Pandora Technical Description and User Guide
Contents
1. Nuclide 1 4 09113 __ Nuclide 2 0 0188336 H Nuclide 1 1 0 0249555 0 024955533 Nuclide 2 0 00142203 0 00142203 47 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Finnish company Posiva Oy and the Swedish company SKB are acknowledged for supporting the project as well as for providing financial support Many fruitful discussions have taken place between people involved We would espe cially like to mention the valuable ideas and advise from Rodolfo Avila Ari Ikonen Ulrik Kautsky and Fredrik Vahlund 49 REFERENCES Avila R Broed R amp Pereira A 2003 Ecolego a Toolbox for Radioecological Risk Assessments International Conference on the Protection of the Environment from the Effects of Ionising Radiation 6 10 October 2003 Stockholm Sweden Bergstr m U Nordlinder S amp Aggeryd I 1999 Models for dose assessments SKB TR 99 14 Svensk K rnbr nslehantering AB Jones J Vahlund F amp Kautsky U 2004 Tensit a novel probabilistic simulation tool for safety assessments Tests and verifications using biosphere models SKB TR 04 07 Svensk K rnbr nslehantering AB Karlsson S Bersgtr m U amp Ros n K 2000 Sensitivity analysis for modules for various biosphere types SKB R 00 39 Svensk K rnbr nslehantering AB Karlsson S amp Bersgtr m U 2000 Dose rate estimates for the Olkiluoto site using the biospheric models of SR 97 Working report 2000 20 Posiva Oy Maul P Robinson P Avila R2. Hardware Implementation Model Referencing E Real Time Workshop m Comments pi Symbols 1 Custom Code Debug i Interface Figure 5 8 Step 10 of the implementation of the test case model simulation settings 41 Coast simulation Inner coast LevelWWater CI 36 Inner coast LevelWVaterf Cs 135 Inner coast LevelWVaterZ l 129 Inner coast LevelWVater lMo 93 gt Inner coast LevelWVaterf iNi 59 Inner coast LevelWWater Np 237 Inner coast LevelWVater Pu 239 Duter coast LevelWater Cl 36 Duter coast LevelWaterf Cs 135 Duter coast LevelWater l 129 Duter coast LevelWater Mo 93 Duter coast LevelVVater Ni 59 Outer coast LevelVVater Np 237 Outer coast LevelWWaterf Pu 239 Activity Dot Time fyear Figure 5 9 Plot of result from the test case model 43 6 BENCHMARKING TESTS AND COMPARISONS Pandora as well as its predecessor Tensit Jones et al 2004 has been benchmarked tested and compared with other similar tools Ecolego Avila et al 2000 another tool based on the Matlab Simulink software and utilising similar model approach as Pan dora has undergone several comparisons with other tools Maul et al 2003 We be lieve that the successful results from these comparisons are implying also confidence to Pandora The predecessor of Pandora Tensit was compared with several an
3. 1 129 Mo 93 INS Np 237 Pu 239 0 001 0 001 35 5 2 Pandora implementation of test case model In this section the test model of section 5 1 is implemented in Pandora step by step We assume that the user is familiar with the basics of Matlab Simulink Finally the imple mented model of the coast will correspond to figure 5 1 The instructions are given on this page and the corresponding figures on the following ones 1 Start the Pandora Manager by typing pandora at the Matlab command prompt fig ure 5 2 Open a new Simulink model and name it coast Open the Simulink library browser Select the Pandora library uu FS amp N Create a subsystem Inner coast and add blocks and connections according to figure 5 3 6 Create a subsystem Outer coast and add a blocks according to figure 5 4 Note that you can also copy it partly from the Inner coast subsystem 7 Connect the two subsystems according to figure 5 5 and add a Radionuclide Man ager block an Element specific Constant block for inflow and a Plot block 8 Use the Pandora Manager to set the number of inputs on the Plot block by selecting the block either directly in the model or in the list box in the Manager and then pressing the Set no of inputs button and set the number of inputs to 2 9 Input the parameter values by pressing the Edit parameters locally button in the Parameters tab in the Manager Put in element specific and site specific parameter values
4. Broed R Pereira A amp Xu S 2003 AMBER and Ecolego Intercomparisons using Calculations from SR97 SKI 2003 28 SSI 2003 11 SKI and SSI Sweden McKay M D W J Conover amp Beckman R J 1979 A Comparison of Three Methods for Selecting Values of Input Variables in the Analysis of Output from a Computer Code Technometrics 21 239 245 Robinson P C Penfold J S S Little R H amp Walke R C 2003 AMBER 4 5 Verification Summary Document Reference Number ORS 1059B 1 Available August 18th 2003 http www enviros com PDF Services Users amp References v102e pdf SKB 2004 Interim main report of the safety assessment SR Can SKB TR 04 11 Svensk K rnbr nslehantering AB Vieno T amp Ikonen A T K 2005 Plan for safety case of spent fuel repository at Olkiluoto POSIVA 2005 01 Posiva Oy 5I APPENDIX A INSTALLATION OF PANDORA A 1 Software requirements Pandora was developed on Matlab7 0 1 Simulink 6 1 Windows NT XPO and Mi crosoft Excel 970 For correct operation of Pandora it is advisable to use these software releases or later ones A 2 Installation of Pandora version 1 The Pandora version 1 is delivered in a compressed file Pandora zip To install the package 1 2 3 Unpack the file Pandora zip When the file is unpacked a directory called Pandora is created Add the path with subfolders to this directory e g C Pandora to the Mat lab path This is done from the
5. coast Bayk e mitt Pandora Manager olkiluoto File Tools Help Subsystems Function blocks in model lcoast Bay LevelToConc coast Bay TCho coast Bay TCsd coast Bay TCsw coast Bay TCws coast Sea TCob coast Sea TCof coast Sea TCsd coast Sea TCsw coast Sea TCws forest tauna moose CR H moose forest fauna moose C diet moose forest fauna moose conc moose forest fauna roe deer XOR H roede forest faunaroe deer O diet forest fauna roe deer conc roede forest soil TC_S2L forest soi TC_S20ut forest soil TC_S2U forest soi TC_S2V forest soil area scaling1 forest soil area scaling2 forest soil conc soil forest soil flux Li2So een Figure 3 10 The Functions tab of the Pandora Manager 18 3 3 5 Parameters tab The Parameters tab see figure 3 11 of the Pandora Manager has two list boxes The left one lists all Constant blocks section 4 3 in the model and the right one lists the paths to the Excel sheets containing the parameters section 3 1 The Excel path list box does not update automatically due to the long access time to the sheets instead there is a button Refresh filelist to update the list A single click in the left list box will show the corresponding Constant block in the model A double click in the left list box will open the Excel sheet with the correspond ing parameter A double click in the right list box will lets select new files for the site specific or uni versal p
