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METADATA ELEMENT SET: USER GUIDE

1. 1 TYPE Type Occurrence Mandatory Repeatable Choice Discrete Qualifiers None Definition The nature or genre of the content of the resource Comment The general form of the resource such as text image sound etc For the sake of interoperability Type must be selected from an enumerated list To describe the physical or digital manifestation of the resource or where greater precision is required use the Format element for example Type Text Format Book If the resource has content of multiple mixed types then repeated Type elements should be used to describe the main components The list from which select the proper value is Text A resource whose content is primarily words for reading for example books letters dissertations poems newspapers articles Note that images of text are still of the genre text Image The content is primarily symbolic visual representation other than text for example images and photographs of physical objects paintings prints drawings animations and moving pictures films diagrams maps Note that Image may include both electronic and physical representations Sound A resource whose content is primarily audio or intended to be realized in audio for example music speech recorded sounds This category includes musical notation including score which is unrealized sound Dataset Structured information encoded in lists tables databases etc which will normally be in
2. the desire to associate the physical object with persons places and events the need to account for collections the need to account for surrogates such as photographs a historical lack of content standards The proposed model provides direction on representing cultural heritage resources as currently expected to be analysed by research community not the entire universe of all possible associated information resources The model comprises sixteen elements elements 1 to 12 are based upon analogue elements of Dublin Core Elements 13 to 16 are designed specifically for Networking Women research group The present guide is not intended to discuss differences between our structure and DC model see References chapter for more detailed information about this topic The present chapter is indeed the core of this user guide here is provided information about features and semantics of each element adopted for describing resources by Networking Women researchers Each element is described using the same formalism e Element Name e Element Type it is explained whether the element is mandatory or not that is cataloguers must give or not a value for the element repeatable that is cataloguers may give more than one value free discrete choice that is cataloguers may put any value or one of a predefined set e Element Qualifiers it is explained whether there are or not qualifiers a sort of subfields of the element to refine the meaning of
3. 1999 03 28 Language Italian Relation IsPartOf SSAB web site Description Home page of Special School for Archivists and Librarians The page is a table of contented with links to the main topics of the web site General Information Courses Committes Services Teachers Didactics Grants Conferences Addresses Subject Communication Subject Keywords Internet Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 53 Examples Subject Educational Subject Keywords University Subject Keywords Archivists Subject Keywords Librarians Availability Owned For a photograph Type Image Format Medium Photograph Format Extent 18x12 cm Title Aerial view of Rome Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 2000 07 22 Coverage Place Rome Italy Coverage Time 2000 Description An aerial evening view of Rome focusing the historical centre and Colosseum Availability Owned Marks Damaged restoring needed For a painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Identifier Louvre INV 779 Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda Agents Role Creator Agents Name Leonardo da Vinci Date Created 1503 1506 Rights Information about rights management at http www louvre fr Relation IsPartOf Louvre Collection of Italian Renaissance Paintings Subject Art Subject Keywords Painting Subject Keywords Ren
4. Agents is mandatory in case there is no information about this element use the Role Creator setting the value Unidentified for the Name qualifier Use the element Description where more information about agents and their role is needed Examples e For a book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 23 Element set AGENTS Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name O Reilly e Fora networked resource Type Text Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http lwww uniroma1 it ssab Title SSAB Home Page Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome e For a photograph Type Image Format Medium Photograph Format Extent 18x12 cm Title Aerial view of Rome Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario e Fora painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Identifier Louvre INV 779 Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda Agents Role Creator Agents Name Leonardo da Vinci e Fora digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file gif Format Extent 4 Kb Identif
5. HasPart Title 3 Blue in Green Relation HasPart All Blues Relation HasPart Flamenco Sketches Relation IsFormatOf Kind of Blue original 1959 release on vinyl record e For a song version Title Drive my car Creator Lennon John Creator McCartney Paul Relation HasVersion Drive my car in Bobby McFerrin s 1993 CD Simple pleasures e For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1 a Title Mario Rossi Papers Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 1949 1978 Language Italian Rights All rights regulated by law dpr 1409 63 dpr 490 99 and Civil Code Relation IsPartOf National Archives Relation HasPart Work Draft Series Relation HasPart Correspondance Series Relation HasPart Administrative records Series Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 39 e For a live theatre performance Type Event Format Extent 1 h 50 m Title Macbeth Title Alternative The Scottish Play Agents Role Director Agents Name Bellocchio Marco Agents Role Actor Agents Name Placido Michele Agents Role Actor Agents Name Toffolatti Sandra Date Created 2000 07 12 Language Italian Relation IsBasedOn William Shakespeare s Macbeth Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 Element set RELATION 40 Element set COVERAGE 10 COVERAGE Type Occurrence Optional Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers
6. Place Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Time Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Definition The spatial or temporal characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource Comment Coverage will typically include spatial location a place name or a temporal period a period label date or date range In both cases Coverage relates to the content of the resource rather than to its collocation or management temporal coverage refers to what the resource is about rather than when it was created or made available the latter belonging in the Date element similarly for spatial coverage In order to work with standard expressions you should adopt some simple rules For Time qualifier use the yyyy mm dd date format use squared brackets to express uncertainty about dates use acronyms b C a C ca after date values use a dash to express a date range For Place qualifier list place first followed by a larger geographical entity typically a State if more information is needed list another geographical entity not more than one to better describe location of the resource Examples e For a photograph Type Image Format Medium Photograph Format Extent 18x12 cm Title Aerial view of Rome Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 2000 07 22 Coverage Place Rome Italy Coverage Time Summer of 2000 Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 41 Element set C
7. The language must be selected from an enumerated list Italian English German French Spanish Note that language is optional given the possible absence of spoken or written language but it is intended that this element must be expressed in any other case Examples e Fora book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name O Reilly Date Created 1997 Language English e For a networked resource Type Text Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http www uniroma1 it ssab Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 32 Element set LANGUAGE Title SSAB Home Page Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome Date Created 1999 03 28 Language Italian e For a long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 2 m 27 s Title Magical Mistery Tour Agents Role Creator Agents Name The Beatles Agents Role Editor Agents Name Martin George Agents Role Publisher Agents Name EMI Date Created 1966 1967 Date Issued 1967 Language English e Fora live theatre performance Type Event Format Extent 1 h
