CropWat for Windows : User Guide
Contents
1. The data can be input from the keyboard using InputData Climate Enter Modify or from a data file using InputData Climate Retrieve You can use the old PEN data files in the CLIMWAT database but to do this you must change the File Type from PEM to PEN when retrieving these files 2 A Cropping Pattern consisting of one or more crop file names and the planting date s To do this use the menu options InputData Crops CroppingPattern Note the option InputData Crops CropCoefficeints is provided only to enter or edit crop coefficient files CRO A set of typical crop coefficient data files are provided in C CROPWATW CROPS 3 Monthly Rainfall data rainfall data is not absolutely necessary e g many areas of Egypt have no rain but it should be used if rain falls in the growing season Use InputData Rainfall to do this You can use the old CLI data files in the CLIMWAT database but to do this you must change the File Type from CRM to CLI when retrieving these files For Irrigation Scheduling you will need the data listed above and 4 Soil Type information soil data is entered using InputData Soil A set of typical soil types are provided in C CROPWATW SOILS 5 Your Scheduling Criteria the basis on which schedules will be calculated you must specify the basis on which the scheduling is to be carried out e g 100mm every 14 days or irrigate to return the soil back to field capacity when all th2. ETa Crop This option is used to save print a Summary of the input data and results It is not the same as saving the raw input data with the File or InputData menu The aim is to create files with the summary data which i i Cropping Pattern than can be either printed or imported into another Sail program such as a word processor or spreadsheet This CWR menu is also reached by clicking on the Report 7 button on some results screens as shown in the CWR and Scheduling sections above The files will be stored in C CROPWATW REPORTS Irrigation Schedule The reports on Climate Rainfall Crop CropPattern Soil are saved in TXT ASCII files only The results of calculations CWR and irrigation schedule can be either saved in an ASCII file or in a CSV comma separated variable file ready for importing into a spreadsheet See the Advanced section of this manual for more details Using the Text Editor to view print results ASCII files can be viewed by any convenient text editor or jis Window Help read into a word processor CropWat for Windows has a Teal simple text editor which can be accessed from the File fextEditor menu option or by clicking on the editor Toolbar icon This permits you to view or print the file Once the Text Editor is loaded it fills the screen You can see the ASCII files by selecting File Retrieve and then print the file using File Print To return to Cr
3. FWS Field Water Supply in litres per second per hectare assuming continuous supply and the Irrigation Efficiency shown at the top of the table The value in square brackets at the bottom of this column 0 72 is the average field water supply for this crop during the growing season Explaining the calculations row 9 of the table time step starting 22 5 22nd May Average ETo is calculated as 7 216 mm day or 72 16 mm per 10 day time step The Crop is Maize and covers 100 of the planted area The Crop Kc average crop coefficient for this time step 100 1 20 The Crop Water Requirement CWR is therefore 72 16 1 20 86 59 mm per 10 days Effective rain 19 04mm so the Irrigation Requirement is 86 59 19 4 67 55mm per 10 days The Field Water Supply for one hectare is calculated using 1 hectare 67 55 mm 100 Irrigation Efficiency FWS 100m 100m 67 55 1000m 100 70 m per 10 days 675 5 m 1 0 7 965 m per 10 days or 96 5 m day 0 0011169 m second 1 1169 litres per second per hectare or 1 12 as shown in the last column of the table A copy of the results can be saved to file ready for printing with the Report button Below is a table of results produced in this example which has been stored in file C CROPWATW REPORTS EXAMPLE1 TXT kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkxk Crop Water Requirements Report kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
4. CROPWATW REPORTS EXAMPLE1 TXT 4 10 Irrigation Scheduling Graphs A graph of the calculated soil moisture deficit can be plotted for one or several crops with the menu option Graphs lrrigationSchedule or by clicking on the schedule graph icon in the toolbar cheduling Graph Irrigation Scheduling Graph Soil Moisture Deficit in mm MAIZE Grain Block H 1 Draw Over Legend SEAT EEE Lost Irrigation The graph plots calculated soil moisture deficit for the crop block selected at the top right of the form The lower line on the graph is the total available moisture in the soil TAM which increases as the roots of the plant grow deeper at the start of the season The middle line is readily available moisture RAM defined in the crop coefficient file To avoid crop stress the calculated soil moisture deficit should not fall below the readily available moisture line In our example the Scheduling Criteria were Irrigation Timing irrigate when 100 of readily available moisture occurs Application Depth refill to 100 of readily available moisture The Timing option states that an irrigation should take place whenever all of the readily available moisture has been consumed 1 e when the soil moisture deficit reaches the readily available moisture line in the graph Compare the dates of irrigation with the Scheduling Table above The Application Depth mean
5. CROPWATWISCLIMATE KURNOOL CRM Optional Optional C CROPWATWSCROPS MAIZE CRO Optional Optional Keyboard Yes Yes Sol i SC CROP WAT WASOILSSMEDIUM SOI No Yes Scheduling Criteria _ Not Set No Can Calculate Now Ho Note the file names in the table above are used in the examples in the rest of this manual You may wish to load these files and follow the examples in this manual where a crop of maize is planted on 3rd March covering 100 of the area irrigated The files above are provided load them using the menu options File Retrieve ETo will be calculated using the climate data so there is no need to retrieve ETo data The cropping pattern must be entered manually using InputData Crops CroppingPattern Enter Modify Data needed for calculations CropWat for Windows uses monthly data to estimate evapotranspiration This data is smoothed into daily values Monthly rainfall is divided into a number of rain storms each month The following table lists data requirements for Crop Water and Scheduling calculations WHAT DATA DO I NEED FOR CALCULATIONS For Crop Water Requirements CWR you need 1 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration ETo values calculated from either Your own measured values entered directly from the keyboard using InputData ETo or Estimates of ETo calculated using the Penman Monteith equation ETo is automatically calculated when you enter monthly climatic data temperatures humidity windspeed sunshine
6. TTT mm mm l i l i J Net Depth of Application i 75 0 i l i Double click here Double Click the Appropriate Cell s in the Net ir Column to Change Inigation Timing Depth Irrigation Scheduling Table with the first User Defined Irrigation applied on April Ist 6 CropWat for Windows will now calculate the first irrigation interval 29 days since planting lost or over irrigation 21 8mm update the scheduling table re calculate the total yield reduction 62 6 and then re draw the scheduling graph lrigation Scheduling Graph Soil Mowture Deficit in mm Scheduling graph after 20 applying 75mm net 0 irrigation on Ist April Note m the over irrigation and the fact that the crop will now 40 become stressed later in 60 April g0 100 120 140 7 You can add additional irrigations later in the season by entering more User Defined Irrigations into the Scheduling Table In the graph below five other 75mm irrigations were applied with a 14 day interval The predicted crop stress was kept small and the yield reduction was not high 7 Note that some over irrigation took place at the start of the season The total amount of water used and wasted is shown at the bottom of the table It is important to remember that these calculations do not take into account any leaching requirements or groundwater contribution to the soil moisture zone nigation Scheduling Graph Soil Mowture Defici
