②基礎知識
Contents
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 51
7. 34 35 a
8. LNO 4
9. DTM i No
10. 1 2 3 4 2 5 m ml5mmy 10mmy 20mm YS S S S L S km 1 2 1km H h gi
11. 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 2 5 1 2 Na mm EE 2 GNSS 25 No 7
12. 6X6X60 N NOo 3
13. 99 NO 18 4 4 H
14. O
15. 1 250 1 500 1 1 000 No 13 72 500 Les 1 5 000 N25 N45 1 19 X 0 Y 0 em PS 1 250 1m 5m 1 500 1 5m 1 1 000 1 5m mm RE 0 9999 1 10 000 2m 10m 7 1 10 000 4m 20m 90km 1 0000 1 25 000 10m 50m 130km 1 0001 1 50 000 20m 100m 1 200 000 100m 500m 1 500 000 200m 1000m 1 BMM
16. 2 GNSS
17. 6 28
18. 6 36 37
19. GNSSG8 1 20 25 km 10 15 km 1 229 2 TS GNSS GRS80 Xp XA TT D Rs ET YB 121 R D Ri YA Zs ZAl Tl Ke R DllZA ka GR XA YA ZA Bessel TrTs Ts Ri Rz R Z Ri X X R Y Y Rs 3 D Xs Ys Zs GRS80 GNSS 8
20. 3 0 560 5120 30 590 5150 3 1 2 T1 T2 3 1 1 TS 1 1 2 8 15 2
21. 10 5 A AE 1 E 4 al AI i 2 X 4cm 1 cm ME 3 GPS GLONASS 2 GLONASS 4 4 2000
22. DEM Landsat 705 7 30m 185km SPOT5 832km 5 10m 2 5 5 60km IKONOS 1 680 4 0 82 1m 11 3km Quick B 650 3 0 61 60km 80
23. CRT 1 x y AD y y 2 X Y UTM X Y X Y 3 X ax by c Y ay bx d n Yi 1 0 X1 1 X1 0 1 Y 2 72 1 0 c X2 d yn Xn 0 1 Ys AX B ACWAX A WB x y 0 DN 7a 0 x y Dl jp x MA n 0 5 x 0 n NX F N NX NF X N TF
24. SO 3 GIS 1 2 3
25. 19 2 2 20 FF Ww GE
26. M mrrms 1 3 4 X M 16 M mtm 1243 10 M 10 M 1mr 2mi 3mi mi 2 M 3 x2 36 M 6 M 1m 2my 4 16 20 X M y 20 2 5 X TS AD 5mm 5XDX10 5mm 5XDX 10 D 140m AD 5mm 5 1 4mm10 X10 5mm 0 7mm AD 5 7mm Mi m m3 52 0 72 25 49 M 5 05mm P 27 No 14
27. ni
28. 0 075mm 300 1 250 0 3mm 102 8
29. D C D t n 18 _ tC 2n 28 ns vs n Vs 29 Ds D 30 D D 28 29 30 n D D 31 n jn n 1 As 32 n 1 An 33 D 31 D D D As An 34 27 As An 34 D 0 815 um m
30. 14 1 2 15 1 1 225 1800
31. a 4 3 1 10km 1 90 9 120 9 9 GNSS 2 10km 2 GNSS LE 1 i 10 10 20 Rs F 1 1 1 1 1 2 10 1 m NM WM Um 3 FIX 10 8 i El 5 ya 2 a 2 1 12 GNSS RTK 1 1 TS TS 3 4 8 RTK
32. 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 5 10 12 5 6 250m 150 3km 2 GPS 5km S e gt 6 60 40 3 5
33. 5 a b y ax b y Pi vyj B y y axj b Vi a x b a tan6 6 east squares method f pia min 2 weight p pys 1 f VD min f X ax b yi min a b B xj y y ax
34. 9X9X75 IP 9X9X90 6X6X60 9X9X75 BM 9X9X75 6X6X60 4 5X4 5X45 6X6X60 4 5X4 5X90 4 5X4 5X45 4 5X4 5X45 12X12 X90 120 6X6X60 12X12X120 9X9X75 12X12X90 120
35. 9 Q b 14 1 1 3 oO 2 2 3
36. 105 PF 12 2 13
37. 15 3 16 2 2 4 2 3 3 4
38. 9 52 2 54 6 1 9 55 1 2 3 4
39. O rf D 1km oe 22rt GNSS GPS a os n 3 x 10 o 7 f 3 X10 co c 0 CS RAAT 0 5x10 3 2 3 x 10 3 2 3 x 10 6 2 3 x 10 5 2 x 1 x 103 2 6 08 x 10 6
40. IP IP IP BM BM F 3 4 0 5km BM
41. 40 No 7 GNSS GNSSQ GPS GPS Global Positioning System GNSS Global Navigation Satelite System GNSS GPS GPS GNSS 2 km 6 GPS GPS Glonass Galileo COMPASS 2010 2017 19 24 1 4 I O 3 GNSS GPS GPS L1 1575 42MHz L2 1227 6
42. 1 GNSSd0 23 12 1 g ER P CV GPS PCV
43. 4 ip TS 94
44. op 2 4mm op a Dppm 6BL 1973 op 5mm 1ppm 8 op 6mm 1ppm HP3800B 1970 op 5mm 7ppm ME3000 op 0 2mm 0 5ppm ME5000 1987 op 0 2mm 0 2ppm
45. 133 3 GNSS IMU GNSS Ns I DOP PDOP HDOP VDOP G8 G9 Landsat 180km x 180km Landsat16 SPOT26
46. 1 24
47. GNSS 1 2 100mm 20mmy N gt 1 NN 1 0 5 7 RO CO 300mm 200mm _ 3 4 5 6 150mm 50mmy NZS 150mm 100mm NZS ei Na Id 200mm 150mm gt S 200mmt300mm gt S 7 1 TS N N 1
48. 1 2 dh mm 5 29 sin2e 9 Hm ep 2 do 2 p 3438 1 H m 2 m 2 1m 3m 4
49. 2 RTK GNSS 1 GNSS 500m
50. 180 n K H H Lsino f K K H H Lsineo gt ii K K 1 1 1 H Hi Lsin 4 2 5 f gt G2 f 1 Hi 200 000m 1 1 32 507 1 2 1499 475m 1 ji 1 4m 2 f 1 9m Hz 40 487 1 4 1 9 239 987m 1 H1 200 000m 2 co 1 31 407 1500 000m 2 j 1 5m 1 1 8m Hz 200 000 39 992 1 5 1 8 240 292m 6 S 9
51. 3 4 104 JPGIS NOo 20 W 1 6
52. Ah AH Ah T T gt Ti Tz T AHi T AHz T Ah AH 24 9 1 23 8 21 Tr 1 5810m 24 10 20 T2 1 6250m AH AH Ah T2 0 044m X 49 5 1mm 425 1 6250m 0 0051m 1 6199m 1
53. 2 3 4 5 TS RTK GNSS RTK GNSS W R AR tan 240 0 6 tan 240 60m Tp W Xy 240 6 30 0 270 60m 2 x Tp 2 x 240 60 541 20m 2 A lt RL _G20m7 R 240m LL 600 0 125 xp 7 162 a 75 79 TL xR x 240m 317 09m CL Lc 2L 317 09 2X60 0
54. 43 I t 44 45 4 46 6
55. G0 24 No 2 1 1 5 5 A B C 1 GNSS 3 ee S S1 1 118 300m 1 106 082m Q1 315 00 00 e2 50 000m Q 2 330 00 00 55 AB 5S e2 2 2e Srcos 360 q 106 822 1 118 32 2 x 106 82 x 1 118 3cos45 106 0822 1 118 32 2 x 106 082 x 1 118 3 x 0 707
56. 16 17 2 18 19
57. 2 1 5 AN AN 20mm AE AE AU AU 30mm 6 4 7 2000 RTK 98 1 2 96 2 7 3 97 3 6 4 94 4 H 1
58. 4 0O 9 a 2 5 3 49 PT
59. e 1 GPS__ GPS 2_ _GLONASSS_ 3 GLONASS GPS 4_ H _GLONASS___ 5 GPS GPS 3 GNSS 25 No 8 GNSS GNSS RTK RTK 1 RTK GNSS 2 RTK 3 4
60. ide i i IC 3 4 1H O 4 1 500m 2 500m 3cm x S 1km 3
61. 4 5 GIS GIS 1 GIS 2 GIS
62. 2 4 5 6 7 20cm 2 10
63. GNSS 39 GNSS GNSS 200m 4
64. 28 9 29 3 ts 3 1 32
