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Instrumentos Internacionales de Derechos Humanos

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1. HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 44 Indicator 6 Definition Rationale Method of computation Data collection and source Ratio of students to teaching staff in primary and secondary public and private education institutions see process indicators in the table on the right to education The ratio of students to teaching staff or the pupil teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher at the level of education specified in a given school year based on headcounts for both pupils and teachers Teachers or teaching staff include the number of persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of students irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism i e face to face and or at a distance This excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties e g headmasters headmistresses or principals who do not teach and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity The ratio of students to teaching staff is an important indicator of the resources that a country devotes to education To a limited extent the indicator can also be interpreted as reflecting a qualitative aspect of education infrastructure in a country Teachers are the most important resource in an educational environment particularly at the primary and secondary levels The student teacher ratio provides a measure of students access to teachers and thus reflects an im
2. While information on this indicator is not currently collated on a disaggregated basis for public and private schools at the international level it should generally be available at the national level and could be useful to report in instances where there may be significant differences in the quality of public and private education at the primary and secondary levels For most countries the pupil teacher ratio is available annually Beyond the disaggregation referred to in the indicator itself primary secondary public private further disaggregation may be necessary for this indicator for instance by region or areas A break up for rural and urban areas is useful in assessing possible disparities across different regions In addition it may be useful to disaggregate the data for teaching staff and students by sex and as applicable by relevant demographic groups e g ethnic groups minorities indigenous migrant children children with disabilities Teachers are the most important resource in an educational environment particularly at the primary and secondary levels The student teacher ratio provides a measure of students access to teachers and thus reflects an important element of the provisioning that the State may have to make for meeting its obligations on the realisation of the right to education Because of the difficulty of constructing direct measures of quality of education being imparted this indicator is also used a
3. e Number of registered and or active non governmental organisations per 100 000 persons including trade unions involved in the promotion and protection of the right to work e Time frame and coverage of a national policy for full and productive employment e Time frame and coverage of e Time frame and coverage of awareness raising Structural e Date of entry into force and coverage of regulations and procedures to ensure safe and national policy on vocational programme on labour standards healthy working conditions including an environment free of sexual harassment and education and skill upgradation e Time frame and coverage of policy for the establishing an independent monitoring body e Proportion of administrative elimination of forced labour including child e Maximum number of working hours per week stipulated by law regions with specialised public labour migrant worker and of domestic work e Minimum age for employment by occupation type agencies to assist individuals in e Duration of maternity paternity and parental leave and leave entitlements on medical finding employment grounds and proportion of wage paid in covered period e Proportion of complaints on the right to work including just and safe working conditions investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms e g ILO procedures trade unions and the proportion of these responded to
4. annually and the indicator based on household survey every three to five years Disaggregation Comments and limitations Indicator 5 Definition HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 41 Disaggregation of indicator by region or areas for example between rural and urban areas is useful in assessing disparities in the availability of health services In addition data should be disaggregated by the age of women at least for women under the age of 18 years and as applicable by relevant demographic groups e g ethnic groups minorities indigenous and migrants and socio economic status income or consumption expenditure quintiles Skilled health personnel include only those who are properly trained and who have appropriate equipment and drugs Traditional birth attendants even if they have received a short training course are not included CEDAW in its General Recommendation No 24 1999 requests States to inform about the supply of free services where necessary to ensure safe pregnancies childbirth and post partum periods for women Many women are at risk of death or disability from pregnancy related causes because they lack the funds to obtain or access the necessary services which include antenatal maternity and post natal services The Committee notes that it is the duty of States parties to ensure women s right to safe motherhood and emergency obstetric services and they should allocate to these services the maximum extent of av
5. ltimo caso convendr a vigilar el contenido b sico m nimo de los derechos a nivel universal Por ello al elaborar un conjunto de indicadores de los derechos humanos al igual que cualquier otro conjunto de indicadores ser necesario hallar el equilibrio entre los indicadores de pertinencia universal y los que se adaptan a un contexto espec fico ya que ambos tipos de indicadores son necesarios II PERTINENCIA Y SELECCI N DE LOS INDICADORES ESTRUCTURALES DE PROCESO Y DE RESULTADOS 17 La elecci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados en el marco conceptual adoptado para esta labor responde principalmente al objetivo de traducir de forma coherente y exhaustiva el contenido de las normas de derechos humanos con la ayuda de indicadores que puedan reflejar los aspectos de compromiso esfuerzo y resultados en materia de derechos humanos utilizando la informaci n cuantificable existente Al adoptar esta configuraci n de indicadores se simplifica su selecci n se fomenta el uso de informaci n contextualmente pertinente se facilita una cobertura m s amplia de los diferentes atributos de un derecho y quiz tambi n se reduce al m nimo el n mero total de indicadores necesarios para vigilar el cumplimiento de las normas de derechos humanos de que se trate Indicadores estructurales 18 Los indicadores estructurales reflejan la ratificaci n y adopci n de instrumentos jur dicos y la existencia de mecanismos institucionale
6. que se persigue es concebir un m todo estructurado com n y coherente de elaboraci n de indicadores para todos los derechos enunciados en los distintos tratados de derechos humanos Dicho esto al establecer los indicadores para cada atributo de un derecho humano se intent incluir a todos los indicadores que reflejasen de modo expl cito y singular las obligaciones del Estado de respetar proteger y hacer efectivos los derechos humanos Adem s se estableci una combinaci n adecuada de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados en particular de HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 8 indicadores de proceso a fin de facilitar la evaluaci n del cumplimiento de tales obligaciones del Estado Indicadores para las normas transversales de derechos humanos 10 Los indicadores relativos a las normas o los principios transversales de derechos humanos no pueden identificarse exclusivamente con la realizaci n de un determinado derecho humano sino que est n concebidos para mostrar en qu medida el proceso para aplicar y hacer efectivos los derechos humanos es por ejemplo participativo integrador potenciador no discriminatorio o responsabilizador Cabe se alar que no es f cil que esas normas y principios transversales queden reflejados expl citamente en la selecci n de indicadores Para integrar la norma de no discriminaci n e igualdad en la selecci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados un punto de partida es la b squed
7. Constitution or other forms of superior law Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to social security including in the event of sickness old age unemployment employment related injury maternity paternity disability or invalidity survivors and orphans health care including reproductive health care and family and child support Time frame and coverage of policy for universal implementation of the right to social security Date of entry into force and coverage of insurance or tax based social security scheme e Date of entry into force and coverage of regulation on mandatory health insurance e Date of entry into force and e Timeframe and coverage of social Structural coverage of public support assistance programmes and non e Legally prescribed qualifying period rate of e Time frame and coverage of national policy on for family including single contributory schemes for persons in contribution duration e g length of maternity health and access to health care including for parent family children and specific situation of needs e g leave and rate of benefits under different schemes reproductive health and for persons with dependent adults IDP refugees war victims long e Date of entry into force and coverage of disabilities e Legally prescribed term unemployed persons international agreements on export of social s lime fr ame and coverage
8. Process in the reporting period registered as participant in the health e Proportion of household administrative offices and e Proportion of cases or complaints concerning social insurance system in the reporting period expenditure food health day personnel providing targeted social security obligations of enterprises effectively e Proportion of household expenditures on care education housing on assistance responded to by government or relevant social health goods and services covered by health children and adult dependent e Proportion of requests for social security agency insurance public support covered by public support assistance e g income transfer e Proportion of enterprises covered under domestic e Proportion of births attended by skilled health e Improvement in Density of subsidized housing calamity relief social security regulations and proportion thereof personnel nursery child care centers and reviewed and met subjected to administrative action or prosecution e Proportion of target population within X hour old age homes for the of medical and para medical personnel and targeted population or regions relevant health care facilities in the reporting period e Proportion of labour force participating in social e Proportion of population covered by health e Proportions of entitled e Proportion of population in specific security scheme s insurance public or private families children and situations of needs receiving social Outcom
9. a basic right under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women UDHR article 25 ICESCR articles 10 2 and 12 ICERD article 5 e iv ICRMW articles 28 and 43 e CEDAW articles 12 and 14 2 b and CRPD article 25 are examples of provisions relevant to the right to health Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to education in the Constitution or other form of superior law see structural indicators in the table on the right to education The indicator refers to the date on which provisions of the Constitution or other superior laws relating to the right to education became enforceable The indicator also captures the spatial or population coverage of the relevant provisions related to the right to education such as in countries where there is division of legal competencies between the national government and the sub national or local governments Constitutional or other form of superior law refers to the system of fundamental laws that prescribes the functions and limits of government action and against which other supportive legislation is assessed for its validity The reference to the right to education follows primarily the formulation used in article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights and its elaboration in General Comment No 13 of the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Right
10. administrative detentions aid duty in the reporting period charges in the reporting in the reporting period Proportion of cases subject to review by a e Firearms owners per 100 000 population Number of period higher court or appellate body firearms licences withdrawn in the reporting period Reported cases where pre and trial detentions e Proportion of violent crimes with the use of firearms exceeded the legally stipulated time limit in e Proportion of violent crimes reported to the police the reporting period victimisation survey in the reporting period e Number of detentions per 100 000 population on the Proportion of arrests and detentions declared e Proportion of population feeling unsafe e g walking basis of a court order or due to action by executive unlawful by national courts alone in area after dark or alone at home at night authorities at the end of the reporting period Proportion of victims released and e Incidence and prevalence of physical and non physical Outcome e Reported cases of arbitrary detentions including post trial compensated after arrests or detentions abuse or crime including by law enforcement officials in detentions e g as reported to the UN Working Group on declared unlawful by judicial authority line of duty per 100 000 population in the reporting Arbitrary Detention in the reporting period period 24 04 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflect
11. and coverage of the plan of action e Time frame and coverage of national policy on education for all including provision for temporary and special measures for target adopted by State party to implement the groups e g working and street children principle of compulsory primary education e Time frame and coverage of national policy on vocational and technical education free of charge for all e Date of entry into force and coverage of regulatory framework including standardised curricula for education at all levels Stipulated duration of compulsory education e Proportion of education institutions at all level teaching human rights number of hours in curricula on human rights education and minimum age for admission into school e Proportion of education institutions with mechanisms student council for students to participate in matters affecting them Proportion of received complaints on the right to education investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government Public expenditure on primary secondary and higher education as proportion of gross national income Net official development assistance ODA for education received or provided as proportion of public expenditure on education Net Primary Enrollment ratio by target e Transition rate to secondary education by target e Proportion of schools or institutions e Prop
12. and in certain instances records of administrative agencies responsible for or monitoring rehabilitation Information on the indicator should be available on a periodic basis It is often reported annually by organisations monitoring security of tenure In order to be meaningful the information on this indicator should be disaggregated by sex and age at least for children or young people under the age of 18 years and as applicable by relevant demographic groups e g ethnic groups minorities and migrants and socio economic status income or consumption expenditure quintiles The indicator can be one good summary measure of the realisation of the right to adequate housing Yet like all indicators that are based on event based data on human rights violations and depend on multiple information sources the indicator may suffer from reliability issues It may underestimate or sometimes though rarely even overestimate the incidence of forced evictions if used in a casual manner to draw generalised conclusions for the country as a whole Moreover in most instances the number of cases reported would depend on the awareness access to information motivation and perseverance of the civil society organisations agencies and the media in following the relevant events The term forced evictions is in some respects problematic This expression seeks to convey a sense of arbitrariness and of illegality For many observers the referenc
13. article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its elaboration in General Comment No 6 of the Human Rights Committee Ratification of an international human rights treaty reflects a certain acceptance of concerned human rights standards by a State and gives an indication notably at international level of a State s commitment to undertake steps that help in the realisation of those rights When the State has ratified a treaty it assumes a legal obligation to respect protect and fulfil the human rights standards reflected in that treaty The indicator is a structural indicator that captures the commitment of a State to implement its human rights obligations The indicator is computed as a ratio of the actual number of treaties ratified by the State to the reference list of treaties A reference list of core international human rights treaties including optional protocols adopted and opened for ratification by the General Assembly of the United Nations is available at http www2 ohchr org English law index htmAinstruments The main source of data on the indicator is administrative records at the depository authority namely the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs see http untreaty un org ola The OHCHR website also presents this information and updates it periodically The indicator database is reviewed periodically and information can be access
14. as procesales Y lo que es m s importante a n al reflejar la norma transversal de la no discriminaci n y la igualdad hay que hacer hincapi en indicadores que describan el car cter del acceso y no s lo la disponibilidad a ese tipo de bienes y servicios que permiten a una persona disfrutar de sus derechos 11 Del mismo modo en el caso de un principio de derechos humanos como el de la participaci n se persigue determinar en qu medida se ha consultado a los grupos vulnerables y marginados de la poblaci n de un pa s en la selecci n de los indicadores incluidos en el proceso de presentaci n de informes del pa s o hasta qu punto stos han participado en la determinaci n de las medidas que est adoptando la entidad responsable para cumplir sus obligaciones En un plano superior de agregaci n se han utilizado indicadores como el coeficiente de Gini que expresa la distribuci n del gasto en consumo o de los ingresos de las familias para estimar si el proceso de desarrollo de un pa s fomenta o no la participaci n la integraci n y la igualdad en la 7 Los derechos sustantivos tienen un contenido relativamente claro y tambi n pueden tener un componente de gradualidad o progresividad en su ejercicio como el derecho a la educaci n o el derecho a la vida Los derechos de car cter m s procedimental como el derecho a no ser discriminado o el derecho a un recurso son fundamentales para hacer efectivos los derechos sustantivos y
15. effectively by the government e Proportion of target population receiving e Proportion and frequency of e Proportion of labour force e Proportion of informal sector workers shifted to effective support for their re entry into the enterprises inspected for undergoing some training during formal sector employment in the reporting labour market conformity with labour standards their employment period e Annual employment growth job creation and proportion of inspections e Proportion of unemployed e Proportion of economically active children rates by education level resulting in administrative action or persons involved in skill e Estimated number of labour force in the Process e Average time spent on unpaid domestic family pr osecution upgradation and other training informal sector receiving some public support care work as well as in unpaid work of family e Proportion of inspected enterprises programmes including publicly e Proportion of targeted unemployed persons business by women men and children conform with labour standards financed jobs covered by unemployment social security e Proportion of requests by parent or guardian for e Proportion of employed persons e Improvement in secondary and benefits certified child care arrangements reviewed and including domestic workers whose tertiary enrolment ratios in the met in the reporting period salary level is covered under reporting period e Proportion of workers who moved from legislation e g minim
16. existencia de una cierta arbitrariedad en la elecci n de los indicadores de los objetivos de desarrollo del HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 18 Milenio la insensibilidad de las metas e indicadores correspondientes para captar los aspectos contextuales la obsesi n con los promedios en lugar de utilizar indicadores ajustados seg n la desigualdad o la distribuci n y la falta general de atenci n a las estrategias y los procesos para alcanzar las metas 33 En las consultas se subray la necesidad de seguir simplificando el marco conceptual o m s concretamente de mejorar su comunicaci n y accesibilidad para que pudiera ser apreciado por un mayor n mero de interesados en el campo de los derechos humanos incluidos los profesionales de los derechos humanos el desarrollo y la estad stica En ese contexto recibi un apoyo general la propuesta de elaborar un manual del usuario y un juego de instrumentos para los interesados de los pa ses Varios participantes manifestaron su inter s en organizar reuniones de seguimiento en los pa ses como talleres o cursos de formaci n Algunas consideraciones para el ulterior desarrollo de esta labor a nivel nacional 34 Durante las consultas los interesados pidieron informaci n m s de una vez sobre qu tipo de proceso se preve a para la ulterior aplicaci n y mejora de esta labor en los pa ses Tambi n preguntaron si los indicadores seleccionados en el contexto de la labor para los rganos de tratados tam