7. SAVE REPORT menu OPTIONS menu HELP menu Advanced Section Scheduling Scenarios User Defined Irrigations Capillary Rise and Percolation User Adjustments Exporting Results files to a Spreadsheet Conventions used in this manual 1 Menu options which can be selected using the mouse from the main menu at the top of the screen are always printed in bold in this manual For example to view a table of crop water Tables Graphs SaveReport requirements you need to click on Tables at Climate amp ETo APA the top of the screen then CWR This will be 4 Rainfall written in this manual as Tables CWR CWR Irrigation Schedule 2 CWR is used as an abbreviation for Crop Water Requirements mm day 3 SMD is used as an abbreviation for Soil Moisture Deficit mm 4 ETo is Reference crop evapotranspiration mm day calculated using the FAO Penman Montieth equation not the FAO corrected Penman equation The FAO Penman Montieth equation is described in the following papers Allen Smith Perrier and Pereira An Update for the Definition of Reference Evapotranspiration ICID Bulletin 1994 Vol 43 No 2 pages 1 34 Allen Smith Pereira and Perrier An Update for the Calculation of Reference Evapotranspiration ICID Bulletin 1994 Vol 43 No 2 pages 35 92 Additional information can also be found on the FAO Internet web server at HTTP WWW FAO ORG AG AGL AGLW WCROP HTM CropWat for Windows user guide INTRODUCT
8. Schedule Inigation Scheduling Graph Soil Mowture Deficit in mm User de fine d irriga on with no irrigations The calculated soil moisture deficit shows the effect of rainfall only The graph shows that the soil moisture deficit reaches the limit of the easily available moisture in the middle of month 3 This crop will have a low yield the yield reduction is estimated to be 71 2 in the table below 4 Double click in the Net Irr column on Ist April in the Irrigation Scheduling Table This will show a dialog box requesting how much water is to be applied Net Depth of Application 5 To apply 75mm of irrigation net enter 75 into the dialog box and click on the OK button CropWat for Windows will now re calculate the soil moisture balance for the rest of the season and update the Irrigation Scheduling Table pene egugsenessnessrrgsseeirsssrrecersrsssressecsseestsestrcs tee stessresstsssecsstes seestees seeiirssbesstesseesstesseeetiss teeiisseressteseresstesstesstes seerives eves sseeesstesssesstes see 50055 E EEEE EEEREN SSS SE SEE SE SSS Pees gS Se Ee es bee stesstesseesseeseesiserseisssrseessteserssseessirsssseressseeetesstessrssstesstessoee eesseerrrss resstesseessteserseiessseeetissresetessresstsss2 i Wrigation Scheduling Tabie Options e eee i gt tion MAE aran Inigation Schedule see el Block 1 gt Daily Soil Moisture Balance fogs i Tak ee a a a mm mm mm 4 Days
9. T I I I mb I Reference Eyapolranspiration mmd In this graph the user has selected to smooth monthly ETo into daily values using the option Linear Distribution at ends of the month NB This will produce different results in crop water and irrigation scheduling compared with the smooth curve used above You should select the most appropriate distribution to suit your own data Pal Taa Jia l p a im I I I ok I 4 3 Printing Graphs The graphs can be printed in either portrait vertical or landscape horizontal layout When you click on the Print button you will see a preview of the graph The following options are available when printing PRINTER use the Windows Print Manager to select which printer to use the paper size and layout Portrait Landscape PREVIEW see the page layout before printing FONT select the typeface used in labelling the graph COLOUR PRINT an x will send shading information to the printer This is fine for colour printing but it can waste a lot of ink if you have a black and white printer Printing Options Font Times Hew Homan X Color Print aerate ne Wind Speed km d 400 ane a 350 300 ai 250 2010 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 1230645 67 8 9 10111 O14 234 5 6 7 8 1041 12 Month Month Graphs of wind speed plotted in colour with Times font and in Black and White with Arial font Note All printing is controlled b
10. in mm day The difference between CWR and IWR is made up by the effective rainfall 4 7 Cropping Patterns CropWat for Windows can calculate crop water requirements or irrigation schedules with up to 30 crops Each crop in the pattern is defined by the crop coefficient file name the date of planting and the area planted O 100 of the total area Each crop may be planted in a set of blocks staggered in time The current cropping a pattern can be shown with Graphs CroppingPattern or the Cropping Pattern icon in the Toolbar Redraw Crop pattern Total area C Both Legend Hold down the night mouse button to find out the crop Here a crop of maize is planted on 3rd March The crop is assumed to be planted all at the same time and covers 100 of the project area The Options box on the right of the screen allows you to plot the of area cropped which is useful if there are multiple crops in the crop pattern A crop can be staggered into several blocks each planted on differing dates For example the maize crop shown above can be divided into 4 blocks planted at 10 day intervals using InputData CroppingPattern Enter Modify Cropping Pattern Graph 4 of Area Planted 100 40 oO fal Cropping Pattern Planning Crop Data File C CROPWATWACROPS MAIZE CRO Crop MAIZE 60 50 40 30 20 First Planting First Harvesting Total amp of Area Planted Day Z Month by This Crop 10
11. scheduling calculations Irrigation Scheduling Table i tion oe bial e c Inigation Schedule a0 a E S TAH Rainfall ETc o en n T i a mm mm mm nas mm mm Ee aza 49 691 Double Click Any Cell in the User Adjust Column to Adjust the Soil Moisture Balance Irrigation scheduling for a maize crop planted as a single block on 3rd March in Kurnool The Table can appear in two ways either Irrigation Schedule or Daily Soil Moisture Balance These are selected in the Options box at the top of the form Also be sure to select the correct crop staggered block if you have multiple crops or staggered planting dates in your cropping pattern a Irrigation Scheduling option This table shows the status of the soil moisture every time new water enters the soil either by rainfall or a calculated irrigation application Calculated irrigation events are shown in the right hand side of the table Net Irrigation Irrigation Interval the other lines in the table are where rainfall events occur as defined in the Options menu e g a rain event every 5 days b Daily Soil Moisture Balance option This shows the status of the soil every day throughout the cropping pattern It 1s useful in seeing how the soil moisture changes in the growing season but the table is much longer and contains possibly too much information for most users Graphs can be used to show these changes more clearly User defined irrigation eve
12. should apply the new data to the current crop and update the irrigation schedule automatically 4 Once you choose another crop or block in the cropping pattern list in the Schedule Table or Graph the program will erase all irrigation events but it will not erase the user adjustments assuming that user adjustments could be rainfall events or capillary rise it makes sense tha they are applied to all the crops 5 To erase user adjustments from memory choose the Recalculate command by selecting Schedule Recalculate C EXPORTING RESULTS FILES TO A SPREADSHEET The results of CWR and scheduling CWR Data in a Formatted File calculations can be sent into export files type CSV Comma Separated or comma delimited Variables File Name Directories MYRESULT CS c cropwatwreports cropwaty reports To do this select File Type Comma Delimited in the SaveReport menu These CSV files can be imported into a spreadsheet or sometimes they can be read in directly depending on which spreadsheet you use Save File as Type Drives Comma Delimited CSV c ms dos_6 Text Files TXT Comma Delimited CS Note CropWat for Windows operates as a full screen Windows application You can shrink the program to an icon using the minimise button at the top right of the program and then load your spreadsheet Alternatively you can swap between CropWat for Windows and the sp
13. steps 1 First the rainfall from month to month is smoothed into a continuous curve The default curve is a polynomial curve In some cases a smooth curve is difficult to fit for example where there is a sudden change from a dry season to a very wet season Other smoothing methods are available e g linear interpolation between monthly values seeOptions Calculation Methods Rainfall and Graphs Rainfall 11 Next we have to assume that there are a given number of individual rainstorms in month This is because it is unlikely that the rain will fall at a continuous uniform intensity throughout each month CropWat for Windows assumes that the monthly rain falls in 6 separate rainstorms one every 5 days You can change the number of rain storms with Options Calculation Methods Rainfall RainfallAggregation 4 5 Example CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS TABLE This table lists information about the ETo rainfall and crop coefficient data for each crop in the cropping pattern To show it select Tables CWR You can change the time step and the assumed in field Irrigation Efficiency which affects the calculated the Field Water Supply in litres per second per hectare FWS I s ha Crop Water Requirements Table MAIZE Grain Time Step Days JIAN Blocks Irrigation Efficiency 7 a imm period 7s Chica mm period mm period mm period E 19 67 32 56 47 07 61 038 72 51 70 95 67 55 63 82 57 36 38 67 19 99 2 40 509 6
