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CERN UNIX User Guide

1. 3 5 2 Korn Shell Command Line Editing Command line editing can be enabled with emacs syntax usually via a command set o emacs in the profile or kshrc file Available functions are as follows note that you must issue the command set o emacs to enable the editing commands lt Ctrl p gt get previous command from history file lt Ctrl n gt get next command from history file requires at least one lt Ctrl b gt move cursor backwards in command line lt Ctrl f gt move cursor forwards in command line lt Ctrl d gt delete under cursor lt Ctrl a gt jump to begin of command line lt Ctrl e gt jump to end of command line A mask for the next command to be executed can be obtained with lt Ctrl p gt or lt Ctrl n gt The cursor is moved within the command line with lt Ctrl b gt or lt Ctrl gt At any position characters can be inserted or be deleted with the lt delete gt key lt Ctrl1 d gt The command history is accessed from the file SHOME sh_history You can program the keyboard arrow keys for command line editing as follows Key Function Alias command Action T lt Ctrl p gt alias x __A lt Ctrl p gt previous command 4 lt Ctrl n gt alias x __B lt Ctrl n gt next command gt lt Ctrl f gt alias x __C lt Ctrl f gt move cursor right lt Ctrl b gt alias x __D lt Ctrl b gt move cursor left 3 5 3 Command Line Editing in Other Shells Shells such as ksh tesh and zsh use the arr
2. getfiles get a few files regularly from DXCERN customize the next lines user XY12 replace this with your id locpath specifies where to put rempath from where to get echo echo Opening FTP connection to DXCERN echo for user Suser echo TT ftp n dxcern lt lt EOF invoke FTP with next lines as input user user specifies remote user id led Slocpath set the local path cd Srempath set the remote path get filel get the fil binary and transfer it get file2 without conversion quit terminate FTP EOF terminate input to FTP You will be prompted for your password on the remote host Anonymous ftp means that one can login to the remote system using the userid of anony mous and password of either guest or more usually your own userid and internet address Ftp is like telnet in that the open command and access to the remote host is similar except that you can only access files in the subdirectory tree belonging the remote anonymous ftp account A typical session might go as follows ftp any host i know login anonymous guest login ok send user id as password tp gt ls al list all files tp gt cd pub change to the pub directory tp gt get my file ransfer complete tp gt quit f f f t E Large files are usually tared and compressed You have to use binary FTP
3. 4 1 2 Rules for Naming and Accessing Files The rules for naming and accessing files and directories are closely related to the structure of the Unix file system The root directory is identified by a slash e A simple filename can be any combination of 1 255 characters other than slashes asterisks question marks quotation marks or square brackets or dollar sign or control characters e Apath name is a sequence of directory names possibly followed by a simple filename with each name separated by a slash To avoid misinterpretation the safest characters to use for simple filenames are letters of the alphabet numbers periods hyphens and underline _ A word of warning do not start file names with a leading hyphen as it will cause great trouble when you try to refer to it in many cases Note in Unix upper and lower case are not the same Examples could include usr local bin long description name mydoc ps myfile f 27 afs cern ch user f fred public shared info The directory permanently assigned to you is called your home directory this is the directory in which you are placed when you log on Any directory to which you move after logging on including your home directory will be called your current directory or working directory or cwd for as long as you remain in that directory The directory which is one level above your current directory in th
4. bit bucket Name for the file dev null Characters written to this file are thrown away characters read from this file cause immediate EOF boot The loading of the kernel into memory 81 82 BSD Berkeley Software Distribution a version of Unix originating at the University of California at Berkeley built in command A command executed directly by the shell as opposed to forking a process to execute a file in a directory case sensitive Treating lower and upper case characters as two kinds of characters with separate meanings child directory The directory below another directory in the file system tree structure child process A process created when a parent process forks a new process command A function performed by the system either by the shell or by a program residing in a file in the directory command editing Modifying a previously entered command for reuse as a new command command prompt A string of characters that the system outputs to tell you it is ready to accept the next command concatenate To link together in a series console The terminal with which you communicate to the system csh Shorthand for bin csh the C shell program current directory The directory to which commands refer by default the directory you are currently in Same as working directory cwd Variable in the shell which holds the absolute pathname of the current working direc tory daemon A continuously runn
5. Input redirection can be useful if you have written a FORTRAN or C or other language pro gram which normally expects input from the terminal and you want to provide it from a file In the following example myprog which was written to read standard input and write standard output is redirected to read the file myin and to write file myout All these examples use the C shell syntax may vary slightly for other shells myprog lt myin gt myout You can suppress redirected output by sending it to the null device dev null who gt amp dev null To redirect standard error and output to different files you can use grouping cat myfile gt myout gt amp myerror 2 5 Pipes UNIX uses the concept of a pipe to connect the standard output of one program directly into the standard input of another program This is specified by separating the two commands with the pipe operator the vertical bar 1 The general format is command1 command2 For example to sort the output of the who command who sort Of course each command can have options and arguments The tee command can be used to send output to a file as well as to another command who tee whoout sort This is the same as the previous example except that a file named whoout is created containing the original who output The sorted output goes to standard output the terminal screen It is possible to set up multiple pipes Commands that appear in pipe statements may
6. XxX No filtering file printed verbatim num Number of copies required wnum Maximum page width znum Maximum page length 5 6 2 Some Useful Unix Print Functions Unix has a number of associated print functions which you may find useful For a more com prehensive list and explanation of these functions the appropriate man page should be con sulted 1pq and 1prm are both Unix BSD commands their equivalent in Unix System V are 48 lpstat and cancel respectively The commands to apply depend on the system in use OSF BSD and System V AIX BSD and System V Ultrix BSD HP UX System V lpq Typing this command at the prompt will initiate an examination of the spooling areas used by Ipd for printing files on the printer and report on the status of jobs in the queue The print queue can be examined in its entirity or by individual users or by printer P option or jobs see man pages on page 67 for more details lprm This command can be used to remove a job or jobs from the printer s spool queue As the spooling directory is protected from users using Iprm is normally the only method of removing a job You can remove jobs currently active by job number or all jobs owned by a specific user or you can specify a given printer queue with the P option see man pages on page 67 for more details 5 6 3 Printing with Ip The lp command is the normal print command on UNIX systems based on System V such as HP UX and Sun Sol
7. 77 command for linking y f77 o myprog myprog o cernlib mathlib graflib X11 7 5 Compiling and Linking Options The compiling and linking options are given together on the same command line e Executable program c Instructs the compiler to suppress the link edit phase and produce only a file containing the object code that results from the compilation This file can then be linked into another program or placed in a library o filename Sets the name of the output file containing the executable program to filename e Optimization 62 As with all systems when debugging a program compilation should be done with optimiza tion switched off Once the program is ready for production it should be recompiled and re tested with optimization on As you will probably have guessed there is no consistency between the optimization options of compilers from different vendors Some have it on by default others have it off and they all have different ways of specifying different optimiza tion levels Machine Default Optimization off Maximum Value of O IBM AIX noopt 03 02 HP UX noopt 03 02 Sun OS and Solaris noopt 04 03 DEC Ultrix and OSF 04 00 04 04 SGI O1 00 03 02 Apollo opt opt 0 opt 4 opt 3 Static Code Most of the compilers foresee an option to force the static storage of local variables which means that local variables in a subroutine or function retain
8. Software Development ssosesssoooesesssscoocecesossccecsseoococesesoooscssessoseeee 60 7 1 Compiling and Linking Programs in UNIX seeesesesesesssreesesreeseseresressesererreesessres 60 d2 Compile Link RuN dades 60 7 3 Important Platform Dependent Differences oooocccnnncnnnnononnnoncnnncncnancnoncnnnnnnnnoo 61 PAY ADA A A cass cadet suas 61 LAA Theicermlib COmmMAang AAA A TN 62 7 5 Compiling and Linking Options 00 0 0 ce eeeeeeneeceseeeceseeeceeeeeceeeeeceeeeesneeeenaeees 62 Fale Man Page LOL Fort aene ee n er eke E E test snes E EE EEEE RE EE E EERS 64 7 6 Creating and maintaining your own libraries ooonoccnnnococnnncccnoncnononcnononcnnnnnnon 64 Applications snosctic leida 65 Sl ASIS sonore n e sa a et chs E er i itl a asiaasi 65 8 2 CORE CSF SHIFD PIAF veis 66 AA AE O EEEE AE E ASEE A EE E E A E E A 66 IS AA NN 66 920 PTA Ft 66 A O iat pats lesacaitala toad diated earetaecidat a canons ota tana 66 S4 NOS NOSF sree cance hatter E vein did sabbe ghee eau E E EA 66 Y Gettino Help cin ds 67 gii O EN 67 92 A A A 68 A O NN 68 A A O ES 68 AS D 1 2 cats cas NN 68 ODA A OO 68 9 3 Informati n Servers assessering E 68 9 3 1 World Wide Web WWW serenecon anea a a EE RR aE ER 68 932 phoe tri rita 70 O 353 O 70 94 NEWS unicidad ida lacada 71 9AT NEtNEWS rta a E 71 942 Newsreaders A O E 72 Appendix A Bibliography ccccsssssscscsssssssscccsssssssssccsssssssssssssceees 75 A I CERN documents
9. The CORE Physics Services User Guide provides an overview of CORE and describes the common aspects of the services provided 8 2 1 CSF The Central Simulation Facility CSF is aimed at providing a facility for compute intensive applications with low I O requirements Information on CSF can be found in the CSF User Guide available from the UCO 8 2 2 SHIFT SHIFT the Scalable Heterogenous Integrated Computing Facility provides a data analysis facility for more I O intensive applications Unlike CSF the individual machines in SHIFT belong to the specific experiments that contribute finacially and help with the system admin istration to best suit their individual needs For information about SHIFT refer to the SHIFT User Guide or the SHIFT Reference Manual both available from the UCO 8 2 3 PIAF PIAF the Parallel Interactive Analysis Facility is an extension of the PAW program It allows users to analyse interactively their Ntuples in parallel on a set of 5 high performance HP workstations The usage of PIAF is quite transparent for the PAW user The PAW on line help explains how to access PIAF There is currently no formal documentation about PIAF 8 3 PaRC PaRC Parallel Risc Cluster is intended for numerically intensive work carried out by the engineering and accelerator design community Information on PaRC and its utilities can be found in the PaRC Users Guide available from the UC
10. computer generated from existing databases and information systems The Web today incorporates information from systems such as Gopher and WAIS as well as 68 sophisticated multimedia and hypertext information from many organisations There are two different commands which can be used to access the Web mosaic for X based screens or www for line mode terminals The reader may find the CERN home page within these two browsers of particular interest because they can find information on the Unix Workstation Support UWS group By looking at the UWS pages the reader may also find a link to the man pages of various systems The URL for the CERN Home Page is http www cern ch mosaic For X windows based workstations use mosaic mosaic is a hypertext browser Hypertext is text which contains highlighted links called hyperlinks to other texts To activate a mosaic hyperlink click with your left mouse button on any highlighted text this will take you to the document at the other end of the hyperlink The referenced document can be located anywhere on the World Wide Web accessible via any network protocol and in any format mosaic will allow you to discover retrieve and display it almost as if it were stored on your own hard disk If you have a colour screen mosaic s hyperlinks are initially blue and turn purple after you have accessed the corresponding document On a monochrome screen hyperlinks are initially underlined text a
11. future updates If you have forgotten this password from a previous update contact emdirmgrOvxcern cern ch For more information use the online help 9 4 News Besides the local CERN newsgroups with which most people are familiar Unix gives access to a vast amount of news in the Usenet newsgroups It also allows sites to exchange their private newsgroups by mutual agreement and CERN currently exchanges news with DESY Fermilab and SLAC 9 4 1 NetNews Usenet is the set of people who exchange articles tagged with one or more universally recog nised labels called newsgroups The groups distributed worldwide are divided into a number of broad classifications such as comp sci news soc talk rec misc and alt Each of these classifications 1s organised into groups and subgroups according to topic comp Topics of interest to both computer professionals and hobbyists including topics in computer science software source and information on hardware and software systems sci Discussions marked by special and usually practical knowledge relat ing to research in or application of the established sciences news Groups concerned with the news network and software themselves soc Groups primarily addressing social issues and socializing talk Groups largely debate orientated and tending to feature long discus sions without resolution and without appreciable amounts of generally
12. 4 Alias In all shells apart from the Bourne shell you can use the alias command to create your own names or abbreviations for commands by performing string substitution on the command line according to your specifications However the format of the alias command is shell depend ent alias new old C Shell alias x new old Korn Shell alias new old zsh Shell When you enter new the shell substitutes old In the Korn Shell the x option causes the alias to be exported to child processes The following example causes 1s 1 to be executed when the command 11 is entered 24 alias 11 1s 1 C Shell alias x 11 1s 1 Korn Shell The following example creates the command dir to list directory files only alias dir ls 1 grep d C Shell alias dir ls 1 grep d Korn Shell grep in this case searches for a d in the first column of each line of the output of the Is 1 com mand You can also show one or all of the current alias settings alias string shows what string is aliased to alias lists all current aliases 3 5 Recalling Commands history Apart from the Bourne Shell each shell provides a history mechanism which maintains a list of commands that have been entered and allows them to be reexecuted The history C Shell or the HISTSIZE Korn Shell variable usually set at login determines the number of commands that are saved in the list The history command is used to print the list of saved comm
13. Redirection AAA A 13 Registration form 7 Regular expressions coooocccoocccnnocccnnnnnss 16 Relative path icons tinas beicas 28 TEMS oei reei oi o a saaebasssatesde 42 RESEt E 24 RESIZE t E EER aes 24 A N a en 33 ii 43 A n nra atini 37 rlogin nni 38 A o 31 VU A e eee 29 ROPAS ado 27 s a EE E E T 42 S O a sank E oebaveiaes 15 Search Paths a it Toa 12 A dea A EA 10 Shared library iria 61 Shell SCripts scseseiiessacssaceccasestesasteesdecces we 15 Shell basicas cala 10 Shell Bourne cccccccccncnnncnnncncnnnnnnnnnnnss 10 A tte ee ee ere nr este 10 Shell kom ia 10 Shell lo Mia rirc 10 Shell toshiba 10 Shell Zrii ais 10 A E 66 ORG MMKS A A 31 SOLU E 16 SOULCE ans 13 15 18 Standard AAA 13 Standard PU 13 Standard OUtpUt ooooocnnoccccnncccnnocccinnnnnnn 13 Startup Wiles isc 21 Static COME ninas 63 Symbolic linkS ooonooccnnnnccinonacinnccnon 31 Index Ta 33 A 10 A e 14 teta 37 TERM A aladas 20 Terminal Server ccononnnncncnnnccnononunanicinos 8 Terminal type AA 20 REO 65 U UCO A tae erties 7 9 UMD unir bands ul 7 Usher oia 71 V variables environment ccccccccccncncs 18 Variables shell ccnnnnnnnninincc 18 WM iii a 50 W WAIS 2 68 W DS Errana a n an 34 World Wide Web ooccccccccccnnnnninccccoo 68 WWW VEEE aia eatin 68 X X Terminal ne n a eaa oa ge 8 KD E EEA A A A 63 MOVs states a IAS 49 A AE E A EA 61 AMOS UE 69 Z EN 10 91
14. System Addison Wesley Reading 1986 available from the UCO for CHF 45 St Talbott Managing Projects with make O Reilly amp Associates Inc D Gilly et al Unix in a Nutshell System V Edition Revised and Expanded for SVR4 and Solaris 2 0 O Reilly amp Associates W Joy An Introduction to the C Shell available on dxcern in usr local doc postscript cshellintro B Rosenberg Korn Shell Programming Tutorial Hewlett Packard L Wall amp R Schwartz Programming Perl O Reilly 1991 will be available from the UCO for CHF 50 S Garfinkel amp G Spafford Practical Unix Security O Reilly 1990 Aho Kernighan and Weinberger The awk Programming Language Addison Wesley Philip Bourne UNIX for VMS Users Digital Press available from the UCO for CHF 55 Addison Wesley 77 Appendix B Commonly Used Unix Commands This appendix summarises frequently used Unix commands special characters used to identify directories and special characters used on the command line More detailed information on each command including a complete list of options can be obtained with the man command B 1 Managing Directories pwd cd dir mkdir dir rmdir dir display the path name of the working directory change working directory to dir create directory called dir remove delete directory called dir dir must be empty B 2 Managing Files ls ls file ls dir ls 1 ls a cp filel file2 cp file dir mv file
15. a cluster of nodes to some central files such as the password file the command is yppasswd If AFS see AFS Over view on page 34 is installed the command is kpasswd Your password must be at least 6 characters long and should not be your login name or any simple permutation of it It is advisable to mix letters and digits in your password See the arti cle in the CERN Computer Newsletter number 210 available from the UCO or via WWW on tips for choosing good passwords 2 UNIX Shells Once you have successfully logged in you are in an environment called a shell This is a proc ess which has been started spawned at the end of the login process A new shell is also started for each invocation of a terminal window A shell is the interface between the operating system and the user It interprets the commands you type and the keys you press in order to direct the operating system to take an appropriate action There are two families of shell one is based on the Bourne shell sh and includes also the Korn shell ksh the Bourne Again Shell bash and the superKorn Shell zsh the other fam ily is based on the Berkeley C Shell csh and includes also tesh which is an enhanced csh This Guide will not try to distinguish the different features of these shells if you are interested in deciding which shell has the features you prefer we recommend reading the document A Shell Comparison by Arnaud Taddei reference CN DCI 162 availabl
