The Workload Analyser Tool User Guide
Contents
1. Integer range items are composed of two parts an information part which displays the current value of the integer range item and a slider which is used to change the value itself It is possible to move the slider to a specific position by clicking the left button of the mouse with the mouse cursor located in the specified position within the slider rectangle The user can also make the cursor sliding by pressing the left button of the mouse with the mouse cursor located on the black cursor of the slider and dragging the mouse to the left or to the right hand side While sliding the slider cursor the changes of the values of the integer range item are displayed The value is set when the mouse button is released When the mouse cursor goes out of the slider rectangle the slider cursor returns to its original position WAT Editor Cone J Save fbort_ ie File Type ASCII BINARY File name ascii data Format Variables Figure 25 Example of an integer range item A 5 String items A string item is a field containing either integer real or textual values specified from the key board Note that this definition does not apply to the filename string items as we will specify in the next section When the user wants to enter a value he just needs to position the mouse cursor on the field he wants to edit and then he can type the value Each field has a predefined type associated to it A test on the type is performed2. he wants to display has to be selected through the first sum item 3 2 2 Format window Figure 6 The Format window This window contains its own help available as usual through the Help button located at the top of the window and a few items to define the specific format namely e Format Name name of the format string item e Formatted a sum item for the specification of the type of record structure i e formatted ASCII or unformatted binary e Format list of the format of each variable Depending on the previous choice formatted or unformatted the user will have to fill the Format list item with the name of each variable Format Help Format Name ascii_fmt Formatted Yes 11 Format Name time type Real digits before point 6 f digits after point 5 Name io_bck type Int Number of digits 5 Name mem type Int Number of digits 8 string item its type sum item i e real or integer and in the case of formatted records with the length i e number of digits of field associated to the variable itself integer range items All the specifications are saved by selecting either the Done or Save buttons Alternatively they can be discarded by selecting the Abort button WARNING The save operation does not write permanently the format information in the local library This operation simply means keep the information for the current se
3. Help Output Specifications Output file data out Once the specifications have been defined the user can perform the analysis by running the Workload Analyser Tool with the Run option The results obtained from the WAT after the analysis of these specifications with the data showed in Fig 11 can be seen in the file which name is specified in the item Output file of the Output specifications i e data out Figure 19 Run of the tool according to the pre defined specifications WAT Editor main window Core sae Abort Cn Run WAT with batch file Done Save APPENDIX A Use of the components of the interface The interface is a set of basic components defined in the SDMF tool 5 To facilitate the use of this interface we will briefly review the various components A 1 Buttons There are two different kinds of buttons within the interface 1 action buttons 2 subform buttons Both of them can be activated by simply clicking the left button of the mouse with the mouse cursor located on the image of the button i e the square surrounded label Figure 20 Examples of an action button Define Load or Run and a subform button Help A 2 Menus There are different types of menu within the interface which can be invoked and used in the same way The following figures show a few examples of the menus provided within the interface WAT Editor main window 99 Version WAT Editor
4. Version U 2 Help S Figure 21 Example of a window banner menu Figure 22 Example of a filename string item menu To open a menu that is to display all the items it consists of the user needs to press the right button of the mouse with the mouse cursor located on the image of the menu i e the banner of the window the sum item or the filename string item To select an item the user with the mouse button pressed needs to drag the mouse cursor to locate it on the image of the item When the mouse button is released the item is selected and the action associated to it executed Figure 23 Example of a sum item menu ascii_fmt Variables Name jo_bck New io_block Transform e AEE TE N aay Name mem New mem_use Transform None None Logarithmic JY x mean std_dev A x minj max min log amp log amp max min max min amp log std_dev A 3 Sum items Sum items are compositions of buttons and menus and can be used in either one or the other mode Using the button mode the user will change the value of the sum item by selecting the value of the sum item immediately after the current one A few clicks will allow the user to scan sequentially the list of values one by one Using the menu mode the user will display the list of values of the sum item and directly select one Figure 24 Example of a sum item A 4 Integer range items