6. the conceptual model in Figure 5 1 and system of eguations 5 1 The default parameter values for the test use are given in Tables 5 1 and 5 2 The system of eguations defining the mathematical representation of the test case mod els is NUT _ inflow TC SedlC TC WaterOC TC WaterlC TC WaterlC dt co TC D WaterlC TC SedIC TC 5 SedIC Hieta Fe TC SedlC 5 1 d rarae TC WaterlC TC SedIC TC WaterOC TC WaterOC L TC WaterOC TC SedOC d DeepSedOC _ TC SedOC dt where 365 Tc 355 5 2 RETTIME SR TC TC i sd Msed sw G a KE SR TC a i SS D 1 K Susp V joa gt a RETTIME V TC RESUSP v TC ny OUTFLOW 5 7 out 34 Water inner coast lt gt Water outer coast Sediment inner coast Sediment outer coast Deep Sediment inner coast Deep Sediment outer coast Figure 5 1 Conceptual representation of the test case model Table 5 1 Site specific parameter default values for the test case model PD Deterministic Area of surface bay Je Ul Zep um m n rate bay J 2 kg m year Suspended matter bay Susp 000 kam Suspended matter sea D kgm Mass of top sediment Resuspension rate from sediment RESUSP 0 2 year Outflow rate sea OUTFLOW 1 Table 5 2 Element specific parameter default values for Kd of sea sediments Kd sea in the test case model CI 36 Cs 135
7. 3 5 Example view of the Parameter Editor dialogue To open press button Edit parameters in the Parameters tab in the Pandora Manager see section 3 3 or choose from the menu Tools gt Edit parameters K Pandora Manager olkiluoto d EI File Tools Help a Report Nuclides Subsystems Functions Parameters Run List Result Report blocks Plot Manager blocks Plot View table Set no of inputs Report settings System settings to report Figure 3 6 The Report tab of the Pandora Manager The Pandora Manager has three menus that are always visible e File menu containing New Model to create a new model Open Model to open an existing model Save Model to save the current model Save parameters to save the parameters and nuclide information se lected nuclides and decay chains to a separate file o Load parameters to load previously saved parameters e Tools menu containing o List Equations shows a list of the differential equations represented by the model o Open project file opens the main Excel set up sheet with links to the parameter files figure 3 1 o Import project file opens a file selection dialogue to import a project file from another project or elsewhere on the file system Oo OO o Loadparams from Excel load the parameter values defined in the Excel sheets sections 3 1 1 to 3 1 3 o Export Nuclide Chain to xls file to export nuclide chains to an Excel file o
8. File gt Set Path menu in Matlab You should now be able to see the Pandora library in the Simulink library browser as in Figure A 1 C Simulink Library Browser File Edit View Help D amp a df Plot Export numerical data to matlab graph W Simulink Mote Ba Mole2Bq W Pandora vil 4 lt WW Real Time Workshop Bej Parameter Report z WW Simulink Extras EN ES tate 4 wu Reservoir Figure A 1 Pandora in the Simulink library browser
9. Import Nuclide Chain from ve file to import a chain from an Excel file o Clear Cache clears the intermediate Matlab files created from the Excel sheets this is normally not necessary since the intermediate files are up dated automatically when an Excel file is changed o Create Excel templates for undefined parameters creates automatically a template for the parameter file and for files of the site specific parame ters for a newly created model o Edit parameters opens the Parameter Editor figure 3 5 for local edit ing of parameters e Help menu containing o User Guide opens the Pandora User Guide o About gives some information about Pandora version currently used In addition to the menus the Pandora Manager user interface has the following six tabs discussed in detail below Report Nuclides Subsystems Functions Parameters and Run 3 3 1 Reporttab In the Report tab figure 3 6 the controls for reporting the results are located In the list box to the left the blocks supporting the Plot block section 4 6 and the Result Report blocks section 4 5 are listed By double clicking one of the items in the list box the corresponding user interface for the block is opened On the right side of the Report tab the following pushbuttons are located e Plot View table shows a plot from a Plot block or opens a table with the re sults in Excel e Aer no of inputs sets the number of inputs of a Plot or Result Re
10. according to figures 5 6 and 5 7 10 Select the Configuration parameters settings from the Simulation menu in Simu link as in figure 5 8 11 Run the model 12 When simulation is ready the plot in figure 5 9 should be shown 36 Pandora Manager olkiluoto File Tools Help Report Subsystems Functions Parameters List Result Report blocks Plot Manager blocks Plot View table Set no of inputs Report settings System settings to report Figure 5 2 Step 1 of the implementation of the test case model 37 coast Inner coast File Edit Yiew Simulation Format Tools Help D 508 825822 10000 Roma N E D Ss waste Wi RETTIME LE E Water s rate b Hea lO Outflow rated LevelWater Figure 5 3 Step 5 of the implementation of the test case model the Inner coast sub system 38 IK Th e LU coast Outer coast Selec File Edit view Simulation Format Tools Help D Rees 10000 Noma J Bepe RES Outflow CD LevelWater RESUSP Sediment Figure 5 4 Step 6 of the implementation of the test case model the Outer coast sub system 39 W coast File Edit View Simulation Format Tools Help D Serie fon Noma FH ASO RS e Outer casst laveltater Iwer caart DetCla Inner coast Outer coast Figure 5 5 Step 7 of the implementation of the test case model connection of the sub systems Inner coast and Outer coast Parameter Edit
11. e g SKB 2004 Vieno amp Ikonen 2005 As part of the safety assessment it is necessary to make prognoses of the biosphere evolution and the environmental behav iour of radionuclides under very long term periods lasting thousands of years Such prognoses will have to rely on multiple interfaced models that can handle diverse bio sphere conditions and scenarios involving climatic and other environmental changes The model development will have to involve experts in multiple disciplines and its con tinuous development is envisaged which will incorporate new knowledge and data ob tained from on going site investigations and research programmes Conseguently it would be convenient to develop the models using a common modelling tool that allows implementing a modular structure which can be shared by various users and be con tinuously upgraded Several existing commercial codes were considered and after analysing advantages and disadvantages the Matlab SimulinkO software was chosen as the platform for develop ing the modelling tool SimulinkO is a highly flexible tool that can be used for simula tions of practically any type of dynamic system with a graphical model description Models developed in SimulinkO can easily be combined with procedures or models written in common programming languages such as Fortran and C Mat lab SimulinkO is a commercially transparent environment widely used within the sci entific and engineering community