8. a Title Mario Rossi Papers Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 1949 1978 Language Italian Rights All rights regulated by law dpr 1409 63 dpr 490 99 and Civil Code Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 35 Element set RELATION 9 RELATION Type Occurrence Optional Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers IsPartOf Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice HasPart Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice IsVersionOf Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice HasVersion Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice IsReferencedBy Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice References Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice IsRequiredBy Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Requires Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice IsFormatOf Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice HasFormat Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice IsBasedOn Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice IsBasisFor Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Personal Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Definition A reference to a related resource Comment This element permit links between related resources and resource descriptions to be indicated It is a core aspect of the method by which hierarchical relationships may be established between individually described elements of a larger collection such as a museum s holdings or a corpus of texts For example it is possible to use Relation IsBasedOn in a description of 2000 film adaptation of a Shak
9. a format available for direct machine processing for example spreadsheets databases GIS data midi data Note that unstructured numbers and words will normally be considered to be type Text Physical object A non human object or substance for example a computer a pyramid a sculpture Note that digital representations of or surrogates for these things should use Image Text or one of the other types Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 10 Element set TYPE e Event A non persistent time based occurrence Metadata for an event provide descriptive information that is basis for discovery of the purpose location duration and links to related events and resources Examples exhibition web cast conference workshop open day performance battle trial wedding tea party conflagration e Collection An aggregation of items The term collection means that the resource is described as a group its parts may be separately described and navigated e Party A person organization cultural group or institution e Place A physical area Examples e For a book Type Text e For a photograph Type Image e Fora painting Type Image Type Physical object e For a digital image Type Image e Fora long playing Type Sound e Fora music CD Type Sound e Fora bronze Type Physical object e Fora live theatre performance Type Event e For an archival fund Type Collection e Fo
10. copying public performance broadcasting hiring or rental of the recording prohibited In the UK apply for public performance licences to PPL 14 22 Ganton Street London WI Relation HasPart Title 1 So What Relation HasPart Title 2 Freddie Freeloader Relation HasPart Title 3 Blue in Green Relation HasPart All Blues Relation HasPart Flamenco Sketches Relation HasFormat Kind of Blue 1988 digital recording Description A masterpiece of jazz music Recorded in New York City Personnel Miles davis Trumpet and leader Julian Adderly alto sax John Coltrane tenor sax Wynton Kelly piano Bill Evans piano Paul Chambers bass James Cobb drums Availability Desideratum e For a bronze Type Physical object Format Medium Sculpture Format Extent 13 cm Title Untitled Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Agents Role Publisher Agents Name National Museum of Modern Art Date Created 1956 ca Rights Copyright by Mario Rossi Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 56 Examples Relation IsPartOf Contemporary Art Collection of National Museum of Modern Art For an unidentified object Type Physical object Format Extent 87 cm Title Broken wooden pole possible tool Agents Role Creator Agents Name Unidentified Date Created 2000 b C Li Description For a live theatre performance Type Event Format Extent 1 h 50 m Title Macbet
11. create problems both for creators of metadata and searchers If one was creating a record for the transparency of the painting the inclination might be to use the value Leonardo da Vinci as Creator since that information might be deemed to be of far greater utility for retrieval than the unknown photographer It also make life much more simple to create a single record rather than two linked together via Relation element values Some in the DC community now believe that the 1 to 1 principle should be revisited and there is a working group that will address these issues and recommend guidelines that will promote consistent application However as of this writing a good number of institutions and organizations strongly believes in 1 to 1 principle and so do we Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 7 Element set ELEMENT SET The element set adopted by Networking Women research community has been created adopting DC metadata element set as a model and making changes in order to achieve the best conformance to researchers needs so losing in interoperability and adherence to standard but improving precision of informative system via a custom made descriptive structure Given a fundamental understanding of the role of metadata in the discovery and management of networked information we can identify several challenges in describing cultural resources with not many elements e the need to describe attributes of the physical object
12. jpg Format Extent 640x512 pixels Identifier C Documents Research lImages pictl jpg Title Saturn image For a painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Identifier Louvre INV 779 Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda For a long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 40 m 27 s Title Magical Mistery Tour For a music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Title Kind of Blue For a networked resource Type Text Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http www uniroma it ssab Title SSAB Home Page For a bronze Type Physical object Format Medium Sculpture Format Extent 13 cm Title Untitled For an unidentified object Type Physical object Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 Element set TITLE 20 Element set TITLE Format Medium Performance Format Extent 87 cm Title Broken wooden pole possible tool e Fora live theatre performance Type Event Format Medium Performance Format Extent I h 50 m Title Macbeth Title Alternative The Scottish Play e For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1 a Title Mario Rossi Papers e For a mountain Type Place Format Extent 2917 mt height Title Oly
13. to a so called surrogate a photocopy of an image a digitalization of an article a slide of a painting see also to 1 Principle section a metadata record describing the resource of interest that image that article that painting This approach is indeed more expansive in terms of efforts and time required to researchers for implementing Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 37 Element set RELATION the database one must complete a card for the surrogate and a card for the original but it is much more precise increasing precision and recall of resources discovery It is recommended to always try and define the kind of relation Anyway if the resource being described has some kind of relation with another resource and no other qualifiers is adequate to express the type of relation do not use any qualifier at all Examples e For a book Title Divina Commedia Relation HasPart Inferno Relation HasPart Purgatorio Relation HasPart Paradiso e Fora chapter of a book Title Inferno Relation IsPartOf Divina Commedia e Fora book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name O Reilly Date Created 1997 Language English Rights Cop
14. which acts like a sort of an in progress controlled vocabulary it is hard to imagine all possible roles that researchers may need to describe resources so it s better to leave researchers free to express these roles more properly accordingly to a common structure of terms In case like these it s fundamental a policy of supervising not to let grow a vocabulary in an unpredictable manner The name must be assigned to Name qualifier The following is the list of possible values for Role qualifier e Creator An entity responsible for making the content of the resource i e who made significant intellectual contributions to the resource Use this role to define a generic action of creating when no other role is adequate or it s worthy not defining e Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available such as a publisher a university department a repository an archive a museum The intent of specifying this element is to identify the entity that provides access to the resource or responsible for facilitating such access For example an ISP Internet Service Provider may disseminate an electronic Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 22 Element set AGENTS resource although this dissemination may merely take the form of a catalogue entry and a link to someone else s server Do not confuse between Publisher and Sponsor Publisher includes major financial supporters and legislative entities without whose suppo
