Maximite User Manual
Contents
1. gt equal to alternative version greater than or equal to greater than or equal to alternative version equality Naming Conventions Command names function names variable names file names etc are not case sensitive so that Run and RUN are equivalent and dOO and Doo refer to the same variable There are two types of variable numeric which stores a floating point number eg 45 386 and string which stores a string of characters eg Tom String variables are terminated with a symbol eg name while numeric variables are not Variable names can start with an alphabetic character or underscore and can contain any alphabetic or numeric character the period and the underscore _ They may be up to 32 characters long A variable name must not be the same as a command function or keyword Eg data 5 is illegal as DATA is a command Constants Numerical constants may begin with a numeric digit 0 9 for a decimal constant amp H for a hexadecimal constant amp O for an octal constant or amp B for a binary constant For example amp B1000 is the same as the decimal constant 8 Decimal constants may be preceded with a minus or plus and may terminated with E followed by an exponent number to denote exponential notation For example 1 6E 4 is the same as 16000 String constants are surrounded by double quite marks Eg Hello World Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page2. Digital Inputs Logic Low 0 to 0 65V Logic High 2 5V to 3 3V I O pins 1 to 10 2 5V to 5 5V T O pins 11 to 20 Input Impedance gt 1MQ All digital inputs are Schmitt Trigger buffered Frequency Response Up to 200KHz pulse width 10nS or more on the counting inputs pins 11 to 14 Analog Inputs I O pins 1 to 10 Voltage Range 0 to 3 3V Accuracy Typically better than 1 although this can be considerably improved by using a correction factor in the BASIC program Input Impedance gt 1MQ for accurate readings the source impedance should be lt 10K Digital Outputs Typical current draw or sink ability on any I O pin 10mA Maximum current draw or sink on any I O pin 25mA Maximum current draw or sink for all I O pins combined 150mA Maximum open collector voltage I O pins 11 to 20 5 5V External Input Output Connector Rear panel connector with the pin numbers as used in MMBasic external view looking at the back panel 22 2 oO 6212345678910 O00 0000000000 O000000000000 S 3 20191817161514131211 Q Oo T Loading New Firmware Maximite includes the ability to reprogram itself with a new version of its firmware also known as re flashing or a boot loading To do this hold down the PROGRAM button on the PC board while you apply power and the front panel power LED will flash to indicate that the Maximite is in the reprogramming mode Firmware upgrades can be downloaded from http geoffg net maximite html and
3. 1 Page 4 Operators and Precedence The following operators in order of precedence are recognised Operators that are on the same level for example and are processed with a left to right precedence as they occur on the program line Arithmetic operators A Exponentiation MOD Multiplication division integer division and modulus remainder Addition and subtraction Logical operators NOT logical inverse of the value on the right ao lt gt lt gt Inequality less than greater than less than or equal to less than or gt gt gt equal to alternative version greater than or equal to greater than or equal to alternative version equality AND OR XOR Conjunction disjunction exclusive or The operators AND OR and XOR are bitwise operators For example PRINT 3 AND 6 will output 2 The other logical operations result in the number 0 zero for false and 1 for true For example the statement PRINT 4 gt 5 will print the number zero on the output and the expression A 3 gt 2 will store 1 in A The NOT operator is highest in precedence so it will bind tightly to the next value For normal use the expression to be negated should be placed in brackets For example IF NOT A 3 OR A 8 THEN String operators Join two strings ao lt gt lt amp gt Inequality less than greater than less than or equal to less than or gt gt
4. 100uS To prevent slowing the main program by too much an interrupt should be short and execute the IRETURN statement as soon as possible Also remember to disable an interrupt when you have finished needing it background interrupts can cause strange and non intuitive bugs Graphics Graphics commands operate on the video output Coordinates are measured in pixels with the top left of the screen at location x 0 and y 0 You can clear the screen with CLS and an individual pixel can be turned on with PSET or turned it off with PRESET You can draw lines and boxes with LINE and circles using CIRCLE You can also set the screen location in pixels of the next PRINT output using LOCATE Sound The SOUND command will generate a simple square wave between 20Hz and 5KHz lasting for a specified duration Compatibility MMBasic implements a large subset of Microsoft s GW BASIC There are numerous small differences due to physical and practical considerations but most MMBasic commands and functions are essentially the same An online manual for GW BASIC is available at http www xs4all nl hwiegman gw man and this provides a more detailed description of the commands and functions that are available MMBasic also implements a number of modern programming structures documented in the ANSI Standard for Full BASIC X3 113 1987 These include the DO WHILE LOOP and structured IF THEN ELSE ENDIF statements Maximite User Manual 2