12. matrix CHAIN specified in the Radionu clide Manager block are available in the Reservoir block The decay is calculated ac cording to the formula dY connu 4 1 E where Y is the vector of nuclide levels C is the CHAIN matrix A is In 2 HALFLIFE and YA denotes element wise multiplication of Y and A 25 Tunde Lu nd e Unde ul fined L f fined Y fined u2 Ki SC LAS a a u3 a b Figure 4 3 a The three variants of the Constant block corresponding to the site specific element specific and universal parameters b The Function block 4 3 Constant blocks The Constant block figure 4 3a has three variants representing the site specific ele ment specific and universal parameters cf section 3 1 The site specific and universal variants are intended for scalar parameters and the element specific for vector nuclide dependent input The block searches after a Matlab workspace variable name to obtain its data The vari able names are constructed differently depending on the three modes or variants e Site specific mode the parameter has a name such as coast bay depth and all slashes are replaced by dots to give the structured variable name coast bay depth e Universal mode the parameter has a name such as coast bay g and the last part of the name is taken and a prefix UC is added giving the variable name UC g e Element specific mode the parameter has a name such as coast bay Kd and the last part
13. of the name is taken and a prefix ES is added giving the variable name ES Kd 4 4 Function block The Function block figure 4 3b translates an expression string given in the block dia logue figure 4 4 to the elementary Simulink blocks like in the example of figure 4 5 The mathematical operations of Table 4 1 are supported by the block The function is also editable through the dialogue 4 5 Result Report and Parameter Report blocks The reporting blocks are used in connection with the Pandora Manager to control the generation of reports on simulation results and parameters The Results Report block exports named numerical data generated during a simulation to text files or to an Excel worksheet From the interface of this block figure 4 7 the time range that will be exported is selected Data from any Simulink block in the model can be exported to text files or Excel by connecting it to the Excel Link Manager block 26 Edit function expression Available functions r elementyvise s ti t Matrix or elementwise subtraction Matrix multiplication Element wise multiplication EFlement wise division Power Squareroot of x Natural logartihm of x Expression __ _ _ ____ ul u2 u3 GI Figure 4 4 The Function block dialogue This block translates the expression A B C D to the elementary simulink blocks seen below Domp Subexp1 Figure 4 5 Example of
14. selects the plot line style presented as in Matlab see the Matlab reference manual for details 30 Plot colours selects the plot line colours presented as in Matlab see the Matlab reference manual for details Plot markers selects the plot line markers at each time step presented as in Matlab see Matlab reference manual for details Sample time sets the interval of plot points normally set to 1 for inherited see Matlab documentation for to workspace block for further details C Sink Block Parameters Plot Pot Manager mask Export numerical data to matlab graph i i i T Plot now i I Automatically plot after simulation M Log scales Plot line styles Ok D Plot colors b g y Ka Im y k Plot markers Sample Time 1 for inherited EC EE Figure 4 10 The Plot block left and its user interface right Th 230 St 228 gt U 233 gt denk gt h g Filter Selector Figure 4 11 The Filter block left and the Selector block right 31 lt a lensit test model Leas Filter Figure 4 12 Example of the use of Filter and Selector blocks 4 7 Filter and Selector blocks The Filter block simplifies the implementation of models with different transfer func tions for different nuclides by setting the value of the unwanted nuclides to zero The Selector block is similar to the Filter block but the unwanted nuclides are removed to tally from
15. the signal vector thus the signal dimension is reduced in a selector Note that Pandora cannot keep track of the nuclide names after a Selector block this is up to the user The example in figure 4 12 illustrates the use of filter and selector For Display we have used a selector and thus we have reduced the dimensionality of the signal vector to hold only the selected signals The use of the filter block is illustrated with Display2 showing that the dimensionality of the signal vector is preserved and the values for the unselected nuclides are set to zero 4 8 Unit conversion blocks The unit conversion blocks bg2mole and mole2bg provide conversion from activity in Becquerel to amount of substance in mole and vice versa according to the equations 32 _ Bq HALFLIFE 60 60 24 365 Mole 4 2 In 2 AN 4 2 Bo Mole N n 2 S HALFLIFE 60 60 24 365 4 3 where HALFLIFE is taken from the Radionuclide Manager block and Na is the Avogadro s number 6 022x10 4 9 Block to change line colour To make the models more readable and aesthetic it is helpful to distinguish lines that represent flux of substance from lines that carry other information The block to changes the colour of a line from black to grey Connect the block to any line and the output line colour will be grey The block does not change the signal in any way the output eguals input 4 10 Inflow block The Inflow block has two variants expression and po
16. to appear Chain Editor Input Pair Parent U 234 v Daughter Th 230 EH Ratio 1 0 Figure 3 8 a The Chain Editor dialogue left b The Input Pair dialogue for adding a decay pair from the Chain Editor right 16 This Input Pair dialogue contains three fields that select the parent the daughter and the branching factor for the decay pair Selection of the parent and the daughter is imple mented by using the drop down lists The branching ratio can be typed as a number be tween zero and one The drop down lists contain only the nuclides present in the model before creating a decay chain the needed nuclides need to be added to the model After adding a new pair the branching ratio can be edited directly in the Chain Editor by dou ble clicking on the ratio field and typing in new branching ratio To remove a pair the decay pair to be removed is selected by clicking any of the fields of the decay pair and clicking the Remove Pair button of the Chain Editor 3 3 3 Subsystems tab The Subsystems tab figure 3 9 of the Pandora Manager helps to find and edit the sub systems in the model In the list box to the left of the dialogue the subsystems in the model are shown It is also possible to only show the Pandora subsystems with the tick box above the list resulting in omitting the other elementary Simulink blocks from the list A listed block is shown in the model by clicking its name The Subsystems ta
