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USER'S MANUAL - University College London

1. XQ9TA rTTPGN PTIM ISPSIHA EQ VP TElb TGO SEX MH Transcription afekoratikubos kafuo kemei kortika lutiakei auki bafasioka erma uela tikersebos o User s manual 33 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MULTILINGUAL PLANE PLANE 1 e Introduction The Gothic Old Italic Old Persian cuneiform ancient Greek musical notation and in a near future a number of characters of interest to classicists are located in the so called Supplementary Multilingual Planes The characters in the supplementary multilingual planes have a different behaviour than those in the basic multilingual plane This has very important consequences e What are supplementary characters Unicode was originally intended to encode all the world s scripts in a 16 bit code Basic Multilingual Plane BMP or Plane 0 allowing a maximun of 65 536 code points It soon became evident that the number of code points needed to encode all scripts ancient and modern would vastly exceed this figure The designers of Unicode devised a mechanism to provide access to additional planes Supplementary Multilingual Planes SMP There are sixteen supplementary planes named Plane 1 Plane 2 and so on Gothic and Old Italic characters are allocated in Plane 1 The Old Persian cuneiform in Plane 16 There are two ways of referencing code points in the SMP Firstly by extending Unicode from 16 bits to 32 bits and referencing the code points directly as
2. 1 6 ET ss ot Whether ef ETE Donec eris felix multos numerabis amicos b By typing the vowels with macrons or breves directly temp r si f rint l n bil s l s ris Ovid Tristium Liber I IX v 5 6 The first method allows the caesura to be indicated more easily and it also allows to type the marking of vowels that are long by nature if desired in addition to the metrically long and short syllable If you are using the first method you will also need to adjust the spacing between metrical characters so that they will line up as far as they can over the vowels below to get the metrical characters well lined up Fully conscious of this difficulty and in order to facilitate a fine appearance of the scansion I have included in ALPHABETUM a few space characters with different advance widths such as figure space thin space hair space etc See below the chapter titled Using metrical signs The second method provides a better appearance if the metrical citation is located within a regular run of text Both methods however are in use in scholarly texts Such metrical characters are hard to find in computer fonts and no standard exists for their placement and use To my knowledge only Anaxiphorminx and Junicode fonts contain symbols for metrics ALPHABETUM provides in Private Use Area all the above signs quoted in two strings the first one with metrical symbols positioned below the baseline to facilitate
3. AA AAT AA AA RA ee gt A M Ij I 5 gt 4 1 H O A J F n LA L AN 77 t w L ECHA 00 NE L4J il Ab w MA H M EEM N EN asss ERASE E ELE 555 A B O J nm H lt as x A lt lt A O O lt lt La LH a mal O 0 O ki 2233 5 222 xz 5565 oia YYVVYANY VY V A V s P e lt a a gt s A X User s manual 28 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font po E EA p GEN FL E 800 EA M e SAMPLES gt OSCAN The Oscan alphabet Nd gt A ATI BIAVMHAARTV8EVY a bgdevz hiktimnoaprst uf Sample text Cippus Abellanus Boundary stone from Abella 33 YEN H JI2 INH FYIIDIIqIT 232 F Y HII F3HYQQ33 8 XY 1 YS TAJA IHY 99332 gI3 Y NY qn ZIRH HEH EYHR 438 8139 YIIRIH HEFHF FYMA II388 F3q EYVTRARXYDHIRHBE EYEH32VI EY TRARSYTI IRHI F Y FISY I iq3YWtYIRRT 3335 HAAR JJJYH FYTZ NT 3339 F32IE 93 VAINJIR EV TAD N HHO 4 3E YHRAJ3SR 2 EY TRN MHH UMBRIAN Sample text Tabulae Iguvinae Iguvian tablet I Vt3 3 e3rnaIq3JH8 e328 IV 432 031 3 t 23 3 3437341 3AN V1 2e31aM 031 VMIT2VAITAA V 38 38 V g30 1IV 140A 3
4. mert nn n buta v tkeik rt odavesztek a t rsak balg k folfaltak H peri n eliosznak barmait s hazat rt k napj t 6 elorozta Istenno Zeusz lanya besz lj minek nk is ezekbol 10 Hom rosz User s manual 20 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 16 CYRILLIC BASED LANGUAGES ALPHABETUM contains the full set of Cyrillic characters Basic Russsian Alphabet Unicode range 0410 044F Cyrillic Extensions Unicode range 0400 040F Historic Letters Unicode range 0460 0481 and Extended Cyrillic Unicode range 048A 04F9 Therefore with ALPHABETUM you can type in many languages which use the Cyrillic alphabet such as Russian Old Russian Old Cyrillic Byelorussian Bulgarian Macedonian Moldavian Ukrainian Abkhasian Uzbek Azerbaijani Azeri Bashkir Tajik Kazakh Yakut etc SAMPLES BULGARIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET MACEDONIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET 5 SERBIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET AbBBFPF IBEZK3MJKJIJBbMHIDbOIIPCTRVYVOXIIMHIITII BYELORUSSIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET HISTORIC Old S
5. 32 bit values UTF 32 The other way is to make use of surrogate pairs of 16 bit code points To properly use these values and reference the entire Unicode character space applications need to be programmed to recognize surrogate code points and to map these values to the correct values for the associated characters Unfortunately many programs and applications do not recognize surrogate code points e Displaying supplementary characters Evidently to see supplementary characters on your computer you will need to have an appropriate font At present apart from ALPHABETUM Unicode I only know of one font that supports Unicode characters in the supplementary planes CODE 2001 however this font has a poor coverage for classical languages for instance no polytonic Greek Only Windows 2000 and Windows XP have any support for supplementary characters Windows 95 98 Me do not seem able to display glyphs represented by surrogate pairs Nevertheless rumor has it that by installing a recent version of Uniscribe usp10 dll on your system Unicode aware applications will gain support for supplementary characters Caveat emptor Word 2000 does not have support for supplementary characters Nor does the Windows Character Map in XP On Mac at the moment as far as I know TextEdit and SUE are the only text editors that can support surrogates At the time of this writing the browsers that display the supplementary characters correctly are Int
6. I have included all these combinations because Latin teachers need them and they are not present in Unicode Standard 3 2 SAMPLES AEIOUVY EQGAU a di vy amp amp ducu AETOUVY Eq i vyded V Y amp d 4 y amp zu AEIOUVY AGE ac o vy amp d amp du AEIOUVY aci vy AEIOUV 10 V y lt a 1ou aurum eique t nes am rem princi pium obcediens Casar In divisione orbis terra plerique in parte tertia Africam posuere pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse sed Africam in Europa Ea finis habet a occidente fretum nostri maris et Oce ni ab ortu solis declivem latitud nem quem locum Catabathmon incolae appellant a TYPING WITH MACRONS AND BREVES The David J Perry Latin keyboard for Unicode designed specifically for the needs of classicists makes it easy to enter the vowels with macrons and breves ligatures ce letters with overdot and underdot Tironian and versicle amp response signs and many others used in classical Latin You can download this keyboard from http scholarsfonts net kbdsonly exe You must have Tavultesoft Keyman 5 0 or higher installed in your computer to use the Latin keyboard This program is free available from http www tavultesoft com keyman User s manual 8 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font EPIGRAPHY Epigraphical texts needs specialized characters that are not found in conventional fonts the most common characte
7. The Umbrian alphabet is likewise of Etruscan origin The Umbrian is written from right to left and two dots are used to mark separation between words e MESSAPIC The Messapic alphabet is thought to have derived directly from the Greek alphabet rather than developing from the Etruscan alphabet The Messapic language was not related to other languages of Italy It is quite certain that Messapic is of Illyrian descent having been brought over across the Adriatic The only known inscriptions in the Messapic alphabet date from the 2nd and Ist centuries BC Some inscriptions have come down to us in the native alphabet but others are written with Greek letters PICENE Picene is less of a linguistic concept than a geographical one there being two very distinct unrelated varieties northern Picene and southern Picene generally listed together but quite different The southern Picene has much in common with the Osco Umbrian group However it is doubtful whether northern Picene is even Indo European e LATINIAN DIALECTS FALISCAN and LATIN The Latinian dialects are those that show a preservation of Indo European qu Faliscan is of this type though it shows a good deal of borrowing from its neighbor languages Faliscan is very closely related to Latin Latin once restricted to a small area of Latium archaic Latin soon became the official language of the Empire classical Latin and gave rise to the modern Romance languages Its