5. Returns the square root of the argument number STR number Returns a string in the decimal base 10 representation of the argument number STRING number ascii valuelstring Returns a string number bytes long consisting of either the first character of string or the character answering to the ASCII value ascii value TAB number Outputs spaces until the column indicated by number has been reached TAN number Returns the tangent of the argument number in radians TIME Returns the current time based on MMBasic s internal clock as a string in the form HH MM SS in 24 hour notation For example 14 30 00 The internal clock calendar will keep track of the time and date including leap years The time is set to midnight on power up To set the time use the command TIME TIMER Returns the elapsed time in milliseconds eg 1 1000 of a second since reset If not specifically reset this count will wrap around to zero after 49 days The timer is reset to zero on power up and you can also reset it by using TIMER as a command See the TIMER command UCASE string Returns string converted to uppercase characters VAL string Returns the numerical value of the string Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 16
6. eg NEW RUN LOAD etc as well as the specific commands CLEAR and ERASE MERGE file name Adds program lines from file name to the program in memory Unlike LOAD it does not clear the program currently in memory MKDIR dir Make or create the directory dir on the SD card NAME old AS new Will rename a file or a directory on the SD card from old to new NEW Deletes the program in memory and clears all variables NEXT counter variable NEXT comes at the end of a FOR NEXT loop see FOR ON variable GOTOIGOSUB line line line ON either branches GOTO or calls a subroutine GOSUB based on the rounded value of variable if it is 1 the first line is called if 2 the second line is called etc OPEN fname FOR mode AS fnbr Will open a file on the SD card for reading or writing fname is the filename 8 chars max with an optional extension 3 chars max separated by a dot mode is INPUT or OUTPUT or APPEND INPUT will open the file for reading and throw an error if the file does not exist OUTPUT will open the file for writing and will automatically overwrite any existing file with the same name APPEND will also open the file for writing but it will not overwrite an existing file instead any writes will be appended to the end of the file If there is no existing file the APPEND option will act the same as the OPEN mode i e the file is cre
7. power up To set the time use the command DATE Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 13 EOF nbr Will return true if the file previously opened for INPUT with the file number nbr is positioned at the end of the file The is optional Also see the OPEN INPUT and LINE INPUT commands EXP number Returns the exponential value of number FIX number Truncate a number to a whole number by eliminating the decimal point and all characters to the right of the decimal point For example 9 89 will return 9 and 2 11 will return 2 The major difference between FIX and INT is that FIX provides a true integer function ie does not return the next lower number for negative numbers as INT does This behaviour is for Microsoft compatibility See also CINT FORMATS nbr fmt Will return a string representing nbr formatted according to the specifications in the string fmt The format specification starts with a character and ends with a letter Anything outside of this construct is copied to the output as is The structure of a format specification is flags width precision type Where flags can be Left justify the value within a given field width 0 Use 0 for the pad character instead of space Forces the sign to be shown for positive numbers space Causes a positive value to display a space for the sign Negative values still show the sign width is the mi
