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Ethnicity: Introductory User Guide

1. 1991 and 2001 Decennial Since 1801 except 1941 Ethnic group question first asked in 1991 Latest 2011 All UK residents All households and people in communal establishments Response rate 98 58 789 194 individuals Ethnic minority sample size 4 635 296 individuals Sampling frame Full census of population United Kingdom UK Government Data collection method Self completed paper questionnair e 46 for Northern Ireland eths Ethnic Group for Scotland gaelread Whether Reads Gaelic Scotland gaelspk Whether Speaks Gaelic Scotland gaelstnd Whether Understands Gaelic Scotland gaelwrit Whether Writes Gaelic Scotland relgew Religion England and Wales relgsi Religion belongs to Scotland relign Religion Northern Ireland birth age and sex marital status socio economic classifications deprivation indicators migration within the UK migration from outside the UK household family size type of households family type Educational vocational qualifications economic activity unemployment occupation and industry working patterns employment status travel to work elderly people children young people 47 wlshread Whether Reads Welsh England and Wales wishspk Whether Speaks Welsh England and Wales wlishstnd Whether
2. 1 2 Caribbean 58 16 24 3 40 40 94 White African 45 15 36 3 52 30 67 White Asian White Other Mixed Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Other Asian Caribbean African Other Black Chinese Other England and Wales Note working age is 16 59 for women 16 64 for men Census 2001 20 6 5 Households and families Different demographic structures cultural traditions and economic characteristics of the various ethnic minority populations in the United Kingdom underlie distinctive patterns of family size and household composition Average household size varies considerably between ethnic groups from over 4 people for Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations to 2 people for the Caribbean and Irish populations Simpson et al 2005 To some extent these differences are a consequence of the age composition of each population highlighted above The White Briton and Irish populations have many households of pensioners living alone or as couples which reduces the average size of households However other characteristic differences between populations also contribute including the prevalence of lone parenthood and the care of elderly Half of all Caribbean households with children have one adult i e are lone parent families while this is the case in fewer than 15 of South Asian households with children White Britons are intermediate between these two extremes Although there are fewer people of pensionable age in the ethn
3. Introduction What Constitutes Ethnicity Ethnicity Definitions Classification of Ethnicity over Time Differences between UK Countries in Census 2001 Ethnic Diversity in Britain Census amp Surveys 6 1 Demographics 6 2 Identity Ethnicity and Country of Birth 6 3 Regional and Country Population Concentrations 6 4 Age Composition and Birthplace 6 5 Households and Families Issues in Secondary Analysis of Ethnicity Data Accessing Micro Data Ethnicity in Large Scale Social Surveys 10 Useful Links 11 References Appendix A Ethnicity Questions in Census 2001 Appendix B Recommendations for Ethnicity Classifications Appendix C Ethnicity Topic Based Resources Appendix D Ethnicity Questions in Census 2011 List of Tables amp Figure Table 1 Harmonised ethnic group output classifications Table 2 Different dimensions of ethnicity Table 3 Comparison of ethnic group categories in 1991 2001 Census Table 4 Population by ethnic group 1991 and 2001 Table 5 Age composition and birthplace Figure 6 Children in households with no earner as a percentage of all children Table 7 Summary of large scale surveys containing ethnicity 1 Introduction Ethnicity describes a collective identity and is based on the assumption that a collectivity has its roots in common ancestry heritage religion culture nationality language and a territory In the contemporary world everybody is assumed to have an ethnic identit
4. Understands Welsh England and Wales wlishwrit Whether Writes Welsh England and Wales irislang Whether Reads Speaks Unde rstands Writes Irish Longitudi 1991 and 2001 Longitudinal data on Decennial People born on Achieved sample England and ONS nal Study Census census topics and vital one of four size 540 000 Wales LS classifications events mortality Since 1971 birth dates in individuals at the Data What is your ethnic births cancer any year 2001 Census Data collection ONS group Question registration Latest 2001 longitudinal on approximately 1 method Longitudin asked in 2001 emigration It component of million sample Self al Study England and Wales contains linked data study plus members since the completed on births cancers and other people 1971 Census Census Harmonised ethnic deaths and linked enumerated in questionnair classification is used census data for people their Ethnic minority e Centre for in this survey see in the same households at sample size 48 500 Longitudin Table 1 households as existing the census of individuals in al Study Full detail can also study members In population 2001 Informatio be found in addition analysts can non 48 n_and User Support Ethnic group ONS Harmonisation CELSIUS apply 2001 Census ethnic group and religion information to data from previous censuses
5. Complete olds size 11 200 Scotland and Sexual in this survey see history Contraception individuals Wales Data Attitudes Table 1 Since 1990 Response collection and Full detail can also Sexual orientation Latest 2000 01 rate 63 Ethnic minority method Fac Lifestyle be found in sample size 1 200 e to face Ethnic group ONS Contraception and individuals interview Data from Harmonisation sexual health covering 4 ethnic with a self ESDS groups Pakistani completion There are also Indian Black module SQB questions about Caribbean and overview cultural background Black African of National for Asians and Survey of Blacks Sampling frame 58 sexual If black it is asked Postcode Address attitudes to specify the File and country of origin lifestyle Religion religious Homepage affiliation of the frequency of National attendance at Centre for religious Social services meetings Research importance of religion and religious beliefs Adult Ethnicity To which Psychiatric morbidity Ad hoc Adults aged Achieved sample Great Britain DH Psychiatri of the groups listed service use social Completed 16 74 living in size 7 403 Scottish c on this card do you disadvantage lifestyle private individuals Executive Morbidity consider you indicators Series of surveys households National Survey belong since 1993 Sampling frame Assembly of and list of 16 ethnic Response Postcode A
6. Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Black African Black Other Mixed ethnic group write in Any other ethnic group write in Q 79 80
7. Millennium Cohort Study Children demography and migration education and training employment and labour markets ethnicity and national identity income wealth and spending sex and gender health and disability household goods and technology households and families housing living conditions social care and welfare Child health Literacy and numeracy testing children First survey 9 months England and Wales September 2000 to August 2001 Second survey Age 3 Third Survey Age 5 Fourth Survey Age 7 Since 2000 Ad hoc Further surveys will be conducted at key points during the childhood and adulthood of the MCS cohort members 1 Survey 2001 2003 2 4 Survey 2003 2005 3 Survey 2006 Children who were living in the UK at age 9 months and born during a 12 month period beginning 1 September 2000 in England and Wales and 1 December 2000 in Scotland and Northern Ireland Response rate 72 at First Survey Sample size 18 500 families including 18 800 children born in 2000 01 Supplemented by an additional 700 approx families at the second survey who were missed but eligible for inclusion at the first survey Ethnic minority sample size 3 250 children Sampling frame Child benefit records in a random sample of electoral wards disproportionately stratified to ensure adequate representation of all four UK countries depri
8. overview participation in leisure of the Time activities work leisure Use Survey balance Time use sports and leisure activities e Volunteering e Caring for others e Social activities British Ethnic Categories Core questionnaire Full Panel study Wave 1 base was Great Britain ESRC House available are e Household questionnaire therefore same 5 500 households in 1991 2000 Health 43 hold Panel Survey British Household Panel Survey Questionna ires waves 1 18 Data overview of the British Household Panel Survey White Black Caribbean Black African Black Other Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese Any other ethnic group National identity Categories available are Please choose as many or as Few as apply British English European Irish Northern Irish Scottish Ulster Welsh Other answer write in None of these Religion in waves 1 7 9 11 and 14 18 Various questions including religious affiliation composition e Housing conditions e Residential mobility e Education and training e Health and the usage of health services e Labour market behaviour e Socio economic values e Income from employment benefits and pensions e Country of birth e Ethnic group membership e English second language e Year came to Britain Household and demographic change housing cons
9. the final Cohort 12 Sweep 1 method ESDS are Educational vocational biannual from year of academic age 16 Self qualifications higher 1992 compulsory completed White education schooling in The sample size in postal Black Caribbean participation work Since 1985 England and each cohort varies questionnair Black African place training Cohort 1 sweep Wales then first Typically the e with Other Black truancy young people 1 surveyed achieved sample telephone Asian Indian approximately size reduces by follow up Asian Pakistani Latest 2007 one year later around 25 every Occasional Asian Bangladeshi Cohort 13 year that the cohort telephone Chinese sweep 1 Response rate is followed up only modules Other Asian example 47 of special Any other ethnic in Cohort 12 Ethnic minority topics group Sweep 1 sample size Sampling example 2 300 frame All individuals in 62 schools with pupils in Year Cohort 12 Sweep 1 11 except special schools and schools with less than 20 pupils Youth To which group on Lifestyles fear of Ad hoc Young people England and Wales England and Home Office Lifestyles the card do you crime victimisation Completed aged 12 30 Wales Research Survey consider you attitudes towards living in private 4 848 individuals Development belong sentencing and the Conducted in households Local and Data from Criminal Justice 1992 1993 and Ethnic minority
10. Authority Statistics ESDS Categories available System contact with 1998 99 Response rate sample size Directorate are the police smoking 69 500 individuals Standard Findings of drinking use of illegal Time period for regions Data the White drugs offending 1998 99 covered British Crime collection 1998 99 Black Caribbean Young people children October 1998 Survey 1998 method Youth Black African January 1999 sample plus focused Face to face Lifestyles Black Other Black e Offending enumeration and CAPI and Survey Groups e Schooling over sample of CASI Indian e Employment young people living Pakistani e Income in cities and high Bangladeshi e Family life crime areas Chinese e Housing None of these e Attitude to sentencing and justice system e Experience with the police e Participation e Socialisation 15 Level Ethnicity Main topics Repeated cross Individuals Persons resident in UK coverage Office for Inte Coding ethcen15 sectional study Families house the UK in private National grated Available waves holds households and Government Statistics 63 House e identity 2009 and 2010 Around young people living Office Regions Social hold e British e economic activity 450 000 cases away from the GORs Survey Survey e Other White e education The IHS consists parental home in Division e White and Black e health and of core IHS Face to face student halls of
11. Dbase and NSDStat formats 29 All users requiring data for non commercial purposes can download data free of charge For all CD orders there is a flat media fee of 7 50 a per study number handling fee of 2 50 and a flat rate postage and packing fee 3 in the UK 4 rest of EU 5 rest of world All packages are sent first class via Royal Mail Where data is required for commercial purposes there is a per usage project fee of 500 and a per study number fee of 50 See Charges on the ESDS web site for more details 9 Ethnicity in Large Scale Social Surveys The following section lists large scale surveys that include questions on dimensions of ethnicity These are shown as those supported by ESDS Government by ESDS Longitudinal by Census SARs and Administrative and Other Surveys ESDS Government Annual Population Survey British Crime Survey British Social Attitudes Survey Expenditure amp Food Survey Family Resources Survey General Household Survey Health Survey for England Labour Force Survey including Annual Labour Force Survey Scottish Social Attitudes Survey of English Housing UK Time Use Survey Survey of Carers in Households Households Below Average Income Integrated Household Survey Life Opportunities Survey European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Young People s Social Attitudes periodic offshoot of the BSA 30 ESDS Longitudinal e British Household Panel Sur
12. Other renters housing benefit receipt rent arrears and factors affecting rent levels attitudes to local services Tenure type of accommodation 42 amenities housing deprivation attitudes to neighbourhoods or local areas Time Use To which of these Diary of all activities 2000 only All individuals Achieved 6 414 United ESRC Survey groups do you on one week day and aged 8 in the households in Kingdom DCMS DfES consider you one weekend day Ad hoc sampled private 2000 1 DH DTLR UK Time belong Individual and Completed household and 11 700 Government ONS Use Survey household information individuals Office Region Categories available also collected Response rate Method of Questionna are Household Ethnic minority data ire Amount of time spent questionnaires sample size collection White on various activities 61 individual 590 individuals Self Data Black Caribbean including time spent questionnaires completed Black African on household chores 81 diaries Sampling frame questionnair Technical Black Other time taken to travel to 73 England Scotland es and report of Indian work amount of time and Wales diaries the UK Pakistani spent volunteering Postcode Address Time Use Bangladeshi gender differences in File PAF Northern Survey Chinese child care activities of Ireland The Value None of these the unemployed time and Lands Agency SQB spent caring VLA list