8. any web page or modified or sold in any form without the express permission of the author Anyone wishing to incorporate this font into another software package should contact me for permission and an appropriate fee will be charged As a software author my aim is a widespread usage of the font so please forward a message to all colleagues you know who might be interested in this font and feel free to give them a copy of the demo version and this Manual but please do not pass the full version of the font on to other people Those who wish to promote the use of ALPHABETUM are encouraged to put a link to my email address jmag0042 guindo cnice mecd es on their web pages to enable others to locate this font so that others may purchase it I will send the font to them upon request By paying the small registration fee for ALPHABETUM you will be contributing towards future enhancements I hope for the fraternal support of fellow classicists of the world User s manual 38 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 30 AUTHOR S REQUEST SUGGESTIONS AND QUERIES I have taken care to see that ALPHABETUM works as well as possible but this font is the work of only one person any errors or faults which it contains are mine so if you find any wrong code or any bug in the font feel free to email me at jmag0042 guindo cnice mecd es Although you do not purchase the font please send me comments suggestions for improvements or anything else regarding ALPHA
9. is the best in contemporary Unicode support under Unix Linux system 5 UNICODE COVERAGE IN ALPHABETUM The current version of the Unicode standard i e Unicode 4 0 defines 65 635 characters and the number of characters can be increased further in the near future The Unicode standard is divided up into ranges or blocks each range supporting a script writing system or set of diacriticals or symbols Naturally the ALPHABETUM font does not contain all Unicode characters it was never the intention of the Unicode Consortium to suggest that all fonts come with all characters ALPHABETUM currently contains over 2 433 glyphs Among others ALPHABETUM includes most characters of importance to classicists The following ranges of Unicode are included in ALPHABETUM complete coverage unless otherwise noted e Basic Latin e Latin 1 Supplement e Latin Extended A e Latin Extended B not all it includes characters needed for major European languages e Latin Extended Additional selected characters e Devanagari e Runic e Iberic e Greek amp Coptic e Greek Extended e extensions Old Italic e Gothic e Hebrew e Cyrillic e Alphabetic Presentation forms only a few lacking characters e Spacing Modifier letters e General punctuation selected characters Combining Diacritical Marks 60 selected characters e Superscripts and Subscripts selected characters e Letterlike Symbols selected characters e Number forms selected character
10. is to use a Unicode text editor as UniPad produced by Sharmahd Computing Unipad is a text editor specifically designed to work with Unicode This program is freely available from http www unipad org It uses internally its own bitmap font not TrueType fonts the package is complete does not need any system font and has on screen keyboard layout that allows you to type in several languages and scripts It supports left to right and right to left directions Characters can also be selected from a Character Map Since UniPad is a plain text editor if you wish to use different font sizes bold italic etc in your document after entering characters you want you can copy and paste them into other application such as Word However in this case note that you will need to have a Unicode font installed in your computer that contains your desired characters The user interface is English only Finally it should be noted that there are a variety of third party utilities that you can use to customize your keyboard if you can t find anything available that suits your needs One of the best I know for Windows is Keyman and Keyman Developer Tavultesoft Keyboard Manager two shareware applications available from http www tavultesoft com keyman Keyman and Keyman Developer utilities support both ANSI and Unicode fonts and the latter allows you to create your own Unicode customized keyboard layout for the characters you want Therefore with these pro
11. provides precomposed characters for most characters of interest to classicists however a number of useful precomposed combinations are not included The most important missing characters are Greek letters with underdot capital Upsilon with smooth breathing epsilon with circumflex accent uppercase omega with circumflex accent a few Latin letters with underdot symbol for sestertius and denarius Roman numerals with lines above vowels and diphthongs with macron or breve in combination with stress mark signs for metrics medieval Latin abbreviations etc THE SOLUTION PRIVATE USE AREA PUA If there are no codepoints already assigned to these characters in Unicode Standard the font designers can place them in a block of Unicode called Private Use Area PUA Unicode reserves this block for characters which will never have codepoints assigned to them by the Unicode Standard Therefore this area is available to users for their own needs THE WEAK POINT INCOMPATIBILITY There is only one disadvantage to PUA incompatibility As far as I know unfortunately there are no two Unicode fonts that agree in their Private Use Area It is of the utmost importance that font designers come to a consensus about how to utilize the PUA Failure to do so will result in many unnecessary incompatibilities to the easy exchange of information One has only to look at the large number of Greek fonts with many different and incompatible encoding systems SGr
12. the scansion according to mentioned method a and the second one includes the same metrical symbols positioned above the baseline because the metrical signs are also sometimes printed separately without accompanying text for example in explanations of metrical schemes User s manual 10 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font Note that ALPHABETUM also contains duplicates of a few metrical symbols U F164 U F16C this is only for compatibility with Junicode Please do not use them in the regular scansion of verses METRICAL SIGNS AND MARKS FOR ICTUS INCLUDED IN ALPHABETUM gt caesura colon division mark tie undertie long Y short X anceps y long and short ictus IG Yu eo mM long short anceps stress o N two shorts joined poem end indicator triseme tetraseme pentaseme EXAMPLES S rc MO LOG E Sapphic verse mde em al Hexameter a sees esse Pentameter USING METRICAL SIGNS ALPHABETUM is a specialized font in classical metrics because it contains around 25 different metrical signs Nevertheless these metrical symbols cannot be accesed directly from the keyboard Naturally you can use the Symbol Insert command to enter characters however this is a hard tedious and laborious task This is fine for rarely used characters but too slow for things you use all the time Therefore fully conscious of this difficulty and in order to f
13. ttf you wish to install appear in the list of fonts select highlight it then click OK to add the font 6 close the font dialog when it is finished Start your word processor and you should see the name of the new font in the list of available fonts AA User s manual 3 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 3 ENCODING SYSTEM As mentioned above ALPHABETUM is based on the Unicode Standard encoding system Unicode is a universal standard for character encoding developed and published by the Unicode Consortium that permits thousands of separate characters to be referenced with the same standard Unicode provides the most internationally recognized and standardized way to include more than 256 characters in a font Remember that a normal or standard font on a PC or a Mac contains only 256 characters The first 128 ASCI code contain the letters numbers and punctuation marks we see on the keyboard plus a few others that are used internally by the computer Characters with accent marks non English characters and additional symbols are found in the block 128 255 This possibility of including more than 256 characters in a font is clearly beneficial to those who a mix languages in their documents Unicode font users do not have to switch to a different font when they need to write in another script b need to use a wide variety of characters and diacritics c wish to exchange documents with other users without running into incompatible arrange