8. skips to the next line if false The optional ELSE statement is the reverse IF expr THEN statement Ob ine SEN St ELSE statement The statement can be just a line number and in that case a GOTO is assumed For Microsoft compatibility the THEN statement construct can be also replaced with GOTO linenumber This type of IF statement is all on one line IF expression THEN lt statements gt ELSE lt statements gt ELSEIF expression THEN lt statements gt ENDIF Multiline IF statement with optional ELSE and ELSEIF cases and ending with ENDIF Each component is on a separate line Evaluates expression and performs the statement s following THEN if the expression is true or optionally the statement s following the ELSE statement if false The ELSEIF statement if present is executed if the previous condition is false and it starts a new IF chain with further ELSE and or ELSEIF statements as required One ENDIF is used to terminate the multiline IF INPUT prompt string list of variables Allows input from the keyboard to a list of variables The input command will prompt with a question mark The input must contain commas to separate each data item if there is more than one variable For example if the command is INPUT a b c And the following is typed on the keyboard 23 87 66 Then a 23 and b 87 and c 66 If the prompt string is specified it will be printed before
9. the question mark If the prompt string is terminated with a comma rather than the semicolon the question mark will be suppressed Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 8 INPUT nbr list of variables Same as above except that the input is read from a file previously opened for INPUT as nbr See the OPEN command IRETURN Will return from an interrupt The next statement to be executed will be the one that was about to be executed when the interrupt was detected KILL file Deletes the program specified by file from the SD card Quote marks are required around a string constant Example KILL SAMPLE DAT LET variable expression Assigns the value of expression to the variable LET is automatically assumed if a line does not start with a command LINE x1 y1 x2 y2 Lc BLF Draws a line or box on the video screen x1 y1 and x2 y2 specify the beginning and end points of a line c specifies the displayed pixel 0 off non zero on and defaults to on if not specified x1 yl is optional and if omitted the last drawing point will be used The optional B will draw a box with the points x1 y1 and x2 y2 at opposite corners The optional BF will draw a box as B and fill the interior x is the horizontal coordinate while y is the vertical The top left hand corner is 0 0 LINE INPUT prompt string variable Reads entire line from the keyboard or a file or
10. 5 Implementation Characteristics Maximum length of a command line is 255 characters Maximum length of a variable name is 32 characters Maximum number of dimensions to an array is 8 Maximum number of arguments to commands that accept a variable number of arguments is 50 Numbers are stored and manipulated as single precision floating point numbers The maximum number that can be represented is 3 40282347e 38 and the minimum is 1 17549435e 38 The range of integers whole numbers than can be manipulated without loss of accuracy is 16777100 Maximum string length is 255 characters Maximum number of files simultaneously open is 10 Maximum SD card size is 2GB formatted with FAT16 or 2TB formatted with FAT32 Predefined Variables MM HRES The horizontal resolution of the current video display screen in pixels MM VRES The vertical resolution of the current video display screen in pixels MM ERRNO Is set to the error number if a statement involving the SD card fails or zero if the operation succeeds This is dependent on the setting of OPTION ERROR The possible values for MM ERRNO are 0 Noerror 1 NoSD card found 2 SD card is write protected 3 No space on the card 4 All root directory entries are taken 5 Invalid filename 6 Cannot find file 7 Cannot find directory 8 File is read only 9 Cannot open file 10 Error reading from file 11 Error writing to file 12 Not a file 13 Not a
11. Maximite User Manual For updates to this manual go to http geoffg net maximite html USB 2 0 20 1 0 pins Upload download Can be a combination seat allen Hg VGA Video programs and data of analog input or eyboa nput 480x432 graphics from your PC digital input output Pym monochrome External Power i 7V to 15V ICSP Connector CUPL for debugging firmware only arerers 7 9 etree eer SSD Rees eee Select VGA or composite video Composite Video 304x216 graphics Select power from i Vv 512 lines 50Hz USB or external a source gt H ELN Sound Output T 3 20Hz to 5KHz single tone under Update the firmware E program control via USB from a PC 4 Card activity indicator Power switch n 32 bit processor with 128K RAM running a BASIC Interpreter MMC SD SDHC Card Power indicator with floating point arrays long Save and load programs also flashes when variable names string handling and data within BASIC in updating firmware and graphic capabilities PC compatible formats Video Output Placing a jumper on JP2 will select composite video output eg a TV set removing it will select VGA video output only one can be plugged in at a time VGA Standard monochrome VGA 31 5KHz horizontal scanning with 60Hz vertical refresh 480x432 pixel graphic screen 80 characters per line and 36 lines per screen Composite Standard monochrome PAL 15 625KHz horizontal scanning with 50Hz vertical refresh no