16. ar rlibmy a funcl o func2 o func3 o compiles funcl c func2 c func3 c and adds the object files into the Libmy a 64 8 Applications 8 1 ASIS ASIS stands for Application Software Installation Service but is more generally used to refer to the collection of commonly used CERN and public domain applications software which is made available in both source and ready to use form on central servers The master copy of all the software is stored under AFS in the ASIS tree of the CERN cell A copy of the binaries and libraries but not the sources is made each night onto an NFS server The recommended way to access these applications at CERN is to use AFS When you install the AFS client software on your workstation or local server you will normally also install a script called make_asis which will be run each night to create links in your usr local bin directory to the applications available on ASIS If for some reason you can t install the AFS client software you can access ASIS via NFS For more information refer to ASIS The Installer Guide available from the UCO or alterna tively contact P Defert defert dxcern cern ch The list below is a selection of some of the most commonly used applications It is far from complete CERN Program Library cernlib access standard libraries such as PACKLIB MATHLIB GRAFLIB paw visualisation of experimental data fatmen distributed file and tape management system CER
17. command 77 main f funcl f funcn f The o name option causes the compiler to name the output file name instead of a out For example to compile a Fortran program hello f and name the resulting executable hello 1 is default file extention for Fortran code in UNIX just as FOR on VAX VMS or FORTRAN on VM CMS 60 use 77 o hello hello f The c option suppresses the link edit phase The compiler generates an object file with the extension o for each input file and not the a out file This is useful when compiling source files that contain only subprograms which can be linked later with other object files The resulting object files can then be specified on the compiler command line 77 c func f 77 main f func o 7 3 Important Platform Dependent Differences On most platforms at CERN the recommended Fortran compiler is called 77 The exception is HP UX where you are recommended to use fort77 rather than 77 since it allows you to specify libraries in a way which is compatible with all the other platforms For AIX on the RS 6000 the Fortran compiler is called x1 but in more recent versions of AIX the name 77 can also be used On DEC Ultrix systems the supported compiler is the DEC Fortran compiler rather than the MIPS Fortran The table below shows the minimum command that should be used for compiling and linking in the CERN environment Machine Compilation only Compiling and or Linking
18. dir mv filel file2 rm file rm i file more file cat file chmod arg file chmod arg dir list contents of working directory list File if it exists in working directory list contents of the directory dir list additional information on directory contents list all files including hidden files files copy filel to file2 overwrites File2 copy file into directory dir move file into directory dir move filel to file2 overwrites file2 remove delete file ask for confirmation before removing deleting file displays contents of file one screen at a time displays contents of file change read write execute permission of file change read write execute permission of dir B 3 Managing Jobs lt Ctrl c gt lt Ctrl z gt ps kill PID jobs kill current job suspend current job can then be run in background with bg command list process by process identifier stop process with process identifier PID list your jobs by job number B 4 On line Help man command man k keyword learn info 78 display manual entry for command list manual pages that pertain to keyword on line tutorial AIX only on line tutorial help pages and manuals stored on CD ROM answerbook insight lrom dxbook Can only be used with X Windows Terminals AIX only on line help SUN only on line help SGI only on line help HP only on line help ULTRIX and DEC OSF 1 only B 5 System Information who who am i passwd list use
19. ee Aa a an aa 23 34 AMAS a A AA EAA 24 3 5 Recalling Commands history ta 25 BO C Spel hee NN 25 3 5 2 Korn Shell Command Line Editing 200 eee cee ceceseeesceseeeeceseeeeeeaeeeaecaaecaecsaeeaessaenaee 26 3 5 3 Command Line Editing in Other Shells oonococcnicnocccoconacocnnononannnnnnnn non ccano no nono con non ccoo ncnnos 26 File Syste ad AT Pale Struct r ss aa E RA ET A a a 27 4 1 1 Naming Directories and Files seiniin aE A a EE aa 27 4 1 2 Rules for Naming and Accessing Files ees eeeesseceececeseecssecencecereeenceeeeeesaeeeaeceeeeeaeenaees 27 4 2 List of Simple File System Commands c occocononcconcnnonnnonncnononannnonn conocio no ncnnncnnnnoss 28 4 2 1 Displaying the contents of a directory 18 oooooncnnnninnnnnnoononnconnnoncnnconncnnnonncn nero nono cnncnnccnnono 28 4 2 2 Changing the Working Directory Cd oo eeeececeeeeeceseeeeceseecaecaeecaecsaeaecsseeseensenerensens 28 4 2 3 Determining Your Working Directory pwd ooccconccnccnccnconononcnnnonnconcnnnonncon non no conc nocnncnnncnnono 28 4 2 4 Creating a New Directory mkdir oooooocnoccnocconnconconnnanonancnn cnn nonn conc conc nono noc cn non nero non Sis airaa 29 4 2 5 Removing an Existing Directory rmdir ooooonnccncccoonconnnonnonnnnnonnnonncnnconnc nn con non nooo cnn necnnonnncnnon 29 42 6 E senper SaaS pas a E p EEEE EEEE aR EEEE E EE opa 29 4 2 7 Displaying the Contents of a File cat more ete esssseessssesrseesreeresessrstsserresrer
20. first line beginning with the character string followed by the path name of the shell Note that in order to execute a script the file containing it must have execute permission see List of Simple File System Commands on page 22 and following and the C shell may need to rebuild its table of commands chmod a x mycommand mycommand It is important to remember that like all UNIX commands that are not built in to the shell a script file executes in a child shell forked by the parent shell The shell running the script file retains environment variables of the parent shell as well as those variables defined in the shell startup file for that shell e g eshre for the C shell which is executed before the script However at the end of the script control returns to the parent script and any definitions made by the child process are not passed back to the parent process If you want to execute com mands that affect the current shell process you must use the source command C shell source script For the Bourne shell use the command instead Refer to a good UNIX reference manual to learn about shell programming see the Bibliogra phy at the end of this Guide for references 17 26 2 7 Filters A filter is a command or program which gets its input from standard input sends its output to 1 See The Profile Files on page 21 15 standard output and may be used anywhere in a pipeline The combination of UN
21. has its own unique process identifier A child process can fork another process and become a parent A process is said to be a background process when the controlling shell does not wait for its termination but has given control back to the user Such a process cannot 12 receive any input from the terminal but can still produce output on the terminal it was started on When you issue a command to the shell except for built in commands such as cd exec or set the shell forks a child process for the command to run in The parent process remains dormant until the child process completes or is stopped then control returns to the parent l The ps command can be used to print the status of active processes ps options This forking of a child process when you run a script can be confusing because the parent proc ess is not affected by the child process For example if you change the value of a shell variable in a script this change will not be seen by the parent shell If you are using the C shell you can use the source command to cause the current shell process to execute a script If you are using the Bourne shell type filename Note the space between the and the filename 2 4 Standard Input Output and Redirection The shell and many UNIX commands take their input from standard input stdin write out put to standard output stdout and write error output to standard error stderr By default standard input is connected to
22. include all the usual options and file designations ls 1 1p 14 This command pipes the output of the 1s command to the printer via the 1p command 2 6 Shell Scripts A shell script script is the UNIX equivalent of the VM CMS EXEC file or the VMS DCL pro cedure although you should be aware that individual shell commands have limits in the size of their argument strings The UNIX shell can be used as an interpretive programming language Within the shell you can besides executing shell commands create and use variables process read arguments test branch and loop do I O etc A shell script is a file containing a sequence of commands which can be executed by the shell The easiest way to execute a script is by typing in the filename on the command line The shell then interprets and executes the commands in the file one by one Although you can write complex programs using the shell language you can also use simple shell scripts for running complex commands or a series of commands that you use frequently The most commonly used shells in our environment are the C shell and the Bourne shell or derivatives of these Many people believe that although the C shell is better for interactive use the Bourne shell is better for scripts so you may see many scripts written in the Bourne shell C shell scripts should begin with a comment line a line which begins with the character Scripts to be executed by other shells should contain a
23. not falling into the ranges below plus the special value w 2 text formatter a2ps two logical portrait pages printed on a physical landscape oriented page including a frame header and line numbers font size 6 8 pt rather small paper saving mode 39 lt w lt 85 formatter a2ps portrait orientation font size chosen so that either w or w 1 columns fit on a line Lines longer than w or w 1 are folded 85 lt w lt 200 formatter a2ps landscape orientation font size chosen so that either w or w 1 columns fit on a line Lines longer than w or w 1 are folded Some values of w less than 40 are used for special purposes w 2 default see above w 4 formatter ascii2ps a4 portrait orientation 11 pt font with long lines folded no frames headers or page numbers just plain text w formatter a2ps a4 portrait orientation 6 8 pt font supporting lines up to 122 characters Some options that are available using lpr are listed below but remember that most of these are not available when listing postscript files see the later section on LATEX for more information about this 1 for control characters and suppressing page breaks f this option interprets the first character of a line as a standard For tran control character s for printing large files these files are softlinked to the spool and not written there Do not modify files sent via this method until printing is complete
24. or at weekends Disc file directory recovery is simple and initiated by the user himself although retrieving entire discs involves many automatic mounts of robot cartridges and hence takes a finite amount of real time Users interested in this scheme should contact Lio Frost Ainley for licensing details and to obtain the client installation procedure Requests for further information about any aspect of this policy should be addressed to Alan Silverman at Alan Silverman CERN CH 4 4 AFS Overview AFS is an acronym for the Andrew File System developed at Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh under a sponsorship from IBM Today AFS is marketed by Transarc Corporation 34 and has been chosen by the Open Software Foundation as the basis of its Distributed File Sys tem DFS AFS is a network distributed file system comparable to Sun s NFS but with some more advanced features than all but the most recent version of NFS AFS distinguishes between cli ent machines and server machines An AFS client enables users to access data residing on AFS servers transparently as if they were stored on a local disk AFS servers in turn provide disk storage for files and directories CERN has purchased licenses for AFS for all the common UNIX platforms on site and cur rently offers a limited public service including some central AFS file servers For more information on AFS please refer to afs cern ch project afs afsug ps which should be access
25. text If there is more than one entry for the selected topic man will prompt for a second q to quit or space to continue with the first page of the next entry man includes Unix system commands and utilities but may not include shell commands Help for shell commands can be obtained with man cshorman sh then pattern where pat tern is the shell command you want information on You can often get the format of a command by entering the command with an illegal option try or or For example ls ls illegal option usage ls Rad CLHxmnlogrtucpFbgisf files You can display information about man with man man The man command can also be used to locate commands by keyword lookup man k keyword will display the man page name section number in the Unix documentation and a short description for each man page whose NAME line contains keyword On some systems this facility is also available via the command 67 apropos keyword 9 2 Vendor Online Help 9 2 1 IBM The complete manual information available on a CD ROM can be obtained in a very comfort able environment with several screens using the info command Like almost all such vendor provided information systems it provides extensive help menus on functionality and usage and are self explanatory The info database has been copied to the AFS file hierarchy and if your workstation has been installed according to the scheme recommended by CN s UNIX Work statio
26. the Bourne shell program shell A command language interpreter shell script See script signal A short message sent to a running program which causes something to happen to that process socket Defines an endpoint for network communication BSD only special character See metacharacters special file A file that represents a physical device Also called a device file 87 88 spooler A program or system of programs that accepts files to be delivered to a system resource that needs to be used serially eg printers or communications equipment standard error output A file that a program can receive output to usually reserved for error messages By default it is directed to the terminal standard input A file that a program can receive input from By default it comes from its terminal standard output A file to which a program can send output By default it is to the terminal stream Same function as socket System V superuser A priviledged user who can perform administrative tasks suspended job A job which has received a stop signal either via lt ctrl z gt or the stop command symbolic link A method to associate a file with two or more file names system call A request for services from the operating system control program or kernel TCP IP A communication protocol that may be embedded within a physical communications protocol such as Ethernet that supports methods of communications that are se
27. the logon logo Log ging out of the remote host will now end the telnet program You don t get the telnet gt prompt and you are back in your local session 5 2 3 rlogin The remote login command rlogin hostname connects your terminal or X window to a login session on the specified host Since your local host should be equivalenced to the remote host via the rhosts mechanism described above you should not need to authenticate yourself to the remote system You will get the command line prompt of the remote system Logging out of the remote system resumes your current local session Usage Notes You must not omit the hostname parameter when using rlogin If you use flags on this command you have to place them after hostname 5 3 Remote File Access File transfer Let us focus on the two commands rcp and ftp 38 which allow file transfer between the nodes of a network 5 3 1 ftp ftp stands for file transfer protocol and is the principal method used to transfer files over the Internet ftp allows you to connect to a remote node and execute ftp subcommands there without leaving your current session on the local host The ftp command works between various plat forms not only between Unix systems Simply invoke ftp by typing ftp to get the prompt ftp gt Select the remote host by ftp gt open hostname and you will be prompted for login information If you invoke ftp by typing ftp hostname the open hostn
28. to get such files The file extension shows how to uncompress it 40 tar tar xvf myfile tar Z uncompress myfile Z tar Z uncompress myfile tar Z tar xvf myfile tar 5 3 2 rep The rcp remote copy command copies a file or directory from one host in the network into a directory or as a file on another host of that network rcp rp source destination Remember that the hosts have to be authorised using the rhosts mechanism described earlier in this Chapter The r flag means source is a directory and is to be copied with all the files and subdirectories it contains The p flag preserves the modification time and access modes The source and destination specifications not only contain the name of the file but also optionally the host where it resides You can specify source and destination in one of the following three forms filename relative or absolute name of local file host filename relative or absolute name of file residing on host user host filename name of file relative to the home directory of user on host If the filename is specified with a leading then it is taken as absolute Examples To copy the file some data from the current directory of the local host to the directory u hugo archive on host rzri6f enter rcp some data rzri6f u hugo archive Suppose you want to choose a different name for the destination rcp some data rzri6f u hugo archive x y You could have specified the destination relati
29. use at this moment a z 0 9 the letter or number corresponding to new item you want to look at Q quit note upper case space advance to the next page next mode next newsgroup U unsubscribe www Net scape You can also access news via the World Wide Web www using Netscape other browsers are NOT recommended for reading news 73 74 Appendix A Bibliography A 1 CERN documents A 1 1 Recommended manuals 1 The CERN UNIX guide UCO 164 http consult cern ch writeup unixguide The AFS user s guide This contains a lot of important information on AFS UCO 167 http consult cern ch writeup afsguide The HEPiX scripts at CERN UCO 174 Shell Support tesh and zsh for pedestrians UCO 163 http consult cern ch writeup shellsintro Guide for the Usage of X Window at CERN X Window System and X Terminals UCO 173 http consult cern ch writeup xusage A 1 2 Other reading 6 The CERN security Handbook This explains how and why you should keep your account secure Available from UCO http wsspinfo cern ch file security The Shift USER guide Introduction to the CERN batch staging diskpool systems UCO 157 The Shift reference guide Details on CERN batch staging diskpool systems UCO 156 http consult cern ch writeup shiftref The CSF USER guides Introduction to the CSF MonteCarlo facility UCO 153 http consult cern ch writeup csfuser Should I have a d