14. to enter your own irrigation amount and timing with the User Defined irrigation options When these have been typed in they ca be saved using the menu option Schedule Irrigations Save This permits you to keep a track of the irrigation events in the growing season Actual rainfall can also be entered using the Schedule User Adjustments menu option See the Advanced section of this manual for more details 4 The TABLES and GRAPHS menu These menus allow you to see the input data and the results of the calculations for Crop Water Requirements and Scheduling Tables menu examine input data and results Tables Graphs SaveHeport Climate amp ETa F a CWR CLIMATE amp ETo Input data amp calculated ETo RAINFALL Input data amp calculated effective rain CWR Crop Water Requirements IRRIGATION SCHEDULE irrigation amp soil moisture Irrigation Schedule Graphs menu show graphs of input data and results Crop at 4 Windows Graphs SaveHeport Options CLIMATE amp ETo temperature wind humidity Climate 4 ETo a ie sunshine rainfall and Penman Monteith estimates Rainfall LS CROPPING PATTERN planting dates areas Cropping Pattern CWR variation during the season IWR ETo CWR IRRIGATION SCHEDULE soil moisture deficits Irrigation Schedule Tables and graphs can be shown quickly with the Toolbar icons Icons for Tables of Climate CWR and Scheduling Icons for Graphs of Climate Rain Crop Pa
15. 3 3 fies 100 Staggering Humber of Staggered Blocks ja a Time Interval Between Last Planting Last Harvesting Planting of Blocks Day 7 Month 10 Days z a m i Options e Crop pattern lo mele Next to the graph is an Options box This allows you to plot the area planted see graph below p Legend You can identify each crop name by clicking on the cropping pattern graph Hold down the with the right mouse button right mouse button to find out the crop Nee ee e a The effect of staggering the planting date can be seen in the steps on the Crop Water Requirements graph below Cropping Pattern Graph 4 of Area Planted CWA amp MWAH for Areas Planted mm d Note that CropWat for Windows calculates crop water requirements using the equation CWR ETo Ke area planted and not ETo Ke This means that the peak CWR in mni day can be less than the peak ETo value when less than 100 of the area is planted in the cropping pattern More complex cropping patterns can be built CropWat for Windows will always check to see if the total area planted is less than 100 and will not allow calculations to proceed until the total area is less than 100 Below a cropping pattern with four crops is defined The maximum cropped area is 80 in this case Note how the peak CWR is shown as less than the peak ETo because the area is used in the calculation Cropping Pattern Graph of Area Plante
16. 8 7 100 0 77 0 10 TTaQ 0 0 2575 140 0 70 0 10 8 Ge 8 7 100 053 8 7 3075 1200 70 0 11 8 TLS 8 6 100 0 40 1 3 6 140 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 100 0 74 6 10 74 6 0 0 4 6 140 0 70 0 12 8 0 0 8 6 100 0 8 6 9 6 140 0 70 0 1347 aa 8 5 100 0 37 7 1376 140 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 100 0 71 8 10 Ties 0 0 14 6 140 0 70 0 14 7 0 0 8 5 100 0 64 5 1976 140 0 75 6 156 hewn Tes 100 0 33 4 24 6 140 0 82 6 Ropes TOD 0 9 100 0 53 0 29 6 140 0 89 6 17 4 17 4 6 0 1900 05 607 3 4 7 140 0 96 6 18 2 l2 e 100 0 76 4 9 7 1400 103 0 19 0 19 0 4 3 100 0 80 4 1477 140 0 110 6 19 7 19e 3 4 100 0 79 5 Total 229 0 170 4 TTI6 0 100 0 524 9 0 0 0 0 continued Yield Reduction Estimated yi reduction in growth stage Estimated yi reduction in growth stage Estimated yi reduction in growth stage Estimated yi reduction in growth stage Estimated yield reduction These estimates may be used as guidelines actual figures Total Available Moisture FC WP Root Depth Readily Available Moisture TAM P Soil Moisture Deficit Monthly ETo is distributed using polynomial curve fitting Monthly Rainfall is distributed using polynomial curve fitting To generate rainfall events each 5 days of distributed rainfall are accumulated as one storm Only NET irrigation requirements are given here No any kind of losses was taken into account in the calculations KAEKKKKKKKKKKKKKEKKKKKKKKKKKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE KKK IKKE IK C
17. 9 At the top of the form you can specify Which crop in the cropping pattern you want the CWR results for The block of the crop assuming the crop has been planted in staggered blocks The Time Step of the CWR results this can be any convenient time step including 1 day steps This is set to 10 days by default The field Irrigation Efficiency This is used to calculate the Field Water Supply The default 1s 70 but you can enter your own values Meaning of the data in each column Date the start of each time step defined by Time Step at the top of the table ETo reference crop evapotranspiration in millimetres per time step Crop Area the proportion of the area planted with the specified crop in the current cropping pattern In this example there is only one crop and it covers 100 of the planted area Crop Kc average values of crop coefficient for each time step This is calculated by linear interpolation between the Kc values for each crop stage Note that the Crop Kc values in this case are calculated as Kc Crop Area so if the crop covers only 50 of the area the Crop Kc values will be half of the Kc values in the crop coefficient data file CWR Crop Water Requirements for this crop Calculated as ETo CropKe Total and Effective Rainfall These are the values obtained by smoothing between the monthly totals Irrig Req Irrigation Requirements for this crop in millimetres for the current time step
18. Criteria Options CropWat for Windows allows you to select many ways of defining an irrigation schedule The default options are shown above These define optimal irrigation from the first planting date of the crops where irrigation is calculated to take place when all of the readily available soil moisture has been used The irrigation amount will be equal to the soil moisture deficit so the soil moisture deficit returns to zero after the irrigation and no water is wasted APPLICATION TIMING The example below says that we will irrigate when all 100 of the readily available moisture has been used uD so the o never becomes stressed r Application Timing Inigate When a Specified of Readily Soil Moisture Depletion Occurs 100 Ss APPLICATION DEPTH This says that the irrigation amount will be calculated to refill the soil moisture store 1 e irrigate to return the soil to field capacity 100 of the readily available moisture 1s replaced Application Depths Refill to a Specified of Readily Available Sol Moisture START OF SCHEDULING You can start scheduling from any date in the growing season but the default is to begin from the earliest planting date of each crop Start of Scheduling sO SOS First Planting Date of Each Crop ay Honth INITIAL SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS these are defined by the data in the soil file The example soil files provided are all set to zero s
19. CropWat for Windows User Guide Dr Derek Clarke University of Southampton CropWat 4 Windows Version 4 2 IDS tall opal ge gil Ball Hartin Smith Derek Clarke Khaled El Askari Land and Water Development Institute of irrigation and Hational Water Research Division Development Studies IIDS Center HWRE Food and Agriculture Southampton University Cairo Egypt Organization of the United Southampton UK Hations FAO Email 0_Clarke soton_ac_uk Rome Italy Email Martin Smitht fao_org Developed by Derek Clarke program design testing documentation Martin Smith program algorithms and testing Khaled El Askari programming Version 4 2 0013 October 1998 CropWat For Windows User Guide Contents Conventions used in this manual USER GUIDE Introduction Installing CropWat for Windows The User Interface and Menu system The main route through the program Data needed for calculations Data file names and directories The main menu options FILE menu INPUT DATA menu SCHEDULE menu Scheduling Criteria options Setting your own scheduling criteria TABLES and GRAPHS Example Climate table Example Climate and graph Printing graphs Example Rainfall table Example Crop Water Requirements table Crop Water Requirements graph Cropping Patterns Example Irrigation Schedule table Saving and Printing Irrigation Schedule tables Irrigation Scheduling graphs Non Optimal Irrigation User Defined Irrigations Scheduling graph options