14. typing of Hebrew with vowels points and common accents With this program you do not have to buy an expensive special Windows version Antioch is available at http www users dircon co uk hancock antioch htm A Hebrew word processor is Davka Writer available from Davka Software SAMPLES nappypzHevnmnjinnboq325 onrnincians NAPUDESTAVIDON nky PANT 081 040 DOTON NID MUNDI N DT mam qH arda anh namn pam 3 Den 95v nan Genesis 1 1 2 T NT SN m DON B x 5 mor 9595 s amp 3 525 man 55 wmn wapa monos NDT DUN 25 l 3 N mu nt nyun NOS mon ANN Taya 1 m5 qup man 18 00985 wx 5533 NNN nvvaa Universal Declaration of Human Rights User s manual 22 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 18 DEVANAGARI The Devanagari script is used for writing classical Sanskrit and several languages such as Hindi Nepali Kashmiri Konkani Marathi Bihari among others ALPHABETUM font contains the full set of Devanagari characters represented in Unicode range U 0900 U 097F However there are no codepoints already assigned to many Devanagari characters in Unicode Standard as ligatures or conjuncts that are not represented in the Unicode Standard Devanagari characters can combine or change shape depending on their context 1 e a character s appearance is affected by its ordering with respect to other characters Some Devanagari consonant letters have alt
15. 3V1 114436 12 21430 713 83 103862 7 2 MV732 V 1138 AMIAVAL ATA TV T V1218 0311G4V 232d8e31338aVmiHe31 83 t V3l User s manual 29 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font gt ETRUSCAN Sample text Golden tablets from Pyrgi Side A VACA RIMA 148 12 2AM 30AQ41Y 1 MaMALArdaAsdy v1 RABIA DALIA 4111 2494 144 BAMA 4 1811441412 18 MACAR MINATI A INA AMI 4118 41 AR f amp DI RIMT AY AITAA AASAMAC AIMAO e4dT eANAINY A840 ATVO WAM 9 2 2 1 433 1314 VAVT 2AIMIIVI AIYO ATRIMYM 25 IDAJI RA2ICAMAT 28 1 gt gt 9 29424 TlaMalzaT aA1aY v 4 432qz48 442814l 348 DALI 2AMAATA gt AM ASAMDA AJATIANAe JA Madak MIMATI 204 IVT A gt A147 1114 31 A 1 A 1 Y WMV 9 Sample text Liber Linteus DANN tamana t em Y A ZA gt gt HA 2332 44144 ma1131 9 1 Ao ny 9110944 AIVNAIM HiaQT3 D OV40HYM aQN T OY A9 n3onynaimy 03Hn3s0s42 agit MAOHMVH 31MV OAM8SAZ JAMAS 141 REMINDER ALPHABETUM Unicode font provides a lot of glyph variants for Old Italic languages but remember that ALPHABETUM is a computerized font Ancient scribes and engravers did not have word processors A word processor cannot duplicate the various epigraphical and handwriting nuances such as the size of caps long descenders etc You MUST do some scribing with your word processor by using the Format Font Character spacing utility to increase point sizes bold if necess
16. ALPHABETUM VERSION 5 00 A UNICODE FONT FOR LINGUISTICS AND ANCIENT LANGUAGES OLD ITALIC Etruscan Oscan Umbrian Picene etc CLASSICAL amp MEDIEVAL LATIN ANCIENT GREEK HEBREW COPTIC SANSKRIT GOTHIC RUNIC IBERIC CELTIBERIC AND OLD amp MIDDLE ENGLISH It also includes characters for LATIN based European languages and CYRILLIC based languages USER S MANUAL Juan Jos Marcos Professor of Classics Plasencia Spain June 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 Introduction 3 2 Font installation 3 3 Encoding system 4 4 Software requirements 5 5 Unicode coverage in ALPHABETUM 5 6 Precomposed characters and combining diacriticals 6 Private Use Area 7 8 Classical Latin 8 9 Ancient polytonic Greek 12 10 Old amp Middle English 16 11 International Phonetic Alphabet 17 12 Publishing characters 17 13 Miscellaneous characters 17 14 Esperanto 18 15 Latin based European languages 19 16 Cyrillic based languages 21 17 Hebrew 22 18 Devanagari Sanskrit 23 19 Gothic 24 20 Runic 23 21 Old Italic Etruscan Oscan Umbrian Picene etc 26 22 Iberic and Celtiberic 31 23 Supplementary Multilingual Plane Plane 1 34 24 Input methods for entering Unicode characters 35 25 Quality of the font 36 26 Trial version of Alphabetum 37 27 Registration and price of the font 37 28 By paying the registration fee you will get 38 29 License and limitations 38 30 Author s request Sugges
17. AN CELTIBERIAN and OLD amp MIDDLE ENGLISH but this font includes support for most of the Latin based European languages Esperanto English Spanish French German Dutch Italian Polish Romanian Hungarian Turkish Danish Norwegian Swedish Finnish Icelandic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Croatian Slovak Czech Welsh Gaelic Catalan and Portuguese Modern Greek most of the Cyrillic based languages Russian Byelorussian Bulgarian Macedonian Moldavian Ukrainian Azerbaijani Azeri Abkazh Kazah etc and most of the Devanagari based languages Hindi Nepali Marathi Bihari etc 2 FONT INSTALLATION As will be explained below Unicode is an encoding not a type of font A Unicode font can be any of a number of types TrueType OpenType 1 PostScript etc For Windows and Macintosh users the easiest fonts to use are TrueType and OpenType ALPHABETUM is a TrueType font TTF and it is intalled on your computer like any other fonts of the same type Steps to install a font in Windows click the Start button on the taskbar then choose Settings and click on Control Panel once the Control Panel window is opened double click on the Fonts icon select the File menu then click Install New Font Add Fonts dialog box will appear in the dialog box Add Fonts select the drive and navigate to the folder where you saved the font file and contain the font you want to add 5 when the name of the font with the extension
18. BETUM I would like to have your opinion about the font I really would appreciate knowing users feedback Such reaction from users will be the deciding factor in my decision of carrying on with the development of ALPHABETUM Equally important are e mails telling how you use the font what characters or features you would like to see etc You can even send me samples of texts you have created with ALPHABETUM font Do not hesitate to contact me Thanks If ALPHABETUM is well received it will be expanded in the near future Old Persian cuneiform Ogham Linear B more kerning pairs more characters Open Type version and so forth 31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to the following people for comments and suggestions TLG team Thesaurus Linguae Graecae i e Maria C Pantelia University of California Irvine USA Richard Peevers University of Birmingham United Kingdom and Nick Nicholas University of Melbourne Australia I would especially like to thank the latter for providing me with extremely useful information concerning Greek script and for contributing significantly to improving ALPHABETUM The earlier comment is equally valid for Didier Stadelmann Anast sontai regarding Hebrew script I also want to express my gratitude to Francisco Cort s Gabaud n University of Salamanca Spain Lucius Hartmann University of Z rich Switzerland Howard M Berlin University of Willmington Delawere USA Matthew Rob
19. E PE 2 5 9539358534 BO PO 2 X X X Xx DK ll BU PU U0I E DA X TE DE 2 8 800980H TI DI F i y V TO DO W W W V vu un TU DU AAAAAA KA GA AAAA KE GE lt lt lt 4644030 KI GI T RS l 14 KO GO X X XIX X KU GU 909 PUNCTUATION SIGNS i i User s manual 32 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font e SAMPLE TEXTS o The Bronze Inscription of Botorrita Zaragoza Language Celtiberian Script Iberic Side B Three first lines VK OY Em np Wa POr 197 45SUVMXS A EPA t hue e AY WATT RENA ga RAN IMD MW ew TXM XTNXM oW VUFHM PN TM WEPMT IOVTSVNX TEMTNHM PN TM FPEWNA TXOW ATN IPDNT IPTPNVS IWFT SOANT Ow Transliteration u bo ko u n e i ku m m e n u n o bi n ti l e to n tu l i to ku m a bu l o s bi n ti m e 1 m u ba f a u s a n ko l e u n o bi n ti e to n tu u bo ku m tu r o bi n ti l u bi n a s a i u be f ka n ti ku m Transcription lubos counesicum melnunos bintis letontu litocum abulo binti melmu bafausanco lesunos bintis letontu ubocum turo bintis lubinas aiu befcanticum o The Bronze Inscription of Luzaga Guadalajara Language Celtiberian Script Celtiberic Three first lines EZOP HORM APH 6 E AR povp Rr OW o