17. lugar el marco que se apruebe debe poder reflejar la obligaci n de la entidad responsable de respetar proteger y hacer efectivos los derechos humanos Por ltimo es necesario tener presentes y reflejar las normas y los principios transversales de derechos humanos como la no discriminaci n y la igualdad la indivisibilidad la rendici n de cuentas la participaci n y el empoderamiento en la elecci n de los indicadores as como en el proceso de evaluaci n Estos aspectos se abordaron de la siguiente manera Determinaci n de los atributos 6 Con respecto a cada uno de los derechos humanos lo primero es traducir el texto de la norma jur dica del derecho en un n mero limitado de atributos caracter sticos que faciliten la determinaci n estructurada de indicadores apropiados para vigilar la observancia de ese derecho En efecto el concepto de atributos de un derecho permite concretar el contenido de un derecho y hacer expl cito el v nculo existente entre por un lado los indicadores establecidos para un derecho y por otro las disposiciones normativas de ese derecho A menudo ocurre que la enunciaci n de las normas sobre un derecho en los art culos pertinentes y su elaboraci n en las observaciones generales correspondientes son muy generales e incluso se superponen cosa que no facilita el proceso de determinaci n de los indicadores Al seleccionar los atributos de un derecho resulta m s f cil determinar los indicadores o el gru
18. of Treaties 1969 Time frame and coverage of national policy on sexual and reproductive health see structural indicators in the table on the right to health The indicator refers to the date of adoption or the period for which the national policy statement on sexual and reproductive health has been put into effect at the country level The indicator also captures the population coverage or the spatial administrative scope of the policy statement such as in countries where there is division of responsibilities between the national government and the sub national local governments Rationale Method of computation Data collection and source Periodicity Disaggregation Comments and limitations HRI MC 2008 3 p gina 37 A national policy statement on a subject is an instrument that is expected to outline a government s objectives policy framework strategy and or a concrete plan of action to address issues under that subject While providing an indication on the commitment of the government to address the concerned subject it may also provide relevant benchmarks for holding the government accountable for its acts of commission or omission concerning that subject Moreover a policy statement is a means to translate the human rights obligations of a State party into an implementable programme of action that helps in the realisation of the human rights The indicator is a structural indicator that captures the commitment of a St
19. of elections and sessions of national and election process by national and sub national electoral authorities e Proportion of cases filed in administrative Process locally elected bodies held as per the schedule laid down e Share of public expenditure on national and sub national elections spent on tribunals and dedicated Judicial redress by constitutional or statutory bodies voter education and registration campaigns mechanism for public service matters e Proportion of election campaign expenditure at national e Number of political parties registered or recognised at national level adjudicated and finally disposed during the and sub national level met through public funding e Proportion of voting age population not affiliated to political parties reporting period e Proportion of elected personnel whose term of service was e Proportion of positions in the public service interrupted by cause of interruption reserved to nationals or citizen e Proportion of women and target groups included in the membership of national political parties or presented as candidate for election e Proportion of seats in parliament elected and appointed e Average voter turnout in national and local elections by sex and target e Reported cases of denial of access to public bodies at sub national and local level held by women and groups service or position on account of Outcome target groups e Proportion of invalid and blank votes in elections to national and discrimination sub natio
20. pueden resultar m s f ciles de definir en el contexto espec fico de los derechos sustantivos HRI MC 2008 3 p gina 9 distribuci n de los ingresos Indicadores como la tasa de participaci n en el mercado de trabajo y el nivel educativo de la poblaci n en general y de grupos espec ficos en particular por ejemplo las mujeres y las minor as tambi n ayudan a estimar en qu medida la entidad responsable respeta y promueve el principio de empoderamiento de la persona Por ltimo el primer paso para aplicar el principio de responsabilizaci n se da cuando se traduce el contenido normativo de un derecho en indicadores cuantitativos En efecto la disponibilidad de informaci n sensible a los derechos humanos as como su recopilaci n y difusi n a trav s de mecanismos independientes que utilicen procedimientos transparentes fortalece la responsabilizaci n rendici n de cuentas Adem s como se ver en la siguiente secci n al establecer un indicador de proceso como medida que vincula el esfuerzo de un Estado a una relaci n espec fica ante una acci n normativa y un jal n el marco permite mejorar de manera importante la rendici n de cuentas del Estado por la observancia de los derechos humanos Algunas reservas metodol gicas 12 Para que resulten tiles para vigilar la aplicaci n de los tratados de derechos humanos los indicadores cuantitativos han de definirse de forma expl cita y precisa basarse en una metodolog a a
21. sanitation 1 immunised against vaccine personnel hospital beds and other women of reproductive age ups in the reporting period e CO2 emissions per capita preventable diseases primary health care facilities using or whose partner is e Proportion of infants e Number of cases of deterioration Proportion of population applying e Proportion of population that was Process using contraception CPR exclusively breastfed of water sources brought to effective preventive measures extended access to affordable e Unmet need for family during the first 6 months justice against diseases e g HIV AIDS health care including essential planning e Proportion of children e Proportion of population or malaria drugs on a sustainable basis e Medical terminations of covered under public households living or working in e Proportion of disease cases detected e Proportion of people covered by pregnancy as a proportion of nutrition supplement or near hazardous conditions and cured e g tuberculosis health insurance in reporting live births programmes rehabilitated e Proportion of population abusing period e Proportion of reported cases of e Proportion of children e Number of prosecutions under substances such as drug chemical e Proportion of persons with genital mutilation rape and immunised against domestic law on natural or and psychoactive substance brought disabilities accessing assistive other violence restricting vaccine preventable workplace environmen
22. sent by the UN e Proportion of communications sent by e Proportion of population using an e Number of convicted Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Summary or the UN Working Group on Enforced improved drinking water source persons on death row in the Arbitrary Executions responded to effectively by or Involuntary Disappearances e Proportion of births attended by reporting period the government in the reporting period responded to effectively by the skilled health personnel e Average time spent by e Proportion of law enforcement officials government in the reporting period e Proportion of population below convicted persons on death including police military and State security e Proportion of cases where pre trial minimum level of dietary energy TOW force trained in rules of conduct concerning detention before being brought before consumption t e Proportion of accused proportional use of force arrest detention a court exceeded the legally e Proportion of targeted population persons facing capital Process interrogation or punishment stipulated time limit in the reporting covered under public nutrition punishment provided with e Proportion of law enforcement officials formally period supplement programmes access to a counsellor or investigated for physical or non physical abuse e Number of habeas corpus and similar e Proportion of population using an legal aid or crime that caused death or threatened life in petitions filed in courts in the improved sanit
23. DH para atender una petici n que formul en junio de 2006 la reuni n de los comit s que son rganos de tratados En esa reuni n se examin un informe HRI MC 2006 7 en que se esbozaba un marco conceptual y metodol gico para la determinaci n de indicadores para vigilar el cumplimiento de instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos Tambi n se pidi a la Secretaria que validase los indicadores ilustrativos seleccionados en particular mediante su ensayo experimental por los comit s correspondientes y que elaborase nuevas listas de indicadores en colaboraci n cuando procediese con entidades de las Naciones Unidas Tambi n se pidi a la Secretaria que presentase un informe sobre esas actividades a la s ptima reuni n de los comit s en 2008 y que proporcionase informacion en particular la opini n de los expertos sobre los progresos realizados a cada uno de los rganos de tratados durante 2006 y 2007 v ase el documento A 61 385 En el presente informe se pasa revista a los avances en esta labor desde junio de 2006 en particular los resultados de los ejercicios de validaci n realizados en los dos ltimos a os para perfeccionar el marco presentado en el informe anterior 2 La labor en materia de indicadores se inici en la Oficina del Alto Comisionado a petici n de la reuni n de los comit s para ayudarlos a utilizar la informaci n estad stica presentada en los informes en los Estados partes al evaluar la observancia de l
24. UNIDAS HRI V SEX Instrumentos a EY Internacionales de GENERAL ASIS D erechos Humanos CIAO 15 de mayo de 2008 ESPA OL Original INGL S 20 reuni n de los Presidentes de rganos de tratados de derechos humanos Ginebra 26 y 27 de junio de 2008 S ptima reuni n de los comit s que son rganos de tratados de derechos humanos Ginebra 23 a 25 de junio de 2008 INFORME SOBRE LOS INDICADORES PARA PROMOVER Y VIGILAR EL EJERCICIO DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS Resumen El presente informe fue preparado por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos ACNUDH para atender la petici n formulada en la reuni n de los comit s que son rganos de tratados en junio de 2006 de que la Secretar a validara la metodolog a para la utilizaci n de la informaci n estad stica de los informes de los Estados partes HRI MC 2006 7 elaborara nuevas listas de indicadores y presentara un informe sobre esa labor a la s ptima reuni n de los comit s en 2008 En el presente informe se expone el marco conceptual y metodol gico adoptado para establecer los indicadores cuantitativos pertinentes tras la evoluci n registrada en los dos ltimos a os Se examina la utilidad de una configuraci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados en dicho marco y se ponen de relieve algunos aspectos que hay que considerar en la selecci n de los indicadores ilustrativos de distintos derechos humanos Se e
25. a de datos desglosados por motivos de discriminaci n prohibidos como el sexo la discapacidad el origen tnico la religi n el idioma la condici n social o la identidad regional de las personas Por ejemplo si el indicador de la proporci n de ni os matriculados en la escuela primaria dado que la ense anza primaria debe ser gratuita est desglosado por grupos tnicos o minor as religiosas de un pa s ser posible captar alg n aspecto de la discriminaci n de la que puedan ser v ctimas en ese pa s determinados grupos o minor as en el acceso a la educaci n y el disfrute de su derecho a la educaci n En algunos casos esta norma transversal al igual que algunas otras podr a ser considerada como un derecho adjetivo o procedimental que afecta al ejercicio de un derecho sustantivo y de ah que se defina en referencia a ese derecho De este modo el cumplimiento de la norma de no discriminaci n en el contexto del derecho a la educaci n en cuanto derecho sustantivo puede medirse utilizando un indicador como la proporci n de ni as en edad escolar matriculadas respecto a la proporci n de muchachos del mismo grupo de edad escolarizados Del mismo modo el desglose por grupos tnicos o minor as de la proporci n de acusados que solicitan o hacen uso de la asistencia jur dica gratuita podr a ayudar a determinar la no discriminaci n y la igualdad en la aplicaci n del principio de disponibilidad de recursos eficaces y garant
26. ailable resources The CESCR in its General Comment No 5 1994 on Persons with disabilities states that Women with disabilities also have the right to protection and support in relation to motherhood and pregnancy UDHR article 25 ICESCR articles 10 2 and 12 ICERD article 5 e iv ICRMW articles 28 and 43 e CEDAW articles 12 and 14 2 b and CRPD article 25 are examples of provisions relevant to the right to health This is a Millennium Development Goal indicator Proportion of received complaints on the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment investigated or adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson and other mechanisms and the proportion responded to effectively by the government in the reporting period see process indicators in the table on the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment The indicator refers to the proportion of received individual complaints on the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment that were investigated or adjudicated by made to the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson and or other officially recognised independent mechanisms during the reporting period Where the mechanism transmits complaints to the government or communicates in respect of the complaints the indicator incl
27. alnutrici n mientras que una poblaci n de trabajadores o migrantes puede ser m s vulnerable a problemas de seguridad alimentaria y de protecci n del consumidor Por lo tanto convendr a que en cada pa s se estudiaran los grupos de poblaci n y las regiones para determinar los grupos objetivo El proceso de determinaci n de los grupos objetivo mediante criterios adecuados tambi n debe basarse en las normas generales de derechos humanos y los principios de participaci n y transparencia y permitir de ser necesario que las personas se autodeclaren miembros del grupo objetivo Con ello se constituir a el grupo objetivo para la vigilancia basada en los derechos y al mismo tiempo se facilitar a la estimaci n del grado de desglose necesario de la informaci n para los indicadores seleccionados C Prestar especial atenci n a los indicadores de la no discriminaci n y la accesibilidad 39 Dado que los derechos humanos son universales e inalienables en el contexto de la vigilancia basada en los derechos es imprescindible prestar una atenci n especial a los indicadores que describen en qu medida la discriminaci n de las personas y los grupos de poblaci n influye en el ejercicio de sus derechos humanos Por lo tanto la noci n de accesibilidad en contraste con la mera disponibilidad reviste particular importancia en el marco de los derechos humanos y en el contexto de la vigilancia basada en los derechos Por consiguiente al empre
28. ar conciencia sobre los derechos y las obligaciones y ayudar a articular mejor las reivindicaciones de los titulares de los derechos y a vigilar la evoluci n del cumplimiento de las obligaciones de las entidades responsables IV CONCLUSIONES 41 En este informe se ha pretendido resumir los principales elementos de un marco conceptual y metodol gico elaborado a lo largo de los tres ltimos a os mediante un proceso de consulta estructurado en que han participado expertos y profesionales de los derechos humanos a nivel internacional y nacional Como elemento fundamental del informe se presenta una lista de indicadores ilustrativos de 12 derechos humanos y el criterio de selecci n y contextualizaci n de los indicadores con miras a alentar a la aplicaci n de este trabajo a nivel nacional y en los rganos de tratados Tambi n se presentan ejemplos de fichas de metadatos para algunos indicadores seleccionados 42 El marco conceptual y metodol gico adoptado para elaborar indicadores de diferentes derechos humanos presenta varias caracter sticas generales En primer lugar se sigue un criterio com n para seleccionar los indicadores de la promoci n y la vigilancia de los derechos civiles y pol ticos y de los derechos econ micos sociales y culturales cosa que refuerza la noci n de indivisibilidad e interdependencia de los derechos humanos En segundo lugar el marco traduce ntegramente el texto del contenido normativo de los derechos humano
29. as to resources necessary to act on that information In its General Comment No 6 ICCPR Art 6 on the right to life the Human Rights Committee noted that the right to life has been too often narrowly interpreted The expression inherent right to life cannot properly be understood in a restrictive manner and the protection of this right requires that States adopt positive measures In this connection the Committee considers that it would be desirable for States parties to take all possible measures to reduce infant mortality and to increase life expectancy especially in adopting measures to eliminate malnutrition and epidemics Administrative and household survey data may underestimate infant mortality It is also important that the main causes of mortality be carefully investigated to ascertain the extent to which it is caused by poor healthcare services poor health conditions of infants and health problems of their mothers and or due to some other extraneous reasons that are difficult to anticipate so that policy measures may be suitably formulated to address the problem UDHR articles 3 and 25 ICESCR articles 10 12 ICCPR articles 6 ICERD article 5 CEDAW article 2 12 and 14 CRC articles 6 27 and 24 ICRMW article 9 28 and 43 and CRPD article 10 28 and 25 are examples of references of relevance to the indicator This is a Millennium Development Goal indicator
30. asts e Proportion of information requests by the media responded to e Proportion of judicial actions on alleged libel defamation internet sites by ownership public or private and audience figures effectively by government and slander investigated and resulting in conviction e Number of mergers or buying by the media companies investigated e Subscriptions and average daily sales of national and main Proportion of judicial actions against propaganda for war adjudicated and refused by an independent competition commission in regional newspapers investigated and resulting in conviction the reporting period Proportion of population with access to TV and radio broadcasts e Proportion of quasi judicial actions against advocacy of e Number of newspapers articles internet sites and other media e Number of personal computers in use with internet access per national racial religious or sexist hatred investigated and Process broadcasts closed or censored by regulatory authorities 100 population resulting in conviction e Proportion of complaints filled by journalists or any other media e Number of internet domains registered per 1000 population persons investigated adjudicated and approved by court or other competent mechanisms e Number of media institutions of ethnic linguistic minority and religious population groups recognized or extended public support e Proportion of requests for holding demonstrations accepted by administrative authorities e Proport
31. ate to implement its human rights obligations in respect of the sexual and reproductive health attribute of the right to health The indicator is computed separately for time frame or period of application and the coverage or administrative scope of the policy Time frame is the date of adoption e g 1 1 2006 of the policy statement by a country or the time period for which the policy should be implemented e g 1 1 2006 1 1 2010 Coverage is computed as a proportion of sub national administrative units or population covered under the ambit of national policy The main source of data is administrative records at the national and sub national level The indicator database can be normally reviewed and accessed on a continuing basis While disaggregation of information on the indicator is not conceptually feasible a national policy may focus on specific areas regions or population groups in which case it may be desirable to highlight it The indicator provides information on a State s commitment to undertake steps outlining its policy framework and programme of action to realise human rights in conformity with the provisions of relevant human rights standards on sexual and reproductive health It does not however capture the actual process of implementation or the results thereof For many countries national policy on sexual and reproductive health may not be a separate policy document rather it may well be a part of genera
32. ation For household surveys infant mortality estimates are obtained directly Demographic and Health Surveys or indirectly Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys When estimated indirectly the under one mortality estimates must be consistent with the under five mortality estimates Girls have a survival advantage over boys during the first year of life largely based on biological differences This is especially so during the first month of life when perinatal conditions are most likely to be the cause or a contributing cause of death While infant mortality is generally higher for HRI MC 2008 3 p gina 51 boys than for girls in some countries girls biological advantage is outweighed by gender based discrimination However under five mortality better captures the effect of gender discrimination than infant mortality as nutrition and medical interventions are more important after age one In its General Comment No 14 ICESCR Art 12 on the right to the highest attainable standard of health the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights interprets that the provision for the reduction of the stillbirth rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child Art 12 2 a may be understood as reguiring measures to improve child and maternal health sexual and reproductive health services including access to family planning pre and post natal care emergency obstetric services and access to information as well