13. Work and Pensions London 70 Scott A amp Kilbey T 1999 Can Patient Registers give an improved measure of internal migration in England and Wales Population Trends 96 44 55 Shaw M Smith G D amp Dorling D 2005 Health inequalities and New Labour how promises compare with real progress British Medical Journal May 2005 Solomos J amp Back L 1996 Racism and Society Macmillan Tranmer M Pickles A Fieldhouse E Elliot M Dale A Brown M Martin D Steel D amp Gardiner G 2005 The case for small area microdata Journal of Royal Statistical Society A 168 29 49 71 Appendix A Ethnicity question in each country of the UK in 2001 Census See the following link for the Census forms http www ccsr ac uk sars quide forms The 2001 Census ethnic group question asked in England and Wales I what is your ethnic group Choose ONE section from A to E then tick the appropriate box to indicate your cultural background A White OO British g Irish E Any other white background please write in White and Black Caribbean B o White and Black African White and Asian a Any other Mixed background please write in BEARTA C Asian or Asian British O Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi o Any other Asian background please write in L CITT D Black or Black British O Caribbean OO African OO Any
14. and the other on nationality Different versions of the ethnicity question were asked in England and Wales in Scotland and in Northern Ireland to reflect local differences in the requirement for information This again can make comparison difficult A balance must be found between consistency over time and inclusion of questions relevant to contemporary society It is also clear that in analysis and research terms there is a focus on the established categories rather than the new mixed categories Yet arguably it is these categories that reflect real dynamics of change Rees 2005 has argued there is a sense in which research and policy is focussing on yesterday s ethnicities See Appendix A for question wording in each country of the UK in 2001 Census 11 Table 2 Different dimensions of ethnicity ONS ethnic group statistics 2003 Country of birth For many years the only statistics regularly available in Britain were based on people s country of birth This was of limited reliability since the settler population was very diverse As second and third generation children have been born since the main periods of migration a person s country of birth has become increasingly less relevant Nationality Some countries use nationality to define ethnicity However many of the disadvantages and other experiences associated with minority status continue long after migrants have qualified for citizenship The nationality laws associated with Britain
15. approximately 30 000 British Harmonised ethnic e Demographic Waves carried Adults aged 16 England and Wales Government Home Office Crime classification is used information out in 1982 and over in Office Region Survey in this survey e Household and 1984 1986 private In 2008 9 Data Table 1 personal experience 1988 1992 households 46 286 cases non Police Force collection British of crime 1994 1996 victim form Areas for method 33 Crime e Fear of crime 1998 and 2000 Response rate 16 184 cases limited Face to face Survey Full detail can also e Perceptions of anti From 2001 it for calendar victim form questions and CAPI be found in social behaviour became an year 2007 was only Data and Ethnic group ONS e Social capital annual survey 76 5 Ethnic minority Documenta Harmonisation sample size in tion Rates of crime and recent years is Ethnic group victimisation approximately Crime 16 categories for experience and 2000 Policing E W perception of crime and victimisation the In some years there Justice Religious affiliation Criminal Justice are ethnic minority the 8 categories System and anti social boost samples with Experience behaviour fear of approximately an of Ethnic Nationality crime For victims of extra 3000 ethnic Minorities 7 categories crime details of minority cases Findings incident reporting to from the Country of birth the police police Sam
16. bodies carry out impact assessment work However not all surveys have large enough minority ethnic samples to support meaningful analysis for different ethnic groups This guide identifies key surveys that have been conducted in the United Kingdom Great Britain or England and Wales that include a question on ethnicity and describes the ethnic minority sample size in each All relevant government commissioned surveys are included together with some major surveys commissioned by other bodies For each data source a summary of information is given including details of the ethnicity classification question the ethnic minority sample size and the latest year for which data are available All data sources listed include a question on ethnicity and most have sufficient sample sizes for meaningful analysis by ethnic group either because of a large overall sample size or because of a boosted sample of people from minority ethnic groups The original table has been written in 2009 and apart from the recent Integrated Household Survey it does not contain information on any other new surveys that emerged after this period 32 Survey amp Ethnicity Other topics in Measurement Respondents Sampling Geographic Sponsor amp online questions survey Period Coverage method of details data collection Annual Harmonised ethnic Household composition Annual datasets Adults living in Multi stage UK ONS Population classification is
17. comparison collection Categories available racial harassment and Latest 1993 94 Pakistani sample 2 900 method ESDS link are discrimination ethnic Bangladeshi or Face to face to the identity Chinese family Ethnic minority interviews Fourth White origins plus sample size National Black Caribbean Language White 5 200 individuals Survey of Black African religious cultural comparison Note for statistical Ethnic Black Other customs country of sample reasons it is not Minorities Indian parents birth possible to combine Pakistani Response rate the ethnic minority Project Bangladeshi Income work place Varied between sample with the instruction Chinese discrimination 61 and 83 White sample to s including Another ethnic whether a carer analyse all adults individual group experience of victims and of crime racially Sampling frame household Religion motivated crimes Postcode Address questionna religious affiliation attitudes to File in selected ires of the how important neighbourhoods or census enumeration Fourth religion is to the local areas districts National way respondent Survey of lives his her life Ethnic how frequently Minorities respondent attends religious services or prayer meetings or goes to a place of worship The Harmonised ethnic 2003 2001 2003 Core sample 2003 England and Home Office Citizenshi classification is used e Active community 2005 2007 2008 adults aged 16 Co
18. diary Ireland Ireland Face to face Food Ethnic group ONS Detailed analysis of Survey completion CAPI and a 35 Survey Harmonisation household expenditure only Ethnic minority self broken down by age sample size completion Report on What do you income composition Response rate approximately 400 diary the 2007 consider your socio economic in 2007 8 individuals based Expenditur national identity to characteristics and 53 on the ethnic origin e and Food be geography Includes on the Household Survey food and drink reference person English housing clothing and ESDS link Scottish footwear goods and Sampling frame to Irish services transport Postcode Address Expenditur British recreation ownership File e and Food Other of durable goods and Survey more Expenditure Family Harmonised ethnic Household Annual Non dependent Sample size UK since DWP Resource classification is used characteristics income adults aged 16 25 088 households 2002 03 s Survey in this survey see and state support Since 1992 and over living in 2008 2009 previously GB Data Table 1 receipt tenure and in private collection ESDS link Full detail can also housing costs assets households Ethnic minority Government method to Family be found in and savings carers sample size Office Region Face to face Resources Ethnic group ONS and those needing Response rate approximately FRS regional
19. ethnic classification Ten category classification White Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Other Asian Black Caribbean Black African Other Black Chinese Other 1991 Census categories White Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Other Asian Black Caribbean Black African Other Black Chinese Other 2001 Census categories White British White Irish Other White Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Other Asian Black Caribbean Black African Other Black Mixed White amp Black Caribbean Mixed White amp Black African Chinese Other Mixed White amp Asian Other Mixed 73 Eight category ethnic classification Eight category classification 1991 Census categories 2001 Census categories White White White British White Irish Other White Indian Indian Indian Pakistani Pakistani Pakistani Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Black Caribbean Black Caribbean Black African Black African Black African Chinese Chinese Chinese Other Other Black Other Black Other Asian Other Asian Other Other Mixed White and Black Caribbean Mixed White and Black African Mixed White and Asian Other Mixed Five category ethnic classification Five category classification 1991 Census categories 2001 Census categories White White White British White Irish Other White Asian Indian Indian Pakistani Pakistani Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Mixed White and Asian Black Black Caribbean Black Caribbean Bla
20. ethnic group categories used in 2001 Census are developed after considerable research as a benchmark for the policy formation and target setting which lie at the heart of the government s diversity agenda The decision reflects the expressed need of key users of ethnic group statistics for comparability between the Census and other data sources I Other and Mixed options in ethnicity categories This section is extracted from the ONS article who are the Other ethnic group by David Gardener and Helen Connolly 27 In Census 2001 and some surveys such as LFS the 16 tick boxes were grouped under five sub headings describing major categories White Mixed Asian or Asian British Black or Black British and Chinese or Other ethnic group Each of these main groups included an Other tick box Other White Other Mixed Other Asian Other Black and Other Ethnic Group Many wrote in a description which could be fitted into one of the specific ethnic group categories and these were recorded as such For example people ticking Other White and writing in English were recoded into the White British group Those whose write in descriptions could not be classified to a specific group together with those who ticked one of the Other boxes but did not write in any description formed the bulk of the groups presented in census outputs as Other White Other Mixed Other Asian Other Black and Other Ethnic Group The
21. other Black background please write in E Chinese or other ethnic group C Chinese OO Any other please write in Saas Scotland what is your ethnic group Choose ONE section from A to E then tick the appropriate box to indicate your cultural background A White D scottish O other British O trish O Any other White background please write in B Mixed Any other Mixed background please write in C Asian Asian Scottish or Asian British or Asian British Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese Any other Asian background please write in 00000 Littl CITIT Black Black Scottish or Black British D O Caribbean O African Dany other Black background please write in E Other ethnic background Any other background please write in ETATE Northern Ireland To which of these ethnic groups do you consider you belong Tick one box only LJ o L o L oO L o E L White Chinese Irish Traveller Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Black African Black Other Mixed ethnic group write i Any other ethnic group Write imn L 72 Appendix B Recommendations for comparing 1991 and 2001 Census ethnic groups Source ONS guide to comparing ethnic groups Ten category
22. pupils 1 200 pupils smoking to British diary Smoking Black or Black Sampling frame Drinking British First stage and Drug Chinese approximately 450 use among Other schools were young selected from the people NFER database Second stage Reports approx 35 pupils and were selected in headline each school to give figures an appropriately sized group for conducting the survey in one place during a single lesson English Harmonised ethnic Interview Survey Conducted every Households and 2003 example England ODPM House classification is used e Household five years from dwellings achieved sample Condition in this survey see characteristics 1971 to 2001 was 15 950 Data Survey Table 1 e Satisfaction with The 2001 survey Adult 16 in households or collection Full detail can also home and area was the eighth in private 16 648 dwellings method Communiti be found in e Property details the series The households Face to face es and Ethnic group ONS e Local environment English House interview with 8 000 dwellings per interviews Local Harmonisation e Trust 2004 05 Condition Survey household annum Reports anda Governme operated reference based on 2 year physical nt page on Physical survey continuously person only rolling sample of inspection of English completed on house from 2002 until 16 000 dwellings the dwelling 51 House Condition Survey ONS page on English House Condit
23. s former empire are also far too complex for this to be a useful measure on its own Language spoken at home For some ethnic minority populations the language they speak at home may be an effective way of defining ethnicity Such a question has commonly been asked in large national surveys of ethnic minority populations However as time goes on this measure is becoming increasingly less useful This is because with the emergence of the second and third generations young families may use English as their main language even though they may still identify with a particular ethnic minority population Parents country of birth in conjunction with country of birth The country of birth of the respondent s parents which taken together with the respondent s own country of birth enables data to be produced about both first and second generation migrants to the UK But this approach is rather imprecise because of a small but significant number of the White population being born in parts of the Commonwealth Again the increasing proportion of ethnic minority populations being born in the UK means that the two questions are no longer adequate as a means of measuring the ethnic minority population National Geographical Origin A survey may ask questions about aspects of national or geographical origin with the assumption that these will signify a respondent s ethnicity For example the terms West Indian or Indian are used for members of ethnic gr