30. useful information rec Groups orientated towards hobbies and recreational activities misc Groups addressing themes not easily classified under any of the other headings or which incorporate themes from multiple categories alt Groups which are subject to less strict rules for creation of groups and content of articles 71 9 4 2 Newsreaders All newsreaders use a file in your home directory called newsrc This file is used to register the newsgroups to which you subscribe and the news articles you have already seen Unless you have a system manager who has created a defaultnewsrc file for your machine before using the newsreader nn for the first time it is essential to create a newsrc file in your home directory It should contain the initial list of newsgroups one per line to which you want to subscribe For example cern cern cern computing cern unix cern hp If you don t create such a file you will be overwhelmed by interactive requests from every existing newsgroup all 3000 of them You may also find it convenient to create such a newsrc file before using mxrn but it is not so essential Three tools for reading news are proposed 72 xrn trn This is an X11 interface to the old fashioned rn newsreader It is relatively easy to use since all the options are made available via the X11 windows interface When you execute xrn for the first time you will be presented with the c
31. 2 conforming systems vi is available This allows users to move from one POSIX system to another without needing to learn a new editor The disadvantage of vi is that it is very cryptic and so not easy to learn However there are peo ple who having mastered it claim to like it In addition if you are likely to use multiple UNIX systems and to connect to them using different keyboards from different locations then you may find it worthwhile to learn a survival kit of basic editing commands 6 1 1 Operating Modes vi has three operating modes e vi command mode e text input or insert mode e ex command or line edit mode In the vi command mode each key initiates an instruction In the text input mode the keyboard functions like a typewriter And in the ex command mode you can use the old ex line editor to invoke ex commands As elsewhere in UNIX all commands in vi are case sensitive 6 1 2 Starting vi To start vi simply type vi followed by the name of the file you want to edit vi myfile If myfile is a new file the buffer is empty and the screen appears as follows myfile New file The tilde down the left hand column of the screen indicates that there is no text in the file not even blank lines The prompt line also called status line at the bottom of the screen ech oes the name and status of the file 6 1 3 Exiting vi The vi command to exit and save edits is ZZ You can also use the ex command wq
32. A job that must be completed or interupted before the shell will accept more com mands a job receiving input from the terminal See background job flag option Option used to modify the action of a command consisting of one or more letters pre ceded by the character fork The system routine that creates a new process by duplicating the calling parent proc ess One is called the parent and the other the child The parent process receives the process identification pid of the child as a result of the fork system call The child receives from its copy of the same system call a pid of 0 full duplex the communications path is bi directional and both ends may be sending at the same time getty The terminal line monitoring program globbing Filename expansion using metacharacters group ID A numeric identification designating the group to which a user belongs half duplex The communications path sends signals in one direction at a time The path may be capable of communicating in one direction only Otherwise there is some agreed sig nal to allow the other end to become the sender hidden file A file which begins with a period and often has special meaning to the system history list The list of previously issued commands home directory Your default working directory the location in the file system that Unix automatically puts you when you log in Same as the login directory host A computer in a network Also know
33. CN DCI 164 Version 2 2 August Ist 1996 CERN UNIX User Guide Editor Alan Silverman ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of the information in this Guide is not original we are indebted to the authors of the UNIX at Fermilab Guide and the authors of the GSI UNIX Primer for permitting us to include information lifted from those two excellent publications We also thank other CERN colleagues for helping us with particular sections and with the numerous edits which were necessary to correct our initial drafts Information in this Guide is not copyright but any use in other documents should include not only acknowledgement to this source but also to the FNAL and GSI guides as well This Guide is by no means guaranteed free from error especially considering the range of UNIX architectures and environments it is intended to cover Readers are encouraged to send comments and error reports to Alan Silver man at the e mail address Alan Silverman cern ch Copies of this Guide can be found as follows AFS Anonymous ftp File afs cern ch asis share usr local doc unixguide ps file asisftp cern ch pub doc unixguide ps WWW postscript The full postscript file can be found under the Documents Section of the UNIX WWW html Paper copies Workstation Support Page URL http wsspinfo cern ch file doc uments The HTML version is also available at the URL http wsspinfo cern ch file documents and has options for selecting by contents pages or In
34. Getting Values of Environment Variables The contents of environment variables can be made visible with the echo command To get the value the name of the environment variable must be preceeded by a sign echo SPRINTER 513 pub The value for PRINTER is shown If you forget the sign the character string is printed and not its value echo PRINTER PRINTER Again you should keep in mind that Unix is case sensitive This means that environment varia bles suchas printer Printer and PRINTER are all different A More Advanced Example For example if you want to have your current host name and current working directory named MyEnv using the Bourne Shell you can proceed as follows NODE hostname export NODE MyEnv SNODE PWD export MyEnv echo My Environment SMyEnv My environment rzri6f u goeri With the first statement a new global variable NODE is defined NODE gets the output of the command hostname as value which is achieved by enclosing the command name in single backquotes Then the values of NODE and of the environment variable PWD which is already provided by the system and contains always the current working directory are put together in MyEnv Finally to control the success of this action the contents of MyEnv is printed to your terminal window prefixed by some text 3 1 3 A Summary of Some Useful Environment Variables In the following some useful environment variables provided by the system are li
35. IBM AIX xlf c qextname xlf qextname HP UX fort77 c ppu fort77 ppu Others f77 c f77 As we saw in the section above by default Unix compilers generate an executable module The option c compile only generates an object file but causes the linking phase to be sur pressed The options qextname on AIX and ppu on HP UX are explained in Compiling and Linking Options on page 62 and are ESSENTIAL for compatibility with the CERN Program Library 7 4 Libraries Libraries in Unix are the same as libraries in other operating systems They usually contain a collection of pre compiled routines which you can link to your routines when creating an exe cutable On all Unix systems libraries can be created with the command ar short for archive See Creating and maintaining your own libraries on page 64 Once again it is not necessary for a new Unix user to know this command but you can find more information in the man pages Libraries in Unix follow a naming convention such that names begin with the letters 1ib and have the extension a for archive or sl for shared library This was not a whim of the creators of Unix but actually serves a useful purpose When specifying libraries to be used in linking you can use a shorthand notation If you wish 61 you can specify the full pathname of the library just as you would with your object files o files For example 77 mprog f mysub o cern pro lib libp
36. IX filters grep sort awk cut paste and the use of pipes is very powerful The grep filter searches files for a pattern and prints only those lines matching that pattern sort can sort or merge files sort options field specifier filename Sort is straightforward to use read man sort to see what the options are and how to specify the sort fields If a field is not specified the sort key is the entire line The sorted output goes to standard output awk is a powerful pattern scanning and processing language Although you will need to spend a little time learning how to use awk it is very well suited to data manipulation tasks It han dles internally what you would have to handle laboriously in a language like C or FORTRAN For example you can declare a field separator spaces colons commas tabs and it will prop erly align and interpret the contents of a field according to the way you use it Thus you can do in a few lines what would take many lines of FORTRAN A widely available book on awk is The awk Programming Language 31 There are several versions of awk an old version and a new version which is not completely backwards com patible The book mentioned above describes the new version and you should use the new ver sion unless you get a program that is explicitly for the old version However vendors are not consistent in what they call the two versions of awk on Silicon Graphics and Sun you must use nawk to get the ne
37. N Specific Utilities phone display phone book entries from central server mosaic World Wide Web hypertext browser for workstations emdir electronic mail address directory Public Domain and GNU Software The list of available public domain and GNU software is very long Below we list some of those most commonly used at CERN emacs GNU project Emacs pine an electronic mail processing system ghostview View PostScript documents using ghostscript perl Practical Extraction and Report Language tcsh C shell with file name completion and command line editing TeX Software A lot of TeX LaTeX related software is available Information about TeX can be found in TeX at CERN The Local Guide available at the UCO 16 The most commonly used programs are listed below latex text formatting and typesetting dvips convert a TeX DVI file to PostScript 1 See AFS Overview on page 28 for more information on AFS 65 xdvi DVI Previewer for the X Window System makeindex a general purpose formatter independent index processor X11 Software A full distribution of X11 Release 4 amp 5 software from MIT x3270 IBM remote host access tool xlock Locks the local X display until a password is entered 8 2 CORE CSE SHIFT PIAF CORE the Centrally Operated RISC Environment is a set of integrated physics data analysis services located in the CERN Computer Centre These services include CSF SHIFT and PIAF
38. O 8 4 NOS NQS The Network Queuing System NQS is a batch system which has been installed on CSF and SHIFT systems and is used for batch job submission Further information on NQS and NQS can be found in chapters 6 amp 7 of the CSF User Guide 66 9 Getting Help 9 1 man pages Online help in Unix is in the form of man pages which consist of an online version of the Unix documentation set often called the Unix Programmer s Reference Manual You get access to the man pages with the man command man stands for manual The format is man part topic where topic is the name of the topic described in the manual a command name or a filename and part specifies the section of the manual 1 through to 8 If no part is speci fied man searches all reference sections giving preference to commands over functions and prints the first manual page it finds for the topic given Usually ordinary users are interested in part 1 commands and utilities Part 2 is system calls part 3 library routines part 8 is the Sys tem Administration Reference Manual Man pages are normally displayed using the more command more displays one page at a time and allows you after each page the option to enter commands to control what it does next For example you page forward with the space bar and exit from man with q for quit You can search for patterns by entering pattern Enter simply to find additional instances of the pattern in the
39. S AMES Le 49 65 Ie E E E a ox E uments 60 Legato Networker ceeeceeeseeeeeees 34 Libraries piscis datar 61 Link editor Options oococoocccnnoncnnonncnnnnos 64 Linker ias 60 PINKS en ene a a a E 31 cado a 30 A A 8 A RS 8 Pida 49 A A EERE 48 Pinen a AES 47 IP a aa E RaT 48 e ee 49 WHOM tai iris 68 E ates 28 90 Index O A tented A alan 44 A ses dees he aiaa 60 man PARES eener TS 67 Man printing man pages eee 11 Merging files soei aniis 30 A trates R 29 MOLE vaccines cid od 29 67 MOS a shasta 69 MVA A EA 29 30 MM sn 72 N Networker iamar iaie n n aa 34 NEWS dt a a nE ie 71 WMT ENEE EE A ANE EE 72 Noclobber ccccconnoononncononccncnnnnanannnos 14 NOS rad 66 Nulld VICE ceo creando tacita 14 O Object leva 61 OMNTBACK st dos 34 Optimisation cjccccavessiessaseedsanbaczassteeeneeed 62 P A N 66 Pass WO das 9 PATH odon 20 A A A 12 PHONE iii 70 A e e 66 Didi tad 12 Pi ii li a ba 46 A E ETA 14 A ece aa 47 PRINTER tsi aea Gi 20 Prinses ada 47 Printing man pages cccccoccccnoccccnoncninnnos 11 Process ACTIVE osas 13 Process background oooooonnoccccnncccnnnno 12 Process Child occccccnnnnnnnnn 12 15 Process dormant 13 Process identifier oooconnnnninncncnnnnnnnnnno 12 Process login insti sinti 10 Process PATO nectuer 12 15 Profile TUES siccsca ae eaiiciataianaiiae 21 Promp renee TS 11 A 20 A A ae 20 o coaches en ores 28 R Pis ia 41
40. Unix mail Elm with the underlying metamail and pine are public domain mail reading programs with multimedia capabilities however for various reasons including security elm is NOT recommended at CERN Pine is the recommended mail agent and it is available on dxcern and on asis for work station users Information on release changes and documentation will be published in the newsgroup cern mail In order to try pine type pine from the shell prompt The most common mail x pine commands are listed in the relevant Getting Started sections below 5 5 1 Getting Started with mail mailx e To send a message type mail recipient address mai lx is to all intents and purposes simply a System V recompilation of BSD mail and the commands are similar For example mailx user host domain or mailx aliasname e To read waiting messages type mail e To lista summary of saved messages in a folder type mail f folder e To print on the screen one of the listed messages type p message number ort message number e To reply to the current message type R e To list the message headers in the current folder type h If the list exceeds one page z e To delete the current message type d e To undelete the current message type u e To extract the current message into a file type s filename e Tosenda file as a message type mail s subject text recipient address lt filename e For information on other mail commands type help o
41. acklib a Or you can specify the library with a combination of the L and l options e g L cern pro lib lpacklib which refers to the CERNLIB library packlib What this actually is instructing the link editor to do is to search the directory search path cern pro lib for the library libpacklib a which will then be replaced on the command line with cern pro lib libpacklib a which you could type in yourself fort77 ppu O omy program my program f L usr local delphi dpadev lib ltanag3xx L cern pro lib lgraflib lgrafX11 lpacklib NOTE that the placement of a library on the command line is important as it also is for the VAX VMS LINK command the libraries are searched once only in the order they appear on the command line 7 4 1 The cernlib command The cernlib command has been designed to ease access to the CERN program library soft ware While allowing access to user libraries It is platform independent and accepts the POSIX syntax Note that you must have the directory cern pro bin in your path in order to use this command cernlib grants access to packlib cernlib mathlib grants access to mathlib and packlib cernlib L DELPHI_LIBS l dstanaxx l ux26xx grants access to libraries dstanaxx and ux26xx in the directory defined by the environment variable DELPHI_LIBS The cernlib command is used in combination with the link command by enclosing it in back quotes on the link command line For example if you use the
42. acters that follow the uparrow mark within square brackets The string represents 0 or more characters since is any character and is O or more occur rences 17 3 Working Environment 3 1 Environment Variables There are many parameters in the shell that define parts of your working environment and which can be set interactively at the command prompt in shell scripts or in user specific pro file files see The Profile Files on page 21 Each shell has one or more startup files Work is currently in progress developing a set of standard startup files for further information contact Alan Silverman or Tony Cass e Shell parameters that are local to your current shell and not passed to any subshell or sub process are called shell variables e Shell parameters that are global are called environment variables They are valid in the cur rent shell where they are set and in all subshells They are not valid however in higher shells from where the current shell is invoked as subshell The way in which a parameter is declared to be global depends on which family of shell you are using see below There is one restriction if you define environment variables in a shell script If the environment variables are to be valid also in the current shell you must invoke the script in a special way without spawning a new process myscript for the Bourne Shell source myscript for the C shell Otherwise the environment variable
43. ain access to your account The protection should be rw for owner and no other access mode 600 The command to set this is chmod 600 rhosts In some old Unix documentation you may find an explanation of the use of the etc hosts equiv file to achieve a similar result For security reasons you are strongly discour aged from using this mechanism 5 2 2 telnet To enter the telnet environment simply issue the command telnet and after telling you the escape character usually lt Ctr1 gt telnet will show its prompt telnet gt Now you can enter telnet subcommands For a complete list of subcommands and flags for the telnet command consult the appro priate man page Here are some frequently used subcommands quit ends the telnet command open establishes a connection to a remote host close ends that connection 37 help lists the subcommands with a brief explanation So the first subcommand will probably be telnet gt open hostname This connects your terminal or X window to the specified host and displays the logon logo for that node Then you can log on there and work as normal After logging out of the remote host you will get the telnet gt prompt so that you can open the next host or quit from the telnet program and resume the local session Alternatively you can specify the remote host on the invocation of the telnet program telnet hostname This automatically connects to the remote host and you see immediately
44. ame is implicitly executed and you will be prompted directly for login infor mation Please consult the man page for the various flags that can be set on the command line when invoking ftp After a successful login you will get the tp gt prompt again and you can now issue the ftp subcommands which allow you to navigate through the remote file system display a remote directory and transfer files between the remote and the local host in both directions Some fre quently used ftp subcommands are quit ends the tp command cd changes directory on remote host ls list contents of remote directory some normal Is switches allowed lcd changes directory on local host mkdir creates a new directory on the remote host pwd prints the path that is current on the remote host put transfers a file from local to remote get transfers a file from remote to local mput send multiple files mget get multiple files binary transfers data without conversion the usual case ascii converts data according to different character representation on the sending and receiving host text files help displays all available subcommands and gives a short description of them 39 You can find more information on further tp commands in the man pages Examples Imagine you have to be up to date on remote files which change frequently You will have to perform the same file transfer quite often A shell script similar to the following would be very useful