20. ETUM also includes Saxon typeface A C B b 8 g lt in Private Use Area Text with Saxon typeface Pe ethpynon mid unum apun ba ydan r pe gelapon eac ba ymbe pene fealcan f and pe mid adenedum hpzegle and gerundrullum pin um pep gepicedon on bam gemepum bene gecacnia bipne and The same text with modern letter forms We ethrynon mid rum arun pa deopan welis we gesawon ba muntas ymbe sealtan 52 strande and we mid ad nedum hrzgle and gesundfullum windum r gewicedon on pam gem amp rum pare fegerestan peode Pa getacniad bisne deopan craft Dem eafera wes ter geong in geardum bone god sende folce to frofre fyrendearfe ongeat pet hie er drugon aldorlease lange hwile Beowulf Prologue 12 16 a e TYPING OLD MIDDLE ENGLISH I have created a template OldEngl dot to use under Word which provides an easy and convenient way to access directly to Old English characters including Saxon typefaces variants present in ALPHABETUM by using shortcut keys Registered users interested in Old English script can acquire this template of Word on request free of any additional charge I also supply them with a document on pdf format with information on how to install OldEngl dot and the list of keystroke combin
21. ISH Espa ol Don Quijote de la Mancha Parte primera Cap tulo IV La del alba ser a cuando don Quijote sali de la venta tan contento tan gallardo tan alborozado por verse ya armado caballero que el gozo le reventaba por las cinchas del caballo Mas vini ndole a la memoria los consejos de su hu sped cerca de las prevenciones tan necesarias que habia de llevar consigo especial la de los dineros y camisas determin volver a su Miguel de Cervantes DANISH Iliaden 1 sang 1 10 Vreden Gudinde besyng som greb Peleiden Achilleus Radsomt og Qvaler i tusinde Tal Achaierne voldte Heel mangfoldige Heltes behjertede Sjele den skikked Ned til Hades s Hjem og for Hunde til Rov som for alskens Fugle den gav deres Liig fuldbragt blev Zeus s Beslutning 5 Alt fra den Stund Uenighed ferst og Splid havde reist sig Mellem den 7Edling Achilles og M ndenes Drot Agamemnon Hvo blandt Guderne hidsed dem op til Strid og til Kivsmal Letos og Zeus s Sen thi hgist forbittret pa Kongen Y pped i H ren han d delig Sot s Krigerne segned 10 Homer HUNGARIAN Magyar Odiisszeia 1 1 10 F rfiur l sz lj n kem Muzsa ki sokfele bolygott s hosszan h ny dott f ld lv n szentfalu Tr j t sok n p v rosait s eszej r s t kitanulta s tengeren is sok er s gy trelmet t rt a sziv ben menteni v gyva saj t lelk t t rsak hazat rt t 5 Csakhogy nem tarthatta meg ket ak rhogy akarta
22. OGRAPHY http www microsoft com typography User s manual 4 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Only a Windows version of ALPHABETUM is currently available however this font should be usable on Macintosh running OSX This is not a problem since MacOSX recognizes PC Unicode fonts without complaint Note that you will need to restart the computer to fully install the font For Unix Linux systems I have had reports of people using ALPHABETUM successfully under these systems however I have only tested myself the font under Debian In any case you need to configure your Xfree server to recognize and to use TrueType fonts in Unix Linux You also need a word processor which supports a Unicode font Mac users There isn t a great variety of Unicode sensitive text processors on MacOSX yet You can use SUE Pepper Mellel or even TextEdit which comes with the Mac for rendering Unicode At the time of writing Word is still non Unicode compatible See Alan Wood s site for further details Pc users Recent versions of MS Word MS Word 97 Ms Word 2000 2002 and MS Word XP support Unicode not MS Word 95 and earlier versions Word Perfect 10 WP Office 2002 for Windows does not support Unicode All recent web browsers Internet Explorer Nestcape and Opera on Windows OmniWeb Chimera and Mozilla on Macintosh Unix Linux users StarOffice OpenOffice and KWord support Unicode However the Unicode editor Yudit only plain text
23. acilitate the insertion of metrical signs I have created a template Metrics dot to use under Word which provides an easy and suitable way to access directly to metrical signs by using shortcut keys ALPHABETUM also provides many space characters that allows you to control exactly how metrical signs are placed over the vowels below to get metrical characters well lined up You may be able to get the results you want by using the space characters For this reason I have also included in Metrics dot template shortcut keys for the most useful space characters such as six per em space 341 points of advance width and hair space 205 points of advance width Note that the normal advance width when you press the space bar is 550 points in ALPHABETUM font Registered users interested in metrics can acquire this template of Word on request free of any additional charge I also supply them with a document on pdf format with information on how to install Metrics dot and the list of keystroke combinations shortcut keys required to get metrical characters on your PC Registered users can modify the template acording to their tastes or even add more shortcut keys if desired User s manual 11 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 9 ANCIENT POLYTONIC GREEK gt INTRODUCTION If you are new to the world of Greek fonts you may find it helpful to read the following chapters to get some idea of how and why they differ Anyone starting to study Greek with the hel
24. almore p leur palce r chirurgie firyrzi cuisini re kyizinje r majeur Spanish u a una guila ayila leche letfe cinco Binko almohada almo ada 12 PUBLISHING CHARACTERS ALPHABETUM contains most common publishing characters and a few CJK symbols that may be useful to those who are preparing text editions to publish Ll ETIS lt gt A utut ED o v 13 MISCELLANEOUS CHARACTERS ALPHABETUM also contains many additional characters selected characters from different areas of Unicode such as Mathematical Operators Geometric Shapes Miscellaneous Technical Arrows Dingbats and the full set of planetary and zodiacal symbols and so forth SAMPLES IAT SVofoodceBetoloty S000 CED 9 Q d 3 hv P s MAMA zs X fan User s manual 17 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 14 ESPERANTO Up until now the most important standard for Esperantists has been ISO 8859 3 Latin 3 because the accented letters for Esperanto are in this standard therefore Esperantists often use Latin 3 in their documents and homepages This isa problem for Russian Greek and Hebrew Esperantists among others who want to create homepages because these languages and Esperanto cannot be represented in the same document using the standard Latin 3 The solution to these problems is Unicode which defines codes for all major languages A keyboard utility that allows to type Esperanto in Unicode is a
25. alphabet has survived to the present and is the basis for the modern western European scripts User s manual 27 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font ALPHABETUM Unicode font contains the 35 Old Italic characters encoded by the Unicode Consortium in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane Plane 1 plus other 175 characters in Private Use Area needed to type the languages described above ALPHABETUM is for the moment the only Unicode font which offers such wide coverage for Old Italic scripts OLD ITALIC ALPHABETUM GLYPH CHART These are the 210 glyphs required to represent Old Italic scripts in electronic text documents Less characteres would be required if duplications of glyphs are eliminated which I do not recommend Duplications of glyphs facilitate the task of entering Old Italic characters present in Private Use Area via Insert Symbol in Word since they are encoded as a string in alphabetical order Most of the characters shown below are not found in the Unicode 4 0 specification IMPORTANT NOTICES 1 There is not fully consensus among specialists concerning the shapes number and even attributions to letters of Old Italic characters so that you will probably find some shape discrepancies or unexpected locations of any characters in the following chart 2 1 well aware that some glyphs inserted in ALPHABETUM are surely superfluous however I prefer to err on the safe side and to include an unnecessary glyph for a letter than to omit one
26. art To fix this problem a special technique called kerning has been developed Kerning information is used to adjust the space between specific pairs of characters A good example is the AV pair In the following picture you can see a few examples of inter character spacing with and without kerning AV AV WA WA Yo Yo We We ALPHABETUM like other high quality fonts contains kerning information that word processors can use to kern the text that is to adjust the spacing between such pairs For best appearance you must make sure that kerning is turned on In Microsoft Word choose Format Font Character Spacing and make sure that the Kerning box is checked Kerning is not usually applied to font sizes smaller than 10 points or so However on screen at specific sizes or low resolutions this font may not look as good as products from the large companies such as Monotype Adobe Microsoft and so on On screen some stems of ALPHABETUM letters will look uneven unlike Times New Roman for example This is because these companies have the resources to carry out special hinting which improves the appearance of characters on a monitor At its most basic level hinting or instructing a font is a method of defining exactly which pixels are turned on in order to create the best possible character bitmap shape The technical knowledge and the software required for such super hinting is beyond my reach so ALPHABETUM has only automatic hints I ha