5. the graphical interface to prepare the input specifications for a batch run or to directly run the tool either in a batch or an interactive mode The WAT can be invoked as follows e wat interactive mode the WAT starts without any graphical interface and the logical subdivision of the tool in the seven steps presented in Sect 1 is maintained e wat h help on line general information about the WAT are displayed e wat b lt filename gt batch mode the WAT starts in batch mode without any graphical interface lt filename gt is the name of the file containing the specifications of all the operations to be performed on the input data The file has to be previously created in a graphical mode e wat i graphical mode the graphical interface of WAT opens the WAT Editor main window see Fig 2 which gives the user various options As we will clarify in the following section the user can either define a new set of specifications load an existing one or run WAT in batch mode Figure 2 Main menu of the Workload Analyser Tool graphical interface 3 The graphical interface The graphical interface WAT Editor running wat with the i option allows the user to select the various operations to be performed on the input data All these specifications will be WAT Editor main window 6 Version WAT Editor Version U 2 Help N stored in a file which can be used for a batch execution of the WAT Let us remar
6. The Workload Analyser Tool User Guide The Integrated Modelling Support Environment project Maria Calzarossa Lionel Mallet Luisa Massari Giuseppe Serazzi R4 2 4 Version 1 June 1991 University of Pavia 1991 Distribution level All IMSE project teams Approved by The IMSE Project The IMSE project is a collaborative research project supported by the CEC as ESPRIT project no 2143 It is being carried out by the following organisations BNR Europe STL Thomson CSF Simulog A S University of Edinburgh INRIA IPK Berlin University of Dortmund University of Pavia SINTEF University of Trondheim University of Turin and University of Milan Contents References 1 The Workload Analyser Tool 2 Getting started 3 The graphical interface 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 The WAT Editor main window The Define button 3 2 1 List of format library window 3 2 2 Format window 3 2 3 Variables window 3 2 4 Saving the specifications The Load button The Run button 4 An example Appendix A Use of the components of the interface A l A 2 A 3 A A A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 Buttons Integer range items String items Filename string items List items Resizing a window 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 22 References 1 Maria Calzarossa and L
7. a few basic information about the WAT Editor main window and eventually to store new informa tion comments 3 2 The Define button To define a new set of specifications the user needs to select the Define button in the WAT Editor main window A new window called WAT Editor window is opened see Fig 4 Figure 4 The WAT Editor window This window which gathers a few preliminary information is logically subdivided in four WAT Editor Window the Control Specifications the Display s respectively Each section has its own help Input Specifications Ott Pinte which ty avetable through the Help butt File Type Ascii fmt File name ii data K Variables Help Control Specifications Percentile of outliers 50 Random Sample Yes Number of clusters 10 Overall transformation x a gE dev Help CEET Display T i Display of Statistical Information O Yes Display of Cluster Distributions for the entire population Help Output Specifications Output file Output variables txtend List Input Specifications In this section the user can define all the information related to how the tool has to manage the measurement data input file before their statistical analysis step 1 to 4 of the WAT see Fig 1 The possible choices are e List of format library the user can list the contents of his local library of ASCII BINARY formats A specific wi
8. e WAT Figure 12 Definition of new specifications Version WAT Editor Version 0 2 Help O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 16 0009 0031 0034 0033 0017 0049 0005 0008 0021 0006 0027 0068 0006 0010 0010 0049 0018 Figure 13 Selection of the file type WAT Editor Window Done Save Help Input Specifications List of format liprarye L oup orm e el peiie ae fectheation of the format of the two va Format CLO ables within the input file Done Save Help Format Name data_fmt Formatted Yes Format Name length type Int Number of digits i Name delta type Real digits before point digits after point 4 ii Output Specifications Output file Figure 15 Selection of the variables to be analyzed together with the transformations to be applied and the trimming of the outliers WAT Editor Window Done Save Help nipte Gave fiat iGelection of control percentile of outliers ranc ist of format library ubf orm 4 3 ove AN RAST ANH file paren sete m sample number of clusters and oatput specifications Variables Help Control Specifications Percentile of outliers 50 Random Sample No Number of clusters 4 Pe Overall transformation x mean std_dev K Help 18 Display Specifications Display of Statistica