45. ands history 3 5 1 C Shell Recalling a command to execute exactly as it did last time is fairly easy but recalling a com mand to modify it is difficult and only a few of the many ways to recall pieces of commands or modify pieces of commands are mentioned here You can specify commands or parts of commands to reexecute by number relative number or by the text it contains command what to reexecute 1 Reexecute the previous command in Reexecute command n Itext Reexecute the most recent command beginning with text text Reexecute the most recent command containing text For example to reexecute the 4th command from the history list and to reexecute the last com mand starting with 1s 14 ls 25 The dollar sign can be used to recall the last parameter of a command For example causes substitution of the last parameter of the last command For example to check if myfile f is the correct file and then compile it more myfile f 77 1 The following table shows several ways to substitute text in recalled commands The first form allows you to substitute text in the previous command In the second form xx stands for any of the ways described above to recall a command form action old new Substitute text in the previous command xx s old new Substitute text in a recalled command xx p s old new Substitute text in a recalled command display but do not execute
46. aris 2 The differences include the fact that the environment variable PRINTER is replaced by the variable LPDEST that the switch to print to a remote printer other than the default is lp dprintername and the commands to examine the printer status and cancel a print job are lpstat and can cel respectively Consult the man pages for 1p on the system for further details 5 6 4 Printing with LATEX Files created in LATEX may be processed using the command LATEX filename and then dvips to print or file the output For file previewing there is an xdvi preview facility but those with workstations will undoubtedly have local facilities for this operation Once you have obtained your DVI type files there are several ways to proceed dvips xx converts to postscript and prints filename xx on default lpr printer dvips o xx creates a file called xx ps no printing Subsequently the xx ps post script filecan be printed with Ipr dvips o yy xx creates a file in postscript format called yy no printing For further information in this area you should refer to the CERN guide called TEX at CERN by Michel Goossens available on self service in the UCO 49 6 File Editing 6 1 vi The editor vi is a standard full screen text editor available on all UNIX systems and bundled with the operating system The great advantage of vi is that it is included in the vendor independent international standard POSIX 2 IEEE 1003 2 On all POSIX
47. d be quoted if they are to be interpreted on the remote machine 5 4 2 remsh To execute a command on a remote host enter remsh hostname command This command runs a remote shell which executes a command for you I O redirection works as usual using the gt gt gt lt lt lt operators to redirect input and output to and from the remotely executed command to local files If you want to redirect the input and output to remote files use double quotes around the redirection operators Usage Notes Both remsh and rsh commands will not process the login profiles but will process the SENV file if that variable is set usually kshrc If you omit the command parameter on the remsh command then rlogin will be executed instead which will process the login pro files 42 If you use flags on this command you must place them between hostname and command Examples All the examples below assume that the remote host that you are communicating with is called rzri6f and that you have to set your DISPLAY variable to refer to the window at which you are working DISPLAY is discussed in detail in documentation and man pages referring to the X11 window system To get a window with a terminal emulation on your X server remsh rzri6f term display SDISPLAY To get a window that emulates a mainframe terminal 3270 on your X server enter remsh rzri6f x3270 display DISPLAY cernvm or remsh rzri6f 3270 disp
48. dex entries You will also find symbols defined to show footnotes and forward and backward ref erences Document CN DCI 164 at the self service shelves at the UCO Building 513 CHANGE RECORD Version 1 00 Version 1 01 Version 1 02 Version 1 10 Version 1 11 Version 2 0 Version 2 1 Version 2 2 1 July 1994 First general release prepared by Harry Renshall Judy Richards and Alan Silverman edited by Tracey Appleby 11 July 1994 HTML address of Guide added 14 July 1994 UCO Book List and purchase scheme updated AFS address of Guide modified 14 November 1994 Various minor mods including more options on the ftp lpq and Iprmcommands and information on symbolic links 27 March 1995 Some corrections made for documentation sources for elm pine and gnu Additions to index Additions to the list of special chars in Appendix A Several minor errors and typing errors corrected Clearer explanation of Internet addressing Newer book recommendation for gnu emacs 1 February1996 Translated to FrameMaker by Luc Goidadin 8 March 1996 Reference to local disc copy of guide removed 1 August 1996 Mostly small error corrections and minor additions thanks to Dietrich Wiegandt for pointing them out Removal of sections on elm and connecting to CERNVM Note about CN recommendations for mail agent pine and newsreaders trn and xrn 1 2 3 4 Table of contents Intr d ctiom seis svesshessdcvectssessaas suceuksdcactensscsedess
49. diria niacin bride ciated 75 AJI Recommended Manuals morrison A E N RE A T3 A12 Other TeAadi ng roen n E eh iG ied cates AA E aed ea E E dete as 75 A 2 General Unix Bibliography a tis sadeyovesesasucsdedssacetacaestsseacs aateaaesebedecasanscaavonees 77 Appendix B Commonly Used Unix Commands csssesssseceseeee 78 B I Managing Directories o Gatien 78 Boe MAA ELS a A E A O evens 78 Bro Manasins OOS dd 78 Bo E 78 BS System Information 10 as 79 Bj6 Utility Prostas a is 79 Bid Directory Identifiers sas dobla Orina A 79 B S Special Characters A 79 Table of contents Appendix C Glossary Table of contents 1 Introduction The objective of this guide is not to teach you basic UNIX but to tell you about the aspects that are specific to CERN Nevertheless Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of the main features of UNIX giving some examples from the Ultrix Operating System while Chapter 3 goes into more detail about file handling If you have little or no experience with UNIX we recommend you get the book A Practical Guide to the UNIX System by Mark G Sobell 17 available from the User Consultancy office in building 513 sold at 60 CHFs Another book which might be of interest is UNIX for VMS Users published by Digital Press and available from the UCO for 55 CHF 32 For users wishing to do some C programming also available is A Book on C by Al Kelley and Ira Pohl for 50 CHFs 18 and the C Primer by Stanle
50. e a friendly interface and few advanced features little or no support for rebooting from tape no compression etc although they are free Unless you fully understand them and or have a small number of systems to administer we urge you to at least consider one of the following 33 commercial products depending on the architecture of your system s e DEC ULTRIX and OSF 1 systems obtain licences for DECnsr Like several other tools DECnsr supports other platforms as clients HP systems Apollo Domain and Series 700 obtain license for OMNIBACK this tool can write to tapes or cartridges on Apollo or Series 700 and has Apollo Series 700 and SUN cli ents Series 700 licenses are immediately available via Alan Silverman CN Division see cern hp news e Other systems and mixed architectures groups there are many tools some propriety tool such as SUN s CoPilot and some general such as Legato Networker which is available for most platforms Contact Unix Workstation Support for more information Central Backup Do it for Me The tool we have chosen to use is IBM s ADSM a development from WDSF Workstation Data Save Facility Here the data is transferred to a VM system CERNVM in our case and the files are written to robot cartridges with a file index remaining on real disc At the worksta tion end the user installs a small client package and a run script whose contents include some filtering see below There
51. e file system is called your parent directory Unix provides shorthand symbols to indicate your current directory and your parent directory If a path name used to access a file begins with a slash then the search for the file begins at the root direc tory Such a path name is called an absolute path name or full path name If a path name begins with a simple filename then the search for the file begins at your current directory Such a path name is called a relative path name 4 2 List of Simple File System Commands 4 2 1 Displaying the contents of a directory Is To sort and display the names of all the directories and files that reside in your current direc tory use the 1s command ls filel file2 file 3 Mail Note that this will not list the hidden files such as login For that issue the command ls a 4 2 2 Changing the Working Directory cd To change your working directory that is to move to another directory use the cd command cd u otto Mail Use the cd command without any arguments to return to the HOME directory 4 2 3 Determining Your Working Directory pwd To find out the name of your working directory at any moment use the pwd command pwd u robin 28 4 2 4 Creating a New Directory mkdir To create a new subdirectory within your current working directory use the mkdir command mkdir personal This command will create a new subdirectory called personal 4 2 5 Removing an Existing D
52. e from the Self Service shelves of the UCO in Building 513 this presents an excellent comparison of features between the shells Also you might wish to get a copy of tesh and zsh for Pedestrians CN DCI 163 also from the UCO which presents an introduction to these two shells On most platforms you will find that the Bourne C and Korn shells are provided with the sys tem while you will have to install the others yourself The choice of which shell to use will depend on what type of work is being carried out It has been found that the Bourne flavour is often better suited for shell script programming whereas one of the more modern shells is bet ter for interactive use However often the use of a particular shell is a highly personal choice Not all UNIX systems offer the same shell for their default You can determine which shell you are in with the echo SHELL command Under the C shell this will give you the following lines echo SSHELL bin csh The env and printenv commands will also give you this information along with many other environment variables See Environment Variables on page 18 However all these commands will show you only your login shell If you have invoked another shell and you use one of these commands you will be informed about your login shell not the new shell you invoked The C shell is designated as csh the tcsh shell by tesh the Bourne shell sh the Bourne Again shell bash and the Korn shell by k
53. e re Rance IS 10 15 A ds obec ies Cttte 49 CAL ieee hts O chasis ah hose tases 29 Bid EE E ans Sone nots Reel aoe ari tia al 28 colita ea aa 62 CHIMOG T eunea ii 32 END ed 9 Index Combining tiles cd 30 Command recall oooconcooconnccnnnos 25 Commands built in eee 11 Commands format Of ccccccccccnncn 11 Comment line oooooooocnnncnccncnnnoonananononoss 15 Compiler 60 Compiler option oooconnocccnnoncninancninnnoss 60 Computer Newsletter oo ooonconnnnnnn 9 COP ii iia 34 CORE unan 66 0 o e A E E EET 30 Pia 33 ES 66 can reitera ad N 10 D o GAR ee an ee er en 63 Debra 63 DECO ui cds 34 DO e e N ROA 35 Distributed File System ee 35 A A O 33 VIS ii 49 E AAA O tac 19 Electronic mail occcccnnnnnooononnnonnnno 44 A A edie ties 55 Md edo 70 End Of file oooononnonononononnononannnncnonocoos 13 A A aa eit a 19 Environment variables 18 F Te Usui ase ins a eee hc ar anon tces 60 File backup iii inicia 33 File perMissions cccceeseeeesseeeeteees 31 Flere e a SS 15 Orkin eset ei 12 O 61 POR TRAN contado 60 89 WD 39 G OUEN o ads 55 CMS i 65 o A een e rere 68 ON 16 H Hard LINKS re 31 History opensa ieas nin 25 HOME veria 20 Home directory a 24 o es 69 I O enninu nini 24 HTO a S 68 Internet aa a a ae 36 68 K KReybOard jase eaa as 23 Kom shelli Saenen nara 10 A nee ee ete er re 10 L TAO earl AER SLAT
54. e the default values or create your own environment variables using the set command to set C shell variables Also the C Shell executes the cshre file that is located in your home directory each time you invoke a new C Shell as when you log on or execute a C Shell script or otherwise fork a new process At login it is executed before login It can be used to set variables and param eters that are local to a shell 21 The C Shell executes the Logout file in your home directory when you log off the system The following Logout file simply clears the screen clear If you modify your chsre or login commands and you want them to take effect in the current session you must execute them with the source command source cshrc source login The following table summarises the profile files associated with each shell at login logout and when a new shell is invoked although it may not completely describe the actions taken when you run a shell script Shell Conditions Executed scripts csh 1 always SHOME cshre login HOME login logout HOME logout tcsh always etc csh cshre login etc csh login or HOME login interactive HOME tcshre or SHOME cshre logout etc logout or SHOME logout sh 2 login etc profile or HOME profile ksh 3 always ENV 4 variable if set login etc profile or HOME profile SHOME kshre interactive bash always not possible login etc profile HOME bash_pr
55. ed a soft link may still exist which then will point to a non existent file 4 2 11 Deleting a File rm To delete a file use the rm command rm file 1 This form of the command will delete the file file 1 immediately To confirm before proceeding to delete the file add the i option rm i file l In fact you might like to define an alias to perform this delete operation In C shell notation alias del rm i 4 2 12 File and Directory Permissions This section deals with UNIX file protections only Files under the AFS file system see page 34 use a different protection scheme which is described fully in the CERN AFS User Guide see AFS Overview on page 34 for reference UNIX allows you to access other files and directories in the system but only if you have per mission from the owner of those directories and files 4 2 13 Determining Permission Is l To determine the permission associated with a given file or directory use the ls 1 com mand to display the contents of the directory ls 1 total 501 rw r 1 user group 108 Oct 15 19 10 file l rwxr x 1 user group 6452 Oct 15 17 15 program 1 drwxr xrw 1 user group 512 Oct 15 19 13 letters The first character indicates the type of the file ordinary files d directory l symbolic links The remaining nine characters represent three sets of three characters one set for the owner one set for the group field in BSD this is the
56. ed via World Wide Web in the CERN Computing UNIX Workstation Support entry under Guides 35 5 Communications 5 1 Internet Overview The Internet is a global network of networks that provides access to hundreds of thousands of computers around the world As the reach of the network has grown so has the number of services accessible The main tools that allow the user to navigate through the Internet are telnet to access remote hosts ftp to retrieve data files mail to send mail WWW to browse World Wide Web This facility is further described in World Wide Web WWW on page 68 news to scan the numerous Usenet news groups This facility is further described in News on page 71 5 1 1 Internet addresses There are two ways to reference an Internet host an alphabetic name and a series of numbers The alphabetic version is called the host name and the numeric the IP address At CERN all host names end with cern ch and this suffix is called the domain name Since hosts may change their addresses it is good practice to always use the host name Normally if your sys tem is configured correctly it should refer to the central CERN name servers and you should always be able to use host names However 1f for some reason the IP address cannot be found in the nameservers you can try the IP address directly 1f you happen to know it 5 1 2 Internet Services With a little practice the above men
57. ensitive environment and so MYFILE Myfile and myfile are three different filenames and FRED Fred and fred are three different login names Note if you do use upper case to log in UNIX may assume you have an upper case only terminal and you will have very limited capability If you do so either logout and log back in again or enter the command stty lcase 1 2 2 Logout The logout procedure is both shell as well as system eg DXCERN ULTRIX SUN etc dependent You can logout of the C shell see Chapter 2 UNIX Shells on page 10 within DXCERN with logout To logout of the Bourne shell use exit If you have any other processes which may have been created by mistake you will be informed that you have stopped jobs You can continue to enter logout repeatedly until each of these processes is terminated 1 2 3 Setting Passwords A CERN pre requisite is a password that prevents others using your account and should thus be regularly changed For the Computer Centre services users who forget their passwords Resetting passwords should contact the UCO tel 4952 otherwise contact your system admin istrator In order to change your password on UNIX use the command passwd This will prompt for your current password and then ask for two copies of your new password the second just for verification in order to avoid typing errors If your node has NIS previ ously called Yellow Pages NIS is a method of sharing access among
58. esrenreseeees 29 4 2 8 Renaming a File MY ss sccsccscessesosds NT 30 Table of contents 5 4 2 9 Copying a Filen Cpe oia io ba 30 4 2 10 Creating Links IM sissioni ar e aak a a EE ETE EEE EEEa ness 30 4 211 Deleting a Fil TM voient rosnie tien rea EE EEE EEA EEE S daa 31 4 2 12 File and Directory Permissions s s ssscseiseyssscesscsnsssopsctesssgsessciessescssgeseasses seb vasseeussesvasspsocnans 31 4 2 13 Determining Permission 18 oo eee ec eecceceeeeeeseeeeecseeseecaeesaecaecnaecnecsaeesecseeeseeeseneseeeees 31 4 2 14 Changing Permission chmod iiss ssiodaostesjercinnneitso osne erii aE oE EE EEEo peis saes 32 4 37 File Back p rrene n a ates sas lanes oe a a a es 33 4A AES OVErVIEW A 34 Communications 00000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 36 nternet OVERVIEW ti O a Ea 36 O CS EE EE A R E EEE E E 36 5 12 gt Internet Services uo a id 36 5 2 Remote Logi sesini esana ca 36 XAL Remote Processing eret SO 36 IA telnet EEEE EAEE E RE EEEE TELELE E ES ENEE EAE ed a a 37 3 23 TIO RS NR 38 5 3 Remote File ACCESS miii 38 A NR 39 iZ OPE A a eee acta 41 A Remote ne aa uae sk date a Rate ace oo naa Mitts Prien eek 42 DAD PSM AE eee sages cass sats ood hgh oa coda tk A een sees Sage eagle ged ede ease eee Soe eed 42 DeAZ T 1 0 T esses ESE SEEE S AE EEEE AE EAEE EOE E E EOE EE 42 JA E T a ee ee eee eee 43 J Mal eeann a T R A a edly Min Ae oe E A a e 44 5 5 1 Getting Started wit