12. ant constant String constants do not need to be quoted unless they contain significant spaces the comma or a keyword such as GOSUB DO etc DATE DD MM YY or DATE DD MM YY Set the date of the internal clock calendar DD MM and YY are numbers for example DATE 28 2 2011 The date is set to 1 1 2000 on power up DELETE line DELETE lastline DELETE firstline DELETE firstline lastline Deletes a program line or a range of lines If lastline is used it will start with the first line in the program If startline is used it will delete to the end of the program Also see the NEW command DIM variable elements variable elements Specifies variables that have more than one element in a single dimension i e arrayed variables DO This structure simply loops the only way out is by EXIT or GOTO lt statements gt LOOP DO WHILE expression Loops while expression is true this is equivalent to the older WHILE lt statements gt WEND loop also implemented in MMBasic LOOP DO Loops until the expression following UNTIL is true lt statements gt LOOP UNTIL expression ELSE Introduces a default condition in a multiline IF statement See the multiline IF statement for more details ELSEIF expression THEN Introduces a secondary condition in a multiline IF statement See the multiline IF statement for more details ENDIF Terminates a multiline IF stat
13. ated then opened for writing fnbr is the file number 1 to 10 The is optional Up to 10 files can be open simultaneously The INPUT LINE INPUT PRINT WRITE and CLOSE commands as well as the EOF and INPUT functions all use fnbr to identify the file being operated on See also OPTION ERROR and MM ERRNO for error handling OPTION BASE 0 or OPTION BASE 1 Sets the lowest value for array subscripts to either 0 or 1 The default is 0 OPTION ERROR CONTINUE or OPTION ERROR ABORT Sets the treatment for errors in file input output The option CONTINUE will cause MMBasic to ignore file related errors The program must check the variable MM ERRNO to determine if and what error has occurred The option ABORT sets the normal behaviour ie stop the program and print an error message The default is ABORT Note that this option only relates to errors reading or writing from the SD card it does not affect the handling of syntax and other program errors Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 10 PAUSE nbr Will halt execution of the running program for nbr milliseconds The maximum value of nbr is 4294967295 about 49 days PIN pin value For a pin configured as digital output this will set the output to low value is zero or high value non zero You can set an output high or low before it is configured as an output and that setting will be the default
14. device into string variable If specified the prompt will be printed first Unlike INPUT LINE INPUT will read a whole line not stopping for comma delimited data items A question mark is not printed unless it is part of prompt LINE INPUT nbr string variable Same as above except that the input is read from a file previously opened for INPUT as nbr See the OPEN command LIST LIST line LIST lastline LIST firstline LIST firstline lastline Lists all lines in a program line or a range of lines If lastline is used it will start with the first line in the program If startline is used it will list to the end of the program LOAD file Loads a program called file from the SD card into working memory Quote marks are required around a string constant Example LOAD TEST BAS LOCATE x y Positions the cursor to a location in pixels and the next PRINT command will place its output at this location The top left corner is 0 0 Only affects the video output LOOP UNTIL expression Terminates a program loop see DO Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 9 MEMORY List the amount of memory currently in use For example 5kB 17 Program memory used 3kB 16 Variable memory used 12kB 30 Array and string memory used Program memory is cleared by the NEW command Variable array and string memory spaces are cleared by many commands
15. directory 15 Directory not empty 15 Unspecified error accessing the SD card Commands single quotation mark Starts a comment and any text following it will be ignored Comments can be placed anywhere on a line CHDIR dir Change the current working directory on the SD card to dir 669 The special entry represents the parent of the current directory and Represents the current directory CIRCLE x y r Lc LF Draws a circle on the video output centred at x and y with a radius of r If c is zero the pixels are turned off if it is non zero or not specified the pixels are turned on ie the circle is drawn The F option will cause the circle to be filled according to the c parameter Note that because of differing aspect ratios in monitors the circle will be oval to some degree Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 6 CLEAR Will delete all variables and recover the memory used by them See ERASE for deleting specific array variables CLOSE nbr nbr Will close the files previously opened with the file number nbr The is optional Also see the OPEN command CLS Clears the video display screen CONTINUE Will resume running a program that has been stopped by an END statement an error or CTRL C The program will restart with the next statement following the previous stopping point DATA Stores numerical and string constants to be accessed by READ const