65. 2 3 53 56 3 56 4 56 5 56 6 55 61 22 39
66. 0 55 2 55 12 55 13 1 2 55 14 61 21 100 2 53 56 653 56 2 1
67. TS TS 1 0 001m 0 001m 0 000001m2 0 5 0 5 2 5mm 101 H
68. Xx x 6x Ax x x Kir Kz2r Ks3r IE r2 2x2 2P Br2 y y 6y Ay y Krr2 Kzr Kar IP r2 2y2 2P 1 Pr X r 7 K K2 Ks p PB MEWE F 555ELD 503cxPP jo Imperx d40 Ar mm d1x 17mm dix 20mm EOS5d Fpix6800z mm 2 M 4 5 0 45 0 4 0 35 MKWE gt 03 555ELD 0 25 0 503cxPP 0 15 Imperx 0 1 Ce d40 0 W d1x 17mm Ge SG SQ 5 8
69. Q RTK TS 94 4 1 2 5 3 6 0 0 7 8
70. DTM 85
71. S 1000 S 500 1 250 1 100 5 10 _
72. 2 4 49 ii 0 3 Japan Profile for Geographic Information Standards JPGIS 10
73. 4 299 2 2
74. O 1 2 2 70m 20 C AC Co T T a Ah C T T a Ah T 20 C C 14 m m w 1 2 x 10 6 Ah 81 55m T 15 AC 14pum 15 20 1 2 x 10 9 x 81 55m 1 1mm 0 5mm 1 6mm
75. 1 50m 0 1mm 2 60m 1mm 3 4 70m 1mm 80m 1mm 1 2 S km 1 2 5mmy S 2 5mmy S 8 10mmJ S 4 20mm S S km 62 1 2mmJ S 2 5mmJ S 3 10mmJ S 4 20mmy S 5 1 15mmJ S 2 15mmy S 3 15mmy S
76. ABCDE X m Y m Yi Xi Yir1 1 aa A 4 4 16 B 9 3 27 C 10 7 70 D 7 9 1 7 E 4 6 6 28 60 2 30 30 mY NO 15 1 TS 1 4 1 2 0 90 i 1 1 1mm 2 2 TS 2 4 10 3 2 2 0 60 120 10 1 1lmm 2 3 TS 4 20 2 0 90 20 1 1mm 2 20
77. n 180 n
78. 2 m o m 2 m AHi n H J FX 291
79. DPD 1000dp 39 37dpmm 1 0 0254mm 1 25 4mm 0 255 RGB 3 256 8 2 0 5
80. NO 10 6 b az bi ai x 6 6 0 6 lt 0 6 gt 0 2 30m ZG bi ai 09 3m D bs as D bz bz x 1 2 180 3 57
81. 0 a 3 200m 97
82. 2 dO 42 1 2 E
83. 2 89 1 50m 1 2 100 200m 1 2 10m 1 0Q a H b 2 a b 0
84. 1 1 4 SI 4 H V 2 TTS 4 XX 4
85. 100m 1 g E E 2 0 90 60 40 1 60 2 5mm H
86. 36 37 2 107 GNSS GNSS 120 30 1 10km 1 A 30 1 10km 2 4 od 20 3 4 10 5 2
87. M 84 DM T DM
88. s S S 1 mo fh m0 yD 1 1 0 0 r VMN 3 N a 1 e E M W3 2 a W W 1 e lt 2sin2o 2 _p2 a b e lt a2 e 82 s S mo yuys 2 y 2 ab m 0 9999 UTM m 0 9996 1 H 1 2mm
89. S S S D D D 250 0 12m 0 25m 0 5m 500 0 25m 0 25m 0 5m 1000 0 70m 0 33m 0 5m 2500 1 75m 0 66m 1 0m 5000 3 5m 1 66m 2 5m 10000 7 0m 3 33m 5 0m TS GNSS 4 1 1 bd 250 35m 40m 35m 500 40m 45m 40m 1000 45m 50m 50m TS 1 TS TS GNSS
90. 3 RTK 3 4 RTK 5 RTK 5 GNSS XYZ X N h cosgpcosA 1 Y N h cosgpsinA 2 Z IN 1 e2 hlsino h H N Hi Ng N e h N a W W 1 e lt sin2o XYZ Y tanA x P2 X2 Y2 N h lt cosZo P COSD N h 3 Z 0 TNC 52 sinp N h Z Z PP coso P NG e h PNe N h Z p N _1e C0SPj_1 P Cos p P yX2 Y2
91. H H 100
92. 63 66 10 1 55 9 1 2 56 5 3 57 3 55 9 2 55 55 10 1 ml No 2 4d
93. C v Fa 8 a b n V 14 15 n 1 n C n Y C v C n V 16 D y D t D V 7 15 _tC 2n G8 16
94. 1 10km L1LL2 2 2 GNSS 3 GNSS 4 GNSS mt GNSS 4 GNSS 24 No 8
95. GPS PCV GNSSs d 23 12 1 P CV 4 GPS PCV
96. 46 1 47 5 48 i A 1 PV 2 3 6 49 1 2 Uy 23 50
97. AB 5 mm 5X10 D D 20 1 2 X105 14 1 X Gm Y m A 205 10 B 20 195 14 2 Bl 345 2 1207 14 3 A TS C 140m TS C P 100m S1 Mg 5mm 5 x 10 6 x 1 4 x 105mm 25 0 49 25 49 S2 Mi 2 5mm lt 5 x 10 6 x 1 0 x 1057 lt 25 0 25 25 25 tanTsa ya ys xa xg 10 195 205 20 1 Tea 45 Tas 45 180 135 Tac amp 1i Tast B81 120 Ter amp Tast 8 180 8 s 60 P Xc XATSicos amp 1 Xp XcTSzcos o s XATSicos o 1 S2COS oy 5 Yc YATSisim o 1 Yp Yc Szcos o s YATSisin o Sssin os P
98. IM 1 2 10kg 2mm 1 5mm 32 22 1 2 3 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 4km 2k
99. 416 PC y ACP S S Zysin B ZACB 2S 2X839 179 y Zsin B C 79 643xsin 98 302199 21 297m 103 NO 19 GIS GIS GIS GIS GIS
100. GNSS H h N GNSS WGS 84 N h H GNSS WGS 84 92 TKY2WGS GNSSQ 2 2 1 L2 PCV 1 2 3 4
101. E E F PS 250 1 250
102. 26 2 27 64 29 30 30 G
103. BC EC 2 2 2 BC BC 2 S 2 2 co 2
104. 1 g 90 100s 0 9 tt 1 18 100 0 009 tt 1 1 100 0 00009 100 GON 108 I 1 POS DM 2 1 2 3 DC POS 4 CE 6 7 mm DEM 74
105. 1 2 20km 3 4 4 1 1000 1 10000 1 100 200 MM
106. OGRS80 6378137m 1 P f 298 25722201 9 33 1
107. 1 2m 2 5m 3 10m 1 2
108. we 0 46 171 a 5 46 1692 2 63 4m 4x5 M2 lt 0 6375 M 0 8mm S w 1 S d hj hj 64 NOo 11 DM 5 5 4 nl
109. 7 X Y HH r 0 r 0 rr m XX Si cos TT YY Y S sin XY O TX S
110. 3 9 4 5 1 6 2 1 1 18
111. 19 vg dv Vs V A 23 14 C n 24 n 8 23 n dn n n A 25 19 25
112. 6 Sg a O AB 180 1 9 180 180 1
113. 3 1 A 500 a 0 5 1 150m 3 I OE I TS 2 3 500m 1 I0 000 RTK 500m 50mm 1 TS GNSS 5 2000 97 2 96 2 7 3 1
114. 5m 5m 0 1 1 1 2 1 2
115. 2 1 r 9 1 0L A L 6 x A 1 R AZ RL LL L2 _ A 2R 242 2R2 S VX2 Y2 X Y 2 IL IL6 40RZ 3456R4 599040R6 L lt L lt 4 L6 1 eR 204oRt 1er2a0oR6 AR Y R cos R M X XM X R sinr T Y cosec 88 Y cot 2 S L L AZ R L R L 9 R A AR XM L W RAR tan Tp W Xy w 0 2 L
116. 2 GNSS 2 10km 500m 3 RTK a GNSS
117. OITRE HH Es GNSS GNSS 25mmVN 25mm GNSS GNSSG9 44 X Y 90 Z GNSS WGS 84
118. No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5 TS No No 7 GNSS No 8 No 9 No 10 No 11 No 12 No 13 No 14 No 15 No 16 No 17 No 18 No 19 GIS No 20 No 21 LNO 1 24 188 1 1 yu 1 5
119. 90 1 2 000 1 1 000 5cmyS 2mm 1 5 0 7k m 10k mf 6km 10km 10km 10km 7k mm 6 4 5 7 8 5 6 9