59. estecuaicsventabiocastascessectiace l 1 L Getting a UNIX Account excises scscecscessvsonsesseenncoserevsenntesncnosvoetvassacevecesesecessies 1 2 Login Logout Setting Passwords co cc ale nae eae aie 8 D250 0 A AE 8 AZ LOS OU 5 iF c cade Sosce ds soe be AER SB A vhake lesa TERE ees RATS 8 1 2 3 Setting Passwords sciis sesscssscesssssvissasesauscas vas epsctis ch epssdaesscuacs pabsseoicssscdsvasisonssasssssstscbasssanesvaoeee 9 UNIX Shells unimarc LO AL Mens Commands as 11 2 2 DAA is A A A A A 12 2 32 SPEOCESSES uainne ae a eaa aa a aa ae e Ee 12 2 4 Standard Input Output and Redirection oooocnncccnoncccnoncccnnnnncnnnnnononcccnonanonnncnnnno 13 Ded OS 14 PA E S e ES e E 15 Dad MS O 15 220 Regular EXDISSSIOOS ada 16 Working Environment iccc sccsccsccsseceseccisesecsescetssziscecteccsesssestcctectense LO A a AA RO 18 3 1 1 Setting Environment Variables oooncnnnnocionnconnonnnonconocononnnnnnonnn ran conc ono non c cano rn conan ronca arca nonnos 18 3 1 2 Getting Values of Environment Variables ooooonconnnoccnicnoonncnnonnnannnnnnnnnonccnncnn nono c cono nccnncnnos 19 3 1 3 A Summary of Some Useful Environment Variables oooonncnncninnincnnononnnonocanonacinncnnncnncnnos 19 3 1 4 Changing Your Command Prompt occoccncccononoconnconccnnonnccnnonnnnnnnnnnnn non nrnn conc rnn cnn nr nac on non nccnncnnos 20 3 2 The Profile Piles aci 21 3 3 Terminal Characterist S A A a a is 23 IL Keyboards ii A A hs ee
60. f a modifier such as lt Ctr1 gt CONTROL lt Esc gt ESCAPE or lt META gt META followed by one or more characters In this text the following notation is used to describe the keystrokes lt Ctrl g gt Hold down the lt Ctr1 gt key and press g lt ESsc x gt Press lt Esc gt release it and then press x Most emacs manuals refer to the lt META gt key instead of the lt Esc gt key But most key boards don t have a lt META gt key so we will refer to lt Esc gt If you have a lt META gt key you will probably prefer to use it instead of lt Esc gt The lt META gt key works like the lt Ctr1 gt key described above lt Esc x gt is then equivalent to lt META x gt Hold down the lt META gt key and press x To complete a command you may need to press a carriage return lt Return gt Press the RETURN key This key may be labelled ENTER on your key board All emacs commands even the simplest ones have a full name for example forward word is equivalent to the keystrokes lt Esc f gt and forward char is equivalent to lt Ctr1 f gt Many commands only have full names there are no corresponding keystrokes 6 2 2 Starting emacs To start emacs simply type emacs followed by the name of the file s you want to edit emacs myfile 6 2 3 Exiting emacs To exit emacs type lt Ctrl x gt lt Ctrl c gt 55 6 2 4 Emacs Screen When you enter emacs you are in a workspace A cursor marks
61. g a mail for example to see this list of subcommands Note Ultrix HP UX and AIX use r to reply to all the people contained within the To and CC lists and R to reply to the sender only In SunOs the reverse occurs However the man pages on the different systems correctly describe the behaviour on the different systems By default mail uses the vi editor Insert a line set EDITOR usr local bin emacs into your HOME mailrc file to change the default editor to emacs If you want to work with your personal mailbox instead of the system mailbox type mailx f Work with an arbitrary mail folder is started as mail f filename 45 5 5 3 Useful facilities From some Unix machines it is possible to check if a destination address within CERN is cor rect by typing the command mverify recipient address from the shell prompt where recipient address must be of the form user host The command mverify for CERNVM users must be entered as mverify userid crnvmb Alias names of your frequent correspondants can be entered in the mailrc file in your home directory in the format alias name address e g alias dear you cernapo Example of HOME mailre contents alias hd dob hp9a gsi de alias um rz02 mvs gsi de alias rb brun cernvm cern ch alias he goofy v6000a gsi de alias body user cageirda bitnet Aliases may contain lists of addresses but not lists of aliases 5 5 4 The pine mail system pine is a mail user agent designed
62. group of the directory in which the file was cre ated in System V it is the group under which the process was running when the file was cre 31 ated and one for all other users Spread out the characters of the display above to explain the groupings Type User Group Others TWX T X program d TWX T X rw letters For each entry the permissions given are for reading writing and executing They have dif ferent meanings for ordinary files and directories For an ordinary file permissions are defined as follows read permission means you may look at the contents of the file write permission means you may change the contents of the file or delete it execute permission means you may execute the file as if it were a Unix com mand For a directory permissions are defined as follows read permission means you may see the names of the files in the directory write permission means you may add files to and remove files from the directory execute permission means you may change to the directory search the direc tory and copy files from it The characters used to represent these permissions are read permission W write permission x execute permission permission denied 4 2 14 Changing Permission chmod You can make changes to permissions by entering a chmod command It allows the owner of the file to add to or remove from existing permissions It also allows the owner t
63. h mail MailX kecin ti anaE ESA aE at EE iaa 44 5 5 2 mail mailx Command Set r r a e e a AE E EEEE EN 45 529237 Useful facilities E E A AEE at 46 3 9 4 The pine mail system sranna ita hic Bach AA ESEE E E EEES Lane 46 5 5 5 How to get help with problems oooonocnoccnccnonoconconnnonnnnnnancnn nono non ncnnc cono nnnon non nono near cnn siesta 46 A A A e teatad sin A A nomcoan games 47 5 61 Pining With iproseso e eae a T EE ea E er Ea EE EErEE s 47 5 6 2 Some Useful Unix Print Functions ooooocncnnnnonoonccnonononnnononononnnononononnnnncnnnnononacononanonncnnononnnnns 48 5 0 3 Printing ON 49 5 6 4 Printing With LATEX amic EE E N E EEE ERSE 49 FileEditing lt a GT ya feces ten Sadak AN 50 6 1 1 a AAA eisiea eies E e sha scsacte chose chau ea ERE lend rE Ea Eea i 50 6 12 Starting Vi ae NN 50 AS OO 50 6 1 4 vi Command Mode a E nono nononnnnrncnnnnnnnnacononnnn aE 51 6 15 ex Command Mode unica llosa 51 6 1 6 Ba sic VI Keystrokes viotscttianad inesse iee iisti E shtueaad ede NEEE E EEE E den 52 IA A A o O OO 54 6 1 8 More about ts te 55 6 2 GNU EMACS arar A as 55 6 24 Emacs COMO A Lcda 55 6 2 2 Starting A ON 55 6 23 EXI MaCS sii rd ei 55 6224 VEMacs CTE teo 56 60 23 Emacs modes A A a Cea Ro LR RS 56 6 2 6 Basic emacs Keystrokes cio danita da EA TES ROLE PEE Esaa TERES isi 58 6 2 7 More information about emacs cccccceeesssscececesssaececcecesaececeeceesscececeseseeeeececesesaeeeeeeeeaees 59 Table of contents 7
64. hell program 11 groff man filellp ddest The first command pipes the output of the pwd man pages as an example to be printed on a printer dest The second command gives a better formatted output but you require know where the input man pages for the command in question are stored This will be somewhere in the usr man directory hierarchy You can guess where by looking at the output of man com mand the first line will contain the string command i and then the file in question should be in usr man mani command i Note that on some systems HP UX for example the files may only be in usr man mani Z and need to be uncompressed before used in this way To correct typing errors you can use the erase key to erase character by character or the kill key to kill an entire line Recalling and editing previously executed commands command his tory depends on the shell you are in and is discussed briefly in a later section More than one command can be entered on a line if the commands are separated by semico lons Such commands will be executed sequentially If you need to continue a command to a new line you can either keep on typing or enter a backslash character followed by a carriage return and then continue on the next line You can use parentheses to group commands Since a subshell is created for each group this can be used to prevent changing the current environment It can also be used to redirect all out put from a set of c
65. ic questions write to mail support cern ch 5 6 Printing 5 6 1 Printing with lpr Printer output is sent to the device specified in the environment variable PRINTER or by the device given with the P option in the print command If neither of these are defined output will be either printed on the system default printer disappear down a black hole or generate an error message depending on the system setup Set up your printer using the command PRINTER printername export PRINTER for Bourne amp korn shells setenv PRINTER printername for csh Should you wish to change the printer momentarily simply use a command like the following to print your file lpr Pprintername filename Text files printed through the springer central print server must be converted to PostScript for printing on a PostScript printer such as an Apple LaserWriter For printers connected to the AppleTalk the vast majority of printers at CERN this formatting is normally done automati cally on springer What follows currently applies ONLY to AppleTalk connected PostScript printers For the formatting process some decisions have been taken as to how the text should appear on the page These decisions concern the text formatting program the text s layout on the physical page and the size of characters used In the absence of any formatting specification by the user or in the printer description entry on the print server a paper saving defaul
66. ing program which monitors and manages a system resource such as printers working sets etc detached job A job that continues processing after the user has logged out device See physical device device file A file that represents a device Also called a special file directory A Unix file that contains names of other files or directories More technically a sys tem managed file containing the associations between path components and inodes Each directory entry contains an inode number and a path component directory hierarchy The arrangement of directories in a Unix file system consisting of a root directory at the top of the directory hierarchy containing pointers to all file systems and hence to all directories on the system disk partition Part of a disk onto which a file system is mounted driver The device dependent code for a particular device class eg a specific type of printer or terminal environment The set of characteristics describing a user s sessions including open files user and group identification process identification and environment variables environment variable A variable exported automatically to subsequent programs EOF End of file generated by lt ctrl d gt or the end of a file used as input escape A special character 0x1b initiating command sequences for terminals and programs A metacharacter is said to be escaped when preceded by the character Y to make the metacharacter l
67. irectory rmdir To remove an existing directory from your working directory move to the target directory delete all its files move back to the parent directory and then use the rmdir command cd u useless pwd u useless rm i cd rmdir useless The i switch forces rm to prompt for confirmation before removing a file If you try to remove a directory that is not empty you will see an error message You may use the following shorter method instead of the above rm u useless rmdir u useless Or rm r u useless The r switch removes all files recursively from the directory tree Note that these do not delete the hidden files such as login For that issue the command rm u useless 4 2 6 Renaming a Directory mv To change the name of a directory use the mv command mv old name new name 4 2 7 Displaying the Contents of a File cat more etc To display the contents of a file use the cat command It simply displays the contents of a file or several files on the screen standard output 29 cat file 3 file l However if a file has more lines than the screen it will scroll off the screen faster than you can read it In this case one of use the commands more less page or pg Combining Files Another function of the cat command is to combine files or concatenate files with the result stored in another file e g cat file 1 file 2 gt file 3 Avoid storing the result in one of the o
68. is a small licensing charge per client but for the moment at least that will be covered by CN Division Clients are available for all major workstations present on site ADSM is still relatively new to CERN and production systems still rely on WDSF but tests are continuing with ADSM Also a version of ADSM running as a master on an RS 6000 is under test so that it should soon become independent of CERNVM while still storing the saved files on robot cartridges ADSM works in several modes Because of the potential for network traffic from up to 1000 workstations today plus the demand for disc catalogue space on CERNVM we offer a service to backup USER files only files in the HOME directory tree and we normally exclude files which are relatively simple to recreate o files lis files dvi files etc There are other restric tions which will apply no core dump files no very large data files and all of these will be reviewed from time to time in the light of experience in real use Further this service is effec tively an incremental backup from the previous backup since the IBM keeps a current map of the disc in its catalogue space At the moment of the first backup of a station we will consider performing a full archive backup and users performing major system upgrades may request this at such times ADSM backups will be performed within time limits mutually agreed by the users of the sta tion s and CN it will usually be overnight and
69. iversal Resource Locator can be thought of as an address of an object which exists in the Web and which can be accessed A more precise definition is given in the help pages of the mosaic and www browsers 2 Previous versions of this utility were called xmosaic but users are advised to invoke mosaic as the new versions starting with version 2 have many more interesting features 69 Print Prints the current document without the numbered document refer ences A background www is launched to do that and its output is piped to the command defined by the environment variable WWW_PRINT_COMMAND lpr by default gt file gt gt file Saves or appends the current document to the given file without the numbered document references A background www is launched to do that Icommand Pipes the current document to the given command without the num bered document references A background www is launched to do that CD or LCD directory Changes the local working directory 9 3 2 phone To display information on a particular user the phone command can be used Information can be obtained by using phone together with name userid phone number bleeper number or division for example phone mickey This will display the relevant information for the entries where the name contains mickey The required entry can be interrogated further to display electronic mail and account information for the user in question For further information on ph
70. l Enable word wrap auto fill mode Overwrite Replaces characters as you type overwrite mode instead of inserting them Auto save Saves your file automatically auto save mode In your HOME emacs file the startup file of emacs you can set your favourite modes to be turned on automatically every time you start emacs 57 6 2 6 Basic emacs Keystrokes Moving around gt ft T y lt Esc gt f lt Esc gt b lt Ctrl a gt lt Ctrl e gt lt Ctrl v gt lt Esc gt v lt Esc gt gt lt Esc gt lt lt Ctrl 1 gt Deleting Text lt Del gt lt Ctrl d gt lt Esc gt lt Del gt lt Esc gt d lt Ctrl k gt lt Ctrl w gt lt ESc gt w lt Ctrl y gt lt Ctrl gt or lt Ctrl lt Space gt gt Move forward one character right Move backward one character left Move to previous line up Move to next line down Move word forward Move word backward Move to beginning of line Move to end of line Move forward one screen Move backward one screen Move to end of buffer Move to beginning of buffer Redraw screen with current line in the center Delete previous character Delete character under cursor Delete previous word Delete the word the cursor is on Delete from cursor to end of line Delete region area between mark and cursor Copy region into kill ring Restore what you have deleted Mark the beginning or end of a region Stopping and Undoing Command
71. lay SDISPLAY cernvm or remsh rzri6f tn3270 display DISPLAY cernvm The next examples illustrate the I O redirection mechanism with the remsh command They are not examples for efficient file transfer remsh rzri6f cat profile gt gt profile appends the profile you have on the rzri6f to your local profile Find the difference remsh rzri6f cat profile gt profile old Right Your remote profile will be copied to a remote file named profile old 5 4 3 rexec With the rexec command you can execute a command on every remote UNIX host you have an account on regardless if they are made equivalent or not with the rhosts mechanism The rexec command works in the same way as remsh does the only difference is that you will be prompted for your name and password on the remote host rexec hostname command You can try the examples from the last section on remsh with one disadvantage If you use unquoted I O redirection the authentification prompts do not work properly you will not see the prompts but you can type in your username and password blindly 43 5 5 Mail This section appears as well in the document The CERN Electronic Mail User Guide A sophisticated mail program comes bundled with most flavors of Unix operating systems e g Mail on Berkeley Unix or mailx on System V It interfaces to sendmail a Unix facil 1ty for mail routing Some Unix users prefer to use the elm or pine user interface to
72. mment should be the first two characters of the first line of a shell script and should be followed by the path of the shell to be executed on most systems Appendix C Glossary dot The current directory dotdot The parent directory of the current directory absolute pathname A pathname which starts with the root directory An absolute pathname locates a file without regard to the working directory Pathnames that are not absolute are called relative access Frequently used to mean use read from or write to alias The mechanism for providing a different name for a Unix command string alphanumeric character One of the characters from a z and 0 9 inclusive either uppercase or lowercase append To add to the end of something else argument Any word string of characters delimited by spaces or tabs occuring after the com mand on a command line argv The variable in which the list of arguments to a command is stored argc Number of variables in the list of arguments to a command only on some systems more usually referred to as argv arithmetic operator Symbol used to indicate and execute addition subtraction multiplication or division a out Binary executable file background job A job which is not receiving input from the terminal A job not in the background is said to be in the foreground bin directory A directory containing binaries of programs and shell scripts
73. ms 1 linking as a second phase of the compilation command This is the method most com monly used in the Unix world 2 compiling and linking with separate commands Although a specific command for linking exists 1d in practice it is very little used Since the compilation command normally 77 doesn t require you to actually compile anything and takes care of providing the correct language specific and system libraries it 1s usually used for linking in preference to 1d 3 use of the make command The make command is not described here because it involves a completely different phi losophy which will only confuse new UNIX users If you are interested in this powerful tool you are encouraged to read the man pages for make and the references given there See also the book by Talbott 25 7 2 Compile Link Run Although the name of the compiler and recommended options may differ from platform to platform all Unix compilers function in essentially the same way as illustrated in the simple examples below To create an executable program you compile a source file containing a main program For example to compile a Fortran program named hello f 1 use 77 hello f If no errors occur the compiler creates an executable file named a out in the current work ing directory Similarly to compile and then run a C program use cc hello c a out If your source is divided among separate files simply specify all files in the compile