27. ary and lower or raise character positioning letter by letter You cannot just type along and duplicate the style of an ancient manuscript or epigraphical inscription It takes a little work and time User s manual 30 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 22 IBERIC and CELTIBERIC As its name implies the Iberic scripts were found mainly on the Iberian peninsula i e Spain and Portugal although some are found in southern France as well Aguitanian The Iberic family of scripts non Indo European languages which have so far resisted decipherment is consisted of three styles called Iberian Celtiberian and SudLusitanian or Tartessian Iberian Very little is known about the Iberian The Iberian is a isolate language since it has no clear relationship or affinity with other languages There are lexical coincidences with Basque but it is hard to know if they are more than a result of vicinity The Iberian language has two variants northeast or Levantine Iberian and southern Iberian Structurally they are more or less the same and the major differences between them are a the geographical location the Levantine version was used mainly in Catalonia and Levante the southern version was used in Murcia and Andalucia b the shape of the characters c the direction in which they were written Levantine Iberian was mainly written left to right while southern Iberian was written right to left The oldest inscriptions date from th
28. ations shortcut keys required to get Old English characters on your PC Registered users can modify the template or even add more shortcut keys if desired User s manual 16 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 11 I P A INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET Many of the pages on Internet use the International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA to describe the sounds of many languages and Unicode is the preferred method of representing the IPA ALPHABETUM includes characters needed for phonetic transcriptions full set of IPA extensions Unicode range 0250 02AF full set of phonetic modifiers and tone letters Unicode range 02B0 02FF and 60 combining diacritical marks most of them concerning phonetics So you can do phonetic transcriptions of most common and major languages such as English French German Spanish and so forth Unicode provides us with IPA characters but entering them is not easy Lukas Pietsch has created a keyboard to run under Tavultesoft Keyman 5 0 that allows to type IPA This keyboard is free available at http people freenet de LukasPietsch Keyman Keyboards html 4 151714 E eent ude SAMPLES British English phonetician founo t on dog dog bird bs d teacher tirtfo father paw jam dem cup kap theatre Bi t meeting mi t n good gud American English better bet going over govin ovve deserter d 23ta French sorte sort palmeraie p
29. click OK to exit This makes a very significant improvement in the on screen appearance of ALPHABETUM 26 TRIAL VERS ON OF ALPHABETUM gt Atrial version of ALPHABETUM named ALPHA Demo is available from 1 UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA Recursos para fil logos http clasicas usal es soft htm 2 LUCIUS HARTMANN Altgriechische Zeichens tze http www unizh ch luciush greek html 3 HOWARD BERLIN Foreign Font Archive http user dtcc edu berlin font unicode htm 4 MATTHEW ROBINSON Greek fonts and Utilities http users ox ac uk ball0087 download frameFonts html 5 ACADEMIE NANCY METZ Lire et crire le grec et le latin dans le texte http www ac nancy metz fr enseign lettres LanguesAnciennes Textes Lire grec htm Note that this demo version lacks many characters around 250 that the full version contains A small crossed rectangle will appear instead of them to indicate you the missing characters 27 REGISTRATION AND PRICE OF THE FONT ALPHABETUM is the result of long hours of investigation and hard work Font development is a painstaking time consuming task and ALPHABETUM is a single person s work This font is not free Nevertheless it has the lowest possible price Registration costs US 15 10 or 15 for individuals users and US 60 45 or 60 for educational Institutions that wish to put the font on a network on multiple computers for example for all members of a Department Please email me before sending anything Do
30. croll down to the bottom of the list Click on the Checkbox labelled Smooth Edges of Screen Fonts Press OK That s all there is to it Font smoothing reduces the jagged edges of on screen text Note that this function only works with Windows 98 and higher but there is a patch for Windows 95 available as a free download for Windows 95 users in Microsoft Typography website User s manual 36 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 2 ClearType Windows XP ClearType is a software technology developed by Microsoft that improves the readability of text on existing LCDs such as laptop screens Pocket PC screens and flat panel monitors Readability on CRT traditional monitors will be improved somewhat but ClearType does not provide the same benefits that you experience on an LCD screen Nevertheless feel free to give it a try With ClearType font technology the words on your computer screen look almost as sharp and clear as those printed on a piece of paper ClearType is turned off by default so if you are using WinXP and have an LCD monitor be sure that you have the ClearType option turned on Steps to enable ClearType 1 right click in a blank space on the desktop 2 choose Properties 3 select the Appearance tab 4 click the Effects button at the lower right of the dialog box 5 make sure that there is a check mark next to Use the following method to smooth edges of screen fonts and select ClearType from the drop down box 6
31. don t support supplementary characters Windows 98 Me and Word 2000 among others Hence if you use them the Plane 1 characters although present won t be visible For further information please read below chapter 23 User s manual 24 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 20 RUN C Little is known about the origins of the Runic alphabet In popular culture Runes have always been seen as possessing of mystical properties Even the supposed etymology of the word rune the German word raunen which means to whisper helped in adding a secretive bend to Runes The Runes associated with the pagan or non Christian past had a important role in ritual and magic Runic writing was first used in southern Europe and was carried north by Germanic tribes during Roman times The earliest known Runic inscriptions date from the 1 century AD but the vast majority of Runic inscriptions date from the 11 century AD and have been found throughout Europe from the Balkans to Germany Scandinavia and the British Isles When Europe adopted the Christian faith the Runes slowly fell out of favor replaced by variations of the Roman Latin alphabet The Runic alphabet is also known as Futhark a name composed from the first six letters of the alphabet namely f u th a r and k In this way Futhark is analogous to the word alphabet which is from alpha and beta the first two letters of the Greek alphabet Many of the Runes letters seem to have been borrowed fr
32. downloading these http www unizh ch luciush greek html Dr HOWARD BERLIN Greek Typefaces It includes a download area http user dtcc edu berlin font greek htm MATTHEW ROBINSON Greek fonts and utilities It includes a download area http users ox ac uk ball0087 download frameFonts html TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae web page provides a list of fonts that support polytonic Greek Only links no download area http www tlg uci edu tlg help UnicodeTest html ALAN WOOD List of Unicode resources Only Links and information on the features of the fonts http www alanwood net unicode fonts html PETER GAINSFORD Font Archive Classical Greek fonts Only Links and information on the features of the fonts http gainsford tripod com archive htm ROURKE Unicode Polytonic Greek Only links and information about the features of the fonts http stoa org unicode fonts DENIS LIEGOIS Listing of polytonic Greek Unicode fonts in French Only links http club euronet be frederique bouras polices htm Note that all links URL quoted above were valid as of May 2003 User s manual 14 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font gt ALPHABETUM GREEK FONT The ALPHABETUM S Greek design is mainly based on the typeface of the Goeschen editions published in Leipzig Note that the original typeface is in italics though This design is representative of the German Greek typefaces used in the late 18 and earl