9. ents already exist by clicking on the button at the left hand side of any element of the list with the right button of the mouse a menu is displayed see Fig 30 It is possible to e insert a new element just before the current one e append a new element just after the current one e delete the current element of the list WAT Editor Cone Cee thort Output variables K l g z Name Std deve Comment When the last element of the list is deleted an empty list is obtained see Fig 28 Figure 30 Example of the menu of a list item A 8 Resizing a window In many cases especially when list items are used it is necessary to resize the window in order to completely display its contents This operation can be performed in various ways The standard windowing procedures are available An alternative simple approach is to use the item Fit contents in the banner menu of the window submenu Resize see Fig 21 which will automatically resize the window according to its contents WAT Editor Core save tbort Append Element ent Prepend Element Delete Element
10. esses raw input data collected by means of the measurement tools and the routines available on the target systems and identifies by means of suitable statistical techniques a set of groups classes of components having homogeneous characteristics Figure 1 shows the overall structure of the tool One of the main features of the design is the modular structure of the tool the various operations of the procedure required for the con struction of a workload model have been logically subdivided into seven steps where each step performs specific operations on the input data The Workload Analyser Tool has been designed to be independent of the type of data streams to be analyzed the input of WAT can consist of accounting files measured on systems running under various operating systems i e Unix VME as well as ASCII or binary files The user has to specify the structure of the records in the ASCII BINARY input files i e the format of each variable and has also to select the variables to be used for the description of each workload component It is possibile to specify all these information e g mnemonic names of the variables type length the first time a certain type of input data is selected and store them in a library of record structures i e formats Another relevant feature included in WAT is the possibility of directly processing accounting files measured on systems running under UNIX or VME operating systems A lot of prelimina
11. ing of the filename is performed by clicking the Done or the Save button The execution of the WAT starts in background mode Figure 10 The Run WAT with batch file window 14 Run WAT with batch file Coe save Cori 4 An example In order to make clearer the description of the graphical interface of the WAT we will present the use of the tool on a real set of data The problem we approach in this example is the analysis of measurements collected on an Ethernet local area network The data refers to the packets sent to the network from either workstations and disk servers Among the various information describing each packet we have selected two parameters e packet length in bytes e interarrival time in seconds Figure 11 shows the structure of the file containing these data which will be the input for the Workload Analyser Tool The first column represents the packet length named length in the format description in Fig 14 integer of four digits and the second one is the interarrival time named delta in the format description in Fig 14 real of two and four digits before and after the point respectively In what follows we will present a few figures containing the operations to be performed in order to specify the parameters of the analysis 15 WAT Editor main window 14 60 1345 60 60 1345 60 60 64 oT 60 1345 64 60 60 104 1345 Figure 11 Example of the input file for th
12. k that the same specifications can be selected step by step in an interactive mode Figure 3 shows an example of a WAT Editor session Figure 3 Example of WAT Editor session Note that the current version of the graphical interface runs on Sun computers and is built on top of the SDMF 5 The basic management operations associated to the components of the interface can be found in Appendix A WAT Editor main window 3 1 The WAT HKes4633 gt A A Sows rare Version WAT Editor Version 0 2 Help WAT Editor Window Editor main window see Fig 2 Help ree EPS POH agp taissi buttons File Type Ascii fmt File name ascii data Variables lt lt OPEN gt gt Help Press To Edit Control Specifications Done Save Abort Define Percentile of outlier 95 Random Sample Yes percentage 60 Load Run Number of clusters 5 Overall transformation x mean std_dev Variables ascii_fmt Variables Name jo_bck New io_block Transform x min max min Outlier yes Name 2 mem New mem_use Transform None Outlier No No action is associated to the Save button Both the Done and the Abort buttons allow the user to quit and leave the interface The operations associated to the remaining buttons will be explained in the following sections An Help button is also provided It allows the user to open a window containing