74. n Deleting Text X Delete previous character x Delete character under cursor d Delete the word the cursor is on D Delete from cursor to end of line d Delete current line p Put deleted text after cursor P Put deleted text before cursor Once again the deletion characters may be preceded by a number to perform multiple dele tions thus 5dd will delete the next 5 lines starting with the current line Yank yw Yank copy word yy Yank copy current line ayy Yank copy current line into named buffer a p Put yanked text after cursor P Put yanked text before cursor aP Put text from buffer a before cursor 1 Yanking means copying text into a buffer 53 Undoing and other vi Commands Exiting Commands Z Xx Wa W w filename q q Q e file Some ex Commands set set all set number set showmode set option set option value set option set nooption sh lt Ctrl d gt command r newfile r command 6 1 7 The exrc File Repeat last edit command Undo last edit Restore current line Join two lines Save write and quit file Save write and quit file Save write and quit file Save write file Write current buffer to filename Quit file Quit file with no save Quit vi and invoke ex Edit file without leaving vi Display options set by user Display list of all current options both default and those set by the user Display line
75. n Support team then the info command will point to that database which is perma nently mounted 9 2 2 HP Online documentation for the HP UX is available through a central server known as hp osfl The documentation can be invoked by typing 1rom if the HP Laserrom UX software has been installed The software and the documentation is on a CD ROM which is usually but not always mounted For further information about mounting the software refer to the CERN HP UX Installation Guide In case of problems check with hp support cern ch 9 2 3 DEC For ULTRIX and OSF the man pages will have been added to your system during the system installation If this has not been done for example to save disk space or if you require addi tional documentation the CD library may be accessed from the server dxsoft using the Bookreader application For further information about setting the environment variable and mounting the documenta tion library please refer to the CERN Guide to Installing ULTRIX 9 2 4 SUN The SUN documentation is the answerbook which is the SUN software to access the on line manuals For information about installing answerbook please refer to The CERN Sun workstation cookbook 9 3 Information Servers 9 3 1 World Wide Web WWW The World Wide Web is a way of viewing online information available on the Internet The user can navigate and browse through information which has been hand authored or partly
76. n as a node ignoreeof A variable in some shells to prevent lt ctrl d gt from logging you out inode Pointer used to locate data on a physical device interrupt A signal to a program to change its instruction flow e g to stop the execution of the program often set to lt ctrl c gt job One or more commands typed on the same input line Jobs are classified as fore ground background or suspended job number A unique number assigned to a job when it starts kernel The operating system control program ksh Shorthand for bin ksh the Korn shell program link An entry in a directory that points to an existing file There are hard links and sym bolic links or soft links link the operation of linking object files and libraries together to form an executable binary file login A file in your home directory which is executed each time you login login directory Your default working directory the location in the file system that Unix automatically puts you when you log in Same as the home directory login name The unique name assigned to a user which is used at the login prompt to login to the system login shell The shell that is started when you login logout A file in your home directory which is executed when you log out metacharacter Character with special meaning to the shell or to Unix NFS Network File System a protocol developed by Sun Microsystems Inc to permit access to files on remote c
77. nd become dotted underlined text For information on the many options offerred by mosaic consult the Help pages within mosaic itself WWW On terminals which can not run mosaic www should be used www is a line mode browser which allows you to access a wealth of information on the global internet WWW can be invoked by typing www at the shell prompt You can find information by following references and or by using keywords References are numbers in brackets after particular phrases Type the number and lt RETURN gt for more information on the phrase There are a number of commands which are available at the prompt within www Some are disabled when not applicable All commands may be abbreviated and case is not significant Some of the more useful commands are Find lt keywords gt Queries the current index with the supplied keywords The interpre tation of the keywords depends on the particular information server you are looking at In most cases it will search a database for entries matching the keywords and will display the results with possible links to further details For more complex queries instructions should be present in the cover page The find command can be omitted if the first keyword does not conflict with another www command Source Followed by another command causes raw source to be generated for that command Useful for printing postscript files without formatting with SOURCE PRINT 1 A URL or Un
78. nding letters called datagrams or establishing two ways links called virtual circuits Data grams may atrive out of order or be lost Virtual circuits protect against packets arriv ing out of order but may lose packets Higher order protocols may provide either order services or replacements for lost or damaged packets trusted host A host that permits access without a password tty An abbreviation for teletype frequently used to indicate the port to which a given ter minal is connected user ID A number associated with each login name white space A name for spaces and or tabs wild card character A character with a special meaning in a file specification working directory The directory you are currently in Relative pathnames are built upon the working directory Also called current directory Index Symbols OSEA As 21 EMS re io E ees 57 EXC aa 54 A T E E 21 Jogin annn n wuiceet 21 O 21 TOS eee 37 A Absolute PALS ion 28 Account e e dee 7 PLD S Msc eset di 34 ARS A TN 34 AMS O ads 24 Andrew File System ooooonnnccninncccnnncos 34 ANONYMOUS ftp ooccccooccccnoccnonocaninanacinnnnos 40 ANSWerbo0k ooooooooncccccnconnnonancnonccnonnnns 68 ADUO POS a ovat iret E e aa i 68 Alek hee e 61 64 archive ti 64 A 65 AUR o 16 B Back Pei a 33 O tissk hectsed arain 10 A A eee 63 Bookreader coconocococnnonccnnonnnonanononocnonnnns 68 Bourne shell onnnncnnncnncnnnnn 10 15 C O aa 60 ES cal Penc
79. nds must be entered in lower case The components are separated by at least one blank space If an argument contains a blank enclose the argument in double quote marks Normally options can be grouped e g the lw in the example below Some options can have arguments and unfortunately there isn t consist ency on whether there should be a blank space between the option and its argument Examples we lw filel file2 we l w filel file2 77 o outputfile program f In the third example output file is the argument of the option o You should be aware that UNIX commands are not noted for their consistency of format Fur thermore commands formats arguments and options vary somewhat from one UNIX plat form to another In this Guide we attempt to be generic and describe options that are widely available for exact details on any command including a full list of allowable options and arguments see the man pages for that command the man command is described in man pages on page 67 Various options are possible to print man pages on a printer but unfortu nately there is no universal formula You may try one of the following but we cannot guarantee which will work best for you man pwd col bllp ddest or 1 Note usually a UNIX command is actually the name of a file which the operating system will load and execute see Path on page 12 Other commands are built in in the sense that they are included in the UNIX s
80. ng a file with the ending c it puts you in the C mode If the file has the ending tex it puts you in the T X mode If emacs can t determine a special mode it puts you in the fundamental mode the most general of all modes You can also change the mode manually with the command lt Esc x gt startup command lt Return gt The important major modes and their startup commands are in the following table Mode Description Startup command Fundamental The default mode no special behavior fundamental mode Text For writing text text mode Directory For editing directory contents dired mode Indented text Indents all the text you type indented text mod Picture For creating simple drawings picture mode C For writing C programs c mode FORTRAN For writing FORTRAN programs fortran mode nroff For formatting file for nroff nroff mode TX For formatting file for TX tex mode LATER For formatting file for IA latex mode Outline For writing outlines outline mode 56 Mode Description Startup command View For viewing files but not editing view file Mail For sending mail mail Read Mail For reading mail rmail In addition to the major modes there are also minor modes These define a practical aspect of emacs and can be turned on and off within a major mode Mode Description Startup command Abbrev Allows you to use word abbreviations abbrev mode Fil
81. numbers Displays in insert mode a message on the promptline indicating the type of insert you are making Activate option Assign value to option Display value of option Deactivate option Invoke shell Return to editor from shell Execute UNIX command Read contents of newfile into current file Read output of UNIX command into current file Your can control your vi environment with the HOME exrc file in your home directory A sample exrc file looks like this sel se ch oct number showmode The file is read by ex before it enters the vi mode commands in exrc should not have a pre ceding colon 54 6 1 8 More about vi More about vi may be available in the man page on your workstation Recommendable books about vi are Learning the vi Editor by Linda Lamb and The Ultimate Guide to the vi and ex text editors from the Hewlett Packard Company 6 2 GNU emacs GNU emacs is a powerful editor in the UNIX world Emacs belongs to the GNU project of the Free Software Foundation and is available on all UNIX platforms Unlike most other editors emacs is a complete working environment you can start emacs in the morning work all day and night and never leave it It can be used to compile programs for interactive work with the UNIX shell and so on Before windowing systems like X became popular emacs often served as a complete windowing environment 6 2 1 Emacs Commands Emacs commands consist o
82. o clear existing permission and assign all permission from scratch this is known as assigning permis sions absolutely The chmod command affects any of the three types of access for any of the three categories of Unix users using one letter symbols in the following order left to right u owner user g File s group o all others a all default add permission remove permission absolute permission r to read 32 w to write x to execute Caution It is possible for you to lock yourself out of one of your own files with chmod Be careful when you type it Example ls 1 psab rwxr xr x 1 otto rz 487 Jul 30 10 21 psab chmod o x psab ls 1 psab rwxr xr 1 otto rz 487 Jul 30 10 21 psab In the above example the first Ls 1 shows the default permissions for a script which is exe cutable and readable by everyone but writable only by the owner After the chmod o x com mand the execution permission for others is removed The file permissions can also be expressed in octal numeric form see the man pages of chmod for details 4 3 File Backup There are now over 1000 Unix Workstations on the CERN site and the number grows almost daily Some of these are grouped into well organised clusters where system administration tasks are well understood and handled by assigned individuals Others are less well catered for and many end users now find themselves having to become part time system administrators and ha
83. of recommended utilities However for more details on this work the reader should consult the system manager of his or her local system in order to determine which parts of that environment are implemented and hence which further documentation it may be neces sary to read 1 1 Getting a UNIX Account In order to obtain an account on any central system you must first contact your Group Admin istrator who will register you on the necessary systems once you have read the Computer Rules and signed the registration form This form must then be sent or taken to the UCO Regista tion form in building 513 where your account s will be validated For UNIX accounts a User Identification Number UID will be given This is a unique number that is given to your account name and should be valid over all the centrally maintained UNIX type platforms at CERN Even for those who have private workstations only it is advisable to see your Group Adminis trator and be granted a UID number even without being registered on the central services so that this number is reserved for your use 1 2 Login Logout Setting Passwords 1 2 1 Login Once you have an account on a central machine you may login from any connected terminal If you have to buy a terminal for your office first refer to the CN Terminal Co ordination Service A User Guide available at the UCO This will help you choose the type of terminal you might wish to purchase Note that at the present
84. ofile or SHOME profile interactive HOME bashrc non interactive ENV variable if set logout HOME bash_logout zsh always etc zshenv HOME zshenv login etc zprofile HOME zprofile HOME zlogin interactive etc zshre HOME zshrc logout etc zlogout or SHOME zlogout 22 1 System wide startup scripts are not available in most cases csh on Sun and DEC platforms starts no file under etc according to the manpages csh on HP platforms starts the file etc csh login at login time csh on SGI platforms starts the file etc cshrc then etc login then etc csh cshrc then HOME cshre at interactive time and all those files plus HOME login at login time csh on IBM platforms starts the files etc csh cshre and etc csh login at login time and etc csh cshrce at interactive time 2 Again there are some differences between platforms Not all Bourne shells are starting the system level etc profile and non interactive login Bourne shells do not start any profile at all 3 ksh is not available on SunOS IV Thus a link to zsh is provided 4 SENV is the file pointed to by the value of the environment variable ENV if it is set It is usually set to kshrc in the HOME directory 3 3 Terminal Characteristics You can specify your terminal type to Unix if the default is not suitable To do so in the C shell enter the command set term termtype where termt ype is the name of a terminal type supported on the system
85. ommands considered as a group see below Type ahead is permitted even if the characters get interspersed with output UNIX commands are described online via the man command see man pages on page 67 for more information 2 2 Path When you issue a command the shell program parses the command line and either processes it directly or searches for a file with that name in any of the directories specified in your search path which is controlled by the shell variable PATH If the file is not found in any of the directories in your search path the shell reports that the command was not found The file may well be on the disk somewhere but it is not in your path We will attempt to provide an appropriate default path in a future CERN UNIX Environment but you can always modify the value of PATH in your startup file normally cshre or Login for the C shell family or profile for the Bourne shell family see The Profile Files on page 21 If you are using the C tcsh or zsh shells for example and you add a command to one of the directories in your search path it may be necessary for you to either log out and log back in or to recreate the internal tables used by the C shell with the rehash command 2 3 Processes When you begin a terminal session the operating system starts a single parent process Creat ing a new process from an existing process is called forking This new process is called a child process and
86. omplete list of news groups from which to select the ones to which you wish to subscribe Luckily the list is presented in alphabetic order and a scroll bar is provided to help you get to the ones you want As new newsgroups become available you will automatically be offered the chance to subscribe the next time you execute xrn This calls itself an efficient news reader and although it is more difficult for a new user to learn offers an enormous variety of options and functions for someone who wants to scan if not read a large amount of news Since it is not an X application it can be used from any type of terminal Don t forget to create a newsrc file before using trn for the first time Subsequently each time you execute it you will first be given the chance to examine newly created groups If you are not interested in them type U to unsubscribe For each newsgroup to which you subscribe you are first presented with a list of all new news articles from which you select the ones you want to look at by typing in the letter or number appearing to the left of the subject line When you have finished selecting items hitting the space bar will put you into reading mode where the text of the selected articles will be presented one after the other trn commands are normally just one letter and are mostly CASE SENSITIVE present the list of active news items in the current groupt hor help summary of the commands that you can
87. omputers 85 86 noclobber A variable in some shells which can be set to prevent accidental destruction of files by output redirection noglob A variable in some shells which can be set to suppress the filename expansion of argu ments containing certain metacharacters ordinary file Collection of characters stored on disk Contrast with special device file or directory file output Information that a program sends to the terminal or other file panic The kernel has detected a fatal error and is terminating a system crash A panic dump results parent directory The directory one level closer to the root than the current directory parent process The process that forked to create a child process path A directory specification An absolute path starts with slash and is relative to a proc ess s definition of the system s root directory A relative path does not have an initial slash and is relative to a process s definition of its current working directory pathname A list of directories separated by characters It is used to trace a path through a file structure to locate a file The types are simple absolute and relative path component A field of a path delimited by the beginning a slash and the end of the path physical device A piece of hardware attached to the computer eg disk drive printer physical device name The name given to a physical device PID Process IDentification The PID number i
88. one refer to the relevant man page 9 3 3 emdir The emdi r command is an electronic mail directory service which allows you to interrogate a central directory for the addresses of CERN personnel and update your own entry on it For various reasons the binary file for emdir has the name EMDIR_L as currently stored on ASIS The emdir command can be used on its own or with the following parameters name first name division phone experiment institute institute phone and mail address If parameters are given the database will be accessed in order to retrieve an entry correspond ing to the parameters A __or may be used to replace any missing parameters or as a wild card at either end of or within any of the parameters For further information on how to use the emdi r command please refer to the relevant man pages Nearly all new entries on emdir are created automatically upon registration for an account on any of the central computers at CERN However 1f this is not the case send an email mes sage to emdirmgr vxcern cern ch asking for the creation of your emdir entry Thereafter you will be responsible for its update Example To update the mail address of Denys Smithers emdir 70 Emdir gt Query 333 Information for Smithers is displayed Emdir gt Update Update gt 8 smithers dxcern cern ch Update gt Go Emdir gt Exit After the Go command you will be prompted for a password which will be requested before all
