the presen ce of IVM resistant nematodes worldwide Mc Kenna 1991 Jackson et al 1995 Staford amp Cooles 1999 Paiva et al 2001 Gasbarre e
10. nce during the first 75 days in Pesq Vet Bras 32 5 419 423 maio 2012 the commercial feedlots The antiparasitic treatments ad ministered should be analyzed regularly to guarantee an efficient de worming Regarding this aspect more research is required to quantify the effect of other types of parasites and of lower EPG remaining burden Acknowledgments Appreciation is expressed to Maria Eugenia Araujo and Alejandro E Relling for the assistance during this study EJG is Resear ch Member of CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y T cnicas REFERENCES Ames E R Rubin R amp Matsushima J K 1969 Effects of gastrointestinal ne matode parasites on performance in feedlot cattle J Anim Sci 28 698 704 Anziani O S Guglielmone A A Zimmermann G Vazquez R amp Suarez V R 2001 Avermectin resistance to Cooperia pectinata in cattle in Argentina Vet Rec 149 58 59 Anziani O S Suarez V Guglielmone A A Wanker O Grande H amp Coles G 2004 Resistance to benzimidazole and avermectin anthelmintics in cattle nematodes in Argentina Vet Parasitol 122 303 306 Canul Ku H L Rodr guez Vivas R I Torres Acosta J F Aguilar Caballero A J P rez Cogollo L C amp Ojeda Chi M M 2011 Prevalence of cattle herds with ivermectin resistant nematodes in the hot sub humid trop ics of Mexico Vet Parasitol 2011 doi 10 1016 j vetpar July 29 2011 Caracostantogolo J Castafio R Cutull
11. of Cooperia spp resistant to IVM could even be bigger if animals hosting more pathogenic genera of antiparasitics resistant parasites had entered the feedlot There are no data showing if the difference in kilo gram between calves free of parasites and another with a higher amount of them is maintained decreases or incre ases nearing the end of the fattening cycle Compensatory DWG were described in feedlots in the USA Ames et al 1969 where the fattening cycles are longer than the ones in Argentina Nevertheless more trials should be carried out to evaluate this possibility In this trial weight differen ce remained throughout the study without compensatory DWG in the IVM group even when the EPG count was sig nificantly reduced The importance for production of breakdowns in the an tiparasite treatment in commercial feedlots was demons trated and the need of pos treatment controls to evaluate the efficacy of the antiparasitic administered is emphasi zed More research is necessary to establish a threshold for EPG count tolerance without subclinical losses in pro duction In this sense narrow spectrum drugs with lower degree of resistance for specific types of parasites could be administered on arrival but they should be analyzed for each group of animals in particular CONCLUSION PT remaining parasites have an impact on production even Cooperia spp which did not affect the animals clinically but altered production performa
12. om each animal and their body weight were registered Sample processing Fecal samples were processed for individual count of egg per gram EPG by modified McMaster technique Roberts amp O Sullivan 1949 Besides pooled fecal culture was carried out Impact of ivermectin resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in feedlot cattle in Argentina 421 for the identification of parasite genus in each sampling Niec 1968 Data calculations and statistical analysis The study design used was a totally randomized block being feedlot and sex the block variables For data analysis a mixed mo del of the SAS statistical program was used 9 0 This model in cluded animal and block as randomized factors being treatment time and interaction treatment x time fixed factors Due to the characteristics of the data collection the variables weight and EPG were analyzed as measures repeated in time To separate the time treatment interaction averages the option slice of this sof tware was used The initial weight and EPG of each animal were used as covariates for weight and EPG analysis respectively As sex was not statistically significant in weight analysis it was removed from the trial design In the EPG analysis neither sex nor feedlot was Statistically significant which determined their removal from the trial design The percentage of fecal egg count reduction FECR was cal culated on day 22 PT taking into account the low probability of