120. 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 X 4 X 1 X 1 2 X 1 1 1 1 8km 1 5km 1 3 2 1 2 10 3 4 5 1 4 5 5 5 2 5 5
121. 1 1 4 5km 1 1 B C 3 1 1km hi 17 275m 2 0 5 h 9 683 3 0 25 h 7 549 HA 30 000m 1 H h v X Ha h 47 275 2 X h vV X2 X h X 9 683 3 X hs vs HA va X Ha ha X 37 549 1 1 59
122. 4 i 1 5 GNSS GNSS GNSS 5 GNSS 1 GNSS GNSS
123. 5 GNSS 0 001m S X1 X2 Y1 Y2 Z4 Z2 GNSS GNSS 1 500m km cm 1 GNSS 4 1
124. 38 N 250mm 45mmy N N ny IN 3 fn tH 2 3 4 i 10 20 80 20mm 4X10 D 30mm 4X10 D As 100m 40mmy N As N 250mm 45mm N 4 N TS P ms Y mi 1 1 8 2 3 5 0 3 10mm 5X10 45 4 13 5
125. S Lcos 2 2 Hm 1 S L D Hi A i A Hz B js B ei A es B N A B R r VMN R 2a b 3 M N a b r R H 1 HH 5 H i1 H2 i2 N 23 48 78m 11 1 4m Hz 298 63m j 1 4m 1 Hm 5 48 78 1 4 298 63 1 4 35 00 210 105m 1 a j 5 57 54 2 a 6 02 06 Q Eo 2 Ng 35 00m R 6 370km _ 3 216 06cos6 210 105 1 370 000 S 3 198 442 1 00003298 3 198 337m
126. O 3 4 1 5 1 1 3 1 HH 1 4 2 1 4
127. 37 2 41 4 42 1 2 1 2 108 43 2 1 P dN
128. 2 mm 3 PC H RN TS 92 1 TS GNSS TS 2 TS TS 2 3 TS SD SD 500 100mm P 100mm 1000 100mm P 100mm 2500 200mm 200mm
129. GNSS 15 30 GNSS GNSS J 1km 24 GNSS H h N GNSS WGS 84 h N H
130. RTK 3 GNSS 1
131. AXs 2 Xi 9 Si ASit 9 Xp 8 S2 8 2 A 8 2 cos eiASi cos osASz Sjsin wiA Sssin osA Ssin os A 2 cos ciASi cos go 2 A S2 Sisin a iTSssin a amp 2 A B 1 S2sin a amp 2 A ps ASzt 2Xp 9 ABi 9 Xp B COS o 1Ms1 cos a 2Ms2 Sisin a 1 S2sin a 7M p12 8S2sin oe M2 cos amp 1 1 2 cos amp 2 1 2 sin amp 1 3 2 sin amp 2 3 2 Mxp Msr Ms2 cos a sin oe Si S2 S2 M gp 25 49 25 25 1 2 10 3 27 1 4 1 0 1 03 20 2 X109 12 685 3 4 6 76 X100 12 685 507 519 685 Mxp 22 8mm Yc YATSisim or 1 Yp Yc Sscos o 2 YatSisin o Sssin o 2 AYp 9Yp 9Si ASr 2 Yp 9 S AS 9Yj 9 8 A pi 9Yp 92 A Bs simoeiASrTsin wsASz Sicos wiA DiSzcos osA Sscos o A ps sin amp 1A Sitsin osASz Sicos a TSzcose 2A BitSzcos a 2A B 2 Myp sin o Ms sin amp 2Ms2 Sicos a TSzcos a 7M Scos 62 Ms2 cos amp 1 1 2 cos amp 2 1 2 sin amp 1 3 2 sin amp 2 3 2 Myp sin a Ms Ms2 cos a 1 Si S2 S2 M g 3 2 25 49 25 25 1 2 1 4 1 1 X100 38 055mm 29 67 055 Myp 8 2mm x 3 x x x n VY x V2 X2X VXnX Vi v z 7 v 2 E Zw ZCQ D2X 2 x tn 9B 9 x 0 2 x 2nx 0
132. GNSS 8 1 2 3 4 60 30 4 3 4 20 15 5 4 1 5 5 GNSS 15 30 GNSS GNSS GNSS 1km 2 GNSS GNSS 25mmvN 25mm
133. gss B11 T B22 T 8un o of Oo2 OS S s s s s 50m o 5mm 3 S o o2 93 3o 3x5 lt o 8 6mm S xy AS Ax Ay A8 yAX x Ay 2xyAxy oO8 y 0 X 0 2xyoxy 08 x2o 2xyozy xy oy Ss30m X50m 1nm 2mm os y og xZoz 50m x 1mm 30m x 2mm 0 0025 0 0036 0 0061m2 lt os 0 079m2 lt c o oz 03 S s s2 S n S n S os no s os Oo Vn S
134. lt 3 4 2 1 106 2 2 1 2 3 4 31 32 4 3 1
135. 1 2 3 4 80mm 100mm 100mm 100mm 100mm 100mm sd 200mm 200mm 200mm 200mm sd 44 2 3 G0 7 45
136. GQ 0 a gt FE i FIX 10 1 3 TS GNSS 5 a EY 6 GLONASS 2 X0 3mm 6 1 4 GPS 2 ER 96 GLONASS 1 TS TS TS 2 4 3 TS 66 1 1 2 2
137. gt y EE LL y EH sk SS 6 3 El EE E Ls Ls
138. 92 TKY2WGS GNSS 0 001m Ss X14 2 Y Z 2 GNSSG km cm GNSS ml 1 20mm 4ppmD 30mm 4ppmD s 10 4YN cm As 20 10S cm S km ME 10cm ME 20cm 8cm
139. i
140. 9 8 24 322 2 2 19 63 2 3 19 78 3
141. Ni S 3000 10mm 60 S 2000 15mm 90 S 100m 50m 20m 100m 50m 20m 50m 20m 50m NN 4 IP 20m S 2000 10mm 2 S 1000 20mm 3 S SR
142. 3 1 1cm 1 78 1 1 6 45 80 GPS GNSS
143. v 3x10 m _ ff 10MHz 30m 30m 2 15m n 0 0 15 m 2 1 1 1 5 15m G00 1 5mm 1mm 1 f 15MHz 3 x 108m 15xtoemz X 1 20m 1 2 16000 2 10000 Om 30MHz 5m 0 5mm 10MHz 15m 1 5mm 100kHz 1 5km 150mm 10kHz 15km 1 5m 5km 1 4000 5000 2 3 15MHz 50k Hz 1 A Eu 6000 A sokHz _3x108m _ B15MHz 3km 10m x 0 3m x
144. PS N 4 1 RTK 1 N RTK RTK cm
145. 1 2 LE 1 23 2 POS GNSS 3 GNSS 5 1 2 POS IMU 3 H 596H 1 4 000
146. 2 1 O 12 10 6 13 14 15
147. 3 6 S 2cm 90 20m 10mm 20m S 2000 90 7 20m 20mm 20m S 1000 90 20m 50mm iM BM 1 2 ITP IP 1 3000 60 H TPE BM
148. 0 Pi P P 2 Pi P P 2 X A B CD V AB DC T ArB DC L BA Q AXV 3 V aN b m s N V L t 0 85 gt FE 1
149. b WT b a WT 0 S p d mm 2mm Xn Imm 9 d 2 9 d mm 40 2mm 30m 2
150. km PR 1 2 500 2 1 5 3 1 5 000 4 3 12 1 25 000 1 2 3 4 1 50 000 1 2 3 1 200 000 1 2 UTM 1 25 000 1 50 000 S80 gt N84 1 25 000 7 30 1 1 50 000 15 10 6 1 200 000 1 40 129 135 141 147 0 2mm N E 0 4mm N 0m E 500km N 10 000km E 500km 81 Ekm 0 9996 180km 1 0000 242km 1 0004 1 1 25 000 7 30 5 100k my 1 50 000 15 10 400k my 1 25 000 10m 1 50 000 20m
151. q sxm 23cm x 15 000 3 450m 1 W o 1 L897 5 0 45 45 B 14km 11km F 1 12cm 13 824 X 7 680 100m h 1 000m 700m q 259 30 i 12 gm
152. 3 v 90 v v sinu tanh v u h O r AB 6 6 mL F 25
153. E 60 30 1 H POS GNSS IMU 1
154. GPS PCV Vas GNSS 24 No 5 GNSS A B A B 5 000 00m B 12 00m B A 20 00m 25 00m A B 1 000 00m 0 02m 1 6 90m 2 7 10m 3 11 90m 4 12 10m 5 16 90m 2 GNSS 24 No 6 GNSS