15. 50 m Title Macbeth Title Alternative The Scottish Play Agents Role Director Agents Name Bellocchio Marco Agents Role Actor Agents Name Placido Michele Agents Role Actor Agents Name Toffolatti Sandra Date Created 2000 07 12 Language Italian e For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 m Identifier F 032 1 a Title Mario Rossi Papers Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 1949 1978 Language Italian Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 33 Element set RIGHTS 8 RIGHTS Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers None Definition Information about rights held in and over the resource Comment Typically a Rights element will contain a rights management statement for the resource an identifier that links to a rights management or usage statement or reference a service providing such information Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights IPR Copyright and various Property Rights If the Rights element is absent no assumptions can be made about the status of these and other rights with respect to the resource Examples e Fora book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor
16. Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name O Reilly Date Created 1997 Language English Rights Copyright 1997 O Reilly amp Associates All rights reserved e Fora painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 34 Element set RIGHTS Identifier Louvre INV 779 Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda Agents Role Creator Agents Name Leonardo da Vinci Date Created 1503 1506 Rights Information about rights management at http www louvre fr e For a video tape Rights Licensed for private home exhibition only Any public performance copying or other use is strictly prohibited e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Macero Teo Agents Role Creator Agents Name Moore Ray Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1988 ca Date Issued 1988 ca Rights Copyright 1962 CBS All rights of the producer and the owner of the recorded work reserved Unauthorised copying public performance broadcasting hiring or rental of the recording prohibited In the UK apply for public performance licences to PPL 14 22 Ganton Street London WI e For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1
17. HasPart reference to a graphical representation of content or a free text account of the content The main issue related to this element is that of length just how detailed should descriptions be before it is more logical to relegate information to the next more detailed level of metadata for a resource Importantly Description should hold sufficient information for the user to reach an informed decision as to whether or not proceeding further with the described resource whilst remaining concise enough for the user to absorb this and other similar descriptions in a reasonable period of time Examples e For a book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name 0 Reilly Date Created 1997 Language English Rights Copyright 1997 O Reilly amp Associates All rights reserved Relation HasPart Chapter 1 HTML and the World Wide Web Relation HasPart Chapter 2 HTML Quick Start Relation HasPart Chapter 3 Anatomy of an HTML Document Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 43 Element set DESCRIPTION Relation IsVersionOf First Edition 1996 Description A book for anyone interested in learning and using HTML e For a networked resource Type Te
18. METADATA ELEMENT SET USER GUIDE draft 01 04 2001 Metadata Element Set User Guide 01 04 2001 Most current version http reti unimc it userguide htm Previous Version s http reti unimc it userguide3 htm http reti unimc it userguide2 htm http reti unimc it userguidel htm Author Giovanni Michetti Status of this document This is a working draft for review by research members and technical staff Publication as working draft does not imply endorsement by the researchers community This is a draft document and may be updated replaced or made obsolete by future developments TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose and scope Concept of metadata Dublin Core The 1 to 1 Principle Element set Complete examples Oe eh ee RIA References Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 Table of Contents Purpose and Scope PURPOSE AND SCOPE This document is intended to help researchers create simple descriptive records for informative system of Networking Women project The guide shows in a non technical fashion the basic principles and references used to define our metadata structure The body of the guide provides an interpretation of each element s definition along with brief discussions of issues associated with each element and useful examples of resources descriptions A large section of complete examples is intended to present models of resource description referring to which searchers may implement their own infor
19. OVERAGE For a live theatre performance Type Event Format Extent 1 h 50 m Title Macbeth Title Alternative The Scottish Play Agents Role Director Agents Name Bellocchio Marco Agents Role Actor Agents Name Placido Michele Agents Role Actor Agents Name Toffolatti Sandra Date Created 2000 07 12 Language Italian Relation IsBasedOn William Shakespeare s Macbeth Coverage Place Scotland Coverage Time 1000 1100 For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1 a Title Mario Rossi Papers Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 1949 1978 Language Italian Rights All rights regulated by law dpr 1409 63 dpr 490 99 and Civil Code Relation IsPartOf National Archives Relation HasPart Work Draft Series Relation HasPart Correspondance Series Relation HasPart Administrative records Series Coverage Place Rome Italy Coverage Time 1920 1950 For a mountain Type Place Format Extent 2917 mt height Title Olympus Mount Coverage Place Greece Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 42 Element set DESCRIPTION 11 DESCRIPTION Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers None Definition An account of the content of the resource Comment Description may include but it is not limited to an abstract table of contents note a potential overlapping with Relation
20. PPL 14 22 Ganton Street London WI Relation HasPart Title 1 So What Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 44 Element set DESCRIPTION Relation HasPart Title 2 Freddie Freeloader Relation HasPart Title 3 Blue in Green Relation HasPart All Blues Relation HasPart Flamenco Sketches Relation IsFormatOf Kind of Blue original 1959 release on vinyl record Description A digital recording of a masterpiece of jazz music N B For the original long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 32109 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Davis Miles Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1959 03 02 Date Created 1959 04 02 Date Issued 1959 Rights Copyright 1962 CBS All rights of the producer and the owner of the recorded work reserved Unauthorised copying public performance broadcasting hiring or rental of the recording prohibited In the UK apply for public performance licences to PPL 14 22 Ganton Street London W1 Relation HasPart Title 1 So What Relation HasPart Title 2 Freddie Freeloader Relation HasPart Title 3 Blue in Green Relation HasPart All Blues Relation HasPart Flamenco Sketches Relation HasFormat Kind of Blue 1988 digital recording Description A masterpiece of jazz music Recorded in New York City Personnel Miles davis Trumpet and leader Julian Adderly alto sax John Coltran
21. aissance For a digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file gif Format Extent 4 Kb Identifier http www uniroma1 it ssab logosap1 gif Title University of Rome Icon Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome Date Created 1997 Relation Logo is used in most of digital records created by University of Rome Availability Owned Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 54 Examples e Fora digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file jpg Format Extent 640x512 pixels Identifier C Documents Research Images pict1 jpg Title Saturn image Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 1999 04 13 Relation IsPartOf Mario Rossi Planets Images Collection Coverage Place Solar system Description An image of Saturn from a satellite Subject Astronomy Subject Keywords Saturn e For a long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 2 m 27 s Title Magical Mistery Tour Agents Role Creator Agents Name The Beatles Agents Role Editor Agents Name Martin George Agents Role Publisher Agents Name EMI Date Created 1966 1967 Date Issued 1967 Language English Relation IsBasedOn Magical Mistery Tour moving picture Description One of the most creative Beatles work Availability Owned e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Dig