24. used and relationships from 2004 private stratified random Government DWP Survey in this survey see housing tenure onwards households and sample Office DfES Table 1 nationality ethnicity NHS The survey has a Regions NAW and residential history The APS accommodation panel element in Scottish Full detail can also employment and combines results and young that the households More detailed Executive be found in training including from the LFS the people living at selected geography is NISRA Ethnic group ONS government schemes LLFS WLFS away from the addresses are available from Harmonisation workplace and SLFS and the parental home interviewed ESDS on the Face to face location job hunting APS B during term annually over four Special interview Note the label value educational time in hall of waves in the same Licence Telephone for Northern Irish background and See residence or way as for the LFS versions of the interview white is 6 in the qualifications documentation similar boosts They then datasets data for further institution leave the survey These include Many of the variables details and are replaced by data at included in the APS Approximate another household Unitary Religious affiliation are the same as those response rates Authority in the LFS in 2007 8 Sample size in Local 1st wave 73 2007 8 351 647 Authority 2nd 5th waves cases District level 92 Ethnic minority sample size
25. 1 Census and its change since 1991 see Dorling and Thomas 2004 and Simpson 2004 and Finney and Simpson 2009 15 Table 4 Population by ethnic group 1991 and 2001 England and Wales Thousands and percentages 1991 2001 Ethnic group Number Number White 47 876 6 47 520 9 91 3 British 45 533 7 87 5 Irish 641 8 1 2 Other White 1345 3 2 6 Mixed 661 0 1 3 White and Black Caribbean 237 4 0 5 White and Black African 78 9 0 2 White and Asian 189 0 0 4 Other Mixed 155 7 0 3 Asian or Asian British 1 689 4 3 3 2 273 7 4 4 Indian 855 1 1 7 1 036 8 2 0 Pakistani 469 0 0 9 714 8 1 4 Bangladeshi 166 6 0 3 280 8 0 5 Other Asian 198 7 0 4 241 3 0 5 Black or Black British 916 9 1 8 1 139 6 2 2 Black Caribbean 514 0 1 0 563 8 1 1 Black African 220 1 0 4 479 7 0 9 Other Black 182 8 0 4 96 1 0 2 Chinese or other ethnic groups 442 1 0 9 446 7 0 9 Chinese 152 3 0 3 226 9 0 4 Any other ethnic group 289 8 0 6 219 8 0 4 All ethnic groups 50 888 1 100 0 52 041 9 100 0 1 1991 data have been adjusted for census under enumeration using OPCS GRO S 1994 adjustment factors 2 The sub categories under the White heading White British White Irish and Other White were offered to respondents in England amp Wales for the first time in 2001 3 The Mixed and Other Asian ethnic category were offered to respondents in England amp Wales for the first time in 2001 In 1991 Other Asian was created from write in responses to Any Othe
26. 18 reasons for this First the longer since the first generation of immigrants arrived in Britain the more elderly the population would be For example the Caribbean and Indian populations have lower proportions of children and higher proportions of elderly while Pakistani and Bangladeshi and African populations are younger in their age structure Second the Mixed populations have far higher proportions of younger people around 50 and the proportion of their population of working age correspondingly low As the Mixed populations are mainly the product of parents of different ethnicity their social capital including the resources and traditions that they carry from childhood into adulthood is inevitably different from those closely associated with a single population The Mixed label is in some ways unlike others as it is more easily applied to an individual than to a family Third the Irish category in the 2001 Census while intended to record all those with Irish family origins has mainly recorded those born in Ireland This recorded population is therefore a relatively old population with 30 over working age and only 6 children by far the extreme for both indicators of age structure Simpson et al 2005 19 Table 5 Age composition and birthplace source Simpson et al 2005 under aged over all in 16 24 born in the working 16 24 working working among UK age age age working age 1 White Briton Irish Other White
27. 54 305 340 McCulloch A 2001 Ward level deprivation and individual social and economic outcomes in the BHPS Environment and Planning A Vol 33 Model S 1999 Ethnic inequality in England an analysis based on the 1991 Census Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 966 990 Modood T amp Berthoud R 1997 Ethnic Minorities in Britain The Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities London Policy Studies Institute Modood T 2005 Multicultural Politics racism ethnicity and Muslims in Britain Edinburgh University Press National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal PAT 18 The Stationary Office London Murjim K and Solomos J eds 2005 Racialiszation Studies in Theory and Practice Oxford University Press Nazroo J 1997 Health and Health Services in Modood T amp Berthoud R eds Ethnic Minorities in Britain London PSI Noon M 1993 Racial Discrimination in speculative application evidence from the UK s top 100 firms Human Resource Management Journal Vol 3 No4 Noon M and Hoque K 2001 Ethnic minorities and equal treatment The impact of gender equal opportunities policies and trade unions in National Institute Economic Review April 2001 69 Norman P Rees P amp Boyle P 2003 Achieving data compatibility over space and time creating consistent geographical zones International Journal of Population Geography Vol 9 Issue 5 September October 2003 365 386 ONS 2003 Ethnic group statistics A guide f
28. DS ESDS Government survey specific web pages ESDS Government Publications Database ESDS Government Ethnicity Theme Page National Centre for Social Research Ethnicity web pages from the Office for National Statistics United Nations Statistics Division UN Statistics Division Ethnicity a review of data collection and disseminations UK Data Archive World Bank Official statistics and ethnicity LFS Ethnicity consistent over time GHS Ethnicity consistent over time Who are the Other ethnic group Ethnicity amp Identity in the UK Ethnic minorities population size in UK 2001 Census Social focus in brief Ethnicity 2002 Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Focus on Ethnicity report Focus on Religion report Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 Home Office Race Equality Impact Assessment Home Office 65 11 References Anthias F and Yuval Davis N 1992 Racialized boundaries Race nation gender colour and class London Routledge Ballard R 1996 Negotiating race and ethnicity exploring the implications of the 1991 census Patterns of Prejudice 30 3 3 33 Banton Michael 1998 Racial Theories 2nd edition Cambridge Breslow N amp Day N 1987 Statistical methods in cancer research volume II The design and analysis of cohort studies Lyon International agency for research on cancer WHO Berthoud R 2000 Ethnic employment pena
29. Economic and Social Data Service Ethnicity Introductory User Guide ESDS Government Author R Afkhami Updated Necla Acik Toprak Version 1 5 Update January 2012 Se MANCHESTER University of Essex This guide has not been updated since September 2012 The Economic and Social Data Service ESDS became a part of the UK Data Service on 1 October 2012 Guides written by ESDS Government are no longer being updated as of the end of September 2012 For up to date information about registration with the UK Data Service data and documentation information about how to use the data including guides and help pages please see the UK Data Service website www ukdataservice ac uk You can also subscribe to the mailing list https www jiscmail ac uk cgi bin webadmin AO UKdataservice This document is based upon the datasets and documentations deposited in the UK Data Archive Office for National Statistics and ESDS Government Other sources are also cited where appropriate The author would like to thank the Office for National Statistics the UK Data Archive and ESDS Government for using the information in their sites To see the individual links please go to http www ons gov uk http www esds ac uk search allSearch asp ct xmlAll amp gi ethnicity amp zoom and 1 http www esds ac uk government resources http www esds ac uk government themes ethnicity index as au W N P 7 8 9 Table of contents
30. Fertility occupational mobility Longitudinal analysis of Educational vocational qualifications tenure type of accommodation amenities housing deprivation economic activity unemployment occupation and industry employment status travel to work health status and disability whether carer religion country of birth age and sex marital status socio economic classifications migration within UK migration from outside UK household family size type of households family longitudinal component of study Response rate N A Sampling frame 1 per cent sample of the resident population of England and Wales born on one of four selected dates of birth Originally selected from the 1971 Census the LS was updated at the 1981 1991 and 2001 Censuses and records were linked across the censuses Between the censuses immigrants and people born on the four dates of birth enter the study 49 type elderly people young people children Welsh Irish Gaelic language Black and How would you General health status Ad hoc Adults aged 16 Sample size England Health Minority describe your race knowledge of health Completed 74 normally 4 500 individuals Development Ethnic or ethnic origin and health promoting resident at the Agency Groups in Categories available behaviour cigarette 1992 address and of Ethnic minority England are smoking and
31. Harding S amp Balarajan R 2001 Mortality of third generation Irish people living in England and Wales longitudinal study BMJ Feb 2001 322 466 467 Heath A 2001 Ethnic minorities in the labour market Report to the PIU Cabinet Office October 2001 London Cabinet Office Heath A McMahon amp Roberts J 2000 Ethnic differences in the labour market a comparison of the Samples of Anonymised Records and the Labour Force Survey Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A 163 3 341 361 Heath A amp Cheung S Y 2004 Ethnic penalties in the labour market interim analysis for Department of Work and Pensions Hoque K amp Noon M 1999 Racial Discrimination in speculative applications new optimism six years on Human Resource Management Vol 9 No3 Jones T 1993 Britains Ethnic Minorities London Policy Studies Institute Joshi H 2001 Is there a place for area based initiatives Environment and Planning A Vol 33 Kapoor N 2011 The advancement of racial neoliberalism in Britain Ethnic and Racial Studies 68 Li Y 2004 Samples of Anonymised Records SARs from the UK Censuses Sociology Vol 38 3 553 572 Liff S 1999 Diversity and Equal Opportunities room for a constructive compromise Human Resource Management Journal Vol 9 No 1 Marsh C Skinner C and Arber S 1991 The case for the Samples of Anonymised Records from the 1991 Census Journal of Royal Statistical Society A 1
32. More detailed IHS data Caribbean disability questions and interview and residence or similar geography is e White and Black e income core modules Telephone institutions during available from IHS ESDS African from core LHS interview term time ESDS on the e White and Asian GLF LCF EHS Special e Other Mixed and LOS Licence e Indian versions of the e Pakistani datasets e Bangladeshi e Other Asian e Black Caribbean e Black African e Other Black e Chinese e Other CAPI Computer assisted Personal Interviewing CASI Computer assisted Self Interviewing CATI Computer assisted Telephone interviews DCMS Department of Culture Media and Sports Defra Department for the environment food and rural affairs DfES Department for Education and Skills DH Department of Health DTI Department for Trade and Industry DTLR Department for Transport Local Government and the Regions DWP Department for Work and Pensions ESRC Economic and Social Research Council NAW National Assembly for Wales NISRA Northern Ireland Statistical Research Agency ODPM The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ONS Office for National Statistics 64 10 Useful links A guide to comparing 1991 and 2001Census ethnic group data ONS on Ethnic Group The Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship Leverhulme Programme on Migration and Citizenship European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations Surve uestion Bank Economic and Social Data Service ES
33. Other Mixed Other Asian Other Ethnic and Other Black groups are relatively small It is therefore difficult to obtain sufficient numbers from survey data to explore their characteristics and consequently they are often not discussed in research reports Where results about them are shown in reports it is often difficult to interpret them knowing little about the people who make up these groups The Census is one of the few sources of data which produces sufficient numbers in these smaller groups to enable reliable analysis of their characteristics and socio economic conditions The Other groups in England and Wales the Other White Other Asian Other Black and Other Ethnic groups together made up 4 0 per cent of the population of England and Wales in 2001 The four Mixed ethnic group categories were included for the first time on the 2001 Census in England and Wales Their numbers are relatively small and where data are presented the individual mixed groups are often combined into one Mixed ethnic group Little is known therefore about the specific Mixed groups and even less about the Other Mixed group For the 2001 Census in England and Wales the ethnic group responses of Other were re classified to one of the specific ethnic group categories where possible The Other White group in particular originally included many people who wrote in English These people were ultimately classified as White British in census outputs In most surv