16. ement See the multiline IF statement for more details END Will end the running program and return to the command prompt Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 7 ERASE variable variable Deletes arrayed variables and frees up the memory Use CLEAR to delete all variables including all arrayed variables ERROR error_msg Will force an error and terminate the program This is normally used in debugging or to trap events that should not occur EXIT FOR EXIT by itself exits from a DO LOOP EXIT FOR exits from a FOR NEXT loop FILES search_pattern List the program files in the current directory on the SD card The optional search_pattern may contain question marks to match any character An asterisk as the first character of the filename or extension will match any file or any extension If omitted all files will be listed FOR counter start TO finish STEP increment Initiates a FOR NEXT loop with the counter initially set to start and incrementing in increment steps default is 1 until counter equals finish The increment must be an integer but may be negative GOSUB line Initiates a subroutine call to the line specified The subroutine must end with RETURN GOTO line Branches program execution to the specified line IF expr THEN statement Evaluates the expression expr and performs the THEN statement if it is true OR or
17. h the same number A line can be deleted by entering its number without any commands All program lines can be cleared from working memory with the NEW command Multiple commands separated by a colon can be entered on the one line as in INPUT A PRINT B SD Card Storage A program can be saved to the SD card using the SAVE command It can be reloaded using LOAD or merged with the current program using MERGE A saved program can also be loaded and run using the RUN command The RUN command can also be used within a running program which enables one program to load and transfer control to another Data files can be opened using OPEN and read from using INPUT LINE INPUT or INPUT Q or written to using PRINT or WRITE Both data and programs are stored using standard text and can be read and edited in Windows Apple Mac Linux etc You can list the programs stored on the SD card with FILES delete them using KILL and rename them using NAME The current working directory can be changed using CHDIR A new directory can be created with MKDIR or an old one deleted with RMDIR Whenever specified a file name can be a string constant ie enclosed in double quotes or a string variable This means you must use double quotes if you are directly specifying a file name Eg RUN TEST BAS Expressions In most cases where a number or string is required you can also use an expression For example FNAMES TEST RUN FNAME BAS Or as a
18. in can be configured to generate an interrupt using the SETPIN command with up to 21 interrupts including the tick interrupt active at any one time Interrupts can be setup to occur on a rising or falling digital input signal and will cause an immediate branch to a specified line number similar to a GOSUB The target line number can be the same or different for each interrupt Return from an interrupt is via the IRETURN statement All statements including GOSUB RETURN can be used within an interrupt If two or more interrupts occur at the same time they will be processed in order of pin numbers ie an interrupt on pin 1 will have the highest priority During processing of an interrupt all other interrupts are disabled until the interrupt routine returns with an IRETURN During an interrupt and at all times the value of the interrupt pin can be accessed using the PINQ function A periodic interrupt or regular tick with a period specified in milliseconds can be setup using the SETTICK statement This interrupt has the lowest priority Interrupts can occur at any time but they are disabled during INPUT statements If you need to get input from the keyboard while still accepting interrupts you should use the INKEY function When using interrupts the main program is completely unaffected by the interrupt activity unless the interrupts alters variables used by the main program For most programs Maximite will respond to an interrupt in under