89. ose its special meaning ethernet A packetised asynchronous protocol using coaxial or optical fiber cable with multiple senders and receivers Each node listens for packets which are addressed to it When a node wants to send it waits for the ethernet to be idle and then sends If two or more nodes attempt to send at the same time they detect this condition by checking their own signals as they come back to the node and if the signals are damaged each node waits for a short random amount of time and then tries again event Past command stored in the history list exec A family of system calls that replace one program executing in a process with another The system calls differ in format of the arguments and not in the purpose of the sys tem call expansion The replacement of strings in the shell input which contain metacharacters by other strings file A collection of data known to the operating system In most operating systems a file is associated with a specific name or names In Unix a file need not have a name but most files do at least have one 83 84 file descriptor The number Unix assigns to an open file filename The set of characters used to reference a file file system a the component of the kernel that manages data resources into files b a disk data structure used to manage a tree of files filter A program that reads form standard input does something and writes to standard out put foreground job
90. ot in my PATH UCO 162 http consult cern ch writeup unixpath The Cern Electronic Mail User Guide A general guide to electronic mail at CERN UCO 6 http consult cern ch writeup mailguide The proposal for a common script environment UCO 168 http consult cern ch writeup hepscripts Pine Information Center http www washington edu pine The CERN Zephyr manual A system to send interactive messages to other users UCO 165 http consult cern ch writeup zephyr 75 15 CERN XTerminal Guide UCO 158 http consult cern ch writeup xterminal 16 M Goossens A Samarin TeX at CERN Local Guide CN US 136 1992 76 A 2 General Unix Bibliography 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Mark G Sobell A Practical Guide to the UNIX System available at the UCO Building 513 for CHF 60 Al Kelley and Ira Pohl A Book on C available at the UCO Building 513 for CHF 50 Metcalf and Reed Fortran 90 Explained available at the UCO Building 513 for CHF 30 D Cameron and B Rosenblatt Learning GNU Emacs O Reilly amp Associates Inc Sebastopol USA 1991 R M Stallman GNU Emacs Manual available from the UCO for CHF 24 D E Knuth The TeXbook Addison Wesley Reading 1990 available from the UCO for CHF 46 E Krol The Whole INTERNET User s Guide and Catlog O Reilly 1992 ISBN 1 56592 025 2 L Lamport LaTeX A Document Preparation
91. ow keys for command line editing see man pages on page 67 for these shells for more details In addition tesh supports csh command recall and zsh supports both csh and ksh command recall options 26 4 File System 4 1 File Structure Unix has a structured file system that contains three kinds of files directories which store the names of other files including other directories ordinary file which store text source programs and object code and special file which correspond to peripheral devices sockets and a UNIX construc tion called named pipes which we will not treat in this Guide symbolic links are text files containing the path name to the real placement of the file referred to by the name of the symbolic link 4 1 1 Naming Directories and Files The root directory is identified by a single character slash To name one of the major directories directly under root type slash to represent root followed by the directory s own name as in bin The slash in front of bin tells you that usr is a subdirectory of root uor user user directory bin binary directory dev device directory etc miscellaneous directory usually system files tmp temporary directory The home directory on the central Unix Service DXCERN is u gg userid where gg refers to the user s computing group code and userid is the login name and for AFS it is afs cern ch user X userid where X is the first letter of the login name
92. pears The command vi returns you back to vi command mode In vi command mode you can issue a single ex command and immediately return to vi mode by prefacing an ex command with a 51 6 1 6 Basic vi Keystrokes Moving around gt OD Shep lt Return gt or lt Ctrl gt lt Ctrl1 b gt G 1 n lt Ctrl g gt lt Ctrl 1 gt pattern pattern n N Move forward one character right Also the 1 key Move backward one character left Also the h key Move to previous line up Also the k key Move to next line down Also the j key Move one word forward Move one word backward Move to beginning of line Move to beginning of next line Move to beginning of previous line Move to end of line Move forward one screen Move backward one screen Move to end of buffer Move to beginning of buffer Move to line number n Display current line number Redraw screen Search forward for pattern Search backwards for pattern Repeat last search in same direction Repeat last search in opposite direction If you precede the move commands by a number the command is repeated that number of times Thus 5w will move forwards 5 words 52 Inserting Text i Inserting text before cursor a Inserting text after cursor I Inserting text at beginning of line A Inserting text at end of line o Open new line for text below cursor 0 Open new line for text above cursor lt esc gt End text insertio
93. primarily for novice users but it is full featured enough for processing large amounts of mail Like e1m the main header index and mini menu of commands are displayed upon initialisation and at any point when awaiting input The help screens in pine constitute the main documen tation but if more information is required refer to the man pages pine can be invoked by typing pine at the shell prompt The major features of pine include view save export delete print reply and forwarding of incoming mail as well as the composition and sending of mail Use of the control keys as described on the bottom line of the main menu and following the instructions on the bottom of the screen will enable easy use of pine It is possible to read e1m folders through pine if you enter mail directory Mail in your pin erc file pine supports MIME The Multipart Internet Mail Extensions which enables pine to send and receive multimedia Email Optional features include sorting address book and spelling checker For more information on pine refer to the man pages and to the file usr local lib pine3 07 info on dxcern Also on ASIS refer to the directory afs cern ch asis share usr local doc pine or via anonymous ftp at asisftp pub doc pine 5 5 5 How to get help with problems For online help use the relevant man pages For general problems contact the User Consul 46 tancy Office user support cern ch or phone 4952 For pine specif
94. r e To quit from mail type q Address examples from Unix mail are shown below Destination Syntax Example local user username bloggs others at CERN user host pretty vxcern others outside CERN user host domain dear math utexas edu For further information on addressing others see the section Addressing Mail from within CERN 44 5 5 2 mail mailx Command Set For example to send mail from the terminal mail user host domain Type the message text terminate and send your message with lt Ctr1 d gt or with a last line containing a single period in column one To mail a file mail s subject recipient address lt filename Reading forwarding replying filing sorting and editing mail are done inside the mail mailx utility using any of the following subcommands m user host send mail h header displays list of messages in your mailbox help d delete current message edit the current message read message number n 0 es read previous message save current message in personal mailbox file save current message to file n file save message number n to file n file same as s but do not delete message from incoming mailbox reply to current message display aliases display alias hd quit mail discard deleted messages xQ P Pp KA HH NH eo ez Q quit mail do not discard deleted messages escape to permit you to issue a command while inputtin
95. rectories in the path are separated by spaces A typical value on a Sun could be set with the command set path usr local bin usr ucb usr bin usr bin x11 bin In the Bourne shell the default command prompt in your shell In the C shell this environment variable is called prompt The terminal type for which output should be prepared Depending on the Unix flavour aixterm hpterm or dxterm are assumed as default for AIX HPUX or ULTRIX systems respectively If necessary you should overwrite it with vt100 vt200 3270 and so on depending on your terminal type 3 1 4 Changing Your Command Prompt As noted previously the default command prompt in the Bourne shell family is the dollar sign and in the C shell family is the percent sign You can change these by setting new values to PS1 Bourne or prompt C shell For example to change from the symbol as the command line prompt to the machine name as the new prompt in a Bourne shell 20 PS1 Bravo Bravo test Bravo echo test Other constructs commonly found in command prompts are all or part of the current working directory and the command sequence number Using the C shell examples of these would look like set prompt S cwd set prompt lt bf 3 2 The Profile Files Different shells have different profile files also referred to sometimes as startup files We show here those for the Korn shell There are usually four files for the customi
96. riginal files as this will cause the original file to be over written 4 2 8 Renaming a File mv You can use the mv command to rename a file or to move it from one directory to another To change the name of a file enter a pair of commands like this cat new file cat cannot open new file mv old file new file or simply mv i old file new file The i switch will warn you if the command would overwrite an existing file The mv command will change the file s name whether the new filename exists or not The cat command makes sure that a file will not be replaced or lost 4 2 9 Copying a File cp To make a duplicate copy of a file use the cp command cp file one FILE ONE This command will make a copy of file one As a reminder lower and capital letters are differ ent filenames 4 2 10 Creating Links In To make a duplicate directory entry to a file use the Ln command ln file one FILE ONE This command will create FILE ONE as a second name for the file file one The two names have equal weight when referring to the file If one of the names is deleted with the rm com 30 mand the file will remain until all names referring to the file are removed Links such as these hard links cannot cross file systems and cannot refer to directories Use of the s option creates soft links also known as symbolic links which can cross file sys tem boundaries and can refer to directories However if the original file is delet
97. rs logged onto system displays your logon ID change password B 6 Utility Programs sort file grep pattern file unig filel file2 we file echo string find path tar file compress file uncompress file Z sort contents of file send result to standard output look for pattern in file send result to standard output delete repeated lines in filel write new version to file2 displays the number of lines words and characters in File write the parameter st ring to standard output translate special char acters search the directory tree path see man page for more details write to or retrieve files from an archival storage media compresses the file and writes file Z restores file from compressed file B 7 Directory Identifiers tilde dot dot dot your home directory the working directory the parent directory one level up within hierarchy root directory B 8 Special Characters file match any character redirect standard input redirect standard output redirect standard output and standard error C shell redirect standard output to same place as standard error Bourne shell send standard output of first command to standard input of second command put job in background repeat command C shell concatanate several commands on one line continuation character command continues on next line execute file Bourne shell equivalent is source in C shell 79 80 start of a co
98. s lt Ctrl g gt lt Ctrl u gt File handling and exiting Abort current command Undo last edit can be done repeatedly lt Ctrl i gt Insert file at cursor position lt Ctrl x gt lt Ctrl s gt Save file this may hang terminal use lt Ct r1 q gt to restart lt Ctrl x gt lt Ctrl w gt Write buffer contents to file lt Ctr1 x gt lt Ctrl c gt Exit emacs Tutorial and Getting Help lt Ctr1 h gt lt Ctrl h gt lt Ctrl h gt Menu of help options lt Ctrl h gt t 58 Starts emacs tutorial 6 2 7 More information about emacs There is a man page available with man emacs A Postscript file of the reference manual is available If your UNIX system has been installed with AFS and has links pointing to ASIS see details in ASIS on page 65 then you should find this postscript file nearly 300 pages in the directory afs cern ch asis share usr local doc gnu or by anonymous ftp at asisftp pub doc gnu A very good book about emacs is The GNU Emacs Manual by R M Stallman August 1993 21 It covers the first basics and the more advanced features of emacs It is available from the UCO there is also a good emacs reference card also available at the UCO 59 7 Software Development 7 1 Compiling and Linking Programs in Unix Compiling and linking FORTRAN programs in UNIX differs a bit from what you may be used to in VM CMS or VMS There are three methods you can use to compile and link your pro gra
99. s a unique number assigned to each process when it is initiated pipe A connection between two programs such that the standard output of one is connected to the standard input of the other pipeline A group of programs connected by pipes plain file A file used to store a program text or other data as contrasted with directory file or device file port The part of a computer system to which a terminal is connected prompt A cue from a program usually displayed on the terminal indicating that it is waiting for input process The unit of work or the means by which Unix executes a program process id An integer that uniquely identifies a process within the system quotation The process by which metacharacters are prevented from using their special meaning usually by using the character in pairs or by using the character redirection The routing of input or output from or to a file rather than a terminal relative pathname A pathname which does not begin with a is interpreted relative to the current work ing directory Contrast with absolute pathname RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer root Another name for the superuser the source directory of the file system root directory The directory which is at the top of the entire directory structure and the start of an absolute pathname Represented by a script A sequence of shell commands placed in a file program sh Shorthand for the file bin sh
100. s are valid only within the script in which they are declared and all subprocesses invoked from there A set of environment variables is already defined by the operating system and can be changed by each user for his personal working environment In addition he can of course also define new environment variables The profile files which serve as an interface for initialisation of these variables at login are described later By convention environment variable names are upper case A list of the currently valid environment variables may be obtained with the command env also printenv in the C shell In the following examples for the reasons of simplicity and shortness the command prompt is assumed to be 3 1 1 Setting Environment Variables Your default printer for example is defined by the environment variable PRINTER for infor mation on the available printers and their names and characteristics see the WWW entry for printing from the CERN Computing Home Page URL http www cern ch CERN Comput ing html select in turn UNIX Workstation Support gt Springer gt List of Registered Print ers WWW is described in World Wide Web WWW on page 68 To change the default value of PRINTER enter the command 18 setenv PRINTER printer name C shell family PRINTER printername export PRINTER Bourne shell family If the value you wish to assign to a variable contains blanks enclose the string in quotes 3 1 2
101. s option is nearly a standard in the computing world the CERNLIB routines are compiled with it which in turn means that you if wish to call VZERO or LENOCC you must compile your own program with the ppu option Option q extname System AIX 6000 63 System Option HP UX ppu e Link editor options L dir Library path Defines the search path for libraries It instructs the linker to look in the directory dir for libraries before looking in the standard places 1ib and usr lib for the libraries specified by the 1 option This option is effective only for the libraries following it 1 name Library name Search the library libname a or libxx sl for unresolved references in the search paths defined by a preceding L option or in the default search path 7 5 1 man page for Fortran The above section lists only a few of the more common Fortran options You should at least once in your life look at the Fortran man page on the system which you use 7 6 Creating and maintaining your own libraries If you have a lot of different object files you can create an archive library to store them The command ar is used to create and manage archive libraries Its syntax is ar keys archive obj files The most important keys are r to replace or add modules to the archive and t to display a table of contents The archive is a name composed of 1ibname a For example the com mand sequence cc c funcl c cc c func2 c cc c func3 c
102. sation of the environ ment etc profile HOME profile etc kshre SHOME kshrc Not all these files are used on all systems some depend on the setting of the ENV variable See local documentation for the system being used If using HP VUE there is a file SHOME vueprofile which is called instead of SHOME profile or HOME login when a user logs in The files in the user s home directory are available for private customisation The two other files are available for common customisation by the system manager to be used by all users on particular systems and can only be modified by the corresponding system manager The file etc kshrc will only be utilised if the ENV environment variable is set appropriately see description above All Shells execute one or more hidden files from the HOME directory at various times in your session For example the C Shell executes three hidden files they are login cshrc and logout They are hidden in that their names often start with a period character so that they do not normally appear in a listing of the files in your home directory When you log on the Login file located in your home directory is executed You can spec ify the type of terminal you are using and otherwise customize your environment It should include commands that you want to execute once at the beginning of each session specifying such things as terminal settings and environment variables You can chang