155. 1 16 7mm 18 8mm 20 4mm 24 1mm 25 4mm oo te oO O NN J ES TS 2 D 140m AD 5mm 5x10 5 140m 5mm 0 7mm 5 7mm AD 5mm 0 7mm 25 49mm AD 5 05mm Ah ADsinc 5 7mm 5 05mm x sin30 2 85 2 52 mm 20 1 2mm 9 R9 R 9 20X60 0 20 2wx105 0 006 rad 2 2mm g 0008 333 3mm 4m 6 x 20 x 60 x 4m xtan20 4m X105 4m x 0 006 24 0mm xtan a Ah Ah Ah 68 ADsinc
156. 1 X 47 275 vV 1 1 3 9 V3 0 1 37 549 V AX f W 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 0 6 2 0 0 170 25 0 0 4 ATWAX AIWf NX F 10 0N 1 0 nawa 6s 2 0 1 0 0 4 o 1 1 0 2 0 4 1 0 _ At _ 1 1 0 3 2 N AWA 2 2 47 275 1 2 0 66 641 F AWf 3ew 0 2 4 co 130 830 X N IN 3x6 2 x 2 14 7 6 2 adjN 1 _ adiN _ 17 6 2 N NI Rb J i 1 6 2y 66 641 _ 47 250 X N 3 0 Sp v AX f Vi 1 0 47 275 0 025 2 1 9 683 ee V3 0 1 37 549 0 006 h 17 275 0 025 17 250 h 9 683 0 012 9 695 h 7 549 0 006 7 555 B He Hath 47 250 C Hc Ha hz 37 555 A Ha Hcecths 30 000 3 2 1 0 025 0 012 1 0 0 0 006 2 x 0 0 4 0 025 0 025 0 012 oo 0024 0 024 0 00106 m2 3 a ON 2 2 6 0 002 0 0063 0 056m
157. 18m 180 2 2 1 0 01mm 0 3mm 2 0 1mm 0 3mm 3 1 0mm 3 0mm 1 1 4 CCD
158. m Fa Y2 22 Va Woi 1 Y Z f Ww Vo WWor 0 y 0 ys a Vo Ws Woi 0 4 Y tank sinta Yasin i MA 2 X1 X14 Yi Mgi M 3 c X 0 0 Y Pi A Sko RI m5x mhyz mx m512 0 X 1 Y Ytano se2 coswz 6o gt X2 1 Y cos gt Y Mo2 Mo2 M2 y2 0 Z gt C 0 X cos COSK sin gt Sino gt SinK X cose SinK sin gt Sino2 COSK y gt sine coso gt c 1 Y coso gt sinks x coswz coskz yz2 CMOS XY E N H Z sin Ccosk cos p gt sSimo gt Sinmt gt x 3 sine sink cos gt Sino gt COSK gt Y2 cose coso gt c i a Nl S M Yl l Y
159. H 1 0 19 om D Ah 1 o 0 001 7 i 0 03 2011 15cm s Xs 23cm X23cm p 60 2 EIF 300m 400m 2 23 E 36km h F gt ea Ne A A hf 400hn b s 1 p 92mm 2 B _b 92 150 E AE vm s x 23s 230m Ahe H Ahe 300m 30 AE B 230m 23 H Ah 30 B B 23 150 300 30 92
160. 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 GNSS GPS GLON ASS Galileo GNSS GPS GLONASS 22 2 23 1 2 3 4
161. S 2000 10mm S 1000 20mm ET 0 20m H 3 H
162. 3 4 5 1 110 we 37 2 TS 1
163. GNSS 21 OGNSS GPS GLONASS Galileo OGNSS GPS GLONASS 22 1 1 4 1 4km 1km 2 1 4 1 2 2km 500m 3 1 4 1 3 1 5km 200m 4 1 4 1 3 500m 50m 1 2 37 GNSS 1 120 30 1 10km 60 30 1 10 km 2 4 2 20 15 3 4 3
164. 20 745mmHg D D 1500D 1 279 75207 106 06631 x 745 273 14941 20 x 10 1500 015m 0 t P Ds 0 D Ds 31 D ns D n t Ds t n Ds P Ds P n Ds O D D ds K M D ds K M D D D D n n Ds n n D K D D 2K K dD D ff f
165. Bi n 2 1809 Bi n 2 1809 AB X Cg T Ba Bp XIB nm 1 180 X Y A 2 GS ST dS S dT dT dS Si d8 53 3 33 2 1 32 92 72 _ 9 _SSSSNRS sssRRsS 7222 zz2l 212 2 2 7 2 2 263 3 140 eS PEE 1 SSs S 1 15 8 2 1 20 10 S 2 4 2
166. gq ei_ lt 1012 rad iii tan i p 49 No 8 DD C _ sinB sinC _ ZR a lt 2 bc lt 2bc cosA S abc 4R 1 S e sing sinx 6 SINX a sing_p S 2 esin tanx S ecosp S2 S e cose e sino lt S2 e 2S e coso V vx sinU x tanH v U HH vs vXtanH U 90 D ixtanH O c c x secH
167. vs k 2 Xi x Xa x4 Xs x x v xs xXL vs 15000 02 2 Xi Xi Vi 150 00 04 x Vvi x5 V2 x5 V3 x4 V4 xs vs 0 UV t V V V V4 Vs X X2 xs x xs X x x x4 x 0 t 8 Vi V V V x i 5 x5 4 xc 8 t Vi p Di Dz Ds D4 Ds 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 s3 8 V4 E v p F pivf min UV t vi 2k E VIPV min E 2KT E VTPV 2KT UV t mi E pm 2k m vz t vs
168. 2 Df WW LL 24 2 25 11 I ee 39 21 1 2 5 3 4 IC
169. Vx 6X 2 6X AX AXop 8y1 AY AYop Vz 62Z2 62 AZ AZop GNSS AX X2 Xi AY Y2 Y AZ Z2 Zi GNSS 22 1 1 2 Ne le PS ul
170. f gt 0 dD lt 0O 31 N K C n f C Af n 2 1 C D N _ K D N N D nitC 6 K 9D 9D 9D 9D 2 2 0 2 es 2 2 DF on 90 iM
171. nm n xC 26x6 156 2AY W m XC 11km 1 935X6 11 000 610m AY 305m 0 012mmX13 824X16 667 2 764m 1596 2 764X1596 414 6m 305 414 6 2764 0 260 26 0 Ap P f Hes pe B f HA pA B A B Ah Hg HA _Bf Bf Dg DA _ Bf pa pg DADg A Ah Hg Ap Ah Hg b Ap B b _ HxAp HxAp b Ap b P A Ah 5 2H Ah lt 0 03H 1 1 000 Ah Ap wo DP Ah 8 6 xAp pa A pa B 2 9 H H Ah em
172. EH Ballel amp Sears 1963 IUGG 16 288 0 136 2 4 m 1 x 107 2876 04 19 n 0 C 760mmHg 0 039 CO2 ux m n t C mmHg _ P 1 BLP Per 20 oc 0 003661 8 1 049 0 01570X10 o A 0 C 760 mmHg to Po no
173. GNSS 1 2 0 0 007 GNSS 25mm 5 GNSSG0 3 X DcosacosT Y DcosasinT Z Dsina D amp T GNSS D y Dcoso 2 Dsine 5 2 D wi amp 2 a az 2 GNSS ma G
174. RE DMC RNN POS 2 281 TS GNSS GNSS IMU TS GNSS 4 TS GNSS 5 TS GNSS 6
175. 1 2 3 4 37
176. 2 i 2 2 ii 1 3 3 4 111
177. 2 2 2 2 TS 61 1 1 1 150km 2 1 2 1 2 150km 3 1 3 1 8 50km 4 1 3 1 4 50km
178. 609 s Xs 23cmX23cm f 15cm 20c 1 1 m mo 7 5000 H fxmp 15cm x 15 000 2 250m 1 H H h 2 250 100 2 350m h 700m H Ho 1 650m 20 1 _ 15cm 1 mp 1 650m 11 000 1 12mm 1 w s 1 q 23cm 1 0 25 17 25cm W wxmi 17 25cm x 11 000 1 897 5m mp _20cm 16667 H fxm 12cm x 16 667 2 000m H H h 2000 100 2 100m 71 sy 1 q 0 012mm x 13 824 1 0 3 116 1mm W wxmp 116 1mm x 16 667 1 935m c 11km 1 Ww 1 935km b s 1 p 0 012mm x 7680 1 0 6 36 8mm B bxmmi 36 8mm x 16 667 613 3m nc 3 3 22 8 3 26
179. ei GIS EX 83