13. l Information Yes Display of Cluster Distributions for each cluster Help Output Specifications Output file data out Figure 17 Save of the specifications Once the specifications are saved into a file it is possible to load them for editing see Fig 18 save description in file WAT Editor Window ae Help Input Specifications List of format library File Type ASCII BINARY File name data Format Variables Help Control Specifications Percentile of outliers Random Sample No Number of clusters 4 Overall transformation x mean std_dev Help Display Specifications Display of Statistical Information O Yes Display of Cluster Distributions for each cluster Help Output Specifications Output file data out Figure 18 Load of previously saved specifications WAT Editor main window Done Save Abort CA Version WAT Editor Yersion 0 2 Help Load description from file tutorial specs Press lo Eqit Help Input Specifications List of format library File Type Data fmt File name data Variables Help Control Specifications Percentile of outliers Random Sample No Number of clusters 4 Overall transformation x mean std_dev Help Display Specifications 20 Display of Statistical Information O ves Display of Cluster Distributions for each cluster
14. lysis of the measurement data namely e Percentile of outliers the percentile of the distribution of each variable for trimming of the outliers is specified integer range item e Random Sample the user can select a random sample sum item an integer range item is displayed to choose the percentage of data of the sample e Number of clusters an integer range item allows the user to specify the number of clusters he wants to obtain with the cluster analysis e Overall transformation asum item for the selection of the transformation to be applied to all the variables in order to scale them to the same range before the cluster analysis Display Specifications This section deals with e Display of Statistical Information the user can select to display the statistical in formation during the analysis of the data sum item e Display of Cluster Distributions the distributions of the variables can be displayed for the entire population or for each of the clusters Output Specifications This sections deals with e Output file a filename string item containing the name of the file where the WAT will save the results of the cluster analysis e Output specifications this feature is not yet implemented 10 Figure 5 The List of format library window 3 2 1 List of format library window The user can list the contents of the local library one format at a time The name of the format
15. ndow is opened see List of format library window below subform button e File type it allows the user to specify the format of the input data i e the organization of the data in the input file this sum item gathers the following standard formats UNIX accounting VME accounting user pre defined formats found in the library located in the working directory and displayed by name and new ASCII BINARY formats Let us examine in details the various options 1 accounting format the user has the following possibilities within the sum item File disk the file is stored on disk the name of the file containing the data filename string item Filename must be specified tape the file is stored on a tape the user has to specify the name of the device driver associated to the tape filename string item Drive 2 user pre defined format the name of the file containing the data filename string item Filename is required 3 new ASCII BINARY format the user has to specify the name of the file containing the measurement data filename string item Filename The structure of the file i e the format is defined in the Format window see the Format subform In all the three cases the user will also have to specify the information of the parameters he wants to analyze see the Variables subform Control Specifications This section is concerned with the information related to the ana
16. ption in file window see Fig 8 where the name of the file containing the specifications has to be given Figure 8 The Save description in file window The save operation can be interrupted by clicking the Abort button in the Save description in file window The Abort button of the WAT Editor window allows the user to close the window Note that the specifications are not automatically saved It is necessary to explicitly require a save operation before closing the WAT Editor window 13 save description in file 3 3 The Load button To load an existing set of specifications the user needs to select the Load operation in the WAT Editor main window and provide in the Load description from file window see Fig 9 the name of the file containing the specifications The matching of the filename is performed by clicking the Done or the Save button The set of specifications is displayed in a WAT Editor window as described in section 3 2 The user can refer to this section for the available operations 2 Figure 9 The Load description from file window 3 4 The Run button The user can run the WAT in batch mode from the interface by selecting the Run operation in the WAT Editor main window It is necessary to provide in the Run WAT with batch file window see Fig 10 the name of the file containing the specifications The match