19. is played in the background and does not stop program execution If duration is zero any active SOUND statement is turned off If no SOUND statement is running a duration of zero has no effect TIME HH MM SS Sets the time of the internal clock MM and SS are optional and will default or to zero if not specified For example TIME 14 30 will set the clock to TIMES HH MM 14 30 with zero seconds i The time is set to 0 0 0 on power up TIME HH TIMER msec Resets the timer to a number of milliseconds Normally this is just used to reset the timer to zero but you can set it to any positive integer See the TIMER function for more details Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 12 TROFF Turns of the trace facility see TRON TRON Turns on the trace facility This facility will print each line number in square brackets as the program is executed This is useful in debugging programs WEND WEND concludes a WHILE WEND loop see WHILE WHILE expression WHILE initiates a WHILE WEND loop The loop ends with WEND and execution reiterates through the loop as long as the expression is true This construct is included for Microsoft compatibility New programs should use the DO LOOP construct WRITE nbr expression expression Outputs the value of each expression separated by commas If the expression is a number it i
20. n extreme and not recommended example NBR 100 GOTO NBR 3 20 Structured Statements MMBasic supports a number of modern structured statements The IF THEN command can span may lines with ELSEIF THEN ELSE and ENDIF statements as required and also spaced over many lines The DO WHILE LOOP command and its variants make it easy to build loops without using the GOTO statement Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 3 Timing You can get the current date time using the DATE and TIME functions and you can set them by assigning the new date and time to them If not set the calendar will start from midnight 1 Jan 2010 on power up You can freeze program execution for a number of milliseconds using PAUSE MMBasic also maintains an internal stopwatch function the TIMER function which counts up in milliseconds You can is reset TIMER to zero or any other number by using TIMER as a command Using SETTICK you can setup a tick which will generate a regular interrupt with a period from one millisecond to over a month See Interrupts below External Input Output You can configure an external I O pin using the SETPIN command set its output using the PINQ command and read the current input value using the PIN Q function Digital I O uses the number zero to represent a low voltage and any non zero number for a high voltage An analogue input will report the measured voltage as a floating point number Interrupts Any external I O p
21. n interlaced 304x216 pixel graphic screen 50 characters per line and 18 lines per screen USB Implements the CDC Communication Device Class protocol over USB 2 0 This is a serial interface to the BASIC interpreter so by using a terminal emulator on the host programs can be entered edited and run Using this interface you can upload programs or download using the BASIC LIST command The Windows driver is available from http geoffg net maximite html There is native support for the CDC protocol in Linux the cdc acm driver and Apple OS X Keyboard Standard IBM compatible PS2 keyboard with mini DIN connector or a USB mini DIN adapter Non ASCII keys such as the function keys are mapped to ASCII characters Use a command like PRINT HEXS VAL INKEYS to check the actual mapping Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 1 SD MMC Card Interface Will accept MMC SD or SDHC memory cards formatted as FAT16 or FAT32 File names must be in 8 3 format long file names are not supported Note that there is no advantage in using a fast SD card as the card is clocked at a fixed 20MHz regardless of its speed rating Electrical Characteristics Power Supply Via External Power 7V to 12V 14V if no significant current is drawn from the I O pins The centre pin of the external power connector is positive Via USB Connector 4 5V to 5 5V JP1 placed in the USB position Current Draw 140mA typical plus current draw from the I O pins
22. nimum number of characters to output less than this the number will be padded more than this the width will be expanded precision specifies the number of fraction digits to generate with an e or f type or the maximum number of significant digits to generate with a g type If specified the precision must be preceded by a dot type can be one of g Automatically format the number for the best presentation f Format the number with the decimal point and following digits e Format the number in exponential format If uppercase G or F is used the exponential output will use an uppercase E Examples format 45 will return 45 format 45 g will return 45 format 24 1 g will return 24 1 format 24 1 f will return 24 1000 format 24 1 e will return 2 41000e 01 format 24 1 09 3f will return 00024 100 format 24 1 3f will return 24 100 format 24 1 9 3f will return 24 100 HEX number Returns a string giving the hexadecimal base 16 value for the number Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 14 INKEY Reads the status of the keyboard and returns a single character if available If a character is not available this function will immediately return with a null string INPUT nbr fnbr Will return a string composed of nbr characters read from a file previously opened for INPUT with the file number fnbr This function