180. 10 10 2 10 3 2 11 2 2 2 6378137m 1 D f 298 25722201
181. 4 _ 2 4 mm 15 2 SR tg 7 lt 3cmD km 1km 3cm 3 4 gt 2 HT i w EE 500m 1 RIK x3 1 3 4 500m 2 3 1 3 lt 4 RTK 36 0 3 45 30 30 10km 1 10km 2
182. AN AE 200mmy N AU 30mmy N AN AE 20mm AU 30mm N AN AE AU 60mm 20mmy 150mm 30mmJ AU N 1 GNSS 1 P dr 0 004m dr 0 004m du 0 007m 1 4 20mm As 100mm 40mmy N As z
183. 2 55 8 1 2 3 55 9 2 4 55 11 1 5 57 3 1 60 64 30 1 26 2 29 3 30 1 6 65
184. 3 1mm 3mm 3 4 1 2 3 4 60m 60m 70m 70m 80m 0 Imm Imm 1mm 1mm 1mm 1 1 20C 50m m 2 3 4 20um 2 100m m 20um 200gum m JIS1 GNSS 1 2 GNSS 2 GNSS 2 1 1 RTK RT K AN AE 15mm AU 50mm 2 10km 3 1 1km 1 2 200m 20 1 200m 20
185. EE 5 BM H
186. t C m mHg n 20 P 1 ct 1 BLP mp 0e 0 Ta BSP P e P 1 150 1 BLP m 1 szep 760 1 ct 1 760B 0 0624 e X 10 6 1 ot 22 ns zeo 15C 760mmHg sc um t C P mmHg e mmHg 22 0 000680 0 0624 22 x 0 0556 0 29 19
187. 1 2 2 2 i 1 bm 3 3 4
188. 500 10 H 4 5 POS 15 IMU 6 GNSS 1 2 3 1
189. a 3 a DM TS uid Ri ll ANE 2 NN DM gt
190. 1 0 31
191. 1 2 3 BM 4 BM RR 2
192. 10 5 3 4 4 RTK 10 1 3 4 5 RTK 10 1 3 4 1 GPS 4 5 42 2 GPS GLONASS 5 6 1 GNSS GNSS 2 GNSS 3 GNSS
193. 3 Ao 2D n 2T n Ao EE f 1 1 f T 1 f A Ff vT 5 _ nvT eVT i G VT 6 n 2 4z RS i 6 D KvT v T K D 750 900nm f f 1 4 f 10MH z 1 f 10 0 5X10 27
194. GNSS 120 30 1 10km 60 30 1 10km 2 4 20 15 3 4 10 5 3 4 RTK 10 1 3 4 RTK 10 1 3 4 GPS 4 5 GPS GLONASS 5 6 1 0 01mm 0 3mm 1 4 2 0 1mm 0 3mm 2 4
195. ee nies AP CP S1 57m S2 34m a 240 B 60 AC2 Z2 S S3 2S S cos1200 57 lt 34 2x 57 x 34 x 0 5 6343m2 lt Z 79 643m Z 57 sinZACB sinB X sin1209 sinB CE 79 643 0 619809 C ACB 38 30219 ABC S 2S1S2 sin 360 o 57 x 34 x sin120 839 179m2 lt 403 5 ni 9 E ri 3 100 1 407 4
196. 5 5 2
197. 5 3 4 33 1 5 34 TS TS TS GNSS GNSS GNSS 2 GNSS GNSS 3 TS GNSS 4 35
198. TIP IP IP nil BM BM BM TS H N 4
199. 2 RTK gt 4 3 RTK 110 1 3 gt 4 3 1 10km 1 GNSS 2 10km 2 GNSS 2 10 3 FIX 10 1 2 GNSS RTK RTK 4 GPS 5 GPS 5 GLONASS 6 GLONASS GPS GLONASS 2 GLONASS
200. 1 3 TS 1 2 GNSS 65 RTK TS 93 1 GNSS 2 2 3 ES 0 5 FIX 1 A 20m AN N m
201. 1 1000 WN IP E 1 40 0 5 40 2 5mm TS IP IP 4 P BE 0 30m
202. 157 1207 307 30 e0 GPS 0 5 6 8 10 207 9 40 GPS 5 0 GLONASS a DGLONASS 1 10 15 30 30 60 GPS GLONASS 2 2 1 20 m GLONASS 1 20mm 20mm 20mm 20mm GNSS _ 10km GPS 5 20m GPS GLONASS 6 m 20mm 20mm 20mm 20mm 9 20 m 20mm 20mm 20mm 20mm mm _ i m s Js ys 7S Js 500m lt GNSS OGNSS S 2 5 7 2 30 1 Okm 1 4 680 1 10km
203. 5 2000 B 0 1500 A 2000 1500 C 0 0 D 2000 0 A 40 E Eee ae B 605 6640 A 8605 6490 D 8480 510 C 500 650 4 2 CRT Helmert X cos0x sin0y c Y sin0x cos09y d Vx xa yD c XX i X Y xyy CRT V AX f Vax 8605 6490 1 0 2000 VAy 6490 6905 0 1 1500 6640 0 VBx 2 605 1 01 a Vgy _ 6640 650 0 11 b1_ Fe Vcx 500 1 0 C 0 Vcy 650 0 11 d 0 Vpx 8480 510 1 0 2000 Ypy 510 9 1 0 VAx 8605 6490 1 0 2000 VAy 6490 8605 0 1 1500 VBx 605 6640 1 0 a 0 vgy _ 6640 e05 0 1 bl ts5o0 Vcx 500 650 1 0 C 0 Vcy 650 500 0 1 d 0 Vpx 8480 510 1 0 2000 Vpy 510 8480 0 1 0 ATAX ATf NX F Der 67 233464750 0 18190 14290 ra 0 233464750 14290 18190 B 18190 14290 4 0 c 14290 18190 0 4 d 53865000 185000 4000 3
204. 5km A f T A f 1 T 1 T 1 f a 1 1 XA 3 T A i m v 12 28 C 299 792 458 m s a b i r sin i 3 3 EH n12 b a n1 n2 ab
205. x1 37928 196 y1 8327 699 1 35 39 29 1572 y 0 03 13 02156 x2 11479 722 y2 23027 171 mo 0 9999 58517 264m t 32 23 58 964 S 58523 019m s S 1 000098 1 m 0 999901 a1 32 20 46 209 m mo 1 y2 2MiNmo y 24M N mo A B A X X B B L
206. GNSS 2 GNSS 3 GNSS 3 POS GNSS GNSS IMU IMU 15 GNSS 3 50km v 70km v POS GNSS GNSS GNSS 1 3 GNSS
207. a 40 0 60 a 3 2 35 1 TS 1 4 2 TS 2 4 3 TS 4 GNSS 1 4 2 GNSS 1 4 1 1 4 2 2 4 3 4 1 4 3 2 JIS1 3 1 2 3
208. 2 30 T 25S n 4T 4S cm T S km n a 2 1 1 300m 2 3 4 450m 1 5 H 1 1 1mm hl 2 4 1 2 2km 1 1 1 1 5
209. 37 37 G8 38 39 2 9 40 1 2 40 0 41 1
210. 3 m Qkg 2 5m TS 50 100m GNSS 50 100m GNSS 1H 8
211. NO 100mm 2 a GNSS n N 3 3 4 2S km 1 2 _ 4 a 10mm NZS 15mm Nss 0 0 001m 50mm S N 100mm S 7 N 0 001m ig 1 300mm 200mm 0 001m 3 TS 0 01m 2 0 01m 0 001m 150mm 2S N 300mmzS N GNSS 9 sad PCV phaise OH 100mm center variation 37 n N gt S km OGNSS
212. lpy O Im p e ss c s o k2s D 1 D w lt VS wi mm S xm 1 w lt 2mmyS w lt VS w mm S km 1 w lt 2 57umVS 2 2L L S n 2 4 dr ds da lt dr ds da AX f v AX f ATWA X AIWf NX F N ArWA W X X Nf G
213. Z 2 2 a ar 9z x 0 9x 92 2x Of P PP P a b C Pa Pb Pc 1 Sa 1 Sb 1 Sc L Pa fa Pptp Pctfe 60 05 0 A B C P Pp P A B C PP P P 6 0 0 Ar Az A 1 1 r p oi 1 A D A2 PD2 ADn o piAf O A Y 1 a pivi Jn 1 p g Oii g
214. 2 TIFF ASCI I 297 2 50m 3
215. GNSS 10km GPS 5 GPS GLONASS 6 RTK GNSS RTK 3
216. to L C Cp S L Lx at e t tJL gt 0 Cg Ch H gt 0 ET O s S 3 52 S s 1 mo 1 y 1 y 1y 2 y 5 6rzmo 7 tx 2 X ir Y 5 y 6rim9 1 mol1 yrTyy7 8rTm yz yy 24r7mo 7 tx xn y y 6r 5mo s S mo 1 yrryy 8rPm T yz yJ7 24rPmo7 m y y r r VMN e2 M N W Y1 e2sin2e m 0 9999 s S