22. d the concomitant information overload resulting from vast quantities of undifferentiated digital data available online Anyone who has attempted to find information online using one of today s popular web search service has likely experienced the frustration of retrieving hundreds if not thousands of hits with limited ability to refine or make a more precise search Current web indexing evolved rapidly to fill the demand for resource discovery tools but that indexing while useful is a poor substitute for richer varieties of resource description Metadata may be applied to every medium but digital communication processes have pointed out their special need for metadata It is clear yet that in an indefinitely wide resource s space effective network information management relies on effective metadata management Metadata supply different functions related to three different resource managing area e access e managing e analysis Resources may indeed be searched managed and analysed without metadata But metadata are a key to coherently and effectively develop control over resources and give more meaning to searching managing and analysing They support a lot of typical activities of an informative structure e synthesis to summarize data meaning their scope search to allow information search advice to help users to know whether resources are interesting for them selection to help and decide which data instance retrieve data adm
23. dopt some simple rules use squared brackets to express uncertainty about dates use acronyms b C a C ca after date values use a dash to express a date range For the sake of interoperability the type of date should be selected from an enumerated list e Created Information about temporal period related to creation of the resource e Issued Information about temporal period related to formal issue of the resource e Modified Information about temporal period related to significant changes of the resource e g a restoration for a painting a second draft for a text a damage e Translated Information about temporal period related to translations of the resource e Available Information about temporal period related to informal dissemination of the resource Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 27 Element set DATE If there is no proper value in the list or more descriptive information about date is needed do not use any qualifier and describe the significance of the date chosen Examples e For a book first edition Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 385 pp Identifier ISBN 15 659 2175 5 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name O Reilly Date Created 1996 Date Issued 1996 Date Modif
24. e Free Qualifiers Alternative Optional Repeatable Free Choice Definition A name given to the resource Comment Typically a Title will be a name by which the resource is formally known If in doubt about what constitutes the title use the Alternative qualifier to define all possible variants of the title Title does not have to be unique For untitled works of fine art use whatever value you would use on the wall label copy exhibition catalogue or other promotional material i e if the work is known as Untitled specify this in Title For cultural items and collections with no known title or name use a term or phrase that is sufficiently descriptive to permit a user to judge relevancy Examples e For a book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide e For a networked resource Type Text Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http www uniroma1 it ssab Title SSAB Home Page e For a photograph Type Image Format Medium Photograph Format Extent 18x12 cm Title Aerial view of Rome Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 19 For a digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file gif Format Extent 4 Kb Identifier http www uniroma1 it ssab logosapl1 gif Title University of Rome Icon For a digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file
25. e tenor sax Wynton Kelly piano Bill Evans piano Paul Chambers bass James Cobb drums Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 45 Element set SUBJECT 12 SUBJECT Type Occurrence Optional Repeatable Choice Discrete Qualifiers Keywords Mandatory Not Repeatable Free Choice Definition The topic of the content of the resource Comment The Subject must be selected from an enumerated list corresponding to the Slots defined by the research group during second meeting in Macerata Below is the complete list e Arti Facts e Class e Cultural Practices e Definitions of Culture e Displacement e Exchanges e Gender Sexuality e Identity e Internationalism Transnationalism e Nationalism Regionalism e Peace e Places e Race Ethnicity e War e Wo Men Once selected a slot one or more related keywords must be expressed the research group found agree to adopt the European Women s Thesaurus 1998 edited by the International Information Center and Archives for the Women Movement Amsterdam 1998 a controlled vocabulary for selecting keywords In addition other kind of controlled vocabularies or classification schemes may be used to increase precision and recall once these are formally accepted by the community of researchers It is also possible to freely express keywords but this practice should be adopted carefully since there is a great danger of semantic overlapping and non coherent structures definin
26. er resource which is in scope for DC In particular Relation and Source are used to indicate a connection with another resource of any type Creator Contributor and Publisher relate the present resource to a party who has some responsibility for it Coverage relates the present resource to a place or a time period The Value recorded for each of these elements therefore should normally be strictly an identifier of another resource which could in principle have its own description In this way it is possible that a web of DC descriptions of resources will be constructed with each resource at the centre of a fan of descriptive arcs but connected via one of these relationships to other resources with their own fans Of course the identifiers will in many cases use an informal notation in plain text DC metadata elements fall into three groups which roughly indicate the class or scope of information stored in them 1 elements related mainly to the content of the resource 2 elements related mainly to the resource when viewed as Intellectual Property 3 elements related mainly to the Instantiation of the resource Content Intellectual Property Instantiation Title Creator Date Subject Publisher Format Description Contributor Identifier Type Rights Language Source Relation Coverage Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 6 Dublin Core The 1 to 1 principle One proposal currently under discussion by the larger DC co
27. espeare play to give information about the original play date title or other Note the possible overlapping between Date and Relation particularly between Date Modified and Relation HasVersion For the sake of interoperability relationships should be selected from an enumerated list e IsPartOf The resource being described is hierarchically below the resource to which this Relation points and may be considered to be a logical or physical part of the higher level resource e HasPart The resource being described is hierarchically above the resource to which this Relation points and may be considered to be a logical or physical higher level resource e IsVersionOf The resource being described is a historical state or edition of the resource to which this Relation points Use this qualifier for translations of the resource as well Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 36 Element set RELATION e HasVersion The resource being described has a historical state or edition to which this Relation points Use this qualifier for translations of the resource as well e IsReferencedBy The resource being described is cited acknowledged disputed or otherwise claimed by the resource to which this Relation points e References The resource being described cites acknowledges disputes or otherwise make claims about the resource to which this Relation points e IsRequiredBy The resource being described is required by another