13. parasites in feedlot calves is usually not evaluated and possible failures could have effects on pro duction The aim of this invesdtigation was to evaluate for 75 days the impact on production of the remaining burden of IVM resistant parasites in feedlot calves MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out from April 2010 to January 2011 in two commercial feedlots Feedlot A is located in Magdalena 35 05 S 57 30 W and feedlot B in Marcos Paz 34 08 S 58 08W both in Buenos Aires province The livestock was bought with unknown sanitary backgroun ds from livestock traders in northern Argentina On their arrival at the feedlot ten individual fresh fecal samples were taken for coproparasitologic analysis Both groups were included in the ex periment because the animals had been taken from tick infested areas and the egg counts found in fecal samples were high 510 234 in feedlot A and 460 470 in feedlot B average standard deviation The animals had been carried 730 km and 810 km to reach feedlots A and B respectively They were kept 72 hours for rest and rehydration The diet in this period 72 hours was based on rolls of hay The sanitary routine before entering the feedlot was vaccinated with a polyvalent clostridial vaccine Policlostri gen Biog nesis Bag and 10mg kg injectable broad spectrum antibiotics Tilmicosina Maxityl Biog nesis Bag Once the livestock entered in the pens it was fed on
14. r Most of this region is included in the area of distri bution of the common cattle tick Riphicephalus microplus formerly Boophilus microplus The risk of selecting gas trointestinal resistant parasite to this drug is increased by the administration of IVM to control ectoparasites which are carried by the livestock to the fattening areas Fiel et al 2005 Canul Ku et al 2011 In this study the use of RBZ as an alternative to IVM at the beginning of the fattening cycle proved to be more efficient in calves coming from the nor theast However resistance to benzimidazoles in cattle has also been recorded Anziani et al 2004 Caracostantologo et al 2005 Fiel et al 2005 Gasbarre et al 2009 showing that although the use of this drug reduces the probability of failures in the treatment it does not eliminate possible flaws By evaluating the FECR it became evident that the RBZ group showed a higher percentage of efficacy 94 2 Ho wever it did not reach the 95 considered as the efficacy limit to control the disease and the production loss Coles et al 2006 In this study differences of 8 kg in average weight per animal were found between the RBZ and the IVM groups 75 days after the fattening cycle started Taking into account the capacity of the feedlots in this study varied between 150 and 250 animals losses between 1 200 and 2 000 meat kg per pen and per fattening cycle could be expected These losses caused by the effect
15. ressan M C R V 2001 Re sistencia a ivermectina constatadas em Haemonchus placei e Cooperia punctata em bovinos Hora Vet Porto Alegre 20 29 32 Roberts F H S 8 O sullivan PJ 1949 Methods for egg counts and larval cultures for strongyles infesting the gastrointestinal tract of cattle Aust J Agric Res 24 947 953 Sievers G Alocilla A 2007 Determinaci n de resistencia antihelmintica frente a ivermectina de nematodos del bovino en dos predios del sur de Chile Arch Med Vet 39 67 69 Stafford K amp Coles G C 1999 Nematode control practices and anthel mintic resistance in dairy calves in the south west of England Vet Rec 144 659 661 Stromberg B E Gasbarre L C Waite A Bechtol D T Brown M S Robinson N A Olson E J 8 Newcomb H 2011 Cooperia punctata Effect on cattle productivity Vet Parasitol doi 10 1016 j vetpar July 30 2011 Pesq Vet Bras 32 5 419 423 maio 2012