17. user interface figure 4 9 for Parameter Report manager block is avail able from the Pandora Manager button Report settings Here the directory for the report can be selected the field System settings to report shows the settings made through the System Settings Report interface and the checkbox Save system settings for all itera tions is used to set if the report is written for all iterations in a Monte Carlo simulation The field Note allows input of a short note to be saved with each report Ap Plot block The Plot block figure 4 10 functions in the same way as the Result Report block but instead of exporting data to text or Excel it plots the connected signals in a Matlab plot figure The Plot block also enables the control of line types legend names etc The Plot block interface figure 4 10 has the following settings Plot now to be used at any time after a simulation is run to draw a plot Title a field to set the plot title Y lable a field to set the label and unit for the Y axis typically Activity Bq X lable a field to set the label and unit for the X axis typically Time years Signal name port x sets the name to be used in the legend for a certain signal this name is overridden by a name on the signal itself if a signal name is set e Automatically plot after simulation used to choose automatic plotting after each simulation run e Log scales sets logarithmic scales in plots e Plot line styles
18. OHJE Pandora on laajennus tunnettuun The Mathworks Inc n teknisen laskennan ja simuloinnin ohjelmistoperheeseen jonka muodostavat MATLAB ja Simulink Pandora kehitettiin yksinkertaistamaan laajoja differentiaaliyht l it ja radioaktiivisia hajoamisia ja hajoamisketjuja k sitt vien mallien kehitt mist sek parantamaan graafista k ytt liittym paremmin radioekologista mallinnusta palvelevaksi T ss sovelluksessa MATLAB toimii ohjelmointikielen ja laskentaymp rist n joka tarjoaa laskentarutiinit ja edistykselliset graafiset ty kalut data analyysi ja visualisointia varten Simulink on tarkoitettu p asiassa dynaamisten j rjestelmien mallintamiseen ja simulointiin ja se muodostaa lohkokaaviotyyppisen k ytt liittym n MATLABiin Pandora puolestaan helpottaa radionuklidien kulkeutumismallinnusta n it perusty kaluja soveltaen T ss raportissa kuvataan Pandoran tekninen toteutus esittelem ll sen avainosat sek k ym ll vaihe kerrallaan l pi esimerkkimallin rakentaminen t ss ymp rist ss mik toimii samalla Pandoran k ytt ohjeena Avainsanat biosf rimallinnus simulointi annosarviointi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Tiivistelm It INTRODUC HON ege Eeer 3 2 PANDORA VERSION T EE EE 5 Oi PANDORA TOOLS EE 7 3 1 Parameter handling BEE 7 3 1 1 Site specific parameters uuuus unu ea aaen 8 3 1 2 Element specific parameters ooomouusosooso onn inan 9 3 1 3 Unwer
19. Working Report 2005 64 Pandora lechnical Description and User Guide Per Gustav strand Robert Broed Facilia AB Jakob Jones Svensk K rnbr nslehantering AB November 2005 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of author s and do not necessarily coincide with those of Posiva ABSTRACT Pandora is an extension of the well known technical computing and simulation software MATLAB and Simulink of The Mathworks Inc Pandora was developed to simplify development of models resulting in large systems of differential equations where decay of radionuclides is included in the model and to enhance the graphical user interface to be more suitable for radioecological modelling MATLAB is a programming language and a computing environment It provides core mathematics and advanced graphical tools for data analysis visualisation application development etc Simulink is mainly targeted at modelling and simulating dynamic systems Simulink provides a block diagram interface for MATLAB Pandora facilitates effective use of them for radionuclide transport modelling In the report the technical solutions of Pandora are outlined through a presentation of the key elements and a step by step sample case serving also as a user guide Keywords biosphere modelling simulation tool dose assessment PANDORA TEKNINEN KUVAUS JA K YTT
20. alytical results as well as numerical results from other simulation tools Robinson et al 2003 the com parison is described in Jones et al 2004 For testing Pandora version 1 one of the models used in the Tensit tests SN2 see the references above was implemented and run as described in section 6 1 6 1 Implementation of reference model SN2 in Pandora This model consists of three compartments with a transport of nuclides according to figure 6 1 The calculation takes into account the decay of two nuclides Nuclide 1 de cays at a rate of 1x10 y and Nuclide 2 at a rate of 1x10 el The source to A is for Nuclide 1 only and equals zero except for two time intervals from 0 to 10 years 1 mol year and from 30 to 50 years 2 mol year The initial transfer rates are given in Table 6 1 After 40 years all transfer rates decrease by a factor of 100 Nuclide Nuclide 2 Figure 6 1 Conceptual representation of the SN2 reference model Jones et al 2004 44 Table 6 1 Initial transfer rates for the SN2 reference model After 40 years all transfer rates decrease by a factor of 100 Nuclide 1 Nuclide 2 A B The Pandora implementation figure 6 2 utilises in addition to the Pandora blocks Pulse blocks and Embedded Matlab function blocks from the Simulink library for fur ther details see the Matlab documentation The configuration parameters are shown in figure 6 3 The results of the Pandora implementation are compar
21. and is continuously upgraded A drawback though is that substantial experience and effort is reguired to implement a model and to take advantage of all available capabilities Moreover users not familiar with Simulink may have difficulties to understand and run models implemented by others In order to make the Matlab SimulinkO platform more easy to use whilst keeping its advantages a library of SimulinkO blocks and a toolbox for facilitating the creation and handling of radioecological models called Pandora were developed and implemented as an add on to SimulinkO The Pandora tool comprises of a library of Simulink blocks and a free standing Manager This report is mainly a technical user guide of Pandora but it also presents the tool in general An step by step implementation of a test model is also described for an exam ple It is assumed that the reader knows the basics of MatlabO and SimulinkO environ ments General overview on them is available e g at http www mathworks com Pandora is a unification of the projects BIOMAT developed by Facilia AB on contract to Posiva Oy within a co operation project with Svensk K rnbr nslehantering AB SKB and TENSIT Jones et al 2004 developed by SKB 2 PANDORA VERSION 1 The Pandora tool comprises of a library of Simulink blocks and a free standing inter face The Pandora Manager a utility to facilitate the implementation of radionuclide transport models in Simulink The fol