34. and CAPI Survey Harmonisation care occupation and in 2006 60 3 000 individuals stratifier employment DWP What do you Sampling frame More detailed homepage consider your Income savings Postcode Address geography is of the national identity to assets and pensions File available from Family be ESDS on the Resources Special Survey English Licence SL Scottish versions of the SQB Irish datasets overview British These include of the Other data at District 36 Family Council and Resources Local Survey Authority level General Harmonised ethnic e Education Annually from All individuals 2006 Great Britain ONS DH Househol classification is used e Employment 1971 except for aged 16 9 731 households ODPM d Survey in this survey see e Health breaks in residents in the 22 924 individual 2006 DTLR now the Table 1 e Household and 1997 98 when sampled interviews DCMS DWP General Full detail can also family information the survey was household Government Inland Lifestyle be found in e Housing tenure reviewed and Response rate Ethnic minority Office Region Revenue Survey Ethnic group ONS e Consumer 1999 2000 when in 2006 sample size DfES Harmonisation durables it was 76 Approximately 2000 Countries Scottish General e Smoking redeveloped individuals Executive Household What do you e Drinking The 1971 data is It is possible to Government Survey consider your e Pension
35. anguage This in turn may affect their chances in the labour market Thus analysis which separates people born in the UK from those born elsewhere is often useful F Geography People from minority ethnic groups tend to be concentrated in particular parts of the country For example urban areas in London the Midlands the North East and the North West have higher ethnic minority populations than elsewhere The Census and the Annual Population Survey APS have large enough ethnic minority sample sizes to support analysis at local area level e g wards Census or local authorities APS Most other surveys support analysis by ethnic group only at region or country level Geographical details in the data will help to identify the deprived hot spots to inform policy makers The concentration of ethnic minorities in particular areas may also bias the intended estimates which target to map a complete picture of the population as a whole Therefore any analysis needs to take both geography and ethnicity into account The Small Area Microdata SAM provides low level regional or sub regional numbers The SAM is a 5 sample of individuals for all countries of the UK with 2 96 million cases Local Authority is the lowest level of geography for England and Wales Council Areas for Scotland and Parliamentary Constituencies for Northern Ireland The Scilly Isles have been merged with Penwith and the City of London with Westminster For Scotland Orkney and Shetla
36. both t For a contemporary and critical discussion of racialisation in Britain see Kapoor 2010 The ethnicity question in the UK Censuses and large scale government surveys reflect the complexity and problem of definition in its juxtaposition of categories of colour e g White Black nationality e g British Indian combinations of the two White British identities legally recognised as racial identities such as Jewish and Sikh and the introduction of new Mixed categories such as it was the case in 2001 More generally the language used to describe ethnic minority populations varies and changes over time For example terms such as Black ethnic minority and ethnic groups are used somewhat interchangeably Moreover the key organisation in the UK in campaigning for equality in this area is the Commission for Racia Equality and the primary laws are the Race Relations Acts 3 Ethnicity Definitions Collecting data on ethnicity is a challenge because of the different process involved in shaping ethnic identities and the subjective multi faceted and fluid nature of ethnic identification Data on ethnicity in large scale government surveys has often included one or more of the following categories country of birth nationality parents country of birth national geographical origin race and religion Although each category can be an aspect of ethnic identification for a variety of reasons they are not as useful when tak
37. carried out in order to produce a larger sample size for analysis of specific sub groups However if boost samples are added to the main sample the data must be weighted to restore the proportions of the different groups in the population sampled Non equal selection probabilities can also occur due to differentials in non response and this can be corrected by using non response weights Response rate in this sense refers to unit non response whereby someone refuses to take part in the survey at all as opposed to item non response which relates to refusing to answer specific questions which is addressed by missing data methods rather than weighting Populations with relatively low response rates include ethnic minority groups young people and people living in large cities 24 Post stratification weights also Known as population or calibration weights are constructed after the other types of weight have been constructed and applied to the data They are applied to make the data even more representative of the population As with probability weights information on the population is usually derived from the decennial Population Census An overview of the different weighting strategies is available in the ESDS weighting guide in the link below This guide also provides information on the specific weights available for the various surveys http www esds ac uk qovernment docs weighting pdf D Age The age structures of the different minor
38. ck African Black African Other Black Other Black Mixed White and Black Caribbean Mixed White and Black African Chinese Chinese Chinese Other Other Other Other Asian Other Asian Other Mixed Two category ethnic classification Two category classification 1991 Census categories 2001 Census categories White White White British White Irish Other White Non White Indian Indian Pakistani Pakistani Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Other Asian Black African Mixed White and Black Caribbean Other Black Mixed White and Black African Chinese Mixed White and Asian Other Other Mixed Other Asian Black Caribbean Black African Other Black Chinese Other Appendix C Ethnicity Topic Based Resources A survey is classified as a preferred source if it is the main source for national statistics on that topic or a well established source for that topic AND it has a reasonably large ethnic minority sample size Topic Preferred Source Ethnic minority Sample size Period Available Education Skills and Labour Force Survey Approx 10000 households 2000 7 Training Housing Census of Population 4635296 2001 SARS 3 of above 2001 Income Wealth and Expenditure Family Resources Survey Approx 3000 individuals in the latest 1992 2006 07 Labour Market Labour Force Survey 11000 households 2000 7 Health and Care Health Survey for England 1999 ethnic boost 5500 adults 2900 children 1991 2006 et
39. consistency between England amp Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland In England and Wales the ethnicity variable contains 18 categories in Scotland this variable contains 21 categories and in the Northern Ireland census this variable contains 14 categories Particularly the ethnic group question in Northern Ireland is quite different from the other countries The White Other and Asian Other categories are not used in Northern Ireland In Scotland the Polish is a category of White and the Mixed category is treated differently to England and Wales Gypsy Roma Traveller is a new category across all four countries In Scotland and England and Wales the category Arab has been included as a new separate category B What is your ethnic group D Choose one section from A to E then tick one box to best describe your ethnic group or background A White English Welsh Scottish Northern Irish British Irish Gypsy or Irish Traveller Any other White background write in B Mixed multiple ethnic groups _ White and Black Caribbean White and Black African White and Asian C Any other Mixed multiple ethnic background write in C Asian Asian British Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese Any other Asian background write in D Black African Caribbean Black British African Caribbean Any other Black African Caribbean background write in E Other ethnic group Arab Any other ethnic group write in 16 What is your ethn
40. ddress Wales other categories Mental Health of rate 69 File related Young People Stage 1 Data surveys Religion Looked After by interviews collection religious affiliation Local Authorities 73 Second method Data from frequency of in Great Britain stage Face to face ESDS attendance at 2001 2002 CAPI proxy religious plus a self Psychiatric services prayer Mental Health of completion Morbidity meetings or a Children and module Among place of worship Young People in Adults in spiritual or Great Britain private religious 2004 a repeat households understanding of of the 1999 2000 main your life report how strongly this 59 view is held survey Questionna how important the ire from practice of your Adult Psychiatric ESDS belief is Morbidity Survey 2007 this survey was a repeat of the 2000 private households survey The Information Centre for Health and Social Care took over management of the survey in 2007 Pupil What is the child s Pupils Gender ethnic Annual School children All state schools Separate DfES Level ethnic group group language in state schools census for Annual spoken free school Since 2001 Sampling frame England Data Schools Harmonised ethnic meals course type Response rate All state schools Wales collection Census classification is used studied by pupils over Latest 2004 100 Scotland method Self in thi
41. e Survey ESDS link to LFS Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey data is not available as microdata but is available in tabular format for 2000 01 from ONS ONS homepage of the Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey Ethnic group ONS Harmonisation Also questions on National Identity Nationality Country of Birth Year of arrival to UK Religious affiliation Note the label value for Northern Irish white is 6 in the data e Home Workers e Sickness e Hours Worked Main Job e Employment Pattern e Second Job e Looking for Work e Benefit Entitlement e Education and Training e Health e Income e Family Details Employment unemployment economic inactivity occupation education and training hours of work personal characteristics of household members Questions are asked every three years about first language and whether or not language difficulties have caused problems in finding keeping a job or with education Educational vocational qualifications and 1991 the survey was carried out annually From March 1992 quarterly data were made available Continuous Survey and young people living away from the parental home during term time in hall of residence or similar institution Approximate response rates 1st wave 73 2nd 5th waves 92 Approximate ethnic minority sample size of 10 000 households Sampling frame GB pri
42. ears numbers are relatively few and mainly immigrants both pioneers and members of reunified families This is the case with Africans at present and was the case for Caribbean residents in the 1960s and Asian settlers in the 1970s and 1980s In the second stage family building and children are born in the UK There are few elderly immigrants and therefore relatively few deaths compared to births During this second stage new populations grow naturally even without immigration This is the current stage for UK Asian communities In the third stage of mature and longer term settlement the populations contain more elderly and natural growth reduces Without further immigration each population will reach a plateau with births and deaths more or less balanced The Caribbean population has reached this third stage Simpson 2004 These demographic aspects of immigration and the establishment of new communities with different experiences by the current Caribbean Asian and African populations are likely to explain some of the differences in labour market 14 experiences The new growing populations have created diverse urban neighbourhoods where the White Briton communities are in a minority There has also been dispersal of the more affluent families and individuals away from these traditional areas where social and family support is plentiful but housing and health is poor For more detailed discussion of the ethnic minority population in the UK at the 200
43. ed will tend to change over time so that quite legitimately for a proportion of the population a person may record themselves as one ethnic group at one time and another on a subsequent occasion Such changes depend upon personal social and political attitudes and developments Black for example was an unacceptable term at one time but it is now one that is embraced by many of the people in the populations concerned The term South Asian is now subject to considerable debate in the UK as evidence suggests it fails to capture the differences within the populations that it describes Moreover new populations or issues may emerge The 1991 census did not include a specific mixed ethnic group category Up to the mid 1980s various field trials had shown that people of mixed descent often preferred not to be distinguished as a separate population Sillitoe 1987 instead they usually identified with the ethnic group of one of their parents usually the father As a result an attempt to classify all persons of mixed descent in the same way was abandoned and a guidance note was added to the 1991 census question If the person is descended from more than one ethnic or racial group please tick the group to which the person considers he she belongs or tick the Any other ethnic group box and describe the person s ancestry in the space provided Fieldwork to determine a revised ethnicity question for the 2001 census had shown
44. egions Gatsby Charitable Foundation Hera Trust ESRC DH DWP DfES DTI ODPM Data collection method Face to face 4 e g Would you say Wards CAPI and you are very self religious somewhat Scottish completed religious not very Household questionnair religious or not at Survey six e modules all religious fold classification of urban rural Scotland Survey of Which of these Core topics Annual Families 2004 05 18 386 England ODPM English groups do you e Tenure Began in 1993 Households households Housing belong to e Housing costs Continuous approximately 32 Government Data e Housing history survey with data Head of private 000 individuals Office Region collection Categories available e Moving intentions released yearly households or method Data are Separate module for spouse of head Ethnic minority Face to face private tenants In April 2008 the of household sample size and CAPI SQB White e Tenancy type Survey of English approximately overview Black Caribbean e Rent Housing SEH Response rate 2000 households of the Black African e Housing benefits merged with the in 2006 67 5000 individuals Survey of Black Other Black e Local area English House English Groups satisfaction Condition Survey Sampling frame Housing Indian EHCS to form Postcode Address Pakistani Trends in tenure the new English File Bangladeshi owner occupiers Housing Survey Chinese social renters private EHS