33. ation facility e Proportion of convicted the reporting period reporting period e Proportion of one year old persons facing capital e Proportion of formal investigations of law e Proportion of identified perpetrators of immunised against vaccine punishment exercising the enforcement officials resulting in disciplinary reported cases of disappearances preventable diseases e g measles right to have their sentence actions or prosecution in the reporting period pursued arrested adjudicated e Proportion of disease cases detected reviewed by a higher court e Proportion of identified perpetrators of reported convicted or serving sentence in the and cured e g tuberculosis e Reported cases of expulsion cases of arbitrary deprivation of life pursued reporting period or imminent expulsion of arrested adjudicated convicted or serving persons to a country where sentence in the reporting period they may face death penalty e Number of homicides and life threatening e Reported cases of disappearances e g e Infant and under five mortality e Proportion of death crimes per 100 000 population as reported to the UN Working Group rates penalty sentences e Number of deaths in custody per 1 000 detained on Enforced or Involuntary e Life expectancy at birth or age 1 commuted or imprisoned persons by cause of death e g Disappearances e Prevalence of and death rates e Number of executions Outcome illness suicide homicide e Proportion of cases of disappearance a
34. been committed by a State agent with the complicity tolerance acquiescence of a State agent or by a private individual or individuals Comments and limitations HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 43 To have an overall assessment of the effectiveness of investigation and adjudication procedures data related to this indicator should be disaggregated by the end result of the procedure Where there is a communication with a government the indicator will require a judgement to be made on what constitutes an effective response While an official denial without supporting evidence or investigation of the alleged facts will not meet the criterion of effectiveness the precise application of the criterion may vary from case to case An assessment of the effectiveness of the response is best carried out by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanism in a transparent manner and may involve considerations like timeliness and completeness of the response its adequacy in responding to specific questions posed or suggestions for action as well as the effectiveness of action initiated by the government which may include investigation release or changes in the treatment of a detained or imprisoned person payment of compensation amendment of legislation etc The basic source of information for this indicator comes from events based data on human rights violations Such data may underestimate or sometimes though rare
35. bi n podr an ayudar a construir y perfeccionar la metodolog a de vigilancia basada en los derechos 35 La vigilancia basada en los derechos no est separada de otros m todos de vigilancia como los que aplica cualquier rgano administrativo nacional o subnacional para vigilar por ejemplo a la producci n agr cola y la seguridad alimentaria o la administraci n de justicia o incluso los resultados y los efectos de los proyectos Sin embargo necesita disponer de un determinado mecanismo institucional para reunir informaci n y centrarse en informaci n espec fica que abarque y refleje el ejercicio de los derechos humanos por los grupos de poblaci n m s vulnerables y marginados que en el contexto de este trabajo se consideran los grupos objetivo Dejando de lado los promedios nacionales para concentrarse en la situaci n de los grupos objetivo e idealmente llegar al nivel individual se puede estimar la magnitud de la discriminaci n o la desigualdad o incluso la violaci n de determinados derechos de algunos lo que constituye un inter s primordial al vigilar la realizaci n de los derechos humanos No cabe deducir no obstante que la vigilancia basada en los derechos consista nada m s que en el desglose de la informaci n y los indicadores De hecho requiere usar un conjunto adecuado de indicadores que est n expl citamente arraigados en el marco normativo de los derechos humanos como instrumentos que faciliten una evaluaci n digna
36. ceptable de recopilaci n tratamiento y difusi n de datos y poder utilizarse regularmente El principal problema de metodolog a que se plantea guarda relaci n con las fuentes de datos y los mecanismos de generaci n de datos y los criterios de selecci n de los indicadores Tambi n se plantea la cuesti n de la flexibilidad del marco para admitir indicadores contextualmente pertinentes Fuentes y mecanismos de generaci n de datos 13 Enel contexto que nos ocupa se consider conveniente centrarse en dos fuentes complementarias de datos las estad sticas socioecon micas y otras estad sticas administrativas y los datos f cticos de violaciones de los derechos humanos Las estad sticas socioecon micas se refieren a la informaci n cuantitativa recopilada y difundida por el Estado mediante sus registros administrativos y estudios estad sticos normalmente en colaboraci n con los organismos nacionales de estad stica y bajo la orientaci n de organizaciones internacionales y especializadas Para el sistema de vigilancia de los rganos de tratados esta categor a de indicadores reviste una importancia primordial habida cuenta del compromiso de los Estados como partes en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos de informar sobre su cumplimiento y del hecho de que se trata de informaci n que registran las autoridades administrativas es decir las entidades responsables de la observancia de los derechos al nivel de su interacci n c
37. cial or e Proportion of targeted population that was e Proportion of targeted households living preventing planned evictions or demolitions community housing extended sustainable access to an improved in squatter settlements rehabilitated in the ordered by court in the reporting period e Habitable area sq m added through water source access to improved reporting period e Number proportion of legal procedures reclamation including of hazardous sites sanitation electricity and garbage disposal e Proportion of homeless population that seeking compensation following evictions in and change in land use pattern in the in the reporting period was extended the use of public and the reporting period by result after reporting period community based shelters in the reporting adjudication e Habitable area sq m per capita period e Number and proportion of displaced or earmarked for social or community evicted persons rehabilitated or resettled in housing during the reporting period the reporting period e Proportion of population with sufficient e Proportion of urban population living in e Proportion of households spending more e Reported cases of forced evictions e g as living space persons per rooms or rooms slums than X percent of their monthly income reported to UN special procedures in the per household or average number of e Proportion of population using an improved or expenditure on housing or average rent reporting period persons per ro
38. con el derecho a la salud Sin embargo quiz siga valiendo la pena incluir esos indicadores por su importancia para la realizaci n de ese derecho y para facilitar el establecimiento de prioridades y la orientaci n de los esfuerzos Tambi n hay que tener en cuenta que la selecci n de todos los indicadores tiene que guiarse principalmente por la prueba emp rica de su uso Si los indicadores establecidos no se ajustan a los criterios de la pertinencia emp rica no ser n tiles como instrumentos de vigilancia A este respecto se ha tenido especial cuidado de dar a los indicadores seleccionados una fundamentaci n t cnica rigurosa As pues se est n elaborando fichas de metadatos en las que se destaca la informaci n principal relativa a los indicadores seleccionados que incluye la terminolog a correspondiente y el nombre com n del indicador su definici n internacional normalizada o su definici n nacional las fuentes de los datos su disponibilidad el nivel de desglose e informaci n sobre otros indicadores conexos o indirectos Se anexa al presente informe un conjunto de muestra de las fichas de metadatos 26 Es importante se alar que para los indicadores que figuran en los cuadros anexo I se adopt una formulaci n gen rica En su caso en la ficha de metadatos relativa al indicador en cuesti n se ha indicado una formulaci n alternativa o m s precisa que podr a ser pertinente a determinados contextos solamente como el de los pa
39. cy for persons with disabilities reproductive health health and nutrition e Time frame and coverage of national policy on medicines including list of essential medicines measures for e Time frame and coverage of generic substitution national policy on abortion and foetal sex determination e Proportion of received complaints on the right to health investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Net official development assistance ODA for the promotion of health sector received or provided as a proportion of public expenditure on health or Gross National Income e Proportion of births attended by e Proportion of school going e Proportion of targeted population e Proportion of population covered e Per capita government skilled health personnel children educated on health that was extended access to an under awareness raising programmes expenditure on primary health e Antenatal care coverage at and nutrition issues improved drinking water source on transmission of diseases e g care and medicines least one visit and at least four e Proportion of children e Proportion of targeted population HIV AIDS e Improvement in Density of visits covered under programme that was extended access to e Proportion of population above age medical and para medical e Increase in proportion of for regular medical check improved
40. d in the promotion and protection of the right to participate in public affairs e Periodicity of executive and legislative elections at national and local level e Date of entry into force and coverage of e Date of entry into force and coverage of laws establishing an independent national electoral body legal provisions guaranteeing access to public service positions without discrimination e Date of entry into force and coverage of administrative tribunals or dedicated judicial redress mechanism for public service matters e Proportion of received complaints on the right to participate in public affairs investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Number of suffrages election referendum and plebiscite e Proportion of the voting age population registered to vote e Proportion of vacancies in selected public at national and local level held during the reporting period e Reported irregularities intimidation corruption or arbitrary interference authorities at national and sub national level e Number of legislations adopted by national and with registration maintenance and review of electoral rolls filled through selection of women and sub national legislatures during the reporting period e Number of complaints per elected position recorded and addressed in the candidates from target population groups e Proportion
41. de cr dito de la realizaci n de los derechos humanos El objetivo del estudio realizado por el ACNUDH para los rganos de tratados es seleccionar indicadores cuantitativos pertinentes que puedan utilizarse para evaluar la situaci n de los derechos humanos En esa medida este trabajo puede ayudar a construir y reforzar un m todo de vigilancia basado en los derechos en general 36 Es fundamental que el pa s asuma el proceso de vigilancia basada en los derechos y lo aplique Tambi n es fundamental que el proceso sea lo suficientemente descentralizado e incluyente como para reflejar los intereses de las diferentes partes Al establecer un proceso de vigilancia basada en los derechos a nivel nacional o reforzar un mecanismo existente para vigilar la realizaci n de un determinado derecho humano se deben considerar entre otras las siguientes cuestiones HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 19 A Determinar qui nes son los interesados en la vigilancia 37 Como primera medida seria necesario identificar a los diversos interesados institucionales y no institucionales que contribuirian al proceso de vigilancia proporcionando informacion o interpretando de modo independiente la informaci n disponible o aprovechando esa informaci n como usuarios finales para articular sus reivindicaciones y vigilar la realizaci n de los derechos humanos Entre ellos podr an contarse la instituci n nacional de derechos humanos organismos administrativos como los ministerios c
42. depends on their access to birth delivery services the quality of these services and the actual circumstances of delivery All of these are influenced by the State health policies public provisioning of health services and regulation of private health care Indeed availability of professional and skilled health personnel to assist in child birth is essential for reducing mortality maternal as well as of the child during and after delivery The indicator captures efforts being made by the State to promote and provide professional and skilled health personnel to attend to the medical needs of pregnancy and birth It is a process indicator related to sexual and reproductive health attribute of the right to health The indicator is computed as a ratio of births attended by skilled health personnel doctors nurses or midwives to the total number of deliveries The main sources of data are country level administrative records maintained by local authorities registration system for population data records of health ministries and household surveys including Demographic and Health Surveys The World Health Organization WHO and the United Nations Population Fund UNFPA compile country data series based on these sources The United Nations Children s Fund UNICEF also provides country data series through the implementation of its Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In general the indicator based on administrative records is available
43. deraciones relativas a la selecci n de indicadores 24 En general es fundamental obtener para todos los indicadores datos desglosados sobre la situaci n de los derechos humanos de los grupos vulnerables y marginados con respecto al resto de la poblaci n Una segunda consideraci n relacionada con el principio de la indivisibilidad de los derechos humanos obliga a contemplar a los indicadores en su totalidad en todo el 5 V ase la Compilaci n de directrices relativas a la forma y el contenido de los informes que deben presentar los Estados partes en los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos HRI GEN 2 Rev 2 16 En la Observaci n general N 19 del Comit de Derechos Econ micos Sociales y Culturales figura una lista exhaustiva de los posibles motivos de discriminaci n con respecto a los cuales podr a ser necesario desglosar datos en caso de que fuera factible As pues en la Observaci n general p rr 29 E C 12 GC 19 se aboga por la prohibici n de toda discriminaci n de hecho o de derecho directa o indirectamente por motivos de raza color sexo edad idioma religi n opini n pol tica o de otra ndole origen nacional o social posici n econ mica nacimiento discapacidad f sica o mental estado de salud incluido el VIH SIDA orientaci n sexual estado civil o cualquier otra condici n pol tica social o de otro tipo que pretenda o tenga por efecto anular o menoscabar el igual disfrute o ejercicio de los de
44. duals families and or communities from the homes and or land which they occupy without the provision of and access to appropriate forms of legal or other protection General Comment No 7 ICESCR The Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights has observed that all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction harassment and other threats It has argued that forced evictions are prima facie incompatible with the requirements of the ICESCR General Comment No 7 Moreover given the interdependence of all human rights forced evictions frequently violate other human rights Thus while manifestly breaching the rights enshrined in the ICESCR the practice of forced evictions may also result in violations of civil and political rights such as the right to life the right to security of the person the right to non interference with privacy family and home and the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions It is an outcome indicator intended to analyze the degree to which States protect the security of tenure The indicator is computed as a head count of all reported cases of forced eviction in a specific period of time Data collection and source Periodicity Disaggregation Comments and limitations HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 47 The main data source for this indicator is records maintained by national human rights institutions non governmental organisations
45. e Proportion of workers covered under social security e Proportion of persons with affordable access dependents receiving public assistance for food housing health who availed and received stipulated social security to health care including essential drugs on a support care education emergency or relief benefits in the reporting period sustainable basis services e Proportion of individuals in the formal or informal economy below national poverty line before and after social transfers 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets 1 eursed E 800Z DN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to work UDHR Art 23 MDG related indicators Access to decent and productive work Just and safe working conditions Training skill upgradation and professional development Protection from forced labour and unemployment e International human rights and ILO treaties relevant to the right to work ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to work in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to work including regulations to ensure equal opportunities for all and eliminate employment related discriminations as well as temporary special measures for target groups e g women children indigenous migrants
46. e Number of graduates first level University education age group degree per 1000 population Youth 15 24 years and adult 15 literacy rates i e reading writing calculating problem solving and other life skills 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets 67 vursed 8007 DIN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to adequate housing UDHR Art 25 MDG related indicators Habitability Accessibility to Services Housing Affordability Security of Tenure e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to adequate housing ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to adequate housing in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to adequate housing e Type of accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions by the rules of procedure of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions Structural e Number of registered and or active non governmental organizations per 100 000 persons involved in the promotion and protection of the right to adequate housing e Time frame and coverage of national housing policy or strategy for the progressive implementation of measures including special e Date of entry into force and coverage of meas
47. e de la poblaci n al que se brind acceso a mejores servicios de saneamiento en determinado per odo A veces esto supuso que se reformulara un indicador com n en el ltimo caso un indicador de los objetivos de desarrollo del Milenio y o que se realizara una estimaci n adicional del contenido informativo b sico del indicador Indicadores de resultados 21 Los indicadores de resultados describen los logros individuales y colectivos que reflejan el grado de realizaci n de un derecho humano en un determinado contexto No se trata s lo de una medida m s directa de la realizaci n del derecho humano sino tambi n de la importancia de esa medida para apreciar el disfrute del derecho Puesto que refleja los efectos acumulados de diversos procesos subyacentes que pueden ser descritos por uno o m s indicadores de proceso un indicador de resultados suele ser un indicador lento menos sensible a las variaciones transitorias que un indicador de proceso Por ejemplo los indicadores de la esperanza de vida O la mortalidad podr an depender de la inmunizaci n de una poblaci n de la educaci n o conocimiento de la poblaci n en materia de salud p blica as como de la disponibilidad de suficientes alimentos y del acceso que tenga a ellos la poblaci n Resulta por tanto instructivo considerar los indicadores de proceso y de resultados como variables din micas y est ticas respectivamente con la salvedad de que a menudo un mismo resultad
48. e de la realizaci n de los derechos humanos Se ha procurado que los indicadores seleccionados sean sencillos y se basen en una metodolog a normalizada de reuni n de informaci n y en lo posible se ha insistido en el desglose de la informaci n por motivos prohibidos de discriminaci n y por grupos de poblaci n vulnerables o marginados a quienes debe dirigirse el apoyo oficial en la labor de promoci n de los derechos humanos 45 En las conversaciones con los posibles usuarios de este trabajo en particular los interesados a nivel nacional se ha puesto de relieve una importante demanda insatisfecha de material de referencia adecuado incluidos un manual del usuario y otros juegos de instrumentos sobre la aplicaci n de la informaci n cuantitativa en apoyo del cumplimiento de las obligaciones de los Estados partes en materia de derechos humanos Este trabajo realizado por el ACNUDH para los rganos de tratados podr a llegar a satisfacer gran parte de esa demanda y ayudar a los interesados a promover y proteger los derechos humanos en los pa ses Si bien es necesario seguir validando y poniendo a prueba esta labor especialmente entre los usuarios que todav a no est n plenamente informados de la iniciativa convendr a que en la reuni n de los comit s se examinaran los posibles modos de ayudar a difundir mejor los resultados de este trabajo Ello ha de facilitar la labor de los rganos de tratados de vigilar el ejercicio de los derechos humano