33. e 4 century In the 3 century BC the Iberian peninsula was invaded first by Carthage then by the Romans Thereafter the Iberian scripts and the languages they were used to write gradually disappeared The Iberian scripts are thought to have derived from the Phoenician alphabet Both Iberian scripts contain monophonemic signs as well as syllabic ones this means that the Iberian has a semisyllabic system mainly syllabic but also partly alphabetic e Celtiberian Celtiberian is an extinct continental Celtic language which was spoken on the Iberian peninsula until about the 1st century BC Celtiberian was related to the Celtic languages of Gaul France The Celtiberians came originally from Gaul and their language absorbed many features from the local non Indo European languages such as Iberian and Lusitanian In fact the Celtiberian script developed from the Iberian scripts is a modified version of the Levantine Iberian This shows the cultural importance of the Iberian culture at that time since this adoption was made when the Romans were already in Spain This Celtiberian script is partly syllabic and partly alphabetic and was not well suited to the language it was used to write At least there are two variants of Celtiberian script the more important are the so called Botorrita and Luzaga Only a small number of Celtiberian inscriptions dating from between the 6th and 1st centuries BC have been found the more important is the Bo
34. e were a bewildering number of ethnic and linguistic groups that thrived in the Italic peninsula One of the most dominant and poweful of these groups is the Etruscans the first people in the Italic peninsula to learn to write and from them writing spread to other cultures of the Italic peninsula such as the Romans However little is known about the Etruscans or their language The Etruscan language has never been conclusively shown to be related to any other language in the world The problem is compounded by the fact that the textual corpus is limited in scope mostly from tombstones There are some bilingual texts with Phoenician but they are short and few in number As a consequence the Etruscan language remains poorly understood The Etruscan alphabet is thought to have been developed from the Euboean Greek alphabet The earliest known inscription dates from the middle of the 6th century BC More than 10 000 Etruscan inscriptions have been found on tombstones vases statues mirrors and jewellery One of the most famous is the Tablets of Pyrgi golden plates discovered in 1964 with text from the Etruscan sanctuary at Pyrgi the port of Caeres Fragments of a Etruscan book made of linen have also been found it is known as Liber Linteus Most Etruscan inscriptions are written in horizontal lines from right to left but some are left to right and a few even boustrophedon running alternately left to right then right to left There a
35. eek GreekKeys WinGreek LaserGreek SPlonic BetaCode etc to see why this is not a desirable situation For this reason I have coordinated ALPHABETUM private codepoints where available as far as possible with TITUS Cyberbit Basic U EA00 U EB9B U E900 U E9FF and with JUNICODE U F109 U F191 two excellent widely available Unicode fonts so it will be easy to convert one into the other by using your word processor s Search and Replace function This means that if you receive a text written in TITUS or JUNICODE you could change the font to ALPHABETUM and the text would in essence be the same Note that if you get crossed rectangles for any characters it is because they are not present in ALPHABETUM ALPHABETUM Unicode font does have all the above mentioned characters plus many others in its PUA ALPHABETUM also contains exclusive characters metrical symbols Old Italic variants Iberic etc positioned in a subrange of PUA U F200 U F249 U F300 U F750 and U F800 U F850 These unique characters are not present in Titus or Junicode User s manual 7 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 8 CLASSICAL LATIN a INTRODUCTION Printing a text in Classical Latin reguires no special characters a standard font has sufficient resources however beginner s textbooks reguire at a minimum vowels with macrons breves and stress marks sometimes in combination with a breve or macron These same signs are also used for metrics a
36. ernative presentation forms whose choice depends upon neighboring consonants The indic scripts are noted for a large number of consonant conjunct forms that serve as orthographic abbreviations ligatures Consonant letters may also be rendered as half forms which are presentation forms used to depict the initial consonant in consonant cluster The Unicode Standard notes In a font that is capable of rendering Devanagari the set of glyphs is greater than the number of Devanagari Unicode characters Unicode Consortium 6 38 In Private Use Area PUA E900 E9FF I have included many Devanagari characters that are not found in Unicode 3 2 such as half letters I have coordinated private codepoints mentioned in the earlier paragraph with TITUS Cyberbit font The Devanagari Keyboard produced by Andrew Glass University of Washington provides a convenient way to input Devanagari in Unicode enabled Windows systems The Devanagari Keyboard is available at http depts washington edu ebmp software html This keyboard utility uses Tavultesoft Keyman controller free version 5 0 1 or earlier SAMPLES Sanskrit Alphabet Sanskrta varna mala Detached or independent vowels svara A AT IRE U smT sit Vowel marks fT m qs anusv ra a visarga Numbers 09 33 4 lt N C8 Consonants vyafijana P TAS AGATHA lt 2 s VT Thay 4474 STD Half letters FETT TTS UU illetin etc Devanagari scri
37. ernet Explorer 5 5 or later Mozilla 1 3 and Opera 6 Nestcape 7 does not display SMP properly If you want to enter supplementary characters into your documents please read the next chapter User s manual 34 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 24 INPUT METHODS FOR ENTERING UNICODE CHARACTERS Windows itself provides a poor support for entering non English characters present in a Unicode font Two are the main methods both of them clumsy 1 You can turn on the NUM LOCK hold down the ALT key and type on the numeric keypad the four digit number of any character Evidently you have to keep a chart of code numbers handy 2 You can also use the Character Map copy the character you want and paste it into your application However if you work in one particularly language you can install a keyboard Start menu Settings Control Panel Keyboard Language tab for this language and you will then find the characters in their usual position on the original keyboard for this language Unfortunately only a few ancient languages polytonic Greek among them own keyboards created to run under Windows Due to this poor support some applications have provided their own methods for entering upper order characters Word provides an Insert Symbol dialog box from which you can insert any character in a font This is fine for rarely used characters but too slow for signs you use all the time There are excellent alternatives however to solve this problem One of them
38. essage detailing exactly what you need and I will include it free of any additional charge of course For other more important corrections or additions consult me Alternative forms for a few Greek letters If you prefer the script kappa the curly rho the closed phi or the open theta instead of the forms given as default in ALPHABETUM I can change it for you according to your taste However ALPHABETUM has two instances of these letters for example the letter theta has one at U 38B8 and another one at U 0301 A version of ALPHABETUM named ELLENIKE also designed by myself in the Son of WinGreek encoding If you wish to acquire this font please let me know otherwise I will not include it in the attachment New releases free Your registration will remain valid for future versions of ALPHABETUM 29 LICENSE and LIMITATIONS ALPHABETUM is a standard True Type font and should not cause problems on your computer however it is provided as is with no warranty Use the font at your own risk Under no circumstances will Juan Jos Marcos be liable for any damage that results from using this font Installing the font indicates your acceptance of these terms ALPHABETUM is for personal non commercial use You must inform me if you use the font in a publication it requires the purchase of an appropriate license Of course this font must not be modified under any circumstance This font must not be posted on