45. en separately In Table 1 we consider the shortcomings of these categories on their own to reflect an ethnic identity Since the mid 1990s the government surveys have applied the principle of harmonisation in order to improve the comparability of statistics Harmonisation involves the use of standard questions and outputs with common classifications and definitions for a number of key concepts Economic status industry occupation employment status and socio economic classifications are all harmonised concepts which mean that all government surveys that contain data on these topics will have obtained the data through the use of harmonised or standard questions Each of the government surveys also collects the following harmonised core demographic variables from respondents sex age ethnicity marital status cohabitation For more information see ONS Harmonised concepts and the ONS questions ethnic group 2 However recently scholars have argued for the use of all these measures to capture the multi dimensional nature of ethnic identities Burton et a 2010 3 http www ons gov uk ons guide method harmonisation harmonisation index page index html Table 1 Harmonised Ethnic group output classifications more information can be found in Ethnic group ONS Harmonisation England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Great Britain United Kingdom White Wh
46. entity changes ensuring comparable measurement over time is of primary importance if the circumstances of existing and new categories of ethnic identities are to be mapped accurately 2 What Constitutes Ethnicity Definitions of what constitutes an ethnic group or ethnic minority are subject to much discussion see Banton 1998 Murjim and Solomos 2005 Coleman and Salt 1996 Bulmer 1996 Ballard 1996 Solomos and Back 1996 Anthias and Yuval Davis 1992 Bulmer s 1996 definition of an ethnic group is as follows An ethnic group is a collectivity within a larger population having real or putative common ancestry memories of a shared past and a cultural focus upon one or more symbolic elements which define the group s identity such as kinship religion language shared territory nationality or physical appearance Members of an ethnic group are conscious of belonging to an ethnic group Referring more specifically to the process of racialisation in Britain Berthoud Modood and Smith 1997 define ethnic group as follows a community whose heritage offers important characteristics in common between its members and which makes them distinct from other communities There is a boundary which separates us from them and the distinction would probably be recognised on both sides of that boundary Ethnicity is a multi faceted phenomenon based on physical appearance subjective identification cultural and religious affiliati
47. ercentage of all children source Simpson et al 2005 African 39 Caribbean White 37 Bangladeshi 37 Other Black 35 African White 33 Other 32 Pakistani 31 Caribbean 30 Other Asian 26 Other Mixed 25 Asian White 22 Other White 21 Irish 21 All 18 Chinese 17 White Briton 16 Indian 12 O 10 20 30 40 Source Census 2001 Table TH012 England and Wales 7 Issues and problems in secondary analysis of the ethnicity data A Sample Size and Coverage Issue Although a number of surveys contain an ethnicity question many national surveys contain only small numbers of people from ethnic minority populations This often means that data for some ethnic minority populations cannot be analyzed separately due to statistical unreliability or concerns about confidentiality Due to the small sample sizes of ethnic minorities in many surveys only a limited picture of their circumstances is available Within specific categories potential differences such as for example amongst settlers from different regions of India or different religious backgrounds are therefore difficult to measure The sample size should therefore be large enough to obtain the required level of accuracy It is vital to use a Survey that contains sufficient numbers of people in each of the groups of interest If you wish to look at ethnicity in combination with other variables you should consider whether the overall sample size is la
48. ey and administrative data sources however these people will remain included within the Other White group Some caution is therefore advisable when comparing these findings to those for the Other groups from data which have been collected by other sources Among Other Asians born in the UK however the most common write in description was Asian British or Asian English 28 One in three 32 per cent write in descriptions for Other Asians born in the UK specified a British Asian identity The majority of these are most likely second or third generation descendents of people from the main South Asian groups The 1991 census revealed that many second and third generation Asians wanted to record their British identity rather than their ethnic ancestry In recognition of this the 2001 census ethnic group question included the sub heading Asian or Asian British but respondents were not offered a category to tick as Asian British Some chose to select Other Asian and write in British Asian In other cases parents from Asian groups born outside the UK may have described their British born children as British Asian rather than ascribing them the ethnic groups Indian Pakistani or Bangladeshi A Black British identity was even stronger among Other Blacks born in the UK Three quarters 74 per cent of the Other Black group born in the UK specified a Black British identity The proportion was similar for those over 16 years o
49. hnic boosts in 1999 and 2004 Identity Fourth National Survey of Ethnic 5200 individuals in the latest 1966 1994 Minorities Every 10 yrs Socio demographic Census of Population 4635296 2001 Characteristics SARS 3 of above 2001 Area Characteristics Census of Population 4635296 2001 SAM 5 of above 2001 Migration Census of Population 4635296 2001 SARS 3 of above 2001 Households and ONS Longitudinal Study LS 48500 individuals in the latest 1971 2001 Families Social Capital Citizenship Survey 4600 individuals including boost in 2003 2001 2003 2005 2007 Crime and Safety British Crime Survey 2000 individuals but 5000 individuals in boost years 1982 2007 T11 Lifestyles and Social General Household Survey Approx 2000 1971 2006 Participation British Household Panel Survey Approx 370 individuals 160 1991 2007 households Older People Census of Population 4635296 2001 SARS 3 of above 2001 ONS Longitudinal Study LS 48500 individuals 2001 Children and Young Census of Population 4635296 2001 People SARS 3 of above 2001 ONS Longitudinal Study LS 48500 individuals 2001 Drug use Smoking and Drinking among Young People in England 1200 in the latest 1982 2007 Youth Lifestyles Survey 500 individuals in the latest 2001 78 Appendix D 2011 Census The 2011 Census asks questions on ethnicity national identity and citizenship However there are in
50. ic group D Choose one section from A to E then tick one box to best describe your ethnic group or background A White Welsh English Scottish Northern Irish British Irish Gypsy or Irish Traveller Any other White background write in B Mixed multiple ethnic groups White and Black Caribbean White and Black African _ White and Asian Any other Mixed multiple ethnic background write in C Asian Asian British Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese Any other Asian background write in D Black African Caribbean Black British African Caribbean Any other Black African Caribbean background write in E Other ethnic group Arab Any other ethnic group write in a5 What is your ethnic group Choose ONE section from A to F then tick ONE box which best describes your ethnic group or background A White Scottish Other British Irish Gypsy Traveller Polish Other white ethi e in Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Scottish or Bangladeshi British Chinese Chinese Scottish or Chinese British Other please write in D African African African Scottish or African British Other please write in E Caribbean or Black Caribbean Caribbean Scottish or Caribbean British Black Black Scottish or Black British Other please write in F Other ethnic group Arab Arab Scottish or Arab British Other please write in B What is your ethnic group Tick one box only White Chinese Irish Traveller
51. ic minority populations their care presents a different pattern again While just 22 of White Briton pensioners live in a household with at least one non pensioner this figure is just over 75 for Pakistani and Bangladeshi pensioners Three quarters 74 per cent of Bangladeshi households contained at least one dependent child This was the highest proportion for any ethnic minority population and was nearly three times that of White British households 28 per cent Households headed by a Pakistani or Indian person were also more likely than non Asian households to contain at least one dependent child 66 per cent of Pakistani and 50 per cent of Indian households did so Households containing more than one family with dependent children are most likely to be headed by people from Asian ethnic minority populations These types of households made up 2 per cent of all households in Great Britain whereas among the Bangladeshi community they made up 17 per cent of households 18 or over one in six of all dependent children live in a household without anyone in paid employment This is a measure of the task required to reduce child poverty in Britain Pakistani and Bangladeshi households in spite of their higher number of adults on average also have over 30 with no earner in the household The impact of poor labour market outcomes from one generation to another should not be underestimated 21 Figure 6 Children in households with no earner as a p
52. ion Survey Data from ESDS by qualified surveyor after interview Market value survey two market valuations of the property provided The composition ownership condition and energy efficiency of the housing stock and the range and quality of services it provides how poor housing conditions are distributed across tenures broad regional groups and different types of areas how poor housing conditions are related to social and economic deprivation the types of households who are most likely to live in poor housing conditions concentrations of poor housing and environmental conditions in poor neighbourhoods the April 2008 when it was merged with the Survey of English Housing to form the English Housing Survey EHS Response rate approximately 67 Interview with householder Ethnic minority sample size 650 dwellings per annum 1300 dwellings per report Sampling frame Shadow address file from Survey of English Housing used in 2002 to 2004 with over sampling of rented tenures From 2005 forward there is a longitudinal component traduced with continued over sampling of rented tenures bya qualified building surveyor 52 households who live there and the problems they experience Tracks government PSA target on decent homes Tenure type of accommodation amenities housing deprivation attitudes to neighbourhood or local area E
53. is a need to focus on the specific segments of the ethnic minority population In general rather than combining categories inappropriately it is better to show a category in a table while indicating that data for that category have been omitted because of small sample sizes Yet this results in gaps in the evidence base for informing policy The Census provides a profile of key demographics at the local and national level but does not provide in depth coverage of issues such as health housing and income Also the Census only provides data every ten years The Samples of Anonymised Records SARs are samples of individual census records and have been used widely to explore inequalities in relation to ethnicity Such micro level data allows multivariate analysis and statistical modelling even at a local level For example the impact of gender religion or ethnicity on employment can be assessed by controlling for age education general health and neighbourhood circumstances As such the SARs provide a valuable resource for exploring the relationships between different aspects of people s lives However they are limited to the issues covered in the Census For a review of research using the SARs see Li 2004 C Boosted samples and weighting A boost sample is an extra set of interviews carried out with a specific sub group of the survey population Many of the surveys in this guide have a boosted sample of people from ethnic minorities Boosts are
54. ite White White British White Scottish White White British White White Irish White Irish Irish Traveller White Irish sdY sowr reer eee Other white Other white Other white sds Other White British Mixed Mixed White and Black si _ Mixed White and Black Caribbean Mixed Caribbean White and Black African sds White and Black African White and Asian White and Asian Any other Mixed Any other Mixed Any other Mixed Asian or Asian British Asian or Asian British Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Pakistani Pakistani Pakistani Pakistani Pakistani Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Any other Asian other South Asian Other Asian Any other Asian Any other Asian Black or Black British Black or Black British Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean African African African African African Any other Black Black Scottish and other Other Black Any other Black other Black Black Chinese or other Chinese or other ethnic ethnic group group Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Any other ethnic group Any other ethnic group Any other ethnic group Any other ethnic group Any other ethnic group 4 Classification of Ethnicity over Time Evidence suggests that ethnic identities however defined or measur
55. ity ethnic groups vary and this can account for some of the differences seen between different ethnic groups For example health data in particular vary substantially according to age Because certain ethnic groups have younger age structures than others you need to control for these differences in age when looking at health data Age standardised data should be presented where possible Comparison of crude mortality rates between areas which may have different age structures would be inappropriate because the age structure of the population can affect the number of deaths and thereby the crude death rate To overcome this problem the common approach is to adjust or standardise the mortality rates to take account of differences between the age structures of the populations The two main methods of standardisation are Standardised Mortality Ratios SMRs also called indirect standardisation and Age Standardised Rates ASRs also called direct standardisation An SMR is essentially a comparison of the number of the observed deaths in a population with the number of expected deaths if the age specific death rates were the same as a standard population It is expressed as a ratio of observed to expected deaths multiplied by 100 SMRs equal to 100 imply that the mortality rate is the same as the standard mortality rate A number higher than 100 implies an excess mortality rate whereas a number below 100 implies below average mortality A SMR is ca