217. 1mm 2 10000 2 10000 1mm 0 3km 2563 524m 15MHz 3 524m 50kHz 2563 3m 2563 524m 10km f 30MHz f 30MHz 1MHz k 30MHz 30kHz C f A C fg C k 8 C D 2D A Anat 4 27 2D sns pg 2 2D cnc Acd c 27 s c 2D A nat 4 2 7 2D Xs nst g 2 2D cnc c 2 na ng 2D 1 1 sp A 2 g 2 na ns 0 n ng A 2 9 1 C 10 C Pa Pg 055 3 1 NN 2x1MHz 2Tt 2 Pa 150m fA EC _ 3 x109m _ 2 x 30kHz PA_ 5000
218. 2 XX n oz vi Xi ox x x g x X X E X X v E x X 2v x X v n 1 z X 2vi z X E 2 z X 2v2 x X V1 V2 E X 2v x X e Fn g X 2 z X v tlv o g n xxo 5m og oZ 1 n Vi X2 x n n o7 of v v2 vn vi 0 n e n amp X v n x X 02 2 2 2 1 HL n n n vi _ 2 oO Ne n 2 n 1 AB TS 3 12 356m 12 357m 12 359m 12 357m vw 1mm v 0mm v 2mm vf 1 v2 O v3 4 vi 1 0 4 5
219. M 10m 20 50m 100 250m 1 100 1 10000 1 100 200 ul rn lt SE 15cm 1 300 30cm 20cm 10 cm 20 cm h cm 1 100 1 10000 1 100 1 200 EP 1m 1 2m
220. V9 20 No1 C BAF xs BAF 150 00 02 1 x1 x4 BAF BAC CAD ZDAE ZEAFR 150 0 10 x1 lt x4 BAF x osxa p 1 2 1 1 1 gt 3 0X1x4 els ire a 1 3 Pxi x4 a 0 1 x4 ZBAF x pys 1 x5 Dx1 x4 X x1 x4 pxs X Xs ZBAF x Pxi x4 Pxs X10 1X02 V v vs vs vs k k 2 k k 2 k 15000 4k t a 2 16 k 150 0 150 0 04 4k t 3 x 150 0 v k 2 v k 2 1 v k 2 va k 2 1
221. k R R 0 14 6 S2 2 K S2 S82k S2 lt RT S 1 500 000m 0 176m 0 025m K 0 152m C L D L L 500 000m h 16 0m Cg 0 256m D 500 000 0 256 499 744m C tm R Hi 1 in 1 Hs 2 js 2 R 6 370km H N D 1 Hm Hi i1 Hz i2 Ng 1 Hi 75 50m 2 Hz 180 17m i i 1 5m 1 Hr gt H Hz i2 N Dl 75 50 1 5 180 17 1 5 35 00 129 335 47 66 176 995m D 1 997 259m N 47 66m R VMN 6365 217m 1 997 259 176 995 6365217 0 0555m L 1 997 259 0 0555 1 997 203m N GSI HP 2000
222. ng 26 ng 48 864 0 8152 i 0 680 0 815 1 x 107 2876 04 2951 1467 ng 27 As An bh 30 EE ns 1 P 0 055e 1 ot760 1 at 1 P T7680 0 6 x 10 35 15 760 mmHg n A s 35 2951 1467 x 10 760 s ns 1 As 003661 x15760 6X10 279 75207 x 10 e 0 6 x 10 An ns 1 P 0 6 x 10 6 _ 2951 1467 x 10 7 P _ 0003661t 760 O00 X10 _ 2951 1467 x 10 7P 260 22823ee 106 06631 x 10 6p 0 6 x 10 6 273 14941 t As An 96630xn0 7 2 273 14941 t 36 k As An k D 34 D D D As An 1 WD 106 06631P 0 273 14941 t D 1 279 75207 37 Ds 1500m
223. 3 BM 0 5km 1 3 4 4 BM 1 1000 H 5 L 500 2cm 5cmyL 100 MM 25 IP BM TP BM 362 1
224. 300mm 300mm 300mm 300mm OGNSS 1 GNSS P 1 2
225. 2 100 56 61 2 1 100 1 2 3 53 62 1 50 0 1 2 2 48 52 58 63 6 30 1 2 15 1 3 18 569 63 2 30 1 55 7 1
226. D vx t A B B A T V AB D _V T wa 1cm 30 km 1cmX2 7 x 10 1 3x1010cm 2 vV f 2 v m s f 4 1 m 1 m 1 f 4 m 1 f 1 f Hz 1 1 2 D 3 2D 3 2D 2 d n 2D nA d 3 1 360 2 d Ao
227. 2 53 3 10 POS 1 POS GNSS GNSS GNSS IMU 2 GNSS GNSS 30 1 75 3 GNSS 1 4 POS 5 1 4 O 2 3 en 1 2 3 lt lt
228. V AX f X V o2N t o2 n r W W I Ut 1 2 5 5mm Xx5mm 1 36 1 9 45 3 1 5 45 1 5 46 5 46 5X 5mmX25 000 0 727 kW 86 No 14 G2 i1 2 200L liz L R 100 1 60 Vm Voe 2 20 80 Vm voz Yos 3 Vm gt vo gt 2Vo Vog 4 1 1 V Vm voz Vo4 Vo e Vo g vez a C AB L AB R a L 2R sin neue 2 2 3 5
229. 200m 10 RTK 200m 10 RTK 200m 10 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 GNSS 2 2 1 No 16 TP BM IP
230. GNSS GPS TS TS GNSS E E H LL
231. dix 20mm nw EOS85d mm Fpix6800z Xk Xs COsQ yr sin x yk Xfr Ssin9 yr cos9 Xxk 4 f b yr Cc yer b xs a ys d 2 O Oz ai a 4 5 4 Oia Ozaz A 5 0 0 pr p cosp 0 sino ve 0 1 0 sing 0 coso 1 0 0 M 0 cosw sino 0 sinw cosw cosk sink 0 M sink cosk 0 0 0 1 M M M M
232. 11 253 391 1 250 594 89 167 744 942 1 094 103 339 S 1 045 994m x ZA B A Sinx sin 3609 ca S2 1 et 106 082m 0 Ma ozs oem x sin 0 0717 4 06 42 AABB S2 S2 e2 2S e cos 360 e 1 045 994 502 2 x 1 045 994 x 50cos34 06 42 1 094 103 448 2 500 104 599 4 x 0 8279 1 096 603 448 86 597 843 1 010 005 605 sS 1 004 990m x 0 707 0 07172 No 9 2mm RX 6 2mm 10 2mm 9 S 20 30m d a n dr
233. 437 09m 3 541 20 437 09 104 11m No 17 NN SI D L O F 25 00 9 DOL 2
234. AYc CEAS EAa CEAT AXc cos T a 360 AS Ssin T a 360 Aca Ssin T a 360 AT AYc sin T a 360 AS Scos T a 360 Aa Scos T a 360 AT o cosS T w 360 0o S sin T 360 g S2s227 a 360 o 0 cos 1200 x 42 2x120 000 sm2 1209 x 5 2 x 105 2 1 2 2 x 42 2 X122 x 108 x V3 2 2 x 52 22 x 10 10 4 13 5 17 5 ox 4 18cm o sin T Tw 360 o 52cos27 360 og S2cos 7 a 360 o o sm21209 x 42 2 x120 000 cos2 1209 x 5 2 x 105 12 2x2 25 16 5 oy 4 06cm 1 2 x 10 T 5 Xc Xa S cos T a 360 Y Y S sin T a 3609 AXc EAS Ao AT AY AS TEAa AT AXc cos T Tw 360 AS Ssin T a 360 Aa Ssin T a 3609AT AYc sin T a 360 AS Scos T a 3609 Aa Scos T a 360 AT o Cos T a 360 0 S sin T 3609g S sin T a 360 g 0 cos 1200 x
235. N 1 N a ei _ DD 0 125 0 3751117 851 10 4266 NO 5 TS S TS 3 3 rl c cosh c h G i i tanh
236. h e q wi S H h 5j bh n 2widd 2 5 a n n n n Dms 229 lkm 1 P 1 S dd mo was gt G2 1km 2 dmm 9 dd dd S AB 2 1 2 29 9716 0 5 0 25 0 125 29 971 65 1 2 3 4 BC 2 r2 05 025 0 125 5 2 1 2 2 7384 2 7414 3 9 45 7r IE 18 363 massa I