16. sitarias de Importancia Econ mica en Bovinos Editorial Hemisferio Sur Montevideo Uruguay Fiel C Daffner A amp Alvarez J 1994 Epidemiolog a de los nematodes gas trointestinales en la regi n subtropical p 115 129 In Nari A Fiel C A Eds Enfermedades Parasitarias de Importancia Econ mica en Bovi nos bases epidemiol gicas para su prevenci n y control Editorial He misferio Sur Montevideo Uruguay Fiel C Saumell C Steffan P Rodriguez E Salabarry G 2000 Resistencia de los nematodes trichostrongylideos Cooperia y Trichostrongylus a tra tamientos con avermectinas en bovinos de la pampa h meda Argentina Revta Med Vet 81 310 315 Fiel C A Saumell C Steffan P amp Rodriguez E 2001 Resistance of Cooperia to ivermectin treatments in grazing cattle of the humid pampa Argen tina Vet Parasitol 97 213 21 Fiel C A Saumell C A Fus L A Segui R Freije E Steffan P E amp Iglesias L E 2005 Resistencia Antihelm ntica en Bovinos dos escenarios dife rentes como resultado de 1 El sistema de manejo y 2 La excesiva Impact of ivermectin resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in feedlot cattle in Argentina 423 frecuencia de tratamientos antiparasitarios FAO Producci n y Sanidad Animal Resistencia a los Antiparasitarios Internos en Argentina p 53 60 FAO Roma Gasbarre LC Smith LL Lichtenfels J R amp Pilitt P A 2009 The identifica tion of cattle nematode parasites resis
17. t al 2009 In a survey based on the fecal egg re duction test carried out in 2005 in 69 commercial cow calf operation in 8 Argentinean provinces 55 of the cattle feedlots showed different IVM resistance levels and some herds were resistant to more than one antiparasitic chemi cal group Caracostantogolo et al 2005 In this trial Cooperia spp were the parasite genus pre vailing in IVM post treatment cultures showing consis tency with previous data presenting this parasite as the most frequently IVM resistant one in cattle in Argentina Fiel et al 2001 Caracostantogolo et al 2005 Although Cooperia spp are not considered one of the most pathoge nic genus in cattle However trials carried out with this ge nus show its pathogenic power Herlich 1965 Keith 1967 A recent work with artificially C punctata infected feedlot calves shows an economically important effect on appetite nutrient uptake and body weight gain compared with con trol calves Stromberg et al 2011 Its weak pathogenicity hides the resistance effect longer since lower subclinical manifestations such as lower daily weight gain DWG can be unnoticed Pesq Vet Bras 32 5 419 423 maio 2012 422 Luis E Fazzio et al In the northeast of Argentina Cooperia spp and Hae monchus spp are the most prevalent parasites in faecal cul tures of animals younger than 1 year old Fiel et al 1994 data which coincide with the genus found in the present pape
18. tant to multiple classes of anthel mintics in a commercial cattle population in the U S Vet Parasitol 166 281 285 Herlich H 1965 The effects of the intestinal worms Cooperia pectinata and Cooperia oncophora on experimentally infected calves Am J Vet Res 26 114 1032 1036 Jackson R A Townsend K G Pyke C amp Lance D M 1995 Isolation of oxfen dazole resistant Cooperia oncophora in cattle N Z Vet J 35 187 189 Keith R K 1967 The pathogenicity of experimental infections of Cooperia pectinata Ransom 1907 in calves Aust J Agric Res 18 861 864 Lanusse C E 1994 Bases farmacologicas de la terapeutica antihelminti ca p 33 65 In Nari A amp Fiel C A Eds Enfermedades Parasitarias de Importancia Econ mica en Bovinos bases epidemiol gicas para su pre venci n y control Hemisferio Sur Montevideo Uruguay McKenna P B 1991 Resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintic in cattle in New Zealand N Z Vet J 39 154 155 Mejia M E Fernandez Igart a B M Schmidt E E Cabaret J 2003 Mul tispecies and multiple anthelmintic resistance on cattle nematodes in a farm in Argentina the beginning of high resistance Vet Res 34 461 467 Niec R 1968 Cultivo e identificaci n de larvas infectantes de nematodes gastrointestinales del bovino y ovino p 1 37 Manual T cnico n 3 Insti tuto Nacional de Tecnolog a Agropecuaria INTA Argentina Paiva F Sato M O Acu a A H Jensen J R amp B
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