22. arameters or a new directory for the element specific parameter files The Edit parameters button opens the Parameter Editor described in section 3 2 Pandora Manager landscape year 2070 AD File Tools Help Constart blocks in model Project parameter Ties Lake ID 224ake v02 DX Terai Clmdege a Lake D 22ake v02 0s 4 z Lake ID 22 ake v02 fracx Lake ID 22ake v02 Gs Lake ID 22ake v02Kkd lake Lake ID 22ake v02 RETTIME Lake ID 22ake v02 SuspX Lake ID 22 8ke v02 Tk Lake ID 22Naka viZ adv Lake ID 224aka v02 sink Lake ID 22ake v02 area Lake ID 22ake v02 porosity Lake ID 22 ake v02ho Lake ID 234ake v02 0x Lake ID 23ake v02 Ds Lake ID 234ake v02racXk Lake ID 234ake weits Lake ID 234ake v02 Kd lake Lake ID 234ake v02 RETTIME Lake ID 253ake e Auen Lake ID 234ake vO02 Tk Lake ID 234ake v02 vadv Lake ID 234ake v02 Vsink Lake ID 234ake v02 area lake ID 23aka d Or Figure 3 11 The Parameters tab of the Pandora Manager 19 3 3 6 Runtab The Run tab figure 3 12 is essentially an interface to the probsim script callable also directly from the Matlab prompt for running probabilistic simulations The settings found on the Run tab are the following e Parameters to sample lists the parameters of the model to be sampled in the simulation e Select Parameters to sample opens a dialog figure 3 13 for selection of the parameters to sample from the set of parameters present in the model e Random seed type a co
23. atlab is probably an advantage and basic knowledge of how to build block based models in Simulink is reguired to use Pandora Although one could build simple models as the test case with less experience familiarity with Simulink is strongly rec ommended for making the simulation settings and connecting other non basic blocks than the Pandora blocks to the model 3 PANDORA TOOLS The Pandora tool consists of two separate parts the Pandora Manager and the Pandora library of Simulink blocks The blocks in the library can be used independent of the Pandora Manager but the Manager facilitates the construction and maintenance of large models In this chapter the Pandora Manager and controlling of model creation and simulation runs are presented Chapter 4 introduces then the actual building blocks of the Pandora models i e the block library 3 1 Parameter handling through Excel sheets The input of parameters in Pandora is done via Excel sheets There are three different types of parameters handled by Pandora e Site specific Scalar local parameters e g lake area e Element specific Nuclide dependent or in general species dependent global parameters e g Kd e Universal Scalar global parameters typically physical constants e g gravity Parameters are stored in Excel sheets which in turn are pointed to in a main Excel set up sheet for the model An example of such a main sheet is shown in figure 3 1 The contents of this sheet can ei
24. b has the following buttons e Open to open the selected subsystem e Remove Image to remove an image on the selected block e Set Image to set an image on the selected block for details see the Simulink documentation on putting an image on a subsystem e Set out sig names to propagate names of Out ports to connected lines e Terminate outputs to terminate unconnected Out ports to avoid warning mes sages when running simulation e Constant inputs to connect a Constant block to unconnected In ports the name of the Constant block is taken from the port name e Ground inputs to connect a Simulink ground block to unconnected In ports For further description of the functions of the Subsystems block see the implementation description of the test in chapter 5 3 3 4 Functions tab The Functions tab figure 3 10 of the Pandora Manager lists all the Function blocks section 4 4 used in the model The buttons of the tab are e Add input adds a new input to the function e Constant inputs connects a Constant block section 4 3 to the unconnected In ports the name of the Constant block is taken from the port name e Ground inputs connects a Simulink ground block to unconnected In ports 17 Pandora Manager olkiluoto Nuclides Subsystems in modet Show only Pandora subsystems coast BayKd_sea coast Bay LevelToConc coast BayMsed coast Bay block to changeline color coast Bay block to changeline color
25. ed to the AMBER calculations Robinson et al 2003 after simulation times of 10 and 100 years as listed in Table 6 2 The results show very good agreement Melle 83314748 Result Reporti PANDORA ID Lee 1 Pulse 1 Filter2 TUT Leen 1 Pulse 2 Filters Alevel Aout Embedded A MATLAB Function time Embedded MATLAB Function1 Embedded TCbc MATLAB Function2 fon time H C level TCca C out1 c rate2 Figure 6 2 The SN2 reference model implemented in Pandora 45 Configuration Parameters SN2 Configuration Solver ine O i Data Import E xport Start i Optimization SE Es Diagnostics Solver options RE i Data Integrity Sample Time Type Variable step Solver ode45 DomandPrince v Max step size fauto Relative tolerance 19 7 i Conversion e Connectivity Min step size auto Absolute tolerance auto i Compatibility Sg gen Se jin i Gaass EE Zero crossing contiot Use local settings zl Model Referencing L Te i Real Time Workshop i Comments Figure 6 3 Configuration parameters used in the Pandora test run Table 6 2 Results of the Pandora implementation and run of the SN2 reference model compared with the results with AMBER Robinson et al 2003 Nuclide 1 jost 9 511911532 _ Nuclide 1 0 481 807 0 481 807088 Nuclide 2 2 07307E 5 Nuclide 1 45 5501 _ Nuclide2 100 0 220230 0 220230038
26. el sheets for Element specific parameters must be stored in the same directory on the file system 10 Microsoft Excel Kd peat R0228 xls aj F 1199 Arkiv Redigera Visa Infoga Format Verktya Data F nster me al Parameter table Enter a dash for empty not relevant properties Save file before exporting parameters DCH itest test Object Simulink ath Parameter Type Element E 1 Example 12 idelete 1 Figure 3 3 An Excel file for an element specific parameter 3 1 3 Universal parameters Universal parameters such as physical constants are all stored in one Excel sheet An example of such a file is shown in figure 3 4 The parameter properties that must be specified in the sheet for the universal constants are the same as for site specific parameters section 3 1 3 Microsoft Excel universal parameters xls ja jun Parameter table Save file before exporting parameters SOA ou 4 Object Y Simulink path Parameter f Element HR Example 12 delete lt gt H llt E Bats 7 Figure 3 4 Excel file for the universal parameters 11 3 2 Parameter Editor During development of models a simplified parameter handling is possible This is done with the Parameter Editor figure 3 5 This dialogue has a separate view for Universal Element Specific and Site Specific parameters The Parameter Editor is complement to the Excel sheet approach for users who prefe
27. er block specifies their half lives and decay chains in the model figure 4 1 For stable non decaying materials using Inf infinite as half life is allowed A zero matrix is to be used as the chain for non branching decay These properties can be handled also through the Pandora Manager section 3 3 2 3 Block Parameters PANDORA m Subsystem mask Needed in every pandora simulation A pandora block specifies names of simulated elements their halflifes and decay chains For stable non decaying materials use inf as halflife Use a zero matrix as Chain for non branching decay Exanple NAMES U 234 Th 230 H20 HALFLIFE 145500 75380 inf CHAIN 000 100 000 In this example U 234 decays and braches 100 into Th 230 Parameters EE Nuclide names string NAMES U 234 Th 230 Ra 226 Nuclide halfife year HALFLIFE 1 245500 75380 1600 U 234 ZER Decay chain year CHAIN The230 75380 000100010 Ra 226 1600 PANDORA Cancel Help Apply Figure 4 1 The Radionuclide Manager block left and its user interface right 24 susta A Gi VT F Reservoir Rate Figure 4 2 The Reservoir block left and the Rate block right In any Pandora model it is possible to include only one Radionuclide Manager block When doing this decay and in growth data as well as the names of the selected ra dionuclides become available throughout