56. king Data understanding the past Linking Data ESRC Research Methods Conference Manchester May 2004 Dorling D amp Thomas B 2004 People and Places A 2001 Census Atlas of the UK Bristol The Policy Press Doyle P Lane J Theeuuwes J J M amp Zayatz L eds Confidentiality Disclosure and Data Access New York Elsevier EOC 2000 25 Legal Cases EOC Manchester Esmail A amp Everington S 1993 Racial discrimination against doctors from ethnic minorities BMJ 1993 306 Esmail A amp Everington S 1997 Asian doctors are still being discriminated against BMJ 1997 314 DWP 2003a Ethnic minorities in the public sector DWP April 2003 DWP 2003b The geography of ethnicity DWP June 2003 DWP 2003c Ethnic penalties in employment A literature review DWP Nov 2003 DWP 2003d Ethnic Minorities and Employment Discrimination DWP June 2003 67 Finney N amp Simpson L 2009 Sleepwalking to segregation Challenging myths about race and migration Bristol Policy Press Goldblatt P amp Jones D 1990 Methods In Goldblatt P ed Longitudinal Study Mortality and social organisation London HMSO 1990 Green A 2001 Unemployment non employment and labour market disadvantage Environment and Planning A 2001 Vol 33 Harding S Balarajan R amp Balarajan R 1996 Patterns of mortality in second generation Irish living in England and Wales longitudinal study BMJ Jun 1996 312 1389 1392
57. lculated as the number of deaths observed within an area divided by the expected number of deaths within that area This ratio is then multiplied by 100 To arrive at the expected number of deaths for each age group the standard age specific death rate is multiplied by the local population in that age group The number of expected deaths in each age group is then summed across all ages to arrive at the expected number of deaths for the local population The ASR for an area is the number of deaths usually expressed per 100 000 that would occur in that area if it had the same age structure as the standard population and the local age specific rates of the area applied Directly standardised mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the actual local population in a particular age group multiplied by the standard population for that particular age group and summing across the relevant age groups The rate is usually expressed per 100 000 See Breslow N Day N 1987 amp Goldblatt P Jones D 1990 25 For more information about vital statistics please see the following links http www esds ac uk government vitals faq http www esds ac uk government vitals links http www esds ac uk government vitals datasets E Country of birth Differences tend to exist between people born in the UK compared to those who migrated here For example migrants may have foreign qualifications and may not be fluent in the English l
58. ld 75 per cent and those under 16 72 per cent most of whom will have had their ethnic identity written in by a parent In the other ethnic category over half were born in the Far East The written in descriptions of the Other Ethnic group reflected the main countries of birth although one in four 26 per cent chose not to write any description Where a description was given the main write in descriptions were Filipino 23 per cent Japanese 21 per cent Vietnamese 11 per cent Arab 11 per cent Middle Eastern 6 per cent and North African 4 per cent See the following link for the full article 8 Accessing Microdata Accessing the Microdata To access ESDS Government survey data all users must Login register with ESDS All users including those outside the UK can obtain a login see Login help for details including what to do if you have forgotten your login Registered users can download order the datasets direct from the ESDS website usually in SPSS STATA or tab delimited formats via its online catalogue record and via the download order section of the Major Studies web page An increasing number of datasets are also available in Nesstar which allows for exploration of the data online and do basic exploratory analysis without registration A registered user can download all or a subset of the data Nesstar can save data into formats suitable for SPSS STATA SAS Statistica DIF suitable for use in Excel
59. lties in Britain Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol 26 No 3 Bulmer M 1996 The ethnic group question in the 1991 Census of Population Ethnicity in the 1991 Census of Population Eds Coleman D amp Salt J HMSO Burton J A Nandi amp L Platt 2010 Measuring ethnicity challenges and opportunties for survey research Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 8 1332 49 Cabinet Office 2003 Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market London Cabinet Office Clancy A Hough M Aust R amp Kershaw C 2001 Crime Policing and Justice the experience of ethnic minorities Findings from the 2000 British Crime Survey Home Office Research Study 223 Coleman D and J Salt 1996 Ethnicity in the 1991 Census of Population HMSO Connor H Tyers C Modood M amp Hillage J 2004 Why the Difference A closer look at higher education ethnic minority students and graduates DfES Research Report RR552 66 CRE 2003 Formal Investigation Reports Employment London CRE The Department of Health 1999 The Health of Ethnic Minority Groups Health Survey for England 1999 London Department of Health Dex S 1983 Recurrent unemployment in young black and White males Industrial Relations Journal Vol 14 no 1 Dex S amp Purdam K 2005 Implementing Equal Opportunities York Joseph Rowntree Foundation Dorling D 2001 How much does place matter Environment and Planning A 2001 Vol 33 Dorling D 2004 Lin
60. n and 1980 1984 Adults Achieved sample Great Britain DTI e are communication 1990 1998 and employed in size example from Advisory Employee worker representation 2004 organisations 1998 28 200 Conciliation Relations White payment systems with more than employees and Survey Black Caribbean recruitment and Since 1980 10 employees Arbitration Black African training equal Ethnic minority Service Data from Black Other opportunities health Latest 2004 Response rate sample size 1 100 ESRC ESDS Indian and safety flexibility approximately employees Policy Pakistani and performance 80 Studies 61 SQB Bangladeshi workplace change Sampling frame All Institute overview Chinese attitudes to work organisations with of Other Ethnic group There were three more than 10 Data Workplace elements to the employees collection Employee survey management method a Relations survey worker combination Study representative survey of face to and survey of face employees interviews self completed questionnair es and CAPI Youth Which of the Employment Varies between Young people Achieved sample England and DfES Cohort following groups do education training being annual and are sampled size Wales Study you belong to unemployment biannual 1985 from school example 14 000 Data qualifications 1986 1987 records in Year individuals in collection Data from Categories available 1989 1991 11
61. nce 1955 56 Sampling Black Afro Morbidity Indian frame Volunte Caribbean 2 500 Statistics Pakistani ering general Indian 2 600 from Bangladeshi practices Pakistani General Chinese Bangladeshi 1 700 Practice Sri Lankan Other 3 100 Other National Harmonised ethnic Gender ethnic group Annual Pupils in state Achieved sample Separate DfES Pupil classification is used language spoken free schools who are size All state census for Database in this survey see school meals and 2001 at the end of schools England Data links Table 1 exclusion of school each key stage Wales collection 57 Pupil Full detail can also pupils linked to their 2004 Pupils in Years Ethnic minority Scotland method PLA Level be found in end of Key Stage 2 6 9 11 sample size N A SC data Annual Ethnic group ONS assessment results linked to end School Harmonisation and previous Response Sampling frame of Key Stage Census attainment rate 100 All state schools attainment data with Religion religious data from attainmen character of schools Exam results schools for t data literacy numeracy and children in ability testing the relevant Departmen cohorts t for Children School s and Families gateway to statistics on schools National Harmonised ethnic Sexual relationship 1990 and 2000 16 to 44 year Achieved sample England DH Survey of classification is used attitudes Sexual
62. nd are merged into one area All other areas are identified See the following link for more information For more information about SARs files see the following link 26 G Change of question wording Changes in the way ethnicity is measured for example changes in the question wording and categories offered for response need to be borne in mind when looking at changes over time H Consistency over time The substantial complexities surrounding the classification of ethnic identity are recognized in challenges to balance several different objectives e comparability between the Census and other data sources e capturing the increasing diversity of ethnicity due to inter ethnic family formation and migration patterns e Consistency over time to facilitate analysis of trends and policy impacts over the very long term The tension between the need for continuing work to develop our understanding of the changing nature of ethnicity and the need to fix the classifications at some point e g at Census time to enable consistency of reporting and comparability with the Census is well known These considerations are set within a social and political framework of considerable interest in equal opportunities and in issues of national identity ESDS Government has compiled detailed information about variables including ethnicity that are consistent over time on specific surveys LFS and GHS For more information see the following link The new
63. nic minority populations the proportions born in the UK generally declined with age For example 83 per cent of Black Caribbeans aged 25 to 34 were born in the UK but this fell sharply with age such that only 5 per cent of those aged 45 to 64 were born in the UK For some other non White ethnic populations Black Africans Chinese and Bangladeshis this sharp decline occurred in younger age groups reflecting their later immigration Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey ALALFS 2002 03 Office for National Statistics 17 6 3 Regional and country population concentrations Britain s ethnic minorities are not evenly spread between its countries and regions Seven regions of England have more than 5 of their population and in absolute terms more than 100 000 ethnic minority residents Whilst the term Ethnic minority is used here to refer to all populations other than White populations it should be remembered that the Other White and the Irish population are major minorities The North East South West Wales and Scotland have 2 per cent or less ethnic minority residents between 38 000 thousand and 71 000 in each Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey ALALFS 2002 03 Office for National Statistics London has been the major centre for immigration and in 2001 contained nearly half of Britain s ethnic minorities London as a whole and many of its Boroughs is very diverse containing at least one third each of the ethnic minority
64. o fifteen year olds People aged 8 and over living in private households Response rate 64 young people 1 666 20 local areas and minority ethnic groups 4 571 16 800 individuals comprising a nationally representative sample of 9 500 adults aged 16 and over a minority ethnic boost sample of 4 600 people a children s boost sample of 1 000 aged 8 to 10 year olds and a young people s boost sample of 1 700 aged 11 to 15 year olds e ODPM Index of deprivation Sampling frame Postcode Address File and CAPI 56 e race and religious prejudice and perceptions of discrimination e religion e mixing between people of different backgrounds e values e demographic and some geo demographic information Morbidity To which group do Reasons for which Intermittent General Achieved sample England and DH Statistics you consider you patients consult 1955 56 1970 Practitioners size Wales from belong general practice as 76 1981 82 GPs and their 502 500 individuals Data General perceived by GPs and 1991 92 patients 60 general collection Practice Categories available practice nurses Studies before practices method MSGP4 are 1981 82 did not Response rate Face to face have an ethnic 83 Ethnic minority and proxy Informatio White group question sample size n page for Black Caribbean 9 900 individuals the Black African Si
65. on stereotyping and social exclusion However other more critical scholars have driven attention to the problem of ethnic categorisation as pre historical phenomena as argued for by Anthias and Yuval Davis 1992 3 4 in Racialised Boundaries Historically ethnic national or racial categories have been formed in various ways through conquests colonisation and immigration In different social and historical contexts a process of relabeling or redesignation may occur For example immigrants from South Asia can be defined as ethnical racial or religious groups using the term Pakistani Black or Muslim Jews in different contexts can be constructed as a primary religious ethnic or national group Therefore groups that have been called or have called themselves national at one point or in one territory have become ethnic or racial on other contexts for example Jews have been referred to sequentially in this way in the Soviet Union the USA and Nazi Germany The use of one or other of these categorizations has often been determined by the political intentions of those involved However while they are difficult to ground what is common to them in all their diversity is that they involve the social construction of an origin as a basis for community or collectivity This origin mythical or real can be historically territorially culturally or physiognomically based It can be internally constituted by the group or externally imposed or