17. ry work is required to convert such files in a readable format since for efficiency reasons they are usually stored in a compressed format not easily decoded For saving disk space the WAT can accept input from either disk or tape is given After the input description and the selection of the characterizing parameters of each workload component the real processing of workload data begins The basic statistical descriptors such as mean variance standard deviation skewness kurtosis maximum and minimum values are provided A preliminary analysis of the input data which includes application of various types of trans formation trimming of the outliers and sampling is performed All these operations are mainly aimed towards the clustering analysis which represents the core of the WAT since it allows the construction of workload models and the identification of the input parameters for the corre sponding system models external WAT step 1 input description step 2 parameter selection step 3 statistical analysis step 4 transformations I world step 5 outliers step 6 sampling step 7 cluster analysis i i workload model i modelling tools Figure 1 Overall structure of the Workload Analyser Tool 2 Getting started Three different execution modes are supported by the Workload Analyser Tool The user can choose to use
18. ssion The format will be saved in the local library when the user will save the whole specifications in the WAT Editor window see Sect 3 2 4 3 2 3 Variables window Figure 7 The Variables window This window contains its own help available as usual through the Help button and a list item to specify the variables the user wants to analyze and how to perform this analysis This list consists of four components e Name name of the variable this item is a string item in case of a new ASCII BINARY format or a sum item otherwise Let us remark that for a new ASCII BINARY format the name must correspond to a name of the variable given in the format definition e New to associate a new name to the variable string item Variables ascii_fmt Variables Name mem New mem_use Transform x min max min Outliers Name jo bck New R Transform None Outliers e Transform to specify the transformation s to be applied to each variable sum item e Outliers to specify if the user wants to remove the outliers for a specific variable sum item The Done or Save buttons and the Abort button allow the user to save and discard all the selections respectively 3 2 4 Saving the specifications To permanently save the whole specifications the user has to click either the Save or Done buttons The operation associated to these buttons consists of displaying a Save descri
19. to avoid possible errors e g typing a character in an integer field The DELETE key placed on the keyboard is the cancellation character Figure 26 Example of a string item A 6 Filename string items Filename string items are a combination of string items and menus The user can directly insert the complete filename in the field or he can use the right button of the mouse to get the possible filename completions of what he has typed This also gives the possibility of selecting a filename from the list of the files available in the current directory In such a case the filename field is used as a menu with all the associated operations Variables E p ASCII BINARY Variables e Name io_bck New e Transform None Outlier yest Figure 27 Example of a filename string item A 7 List items List items are the building blocks of other types of item This means that an element of a list item can be a composition of any of the other types of item List items can be displayed in two different formats depending on the initial number of elements in the list see Figs 28 and 29 Figure 28 Example of a list item with no initial element Figure 29 Example of a list item with initial elements In the first case see Fig 28 there are no initial elements in the list the user only needs to click on the extend list button to add a new element to the list In the second case see Fig 29 one or more elem
20. uisa Massari Requirement Specifications of the Workload Analyser Tool Document IMSE R4 2 1 University of Pavia 1989 2 Maria Calzarossa Luisa Massari and Giuseppe Serazzi The Workload Analyser Tool User Interface Document IMSE R4 2 2 University of Pavia 1990 3 Maria Calzarossa Luisa Massari and Giuseppe Serazzi The Design of the Workload Anal yser Tool Document IMSE D4 2 1 Version 1 1990 4 Andreas L Opdahl and Vidar Vetdland Evaluation of EXT and WAT design Document IMSE R6 6 6 SINTEF 1990 Chris Uppal Design of the IMSE SDMF Document IMSE R2 2 3 STC Technology 1990 A 1 The Workload Analyser Tool Workload characterization i e the quantitative description of the processing requests to a sys tem is a fundamental part of any type of performance evaluation study Indeed every time the knowledge of the performance of a system is needed the workload which produced these values must be determined Since workloads are usually constituted by a large number of components and each component is described by a tuple of parameters variables the amount of resulting data to be analyzed is generally considerable The Workload Analyser Tool WAT can be used to derive a manageable and more compact representation of the workload in that it allows the construction of workload models whose characterizing parameters can be used as input for either analytic and simulation system mod els WAT proc
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