20. ION CropWat for Windows is a program that uses the FAO 1992 Penman Monteith methods for calculating reference crop evapotranspiration These estimates are used in crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling calculations The methods supersede the older FAO 24 procedures published in 1977 which are no longer recommended as they over estimate evapotranspiration The program uses the same Penman Monteith methodology as used in CROPWAT versions 5 7 and 7 0 and uses the same data such as the CLIMWAT climate and rainfall files The program uses a flexible menu system and file handling and extensive use of graphics Graphs of the input data climate cropping pattern and results crop water requirements soil moisture deficit can be drawn and printed with ease Complex cropping patterns can be designed with several crops with staggered planting dates The program uses a Windows style pull down menu system and a toolbar at the top of the main screen which takes you to many of the most frequently accessed data entry and results screens Additionally the program logic does not have to follow a traditional rigid flow chart You can choose any menu item or click on any button in the button bar in any order CropWat For Windows uses the same equations as in CROPWAT 7 0 but there are some differences between the menu systems and the types of calculation permitted Some of the interpolation methods used are slightly different to those us
21. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Irrigation Scheduling Report KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Crop Data Crop 1 MAIZE Grain Block 1 Planting date 3 3 9041 Data Soil description Medium Initial soil moisture depletion 0 Irrigation Scheduling Criteria Application Timing Irrigate when 100 of readily soil moisture depletion occurs Applications Depths Refill to 100 of readily available soil moisture Stert of Scheduling 3 73 Date TAM RAM Total Brees ETc ETc ETm SMD Interv Net Lost User Rain Rain fr Iris Adja mm mm mm mm mm 5 mm Days mm mm mm Algo GIL 34 6 Os 0 0 0 1 9 LOO 0 35 3 1g 35 3 0 0 267 3 T6a7 Bas Lsp le 20 100 0 8 0 31 3 84 2 42 1 Lee es 246 100 0 17 7 5 4 91 8 45 9 20 260 3 4 100 0 alel 1074 99 3 49 6 Aso AD 4 2 100 0 48 1 1174 100 8 50 4 0 0 0 0 4 4 1900 05 54 5 Al 5245 0 0 1574 106 8 Daed Jaa 3 2 Pak 100 0 L6 1 20780 Wiaget Shae 4 0 4 0 Sad 100 0 40 0 2474 120 4 60 2 0 0 0 0 6 6 100 0 65 4 iS 65 4 0 0 2974A Jal l 0 4 8 Fd 6 8 100 0 6 8 30 4 129 4 64 7 ores Jg Tao 100 0 37 4 4 5 Lowe Gal 0 0 0 0 8 3 100 0 69 6 10 69 6 0 0 57 gt 137 0 08 5 6 8 0 0 8 5 100 0 64 5 LO7S 240 0 70 0 Tec 7 8 8 7 100 0 44 0 14 5 140 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 100 0 78 6 10 78 6 0 0 L575 140 0 70 0 Sus 0 0 8 7 100 0 G7 2075 140 0 70 0 9 8 9 8 8 7 100 05 42 3 2475 1400 70 0 0 0 0 0
22. XIT leave CropWat for Windows File Retrieve and File Save allow you to load or save sets of data for example you could save a Set of climatic data that you have just typed in or you could read in some rainfall data from the CLIMWAT database 2 The INPUT DATA menu File InputData achedule Ti 3 Climate a CLIMATE enter monthly climate data to calculate ETo Elo ETo enter your own monthly ETo estimates Rainfall RAINFALL enter monthly rainfall data Crops CROPS enter cropping patterns and crop coefficient data soil SOIL enter data for your soil type DATA STATUS show or hide the window These options permit you to enter new data using a data entry window or to load save data to from files The load save options duplicate the File Retrieve and File Save options in the File menu For example a set of climate data could be read in from a data file using InputData Climate Retrieve or using File Retrieve Climate Data Notes 1 You can use CLI or PEN data files in the CLIMWAT database To do this change the File Type from CRM to CLI or PEM to PEN when retrieving files 2 Remember that you must define a Cropping Pattern before calculations can be made To do this use menu options InputData Crops CroppingPattern Note that InputData Crops CropCoefficients should only be used to edit the crop coefficient data files CRO Once the data has been entered you can see it in a table with the Tables m
23. ain menu option or plotted in a graph with the Graphs main menu option 3 The SCHEDULE menu The Schedule Menu lets you define how irrigations are calculated and to manage groups of data files climate rain crop soil which are called irrigation scenarios At this stage all you need to do is to define the method for scheduling using Schedule Criteria InputData Schedule Tables Graphs Oley Ea E Criteria CRITERIA irrigation timing and amount 7 Scenario SCENARIO group a set of data files RECALCULATE if data has changed IRRIGATIONS load save depths dates USER ADJUSTMENTS File Irrigations User Adjustments See the Advanced section in this manual for more details Before any irrigation calculations can be carried out you must define what kind of schedule you wish to use using Schedule Criteria If you select OK with no other changes the schedule is calculated for optimal irrigation and you can go directly to the tables or graphs of results Several other options can be selected in the Calculation Methods window Calculation Methods Rainfall Effective Fain Scheduling Scheduling Criteria Application Timing Inigate When a Specified 4 of Readily Soil Morture Depletion Occurs 100 Application Depths Refill to a Specified of Readily Available Sol Morsture Start of Scheduling First Planting Date of Each Crop Day Honth 3 1 Scheduling
24. arabola to Three Month Averages Linear Distribution at the Ends of the Months Take Monthly Averages as Daily Values A summary of the calculation methods available Options CalculationMethods ETo lets you change the a and b Angstrom coefficients in the Penman Monteith equation lets you select how the monthly ETo is converted into Daily values Options CalculationMethods Rainfall smoothing rain totals between months setting the number of rain events per month Options CalculationMethods Effective Rainfall choice of four Effective Rainfall models the USDA SCS method is the default Options CalculationMethods Scheduling This is the same as selecting Schedule Criteria It offers a wide range of options for when irrigations occur and the amount of water applied 7 The HELP menu CropWat 4 Windows 4 1 Help File Edit Bookmark Help The help system contains on line information to help you use the program CropWat 4 Windows Help Contents However we recommend that you read Quick Tour the manual and the following Advanced AGL Section to enable you to get the best out Basic Data of CropWat for Windows Gmeeand ETa Cea Rainfall Data Cropping Pattern Data Crop Data soll Data Irrigation Scheduling Criteria Calculation Methods Data Manipulation Retrieving Data trom Files saving Data in Files Clearing Data Data Status Detault File Locations Results Presentation Tabl
25. change this during installation if you prefer A Windows 3 1 Program Group and icon will also be created if required Lropiat 4 Windows The User Interface and Menu System The CROPWAT for Windows main menu screen appears like this File InputData Schedule Tables Graphs SaveHeport Options Window Help DABDeDe HAAR 2 a a a S22 ey O Data Status E 1 The Main Menu bar with pull down menus The menu system leads to the data entry and results forms In some cases there are several routes through the menu system to the same results form 2 The Tool Bar used to access the most frequently used menu options Tool File InputData Bar icons which take you straight to the data entry windows without using the i menu options Place the mouse pointer on the icon without clicking and you n will be told what the icon does 3 Message boxes used to inform you about the current calculations 4 The Data Status window This is used to show the current files in use Double click to open the window and you will see a summary of the files in use and what additional data is needed to carry out certain calculations Data Status The main route through the program Unlike CROPWAT 5 7 the program has an open menu system that is it is possible to do almost anything in any order Obviously if you have not entered any climate data then ETo will not be calculated and you cannot calculate crop water requirements Th