49. e to forced evictions is a tautology while others have criticized the expression illegal evictions on the ground that it assumes that the relevant law provides adequate protection of the right to housing and conforms with the Covenant which is by no means always the case Similarly it has been suggested that the term unfair evictions is even more subjective by virtue of its failure to refer to any legal framework at all The international human rights community especially in the context of the UN human rights system has opted to use forced evictions primarily because all suggested alternatives also suffer from certain ambiguities The prohibition on forced evictions does not however apply to evictions carried out by force in accordance with the law and in conformity with the provisions of the International Covenants on Human Rights Women children youth older persons indigenous people ethnic and other minorities and other vulnerable individuals and groups all suffer disproportionately from the practice of forced eviction Women in all groups are especially vulnerable given the extent of statutory and other forms of discrimination which often apply in relation to property rights including home ownership or rights of access to property or accommodation and their HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 48 Indicator 8 Definition Rationale particular vulnerability to acts of violence and sexual abuse when they are rendered
50. e willingness of States to take steps towards the realisation of the right The number of complaints is calculated as the sum of individual complaints on the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment received by all relevant independent bodies at national level The proportion investigated or adjudicated is calculated as the ratio of the number of complaints received during the reporting period which were investigated or adjudicated to the total number of complaints received The proportion effectively responded to by the government is calculated as the ratio of the number of complaints to which an effective response was made by the government to the total number of complaints communicated to the government during the reference period The main sources of data are administrative records maintained by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson and other mechanisms The information is normally compiled and published annually To enable detection of the pattern of abuse against particular groups or in particular areas the indicator should be disaggregated by region and the characteristics of the alleged victim sex age ethnic racial national religious political affiliation disability sexual orientation profession whether or not detained at the time of the alleged abuse Similarly the indicator should be disaggregated according to whether the abuse is alleged to have
51. ecords including the vital statistic registration system and records of statistical agency sample surveys population censuses and household surveys including Demographic and Health Surveys The World Health Organisation WHO compiles aggregate country data series based on administrative and survey data The United Nations Children Fund UNICEF also provides country data series in its Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In general the indicator based on administrative records is available annually and the indicator based on household surveys every 3 to 5 years Disaggregation of indicator by geographic or administrative regions for example between rural and urban areas is essential in assessing disparities in the infant mortality pattern across different regions In addition the indicator should be disaggregated by cause of death by sex and as applicable by relevant demographic groups e g ethnic groups indigenous minorities migrants and socio economic status income or consumption expenditure quintiles The indicator is widely used and can be a good summary measure of the realisation of the right to life the right to highest attainable standard of physical and mental health and the right to adequate food The infant mortality rate is considered to be a more robust estimate than the under five mortality rate if the information is drawn from vital statistics registration covering at least 90 per cent of vital events in the popul
52. ed population corruption mandated timeframe e Proportion of juvenile detainees received legal assistance e Proportion of requests for legal e Proportion of formal investigations of e Proportion of public attendees at court who provided with free legal assistance to consider seeking assistance and free interpreters being persons with judicial functions resulting rate services and court as highly accessible within 24 hours of the start of review by higher Process met criminal and civil proceedings in disciplinary action or prosecution in their own language court user survey custody court tribunal annually Number proportion of cases e Number proportion of civilians tried by e Proportion of defendants with access to e Proportion of juveniles in custody e Proportion of cases referred to alternative dispute military courts or special courts adequate facilities and counsellor for their receiving education vocational appealed by defendants resolution ADR e Average number of cases defence training by trained teachers for or by prosecutors Proportion of crimes e g rape assigned completed by person with e Proportion of pending cases and average same hours as student that age at e Proportion of cases physical assaults domestic violence judicial functions at different levels of duration of criminal trials liberty where the right to appeal reported to the police victimisation judiciary e Proportion of cases where time between e Proportion of courts adapted t
53. ed in metasheets pz eursed 8007 DIN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to adequate food UDHR Art 25 MDG related indicators Nutrition Food Safety and Consumer Protection Food Availability Food Accessibility e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to adequate food ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to adequate food in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to adequate food e Number of registered and or active non governmental organizations per 100 000 persons involved in the promotion and protection of the right to adequate food Structural Time frame and coverage of e Time frame and coverage of national e Time frame and coverage of national policy on agricultural production and food national policy on nutrition and policy on food safety and consumer availability nutrition adequacy norms protection e Time frame and coverage of national policy on drought crop failure and disaster e Number of registered and or active civil management society organisations working in the area of food safety and consumer protection e Proportion of received complaints on the right to adequate food investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the pr
54. ed on a continuous basis Disaggregation of information is not applicable for this indicator The right to life finds its most general recognition in article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognizes the inherent right of every person to life adding that this right shall be protected by law and that no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of life The right to life of persons under the age of 18 and the obligation of States to guarantee the enjoyment of this right HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 36 Indicator 2 Definition to the maximum extent possible are both specifically recognized in article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child UDHR article 3 ICESCR article 12 2 a CERD article 5 ICRMW article 9 CEDAW article 12 and CRPD article 10 are other examples of provisions relevant to the right to life and this indicator The indicator provides information on acceptance by a State of international human rights standards and its intention or commitment to undertake steps to realise human rights in conformity with the provisions of the relevant instruments It does not however capture the actual process of implementation or the results thereof Ratification constitutes an act whereby a State establishes its consent to be legally bound by the terms of a particular treaty At the international level it requires depositing a formal instr
55. eg n el caso para la realizaci n del derecho en cuesti n Los indicadores de proceso son m s sensibles a los cambios que los indicadores de resultados y por tanto describen mejor la realizaci n progresiva del derecho o los esfuerzos de los Estados partes para proteger los derechos 20 Los indicadores de proceso se seleccionaron y formularon atendiendo a dos consideraciones En primer lugar se vel por que la articulaci n de los indicadores de proceso reflejara una relaci n de causalidad con el indicador estructural y el indicador de resultados pertinentes Por ejemplo uno de los indicadores de proceso del derecho a la salud el porcentaje de escolares que reciben educaci n sobre cuestiones de salud y nutrici n se estableci de modo que pudiera relacionarse con el indicador estructural correspondiente perspectiva temporal y alcance de la pol tica nacional de salud y alimentaci n de la infancia y con el indicador de resultados porcentaje de ni os menores de 3 a os con un peso inferior al normal En segundo lugar al elaborar un indicador de proceso era preciso tener en cuenta la necesidad de medir de alg n modo el esfuerzo desplegado por la entidad responsable para cumplir sus obligaciones As pues se incluyeron en la categor a de indicadores de proceso indicadores como porcentaje de solicitudes de prestaciones de seguridad social examinadas y atendidas en HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 13 determinado per odo o porcentaj
56. en el contexto de cierta cantidad de informaci n b sica que cada Estado parte en los tratados internacionales debe proporcionar con arreglo a las directrices generales para la presentaci n de informes Esa informaci n b sica expresada con indicadores adecuados debe referirse a la poblaci n y las tendencias demogr ficas generales la situaci n social y econ mica la situaci n civil y pol tica y la administraci n de justicia y el estado de derecho Adem s para vigilar la realizaci n de todos los derechos humanos es tambi n til la informaci n sobre determinados indicadores estructurales como el n mero de instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos ratificados por el Estado de una lista seleccionada de tratados y protocolos de derechos humanos art culos pertinentes convenios de la OIT etc la existencia de una declaraci n de derechos en la Constituci n u otras formas de ley suprema el tipo de acreditaci n de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos seg n el reglamento del Comit Internacional de Coordinaci n de las Instituciones Nacionales y el n mero de ONG y otros actores asalariados y voluntarios que participan oficialmente en la protecci n de los derechos humanos a nivel nacional Por lo tanto esta informaci n debe estar reflejada en el pre mbulo de los cuadros de indicadores ilustrativos Algunos de estos indicadores se han incorporado en los 12 cuadros para facilitar su comprensi n Otras consi
57. enci n Internacional sobre la protecci n de los derechos de todos los trabajadores migratorios y de sus familiares y el art culo 10 de la Convenci n sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad Del mismo modo en el caso del derecho a la salud se determinaron cinco atributos la salud sexual y reproductiva la mortalidad infantil y la atenci n de la salud el entorno natural y de trabajo la prevenci n el tratamiento y control de las enfermedades y la accesibilidad de los centros de salud y los medicamentos esenciales Estos atributos se basan principalmente en la lectura del art culo 25 de la Declaraci n Universal de Derechos Humanos el art culo 12 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Econ micos Sociales y Culturales y la Observaci n general N 14 del Comit de Derechos Econ micos Sociales y Culturales la Recomendaci n general N 24 del Comit para la Eliminaci n de la Discriminaci n contra la Mujer y las Observaciones generales Nos 3 y 4 del Comit de los Derechos del Ni o El p rrafo 1 del art culo 6 del Pacto el art culo 5 e iv de la Convenci n Internacional sobre la Eliminaci n de todas las Formas de Discriminaci n Racial los art culos 12 y 14 2 b de la Convenci n sobre la eliminaci n de todas las formas de discriminaci n contra la mujer el art culo 24 de la Convenci n sobre los Derechos del Ni o los art culos 28 y 43 e de la Convenci n Internacional sobre la protecci n de los derechos de todos l
58. epto la metodolog a y la elecci n de los indicadores ilustrativos as como el proceso de validaci n de los resultados a nivel nacional El Grupo se reuni cinco veces en los tres ltimos a os Estuvo integrado por expertos y profesionales que se ocupaban de los indicadores para evaluar la situaci n de los derechos humanos procedentes de instituciones acad micas organismos internacionales ONG rganos de los tratados de derechos humanos y titulares de mandatos de los procedimientos especiales El prop sito era elaborar una visi n com n del enfoque conceptual y metodol gico que se aplicar a a la selecci n de indicadores adecuados para vigilar el cumplimiento de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y sacar provecho de los conocimientos y la experiencia de cada cual Participaron en estas consultas directamente o respondiendo a consultas expertos de varias organizaciones internacionales la Organizaci n Mundial de la Salud OMS el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos HABITAT la Organizaci n de las Naciones Unidas para la Educaci n la Ciencia y la Cultura UNESCO la Divisi n de Estad stica de la Comisi n Econ mica para Europa CEPE de las Naciones Unidas la Organizaci n de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentaci n FAO el Banco Mundial la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito ONUDD y m s recientemente la Organizaci n Internacional del T
59. es of relevance to the right to a fair trial Infant mortality rate see outcome indicators in the tables on the right to life the right to adequate food and the right to health The indicator refers to infants dying before reaching the age of one year per 1000 live births during the specified period As a measure of child survival the infant mortality rate is a key socio economic statistic for many human rights including the right to life the right to health and the right to adequate food The level of this indicator can be potentially influenced by a wide range of economic social political and environmental determinants As a consequence the indicator will be HRI MC 2008 3 p gina 50 Method of computation Data collection and source Periodicity Disaggregation Comments and limitations particularly important in the monitoring of the results of State parties actions in fulfilling their obligations in creating favourable and necessary conditions in which infant mortality rates are minimised In the tables of indicators it has been identified as an outcome indicator for the right to life the right to health and the right to adequate food The indicator is computed as number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in that year The number of deaths is divided by the number of births and the result is multiplied by 1000 The main sources of data at the country level are national administrative r
60. es y prestarse al desglose por sexos edad y sectores vulnerables o marginados de la poblaci n La producci n de cualquier tipo de estad sticas tambi n tiene repercusiones para el derecho a la intimidad y la protecci n de datos y plantea cuestiones de confidencialidad puede requerir por consiguiente la adopci n de las disposiciones jur dicas e institucionales Tambi n es posible que se presenten problemas de sobrestimaci n En general ser a conveniente contar con indicaciones sobre los m rgenes de error o los intervalos de confianza correspondientes a esos datos lo cual facilitar a su utilizaci n como indicadores v lidos y fiables 9 En el documento al que se hace referencia en la nota 2 se describen otros dos mecanismos de generaci n de datos a saber las encuestas de hogares y de opini n y los datos basados en valoraciones de expertos 10 Y os indicadores deben basarse en informaci n relativa a objetos hechos o acontecimientos que en principio puedan observarse o verificarse directamente por ejemplo el peso de los ni os el n mero de v ctimas o la nacionalidad de la v ctima y no en percepciones opiniones evaluaciones o juicios expresados por expertos o personas 1 Los indicadores deben producirse y difundirse de forma independiente imparcial y transparente y deben basarse en metodolog a procedimientos y conocimientos s lidos HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 11 pertinentes En el marco se atiende a esta
61. hments inspected for irrigation credit marketing groups nutrition education and awareness food quality standards and frequency of e Proportion of per capita availability of e Estimated access of women and girls to e Proportion of targeted population inspections major food items sourced through adequate food within household that was extended access to an e Proportion of cases adjudicated under domestic production import amp food e Coverage of programmes to secure access to improved drinking water source food safety and consumer protection law aid productive resources for target groups in the reporting period in the reporting period e Cereal import dependency ratio in the reporting period e Prevalence of underweight and e Number of recorded deaths and incidence e Per capita availability of major food e Proportion of population below minimum stunting children under five of food poisoning related to adulterated items of local consumption level of dietary energy consumption years of age food proportion of undernourished population Outcome e Proportion of adults with body e Average household expenditure on food mass index BMI lt 18 5 for the bottom three deciles of population or targeted population e Death rates including infant and under five mortality rates associated with and prevalence of malnutrition including under overnutrition and inadequate intake of nutrients 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds
62. homeless The non discrimination provisions of articles 2 2 and 3 of ICESCR impose an additional obligation upon Governments to ensure that where evictions do occur appropriate measures are taken to ensure that no form of discrimination is involved UDHR article 25 ICESCR article 11 CERD article 5 CEDAW article 14 CRC article 27 CMW article 43 and CRPD article 28 have references of relevance to the indicator The CESCR also recognizes legal security of tenure under its General Comment No 4 1991 on the right to adequate housing Notwithstanding the type of tenure all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction harassment and other threats Some institutions such as the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD have adopted guidelines on relocation and or resettlement with a view to limiting the scale of and human suffering associated with forced evictions Such practices often accompany large scale development projects such as dam building and other major energy projects Conviction rates for indigent defendants provided with legal representation as a proportion of conviction rates for defendants with lawyers of their own choice see outcome indicators in the table on the right to fair trial The indicator measures the ratio of conviction rate of defendants who were provided with free legal representation to that of defenda
63. ial or resentencing physical assaults brought before judicial authorities e Conviction rates by type of adjudicated crimes e g rape homicide physical assaults and characteristics of victims and perpetrators e g sex juvenile e Reported cases of arbitrary detentions in the reporting period e Reported cases of miscarriage of justice and proportion of victims who received compensation within a reasonable time 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as reflected in metasheets ised pe eu 800 C OW THH HRI MC 2008 3 p gina 35 Annex II SAMPLES OF META DATA SHEETS ON IDENTIFIED INDICATORS Indicator 1 Definition Rationale Method of computation Data collection and source Periodicity Disaggregation Comments and limitations International human rights treaties relevant to the right to life ratified by the State see structural indicators in the table on the right to life Proportion of international and regional human rights treaties with direct reference and or relevance to the realisation of the right to life that have been ratified by the State International human rights treaties is used as a generic term embracing all instruments binding under international human rights law regardless of their formal designation e g Covenant Convention or Optional Protocol The reference to the right to life follows primarily the formulation used in
64. ial protection for children Review by a higher court e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to a fair trial ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to a fair trial in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to a fair trial including on procedures for appointment remuneration dismissal of persons exercising judicial functions e Number of registered and or active non governmental organisations per 100 000 persons involved in the promotion and protection of the right to a fair trial e Date of entry into force and coverage of legislation guaranteeing non e Timeframe and coverage of national policy on judicial services including on e Identified prescribed time limits to guide pre and trial stages in the determination of e Date of entry into force and coverage of juvenile court e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right Srructukal discriminatory access to courts e g court strengths against extortion charges against a person eDate of entry into force and to appeal in a higher for unaccompanied women children bribery or corruption e Timeframe and coverage of national policy coverage of rehabilitation systems court and full review of and migrants e Date of entry into force and coverage of on the provision of legal aid to specific fo