66. or the collection and classification of ethnicity data Office for National Statistics ONS 2004 The National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification Pattie C 2001 On reinvented wheels Environment and Planning A 2001 Vol 33 Purdam K amp Elliot M 2003 A Case Study of the Impact of Disclosure Control on Data Quality in the UK Samples of Anonymised Records Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology Research Conference USA Purdam K Afkhami R Olsen W 2005 An Overview of Equality Statistics in the UK DTI Rees P 2005 Interview with author Sillitoe K 1987 Developing questions on Ethnicity and related topics for the Census OPCS Occasional Paper 36 SS 1246 1261 OPCS Simpson L 2002a The starting point for population projections by ethnic group In Population Projections by Ethnic Group a Feasibility Study ed Haskey J Studies in Medical and Population Subjects No 67 TSO London 73 80 Simpson L 2002b Geography conversion tables a framework for conversion of data between geographical units International Journal of Population Geography 8 69 82 Simpson L amp Akinwale A 2006 Quantifying stability and change in ethnic group CCSR Working Paper 2006 05 Simpson L Purdam K Tajar A Fieldhouse E Gavalas V Tranmer M Pritchard J amp Dorling D 2006 Ethnic minority populations and the labour market an analysis of the 1991 and 2001 Census DWP report No 333 The Department of
67. oups originating in those parts of the world National or geographical origin can be combined with a colour term such as Black as in Black African which can identify more precisely an ethnic group This is particularly useful for people originating from a part of the world that is multi ethnic such as the West Indies Religion For some ethnic minorities such as the Indian Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations religion is one of the important defining characteristics For this reason a question on religion was included on the 2001 UK Census Yet the definition of religion is widely disputed and there is considerable diversity within religious groups 12 Table 3 Comparison of ethnic group categories in 1991 2001 Census Simpson and Akinwale 2006 Compatible 1991 2001 categories category categories White White White all three sub categories four in Scotland Black Caribbean Black Black or Black British Black Caribbean Caribbean Black African Black Black or Black British Black African African Indian Indian Asian or Asian British Indian Pakistani Pakistani Asian or Asian British Pakistani Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Asian or Asian British Bangladeshi Chinese Chinese Chinese or Other Ethnic Group Chinese Other not Black Other Mixed all four sub categories one in Scotland comparable over Other Asian Black or Black British Other Black time Other Asian or Asian British O
68. pling frame 2000 20 categories response and Postcode Address British satisfaction with the File Crime Cultural background police victim Survey asked since intimidation and victim 2001 02 support Crime in Drug use experience England and perceptions of and Wales crime experience of 2007 08 anti social behaviour racially motivated SOB crimes fear of crime overview experience of CJS and of British contact with the police Crime Attitudes to Survey neighbourhoods or local areas British Respondent s race The survey covers a Annually since Adults 18 and In 2008 4 468 Great Britain Gatsby 34 Social self rated wide range of social 1983 over living in interviews obtained Charitable Attitudes moral and political private Government Foundation Survey National identity issues Some Exceptions in households Ethnic minority Office Regions Hera Trust topics are covered 1988 and 1992 sample sizes are ESRC DH British Religion every or nearly every when funding Response rate small Each year Electoral DWP DfES Social All years Religious Year for example went to the approximately approx 200 300 Wards DTI Attitudes affiliation and taxation and British Election 61 but several years Industry frequency of spending the NHS Study BSA data may be Westminster ODPM Questionna attendance at politics labour market combined to yield a Parliamentary ires religious services participation
69. populations identified in the census except Pakistanis who are more evenly spread between the North West Yorkshire the West Midlands and London Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey ALALFS 2002 03 Office for National Statistics Outside London other populations are concentrated in particular regions Bangladeshis in the West Midlands and the North West Indians in the East and West Midlands and Caribbeans in the West Midlands The Chinese are the most dispersed population These geographical patterns reflect the geography of industrial demands at the time of each population s first major period of immigration after which family and chain migration tended to reinforce the geography of settlement 6 4 Age composition and birthplace An individual s circumstances are affected by the presence or absence of children and elderly in their wider families While overall ethnic minorities population of working age is at 63 of its total not very different from the 61 proportion overall that working age population supports many more children than older people Purdam Afkhami amp Olsen 2005 While among the majority White Britons the number of children matches the number over pensionable age each at 20 of the population children of ethnic minorities are five times the number of pensionable age 30 of the population compared to 6 of elderly This young age structure also varies between ethnic minority populations There are several
70. r Ethnic Group 4 Not applicable Sources 1991 Census Local Base Statistics ONS Crown Copyright Reserved from Nomis on 19 April 2005 adjusted with OPCS GRO S adjustment factors as cited in OPCS GRO S 1994 Undercoverage in Great Britain 1991 Census User Guide 58 Table 7 Census April 2001 Office for National Statistics 6 2 Identity Ethnicity and Country of Birth In most non White ethnic minority populations in Britain the majority of people in the 2004 Annual Population Survey described their national identity as British English Scottish or Welsh This included 88 per cent of people from the Mixed population around 80 per cent of Pakistanis Black Caribbeans and Bangladeshis and three quarters of the Indian and Other Black populations Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey ALALFS 2002 03 Office for National Statistics People from the White British population were more likely to describe their national identity as English 58 per cent rather than British 36 per cent However the opposite was true of the non White populations For example three quarters 76 per cent of Bangladeshis said they were British while only 5 percent said they were English Scottish or Welsh Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey ALALFS 2002 03 Office for National Statistics Among people living in Great Britain the proportion born in the UK England Wales Scotland or Northern Ireland varied markedly by ethnicity Among the non White eth
71. re sample of Wales p Survey in this survey see participation and 2008 2009 and over 9 486 adults Data Table 1 e Local neighbourhood Latest wave 2007 collection Citizenship Full detail can also eTrust 2009 2010 The Boost samples for eGovernment method Survey be found in e Unpaid help survey has been 2003 only children 1 032 Office Region Face to face 55 Ethnic group ONS Harmonisation Religion 2008 2009 questions relating to religious identity e g affiliation practice importance of religion to the respondent s choice of where they live work their friends school and sense of self a range of questions about respondents opinions about attitudes to members of different religious groups volunteering e Charitable giving In 2005 the core harmonised question set is part of the questionnaire The 2007 survey covered e Identity and social network e Feelings about the community including community cohesion e Control over life e Trust and influence e Volunteering e Civil renewal e social mixing between people of different backgrounds e Values 2008 2009 main topics e identity and social networks e feelings about the community including community cohesion e trust and influence e volunteering e civic engagement discontinued after that Children eight and nine year olds Young People ten t
72. rge enough to support your analysis For example if the sample is to be divided by other variables such as age sex or employment status as well as ethnicity then a larger sample will ensure better coverage in each sub group See the following links for more information about how to deal with insufficient sample size in SPSS and in labour market guides ESDS Government SPSS guide http www esds ac uk government docs documents UsingSPSSforWindows pdf ESDS Government employment and labour market guide http www esds ac uk government docs ELMintro pdf B Aggregation of surveys One way around small sample size is to aggregate data either by combining more than one year s data or by combining different ethnic minority populations For example data for Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations are often combined because of small sample sizes but this should only be done if the two populations show similar patterns on the outcome of interest For example in presenting UK female unemployment data from the Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey it is NOT sensible to combine data for Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi and Other Asian populations into one Asian or Asian British figure just because the Bangladeshi population is too small to be presented separately The employment pattern for Indian women is very different Nazroo 1997 has highlighted that the levels of ill health differ substantially across South Asian populations and there
73. ritish comparison sample A sample of White British adults aged 16 74 from the HSE 1998 who had agreed to be re contacted Family Which of the groups Life history household Ad hoc Ceased Adults aged Achieved sample Great Britain DfES and listed on this card details 16 69 living in size 11 200 DefRA DWP Working do you belong to accommodation 1994 95 private individuals Home Office Lives training and education households including boost Survey Categories available employment history sample Data are jobs unemployment Response collection ESDS link pensions and rate 54 Ethnic minority method to Family White retirement benefits sample size Face to face and Black African family caring gt 2 100 individuals and CAPI Working Black Caribbean disability respondents Sampling including boost Lives Black Other partners frame sample Survey Indian Main sample Pakistani Postcode Bangladeshi Address File Chinese ethnic minority Other boost sample quota sample Fourth To which of the Household structure Approximately Adults aged 16 Achieved sample England and ESRC DH National following groups do neighbourhoods and every 10 years and over who size 8 100 Wales Defra DfES Survey of you consider you quality of housing have individuals main Ethnic belong education Since 1966 67 Caribbean sample 5 200 Data 54 Minorities employment health Indian White
74. s not combine several Actuary s national identity to and many others downloadable years of data in Department SQB be from the Data order to yield a Health overview 2006 EU SILC Archive and is larger ethnic Development English European Union only available in minority sample Agency Ethnicity Scottish Survey of Income and ASCII size overtime in Irish Living Conditions Significant Sampling frame Data GHS British methodological Postcode Address collection Other Household and family changes from File method ONS link to information housing 2000 onwards Face to face GHS Also questions on tenure and household CAPI and homepage accommodation Latest GHS CATI Country of birth When arrived in UK Father s country of consumer durables including vehicle ownership employment education health and use of health services smoking and drinking 2006 From 2007 GLS data are available under special licence 37 birth Mother s country of birth National Identity 2008 religious family information including marriage cohabitation and fertility income demographic information about household members including migration E society contraception affiliation Health Harmonised ethnic Survey classification is used for in this survey see England Table 1 Full detail can also Health be found in Survey for Ethnic group ONS England Harmonisa
75. s survey see 16 permanent completed Departmen Table 1 exclusion questionnair t for Full detail can also Teaching and teaching es by Children be found in staff those who teach parents as School s Ethnic group ONS ethnic minority pupils part of and Harmonisation hours worked gender school Families qualifications class administratio gateway to Religious character sizes pupil teacher n statistics of the school ratios number and on schools types of schools total number of pupils 60 special educational needs Type of school attended school exclusion Sports To which of these Levels of participation Ad hoc Adults aged 16 Sample size 3 100 England Sport Participat groups do you in sport previous Completed and over individuals England ion and consider you sporting experiences Ethnicity belong sporting aspirations Only 1999 2000 Response Ethnic minority Data in rate 43 Sample size 3 100 collection England Categories available Sports and leisure individuals method are activities Face to face Headline Sampling frame interviewing findings of White Ethnic minority the Sports Black Caribbean respondents from participatio Black African the Labour Force n and Black Other Black Survey and ONS ethnicity Groups Omnibus Survey survey in Indian England Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese None of these please describe Workplac Categories available Consultatio
76. social health social support religion and cultural identity as well as the core topics smoking alcohol consumption general health prescribed medication and use of services The survey also collects objective data on health e g physical measurements BMI blood pressure lung function etc Health status and disability smoking and drinking use of health services nutrition physical activity contraception and sexual health dental health child health households and up to two children aged 2 15 from each household Example of 1999 ethnic boost year response rate General population sample 76 Ethnic minority boost sample 71 Chinese boost sample 81 focused enumeration in areas with the lowest density of ethnic minority residents Labour Force Survey Ethnicity over time Harmonised ethnic classification is used in this survey see Table 1 Full detail can also be found in e Household and Respondent Characteristics e Government Training Schemes e Main Job The LFS was carried out biennially from 1973 to 1983 Between 1984 Adults aged 16 and over living in private households and NHS accommodation 5 wave panel Approximately 57 000 hhids NHS accommodations UK countries Government office regions DWP DfES ONS The Scottish Executive NAW NISRA 39 in LFS ONS user guide to Labour Forc