26. d 100 iL A complex cropping pattern 80 produces varying crop and irrigation water requirements throughout the year 70 60 M 50 40 30 E 20 a 10 CWR amp MWR for Areas Planted mm d Note that although the graphs show the total crop water requirements the table of crop water requirements can be used to examine CWR for either all crops or just one crop using the pull down list at the top of the table Similarly the CWR either for all blocks or each individual block of a crop can be shown a Water eee Table Small Yegetables CABBAGE l a Crop Ke CWR TET m Total Rain Effect Rain lrig Req O ME mm perod mm pernod mm period mm E deter 60 66 in T 0 05 2 91 0 00 0 00 2 91 0 05 42 00 0 10 ah Prk nar Right Selecting which block of maize to show in the CWR table Block H3 Block ft 4 4 8 Example IRRIGATION SCHEDULING Table An Irrigation Scheduling table can only be shown if sufficient data has been entered and the scheduling criteria have been set see the Data Status Window for more information It is possible that you have forgotten to input or define some data CropWat for Windows will inform you of what extra data is needed The example message below is hopefully self explanatory Once the data has been entered you can calculate an optimal irrigation schedule by selecting Schedule Criteria OK You can then use Tables IrrigationSchedule to see the
27. duction T zz Daily Soil Moisture Balance O Irrigation Schedule TAM Rainfall ETc act Irr Interval Lost Irr aa os ale a Nan ua oe Days imm oe so ae T Se eee Oa a so 25 oo oo 63 4 465 233 0 0 0 0 i 743 5 480 240 0 0 0 0 mm Double click here f fa 83 6 495 248 0 0 0 0 o Cancel 1043 8 526 263 0 0 0 0 1 8 100 0 14 5 173 9 541 27 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 100 0 16 3 4273 10 556 27 8 0 0 0 0 1 9 100 0 10 0 1373 11 571 285 0 0 0 0 1 9 100 0 11 9 586 293 O00 0 0 19 100 0 13 7 15473 13 60 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 100 0 15 6 Double Click the Appropriate Cell s in the Net ir Column to Change Inigation Timing Depth Example user adjustment entering an actual rainfall event of 8 2mm on March 11 The soil moisture deficit SMD is re calculated by taking SMD ETcrop UserAdjustment In the example above the SMD is 16 3 on March 11 ETcrop is 1 9mm so the SMD will become 18 2mm if there is no adjustment The adjustment entered 8 2mm reduces the deficit from 18 2mm to 10 0mm on the following day User Adjustments are shown as a green vertical line in the Irrigation Scheduling Graphs You can repeat this to enter actual rainfall data for the whole season However if you wish to use the adjustments to simulate actual rainfall you should be sure to delete any existing rain
28. dule Criteria Variable Intervals and Variable depths The graph will initially re set to no irrigations You then enter the irrigation depths in the Scheduling Table by double clicking on the Nett Irr column As each irrigation is entered the table is re calculated and the graph is also updated See the Advanced section of this manual for more details 4 13 Schedule Graph Options You can draw the soil moisture profile schedule for several crops on the cropping pattern graph These can be shown individually by changing the crop block name on the right of the form or can be drawn on the same graph by clicking on the Draw over check box Lnigation Scheduling Graph Soil Moisture Deficit in mm mall egetabl 2 MAIZE on TT CABBAGE _ aT 40 Small Vegetabl 80 Block 1 WE a 120 Draw Over an 160 180 Honth The y axis soil moisture deficit is automatically scaled by the first crop selected When using the Draw over option a second crop may not fit on the graph To re scale the y axis turn off the Draw Over option then click on the Redraw button The graph can be printed by clicking on the Print button but as the graph has to be re built for the printer only the last crop block selected can be printed out 1 e the Draw over option does not work when printing the graph 5 The SAVE REPORT menu option Cropy at 4 Windows saveHepornt Options Window Climate amp ETo Rainfall
29. e Main Menu The main route through the program follows the menu options along the top of the screen Crop at 4 Windows File InputData Schedule Tables Graphs SaveHeport Options Window Help a first you enter data either using menu option File or Input Data b next you define your scheduling criteria use menu option Schedule Criteria c the results can be seen in tabular or graphical form menu options Tables and Graphs d you can save the results into ASCII files with SaveReport ready for printing The Tool Bar You can also access the data entry windows using the icons in the Tool Bar These are grouped into sets of related icons across the top of the screen Cropy at 4 Windows File InputData seuedue Tables Graphs SaveReport Yptions Window Help Input Data Tables Options Scheduling Graphs Editor As you work with the program you will often find that there are several ways of getting to the same menu option If you do not have a mouse the menu system can be activated with the keyboard in the usual Windows way to activate the Main Menu bar press ALT The menus can then be used with the cursor and Enter keys or by pressing the appropriate letter which is underlined The DATA STATUS Window To help you know what data has been entered into the program a DATA STATUS WINDOW is provided This is a table summarising the current data Nata Statue 2 use and also shows if you have entered enough data to calculate c
30. e easily available moisture has been used This is done with menu option Schedule Criteria Once all the data is entered CropWat for Windows will carry out the necessary calculations You do not need to click on a calculate or run command If you change any data the program will automatically recalculate the results How do I see the results On screen The menu options Tables will show tables of input data and results The menu option Graphs allows you to plot data and results To file Use the SaveReport option to create ASCII text and CSV export files To printer Use the Text Editor to print ASCII files created with SaveReport Graphs can be rotated to Landscape or Portrait using the Print Manager Data file names and directories 1 The standard installation of CropWat for Windows creates the following directories C CROPWATW CLIMATE climate PEN PEM and rainfall CLI CRM files C CROPWATW CROPS crop coefficient CRO and cropping pattern CPT files C CROPWATW SOILS soil data files SOI SOL C CROPWATW SCHEDULE scenarios SNR irrigations IRR and UserAdjustments ADJ C CROPWATW REPORTS output files TXT analogous to CROPWAT 7 result files OUT 2 When loading saving files you can select any directory with the usual Windows dialog box This allows you to share CLIMWAT or CROPWAT 7 0 data files with CropWat for Windows You can change the default data direct
31. ear 1 365 followed by the user adjustment in mm To add in your own adjustments enter the day number followed by the adjustment Remember that each individual day needs its own adjustment so a season with minus 2mm day percolation will require that each day in the growing season will have to be entered into the ADJ file Notes about User Adjustments and User Defined Irrigations When you retrieve irrigation events from a file withIrrigation Retreive the program sets the scheduling criteria to user defined This causes a slight problem if the scheduling criteria had not been set before retrieving the irrigation events You will have to retrieve it twice in this particular case Notice also that retrieving irrigation events will NOT erase an user adjustments in memory so they can be combined together 2 On the other hand retrieving user adjustments with Schedule UserAdjustements Retreive from files ERASES any irrigations in memory So if you want to retrieve bot irrigation applications and user adjustments retrieve the adjustments before the irrigations User adjustments in irrigation schedules are assumed to applied to ALL the crops in a cropping pattern 3 So the most straightforward way to retrieve irrigation events and user adjustments is to activate the Schedule Table or Schedule Graph on the screen and choose the crop to which you want to apply the data Then retrieve the user adjustments BEFORE the irrigation events The program