28. for Currency must be selected from the list IT Lira US Dollar UK Pound D Mark FR Franc SP Peseta EU Euro Examples Value Currency Lira Value Cost 19 000 Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 49 Element set FUND 15 FUND Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Discrete Qualifiers None Definition Information about the type of fund used to buy or to generically have the resource available Comment Proper value for Fund must be selected from an enumerated list e Department e Research Examples Fund Department Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 50 Element set COMMENT 16 COMMENT Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers None Definition Information about any kind of action or remark related to the present descriptive record Comment Use this element to point out any information could not take place in any of the elements considered Be aware of checking the impossibility of putting information into a more adequate element Examples Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 51 Element set MARKS 16 MARKS Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers None Definition Information about any kind of action or remark related to the present descriptive record Comment Use this element to point out any information worthy to exchange through researchers communit
29. ft 1 04 2001 5 Dublin Core DUBLIN CORE Dublin Core DC metadata is specifically intended to support resource discovery The elements represent a broad interdisciplinary consensus about the core set of elements that are likely to be widely useful to support resource discovery DC metadata standard is a simple but effective element set for describing a wide range of networked resources The DC standard comprises fifteen elements the semantics of which have been established through consensus by an international cross disciplinary group of professionals from librarianship computer science text encoding the museum community and other related fields of scholarship Each element is optional and may be repeated Each element also has a limited set of qualifiers attributes that may be used to further refine not extend the meaning of the element Qualifiers allow applications to increase the specificity or precision of the metadata but also introduces complexity that can impair interoperability Thus designers of metadata systems are well advised to be conservative about deploying qualifiers in cases where interoperability is one of the design objectives Metadata elements may appear in any order Although Dublin Core favors document like objects because traditional resources are fairly well understood it can apply to other resources as well Several of the fifteen DC elements record relationships between the resource of interest and anoth
30. g The use of repeating elements is preferred Use as many keywords you feel necessary for resource discovery Choose the most significant and unique words for keywords avoiding those too general to describe a particular item Examples Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 46 Element set SUBJECT Subject War Subject Keywords A gricolture Subject Class Subject Keywords Dandy Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 47 Element set AVAILABILITY 13 AVAILABILITY Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Discrete Qualifiers None Definition Information about availability of the resource Comment Proper value for Availability must be selected from an enumerated list e Owned in case the resource is available e Desideratum in case the resource is wanted but it s not been ordered yet e Ordered in case the resource is wanted and it s been ordered Examples Availability Ordered Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 48 Element set VALUE 14 VALUE Type Occurrence Optional Repeatable Choice Discrete for Currency Free for Cost Qualifiers Currency Mandatory Not Repeatable Discrete Choice Cost Mandatory Not Repeatable Free Choice Definition Information about value of the resource Comment This element has two qualifiers Currency to indicate in which currency is expressed the value and Cost for actual numerical value Values
31. h Title Alternative The Scottish Play Agents Role Director Agents Name Bellocchio Marco Agents Role Actor Agents Name Placido Michele Agents Role Actor Agents Name Toffolatti Sandra Date Created 2000 07 12 Language Italian Relation IsBasedOn William Shakespeare s Macbeth Coverage Place Scotland Coverage Time 11th century Description Play performed at Teatro India Rome Subject Theatre Subject Keywords Drama Value Currency Lira Value Cost 35 000 For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1 a Title Mario Rossi Papers Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 1949 1978 Language Italian Rights All rights regulated by law dpr 1409 63 dpr 490 99 and Civil Code Relation IsPartOf National Archives Relation HasPart Work Draft Series Relation HasPart Correspondance Series Relation HasPart Administrative records Series Coverage Place Rome Italy Coverage Time 1920 1950 Description The collection has been donated by Rossi s wife to National Archives Papers deal with main activities of Rossi Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 57 Examples e For an individual Type Party Person Title Rossi Mario Title Alternative Nickname Date Created 1930 06 15 Date Modified Died on 1990 12 02 Relation Personal Bianchi Maria Relation Personal A Descriptio
32. ied 1997 second edition e For a book second edition Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name 0 Reilly Date Created 1997 e For a networked resource Type Text Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http www uniroma it ssab Title SSAB Home Page Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome Date Created 1999 03 28 Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 28 Element set DATE e For a photograph Type Image Format Medium Photograph Format Extent 18x12 cm Title Aerial view of Rome Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 2000 07 22 e Fora painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Identifier Louvre INV 779 Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda Agents Role Creator Agents Name Leonardo da Vinci Date Created 1503 1506 e For a digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file gif Format Extent 4 Kb Identifier http www uniroma1 it ssab logosap1 gif Title University of Rome Icon Agents Role Creator Age
33. ier http www uniroma1 it ssab logosap1 gif Title University of Rome Icon Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome e For a digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file jpg Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 24 Element set AGENTS Format Extent 640x512 pixels Identifier C Documents Research Images pict1 jpg Title Saturn image Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni e For a long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 40 m 27 s Title Magical Mistery Tour Agents Role Creator Agents Name The Beatles Agents Role Editor Agents Name Martin George Agents Role Publisher Agents Name EMI e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Macero Teo Agents Role Creator Agents Name Moore Ray Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS e Fora bronze Type Physical object Format Medium Sculpture Format Extent 13 cm Title Untitled Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Agents Role Publisher Agents Name National Museum of Modern Art e For an unidentified object Type Physical object Format Extent 87 cm Title Broken wooden pole possible tool Agents Role Creator Agents Name U
34. inistration to give information about objects management in a server or a repository Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 4 Concept of Metadata e data links to give details about relations between objects and so on Such activities may be supported by a digital document through metadata describing e information about author editor publisher e information about copyright e information about classification system if any e information about content or relation between components From a practical point of view a metadata record consists of a set of attributes or elements necessary to describe the resource in question For example a matadata system common in libraries the library catalogue contains a set of metadata records with elements that describe a book or other library item author title date of creation or publication subject coverage and the call number specifying location of the item on the shelf The linkage between a metadata record and the resource it describes may take one of two forms 1 elements may be contained in a record separate from the item as in the case of the library s catalogue record 2 metadata may be embedded in the resource itself Examples of embedded metadata that is carried along with the resource itself include the Catalogue In Publication CIP data printed on the verso of a book s title page or ISBN code printed on the book itself Metadata Element Set User Guide dra