237. GNSS _ gt GNSS GLONASS 48
238. Me 3 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 401 5
239. P 1 rR 0 01km P 1 2 3 4 12 15 Tn mm i s 10 1 jm 20 s 100 100 100 100 d mm mm mm mm _ 15 20 sd 12 15 207 30 s 200 200 200 200 ad mim TnTn TnTn mm 3 4 50 120
240. R o p CL 2L L VUP 9 T T Tp TL IP Tb KA KA T TP G G lt Tk PKB G KE KE Tr VQP V V L CL No
241. Va Vs min EN 9E PV VTP T 2 KTU T 0 E E Y vV va vs vs t 0 9V E vw 2PV 2UTK V P 1UTK 9E t Mh UV tl 1 v k P G 9E G P ee v k 2 UGUTK t 9E 2pavs 2k 0 1 0 0 0 0 9v 0 1 2 0 0 0 va k P G 0 0 1 0 0 9E 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 TO 0 0 0 0 1 va k 2 1 i UGUT 1 1 1 1 1 4 vs k 1 2 5 v 1 Nk t 4k 8 k 2 K V 1 2 1 2 1 V GUTK 1 29 21 1 2 1 1 2 4 X V xs BAF xs vs 150 00 0212 150 00 04 5 X V X V T G GUTN IUG 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 16 1 8 1 16 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 16 1 8 1 4 3 4 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 4 7 16 1 8 1 16 1 8 3 4 1 8 1 4 7 16 1 8 3 4 1 o3 KTNK 2 2 16 3 ozs 048X5 16 xX
242. b gt vg a b 3 f a b Of Of 0 4 1 of _ ZV _ 9Z axi b yi 9a 9a 9a gi of ZV 9Z axib y 2 0 2b ob 9b 2x Gx b y 0 X 2 Ga xi b y 0 alx blxi xiyi 60 alxil nb yi 0 xi2 zi _ 7 Ixiyi a 0 NX B X N_B xi xy ge b nlxi2 xi 2 nlxiyil xil yi nlxi2 xi 2 xilhxiyil xi yi n xi2 xi 2 a xiyi lll Sxy x2 Ei S 5 xy xi yi Sz xi2 bl b aX _ EE n i ly n 23 a 150 00 00 o 5 S 1 200 00m o s 4cm T 5 Xc X S cos T w 360 Yc YA S sin T vw 360 _ 0Xc 9XC 9XC AX AS Ac a AT
243. 0 004m 2 dE 0 004m 2 dU 0 007m 2 0 101 2 3 TS 4 ul 109 No 21 288 2
244. 2 2 10 20 2 9 3 20 30 3 2 2 20 30 3 2 40 60 1 1 10 2 1 1 15 2 2 1 30 3 1 30 4 1 60 26 1 50m 3 gt 15mm 50m 15mm lt 1
245. 4 BM TP L 500 2cm 5cmyL 100 BM BM BM L 300 5cm 15cmyL 100 L m 7 a
246. EF a mi 3x16 288 5x0 136 lt A 48 864 0 680 lt NM n 1 x 107 2876 04 2876 04 26 22 Hg 1P 0 055e _ _ 0 27 n 0C 760mmHg 0 039 CO2 t C P mmHg e mmHg Aa o 0 003661 7 2
247. O 1 6mm 3 1 1 6 ox 0 9mm Y3 a p16 pz6 pnb pi9 pr pz pn pil a 1 pi p2 pn 2 i pivi mn 1 M NN rt 1 0 JE MP NB J pr pz pn pl O Os yp x a O pivi 75 Jpdm 1 a 59 25 427 pi 1 w 59 25 43 pz 3 ws59 25 47 ps 5 1 co cg pi 2X113X317 X5 46 p 1 3 5 9 w 59 25 407 46 9 59 25 45 Y 3 Ve 2 Vs 2 vi 9 v 4 v 4 pivi 9X1 4X3 4X5 41 41 fat 4 6 O 3 46 0g
248. X 0 079m o2N 000106 X 1 X hi hi vj X Xo AX Y hs h2 ve Y Yo AY 2 hi vi Xo AX vy AX hs vs YAY v AY hi AX h AY h vs 0 va AX AY hi h hs AX AY 0 043 a 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 rlp 1 0 5 0 f 2 1 0 0 170 25 lo o 4 V A A f 4 ATPAA ATPf 3 NA F 5 41 AX 0 172 6 A 3 0 0 AY 141 4 51 1 0 172 0 012 5 1 025 Vs 90012 0 043 0 006 6 He Hathi 30 17 275 0 025 47 250m Hc Ha hz 47 250 9 683 0 012 37 555m 0 025 0 012 0 006 60 H Hc h 37 555 7 549 0 006 30 000m
249. os 0s 0 02 Om oO oO o os os n O 3S k2 Os kvs A B S5 L gq A B h b a ORP PE 02 202 0p V25o n S 2L sh Fh hh on n 20 2no lt 2 2 3 _ 23 s OAn 20 om Jo 1 k 2 5 mm S 10km ajb 0p 2 5 mm V10 7 9mm 10km 2 2 2 op n o 0050 O 200o 2 2 oj 7 9 2 7 200 200 o 0 55 mm h a b 0 04 ofp 204 1 o 0 55 o 0 3mm V2 V2 D op h Dz l12 hz hz2 Ds 2D lt 2D lt 2 _ 9D 2 9D 2 0p 3 00 3 oh ogo 0 Z Z a1X azX2 anxn ci x x
250. 0 aDy KE 2 TK Ao PE 2 5 3 Tok On lt Ory lt Ocv lt i 2 jp D D oc Kn f gt 1 ck E os n
251. 30 20 S 3 30 20 4 60 40 4 40 lt 60 60 60 40 22 40 40 0 0 0 90 10 0 143 31 232 0 52 50 0 56 407 0 9 30 207 38 YY 1 107 2 1 TS 15 2 2 TS 307 3 307 4 60 OIO OIOIOI
252. 39 14 1 2 21 1 34 26 30 1 36 37 2 40 1 7 10 3 2 14
253. 42 2x120 000 sm2 1209 x 5 2 x 105 2 1 2 2 x 42 2x122 x 108 x V3 2 2 x 52 22 x 10 10 4 13 5 17 5 ox 4 18cm o sin T a 360 o S2cos 7 a 360 o S cos T a 360 o o sin 120 x 42 2 x120 000 cos2 1207 x 5 2 x 105 2 12 2 x 2 25 16 5 oy 4 06cm AIH 8 000m D Hp 15 000m 24 10km 10km 10km 10km 10km Hs Hc Ha H ha Hce Hs h Hce Ha hs 5 429m 3 002m 2 426m 1 570m 4 573m 6 wv Hs H hi wv Hi Hc h vs Hc HA h2 Hs Hp h v Hs Hp h4 Hc Hp h Cvs Hc Hp h5 hi FE v AX f Vi 1 0 13 428 V2 1 1 3 002 vs 0 1 10 426 V4 1 0 13 430 Vs 0 1 10 427 AATWAX ATWf NX F 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 W 10 0 0 10 0 10 101 ATAX ATf NX F 1 29 860 10 aa _ TO375 0 125 0 125 0 375 Hs
254. 45 LiDAR 274 1000 1m 50 2500 2m 1m 5000 5m 276 GNSS i 7 EH X i 3 tp mW ts
255. 7 c Ra 2 2R ans 2 2R 3 5 7 3 c C 2R 3 24R2 Ls 87 C3 L3 CL 24R2 24R2 TL R tan E R sec 1 M R 1 cos 1 2 8 L 2R 9 2 L 2Rsin6 1 2 R 2 IP I R SP BC 3 nn 3 TL CL SL E BC 4 IP 1 BC EC 1
256. B 23 300 150 30 690 B 92 23 2116 B 920m B 92 TE a 920m 1500 92 92 9 F Ahr H AhE 400m 1500m 400m 110 AF 920m 92 AF x 400 334 5 x 110 F vm s 14 5 m s V 14 5 x3 6 52 4Km 52 4km h As v At H Vg m sec At sec 1 mb f H 1 1000 1m 1 8000 f 105mm sx Xsy 11500 X 7500 1 9 m p 609 OH b s 1 p 11500 x 0 009mm 1 0 6 41 4mm B bxm 41 4 x 8000 331 2m H fx mp 105mm x 8000 840m 8 000 0 009 gj 0 mm 331 2 0 9 2 1 2