32. ed in CROPWAT 7 0 and so calculations can occasionally differ by up to 2 You will get bigger differences if you change the interpolation methods from the defaults The main differences between CROPWAT 7 0 and CropWat for Windows are e CropWat for Windows uses graphs and forms to display results You will not see any results until you select a Table or a Graph e CropWat for Windows can deal with multiple crops with up to 30 crops in a cropping pattern However these crops are assumed to co exist in the same parcel of land e Irrigation Schedules can be calculated for individual blocks of each crop You can select the time base for results e g daily weekly monthly e Colour and black and white graphs can be printed through the standard Windows Print Manager e You can save a Scheduling scenario file which remembers the current data files for your project so that they can be read in quickly at a later date e CropWat for Windows uses monthly climatic data only whereas CROPWAT 7 0 can use daily data as well and monthly data e CropWat for Windows allows user defined irrigation events plus the option to add adjustments to the calculated soil moisture deficit This provides a flexible tool for managing soil moisture during the growing season e CropWat for Windows cannot at present calculate crop water requirements for rice Installing CropWat for Windows The program is supplied on two 3 5 disks CropWat for Windows needs 6Mb fr
33. ee hard disk space to install and occupies 4 Mb of hard disk space once it is installed Like all new Windows programs we recommend a 486 or faster computer although it will run on a 386 PC with 4Mb of memory It will run under Windows 3 1 3 11 95 and 98 The installation will take about 5 minutes If you see the DOS prompt C gt you will have to load Windows by typing either WIN or EXIT IMPORTANT WARNING Once Windows is loaded it is vital that you close down all other active Windows programs to avoid installation problems For example Microsoft Office v4 Word 6 and Excel 5 share the same resource files as the installation program SETUP EXE If you do not close down Office including the Office toolbar the CROPWAT installation may cause an error which can in some circumstances affect the performance of Office Word Excel Insert DISK 1 into the disk drive and run file A SETUP Windows 3 1 You can run SETUP EXE using the File Manager or by selecting File Run at the top left of the Program Manager screen and type A SETUP EXE as the Command Line Windows 95 Use the Windows Explorer to point to 3 1 2 disk in drive A and double click on the file SETUP EXE Command Line A SETUP_EXE Run Hinimized Click on the OK button to start the installation process Follow the on screen instructions and change DISK 1 for DISK 2 when you are told By default the program will be installed to C CROPWATW but you can
34. es Graphs Reports Contact us Help About will introduce you to the team responsible for writing CropWat for Windows We hope that you are able to make good use of the program Please email us if you have any problems Derek Clarke University of Southampton UK DC SOTON AC UK or D Clarke SOTON AC UK Martin Smith FAO Rome Italy M Smith FAO ORG Khaled El Askari National Water Research Center Cairo Egypt email not available ADVANCED SECTION A Scheduling Scenarios B User Defined Irrigations C User Adjustments D Exporting Results files to spreadsheets A SCHEDULING SCENARIOS Once you have calculated an irrigation schedule the list of files you have used can be stored as a group in a Scenario file SNR A Scenario is a snapshot of the scheduling data you are currently using A Scenario file can be created with the menu option Schedule Scenario Save This will store the names of the data files currently in use in CropWat for Windows climate data rainfall data cropping pattern and soil type You can read in the same set of data files and carry on with Schedule Scenario Retrieve and carry on with your calculations for the same area on another day This will allow you to store sets of crop soil and climate data for different irrigated areas Notes about Scenario files 1 Scenario files have the extension SNR and are stored in the directory C CROPW ATW SCHEDULE 2 You cannot save a Scena
35. fall before adding the adjustments nputData Rainfall Clear Saving User Adjustments into a file ADJ Each adjustment is similar to a user defined irrigation You can save the adjustments which might represent a season of actual rainfall data using the menu options Schedule UserAdjustments Save These files are stored in directory C CROPWATW SCHEDULE and the files are given the extension ADJ Using this method it is possible to store a set of known daily rainfalls from previous seasons and use the data to see the effect on alternate cropping patters or planting dates Groundwater Contribution and Leaching Requirements CropWat for Windows does not include estimates for leaching requirements or the effect of shallow water tables which may be significant in the control of salts If you have your own values or estimates for these factors you can model their effect by applying an adjustment for each day in the growing season For example applying an adjustment of minus 2 5mm day would have the effect of removing 2 5mm day from the soil which can be equivalent to a vertical downward movement of water through the soil profile percolation or leaching A positive daily adjustment would equate to an upward movement of water from a shallow water table into the root zone An easy way to apply these kinds of adjustments is to edit an existing AD J file with the text editor The ADJ files consist of two values per line the day in the y
36. he SMD graph will show calculated soil moisture deficit with rainfall only until you add your own irrigation events Options 4 Yield R 7 ctia O Irrigation Schedule r ical SEAE Daily Soil Moisture Balance Balance O3 1 473 2 5 3 3 63 4 73 5 O3 6 10 73 8 n3 3 1273 10 133 1 1573 13 m eed i aed M aed l l l l l a r M E M E E M f Double Click Any Cell in the User Adjust Column to Adjust the Soil Moisture Balance Irrigation Schedule Table shown using the Daily Soil Moisture Balance option arrow User Defined irrigation events can be entered by double clicking on the appropriate date in the Net Irr column arrow Example of adding user defined irrigations In this example we will use the maize crop in Kurnool planed on 3rd March with the following restrictions to water supply 1 Irrigation water delivery commences on Ist April 2 Each irrigation is fixed to 75mm net application 3 Each irrigation turn is every 14 days Follow these steps to enter the user defined irrigations 1 Select Schedule Criteria and set the Amount and Timing to User Defined see above 2 Display the Irrigation Scheduling Table Tables Schedule and select the Daily Soil Moisture Balance option at the top of the table 3 You may also want to display the scheduling graph as this will change every time a new irrigation is typed in Graphs Irrigation
37. kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkkk Crop 1 MAIZE Grain Block All blocks Planting date s13 Calculation time step 10 Day s Irrigation Efficiency Planted Effect Area Rain mm period mm period 63 52 f 00 00 66 05 45 40 68 20 A 05 05 69 92 25 18 71 19 51 15 71 99 2 4 31 46 72 31 3 i 233 82 72 16 FPO 04 12 lt example 71 55 34 04 06 70 50 17 79 95 64 ETo data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting Rainfall data is distributed using polynomial curve fitting C CROPWATW REPORTS EXAMPLE1 TXT 4 6 Crop Water Requirements Graphs za A graph of ETo Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Requirements can be shown with the menu option Graph CWR or the CWR graph icon in the Toolbar Crop Yrater Requirements Grap CWA amp MER for Areas Planted mm d ETo CHR ET m Irrigation Req 1 The curve is the Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in mm day smoothed between the months with a polynomial curve 2 The tall shaded area is the Crop Water Requirement CWR for the cropped area in mm day This follows the shape of a typical Kc curve and it rises above the ETo curve when the crop coefficient is greater than 1 0 NB if the area planted in the cropping pattern is less than 100 CWR will be reduced proportionally 3 The lower shaded area is the Irrigation Water Requirement IWR
38. les of Type Drives E c de p100 296 5 Important note about changes to the CROP COEFFICIENT FILES CROPWAT 5 7 Crop Coefficient files CRO cannot be read by CropWat for Windows or CROPWAT 7 0 because the Kc and Ky values have been updated by FAO A new file structure has been used to distinguish between the old and new crop data files If you try to retrieve an old CRO file you will see the following message File CACROPYYAT CRHOPS CAGBAGE CRO Error Not a valid Crop at 4 Vfindows file Data retrieval terminated and crop data initialised D Please check this data file Please notice that old CHOPY AT 5 7 crop data files are not Supported any more because the Ke data in those files were updated in the new ones Ye suggest that you use the new crop files only unless you have your own crop data 6 CropWat for Windows and CROPWAT 7 0 use the same new crop coefficient files If you have your own Crop files created by CROPWAT 5 7 these will have to be re typed into CROPWAT 7 0 or CropWat for Windows The CropWat for Windows main menu options 1 The FILE menu File InputData Schedule Retrieve sen el RETRIEVE load a data file SAVE i save a data file Configuration gt CONFIGURATION allows you to override the default Text Editor calculation methods or file locations Windows Calculator TEXT EDITOR view print a set of results in an ASCII file WINDOWS CALCULATOR check your sums E