65. ic violence le International human rights treaties relevant to the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment RtnT ratified by the State le Date of entry into force and coverage of the RtnT in the Constitution or other forms of superior law le Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the RtnT including code of conduct on medical trials and scientific experimentation on human beings le Type of accreditation of National Human Rights Institution by the rules of procedure of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions le Date of entry into force of code of conduct for law enforcement officials including on rules of conduct for interrogation of arrested je Date of entry into force and coverage of specific legislations on Structural detained and imprisoned persons community and domestic violence le Date of entry into force and coverage of formal procedure governing inspection of police cells detention centres and prisons by le Number of rehabilitation centres for victims of domestic independent inspection institutions violence including women partners and children le Legal maxima for incommunicado detention le Time frame and coverage of health policy for detention centres and prisons le Proportion of received complaints on the RtnT investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institutio
66. ion of schools engaged in active learning activities giving children the opportunity to express themselves freely e Number of journalists and any other media persons who reported Reported cases of non disclosure of documents archives and e Proportion of victims of libel defamation and slander who sanctions political or corporate pressure for the publication of administrative or corporate data of public interest e g justice received compensation and rehabilitation information records arms exports environmental data asylum seekers Outcome e Proportion of linguistic population having access to media broadcasts in their own language e Reported cases of killing disappearance detention and torture against journalists human rights defenders or any other persons who exercised her his RFoE perpetrated by an agent of the State or any other person acting under government authority or with its complicity tolerance or acquiescence but without any or due judicial process e g reported to UN special procedures 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets ce eursed E 800Z DN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to a fair trial UDHR Art 10 11 Access to and eguality before courts and tribunals Public hearing by competent and independent courts Presumption of innocence and guarantees in the determination of criminal charges Spec
67. l policy statement on health or a human rights action plan Accordingly a judgment may have to be exercised on the extent to which sexual and reproductive health issues and the relevant human rights standards on reproductive health are reflected in the national policy on health or the human rights action plan In 1ts General Comment No 14 ICESCR Art 12 on the right to the highest attainable standard of health the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights elaborates on the need to develop comprehensive national public health strategy and plan of action to address the health concerns of the HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 38 Indicator 3 Definition Rationale population including reproductive health It underlines that such a strategy should inter alia be devised on the basis of a participatory and transparent process and include indicators and benchmarks relevant to monitor the right to health The Committee points out that Reproductive health means that women and men have the freedom to decide if and when to reproduce and the right to be informed and to have access to safe effective affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice as well as the right of access to appropriate health care services that will for example enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth Similarly CEDAW Committee General Recommendation 24 1999 points out that access to health care including reproductive health is
68. l Comit de los Derechos del Ni o el Comit para la Eliminaci n de la Discriminaci n Racial el Comit de Derechos Humanos y el Comit sobre los Trabajadores Migratorios Se ha previsto organizar en los pr ximos meses otras sesiones de informaci n para los rganos de tratados adem s de celebrar una consulta con otros interesados y las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas antes de pasar a la siguiente etapa de esta labor 31 En base a la informaci n recibida de los participantes en esas consultas se ha procurado seguir perfeccionando el marco y mejorando la selecci n de indicadores ilustrativos Los interesados consultados a nivel nacional dieron un gran apoyo a este trabajo Se destac repetidamente la pertinencia del marco y de los indicadores seleccionados La metodolog a participativa adoptada para las sesiones de taller ayud a superar el escepticismo inicial de algunos participantes ante la aparente complejidad del marco conceptual adoptado para el estudio de los indicadores de los derechos humanos Los participantes apreciaron las sesiones de trabajo en que se les pidi en primer lugar que se alaran el contenido principal o los atributos caracter sticos de los derechos examinados En segundo lugar los participantes seleccionan los indicadores pertinentes para determinados contextos sobre los atributos de los derechos a fin de captar aspectos de los compromisos y los esfuerzos de los Estados partes y los resultado
69. l contexto de su aplicaci n y por que al mismo tiempo tuviese una estructura lo suficientemente operacional que permitiese establecer indicadores cuantitativos Era necesario medir el compromiso de las entidades responsables respecto a las normas de derechos humanos los esfuerzos emprendidos para hacer realidad ese compromiso y los resultados de esos esfuerzos en el tiempo expresados en indicadores de s ntesis adecuados As pues en el marco se opt por utilizar una configuraci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados que atendiese la necesidad de reflejar el compromiso los esfuerzos y los resultados de la entidad responsable respectivamente En otras palabras mediante la determinaci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados para cada uno de los atributos de un derecho humano es posible proceder a una evaluaci n de las medidas adoptadas por los Estados partes para cumplir sus obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos Los motivos para establecer las tres categor as de indicadores y la l gica de la selecci n de los indicadores en cada categor a se explican en la siguiente secci n 9 Al respecto cabe plantearse hasta qu punto la utilizaci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados para cada atributo de los derechos humanos refleja las obligaciones de los Estados de respetar proteger y hacer efectivos los derechos humanos y si la utilizaci n de ese tipo de configuraci n de indicado
70. llness educational purposes vagrancy e Type of accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions by the rules of procedure of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions e Legal time limits for an arrested or detained person before being informed of the reasons for the arrest or e Time frame and coverage of policy and administrative detention before being brought to or having the case reviewed by an authority exercising judicial power and framework on security handling of criminality and for the trial duration of a person in detention abuses by law enforcement officials e Proportion of received complaints on the right to liberty and security of person investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Proportion of communications sent by the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention responded to effectively by the government e Proportion of law enforcement officials including police military and State security force trained in rules of conduct concerning proportional use of force arrest detention interrogation or punishment e Number proportion of e Number proportion of Proportion of cases where the time for e Proportion of law enforcement officials formally arrests or entries into arrests or entries into arrested or detained persons before being investigated for physical and non physical abuse o
71. ly even overestimate the incidence of torture or cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment if used in a casual manner to draw generalised conclusions for the country as a whole Moreover in most instances the number of cases reported to independent bodies depends on the awareness access to information motivation and perseverance of the alleged or potential victim his or her family and friends or civil society organisations in the country concerned The Human Rights Committee in its General Comment No 20 1992 states in its paragraph 14 that the right to lodge complaints against maltreatment prohibited by article 7 must be recognized in the domestic law Complaints must be investigated promptly and impartially by competent authorities so as to make the remedy effective The reports of States parties should provide specific information on the remedies available to victims of maltreatment and the procedure that complainants must follow and statistics on the number of complaints and how they have been dealt with UDHR article 5 CAT articles 1 16 ICERD article 5 b ICRMW articles 10 and 11 CEDAW articles 2 and 16 CRPD article 15 and CRC articles 37 and 39 are examples of provisions relevant to the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment Model questionnaires for complaints are available on the OHCHR website at http www2 ohchr org english bodies question htm
72. n human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government le Proportion of communications sent by the Special Rapporteurs on torture and on violence against women responded to effectively by government in the reporting period le Proportion of law enforcement officials including police military specialised investigation agencies and custodial staff trained in rules of conduct concerning proportional use of force arrest detention interrogation or punishment le Proportion of detained or imprisoned e Actual prisons occupancy as a proportion of prison e Proportion of law enforcement officials je Proportion of public social expenditure on campaigns to persons in facilities inspected by an capacity in accordance with relevant UN conventions formally investigated for physical and sensitise people on violence against women amp children independent body in the reporting on prison conditions non physical abuse or crime including e g violence by intimate partners genital mutilation rape period e Proportion of detained and imprisoned persons in torture and disproportionate use of force je Proportion of healthcare and community welfare professionals Process Proportion of custodial staff formally accommodation meeting legally stipulated in the reporting period trained in handling domestic violence issues investigated for physical and requirements e g drinking water cubic content of e Pr
73. nal legislatures e Proportion of public service positions held by women and members of target groups 24 04 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets 87 tursed E 800Z DN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to education UDHR Art 26 MDG related indicators Universal Primary Education Accessibility to Secondary and Higher Education Curricula and Educational Resources Educational Opportunity and Freedom International human rights treaties relevant to the right to education ratified by the State Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to education in the Constitution or other form of superior law Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to education including prohibition of corporal punishment discrimination in access to education making educational institutions barrier free and inclusive education e g children with disabilities children in detention migrant children indigenous children Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic law on the freedom of individuals and groups including minorities to establish and direct educational institutions Number of registered and or active non governmental organisations per 100 000 persons involved in the promotion and protection of the right to education Seen Time frame
74. nder la vigilancia basada en los derechos o evaluaci n de los derechos humanos es necesario determinar qu informaci n es pertinente en relaci n con la HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 20 discriminaci n y adaptar los mecanismos de generaci n de informaci n para reunir recopilar y presentar esa informaci n en forma de indicadores adecuados D Periodicidad de los informes publicaci n acceso a la informaci n y seguimiento 40 Dado que la realizaci n de los derechos humanos no es algo que ocurre de una vez y para siempre y que la protecci n y la promoci n de los derechos humanos deben tener car cter continuo convendr a disponer de informaci n para vigilar el derecho humano en cuesti n por lo menos en diferentes momentos o en el mejor de los casos a trav s de una adecuada serie cronol gica de observaciones De esa forma ser a m s f cil vigilar la realizaci n progresiva del derecho y la incidencia de su violaci n a lo largo del tiempo Un mecanismo de vigilancia basado en los derechos tambi n requiere que todos los interesados en particular quienes reivindican los derechos tengan acceso a la informaci n y a los datos disponibles pertinentes al disfrute de los derechos humanos Para ello hace falta un marco con un plan de publicaci n y difusi n de la informaci n pertinente Como complemento del proceso de vigilancia tambi n se requiere un marco que permita usar la informaci n disponible como instrumento de promoci n para cre
75. ng propaganda for war e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic law s Structural e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic law for the mechanism e g Information Commissioner prohibiting advocacy of national racial religious or sexist protection and safety of journalists and any other media persons Date of entry into force and coverage of statistical legislation hatred constituting incitement of discrimination hostility or including protection against disclosure of sources to protect independence and quality of official statistics violence e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic law for equal e Timeframe and coverage of national policy to promote access opportunity of access to radio concessions and TV broadcast to information technology frequencies e Time frame and coverage of national policy on education for all including provisions for temporary special measures for target groups human rights curricula and active learning e Proportion of received complaints on RFoE investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Proportion of communications sent by the UN Special Rapporteurs e g Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of RFoE responded to effectively by the government e Number of newspapers magazines radio stations TV broadc
76. ni tratos o penas crueles inhumanos o degradantes el derecho a la libertad de opini n y de expresi n el derecho a un juicio con las debidas garant as el derecho al disfrute del m s alto nivel posible de salud f sica y mental el derecho a una alimentaci n adecuada el derecho a una vivienda adecuada el derecho a la educaci n el derecho a la seguridad social y el derecho al trabajo j Aunque tanto los indicadores cualitativos como los cuantitativos son de utilidad para la labor de los rganos de tratados el presente informe se centra en los indicadores cuantitativos y las estad sticas atendiendo a la petici n espec fica de la reuni n de los comit s HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 5 I EL MARCO CONCEPTUAL Y METODOLOGICO 4 El objetivo b sico del desarrollo de un marco conceptual y metodol gico era adoptar un m todo estructurado y coherente para traducir las normas universales de derechos humanos en indicadores que fuesen pertinentes en los distintos contextos y tiles en el plano nacional Se necesita una base conceptual adecuada para poder contar con un fundamento te rico que permita definir y concebir los indicadores pertinentes y evitar que esa labor se reduzca a un mero listado de posibles opciones Es importante que esos indicadores est n definidos expl citamente y con precisi n se basen en una metodolog a aceptable de recopilaci n y presentaci n de datos y se utilicen o puedan utilizarse de forma peri dica Tambi n es im
77. nts who had legal counsel of their own choice in the reporting period Though the indicator could be used separately for the two conviction rates it is more useful when used as a ratio of the two Article 14 3 d ICCPR provides that defendants should have legal assistance assigned to them in any case where the interests of justice so requires and without payment if they do not have sufficient means to pay for it The Human Rights Committee in its General Comment 32 states that Counsel provided by the competent authorities on the basis of this provision must be effective in the representation of the accused Furthermore blatant incompetence by assigned counsel may entail the responsibility of the State The indicator is an outcome indicator that relates to the access to and equality before the courts attribute of the right to a fair trial As such it measures the extent to which equality is achieved in practice Method of computation Data collection and source Periodicity Disaggregation Comments and limitations Indicator 9 Definition Rationale HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 49 The indicator is computed separately for defendants provided with legal representation and for defendants with a lawyer of their own choice before taking the ratio of the two For each group the indicator is calculated as the ratio of the number of defendants in that group who were convicted to the total number of defendants in that group who sto
78. o is excluded or restricted survey e Share of public expenditure on courts arrest and trial exceeded statutory or handling juvenile cases to specific issues of law e Proportion of crime victims in cases and prosecution system mandated timeframe e Proportion of convicted juveniles sent to court by police who confirm e Average salary of persons with judicial e Reported cases of killing assault threat and sentenced to imprisonment charges or appear at proceedings with functions as percentage of regulated arbitrary dismissal of persons with judicial e Proportion of juveniles accessing the court or prosecutors minimum wages functions rehabilitation services after release e Conviction rates for indigent e Proportion of total hearings opened to e Proportion of convictions obtained in e Number of children e Proportion of criminal defendants provided with legal general public absentia in whole or in part arrested detained by 100 000 child convictions in which representation as a proportion of e Proportion of adjudicated cases for e Reported cases of guilt presumption and population sentence was reduced or conviction rates for defendants with which at least one irregularity in the prejudgment by a court or public authorities e Recidivism rates of juveniles a criminal conviction lawyer of their own choice pre trial determination of charges was e g adverse public statements vacated or returned for Outcome e Proportion of crimes e g rape noted by the courts retr
79. o puede ser producto de uno o m s procesos y en otros casos el mismo proceso puede influir en m s de un resultado 22 Es importante considerar que los indicadores de proceso y de resultados pueden no ser mutuamente excluyentes Es posible que un indicador de proceso correspondiente a un derecho humano resulte ser un indicador de resultados en el contexto de otro derecho El principio rector B Existe cierta similitud entre los indicadores de proceso y los de resultados pues todo proceso puede medirse desde el punto de vista de los insumos o bien de los productos o resultados que genera As pues en el caso de un proceso de inmunizaci n de ni os los indicadores pueden medir los recursos o gastos p blicos destinados a los programas de inmunizaci n es decir la variante insumos o el porcentaje de ni os atendidos por los programas es decir la variante resultados o efectos Seg n la definici n que figura en esta nota los dos son indicadores de proceso Son factores que contribuyen a la disminuci n de la mortalidad infantil y sta es un indicador de resultados pues refleja el efecto acumulado de los programas de inmunizaci n en determinado per odo y puede relacionarse de forma m s directa con la realizaci n del derecho a la salud Para medir un indicador de proceso es preferible considerar el resultado f sico del proceso y no los recursos que consume pues la experiencia en diferentes pa ses y en diferentes regiones de un mismo pa s m
80. od trial during the reporting period The main sources of data are court records and reports of the office of the prosecutor at the national or sub national level The data if compiled should be available on an annual basis The indicator should be disaggregated by type of crimes e g homicide rape assault robbery etc stage of proceedings first hearing or appeal and by region or administrative unit It should also be disaggregated by characteristics of the defendant in particular by sex age at least for children or young people under the age of 18 years and as applicable by relevant demographic groups e g ethnic groups minorities migrants persons with disabilities sexual orientation The indicator is a good measure of the relative level of competence of assigned lawyers and thus of the effective implementation of the right to a fair trial regardless of economic status of the defendant However particularly in regions or States with a small number of cases the indicator should not be over analysed each case must be assessed on its own merits It may also be useful to use this indicator jointly with an indicator on the nature and average length of sentences for indigent defendants and defendants with lawyers of their own choice UDHR articles 10 11 ICCPR articles 14 15 ICERD article 5 a CEDAW article 2 CRC articles 12 2 37 d and 40 ICRMW articles 16 5 9 and 18 and CRPD article 13 are examples of referenc