28. lowing parts described in more detail in chapters 3 and 4 are included in the Pandora version 1 0 library e Radionuclide Manager Pandora block for handling decay and in growth of several radionuclides e Constant block for easier handling of possibly nuclide dependent parameters e Parameter manager used in conjunction with Constant block for central edit ing of values and distributions e Reservoir for creation of compartments that can easily handle multiple ra dionuclide decay and in growth data Rate block to be used with Reservoir blocks to control flux between Reservoirs Filter block to filter out certain nuclides signal dimensions are preserved Selector block to select certain nuclides signal dimensions are reduced Result Report Manager for exporting named data to text files and or Excel Plot Manager for representing named data in Matlab plot windows Parameter Report Manager for exporting system settings and model parame ters to text files Unit conversion blocks bq2mole and mole2bq for conversion of units be tween mole and becguerel e Inflow block to represent inflow of contaminants to the model e Statistics blocks to define result nodes in the model when running probabilis tic simulation All codes in Pandora are written in the Matlab and Java languages Java is used only internally in Pandora and no knowledge of Java is needed to use Pandora Some knowl edge of M
29. mbo box for choosing between random time based sampling and specified seed in the latter case a input field is enabled for enter ing an integer value as seed for the random number generator and in the former case the seed is created from the current time value read from the computer clock Pandora Manager olkiluoto File Tools Help Random seed type Random time based v Random seed pos integer Lo Sampling type Monte Carlo C Use Correlation cell Number of iterations a 10 Figure 3 12 The Run tab of the Pandora Manager 20 e Sampling type a combo box for choosing between normal Monte Carlo sam pling and Latin Hypercube sampling a method to create the distribution of a pa rameter in fewer samples than with simple random sampling see e g McKay et al 1979 e Use Correlation cell checkbox for enabling specified correlations between the parameters in the simulation a correlation cell for the probsim script has to be created e Edit Correlations opens a dialogue figure 3 14 for selecting parameters to be correlated with each other or when the parameters to be correlated are selected the Correlations Editor figure 3 15 is opened with the current correlation cell specifying the wanted correlation by a value between 1 and 1 Parameters to sample Available parameters Selected Parameters Figure 3 13 The Parameters to sample dialogue opened from the Run tab of the Pan d
30. n the Pandora Manager and the Excel sheet containing the nuclide information Edit Decay Pairs opens a dialogue to edit decay chains in the model see be low 15 Defining of the nuclide half lives The input of half lives is done in an Excel sheet called halflifesXXX xls where XXX stands for any text in the Element Specific parameters directory on the file system Once the half lives for a number of nuclides are specified in this file they can be loaded to the model by pressing the Update database button in the Nuclides tab figure 3 7 When a nuclide is selected in the model the name of it is stored in the Radionuclide Manager block section 4 1 and saved with the model Handling of decay chains Decay chains can be defined in the model This information is saved in the Radionu clide Manager block section 4 1 and thus saved with the model There is also a possi bility to store the decay chain information externally in Excel sheets comparable to the model parameter handling section 3 1 The Chain Editor in figure 3 8a shows the decay of nuclides into each other by a branch ing decay for each pair For example in the figure Nuclide 1 decays both into Nuclide 2 with branching ratio of 0 3 and into Nuclide 3 with branching ratio of 0 7 Nuclide 2 decays further into Nuclide 4 with a 100 branching ratio A new decay pair can be created by pressing the Add Pair button of the Chain Editor resulting a dialogue figure 3 8b
31. nal this name is overridden by a name on the signal itself if a signal name is set e Sample time sets the interval of reported values normally set to 1 for inher ited see the Matlab documentation for to workspace block for further details The System Settings Report interface figure 4 8 is a part of the Parameter Report man ager block available from the Pandora Manager button System settings to report The left list box shows all the available system settings and the right one the settings se lected by user to be reported by pressing the gt gt button The default settings selected automatically are shown in figure 4 8 System settings to report System settings HiliteAncestors Reguirementinfo SavedCharacterEncoding Version MdiSub ersion SaveDefaultBlockParams SampleTimeColors LibraryLinkDisplay VWideLines ShowLineDimensions Show LineDimensionsOnErr ShowPortDataTypes ShowPortDataTypesOnErrc SshowLoopsOnerror lgnoreBidirectionallines Chena tarana lase lt il Figure 4 8 The System Settings Report interface of the Parameter Report block with the default selection 29 C Block Parameters Parameter Report Subsystem mask Export Result to text files Export data to Excel iat a a e a Report Directory 7 Save system settings for all iterations Note note to report Figure 4 9 The dialogue available through the Report settings button in the Pandora Manager An additional
32. or ts Element Specific Parameters Name value Parameter Type Inflow CI 36 1 nflow Cs 135 TII Inflow 1 129 10 00 O Universal Inflaw Mo 93 10 0 inflow Ni 59 nflaw Np 237 10 inflow Pu 239 1 0 d_sea Cl 36 0 0010 d_sea Cs 135 3 d_sea 1 129 d_sea Mo 93 d_sea Ni 59 Kd sea Np 237 Kd_sea Pu 239 Figure 5 6 Step 9 phase 1 of the implementation of the test case model input of ele ment specific parameters in the Parameter Editor 40 Parameter Editor Site Specific Parameters nnerCoast Msed nnerCoast RESUSP O Universal nnerCoast RETTIME InnerCoast SR uterCoast Depth d uterCoast Msed i O Element Specific uterCoast OUTFLOW uterCoast RESUSP uterCoast RETTIME uterCoast SR uterCoast Susp InnerCoastSR InnerCoastSusp H QuterCoastRESUSP A OuterCoast SR D OutercoastSusp A Figure 5 7 Step 9 phase 2 of the implementation of the test case model input of site specific parameters in the Parameter Editor E Configuration Parameters tensit_test_model Configuration lt Start time 0 0 Stop time 100000 Data Import Export i Optimization Sol ti Sample Time Type Variable step Solver ode23s stiff Mod Rosenbrock sl Gi e Max step size fauto Relative tolerance fi ei Connectivity Min step size auto l Absolute tolerance auto E Compatibility Initial step size auto IT PI Zero crossing control Use local settings v