103. sh It is possible to invoke a new shell subshell on top of your current shell by simply typing its name If you wish to change your default shell you can do this with the command chsh change shell not supported in Solaris 2 or SGI systems Once you enter a subshell you can exit again by typing exit If you repeat the exit command once more your terminal emulation is closed and the terminal 1 These so called moden shells usually freely available in the public domain are normally available on CERN s Public Domain server ASIS See ASIS on page 65 10 window disappears Instead of exit you may need to enter lt Ctrl D gt 2 1 Entering Commands When you see the command prompt you can enter a command by typing the command name and any options and arguments followed by a carriage return The default prompts are as fol lows for the C shell for the Korn shell and bash for the Bourne Again shell however all these may be changed and frequently are The basic format of UNIX commands is command option s argument s command 1s the UNIX command name of a utility or tool option s modify how the command runs and are listed one after another pre ceded by a dash argument s specifies data on which the command is to operate and are separated by blanks white space options or arguments within square brackets are optional Remember UNIX is case sensitive and therefore most UNIX comma
104. sted in alpha betical order EDITOR The default editor as used by a number of utilities such as mail the default is vi ENV For the Korn shell the name of a shell script that is executed each time 19 HOME PRINTER PATH PS1 TERM a new Shell is invoked This shell script is used for example to define common alias names which should be available through the whole environment A common default in the Korn shell is S HOME kshre where HOME specifies your home directory this can also be repre sented by tilde This ENV file is for your private shell customisa tion The default directory after login You switch to the home directory when you specify the command cd change directory without options The default printer example default 513 pub Defines the search path for the shell when looking for commands in the system file structure which is different in different Unix flavors For example in HP UX using the Bourne Shell the PATH variable has by default the value bin usr bin usr contrib bin usr local bin usr bin X11 etc SHOME bin In the Bourne Shell the directories in the path are separated by colons The search order is from left to right The environment variable HOME contains the value of the home directory the default directory after login see above The last directory in our example of the PATH varia ble indicated by specifies the current working directory In the C Shell the di
105. t has been chosen as described below Formats can be controlled 1 For DEC Sun IBM users through the w switch on the 1pr command for example lpr P513 pub w80 profile or through the pw in your local etc printcap yes this is not pw it is a numeric parameter see man printcap entry file The use of etc printcap is normally confined to DEC and Sun only but can also exist for SGI 2 For HP UX users the oBSDw switch on the 1p command for example lp d513_pub oBSDw80 myfile 3 For VM users all the parameters to a2ps must be specified by the user as described in HELP A2PS HELP LWPRINT etc 4 In the pw printer description entry on the print server springer on a per printer basis 47 Send mail to printer support springer mentioning the printer and the desired default Make sure you agree with other people using the same printer 5 Normally text is typeset in courier typeface The formatter a2ps surrounds text by a frame and prints a header specifying the print date file name if available and page number Throughout the following w means the argument to the w option on the Ipr command to the oBSDw option on the Ip SysV command or the pw value assigned in your local etc printcap file if you are printing from a DEC or Sun Unix workstation Standard default plus all w
106. the position in the file you don t have to do anything special before you start typing Just above the bottom of the screen emacs prints information about what it is doing This line is called the mode line and may look like this Emacs myfile Text Fill 5 At the left edge of the mode line you may see two asterisks This means that whatever you re editing has been modified since the last time you saved it If you haven t made any changes the asterisks won t be there Next emacs prints Emacs followed by the name of the buffer or file you are editing myfile in our example In parentheses following this emacs shows the major Text mode and minor modes Fill mode Following this emacs prints where you are in the buffer or file 5 If the entire file is visible on the screen emacs prints the word ALL 6 2 5 Emacs modes Emacs has various editing modes in each of which it behaves slightly differently When you often want features like word wrap so you don t have to press lt Return gt at the end of the line you can set text mode When you are programming your code must be formatted for example for programming in C set C mode Text mode and C mode are major modes A buffer can be in only one major mode at a time to exit a major mode you have to enter another one Whenever you edit a file emacs attempts to put you into the correct major mode for what you are going to edit If you are editi
107. the terminal keyboard and standard output and error to the terminal screen The way of indicating an end of file on the default standard input a terminal is lt ctrl d gt Redirection of I O is accomplished by specifying the destination on the command line using a redirection metacharacter followed by the desired destination Using the C shell as an exam ple some of the forms are Character Action gt Redirect standard output gt amp Redirect standard output and standard error lt Redirect standard input Redirect standard output to another command pipe gt gt Append standard output gt gt amp Append standard output and standard error The first three redirect to files These characters are easy to remember if you think of them as the head of an arrow The fourth is called a pipe and is described in Pipes on page 9 The form of a command with input and output redirection is command options arguments lt input file gt output file 1 Unless the child process runs in the background 13 Unless you are using the C shell and you have noclobber see the man pages for csh using gt and gt amp to redirect output will overwrite any existing file of that name You can use gt gt and gt gt to append to existing files Examples who gt names Direct standard output to a file named names pwd 1s 1 gt out Direct output of both commands pwd ls 1 gt out Direct output of ls command only
108. their value between calls This option may be particularly important with older programs that don t use the Fortran SAVE statement On HP UX and SGI this option also ensures that all uninitialized variables are initialized to zero On Sun no compile time option exists The source code statements AUTOMATIC SAVE STATIC must be used See the Sun Fortran Reference Manual Use of static mode may reduce the optimization the compiler attempts to provide for your code System Default Static mode Dynamic mode Ultrix and OSF static static automatic RS6000 static q nosave Sun OS and Solaris static not available HP UX dynamic K SGI dynamic static Apollo dynamic save Debug Information g Saves debug information on the output file You may later debug your program with the symbolic debugger dbx called xdb on HP UX Note this option may significantly increase the size and execution time of your program It often disables the optimizer although we are beginning to see systems where this is no longer the case Binding Fortran and C Postpend an underscore to external names such as subroutines functions and common blocks This is done by default on all systems apart from AIX 6000 and HP UX This seem ingly senseless option has the functionality of allowing C programmers to access FOR TRAN routines and data according to BSD programming convention Though this may not be of interest to a new user thi
109. time the use of X terminals is recommended rather than simple dumb ASCII terminals The following are some ways that you can access a UNIX system e Log into the workstation console directly in other words it is on or under your own desk Consult the instructions for your workstation e Connect to it from another UNIX platform or from a VMS platform with Multinet or similar TCP IP support installed telnet host or rlogin host e Access the system from a terminal server server that supports IP or LAT at CERN it will almost certainly be a DECserver This means when you power up your terminal you have a prompt of some sort for example Local gt Enter SHOW SERVICES to tell if the system you want to connect to is known by that terminal server By simply typing c dxcern you will be connected and be able to login to node dxcern in this example e Access a UNIX system from an X terminal for this discussion it is assumed that you have successfully initialised and booted your X terminal For help in this see the CERN X Ter minal Admnistrators Guide available at the UCO Self Service or via WWW see entry UNIX Workstation Support on the CERN Computing Home Page From an NCD X Termi nal as normally installed at CERN call up a Telnet window Option Terminals on the Option Menu and enter the name of the desired UNIX system and then select Connect The system will prompt for your login name and password Remember that UNIX is a case s
110. tioned functions ftp telnet will be simple and open the electronic door to the global reach of the Internet An introduction to the Internet services can be found in Table 23 on page 77 A comprehensive listing of services is given in that docu ment Its table of contents is listed below 1 Library Catalogs amp Campus Information Systems 2 Databases 3 Electronic Discussion Groups Forums 4 Directories 5 Information Resources 6 FTP Archives 7 Fee Based Information Services 8 Software Freeware 9 Bulletin Board Services 10 Miscellaneous 5 2 Remote Login 5 2 1 Remote Processing There are several ways to perform some work on a remote host without ending the local ses sion With the commands 36 telnet and rlogin you can establish a session on a remote host from within your local session Whereas com mands such as rsh remshand rexec do not perform a login on a remote host but execute commands there for you Associated with the remote commands eg rlogin rsh remsh rexec and rcp is the special file known as a SHOME rhosts file In this file you can place the names of users and their machines which may contact your machine and use your account without needing to give a password The format of the SHOME rhosts file is as follows hosti userid host2 userid For security make sure that you set the protections on this file so that only you can read it Oth erwise an outside user can hack this file to g
111. to exit and save the edits Unlike vi commands the ex commands introduced by a require a 50 lt Return gt after the command To exit vi without saving your changes use the ex command q 6 1 4 vi Command Mode As soon as you enter a file you are in vi command mode and the editor is waiting for you to enter a command Commands enable you to move anywhere in the file to perform edits or to enter insert mode to add new text Commands can also be given to exit the file in order to return to the UNIX prompt One of the most used vi commands is i for insert The i doesn t appear on the screen but after you press it whatever you type will appear on the screen and will be entered into the buffer The cursor marks the current insertion point To tell vi that you want to stop inserting text press lt Esc gt Pressing lt Esc gt moves the cursor back one space and returns vi to com mand mode If you have opened a new file and want to insert the words this is a new file type the keystrokes i this is a new file What appears on the screen is this is a new file To break a line press lt Return gt If you don t know whether you are in vi command mode or text input mode press lt Esc gt once or twice to enter vi command mode When you hear a beep you are in vi command mode 6 1 5 ex Command Mode AQ in vi command mode invokes ex command mode At the command line bottom of the screen the prompt ap
112. ve to hugo s home directory rcp some data hugo rzri6f archive This is absolutely equivalent to the first example A last example rep rp fred rzhp9a mess data rzhp9b exp march Here both rzhp9a and rzhp9b are remote nodes The source is given relative to the home directory of fred on rzhp9a whereas the destination is an absolute pathname on rzhp 9b The flags say that the source is a directory and is to be copied recursively r this implies that the destination also has to be a directory Moreover the file permissions and the modification times are preserved p 41 5 4 Remote Shell There are two remote shell commands rsh amp remsh the one to apply depends on the system from which you are working Ultrix rsh only Aix either Sun rsh HP remsh OSF rsh SGI rsh 5 4 1 rsh rsh You can execute commands on a remote system and have the output displayed on your ter minal with rsh which stands for remote shell In order for this to work there must be an appropriate rhosts file on the remote machine The format is rsh rhost 1 username command where rhost is the name of the remote host on which the command is to execute username is the username if different on the remote system than the originating system command is the command to be executed on the remote system The command might be just a simple command or it might execute a shell script on the remote system Metacharacters in the command shoul
113. ving to care about such things as user account creation network configuration and file backups The UNIX Workstation Support Section in CN s DCI Group provides advice and help in sev eral of these areas including specially written Guides for most of the supported workstations at CERN See the latest edition of your favourite CERN computing newsletter for full details of these services or go to the UCO for a copy of the Guide most interesting for you This section describes a suggested file backup policy covering systems at CERN We empha sise a the following is only a suggestion if you already have file backup under control or prefer a different scheme we will in no way try to change your methods b we have not sur veyed the whole market it is too broad these tools may or may not be the best we have assured ourselves that they work correctly and do the job required The bases of our policy are to encourage clustering where possible to select tools with some reasonable user interface to select tools which use network resources as efficiently as possible and to select tools which either support multiple platforms already or are expected to do so ina future release Local Backup Do it Yourself If you wish to perform local backups especially if you can cluster some systems together then we recommend one of the following tools e Standard Unix tools such as dump restore tar cpio and so on however these do not hav
114. vironment e g to compile and run user programs or to look into the file system If you have changed the size of your window or changed your terminal type this change may not be recognised by some applications unless you execute the resize command usually via the command eval resize Resize The resize utility prints a shell command for setting the TERM and TERMCAP environment variables to indicate the current size of the x term window from which the command is run For this output to take effect resize must either be evaluated as part of the command line usually done with a shell alias or function or else redirected to a file which can then be read in From the C shell usually known as bin csh the following alias could be defined in the user s cshrc alias rs set noglob eval resize Reset The reset command is used to reset the terminal mode It is most useful after a program dies leaving a terminal in an unknown state Youmay need to type lt LF gt reset lt LF gt to get the terminal to work as lt CR gt often does not work There are also a number of special keys that can be used but their use can be restricted by shell and or keyboard lt ctrl c gt Interrupts a process lt ctrl d gt Logout but in C shell you need to type logout if the shell variable ignoreeof is set lt ctrl z gt In the C shell process will be suspended and can then be run in back ground with the bg command 3
115. vt100 and vt200 are acceptable terminal types for example If you always use the same kind of terminal you may want to put this command in your login Terminal control functions settings can be displayed with the stty command for example stty a The format on each machine is different but should indicate approximately the same informa tion You can display a description of all of the options reported by stty with the command man stty 3 3 1 Keyboards There are a large number of terminal types from which Unix can be used With the terminal type you describe the terminal hardware or the emulation program you use when communicat ing with Unix The most important terminal types used are vt100 DEC vt200 DEC vt300 DEC xterm standard x window terminal aixterm AIX terminal emulation hpterm HP UX terminal emulation dxterm ULTRIX or DEC OSF 1 terminal emulation If you work in a Unix environment with the wrong terminal type set you should keep in mind that not all keys on your keyboard will be available in the expected way If this is the case 23 you should reset your terminal type For example if you want to correct your terminal type to dxterm you have to enter TERM dxterm export TERM Bourne Shell setenv TERM dxterm C Shell On dumb terminals there may be applications that cannot work correctly because they require hardware features not available However many Unix commands can nevertheless be used in such an en
116. w awk and awk is the old awk but on RS 6000 awk is the new awk 2 8 Regular Expressions A regular expression 1s a string composed of letters numbers and special symbols that defines one or more strings They are used to specify text patterns for searching A regular expression is said to match any string it defines The major capabilities include match single characters or strings of characters match any arbitrary character match classes of characters match specified patterns only at the start or end of a line 5 match alternative patterns NS Regular expressions are used by the UNIX commands vi ed grep awk and sed grep in fact stands for global regular expression printer For a complete discussion of regular expressions refer to a UNIX reference manual but to get you started we include a table of special characters that can be used in expressions Note that regular expression special characters are similar to but not identical to those used in filename expansion Any single character End of line de Delimits operator characters to prevent interpretation t Turns off special meaning of a single character following Represents 0 or more occurrences of the preceding character Specifies character classes Match only if string is at the beginning of a line Matches any one character 16 Lees Matches any one of the characters enclosed in square brackets A226 Matches any character other than one of the char
117. y Lippman For Fortran 90 the book Fortran 90 Explained by Metcalf and Reed 19 is also available there for 30 CHF Anyone wishing to purchase any of these should send a mail to UCO BOOKS CERNV M stating which book they wish to purchase and on which budget code an electronic internal budget transfer EDH form will be generated and sent for approval Alter natively you may make out a paper request the so called TID form and take this to the UCO We have tried to maintain some consistency in the fonts used in this manual according to the following rules characters displayed in bold indicate characters to be typed as is bold italic indicates arguments to be substituted the output of examples are shown in type writer font We apologise here if some inconsistent formats have slipped in readers are encouraged to contact the author if they spot any errors Note that some examples are specific to certain architectures and may not work across all platforms consult the man pages of your local system for full details Some UNIX commands consist of the so called Control modifier lt Ctr1 gt followed by one or more characters The following notation is used to describe the keystrokes lt Ctrl g gt Hold down the lt Ctr1 gt key and press g We should also point out that work is currently in progress to define a default UNIX environ ment for new users This Guide tries to illustrate some of the implications of this work by giv ing examples

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