35. ital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Macero Teo Agents Role Creator Agents Name Moore Ray Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1988 ca Date Issued 1988 ca Rights Copyright 1962 CBS All rights of the producer and the owner of the recorded work reserved Unauthorised copying public performance broadcasting hiring or rental of the recording prohibited In the UK apply for public performance licences to PPL 14 22 Ganton Street London W1 Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 55 Examples Relation HasPart Title 1 So What Relation HasPart Title 2 Freddie Freeloader Relation HasPart Title 3 Blue in Green Relation HasPart All Blues Relation HasPart Flamenco Sketches Relation IsFormatOf Kind of Blue original 1959 release on vinyl record Description A digital recording of a masterpiece of jazz music Availability Owned Value Currency Lira Value Cost 24 000 For the original long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 32109 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Davis Miles Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1959 03 02 Date Created 1959 04 02 Date Issued 1959 Rights Copyright 1962 CBS All rights of the producer and the owner of the recorded work reserved Unauthorised
36. lpture Format Extent 13 cm Title Untitled Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Agents Role Publisher Agents Name National Museum of Modern Art Date Created 1956 ca e For an unidentified object Type Physical object Format Extent 87 cm Title Broken wooden pole possible tool Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 30 Agents Role Creator Agents Name Unidentified Date Created 2000 b C e For a live theatre performance Type Event Format Medium Performance Format Extent 1 h 50 m Title Macbeth Title Alternative The Scottish Play Agents Role Director Agents Name Bellocchio Marco Agents Role Actor Agents Name Placido Michele Agents Role Actor Agents Name Toffolatti Sandra Date Created 2000 07 12 e For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1 a Title Mario Rossi Papers Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 1949 1978 Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 Element set DATE Element set LANGUAGE 7 LANGUAGE Type Occurrence Optional Repeatable Choice Discrete Qualifiers None Definition A language of the intellectual content of the resource Comment If the content is in more than one language the element may be repeated This element refers to human readable language and is not intended to cover computer languages such as C Java Pascal
37. mage Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Identifier Louvre INV 779 Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda Agents Role Creator Agents Name Leonardo da Vinci Date Created 1503 1506 Rights Information about rights management at http www louvre fr Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 59 References REFERENCES e Dublin Core Metadata Initiative User Guide Working Group User Guide Working Draft 1998 http purl org DC documents wd guide current htm e Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Dublin Core Metadata Element Set Version 1 1 Reference Description 1999 http purl oclc org dc documents rec dces 19990702 htm e Dublin Core Metadata Initiative FAQ 2000 http purl org DC education index htm e S Weibel Approval of initial Dublin Core Interoperability Qualifiers 2000 http www mailbase ac uk lists dc general 2000 04 0010 html e Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Type Working Group List of Resource Types 1999 08 05 1999 http purl org DC documents wd typelist htm e G Frost Users Guide to Dublin Core Document Descriptions 1997 http www valdosta edu gfrost guide html e S Weibel J Kunze C Lagoze M Wolf Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery request for comment 2413 1998 http info internet isi edu in notes rfc files rfc24 13 txt e T Berners Lee U C Irvine Uniform Resource Identifiers URI Generic Syntax reque
38. mative records Another important goal of this document is to promote best practices for describing resources using the proposed element set the consistency in creating metadata is an important key to achieving complete retrieval and intelligible display across disparate sources of descriptive records Inconsistent metadata effectively hides desired records resulting in uneven unpredictable or incomplete search results From a practical point of view the purpose of our work is to have a document that may be used as a Standalone product on the cataloguer s desktop representing both the model used to describe a knowledge domain and the application cases used to direct searchers choices The guide has been written referring to and using documents of DCMI Dublin Core Metadata Initiative CIMI Consortium for the Computer Interchange of Museum Information AHDS Arts and Humanities Data Service The present work has been written adopting User Guide Working Draft of DCMI as a template and conforming to it whenever possible in order to limit changes to Dublin Core model see References chapter for more detailed information Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 3 Concept of Metadata CONCEPT OF METADATA There are a lot of definitions for metadata each one trying to describe and restrict metadata s nature to a single aspect each one with a different meaning s nuance e machine understandable data about web resources or other
39. mmunity states that one metadata record is created for each resource that is a discrete resource should have a discrete metadata record This is referred to as the 1 to 1 principle It was proposed as a means to give enormous flexibility and power in describing information resources This seems simple enough but it isn t always so neat because resources are often not so discreet Should each photograph in an article have its own record What about collections of articles Can the collection be thought of as a resource What about multimedia objects What do we do about describing originals and their so called surrogates The original surrogate problem is particularly important whenever each work a sculpture for example and surrogates of them like photographs and digital images of the photographs need to be described accurately but at the same time efficiently and usefully surrogates of resources must be described separately from the original object Let s take for example a famous painting Mona Lisa A metadata record for this item should have Leonardo daVinci as Creator and Mona Lisa or La Gioconda as Title For a photographic transparency of the sculpture a second metadata record should have different values Transparency of Mona Lisa could be the Title or even Mona Lisa again but Rossi Mario is now the Creator of the transparency A similar change of metadata occurs for a jpeg image of the transparency of the painting The 1 to 1 rule can
40. mpus Mount Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 21 Element set AGENTS 5 AGENTS Type Occurrence Mandatory Repeatable Choice Discrete for Role Free for Name Qualifiers Role Mandatory Not Repeatable Discrete Choice Name Mandatory Not Repeatable Free Choice Definition The entities responsible for making the content of the resource making the resource available or making contributions to the content of the resource For example authors or illustrators in the case of written documents artists actors or directors in the case of visual resources Comment Dublin Core Metadata Element Set provides two different elements pertaining to creation of the resource Creator and Contributor and one more element Publisher for its availability defining the former as an entity primarily responsible for making the content and the latter as an entity responsible for making contributions to the content We dot not conform to this structure the concept of primary intellectual responsibility is not only difficult to define but also opposite to our methodological approach We prefer not to distinguish between different degrees of action over the resource but rather describe different qualities of action According to this we use a single element Agents to identify everyone or every entity that acts in the course of creation and publication of the resource The role performed must be selected from an enumerated list
41. n e For a mountain Type Place Format Extent 2917 mt height Title Olympus Mount Coverage Place Greece Description Highest Greek mountain It is the gods place in Greek mythology e For an article processed by a scanner Type Text Format Medium Digital file pdf Format Extent 27 Kb Title About New Economy Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 2000 07 23 Language English Relation IsFormatOf About New Economy article extracted from Herald Tribune Related record for the original resource Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 34 pp Title About New Economy Agents Role Creator Agents Name Bianchi Antonio Date Created 1999 Language English e For a citation Type Text Format Medium Citation Title Citation from Carlo Saccone s article Agents Creator Saccone Carlo Agents Publisher Diario Date Issued 2000 10 20 Language Italian Relation IsPartOf Carlo Saccone Siamo tutti un po islamici article from Diario Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 58 Examples e For a digitalization of a painting Type Image Format Medium Digital file Format Extent 640x480 pixels Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 2000 07 23 Relation IsFormatOf Mona Lisa painting by Leonardo da Vinci Related record for the original resource Type I