81. of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets sz eursed 8007 DIN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health UDHR Art 25 MDG related indicators Sexual and reproductive health Child mortality and health care Natural and occupational environment Prevention treatment and control of diseases Accessibility to health facilities and essential medicines e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health right to health ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to health in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to health including a law prohibiting female genital mutilation e Number of registered and or active non governmental organizations per 100 000 persons involved in the promotion and protection of the right to health e Estimated proportions of births deaths and marriages recorded through vital registration system Structural e Time frame and coverage of e Time frame and coverage e Time frame and coverage of national policy on physical and mental health national policy on sexual and of national policy on child e Time frame and coverage of national poli
82. of national policy on qualifying period rate of homeless security benefits including on double taxation to drugs including on generic drugs contribution duration and e Time frame and coverage of country of origin for migrant workers and families rate of allowances national policy on unemployment e Proportion of received complaints on the right to social security investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other relevant mechanism and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Proportion of targeted population appropriately informed on its entitlements and benefits in cash or in kind under the applicable social security schemes e Net official development assistance ODA for implementing this right received or provided as a proportion of public expenditure on social security and Gross National Income e Number of workers newly registered as participant in e Per capita public expenditure on primary e Public expenditure on family e Public expenditures for targeted the social security scheme in the reporting period health facilities including for reproductive children and adult dependent social assistance schemes per e Proportion of requests for benefits e g health care and essential medicines allowance or benefit schemes beneficiary unemployment pension benefits reviewed and met e Number of targeted individuals newly per beneficiary e Improvement in Density of
83. ograma de acci n viable que contribuya a la realizaci n de los derechos humanos As pues adem s de seleccionar los indicadores estructurales relativos a diferentes derechos y sus atributos se intent destacar la importancia de contar con pol ticas declaradas sobre las cuestiones directamente relacionadas con atributos espec ficos de los derechos humanos Se observ que muchos indicadores estructurales posibles eran comunes a todos los derechos humanos y que otros eran pertinentes para determinados derechos e incluso para uno de sus atributos en particular Indicadores de proceso 19 Los indicadores de proceso relacionan los instrumentos de pol tica de los Estados con jalones u objetivos intermedios que acumulados se convierten en indicadores de resultados los cuales a su vez pueden relacionarse de manera m s directa con la realizaci n de los derechos humanos Los instrumentos de la pol tica de Estado son todas las medidas programas p blicos e intervenciones concretas que un Estado est dispuesto a adoptar para materializar su intenci n o su compromiso de alcanzar los resultados que corresponden a la realizaci n de un determinado derecho humano Al definir los indicadores de proceso en forma de relaci n causal concreta se puede evaluar mejor la forma en que un Estado cumple sus obligaciones Al mismo tiempo estos indicadores ayudan a vigilar directamente el ejercicio progresivo del derecho o el proceso de protecci n del derecho s
84. om among target drinking water public private source of bottom three income deciles as a e Proportion of households with legally households sanitation facility electricity and garbage proportion of the top three enforceable contractual statutory or other Outcome eae s en 8 e Proportion of households living in disposal e Annual average of homeless persons per protection providing security of tenure or permanent structure in compliance with e Proportion of household budget of target 100 000 population proportion of households with access to building codes and by laws population groups spent on water supply X being defined normatively for the secure tenure e Proportion of households living in or near sanitation electricity and garbage disposal country context e Proportion of women with titles to land or hazardous conditions property 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets og eursed 8007 DIN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to social security UDHR Art 22 MDG related indicators Income security for workers Affordable access to health care Family child and adult dependent support Targeted social assistance schemes International human rights and ILO treaties relevant to the right to social security ratified by the State Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to social security in the
85. ompetentes proveedores de la informaci n las ONG pertinentes dedicadas a la vigilancia de los derechos humanos grupos de consumidores otros grupos sociales como comisiones parlamentarias y reivindicadores en general Una vez determinados los interesados en la vigilancia a nivel nacional ser a necesario reunirlos en un proceso participativo en que sus respectivas competencias y perspectivas contribuyeran al proceso de vigilancia merced a la complementariedad de sus objetivos por ejemplo la concertaci n en diferentes aspectos de un derecho y sus m todos de reuni n de informaci n Un elemento importante de este proceso es la selecci n de una instituci n independiente que asuma la interpretaci n de la informaci n disponible desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos y quiz tambi n la coordinaci n de la evaluaci n de otros asociados Podr a tratarse de una instituci n nacional de derechos humanos o de una ONG de derechos humanos con lo cual se facilitar a la creaci n de un mecanismo de vigilancia propio del pa s B Determinar cu les son los principales grupos vulnerables 38 Es posible que debamos se alar como grupos objetivo a diferentes sectores de la poblaci n que son vulnerables seg n diferentes atributos o elementos b sicos de determinado derecho humano Por ejemplo si se considera el derecho a una alimentaci n adecuada en algunos casos probablemente sean los ni os los m s afectados por una dieta inadecuada o la m
86. on los ciudadanos es decir los titulares de los derechos Las estad sticas socioecon micas proporcionan informaci n sobre cuestiones relacionadas no s lo con los derechos econ micos sociales y culturales sino tambi n con los derechos civiles y pol ticos como las que se refieren a la administraci n de justicia y al estado de derecho por ejemplo las sentencias de muerte ejecutadas la poblaci n carcelaria y la incidencia de los delitos violentos La utilizaci n de una metodolog a uniforme para la recopilaci n de informaci n ya sea mediante las actividades del censo encuestas de hogares o sistemas de registro civil y normalmente con un alto nivel de fiabilidad y validez hace que los indicadores basados en esa metodolog a sean esenciales para los esfuerzos encaminados a mejorar la transparencia la credibilidad y la responsabilidad en la vigilancia de los derechos humanos HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 10 14 Los datos facticos son principalmente datos sobre casos sefialados o denunciados de violaciones de los derechos humanos las victimas identificadas y los autores Hay indicadores como la supuesta incidencia de la privaci n arbitraria de la vida las desapariciones forzadas o involuntarias la detenci n arbitraria y la tortura que suelen ser comunicados por las ONG pero son o pueden ser sometidos a un tratamiento estandarizado por otras entidades como por ejemplo las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y los procedimientos e
87. on the indicator is the legal records of the State The indicator data can be normally reviewed and accessed on a continuing basis Disaggregation of information is not applicable for this indicator however provisions under the Constitution or other superior law may have particular reference to the protection of the right to education for certain groups e g minorities or girl child in which case it may be desirable to highlight it This indicator provides information on the extent to which a State protects the right to education in its Constitution or superior laws demonstrating its acceptance of international human rights standards and its intention or commitment to legally protect this right It does not however capture the extent to which the legal protection of the right to education in the Constitution or superior laws is implemented and upheld at other levels of the legal system nor how broadly or narrowly the right is applied or the degree to which the right can be enforced and by whom This indicator does not capture the actual process of implementation or the results thereof This indicator could be difficult to assess if the right to education is not explicitly articulated in the Constitution or superior laws Moreover provision for the right to education in the Constitution does not necessarily mean that the right is being protected by law for example further judicial interpretations may have rendered the Constitutional pr
88. oportion of formal investigations of je Proportion of teaching staff trained against the use of physical non physical abuse or crime on air minimum floor space heating law enforcement officials resulting in violence against children detained or imprisoned persons e Number of custodial and other relevant staff per disciplinary action or prosecution je Proportion of teaching staff subjected to disciplinary action including torture and inmate e Proportion of arrests and other acts of prosecuted for physical and non physical abuse on children disproportionate use of force in the le Proportion of detention centres and prisons with apprehending persons where a firearm e Proportion of women reporting forms of violence physical reporting period facilities to segregate persons in custody by sex age was discharged by law enforcement sexual or psychological against self or her children initiating le Proportion of formal investigations accused sentenced criminal cases mental health officials legal action or seeking help from police or counselling centres of custodial staff resulting in immigration related or other cases je Number of persons arrested adjudicated convicted or serving disciplinary action or prosecution sentence for violent crime including homicide rape assault per 100 000 population in the reporting period le Incidence and prevalence of death physical injury and communicable and non communicable e Incidence of death and physical inj
89. oportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Net official development assistance ODA for food security received or provided as a proportion of public expenditure on food security or Gross National Income e Proportion of targeted population e Disposal rate or average time to e Proportion of female headed e Share of household consumption of major that was brought above the adjudicate a case registered in a consumer households or targeted population with food items for targeted population group minimum level of dietary energy court legal title to agricultural land met through publicly assisted programmes consumption in the reporting e Share of public social sector budget spent e Arable irrigated land per person e Unemployment rate or average wage rate of period on food safety and consumer protection e Proportion of farmers availing targeted segments of labour force e Proportion of targeted population advocacy education research and extension services e Proportion of targeted population that was Process covered under public nutrition implementation of law and regulations e Share of public budget spent on brought above the poverty line in the supplement programmes relevant to the right strengthening domestic agricultural reporting period e Coverage of targeted population e Proportion of food producing and production e g agriculture extension e Work participation rates by sex and target under public programmes on distributing establis
90. ormaci n concreta sobre el estado de un acontecimiento actividad o resultado HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 4 junio de 2006 Sobre la base del enfoque estructurado se confeccionaron listas de indicadores ilustrativos para una serie de derechos humanos tanto derechos civiles y pol ticos como econ micos sociales y culturales Se someti a esos indicadores a un proceso de validaci n que consisti en una primera etapa en un examen con un grupo selecto de expertos que inclu a expertos de los rganos de tratados titulares de mandatos de procedimientos especiales de derechos humanos instituci n de educaci n superior organizaciones no gubernamentales ONG y organizaciones internacionales pertinentes En una segunda etapa se celebraron consultas con interlocutores nacionales en particular instituciones de derechos humanos autoridades normativas y organismos encargados de presentar los informes sobre la aplicaci n de los tratados de derechos humanos organismos de estad stica encargados de la recopilaci n de datos y representantes de las ONG competentes Esas consultas tuvieron lugar en talleres regionales y nacionales Los talleres brindaron una oportunidad para sensibilizar a los interesados sobre las posibilidades de utilizar la informaci n estad stica disponible para promover y vigilar la observancia de los derechos humanos en el plano nacional Tambi n fueron tiles para obtener la opini n de los interlocutores sobre la pertinencia y la u
91. ortion of education institutions groups including children with disabilities groups conforming to stipulated national engaged in active learning activities Drop out rate for primary education by grades e Gross enrollment ratio for secondary and higher requirements on academic and e Proportion of adult population covered for target groups education by target groups physical facilities under basic education programmes Proportion of enrolled children in public e Drop out rate for secondary education by grades e Periodicity of curricula revision at all e Proportion of students by level enrolled primary education institutions for target groups levels under distance and continuing education Proportion of students by target groups e Proportion of enrolled students in public e Number of educational institutions by programmes Process covered under publicly supported additional secondary and higher education institutions level recognized or derecognised e Number of institutions of ethnic financial programmes or incentives for e Share of annual household expenditure on during the reporting period by relevant linguistic minority and religious primary education education per child enrolled in public secondary regulatory body population groups recognized or extended Proportion of public schools with user charges or high school e Average salary of school teachers as public support for services other than tuition fees e Proportion of students by target groups
92. os derechos humanos El ACNUDH llev a cabo un amplio estudio de la literatura y las pr cticas predominantes entre las organizaciones nacionales e internacionales en lo que respecta a la utilizaci n de informaci n cuantitativa en la vigilancia de los derechos humanos Tras examinar los ltimos adelantos en la materia se adoptaron medidas para elaborar en consulta con un grupo de expertos un marco conceptual y metodol gico que permitiese establecer indicadores de los derechos humanos que fuesen operacionalmente viables El marco se present a la reuni n de los comit s celebrada en En junio de 2005 los Presidentes de los rganos de tratados de derechos humanos en su 17 reuni n pidieron a la Secretar a A 60 278 inciso g de la pagina 10 que prosiguiera la labor que hab a iniciado para prestar asistencia a los rganos de tratados en el an lisis de la informaci n estad stica de los informes de los Estados partes y que preparara para la reuni n de comit s en 2006 un documento de antecedentes sobre los posibles usos de los indicadores 2 V ase Malhotra y Fasel Quantitative Human Rights Indicators A survey of major Initiatives ponencia presentada en la reuni n de expertos celebrada en Turku del 10 al 13 de marzo de 2005 gt El informe sobre los indicadores para vigilar el cumplimiento de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos HRI MC 2006 7 define a los indicadores de los derechos humanos como inf
93. os trabajadores migratorios y de sus familiares y el art culo 25 de la Convenci n sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad tambi n resultaron tiles al determinar esos atributos De este modo se utilizaron los art culos pertinentes de la Declaraci n Universal de Derechos Humanos y los tratados internacionales b sicos de derechos humanos as como su desarrollo en las respectivas observaciones generales de los comit s para recoger el contenido normativo de los 12 derechos humanos para los que se han preparado indicadores Para la elecci n de los 12 derechos v ase el anexo D se tom en consideraci n en primer lugar el hecho de que estaban reconocidos en la Declaraci n Universal de Derechos Humanos y de que esos derechos ser an los elementos de base para confeccionar llegado el momento una lista de indicadores ilustrativos para cada tratado En ese contexto tal vez sea necesario seguir afinando 6 V anse en la nota 4 supra los pormenores de los derechos seleccionados para elaborar los indicadores HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 7 o reagrupando los atributos especificos de los derechos humanos para que reflejen mejor los intereses especificos de cada tratado La medici n del compromiso los esfuerzos los resultados en materia de derechos humanos 8 Una preocupaci n fundamental al elaborar el marco fue la de velar por que ste reflejase correctamente la complejidad intr nseca de los derechos humanos en particular en e
94. otection meaningless Likewise a lack of Constitutional protection may lead one to believe that there is no recognition of the right when this may not be the case For example in some countries there are only a few rights written into the Constitution or superior laws and it is left to the judiciary to interpret the rights as being implied In this instance a mere reading of provisions may yield an inaccurate conclusion on the enforcement and coverage of the concerned right A correct reading in such cases requires a detailed analysis of relevant jurisprudence case law or administrative decisions HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 40 Indicator 4 Definition Rationale Method of computation Data collection and source Periodicity UDHR article 26 ICESCR articles 13 and 14 ICERD article 5 e v ICRMW articles 30 and 43 a c CRC articles 23 28 and 29 CEDAW articles 10 and 14 2 d and CRPD article 24 are examples of provisions relevant to the right to education and this indicator Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel see process indicators in the table on the right to health The indicator refers to proportion of deliveries attended by persons trained to give necessary supervision care and counsel to women during pregnancy labour and the post partum period to conduct deliveries on their own and to care for newborns Health and well being of the woman and the child during and after delivery greatly
95. percentage of regulated minimum e Proportion of labour force availing Proportion of primary education teachers fully receiving public support or grant for secondary wages retraining or skill enhancement at public qualified and trained education e Proportion of teachers at all levels or supported institutions Proportion of children getting education in e Proportion of secondary or higher education completing mandatory in service e Proportion of higher learning institutions their mother tongue teachers fully qualified and trained training during reporting period enjoying managerial and academic Proportion of students in grade 1 who attended e Proportion of students enrolled in vocational e Ratio of students to teaching staff in autonomy pre school education programmes at secondary and post primary secondary public and private e Personal computers in use per 100 secondary level education population Ratios of girls to boys in primary education e Ratio of girls to boys in secondary or higher e Improvement in Density of primary e Proportion of women and targeted by grades for target groups education by grades secondary and higher education population with professional or university Proportion of students starting grade 1 who e Proportion of children completing secondary facilities in the reporting period qualification Outcome reach grade 5 primary completion rate education secondary completion rate Proportion of out of school children in primary