33. ora Manager by pressing the Select parameters to sample button 21 Parameters to correalate RER ui ak Selected Parameters est madel ery epsi zj est_model subsystem tk Figure 3 14 The Parameters to correlate dialogue opened from the Run tab of the Pandora Manager by pressing the Edit correlations button Correlations Editor test rode sv I test model subsystem Kd est model suksystem tk est model subsystem Kd 0 5 test_model subsystem tk est model subsystem epsilon 0 4 Figure 3 15 The Correlations Editor dialogue 23 4 PANDORA BLOCK LIBRARY In this chapter the different specifically created blocks in the Pandora library are de scribed The Pandora blocks reside in the Simulink library and can be used in the same way as the built in Simulik blocks after Pandora is installed App A Some of their features can be controlled from the Pandora Manager as described above in chapter 3 4 1 Radionuclide Manager block The Radionuclide Manager block figure 4 1 also known as the Pandora block allows centralised selection and handling of multiple radionuclides to be included in a Pandora model The radionuclides to be included in the model are selected and arranged to the desired order The signals will follow this order in all blocks used in the model One Radionuclide Manager block is needed in every Pandora model In addition to the names of simulated nuclides or elements or species the Radionu clide Manag
34. ow must be inserted below the tag and above the STOP markers in fig 3 2 on line 14 Microsoft Excel test model Site Specific Parameters xls Al aN Redigera Visa Infoga Format Verktyg Data F nster Hj lp a OSE SRY 18899 88 FHM T en 10 ru 38 9 m BO AA STOP D Parameter Element Deterministic value Pandora distribution test model subsystem Kd N 1 md normf1 1 test model subsystem epsilon 2 md nom 1 test model subsystem tk 3 md noma I STOP STOP al n ege 14 4 gt MN Blad1 Blad3 Klar Figure 3 2 Excel file of the site specific parameters The properties that can be specified for a parameter are the following e Parameter the actual name of the parameter in Matlab workspace e Element element for which the parameter is valid if also a nuclide dependent parameter Deterministic value the value to be used in deterministic simulations Pandora distribution distribution to be used in probabilistic simulations For a deterministic simulation only Parameter and Deterministic value have to be speci fied For a probabilistic simulation also the Pandora distribution have to be specified In Pandora version 1 the following distributions are supported the Pandora distribu tions e rnd uniform min max uniform distribution rnd triang min mode max triangular distribution rnd logtriang min mode max logtriangular distribution rnd norm mu sigma normal distribu
35. port block e Report settings opens the mask for the Parameter Report block in the model described in detail in section 4 5 e System settings to report allows selection of the simulation settings to be re ported described in detail in section 4 5 3 3 2 Nuclides tab The Nuclides tab figure 3 7 of the Pandora Manager controls the nuclides in the model As with the parameters section 3 1 also the handling of the nuclide informa tion is based on Excel sheets with partial complementary handling options through the user interface of the Pandora Manager In the list box to the left of the dialogue the nu clides present in the model and their half lives in years are shown 14 Pandora Manager olkiluoto File Tools Help lge 3 01e 005 Cs 135 2 3e 006 l 4129 1 57e 007 Mo 93 4000 Ni 59 76000 Np 237 2 144e 006 Add nuclide Pu 239 24110 Remove nuclide Select sort nuclides Edit Excel database Update database Edit Decay Pairs Figure 3 7 The Nuclides tab of the Pandora Manager The Nuclides tab has six pushbuttons Add Nuclide opens a dialogue to add a nuclide to the model Remove nuclide opens a dialogue to remove a nuclide from the model Select sort nuclides opens a dialogue to change the order of the nuclides in the model and in the reports Edit Excel database opens the Excel sheet containing the nuclide information see below Update database synchronises the nuclide information betwee
36. r not to use the sheets directly At any time it is possible to put the parameters into Excel sheets instead as described here The Parameter Editor shows the current deterministic values units and distributions of the parameters and allows editing directly in the table shown Parameters not yet de fined are marked NaN Not a Number in the table The Parameter Editor saves parame ters locally in the Radionuclide Manager block section 4 1 so parameters are auto matically saved with the model 3 3 Pandora Manager The Pandora Manager figures 3 6 to 3 15 is a graphical user interface implemented to facilitate the following functionality Parameter report settings subsystem editing func tion editing editing of the radionuclide and filter blocks and control of the launch of probabilistic simulation runs Parameter Editor Element Specific Parameters value Unit Distribution Parameter Type m md logtriana 0 0001 0 001 3kg M3kg md logtriang 1 10 100 m3kg md logtriang 0 01 0 1 1 O Universal m3kg rnd_logtriang 0 1 0 3 1 m3kg md logtriang 1 10 100 d_coast Ra 226 m3kg md logtriang 1 10100 d coast Pu 239 1000 1m3kg md logtriang 10 100 1000 Kd coast Am 241 m3kg ed logtriang 1 10 100 Kd lake CI 36 Kd lake Ni 59 0 0 m3kg Kd_lake Tc 99 01 m3kg md logtriang 0 0101 1 O Site Specific d lake 1 129 03 m3kog md lootrians 0 1 0 31 di Figure
37. rt modes figure 4 13a b These two blocks can be used to produce an input of nuclides to the system The size of the input vector will be the same as the number of nuclides in the model The expression mode of the Inflow block takes a Matlab expression in its mask dialogue to define its value The port mode of the Inflow block takes its value from a signal on the In port typically from an element specific Constant block 4 11 Statistics block When a probabilistic simulation is run statistics is automatically calculated for all Re sevoir blocks The Statistics block figure 4 13c is used to define additional statistics nodes in probabilistic simulation The Statistics block is connected to signals where statistics is to be computed When probabilistic simulation is run statistics is automati cally calculated for these signals inflow expression inflow port statistics block Figure 4 12 a Expression mode of the Inflow block b Port mode of the Inflow block c Statistics block 33 5 EXAMPLE MODEL IMPLEMENTED As an introduction to using of Pandora a test model is implemented Section 5 1 de scribes the theoretical background of the test model and section 5 2 gives the practical details of how to implement the model in Pandora 5 1 Test Case Model The Test Case model is based on the coast model described in Karlsson et al 2000 and Bergstr m et al 1999 The coast is modelled with six compartments as shown in