42. nidentified e Fora live theatre performance Type Event Format Medium Performance Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 25 Format Extent 1 h 50 m Title Macbeth Title Alternative The Scottish Play Agents Role Director Agents Name Bellocchio Marco Agents Role Actor Agents Name Placido Michele Agents Role Actor Agents Name Toffolatti Sandra For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1 a Title Mario Rossi Papers Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 Element set AGENTS 26 Element set DATE 6 DATE Type Occurrence Optional Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers Created Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Issued Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Modified Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Translated Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Available Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Definition A date associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Comment Typically Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource Such a date should not be confused with those related to the content of the resource 43 a C for an artifact from the Roman conquest of Britain which are dealt under Coverage element If the full date is known use the yyyy mm dd format or yyyy format In order to work with standard expressions you should a
43. nts Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome Date Created 1997 e For a digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file jpg Format Extent 640x512 pixels Identifier C Documents Research Images pict1 jpg Title Saturn image Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Date Created 1999 04 13 e For a long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 2 m 27 s Title Magical Mistery Tour Agents Role Creator Agents Name The Beatles Agents Role Editor Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 29 Element set DATE Agents Name Martin George Agents Role Publisher Agents Name EMI Date Created 1966 1967 Date Issued 1967 e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Macero Teo Agents Role Creator Agents Name Moore Ray Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1988 ca Date Issued 1988 ca N B For the original LP Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 32109 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Davis Miles Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1959 03 02 Date Created 1959 04 02 Date Issued 1959 e For a bronze Type Physical object Format Medium Scu
44. objects e data providing information about a resource e information that characterizes data e data that describes a resource e data that can be used by searchers to identify features shared by different documents The simplest and most effective definition is probably the shorter one whose vagueness may be enriched by more precise contents according to highlighted aspect We call metadata simply data about data that is data describing other data This very general definition includes an almost limitless spectrum of possibilities ranging from human generated textual description of a resource to machine generated data that may be useful only to software applications Effectively without loss of generality we could refine this definition and say metadata structured data about data anyway emerging feature is communicating information about information The term metadata has been used only in the past fifteen years and has become particularly common with the popularity of the world wide web But the underlying concepts have been in use for as long as collections of information have been organized Library catalogues represent a well established variety of metadata that has served for decades as collection management and resource discovery tools Although the concept of metadata predates the Internet and the web worldwide interest in metadata standards and practices has exploded with the increase in electronic publishing and digital libraries an
45. r an individual Type Party Person e For an organization Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 11 Element set TYPE Type Party Organization e For a mountain Type Place Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 12 Element set FORMAT 2 FORMAT Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Discrete for Medium Free for Extent Qualifiers Medium Optional Not Repeatable Discrete Choice Extent Optional Not Repeatable Free Choice Definition The physical or digital manifestation representation of the resource Comment Typically Format may include the media type or dimensions of the resource the media type Format may be used to determine the software hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource while information concerning size and duration of the resource are examples of dimensions Format might be used in resource discovery as a criterion to select resources of interest since a user may need to evaluate whether they can make use of the resource within the infrastructure available to them The element Format has two qualifiers Medium and Extent Medium is used to describe the data format of the resource Extent is used to record details such as file size page length film playing times the shelf occupied by an archive in metres etc Put measurement units just after numeric values e g 4 pp 3 mt 75 Kb 1 h 3 m Use English notation for numeric
46. resource the one to which this Relation points for the functioning delivery or content displaying of the latter e Requires The resource being described requires another resource the one to which this Relation points for its functioning delivery or content displaying and cannot be used without the related resource being described e IsFormatOf The resource being described is derived from the resource to which this Relation points by a reproduction or reformatting technology which is not fundamentally an interpretation but intended to be a representation e HasFormat The resource being described has a relation with the resource to which this Relation points by means a reproduction or reformatting technology mechanism e IsBasedOn The resource being described is a performance production derivation adaptation or interpretation of the resource to which this Relation points e IsBasisFor The resource being described is performed produced derived adapted or interpreted by the resource to which this Relation points e Personal Personal relationships are those in which the resource being described is an individual who has some kind of relationship with an individual to which this Relation points Format transformations relations are fundamental for applying the 1 to 1 principle one metadata record is created for each resource However in order to build a complete informative system it is necessary to associate to a record related
47. rt the resource would not be continuously available such as a municipal historical council or a board of trustees Benefactors of the actual resources are identified as Sponsor e Editor An entity responsible for editing the content of the resource e Illustrator An entity responsible for illustrating the content of the resource typically a textual resource e Translator An entity responsible for translating the content of the resource e Director An entity responsible for directing the content of the resource typically a visual resource e Actor An entity who contributes to the content of the resource by playing as an actor e Sponsor An entity responsible for contributing to the making of the resource typically through financial support e Photographer An entity who contributes to the content of the resource by acting as a photographer In case of a formal publication creators should be listed separately in the same order they appear in the publication Personal names should be listed surname or family name first followed by forename or given name When in doubt give the name as it appears and do not invert In case of organizations where there is clearly a hierarchy present list the parts of the hierarchy from largest to smallest separated by full stops If it is not clear whether there is a hierarchy present or unclear which is the larger or smaller portion of body give the name as it appears in the item The element
48. st for comment 2396 1998 http www ietf org rfc rfc2396 txt e J Kunze Encoding Dublin Core Metadata in HTML request for comment 2731 1999 http www ietf org rfc rfc273 1 txt e MIME types request for comment 2396 http www isi edu in notes iana assignments media types media types e R Tennant editor Dublin Core Resource Types Minimalist Draft July 17 1997 1997 http sunsite berkeley edu Metadata minimalist html e P Miller Discovering Online Resources Unifying Resource Discovery Metadata for Humanities An Application Based Upon the Dublin Core 2000 http ahds ac uk public metadata disc_05 html e Consortium for the Computer Interchange of Museum Information CIMI Best Practices Guide v0 3 1 1999 http ww cimi org documents meta_bestprac_v_031 html Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 60