23. output when the SETPIN command takes effect pin zero is a special case and will always control the LED on the front panel A value of non zero will turn the LED on or zero for off See the function PIN for reading from a pin and the command SETPIN for configuring it PRINT expression L Jexpression etc Outputs text to the screen Multiple expressions can be used and must be separated by either a e Comma which will output the tab character e Semicolon which will not output anything and if present at the end of the line will suppress the automatic output of a carriage return newline at the end of a print statement When printed a number is preceded with a space if positive or a minus if negative but is not followed by a space Integers whole numbers are printed without a decimal point while fractions are printed with the decimal point and the significant decimal digits Large numbers greater than six digits are printed in scientific format The function FORMATS can be used to format numbers The function TABO can be used to space to a certain column and the string functions can be used to justify or otherwise format strings PRINT nbr expression L Jexpression etc Same as above except that the output is directed to a file previously opened for OUTPUT or APPEND as nbr See the OPEN command PRESET x y Turn off a pixel on the video screen x is the horizontal coo
24. puts it will return the measured voltage as a floating point number Frequency inputs will return the frequency in Hz maximum 200KHz A period input will return the period in milliseconds while a count input will return the count since reset counting is done on the positive rising edge The count input can be reset to zero by resetting the pin to counting input even if it is already so configured pin zero is a special case which will always return the state of the bootload push button on the PC board non zero means that the button is down Also see the SETPIN and PIN commands POS Returns the current cursor position in the line RIGHT string number of spaces Returns a substring a string with number of spaces from the right end of the string Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 15 RND number Returns a pseudo random number The number value is ignored if supplied The RANDOMIZE command reseeds the random number generator SGN number Returns the sign of the argument number 1 for positive numbers 0 for 0 and 1 for negative numbers SIN number Returns the sine of the argument number in radians SPACE number Returns a string of blank spaces number bytes long SPC number Returns a string of blank spaces number bytes long This function is similar to the SPACE function and is only included for Microsoft compatibility SQR number
25. rdinate while y is the vertical The top left corner is 0 0 PSET x y Turn on a pixel on the video screen RANDOMIZE nbr Seeds the random number generator with nbr To generate a different random sequence each time you must use a different value for nbr One good way to do this is use the TIMER function For example 100 RANDOMIZE TIMER READ variable Reads values from DATA statements and assigns these values to the named variable variables Variable types ina READ statement must match the data types in DATA statements as they are read See also DATA and RESTORE REM string REM allows remarks to be included in a program Note the Microsoft style use of the single quotation mark to denote remarks is also supported and is preferred RESTORE Resets the line and position counters for DATA and READ statements to the top of the program file RETURN RETURN concludes a subroutine called by GOSUB Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 11 RMDIR dir Remove or delete the directory dir on the SD card RUN line file Executes the program in memory If a line number is supplied then execution begins at that line Or if a file name file is supplied the current program will be erased and that program will be loaded from the SD card and executed This enables one program to load and run another Example RUN TEST BAS SAVE file Saves the program in the current working di