39. nts and other adjustments to the daily soil moisture balance can be made when the Scheduling Criteria are set to user defined This provides a flexible system to simulate actual changes in water use during the growing season See the Advanced section of this manual for more details Key to the column headings in the Irrigation Schedule Table Date either the date of a rainfall calculated irrigation event or the date in the season TAM Total Available Moisture in the soil for the crop at this date mm This is calculated as Field Capacity minus the Wilting Point times the current rooting depth of the crop RAM Readily Available Moisture in the soil for the crop at this date mm It is calculated as RAM TAM P where P is the depletion fraction for this crop at the current date as defined in the crop coefficient Kc file e g MAIZE CRO Rain rainfall amount calculated for this date assuming 5 rain events per month Efct Rain Effective rainfall the amount of rainfall that enters the soil ETc Actual crop evapotranspiration ETc ETm Ratio of actual crop ET to the maximum crop ET This is useful developing use defined irrigation schedules It should be 100 for an unstressed crop SMD Soil Moisture Deficit on this date mm Irr Interv The interval in days since the last irrigation took place Net Irr The irrigation depth applied mm Lost Irr Irrigation water that is not stored in the soil i e either surface runoff o
40. oil moisture deficit You can change this using InputData Soils Enter Modify 3 2 Setting your own scheduling options CropWat for Windows gives you a wide range of methods to calculate an irrigation schedule Application ining You can control Irrigate at Fixed Intervals Days WHEN the Inigate When a Specified of Readily Soil Moisture Depletion Occurs Irrigations take Inrigate When a Specified 4 of Total Soil Moisture Depletion Occurs place with the Jimigate When a Specitied Soll Moisture Depletion Occurs mm APPLICATION irrigate at Fixed Intervals Days l TIMING options You can say HOW MUCH water is Refill to a Specified 4 of Readily Available Soil Mosture applied with E Fixed Depths mm APPLICATION DEPTHS Once the criteria are defined the program will calculate the irrigation dates and amounts These can be seen by selecting Tables Irrigation Schedule or Graphs Irrigation schedule Scheduling Scenarios A Scheduling Scenario is a snapshot of the scheduling data for an irrigated area it is used to store the names of the data files used in the current irrigation calculation Once a Scenario 1 saved it can be re loaded again rapidly which allows you to store sets of irrigation conditions for differing tertiary units for example See the Advanced section of this manual for more information on Scenarios Irrigations and User Adjustments A useful feature of CropWat for Windows is the ability
41. opWat for Windows select File Close and return to CropWat 6 The OPTIONS menu changing calculation methods directories sounds CropWat for Windows is set up with a default set of calculation methods which produce results as close as possible to CROPWAT 7 0 Using Options the from the main menu you can change Calculation Methods and the Default File Locations Options Window Help Calculation Methods Options 4 Default File Locations x sound Defaults Toolbar Icons for setting Calculation Methods Default Dave File Locations and Sound On Off It is suggested that you do not change any of the default Options until you have gained some experience in using the program If after a while you want to change the default Options you can use Options Save to force CropWat for Windows to start up with your own defaults Default File Locations can be set and remembered using Options Default File Locations then Options Save This is useful if you want to share your CROPWAT 7 0 data files with CropWat for Windows just set the default file locations to C CROPWAT7 CLI C CROPWAT7 SOI etc The Calculation Methods are selected from the tabs at the top of the form This form is shown by selecting Options Calculation Methods r ETo Equation ___ p Angstroms Coefficients Penman Monteith a 0 25 b 0 50 i ETo Distribution Model Fit a Curve to Monthly Averages Fit a P
42. ories with the main menu Options Default File Locations File Group Default Location Climate amp ETo C CROPWATWACLIMATE Rainfall IC CROPWATWACLIMATE Crops IC CROPWATWACROPS Soils IC CROPWATWASOILS Schedule CACROPWAT WS CHEDULE Reports IC CROPWATWAREPORTS c M5 D0S_6 Cancel Here the user has changed the data directories from the default to CROPWAT 7 files 3 CropWat for Windows can read the following data file types CROPWAT 5 7 and CLIMWAT Monthly Climate files CLI CROPWAT 5 7 and CLIMWAT Monthly Rainfall files PEN CROPWAT 5 7 Soil files SOL CROPWAT 7 0 Monthly Climate files PEM but_not 10 day files PEC CROPWAT 7 0 Monthly Rainfall files CRM but_not 10 day 1 day files CRC CRD CROPWAT 7 0 Soil files SOI It will not read CROPWAT 5 7 Crop Coefficient CRO files See the note below 4 Please be careful with file extensions CropWat for Windows looks for PEM CRM files first To load an old CROPWAT 5 7 CLIMWAT file make sure that File Type is set to PEN climate data or CLI rainfall data Retrieving Climatic Data File Name Directories See how the user has changed the pen c Yclhmwatasiasind Zpen eis ni File Type from cor TO E PEM to PEN ahmadaba pen gt chmwat ahmadnag pen TH ajmer pen gt asia when retrieving old CLIMWAT ind Seta 2 in data files for aligarh pen l India allababa_pen List Fi
43. r percolation User Adjust Adjustments you make to the SMD see the Advanced section of this manual Totals are shown at the bottom of the table rainfall evapotranspiration net irrigation lost irrigation The estimated yield reduction due to crop stress when Etc ETm falls below 100 is shown at the top of the table The reduction is estimated based on the methods described in FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper no 33 Yield Reduction to Water The values calculated should be used only as a guide to the likely effect of water shortage on crop yield You are recommended to develop your own crop yield data Ky based on in field experience 4 9 Saving and Printing the Irrigation Schedule Table A full summary of the irrigation schedule together with information on a the crop planting date scheduling criteria etc can be saved to an ASCII file is clicking on the Report button at the top of the Irrigation Scheduling Table The file will be stored as a text TXT file in C CROPWATW REPORTS which can be viewed by any convenient text editor or read into a word processor CropWat for Windows has a simple text editor which can be accessed is Window from the File TextEditor menu option or by clicking on the text editor T toolbar icon This permits you to view or print the file Help Below is a sample scheduling report printed using the Text Editor 03 09 98 CropWat 4 Windows Ver 4 2 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
44. readsheet using the usual Windows method of pressing ALT TAB Microsoft Excel File Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help pl v El 4 Elo Area Crop ke Elm Total Rain Effect Rial ft romper 0 rim perioc mimperioac rim periac f 0 0 0 2 4 405 6 16 9 15 12 46 15 52 19 04 22 04 End of file last updated 8 10 98 DC
45. rio until all the input data is stored in a data file If you have more than one crop you must store the cropping pattern using InputData CroppingPattern Save 3 The Scenario file does not store your Scheduling Criteria You will have to set the criteria again the next time you retrieve the scenario with Schedule Criteria B USER DEFINED IRRIGATIONS To model what actually takes place in a growing season it is necessary to enter specific irrigation gifts on given dates A wide range of options are available in the Scheduling Criteria but these may not describe what actually happened e g a broken or damaged gate may deliver more water than planned The impact of non standard irrigation schedules can be examined by setting the Schedule Criteria to User Defined i e scheduling with variable dates and amounts of irrigation To select User Defined irrigations select Schedule Criteria and set the Application Timing to Irrigate at Variable Intervals and the Application depths to Variable Depths Scheduling Criteria Application Timing Irrigate at Variable Intervals User Defined D aps Setting Scheduling Criteria to User Defined You can now enter the non standard irrigations into the Irrigation Schedule Table We recommend that you display the Irrigation scheduling table with the Daily Soil Moisture Balance option Note that selecting User Defined irrigations will remove any existing irrigations and t