257. Stereoplanigraph C8 M Mi Mi2 Mi3 m21 M22 M23 m1 M32 M33 mi 1 CoS COSK Sin gp sSinw sink mi z COsS Y Sink singp sinw cosK mss Sin COSo m2 COSW SINK m22 COSO COSK ms Sino ms SIn COSK COS Sino Sink ms Singp SinK cos gp Sino COSK ms3 COS COSo M M M M WildA7 A8 mi Mi2 Mi3 Mo m M22 ns1 Ms2 M33 mj 1 COS COSK mz COS D S1nK ms Sin m1 COSW SINK sino Sin D COSK m z COSo COSK sino Sin Sink ms Sinw cos ms sino Sink COSW Sin gp COSK msz Sino COSK CoSw Singp SINK mss COSW COS U Vor Woz 1 Uo Voz Woz 1 _ 0 0 Vi Wi 1 0 Vy Wz 1 X cos 1 COSKr X cosp Sink y Sin 1 c Y sint X cosk y Z sin 1 COSK X Sin SinKkr y cos c 76 Ki Ki 6k 6 hr Pi Kz Ko 6K gt 2 2 82 W2 W2 02 f Y 2 Y2 2 a1 6K a gt 6 as 6K a4 Opz as 6oo gt ZZ2 7 mi
258. 0 6 60 Ss S s b S B H 1 p H 1 p eS SXS sX s S s Xmb B 8 bXmb H p Bs b s 1 p B S 1 p s Xmp 1 p q 0 3 30 s wW s W qs H 1 qg H 1 q H q w s 1 q W S 1 q s mi 1 q B b mp s 1 p mp W w m s 1 q mb 1 X km B km N 1 2 sw Y km C BR X km Y km 23
259. 000 121 84 165 43 vAx 8605 0 25034 6490 0 0046392 121 84 2000 2 227 vAy 6490 0 25034 8605 0 0046392 165 43 1500 0 803 vBx 605 0 25034 6640 0 0046392 121 84 1 188 vBy 6640 0 25034 605 0 0046392 165 43 1500 0 366 vCx 500 0 25034 650 0 0046392 121 84 0 314 vCy 650 0 25034 500 0 0046392 165 43 0 389 vDx 8480 0 25034 510 0 0046392 121 84 2000 1 322 vDy 510 0 25034 8480 0 0046392 165 43 1 583 a 0 25034 B a i c d No 15 14 TS 4m 1 2mm 140m 30 1 20 1 2 X10 TS 5mm 5 X10 D D
260. 26 219 21 E a 22 61 2 100 23 1
261. 3 12 oys V12 2Y3 2 8 x y z w Xi V X V Xi Xz y X V Vz X2 Vs Z X3 V Z wW X4 Vs wW Xs Axi xi xi Axi 15 00 04 150 4 Ax5 30 00 02 30 2 Axs 60 00 03 60 3 Ax 45 00 01 45 1 Ax 150 00 02 150 2 Vv NET V2 0 1 0 0 Ax2 val 0 0 1 0 ass 1 1 1 1 Ag Vs 0 0 0 1 Axs V AX f P 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 p 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 NX F E VTPV min E AX PTP AX f XTAT fT PAX Pf XTATPAX XTATpf fTPAX fTPf min X ATPAX XTATPA T
262. 4 1 5 10 000 1 30 000 1 3 500 90mm lt 120mm X2B m HI ml 1 000 180mm240mmX3B m H m 2 500 300mm 375mm X4B m H m 5 000 600mm lt 750mmX5B m H m 10 000 900mm X6B m H m H L f H 0 L x 1 f h mb Ho h Ho h Ar r Ah H Ar r Ah HH EM EM 23 H 2 150m Ah 50m Ar 1 3mm r 51 2mm h Ar A NE _ 51 2 H ArXAh 50 1 969m h H H 2 150 1 969 181m p
263. ATpf fTPA T 0 ATPAX ATPf NX F 1 0 0 2 0 Tp_ 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 1 Xx rf NF WwW 12 2 4 41F21 2 7 2 HE 16 4 2 12 4 1 1 4 2 4 12t4l 4 VsAV f Vi 1 0 00 V2 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 Vs 0 0 0 1 2 2 Tr4 Fr 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 0 1 1 4 2 2 xs ZBAF x ve 150 00 02 2 150 00 04 p 1 p 2 o 1 k m o lt k2 0 1 2 1 o 1 2 2 Go op Di 1 o 02 D 05 1 2 k2 o5 D O5 k yp 0 p yp 1 p 1 Jp v S s sztss
264. MHz C A P GNSS GPS GPS AtX X Y Z 3 X Y Z 1 4 4 GZSS 41 GNSS GPS 1 DGPS GN
265. NSSG3 O 24 GNSS8 OGNSS L1 L2 GNSSG
266. O OIOIOIO M my Q Q Q m 54 8 6 W Xx Sr S yi wy x Si S II biAxi ajAy es biAxi ajAy 0 9 3 xj Sj SD yi aj p bi 3 P 4 Vi i Ay 0 di jAx j biAyi biAyi Vii j aijAx 5 xy x yj yD 7 9 6 4 10 X2 9 BE i
267. SS Wat 1 4 GPS 6 GPS C A P 10m 4 GPS 2 GPS mm GPS 8 L N 9 x 19cm NR N
268. XX Wyx N 2CXX VWx osG Vyx o3 n r 3 X pyx 1 gXX p 1 X X1xX1 X2X2 2g 4 g XX gxX g 4 4 2 1 2 Px x x lt 22 2
269. cm 3 2km 2 Qr Q TS GNSS GNSS GNSS TS GNSS a A 2 1 2 TS 1 TS 3 4 2 1 1 10 10 20 2 2 3 2 2
270. m 1 5km 0 5km lkm 0 5km 200m 50m 23 2 1 2 4 1 2 5 3 KN 10 12 5 6 7 SS 10 33 150m 70m 20 m 220m 3km 2km y GNSS 5km 1km 500m 6 s e
271. n 24 No 7 _ 08 7 A C MT A B D Z ax 7 tt S TN 2 02 a 0 2 X10 Z ax azx2 anx gzz A1811 a2g22 amBnn 2 afof a202 a404 7 D 1 000 00m 0 02m 62 30 0 0 10 1 0 01m 2 0 02m X 3 0 03m X S cosT 4 0 04m S 5 0 05m ox Cos Tos S2sin2ToS 3 T 210 S 200m o 10mm o 10 10 ox cos22109 x 10 200 000 sin 210 S
272. o H Z Z 77 POS DM XYZ k kz b 2 or oz b gt 2 o 1
273. t og 0 75x 100 4x1010 x0 25 x2 x 10 2 o 1 10 000 75 20 95 cc 4 ox 9 8mm 1 P 1 P 02 02 4 2 p 2 1 0 04 F 1 Ps ot 08 4 Cm 1 0 Ps P 1 0 04 25 1 8 PE D gos 9 L E D Lcos6 ot op cos of LZsin20 o6 20 o 10mm 5x10 6 xD D 300m os 100mm 25x10 12x9x109x9x101 100 25 x 10 100 25 os V100 25 os 10 1 mm 3 3 gt 0 1 m rs 0 2 2 3 A 20 Orr Ogg 9 4 O 4 12 6 0 6 n O Oa 7 1 8mm 9 8 co 2 7 mm Y9 21 n m
274. xtanc 5 7 5 05 mm sin30 24 0mm tan30 16 71 16 38 mm 1 28 69 NOo 12 1 500 1 3 000 1 4 000 1 6 1 8 1 1 000 1 6 000 1 8 000 1 6 1 8 1 2 500 1 10 000 1 12 500 1 4 1 5 1 5 000 1 20 000 1 25 000 1 4 1 5 1 10 000 1 30 000 1 3 80 FMC 500 1 3 000 1 4 000 1 6 1 8 1 000 1 6 000 1 8 000 1 6 1 8 2 500 1 10000 1 12 500 1 4 1 5 5 000 1 20 000 1 25 000 1
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