26. rectory on the SD card as file Example SAVE TEST BAS SETPIN pin cfg line Will configure the external I O pin according to cfg 0 Not configured or inactive 1 Analog input pins 1 to 10 2 Digital input all pins and 5V tolerant on pins 11 to 20 3 Frequency input pins 11 to 14 4 Period input pins 11 to 14 5 Counting input pins 11 to 14 6 Interrupt on low to high input change all pins 7 Interrupt on high to low input change all pins 8 Digital output all pins 9 Open collector digital output to 5V pins 11 to 20 See the function PIN for reading inputs and the statement PINOQ for outputs If an interrupt is configured ie cfg is 6 or 7 then the line number of the interrupt is specified in the third parameter line The value of the pin can always be retrieved using the function PINQ See also IRETURN The interrupt can be disabled by using SETPIN with cfg not 6 or 7 SETTICK period line This will setup a periodic interrupt or tick The time between interrupts is period milliseconds and line is the line number of the interrupt routine See also IRETURN The period can range from 1 to 4294967295 mSec about 49 days This interrupt can be disabled by setting line to zero ie SETTICK 0 0 SOUND frequency Generate a single tone of frequency between 20Hz and 5KHz for duration duration milliseconds This is a square wave which
27. s outputted without preceding or trailing spaces If it is a string it is surrounded by double quotes The list is terminated with a new line If nbr is specified the output will be directed to a file on the SD card previously opened for OUTPUT or APPEND as nbr See the OPEN command WRITE is useful for writing data that will later be read by the INPUT command or by programs that can read CSV comma separated variables format files such as Microsoft s Excel Functions ABS number Returns the absolute value of the argument number ASC string Returns the ASCII code for the first letter in the argument string ATN number Returns the arctangent value of the argument number in radians CHR number Returns a one character string with the character corresponding to the ASCII code indicated by argument number CINT number Round numbers with fractional portions up or down to the next whole number or integer For example 45 47 will round to 45 45 57 will round to 46 34 45 will round to 34 34 55 will round to 35 See also INTO and FIXO COS number Returns the cosine of the argument number in radians DATE Returns the current date based on MMBasic s internal clock as a string in the form DD MM YYYY For example 28 02 2010 The internal clock calendar will keep track of the time and date including leap years The date is set to 1 1 2010 on
28. will come with a program called BootLoader exe run this program and follow the instructions included in the upgrade package to reprogram the Maximite with the new version Maximite User Manual 2 1 Page 2 Maximite BASIC V2 1 Functional Summary Keyboard Display Input can come from either a keyboard or from a computer using a terminal emulator via the USB interface Both the keyboard and the USB interface can be used simultaneously and can be detached or attached at any time without affecting a running program Output will be simultaneously sent to the USB interface and the video display VGA or composite Either can be attached or removed at any time Startup On startup MMBasic looks for a file called AUTORUN BAS in the root directory of the SD card and will automatically load and run it if found If it is not found MMBasic will print a prompt gt and wait for input Command and Program Input At the prompt you can enter a command line followed by the enter key and it will be immediately run This is useful for testing commands and their effects If the line is preceded with a number it will be saved in memory along with other lines in the program The program can be listed with LIST and run using the RUN command You can interrupt MMBasic at any time by typing CTRL C on either the keyboard or USB interface and control will be returned to the prompt A program line can be changed by entering a new line wit
29. will read all characters including carriage return and new line without translation The is optional Also see the OPEN command INSTR start position string searched string pattern Returns the position at which string pattern occurs in string searched beginning at start position INT number Truncate an expression to the next whole number less than or equal to the argument For example 9 89 will return 9 and 2 11 will return 3 This behaviour is for Microsoft compatibility the FIXQ function provides a true integer function See also CINTO LEFT string number of spaces Returns a substring a string with number of spaces from the left beginning of the string LEN string Returns the number of characters in string LOG number Returns the natural logarithm of the argument number LCASE string Returns string converted to lowercase characters MID string start position in string number of chars Returns a substring of string beginning at start position in string and continuing for number of chars bytes If number of chars is omitted the returned string will extend to the end of string OCT number Returns a string giving the octal base 8 representation of number PIN pin Returns the value on the external I O pin Zero means digital low 1 means digital high and for analogue in
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