96. po de indicadores adecuados pues HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 6 se consigue una categorizaci n clara concreta y tal vez m s tangible que facilita la selecci n de los indicadores 7 Enel caso de la mayor a de los derechos humanos para los que se establecieron indicadores se constat que en promedio unos cuatro atributos pod an recoger con mediana precisi n la esencia del contenido normativo de esos derechos Por ejemplo en el caso del derecho a la vida teniendo en cuenta principalmente el art culo 3 de la Declaraci n Universal de Derechos Humanos el art culo 6 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Pol ticos y la Observaci n general N 6 del Comit de Derechos Humanos se determinaron cuatro atributos del derecho a la vida privaci n arbitraria de la vida desaparici n de personas salud y nutrici n y pena de muerte Tambi n sirvieron de base para determinar atributos del derecho a la vida los art culos 10 a 12 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Econ micos Sociales y Culturales el art culo 5 b y e 1v de la Convenci n Internacional sobre la Eliminaci n de todas las Formas de Discriminaci n Racial el art culo 12 de la Convenci n sobre la eliminaci n de todas las formas de discriminaci n contra la mujer los art culos 1 a 16 de la Convenci n contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles Inhumanos o Degradantes el art culo 6 de la Convenci n sobre los Derechos del Ni o el art culo 9 de la Conv
97. portant element of the provisioning that the State may have to make for meeting its obligations on the realisation of the right to education This indicator is a process indicator related to the curricula and educational resources attribute of the right to education The indicator is computed by dividing the number of full time equivalent students at a given level of education by the number of full time equivalent teachers at that level and in similar types of institutions in a given school year Some data collection methods include counts of all teaching staff and since all teaching staff includes staff with administrative duties and both full and part time teachers comparability of these ratios may be affected as the proportion of part time teachers may vary from one country to another The main source of data at the country level is administrative records on school enrolments and staff strengths maintained by the relevant public agencies The UNESCO Institute for Statistics UIS compiles and provides national level information on the pupil teacher ratio for both primary and secondary education based on data reported by national education ministries or national statistical agencies The information is gathered through questionnaires sent annually to countries and is made available by UIS with a two years lag with respect to the reference year Periodicity Disaggregation Comments and limitations HRI MC 2008 3 p gina 45
98. portante que los indicadores se adec en al contexto en el que se apliquen De no abordarse estos aspectos puede que no resulte viable y que los Estados partes o los comit s ni siquiera consideren aceptable la utilizaci n de indicadores cuantitativos en la preparaci n de los informes y en el proceso de seguimiento Algunas consideraciones conceptuales 5 En primer lugar para que el marco tenga sentido conceptualmente es necesario que los indicadores seleccionados para un derecho humano tengan asidero en el contenido normativo de ese derecho enunciado en los correspondientes art culos de los tratados y en las observaciones generales de los comit s En segundo lugar el objetivo primordial de la evaluaci n de la observancia de los derechos humanos es medir el esfuerzo que hacen las entidades responsables para cumplir sus obligaciones con independencia de que apunte a la promoci n de un derecho o a su protecci n Si bien es esta faceta de la medici n la que permite apreciar el valor a adido del m todo es igualmente importante obtener una medida de la intenci n o compromiso del Estado parte as como de la consolidaci n de sus esfuerzos que se expresa en los correspondientes indicadores de resultados Esta conceptualizaci n tambi n ayuda a poner a todos los derechos humanos en pie de igualdad poniendo de relieve la interdependencia e indivisibilidad de los derechos civiles culturales econ micos pol ticos y sociales En tercer
99. r detention pre and detention under national informed of the reasons of arrest before crime including arbitrary arrest and detention based on pending trial on the administrative provisions receiving notice of the charge in a legal criminal or administrative grounds in the reporting basis of a court order or e g security immigration sense or before being informed of the period due to action taken control mental illness and reasons of administrative detention exceeded e Proportion of formal investigations of law enforcement directly by executive other medical grounds the respective legally stipulated time limit officials resulting in disciplinary actions or prosecution in Process authorities in the educational purposes drug Number of habeas corpus and similar the reporting period reporting period addiction financial petitions filed in courts in the reporting period e Number of persons arrested adjudicated convicted or e Number proportion of obligations in the Proportion of bail applications accepted by the serving sentence for violent crime including homicide defendants released from reporting period court in the reporting period rape assault per 100 000 population in the reporting pre and trial detentions e Number proportion of Proportion of arrested or detained persons period in exchange for bail or releases from provided with access to a counsellor or legal e Proportion of law enforcement officials killed in line of due to non filing of
100. r children involved in crime legal and material e Date of entry into force and regulatory bodies for judicial and legal population groups e Legal age of criminal aspects of person s periodicity of review of civil and profession responsibility conviction and sentence criminal procedure codes e Proportion of received complaints concerning the right to a fair trial investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and proportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Number of communications sent by the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers and proportion responded to effectively by the government e Proportion of judges prosecutors and lawyers trained on human rights and related standards for the administration of justice e Proportion of population covered e Proportion of persons with judicial e Proportion of cases where the time for e Proportion of prosecutors and e Proportion of within X hour of a fully functioning functions e g judges and prosecutors arrested persons before receiving notice of defence lawyers working on convictions for serious court or number of persons with formally investigated for breach of the charge in a legal sense and in language juvenile cases with specialized offences in which the judicial functions per 100 000 duty irregularity abuses e g they understand exceeded statutory or training in juvenile justice person convict
101. rabajo OIT y la Divisi n de Estad stica de las Naciones Unidas 28 Se organizaron algunos talleres para celebrar consultas y validar la labor realizada con los interesados a nivel de los pa ses Asistieron representantes de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos autoridades normativas y organismos encargados de presentar informes sobre los tratados o con mandatos de ejecuci n en relaci n con determinados derechos oficinas de estad stica encargadas de reunir y difundir informaci n as como ONG y funcionarios de los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los pa ses 29 El ACNUDH colabor con la FAO para validar los indicadores ilustrativos sobre el derecho a una alimentaci n adecuada en consultas nacionales realizadas en talleres regionales en Uganda octubre de 2006 y Guatemala diciembre de 2006 En un taller organizado en Uganda en noviembre de 2006 como parte de los talleres de seguimiento de la aplicaci n de las observaciones finales de los rganos de tratados a nivel nacional se present un m dulo de indicadores ilustrativos sobre el derecho a la salud y el derecho a la revisi n judicial de la detenci n En 2007 el ACNUDH organiz talleres subregionales de validaci n en Asia Nueva Delhi julio de 2007 y frica Kampala octubre de 2007 Adem s el trabajo sobre 17 Y as consultas se celebraron en Ginebra en agosto de 2005 marzo de 2006 diciembre de 2006 diciembre de 2007 y abril de 2008 18 Los participante
102. rechos humanos HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 15 espectro de los derechos y no simplemente considerar los marcos sectoriales anclados en el contenido normativo de cada derecho humano concreto Con todo al establecer los indicadores para el derecho a la vida por ejemplo tal vez haya que establecer indicadores sobre el atributo de ese derecho referido a la salud dentro de su propio contenido normativo y no en funci n del contenido normativo del derecho a la salud Al mismo tiempo algunos aspectos relacionados con el derecho de la persona a controlar su propia salud y su propio cuerpo podr n tener que formularse en los indicadores sobre el derecho a no ser sometido a torturas ni a tratos o penas crueles inhumanos o degradantes y no en el contexto del derecho a la salud tanto para facilitar el an lisis como para facilitar en general el manejo del n mero de indicadores En ltima instancia a nivel de un convenio o en el contexto de una evaluaci n de la observancia de los derechos humanos por temas por ejemplo la violencia contra la mujer los derechos en la primera infancia quiz haya que racionalizar la lista de indicadores en vista de la necesidad de respetar el principio de indivisibilidad e interdependencia 25 En algunos casos por ejemplo el del derecho a la salud tal vez no sea posible que los indicadores de resultados dependan exclusivamente de los esfuerzos realizados en el marco de las obligaciones asumidas por el Estado en relaci n
103. res para disociar el texto del contenido normativo de un derecho es una opci n mejor que establecer indicadores para las tres obligaciones se aladas respecto de cada derecho Hay por lo menos dos buenos motivos para elegir las primeras categor as de indicadores para el marco En primer lugar se trata de categor as de indicadores que ya se utilizan ampliamente en el contexto de las pol ticas de desarrollo y es probable que est n familiarizados con ellas los encargados de formular y aplicar las pol ticas y los profesionales del desarrollo y los derechos humanos que son en cierto sentido los destinatarios principales de esta labor De hecho la utilizaci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados en la promoci n y la vigilancia del ejercicio de los derechos humanos ayudar a desmitificar el concepto de los derechos humanos y a llevar el discurso de los derechos humanos m s all de los confines del debate jur dico y judicial adem s de facilitar la integraci n de las normas y los principios de derechos humanos de lleno en la formulaci n de las pol ticas y las actividades de desarrollo En segundo lugar puede que no siempre sea posible establecer un indicador cuantitativo que refleje de modo exclusivo uno de los tres tipos de obligaciones A menudo un indicador basado en los datos estad sticos y administrativos de uso com n puede acabar reflejando m s de un tipo de obligaciones lo que puede resultar poco conveniente si lo
104. s HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 22 ANNEXES Annex I LISTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS List of illustrative indicators on the right to life UDHR Art 3 MDG related indicators Arbitrary Deprivation of life Disappearances of Individuals Health and Nutrition Death Penalty e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to life ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to life Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to life in the Constitution or other forms of superior law Structural Date of entry into force and coverage of formal e Date of entry into force and coverage e Time frame and coverage of national e Number of sub national procedure governing inspection of police cells of habeas corpus provision in the policy on health and nutrition administrative entities that detention centres and prisons by independent Constitution have abolished death inspection agencies penalty e Proportion of received complaints on the right to life investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded to effectively by the government e Type of accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions by the rules of procedure of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions e Proportion of communications
105. s The right to education is also developed in other core international human rights treaties such as in articles 23 28 and 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child Inclusion of the right to education in the Constitution or other form of superior law reflects a certain acceptance of this right by a State and gives an indication notably at the national level of a State s commitment to protect and implement this right When the State has enshrined a right in its Constitution or other form of superior law it also assumes a legal obligation to ensure that other legislation national and sub national legislation is in Method of computation Data collection and source Periodicity Disaggregation Comments and limitations HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 39 conformity with and not contradictory to the right The indicator is a structural indicator that captures the commitment of a State to implement its human rights obligations in respect of the right to education The indicator is computed separately for the date of entry into force and the coverage or administrative scope of the law The date of entry into force is the date on which the law or provision became enforceable Coverage is computed as a proportion of sub national administrative units or population covered under the law Information on the date of entry into force should be provided with a direct and accurate link to the relevant provisions The main source of data
106. s comenzando con las disposiciones conexas de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y las observaciones generales de los rganos de tratados en unos pocos atributos caracter sticos y en una configuraci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados Los indicadores seleccionados llevan al primer plano la evaluaci n de las medidas adoptadas por el Estado parte para cumplir sus obligaciones desde el compromiso con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos indicadores estructurales pasando por los esfuerzos que realiza la primera entidad responsable el Estado para cumplir las obligaciones derivadas de las normas indicadores de proceso hasta los resultados de esos esfuerzos desde el punto de vista de los titulares de los derechos indicadores de resultados HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 21 43 En tercer lugar el marco facilita la selecci n de indicadores contextualmente significativos para las normas de derechos humanos universalmente aceptadas No pretende establecer una lista com n de indicadores que deba aplicarse en todos los pa ses independientemente de su desarrollo social pol tico y econ mico ni tampoco abogar por la elaboraci n de una medida global para hacer comparaciones entre los pa ses de la realizaci n de los derechos humanos En cambio s permite a los posibles usuarios elegir con conocimiento de causa el tipo y el nivel de desglose de los indicadores que mejor satisfaga sus necesidades context
107. s a proxy for assessing the education quality on the assumption that a smaller ratio of students to teaching staff means better access by students to teaching resources A lower ratio would generally imply that a teacher can potentially pay more attention to individual students which may in the long run result in a better performance of students There may be situations where such a conclusion may not be true due to accountability issues and ineffective use of teaching resources However a very high ratio of students to teaching staff certainly suggests insufficient professional support for learning particularly for students from disadvantaged home backgrounds Teaching staff refers to professional personnel directly involved in teaching students The classification includes classroom teachers special education teachers and other teachers who work with students as a whole class in a classroom in small groups in a resource room or in one to one teaching inside or outside a regular classroom Teaching staff also includes chairpersons of departments whose duties include some amount of teaching but it does not include non professional personnel who support teachers in providing instruction to students such as teachers aides and other para professional personnel HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 46 Indicator 7 Definition Rationale Method of computation The concept of a ratio of students to teaching staff is different from that of cla
108. s b sicos que se consideran necesarios para facilitar la realizaci n de un derecho humano Reflejan el compromiso o la intenci n del Estado de adoptar 12 V anse por ejemplo los diez Principios fundamentales de las estad sticas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas http unstats un org unsd gp funprincipales aspx HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 12 medidas para hacer efectivo ese derecho Los indicadores estructurales deben ante todo centrarse en la naturaleza de las leyes nacionales aplicables al derecho de que se trate es decir indicar si han incorporado las normas internacionales y en los mecanismos institucionales que promueven y protegen las normas Los indicadores estructurales deben tambi n reflejar las politicas y las estrategias del Estado pertinentes a ese derecho Esto es particularmente importante en la perspectiva de los derechos humanos Una politica nacional declarada sobre determinado tema suele ser un instrumento en el que un gobierno define objetivos un marco normativo una estrategia y o un plan de acci n concreto para atender los problemas que conlleva el tema en cuesti n Al ser indicativa de la voluntad del gobierno de ocuparse del tema en cuesti n la pol tica declarada puede ofrecer adem s los par metros para que el gobierno rinda cuenta de sus acciones u omisiones con respecto a ese tema Adem s una pol tica declarada es un medio para traducir las obligaciones de un Estado parte en materia de derechos humanos en un pr
109. s consideraciones metodol gicas de la selecci n de indicadores mediante la preparaci n de una ficha de metadatos para cada uno de los indicadores incluidos en la lista ilustrativa En el anexo II del presente informe figuran ejemplos de fichas de metadatos sobre determinados indicadores stos pertenecen a diferentes categor as correspondientes a todo el espectro de derechos tanto los civiles y pol ticos como los econ micos sociales y culturales Pertinencia contextual de los indicadores 16 La pertinencia contextual de los indicadores es una consideraci n clave para su aceptabilidad y utilizaci n entre los posibles usuarios Los pa ses y dentro de ellos las regiones difieren en cuanto al nivel de desarrollo y de realizaci n de los derechos humanos Estas diferencias se reflejan en la naturaleza de las instituciones las pol ticas y las prioridades del Estado Por lo tanto puede que no sea posible establecer un conjunto de indicadores universales para evaluar el grado de realizaci n de los derechos humanos Dicho esto tambi n es verdad que ciertos indicadores de derechos humanos como los que describen el ejercicio de algunos derechos civiles y pol ticos pueden ser pertinentes en todos los pa ses y sus regiones mientras que otros que se refieren a la realizaci n de derechos econ micos o sociales como el derecho a la salud o a una vivienda adecuada quiz deban adaptarse para ser de utilidad en distintos pa ses Incluso en este
110. s de esos esfuerzos Ello permiti evaluar c mo las entidades responsables cumpl an sus obligaciones de hacer efectivos los derechos humanos en sus respectivos pa ses El resultado de esta actividad fue una asombrosa coherencia entre los atributos y los indicadores se alados por los participantes para los derechos en cuesti n y los cuadros preparados por el ACNUDH los cuadros se entregaron a los participantes s lo al final de cada sesi n de trabajo lo que ayud a validar el marco del ACNUDH y la lista de indicadores ilustrativos 32 Los participantes de los diversos talleres aprobaron el marco conceptual y metodol gico presentado en el taller Pusieron de relieve el sentido pr ctico y la transparencia del m todo de disociar el contenido normativo de los derechos Los indicadores ilustrativos se consideraron instrumentos concretos para fomentar la rendici n de cuentas y la adopci n de pol ticas adecuadas por parte de las entidades responsables para promover la realizaci n de los derechos humanos Se consider que en general se dispon a de la mayor a de los indicadores seleccionados para evaluar el ejercicio de los derechos que pod an extraerse principalmente de registros administrativos aunque en ocasiones su alcance era insuficiente Los participantes reconocieron la utilidad de la aplicaci n del marco de indicadores de los derechos humanos y el valor que a ad a a los objetivos de desarrollo del Milenio y pusieron de relieve la
111. s en el taller subregional de Nueva Delhi proced an del Afganist n Bangladesh Bhut n Filipinas la India Indonesia Malasia Maldivas Nepal el Pakist n la Rep blica Isl mica del Ir n y Sri Lanka y representaban al Foro de Asia y el Pac fico En Kampala los participantes proced an de Burundi Etiop a Kenya la Rep blica Unida de Tanzan a Rwanda Somalia el Sud n y Uganda HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 17 los indicadores se dio a conocer en un taller internacional organizado en el Brasil Sao Paulo junio de 2007 un taller regional latinoamericano organizado en Chile Santiago junio de 2007 y una consulta a nivel nacional organizada en Rio de Janeiro diciembre de 2007 Tambi n se dio a conocer al proyecto Metagora del Consorcio Paris 21 Consorcio de Estadisticas para el Desarrollo en el Siglo XXI Par s 21 en una conferencia internacional de evaluaci n del impacto en los derechos humanos Pa ses Bajos noviembre de 2006 en las consultas organizadas por el Organismo Canadiense de Desarrollo Internacional en el Canad Ottawa marzo de 2006 y mayo de 2007 a la Organizaci n de Cooperaci n y Desarrollo Econ micos Dublin Irlanda abril de 2007 y en el noveno Foro Anual de ONG de la Uni n Europea organizado bajo la Presidencia de Portugal Lisboa diciembre de 2007 30 En 2007 2008 se organizaron sesiones de informaci n para el Comit de Derechos Econ micos Sociales y Culturales el Comit contra la Tortura e