38. saloarameiers na naa Lanea 10 3 2 Parameter e TEEN 11 3 3 Pandora Ee EE 11 Se ee E 13 3 39 2 tere Le EE 13 3 3 3 SUDSYSISMS TADS EEN 16 3 34 EURON StaDmmasssra nams nite J t vetn kosinta d 16 33 9 Parameters CA EE 18 33 6 R n TAD EE 19 4 PANDORA BLOCK LIBRARY EE 23 4 1 Radionuclide Manager block 23 4 2 Reservoir and Rate blocks ae aa a ansaan eaa aa aaaaaen 24 BS ele EI Ree E 25 44 PURO Ree 25 4 5 Result Report and Parameter Report blocks uuouuusm nume 25 e E ee 29 4 7 Filter and Selector DIOCKS uk 31 4 8 Unit conversion blocks sammakot Seege Ee 31 4 9 Block to change line color 32 BAD IMTIOW ee 32 BZA S TA USES DIO CK EE EE EE 32 5 EXAMPLE MODEL IMPLEMEN ED ansa aan eaa ana saaaann eee 33 5 1 Test Case ee ME 33 5 2 Pandora implementation of test case model nannaa 35 6 BENCHMARKING TESTS AND COMPARISGONG oat nnaeen 43 6 1 Implementation of reference model SN2 mbandora 43 Se e RE AE 47 REFERENCES gennaro r kata Ta Eege bebe 49 APPENDIX A dIRStall tON sxs ssavssss vokoon S et kahen tasan du aan P naa ajaen satin and ans Edaa 51 1 INTRODUCTION The Finnish and Swedish radioactive waste management companies Posiva and SKB are currently endeavoured in a programme for the safe disposal of high level radioactive waste generated by nuclear power plants An important task in this programme is the assessment of the safety for man and the environment of the proposed technological solution
39. the entire model The names of the radionu clides are not transferred in the model but are instead read from the Radionuclide Man ager There is therefore no need or possibility to connect the Radionuclide Manager block with other blocks in the model 4 2 Reservoir and Rate blocks The Reservoir block figure 4 2 has one In port representing incoming flux to be inte grated The Reservoir block corresponds to a compartment in the classical conceptual transport models The first Out port is eve signalling the current level of integration The remaining Out ports are flux out ports They are designed to be connected only to the Rate block figure 4 2 controlling the outflow from the Reservoir block The Rate block is meant to control outgoing flux from Reservoir blocks A flux out port from a Reservoir is connected directly to the centre In port of the Rate block A signal carrying the transfer rate coefficient typically from a Function block see section 4 4 is connected to the rate port and then the outgoing flux of the Reservoir block is con trolled by the rate signal through a hidden backward connection to the Reservoir block The Rate block with a given rate corresponds to a transfer expressed as a transfer coef ficient in the classical conceptual transport models The third In port in the Rate block is for symmetry only and can be left unconnected or connected to a Simulink ground block The half life vector HALFLIFE and decay
40. the system of elementary Simulink blocks created by the Func tion block 21 Table 4 1 Mathematical operations supported by the Function block Operator Function Matrix or element wise addition Matrix or element wise subtraction _ Element wise multiplication Element wise division Exponent Absolute value rem x y amp mod x y lt gt lt 5 gt 25 EE sign Signum function a delay x y Delay x with y time steps WA floor x ceil x round x fix x Rounding functions Result Report Figure 4 6 Result Report block lefi and Parameter Report block right UC Sink Block Parameters Result Report Suhaystamimaak Export Result to text files Export data to Excel E Wiite to file Report Director report resuit Signal name Port 1 subsystem Level Signal name Pot 2 subsystem Level Sample Time 1 for inherited Figure 4 7 The Result Report block interface 28 The result report block user interface figure 4 7 has the following settings e Export to Excel now used at any time after a simulation has been run to list the simulation results in Excel e Write to file to choose if the results are written to a text file normally set on when doing probabilistic simulations generating several result files e Report Directory to set the report directory e Signal name port x sets the name to be used in the report for a certain sig
41. ther be edited directly in Excel or through the parameters tab in the Pandora Manager see section 3 3 Microsndt Excel test _model_ertup mis A Model setup file 1 2 3 4 5 E i 7 B EJ Site specific paramtors flaname comment Clmdegen_firmaVacilatesttest_model Site Specibc_Parameters xls Universal paramters filename e Comment indfiagen DEER da i ne r lynm My comment Element specific paramters directo Cimdwgen finmatfaciliaipandorahpandoral50531 pandorawdatabasewrceleloment spect Mr comment H At His Bod id O O O O O OOOO SS m i Figure 3 1 Model set up file the main sheet in Excel In the leftmost column column A of the Excel sheet tags can be found These tags must not be changed This sheet must be placed in the same folder as the model and its name must be modelname setup xls where modelname is the name of the model The set up sheet must contain three fields e Site specific parameters filename section 3 1 1 e Element specific parameters filename section 3 1 2 e Universal parameters filename section 3 1 3 3 1 1 Site specific parameters Site specific parameters are stored in one Excel sheet per model An example of such file is shown in figure 3 2 In the leftmost column A of the Excel sheet a tag can be found in fig 3 2 Table Type param v01 This tag must not be changed New site specific constants can be added by inserting new rows in the sheet The new r
42. tion rnd lognorm mu sigma lognormal distribution There is also a possibility to add other properties for the parameter in the Excel sheet for information to the reader e g Unit Literature references etc Pandora will ignore such properties 3 1 2 Element specific parameters Element specific or nuclide or species dependent parameters are stored in one Excel sheet per parameter all files stored in the same directory An example of an Excel file for an element specific parameter is shown in figure 3 3 The properties that must be specified for an element specific parameter are Parameter the actual name of the parameter in the Matlab workspace Element element for which the parameter is valid Deterministic value value to be used in deterministic simulations Pandora distribution distribution to be used in probabilistic simulations In figure 3 3 a part of an excel sheet for an element specific parameter called Kd peat is shown In addition to the four mandatory properties above this sheet has a number of optional parameters for information to the user Note that for the element specific constants one Excel sheet is needed for each parame ter and the name of the Excel file must start with the parameter name In the example of figure 3 3 the name of the parameter is KD peat and thus KD peat R0228 xlIs is a valid name for the Excel sheet the rest of the file name indicating supplementary in formation for the user All Exc
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