39. grams you can remap your keyboard to special characters so that you can just input special characters directly from your keyboard into any application e Supplementary characters As mentioned above Word 2000 and Windows Character Map in XP don t support supplementary characters Therefore for entering them into your documents at the present time you must use one of the following methods 1 Typing the five digit hexadecimal number of the character you want in Word XP or WordPad Really a slow tedious and hard task 2 Using Unipad text editor or BabelMap Babel Map is a Unicode character map for any version of Windows from Windows 95 onwards It includes Unicode 3 2 and can display characters from the supplementary planes You must select a Unicode font BabelMap does not use its internal own bitmap font as UniPad and a Unicode range from drop down lists Clicking characters in the grid copies them to the Edit Buffer visible at the bottom of the window from where they can be copied and pasted into a document BabelMap is produced by Andrew West You can find more information and download a free copy from http uk geocities com BabelStone1357 User s manual 35 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 25 QUALITY OF THE FONT ALPHABETUM Unicode has 2 433 glyphs and 305 kerning pairs to avoid unsightly gaps between letters Some combinations of letters such as Y followed by do not look good because the characters come too far ap
40. inson Balliol College Oxford United Kingdom and Marcel Tardioli Academy of Nancy Metz France for making available a demo version of ALPHABETUM on their websites I must give thanks to Alan Wood United Kingdom Luc Devroye MacGill University Montreal Canada John Wells University College London United Kingdom Ginny Lindzey Texas Classical Association USA Peter Gainsford Wellington New Zealand and Zdravko Batzarov Orbis Latinus for putting links and information concerning ALPHABETUM on their font pages Many thanks to ALPHABETUM users and all those who promote ALPHABETUM in any way And finally thanks are due in particular to my wife Elena and my sons H ctor and Elisa without whose support and patience ALPHABETUM would not have been possible The author Juan Jos Marcos Garc a Head of Department of Classical Languages Plasencia SPAIN June 2003 User s manual 39 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font
41. is keyboard is free available at http www thesauruslex com typo fonter runor5 zip You can also use a Unicode plain text editor such as UniPad or BabelPad to enter Runic characters into your documents See below the chapter 23 titled Input methods for entering Unicode characters User s manual 25 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 21 OLD ITALIC Etruscan Oscan Umbrian Messapic Faliscan and Picene e OLD ITALIC DEFINITION AND ORIGINS Old Italic is an umbrella term for a range of alphabetic scripts that were in use in the Italian peninsula prior to the rise of the Roman Empire and the consequent spread of the Latin script The alphabets were not identical but they do have a common core to which individual alphabets add specific characters Nor were the alphabets static once they developed The Old Italic alphabets were developed from the west Greek alphabet which came to Italy via the Greek colonies on Sicily and along the west coast of Italy The Etruscans adapted the Greek alphabet to write Etruscan sometime during the 6th century BC or possibly earlier Most of the other alphabets used in Italy are thought to have derived from the Etruscan alphabet The alphabets unified as Old Italic include Etruscan Oscan Umbrian North Picene South Picene Faliscan and archaic Latin e ETRUSCAN Before Rome became the dominant state of the Italic peninsula and imposed its culture and language on the non Roman Italic population ther
42. lavonic AND PRE 1918 RUSSIAN LETTERS Bee Ars An x E m33 y Oo Vv VV RUSSIAN War and Peace gt H Leo Tolstoi User s manual 21 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 17 HEBREW gt ALPHABETUM HEBREW FONT ALPHABETUM contains the characters needed to type Hebrew Ivrit Yiddish and Sephardi This font includes not only the Hebrew letters the Alefbet but all vowels points nikuddim i e segol kubbutz holam etc accents and cantillation marks ole tevir pazer munah etc required for Biblical Hebrew Therefore with ALPHABETUM you can write Hebrew pointed text gt APROBLEM THE HEBREW DIACRITICS As I mentioned in the chapter 6 the combining diacritics usually do not line up properly over or under the letter and in
43. m dignitatem ecclesiae filiis demonstrare Qui numerus ut Aurelius Augustinus ait propterea praefectus dicitur qua partibus suis complet User s manual 9 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font a METRICS Additional characters are needed when dealing with metrics The most important signs needed for metrics are the macron and breve for more information see above the chapter titled Vowels with macrons and breves the sign for anceps the sign for caesura indicated by a double line the sign for synizesis indicated with a tie and the sign for elision indicated with an undertie These symbols suffice for printing texts aimed at intermediate students as well as for classical Latin since Latin metrics are somewhat less complex than Greek The advanced study of Greek metrics requires a large number of special symbols In Anglo Saxon poetry which is likewise organized around stressed and unstressed syllables stressed syllables are indicated by an acute and unstressed syllables by the anceps sign It should also be mentioned that at a very advanced level not all scholars use symbols in the same way which complicates the issue further IInAni deco antehac deinde deesse conticuere_omnes intentique_ora tenebant There are two ways to do the scansion of poetry verses with a word processor a By typing all the scansion marks on a separate line above the line of text Sh T Homer
44. ments of characters Ancient Greek is an obvious beneficiary ALPHABETUM supports the characters defined in version 3 2 of the Unicode Standard and a few new Greek characters included in version 4 0 such as the capital lunate sigma the san and so on For further information about Unicode standard encoding please visit the following web pages gt UNICODE CONSORTIUM home page http www unicode org gt PATRICK ROURKE S excellent page on Unicode Polytonic Greek on the Web http www stoa org unicode gt ALAN WOOD S list of Unicode resources Its detailed information is indispensable http www alanwood net unicode gt DAVID J PERRY Word processing in Classical Languages an excellent document full of information about Unicode and why it is useful to scholars http scholarsfonts net wordprcw zip Other interesting links on typography gt YANNIS HARALAMBOUS From Unicode to Typography a Case Study the Greek script http genepi louis jean com omega boston99 pdf An excellent article full of information about Greek typesetting practices It is on pdf format 3 Mb so you will need the free Adobe Acrobat Reader program on your computer to read this document gt ADAM TWARDOCH Polish diacritics How to About Polish alphabet and its diacritics ogonek kreska and kropka http studweb euv frankfurt o de twardoch f en typo ogonek gt TRUE TYPE TYPOGRAPHY http www truetype demon co uk gt MICROSOFT TYP
45. nd gold letters with an ornate binding currently preserved at Uppsala University in Sweden SAMPLES The Gothic alphabet ABTAEUZH I KAMN a bed eqz hp0 iik n y KSTYF X Q u p 90 rs tw f x kh b hw o 900 middle dot Sample text Beginning of Gospel according to St Luke ALYATTEACL PAIKOh ANKAN ANASTRLAEID NNTEKANTISMANATMANTCNNNN MGEAGCANINSATBIPQSTARNAAYEL SIAQMSINNNSYAINTINS SYASYE e TYPING GOTHIC I have created a template Gothic dot to use under Word which provides an easy and convenient way to access directly to Gothic characters present in ALPHABETUM by using shortcut keys Registered users interested in Gothic script can acquire this template of Word on request free of any additional charge I also supply them with a document on pdf format with information on how to install Gothic dot and the list of keystroke combinations shortcut keys required to get Gothic characters on your PC Registered users can modify the template or even add more shortcut keys if desired You can also use a Unicode plain text editor such as UniPad or BabelPad to enter Gothic characters into your documents See below the chapter titled Input methods for entering Unicode characters VERY IMPORTANT The Gothic characters are allocated and encoded in a new special block of Unicode named Supplementary Multilingual Plane SMP or Plane 1 This has important consequences because some operating systems and applications