112. sbozan los resultados de las consultas a nivel regional y nacional y la informaci n procedente de los ejercicios de validaci n de este trabajo Tambi n se hace una reflexi n sobre algunas cuestiones pertinentes al ulterior desarrollo de esta labor en el plano nacional En la ltima secci n se hace un resumen del estado actual de los trabajos y se formulan sugerencias para el proceso de seguimiento ES fe eee 2 ola Los anexos se reproducen nicamente en el idioma en que se presentaron originalmente GE 08 41951 S 050608 170608 HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 2 INDICE Parrafos INTRODUCCION o oie hae tos e Lote ooh 1 3 I EL MARCO CONCEPTUAL Y METODOL GICO 4 16 II PERTINENCIA Y SELECCI N DE LOS INDICADORES ESTRUCTURALES DE PROCESO Y DE RESULTADOS 17 26 II VALIDACI N E INTERCAMBIO DE INFORMACI N SOBRE LA LABOR REALIZADA Lirica iia 27 40 IV CONCLUSIONES nasa 41 45 II Samples of meta data sheets on identified indicatorSs sssssssssss P gina 3 5 11 16 20 22 35 HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 3 LA UTILIZACION DE INDICADORES PARA PROMOVER Y VIGILAR EL EJERCICIO DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS INFORME SOBRE LA LABOR DE LA OFICINA DEL ALTO COMISIONADO PARA LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS EN MATERIA DE INDICADORES PARA LOS ORGANOS DE TRATADOS INTRODUCCION 1 El presente informe fue preparado por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos ACNU
113. ses en desarrollo o los pa ses desarrollados De igual manera se adopt el t rmino general grupo objetivo con referencia a determinados grupos de la poblaci n como las mujeres los ni os las minor as tnicas o religiosas o sectores vulnerables y marginados de la poblaci n que podr an necesitar una atenci n especial seg n el contexto del pa s Por ltimo al elaborar los cuadros ilustrativos se ha tenido cuidado de destacar el papel de la principal entidad responsable de la realizaci n del derecho en cuesti n En ese sentido adem s de los indicadores que reflejan el alcance de los recursos judiciales y su grado de utilizaci n en el marco se se alan indicadores sobre el papel que podr an desempe ar en la realizaci n de los derechos humanos los agentes no judiciales administrativos judiciales y cuasijudiciales por ejemplo las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos Tambi n se ha procurado determinar mediante indicadores estructurales y de proceso apropiados el papel de las ONG y de la cooperaci n internacional en el fomento de la realizaci n de los derechos humanos HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 16 III VALIDACION E INTERCAMBIO DE INFORMACION SOBRE LA LABOR REALIZADA 27 Al emprender esta labor el ACNUDH estableci un grupo oficioso de expertos parte de cuya composici n cambiar a seg n las necesidades del programa de consultas Este grupo de expertos examin todas las propuestas de la Secretar a sobre el conc
114. speciales de las Naciones Unidas Puede ocurrir que en general con esos datos se subestime la incidencia de las violaciones e incluso que resulte imposible hacer comparaciones v lidas entre per odos o regiones pero tambi n es posible que ofrezcan indicaciones a los rganos de tratados para evaluar la situaci n de los derechos humanos en un pa s Aungue las ltimas tentativas han demostrado gue tambi n se puede emplear para supervisar la protecci n de los derechos econ micos sociales y culturales este m todo se ha utilizado principalmente y con mayor eficacia s lo para vigilar las violaciones de los derechos civiles y politicos Criterios para la selecci n de indicadores cuantitativos 15 La principal consideraci n al adoptar una metodolog a para definir y crear indicadores de los derechos humanos o indicadores de cualquier otro tipo es su pertinencia y eficacia al abordar los objetivos que stos han de perseguir Casi todos los dem s requisitos metodol gicos se desprenden de esta consideraci n En el contexto de la labor realizada por los rganos de tratados para vigilar la observancia de los derechos humanos los indicadores cuantitativos deber an idealmente ser pertinentes v lidos y fiables ser simples oportunos y pocos estar basados en informaci n objetiva y en mecanismos de generaci n de datos prestarse a la comparaci n temporal y espacial y ajustarse a las normas de estad sticas internacionales pertinent
115. ss size Although one country may have a lower ratio of students to teaching staff than another this does not necessarily mean that classes are smaller in the first country or that students in the first country receive more teaching inputs The relationship between the ratio of students to teaching staff and average class size is influenced by factors like differences between countries in the length of the school year the annual number of hours for which a student attends class the annual time teachers are expected to spend teaching the grouping of students within classes and the practices related to team learning This indicator does not take into account differences in teachers qualifications pedagogical training experiences and status teaching materials and variations in classroom conditions factors which could affect the quality of teaching learning UDHR article 26 ICESCR articles 13 and 14 ICERD article 5 e v ICRMW articles 30 and 43 a c CRC articles 23 28 and 29 and CEDAW articles 10 and 14 2 d are examples of provisions relevant to the right to education and this indicator Reported cases of forced evictions in the reporting period see outcome indicators in the table on the right to adequate housing This indicator refers to the number of reported individual cases of forced eviction during the reference period Forced eviction is defined as the permanent or temporary removal against their will of indivi
116. ssociated with communicable and under death penalty e Reported cases of arbitrary deprivation of life clarified by status of person at the non communicable diseases e g e g as reported to the UN Special Rapporteur date of clarification at liberty in HIV AIDS malaria and on Extrajudicial summary or arbitrary detention or dead tuberculosis executions 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets ez eursed 8007 DIN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to liberty and security of person UDHR Art 3 Arrest and detention based on criminal charges Administrative deprivation of liberty Effective review by court Security from crime and abuse by law enforcement officials e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to liberty and security of person ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to liberty and security of person in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to liberty and security of person e Time frame and coverage of policy and administrative framework against any arbitrary deprivations of liberty whether based on criminal charges sentences or decisions by Structural a court or administrative grounds e g immigration mental i
117. t under specialised treatment device women s sexual and diseases e g measles e Proportion of driving licences e Proportion of mental health facilities e Share of public expenditure on reproductive freedom withdrawn for breaches of road inspected in the reporting period essential medicines met through responded to effectively by the rules international aid government e Proportion of live births with e Infant and under five e Prevalence of deaths injuries e Death rate associated with and prevalence of communicable and non low birth weight mortality rates diseases and disabilities caused communicable diseases e g HIV AIDS malaria tuberculosis Outcome e Perinatal mortality rate e Proportion of underweight by unsafe natural and e Proportion of persons abusing harmful substances e Maternal mortality ratio children under five years of occupational environment e Life expectancy at birth or age 1 and health adjusted life expectancy age e Suicide rates 24 04 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets 97 vursed 8007 DIN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment UDHR Art 5 Physical and mental integrity of detained or imprisoned persons Conditions of detention Use of force by law enforcement officials outside detention Community and domest
118. tilidad en el plano nacional de la labor desarrollada por el ACNUDH 3 En la secci n I del informe se describe el marco conceptual y metodol gico adoptado para determinar los indicadores cuantitativos pertinentes tras la evoluci n registrada en los dos ltimos a os En la secci n II se examina la utilidad de una configuraci n de indicadores estructurales de proceso y de resultados para dicho marco y se ponen de relieve algunas consideraciones para la selecci n de los indicadores ilustrativos de distintos derechos humanos En la secci n III se esbozan los resultados de las consultas regionales y nacionales y la informaci n procedente de los ejercicios de validaci n de este trabajo Tambi n se hace una reflexi n sobre algunas cuestiones pertinentes al ulterior desarrollo de esta labor en el plano nacional En la ltima secci n se hace una recapitulaci n del estado actual de esta labor y de las sugerencias que se someten a los rganos de tratados en relaci n con el proceso de seguimiento que puede relacionarse con las normas de derechos humanos que aborda y refleja problemas y principios de derechos humanos y que se utiliza para evaluar y vigilar la promoci n y protecci n de los derechos humanos 4 Los derechos humanos para los que ya se han preparado indicadores son el derecho a la vida el derecho a la libertad y a la seguridad personal el derecho a participar en los asuntos p blicos el derecho a no ser sometido a tortura
119. uales en lo que respecta a la realizaci n de los derechos humanos o nicamente algunos de los atributos de un derecho mientras reconoce el pleno alcance de las obligaciones en relaci n con las normas pertinentes de derechos humanos En efecto el marco permite mantener un equilibro entre el uso de un conjunto b sico de indicadores de los derechos humanos que pueden tener pertinencia universal y al mismo tiempo conservan la flexibilidad de una evaluaci n m s detallada y espec fica de determinados atributos de los derechos humanos pertinentes dependiendo de las exigencias de una determinada situaci n 44 En cuarto lugar el marco se centra en dos categor as de indicadores y mecanismos de generaci n de informaci n a los indicadores que son o pueden ser recopilados por los sistemas estad sticos oficiales utilizando las encuestas estad sticas y los registros administrativos y b los indicadores o informaci n normalizada que suelen ser recopilados por entidades no gubernamentales y organizaciones de derechos humanos en base a presuntas violaciones denunciadas por v ctimas testigos u ONG La intenci n es estudiar y agotar el uso de la informaci n f cilmente disponible particularmente la procedente de conjuntos de datos objetivos para vigilar la observancia de los derechos humanos Por ltimo el marco se centra principalmente en indicadores cuantitativos y en algunos indicadores cualitativos como base para una evaluaci n transparent
120. udes the proportion of such transmissions or communications that have received an effective response from the government Useful guidance on what ought to HRI MC 2008 3 pagina 42 Rationale Method of computation Data collection and source Periodicity Disaggregation be included in a complaint can be found on the OHCHR website notably in the model complaint form for communications to the Human Rights Committee Committee Against Torture Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women The indicator captures to an extent the effort required of States to respect protect and fulfil the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in conformity with article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights the provisions of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the provisions of other international laws States parties must ensure that individuals have access to effective remedies to vindicate their right States Parties should make appropriate reparation take provisional or interim measures as necessary as well as measures to prevent a recurrence of violations of the right and ensure that those responsible are brought to justice Human Rights Committee General Comment 31 CCPR C Rev 1 Add 13 It is a process indicator that reflects th
121. uestra que no hay una correspondencia un voca entre el gasto p blico y el resultado f sico que genera ese gasto El resultado f sico depende de los recursos y otros factores institucionales y no institucionales que var an de un lugar a otro por lo que es dif cil interpretar los indicadores de gasto p blico Por ejemplo puede ocurrir que en determinada regi n de un pa s se obtengan mejores resultados que en otra en la que el gasto p blico per c pita es m s alto 14 La variable est tica es aquella que puede medirse en determinado momento por ejemplo el n mero de personas detenidas al final del per odo examinado mientras que la variable din mica se mide a lo largo de un per odo prolongado por ejemplo el n mero de detenciones registradas en el per odo examinado HRI MC 2008 3 p gina 14 es gue para cada derecho o m s bien atributo de un derecho es importante definir por lo menos un indicador de resultados gue pueda vincularse estrechamente a la realizaci n o disfrute de ese derecho o atributo Los indicadores de proceso se determinan de manera que reflejen los esfuerzos de las entidades responsables para alcanzar el resultado deseado o perseguido Dicho esto en la lista de indicadores ilustrativos v ase el anexo J se intenta utilizar un enfoque coherente para diferenciar los indicadores de proceso de los indicadores de resultados Otros indicadores comunes 23 La lista de indicadores ilustrativos se debe considerar
122. uintiles or consumption expenditures before and after taxes 24 4 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets TE eursed 8007 DIN TAH The right to freedom of opinion and expression UDHR Art 19 MDG related indicators Freedom of opinion and to impart information Access to information Special duties and responsibilities e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to freedom of opinion and expression RFoB ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the RFoE in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the RFoE including availability of judicial review of any decision taken by the State to restrict RFOE e Number of registered and or active non governmental organisations per 100 000 persons involved in the promotion and protection of the RFoE e Date of entry into force and coverage of code of conduct ethics for journalists and other media persons e Date of entry into force and coverage of legislation for the protection of the freedom of the media including decriminalization of libel defamation and slander Date of entry into force and coverage of legislation on access to information Date of establishment of an independent monitoring Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic law prohibiti
123. um wage precarious to stable contracts during the and or wage setting procedures reporting period involving social partners unions e Employment to population ratios by sex e Incidence of accident at work and e Proportion of workers employed e Unemployment rates by sex target groups and target group and education level occupational diseases after skill upgradation and other level of education LFS registered e Proportion of voluntary part time workers to e Ratio of women to men wages by training programmes including e Incidence of forced labour including worst total part time employed population sector and by other target groups publicly finance jobs forms of child labour and of domestic work e Share of women in wage employment in the e Proportion of identified positions e Long term unemployment rates e Reported cases of violations of the right to Outcome non agricultural sector e g senior officials managerial 1 year or more of work including forced labour discrimination e Proportion of workers in precarious positions in public private unemployment by sex target worst forms of child labour and of domestic employment e g short fixed term casual service held by women and other groups or regions work and unlawful termination of employment seasonal workers etc target groups e Distribution of labour force by and proportion of victims who received level of education adequate compensation e Gini indices and ratio of lowest highest income q
124. ument of ratification or accession to the depository authority At the national level ratification may require a State to undertake certain steps in accordance with its constitutional provisions before it consents to be bound by the treaty provisions internationally The process of ratifying a treaty is normally initiated with a State signing a treaty as a means of authentication and expression of its willingness to continue the treaty ratification process The signature qualifies the signatory State to proceed to ratification It also creates an obligation to refrain in good faith from acts that would defeat the object and the purpose of the treaty Accession is the term used in situations where the State has not signed the treaty beforehand but has directly expressed its consent to become a party to that treaty The indicator does not reflect possible reservation entered by a State on a treaty A reservation is a declaration made by a State by which it purports to exclude or alter the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State A reservation enables a State to accept a multilateral treaty as a whole by providing it with the possibility of not applying certain provisions with which it does not want to comply Reservations can be made by a State when the treaty is signed ratified or acceded to and in conformity with the objective and purpose of the treaty itself and the Vienna Convention of the Law
125. ures for target groups for the right to adequate housing at different levels of government legislation on security of tenure equal e Time frame and coverage of national policy on rehabilitation resettlement and management of natural disaster inheritance and protection against forced eviction e Proportion of received complaints on the right to adequate housing investigated and adjudicated by the national human rights institution human rights ombudsperson or other mechanisms and the proportion of these responded effectively by the government e Number of and total public expenditures on housing reconstruction and rehabilitation by evicted displaced persons during the reporting period e Net official development assistance ODA for housing including land and basic services received or provided as proportion of public expenditure on housing or GNI e Proportion of habitations cities towns e Share of public expenditure on provision e Proportion of households that receive e Average time taken to settle disputes related and villages brought under the provisions and maintenance of sanitation water public housing assistance including those to housing and land rights in courts and of building codes and by laws in the supply electricity and physical connectivity living in subsidised rented housing and tribunals reporting period of habitations households subsidised for ownership e Number proportion of legal appeals aimed at Process e Share of public expenditure on so
126. ury je Proportion of children or pupils per 1000 enrolled and patients diseases HIV AIDS malaria tuberculosis mental illness in custody resulting from arrests or other acts of who experienced corporal punishment in teaching and medical le Proportion of detained or imprisoned persons held incommunicado or in prolonged solitary apprehending persons by law institutions confinement enforcement officials in the reporting je Incidence and prevalence of deaths and crimes related to le Reported cases of inhuman methods of execution and treatment of persons sentenced to death period community and domestic violence including homicide rape Outcome incarcerated in the reporting period assault in the reporting period le Proportion of detained or imprisoned persons with body mass index lt 18 5 le Reported cases of torture or cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment perpetrated by an agent of the State or any other person acting under government authority or with its complicity tolerance or acquiescence but without any or due judicial process e g as reported to the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Violence against Women in the reporting period le Proportion of victims of torture or cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment who received compensation and rehabilitation in the reporting period 24 04 08 All indicators should be disaggregated by prohibited grounds of discrimination as applicable and reflected in metasheets L
127. z eursed 800Z DN TAH List of illustrative indicators on the right to participate in public affairs UDHR Art 21 MDG related indicators Exercise of legislative executive and administrative powers Universal and equal suffrage Access to public service positions e International human rights treaties relevant to the right to participate in public affairs ratified by the State e Date of entry into force and coverage of the right to participate in public affairs in the Constitution or other forms of superior law e Date of entry into force and coverage of domestic laws for implementing the right to participate in public affairs including freedom of opinion expression information media association and assembly e Date of entry into force of universal suffrage right to vote right to stand for election legal provisions defining citizenship and limitations including age limits on permanent residents with respect to the right to participate in public affairs at national and local level e Quota time frame and coverage of temporary and special measures for targeted populations in legislative executive judicial and appointed bodies e Type of accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions by the rules of procedure of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions Structural e Number of registered and or active non governmental organisations per 100 000 persons involve

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