77. that a mixed category would be acceptable provided that an opportunity was given to record the relevant details as a written description So the 2001 Census included mixed categories and subdivided White categories which were not included in the 1991 census Comparing populations over time raises a number of problems however Simpson and Akinwale 2004 examining the census Longitudinal Study between 1991 and 2001 identify seven robust stable categories The residual Other category comprises varied backgrounds of different natures in 1991 and 2001 and is therefore not comparable easily over the decade also see Simpson 2002a Lookup tables linking previous with current categorisations are valuable Table 2 below highlights an example comparison See also ONS guide to comparing 1991 and 2001 Census ethnic group data and the ONS for the 2011 Census ethnic group categories 10 5 Differences between UK Countries in Census 2001 When managing and updating the ethnicity classification for the United Kingdom for statistical purposes it is vital that there is a clear conceptual basis that the categories reflect and distinguish between the significant ethnic minority populations present in the United Kingdom that the categories will be comparable over time and that the format is suitable for different collection formats and user needs The ONS classification for the 2001 Census is based around two types of questions one on ethnicity
78. the In 1997 a scaled larger ethnic Constituencies Data Some years only welfare down version of minority size if the collection ESDS link particularly 1998 state religion BSA done in same question was Postcode method to British and 2008 Other conjunction with asked each year District Face to face Social questions about Other topics are the British and if large changes CAPI and Attitudes religion e g belief covered less regularly Election study for between years are Local self Survey in God parental for example continuity unlikely Authority completed religious affiliation marriage gender Districts questionnair SQB participation in roles national Sampling frame e modules overview activities or identity Postcode Address Standard of British organization of a Political attitudes File Regions Social place of religious Political participation Attitudes worship Social trust Attitudes to race Living Harmonised ethnic The Expenditure and Annual Adults aged 16 Achieved sample UK ONS Defra Costs and classification is used Food Survey EFS and over living size in 2008 Food in this survey see became the Living April 2001 in private 5 091 households in Government Data Survey Table 1 Costs and Food Survey replaced the households and Great Britain and Office Region collection Expenditu Full detail can also LCF in January 2008 Family children aged 574 in Northern Northern method re and be found in Expenditure 7 15
79. the use African sample size Data the of chewing tobacco 1994 Caribbean 4 500 individuals collection Second African Caribbean products activity and Indian method Health Indian physical fitness diet Pakistani Sampling frame Face to face and Pakistani and nutrition body Bangladeshi or Postcode Address interviews Lifestyles Bangladeshi image and shape East African File within selected Survey Asian ethnic 1991 census Note each group enumeration NICE link different target districts containing to the ethnic group Response rate 10 or more of the survey received a different 72 population from one version of the of the target ethnic Contact questionnaire groups NICE National Institute for Clinical Excellence nice nice org uk Drug use To which of these Smoking drinking and Annual since Secondary Sample size England DH Smoking ethnic groups do drug use In alternate 1999 every two school pupils approximately and you belong years the survey years from 1982 aged 11 15 9 000 pupils from Data Drinking focuses on either 1998 Years 7 11 approximately 270 collection 50 among Categories available smoking and drinking schools method Young are or on drug use Response rate Self People in Since 1982 in 2007 Ethnic minority completed England White Smoking drinking 61 of schools sample size questionnair Mixed drug use young and 87 of approximately e and ESDS link Asian or Asian people
80. ther Asian Other Chinese or Other Ethnic Group Other Ethnic Group Simpson and Akinwale 2006 report the seven categories above with most stability for individuals between 1991 and 2001 13 6 Ethnic Diversity in Britain Census amp Surveys There are substantial differences in the demographic and socio economic circumstances of ethnic minority populations in Britain Below we provide a brief overview We draw on recent work by Simpson et al 2005 We use Census data as a benchmark for other social surveys to describe ethnicity characteristics and classifications This is because census coverage is nearly 100 of the population and complete In the following sections we report characteristics of the ethnic minority population drawing on Census data and some other social surveys such as the Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey ALALFS 6 1 Demographics In 2001 the non white UK population had grown to 4 6 million 7 9 from 3 1 million in 1991 5 5 ONS 2003 In the decade between 1991 and 2001 most of the growth for the Caribbean Indian Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations has not been from immigration The change has been due to a larger number of births than deaths in these populations On the other hand the African population in particular but also the Chinese have grown mostly due to immigration There have been three demographic stages in the settlement of people in the UK from other parts of the world For the first y
81. thnic Minority Psychiat ric Illness Rates in the Commu nity EMPI RIC Departmen t of Health homepage for EMPIRIC Which ethnic group do you consider you belong to Categories available are White Black Caribbean Black African Black Other Indian Pakistani Bangladeshi Chinese Or Irish None of these specify Mental health including common mental disorders psychotic symptoms physical health social functioning and chronic strains social support access to services Mental health Ad hoc 2000 Adults aged 16 to 74 living in private households from five of the main ethnic minority groups in England Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Indian Irish and Pakistani people and a White British group for comparison Response rate 68 Achieved sample size 4 300 individuals Ethnic minority sample size 3 400 individuals Sampling frame Ethnic minority sample All Health Survey for England 1999 respondents age 16 74 who had agreed to be re contacted and met the age and ethnic group criteria About 8 did not Great Britain DH Scottish Executive National Assembly for Wales Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at the Royal Free and University College Medical School Data collection method 53 agree to be re Face to face contacted and were and CAPI excluded from the sample White B
82. tion Questionna Cultural Background ire Data SOB overview of Health Survey England Focuses on different demographic group or disease condition and its risk factors and looks at health indicators such as e Cardiovascular disease Physical activity Eating habits Accidents Asthma Smoking Drinking Neighbourhood characteristics Trust e Family and friends e Informal social networks e Participation Cardiovascular disease CVD for adults and Annually from 1991 to present survey 1999 and 2004 included ethnic minority boost samples Adults in private households 16 and over Children aged 2 15 included since 1995 Children aged 0 1 included since 2001 See also Scottish Health Survey Welsh Health Survey General population sample Adults aged 16 and over living in private 2008 22 623 cases individual file 31 927 cases household file Example from 1999 ethnic boost General population sample of 7 800 adults and 1 800 children aged 2 15 years Ethnic minority boost sample 5 500 adults and 2 900 children Chinese boost sample 660 adults and 260 children Sampling frame Postcode Address File with full screening and England Health Authority Government Office Region since 1998 DH Data collection method Face to face and CAPI 38 asthma for children physical activity eating habits psycho
83. umption training and education health and caring labour market behaviour labour and non labour income values and opinions household finances Consumer durables asked annually since 1991 02 Wave 1 group of individuals interviewed each year All household members 16 and over In 1994 A Youth self completion element added children aged 11 15 Response rate approximately 87 GB In 1999 an additional 1 500 households added in both Wales and Scotland In 2001 a sample of 2 000 households added in Northern Ireland Ethnic minority sample size approximately 370 individuals 160 households Sampling frame Postcode Address File United Kingdom 2001 Local Authority Districts Counties Unitary Authority Areas Development Agency ONS Eurostat Data collection method Face to face CAPI Telephone and self completion modules 44 sometimes for NI only frequency of religious attendance religion brought up in etc Millenniu Harmonised ethnic m Cohort classification is used Study in this survey see Table 1 Centre for Full detail can also Longitudin be found in al Studies Ethnic group ONS homepage Harmonisation of the Millennium Cohort Religion religious Study affiliation religion brought up in ESDS link 2008 religious to the service attendance Millennium Cohort Study SQB overview of the
84. vate households Postcode Address File Northern Ireland Rating Valuation List Face to face CAPI and CATI 40 workplace training economic activity unemployment occupation and industry working patterns employment status travel to work religion country of birth nationality national identity age and sex marital status socio economic classifications health status and disability migration within the UK migration from outside the UK households family size type of household and family type Welsh Irish Gaelic language Scottish Social Attitudes Scottish Social Attitudes Questionna ires Data Respondent s race self rated National Identity Religion religious affiliation religious affiliation brought up in frequency of religious attendance other questions in some years only As British Social Attitudes with additional Scottish modules such as views on the devolved administration Began in 1999 as an annual Scottish sister survey to the British Social Attitudes survey Annually since then Persons aged 18 years and over resident in Scotland including north of the Great Glen Scotland 2007 1 508 interviews obtained Recent years include a boost of addresses in remote and rural parts of Scotland Local Authority Districts Parliamentary Constituencies Postcode Districts Government Office R
85. ved areas and United Kingdom ESRC DfES DH DWP ONS NISRA Scottish Executive NAW Data collection method Computer Assisted Personal Interview CAPI with the parents plus a module completed by Computer Aided Self Completion Interview CASI 45 4 survey 2008 5 survey 2012 areas with high concentrations of Black and Asian families Census of popu lation Questionna ires Census forms England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland SARS J at a7 N Homepage for Census 2001 IW ONS homepage for 2011 Census Harmonised ethnic classification is used in this survey see Table 1 Full detail can also be found in Ethnic group ONS Harmonisation Frequency distributions in 2001 individual SARS cobirtO Country of Birth combgn Community background religion or religion brought up in ethew Ethnic Group for England and Wales ethn Ethnic Group e Demographic information e Household composition e Housing e Employment Household accommodation household relationships demographics cultural characteristics state of health qualifications employment economic activity workplace and journey to work migration Tenure type of accommodation amenities housing deprivation health status and disability whether a carer religion Welsh Irish Gaelic language country of
86. vey e Millennium Cohort Study Census e Census SARs e Longitudinal Study ONS Other Surveys Black amp Minority Ethnic Groups in England Drug use Smoking and Drinking among young people in England English House Condition Survey Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community EMPIRIC Family amp Working Lives Survey Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities Citizenship Survey National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle Psychiatric Morbidity Among Adults in private households Sports Participation and Ethnicity in England Workplace Employee Relations Study Youth Cohort Survey Youth Lifestyles Survey Administrative Surveys e Morbidity Statistics from General Practice e National Pupil Database e Pupil Level Annual School Census 31 Table 7 Summary of large scale surveys containing ethnicity The following table details the survey name key ethnicity questions and the years they were asked where relevant and other topics the survey covered Under the Survey section there are links to survey information the most recent questionnaire and the data when this is available The remaining columns detail in which year each survey was conducted the target respondents for the survey the number of respondents to the survey and what coverage the survey data is available for Many surveys now collect information on people s ethnic group especially following the Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 as public
87. y Therefore ethnicity is often associated with a fixed ethnic identity This however is being increasingly challenged as is the idea of ethnically homogenous national states Ethnicity is a social construct specific to a social and historical context However notwithstanding the contested definition of ethnicity ethnic identities have a material foundation and exist in contemporary societies as social forces Ethnicity can explain inequalities in our societies and is therefore crucial to capture ethnic identities In the UK a range of surveys collect information on ethnicity and such information is often also routinely collected for a range of administrative purposes At both local and national levels this information is vital in building a picture of the circumstances of ethnic minority populations compared to the ethnic majority population over time in order to ensure effective development of policy Social scientists also benefit from ethnicity data The existence of the breadth of literature examining ethnic inequalities bears witness to the fact that ethnicity as a social force does shape our societies Thus ethnicity constitutes an important element of the social world that cannot be ignored In this introductory guide we review the main data sets on ethnicity and give examples of the type of evidence that can be gleaned from them We also consider some of the problematic issues of sample size categorization and change over time As ethnic id

Ethnicity: Introductory User Guide

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