49. the element For each qualifier is given information about the type e Element Definition a formal definition of the element e Element Comment an explanation about semantics problems and use of the element e Element Examples practical examples of descriptive records Examples are made increasingly throughout the guide a descriptive record grows along with the element s number growth In contrast to the convention of beginning with Title element but according to CIMI recommendation we begin with Type element because knowing what you are describing helps clarify the values of other elements Use squared brackets whether to express uncertainty about any values assigned to elements e g 1978 in case of doubt about creation date or Rossi Mario for a not clearly identified author or to show that assigned values are deduced and not original e g Aerial view of Rome for a Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 8 Element set postcard Essay about Women and Freedom or Women and Freedom essay or simply Women and Freedom for an untitled essay Below is given the complete list of all the elements defining a descriptive record TYPE FORMAT IDENTIFIER TITLE AGENTS DATE LANGUAGE RIGHTS RELATION COVERAGE DESCRIPTION SUBJECT AVAILABILITY VALUE FUND COMMENT MARKS 29S OSes oS iui NYDN WIN Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 9 Element set TYPE
50. the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system Formal identification systems include the International Standard Book Number ISBN the International Standard Serials Number ISSN the Uniform Resource Locator URL Examples e For a book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 e Fora networked resource Type Text Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http www uniroma1 it ssab e Fora painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Identifier Louvre INV 779 e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 45 m 10 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 17 e For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt Identifier F 032 1 a e Fora digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file gif Format Extent 4 Kb Identifier http www uniroma1 it ssab logosap1 gif Title University of Rome Icon e Fora digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file jpg Format Extent 640x512 pixels Identifier C Documents Research Images pictl jpg Title Saturn image Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 Element set IDENTIFIER 18 Element set TITLE 4 TITLE Type Occurrence Mandatory Not Repeatable Choic
51. values i e comma instead of point and vice versa For the sake of interoperability the proper value for Medium must be selected from an enumerated list Book Serial Letter Essay Article Citation List Photograph Slide Poster Transparency Drawing Xerox copy Video tape Film Digital audio CD Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 13 Audio eer As shown above extension types Examples e For a book tape Vinyl record Building Painting Sculpture Performance Digital file rtf doc htm pdf bmp tif gif Jpg aux wav mpg qts xls mdb ppt exe oth Element set FORMAT Digital file value must be refined by the proper value of a controlled list of rif doc htm pdf bmp tif gif IPS aux wav mpg qts xls mdb ppt exe oth Type Text Format Medium Book for RTF files for Microsoft Word files for HTML files for Adobe PDF files for image files for image files for image files for image files for audio files for audio files for MPEG files for Quicktime files for Microsoft Excel files for Microsoft Access files for Microsoft Power Point files for executable files for other types of file Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 14 Format Extent 531 pp e For a photograph Type Image Format Medium Photograph Format Extent 18x12 cm e For a copy of a photograph T
52. xt Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http lwww uniroma1 it ssab Title SSAB Home Page Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome Date Created 1999 03 28 Language Italian Description Home page of Special School for Archivists and Librarians The page is a table of contented with links to the main topics of the web site General Information Courses Committes Services Teachers Didactics Grants Conferences Addresses e Fora photograph Type Image Format Medium Photograph Format Extent 18x12 cm Title Aerial view of Rome Agents Role Creator Agents Name Rossi Mario Date Created 2000 07 22 Coverage Place Rome Italy Coverage Time Summer of 2000 Description An aerial evening view of Rome focusing the historical centre and Colosseum e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Macero Teo Agents Role Creator Agents Name Moore Ray Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1988 ca Date Issued 1988 ca Rights Copyright 1962 CBS All rights of the producer and the owner of the recorded work reserved Unauthorised copying public performance broadcasting hiring or rental of the recording prohibited In the UK apply for public performance licences to
53. y Effectively this element is much more a way to communicate rather than a descriptive element Examples Marks Very interesting article new concepts about relations between war and women Marks Resource damaged restoring needed Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 52 Examples EXAMPLES e For a book Type Text Format Medium Book Format Extent 531 pp Identifier ISBN 1 56592 235 2 Title HTML The Definitive Guide Agents Role Creator Agents Name Musciano Chuck Agents Role Creator Agents Name Kennedy Bill Agents Role Editor Agents Name Loukides Mike Agents Role Publisher Agents Name O Reilly Date Created 1997 Language English Rights Copyright 1997 O Reilly amp Associates All rights reserved Relation HasPart Chapter 1 HTML and the World Wide Web Relation HasPart Chapter 2 HTML Quick Start Relation HasPart Chapter 3 Anatomy of an HTML Document Relation IsVersionOf First Edition 1996 Description A book for anyone interested in learning and using HTML Subject Communication Subject Keywords Internet Subject Keywords Markup language Availability Ordered Fund Fund 1 e For a networked resource Type Text Format Medium Digital file htm Format Extent 3 Kb Identifier http www uniromal it ssab Title SSAB Home Page Agents Role Creator Agents Name Michetti Giovanni Agents Role Publisher Agents Name University of Rome Date Created
54. ype Image Format Medium Xerox copy Format Extent 18x12 cm e Fora painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm e For a digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file gif Format Extent 4 Kb Title University of Rome Icon e Fora digital image Type Image Format Medium Digital file jpg Format Extent 640x512 pixels Title Saturn image e For a long playing Type Sound Format Medium Vinyl record Format Extent 40 m 27 s e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s e For a bronze Type Physical object Format Medium Sculpture Format Extent 13 cm e For an unidentified object Type Physical object Format Extent 87 cm e Fora live theatre performance Type Event Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 Element set FORMAT 15 Element set FORMAT Format Medium Performance Format Extent 1 h 50 m e For an archival fund Type Collection Format Extent 5 3 mt e For a mountain Type Place Format Extent 2917 mt height Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 16 Element set IDENTIFIER 3 IDENTIFIER Type Occurrence Optional Not Repeatable Choice Free Qualifiers None Definition An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Comment Recommended best practice is to identify
55. yright 1997 O Reilly amp Associates All rights reserved Relation HasPart Chapter 1 HTML and the World Wide Web Relation HasPart Chapter 2 HTML Quick Start Relation HasPart Chapter 3 Anatomy of an HTML Document Relation IsVersionOf First Edition 1996 e Fora painting Type Image Type Physical object Format Medium Painting Format Extent 77x53 cm Identifier Louvre INV 779 Title Monna Lisa Title Alternative La Gioconda Agents Role Creator Metadata Element Set User Guide draft 1 04 2001 38 Element set RELATION Agents Name Leonardo da Vinci Date Created 1503 1506 Rights Information about rights management at http www louvre fr Relation IsPartOf Louvre Collection of Italian Renaissance Paintings e Fora music CD Type Sound Format Medium Digital audio CD Format Extent 52 m 18 s Identifier CBS 460603 2 Title Kind of Blue Agents Role Creator Agents Name Macero Teo Agents Role Creator Agents Name Moore Ray Agents Role Publisher Agents Name CBS Date Created 1988 ca Date Issued 1988 ca Rights Copyright 1962 CBS All rights of the producer and the owner of the recorded work reserved Unauthorised copying public performance broadcasting hiring or rental of the recording prohibited In the UK apply for public performance licences to PPL 14 22 Ganton Street London WI Relation HasPart Title 1 So What Relation HasPart Title 2 Freddie Freeloader Relation

METADATA ELEMENT SET: USER GUIDE

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