46. rop water requirements or an irrigation schedule To open the Data Status Window click on the Data Status Icon The icon appears at the lower left corner of the screen when the program starts and it is also found on the Tool Bar If you double click on this icon you will see a list of what data can be entered into the program and what needs to be entered to carry out some of the calculations You may want to leave this window open while the program is running Watch to see how the Data Status changes every time data is retrieved or entered This will help you keep track of what is going on The table below is what you see when the program Starts no data has been entered so CWR and Schedules cannot be calculated C ata status sd Dataltem File Name CWR Scheduling Optional Optional Yes Yes Optional Optional Optional Optional No Data Yes Yes Sol No Data No Yes Not Set No Yes No Mo Below the Data Status has changed Several sets of data have been read in from files and a cropping pattern has been entered from the keyboard Note that the last row of the table Can Calculate Now shows that crop water requirements can be calculated but a schedule cannot be calculated because the scheduling criteria amount timing have not been entered by the user sister a status O Dasawes a Climate CACROPWATWSCLIMATESKURNOOL PEM Optional Optional Elo CACROPWATWACLIMATESKURNOOL PEH Yes Yes C
47. s that 100 of the readily available moisture is restored 1 e the soil is returned exactly to field capacity with no excess irrigation These two options define optimal irrigation where the irrigation intervals are at a maximum whilst avoiding any crop stress This is of course not practical in many situations andit_should also be remembered that no allowance for percolation losses or groundwater contribution to irrigation has been made in these calculations 4 11 Non optimal irrigation For comparison a fixed irrigation schedule can be applied to the same crop by defining the following Scheduling Criteria Irrigation Timing Irrigate at Fixed Intervals of 21 days Application Depth amount Fixed Depths of 70mm net irrigation The effect of these criteria is shown in the graph Note how the fixed irrigation depths result in over irrigation at the start of the season and crop stress later in the season In this case the a Table indicated a Total Crop Yield reduction of 22 The vertical bars showing eee soil moisture deficit indicate lost irrigation which is assumed to runoff Irrigation Scheduling Graph ee eee nigation Scheduling Graph Soil Moisture Deficit in mm MAIZE Grain Block H 1 Draw Over Legend oF Lost Irrigation Lost tigation sup R edraw 4 12 User Defined Irrigations You can define your own irrigation amounts and dates by selecting the menu options Sche
48. t in mm Scheduling graph with five other irrigations of 75mm applied later 20 in the season The calculated soil ap moisture deficits indicate over irrigation at the start of the season and some crop stress in mid season 100 120 140 8 You can save the irrigation dates and amounts in an IRR file with the menu option Schedule Irrigations Save These IRR files can be re loaded into the computer at a later date using Schedule Irrigations Retrieve This provides a useful system of recording actual and planned irrigations or investigate the effect of applying last year s irrigation schedules to a new cropping pattern 9 If you go back and change the scheduling criteria the user defined irrigations are re set to Zero C CAPILLARY RISE AND PERCOLATION USER ADJUSTMENTS You can make adjustments to the soil moisture balance by double clicking in the User Adjust column in the irrigation schedule table Reasons for doing this might be to apply actual rainfall data to allow for capillary rise contributing to the soil moisture to allow for deep percolation out of the soil profile to amend the SMD to bring it in to line with field measurements of soil moisture To enter an adjustment double click on the User Adjust column in the irrigation scheduling table on the date you want to make the adjustment A dialog box will appear asking you to enter the desired adjustment to the SMD Options i i Yield Re
49. ttern CWR and Scheduling 4 1 Example CLIMATE Table The table below was read in from file KURNOOL PEM It can be displayed by selecting Tables Climate It summarises the monthly climate data for the station i e temperature humidity windspeed and sunshine hours The calculated values of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration ETo using the 1992 FAO recommended Penman Monteith equation are shown in the right hand column together with the calculated solar radiation The units of ETo are millimetres of water per day These results will be different to the values calculated using the 1977 edition of FAO24 Irrigation and Drainage Paper Crop Water Requirements The old FAO 24 equations have been found to over estimate ETo and are no longer recommended The results should however be very close to those produced by CROPWAT 5 7 and CROPWAT 7 0 except some differences in the last decimal place of the calculated ETo values Country india Station KURNOOL Altitude 281 im Hax Temp Hin Temp Humidity WindSpeed SunShine Solar Radiation ETo C C 4 km d hours MJ m2 d mmd January 104 0 9 7 20 0 42 112 0 10 3 22 6 March 121 0 10 7 25 0 fApi 138 0 10 1 25 1 May 225 0 i 23 6 354 0 19 3 363 0 16 9 302 0 17 7 207 0 l 18 2 95 0 21 9 78 0 i 18 6 69 0 18 8 180 7 20 6 A copy of this table can be saved to an ASCII file on disk with the Report button The file can be vie
50. wed or printed using the built in editor by selectingFile TextEditor or alternatively read directly into any text editor such or a word processor 4 2 Example Climate Graphs Graphs of the climatic data and calculated ETo can be shown with menu option Graphs Climate or the climate graph icon in the Toolbar The data to be plotted is selected by clicking in the Items selection box on the right of the graph A printout of the graph can be made by clicking on the Print button on the graph Climate Data Graph Har Avg and Min Temperatures deg C Items Avg Temp IX Max amp Min Temperatures Air Humidity C Wind Speed C Daily Sunshine C ETo E Sipe Efe Distribution The Temperature graph above shows the mean temperature for each month The ticks above and below the mean show the maximum and minimum values The ETo graph below shows how the curve fitting is used to distribute the monthly estimates into daily values The method of curve fitting can be changed with Options CalculationMethods ETo Distribution Model The fitted curve can be turned off by de selecting the check box labelled Show ETo Distribution on the right of the graph a Climate Data Graph Reference Evyapol ranspiration mm d Items C Avg Temp xX Max amp Min Temperatures C Aur Humidity C Wind Speed O Daily Sunshine ei ETo IX Show ETo Distribution P a ia aT p j im I 1
51. y the Windows Print Manager and if you select Landscape printing you should remember to re set the paper to Portrait when finished otherwise your next word processed printout will also come out in Landscape mode 4 4 Example RAINFALL Table This table is shown by selecting Tables Rainfall It lists the monthly total rainfall and the calculated effective rainfall It is the same as the data entry form used to input the raw data Monthly Rainfall Data Effective January 0 0 mm month February 5 0 March 10 0 April 22 0 Hay 440 June 41 0 July 130 0 August 122 0 September 14 7 0 October 79 0 November 22 0 December 30 Total 75 00 mm month 4 6 mm month 21 2 mm month Retrieve Cancel 40 3 mm month fe mm month 103 0 mm month 38 2 mm month 12 4 mm month Clear All Report Clear 69 0 mm month 21 2 mm month mm month isaGeiall TT Total and Effective Rainfall mm d 1234 5 6 7 amp 9 4041 12 Month A graph of total and effective rainfall can be produced withGraphs Rainfall The method used for calculating Effective Rainfall can be changed by clicking on the Effective button in the rainfall table This will call up theOptions Calculation Methods Effective Rainfall menu Note that for Crop Water Requirements and Scheduling purposes the monthly total rainfall has to be distributed into equivalent daily values CropWat for Windows does this in two
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