46. nd others as the sign for elision synizesis etc see below Medieval Latin and Epigraphical texts need specialized characters ligatures abbreviations etc ALPHABETUM provides the most common metrical signs and a small selection of epigraphical and medieval characters AlI these are discussed separately in the following chapters Finally modern editors place dots under letters to indicate doubtful readings and employ a lot of signs such as angle brackets daggers to mark corrupt passages etc Most characters mentioned above except the dagger are not found in standard fonts Unicode provides precomposed forms for most characters but not guite all the main difficulty with Unicode as far as Latinists are concerned is that a number of useful precomposed combinations are not included the most important are Y y plus breve C c F f G g J j Q q X x with underdot and vowels with macra or brevia plus stress ALPHABETUM includes all of them many in Private Use Area a VOWELS WITH MACRONS AND BREVES VOWELS WITH STRESS ALPHABETUM contains all vowels uppercase and lowercase with breve Y y V v in Private Use Area all vowels with macron V v in Private Use Area all vowels with breve in combination with stress mark and all vowels with macron in combination with stress mark in Private Use Area Unicode includes only two instances of the combination of macron plus accute accent E e and O o and only one of acute plus breve A a
47. not forget to include your e mail address or an account that can receive e mail attachments As soon as payment is received I will send you the font as an attachment to an e mail message e You can make a direct bank to bank cash transfer here are the details Bank CAJA MADRID Plasencia Spain account number 2038 4601 08 3000427626 Please notify me at jmag0042 guindo cnice mecd es when you have made the transfer e Or if you wish please send banknotes by post to gt JUAN JOSE MARCOS GARCIA In order to avoid your letter to get lost please Travesia Crist bal Oudrid 25 do not forget to send it by registered post Thanks 10 600 PLASENCIA SPAIN IMPORTANT Please do not send checks the cost of processing them is very high User s manual 37 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 28 BY PAYING THE REGISTRATION FEE YOU WILL GET The full version of ALPHABETUM Unicode font Technical support Registered users get free technical support I will try to resolve problems that are reported to me Finding what you need ALPHABETUM contains all the regular characters for the languages mentioned above in precomposed characters or combining diacritical marks I have taken much care over this piece of work and I have read many documents relating to different languages but clearly I don t know all these languages and perhaps some important character that you need may be missing or badly drawn If this occurs please send me a m
48. oA unoav AXr Aouc 000 xkaBictap vos ricas u yav ceodor TPOYEYEVNHEVOOV TEKLAIPOPEVOS TE f oav ES AUTOV GUPSTEPOL TAPACKELN TH Thucydides Peloponesian War gt COPTIC The Copts Egyptian Christians adopted the Greek alphabet and added several characters to represent sounds that did not occur in Greek The Coptic alphabet is the Greek alphabet with a few additions WaoTqhseeXx66TT User s manual 15 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 10 OLD amp MIDDLE ENGLISH Writing Old and Middle English have some special needs that are not in standard fonts Only a few letters such as eth thorn yogh and wynn are part of the standard character set Old and Middle English need special characters such as thaet vowels with macrons breves signs for metrics and other ones Unicode provides many characters but not all ALPHABETUM contains most of them In Private Use Area I have included the characters that are not found in Unicode 4 0 ALPHABETUM also includes Saxon typeface variants in PUA I have coordinated private codepoints PUA with JUNICODE font Therefore there is full compatibility between both fonts SAMPLES LETTERS Thorn wynn yogh eth etc Pb Pp 33 D abbreviations thaet b and 7 vowels with breves macrons and stress amp u many in Private Use Area ALPHAB
49. oduction ALPHABETUM includes support for the most and major European languages English Spanish French German Dutch Modern Greek Italian Polish Romanian Hungarian Turkish Danish Norwegian Swedish Finnish Icelandic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Croatian Slovak Czech Welsh Gaelic Catalan and Portuguese ALPHABETUM contains all the regular characters for these languages in precomposed characters or combining diacritical marks SAMPLES POLISH Jest wiec taki swiat nad ktorym los sprawuje niezalezny Czas kt ry wi a cuchami znak w Istnienie na m j rozkaz nieustanne Rado pisania Mo no utrwalania Zemsta reki miertelnej Wis awa Szymborska TURKISH U ur Menkul De erler adl borsa arac kurumun Genel M d r Orhan Atalay taraf ndan doland rma olay na ad kar an g zel emlak soley Akkaya Mali ube de ifadesi al nd ktan sonra savc l k taraf ndan serbest b rak ld Atalay n sevgilisi oldu u iddia edilen Akkaya su lamalan reddederek yle konu tu Kurumun sahibi Mustafa Kurt benim arac l mla satt villas n n 1 milyar 200 milyon liral k komisyon borcuna kar l k bana ek vermi ti Ancak param alamay nca haciz karar kartt m almak amac yla bana iftirada bulundu Akkaya borsac hakk nda tazminat davas a aca n s yledi T rkiye nin en iyi gazetesi User s manual 19 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font SPAN
50. om other alphabets such as the Greek the Etruscan the Old Italic and the Early Latin Most Runic texts are found on hard surfaces as rock wood and metal and this might explain its angular shape The direction of writing in early Runic inscriptions is variable left to right right to left even boustrophedon Later they settled down into a left to right pattern Word divisions were not generally recognised although one or more dots were occasionally used for this function There are a number of different versions of the Runic alphabet including Elder Futhark Germanic languages Gothic Runes Anglo Saxon Futhorc Younger Futhork Viking Age Danish Swedish and Norwegian Hungarian Runes Sz kely Rov s r s Turkic Runes Orkhon and Cirth Tolkein s Runic like alphabet The original Germanic Runic alphabet contained 24 letters when the Runes spread north into Scandinavia the alphabet was simplified to 16 letters however in Britain the Anglo Saxon Runes were expanded to 32 characters ALPHABETUM font contains all 81 Runic characters enconded by the Unicode Consortium range U 16A0 U 16FF e SAMPLES The Runic alphabet VFhhhRPPRFMRRSRUIZZR KAYXXPN TEAFARBEAITIU EF PRO e TYPING RUNIC Lars T rnqvist has created a keyboard for use with Tavultesoft Keyman 5 0 that enables typing Runic characters with a standard physical keyboard Th
51. p of a computer is first of all confronted with the technical problem of the Greek fonts gt TYPING IN GREEK THE BASICS You will need e A Greek font Without one of these fonts you will not be able to see any Greek on your computer e A keyboard utility Most but not all Greek fonts for the PC need some kind of program to facilitate the addition of accents and breathings or in some cases to get any Greek on the screen at all gt ENCODING SYSTEMS There are a lot of encoding systems to type in Ancient Greek WinGreek GreekKeys SGreek SILGreek Mounce TekniaGreek BetaCode Unicode etc The WinGreek and the SGreek Greek fonts for example belong to different encoding systems this is another way of saying that the characters in each font are ordered differently For example with the WinGreek Grammata font pressing the letter c on the keyboard makes the Greek letter chi appear on the screen with the SGreek font pressing c on the keyboard gives the Greek letter xi This means that if you were given a text written in the WinGreek Milan font based on the WinGreek encoding system you could change the font to Grammata Greek Old Face Greek Korinthus Angaros Grecs du Roi or any other font based on the WinGreek encoding system and the text would in essence be the same it would just look slightly different However if you were to change the font to SGreek which is based on a different encoding system the
52. pt Roman transcription Amara gema vaisampayana uvaca Mahabharata MB 3 185 AT Hell AEM FARA TATA atha kalena mahata sa matsyah sumahan abh t ATS Tet AT AAT ET 19311 ali ijare jale caiva n sau samabhavat kila 13 User s manual 23 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 19 GOTHIC The Gothic language is the earliest recorded Germanic idiom that has come down to us Gothic was originally written with a Runic alphabet about which very little is known The Gothic alphabet was probably devised around middle the 4 century AD by Bishop Wulfila Ulfilas to produce a translation of the Bible into the Gothic language The surviving manuscripts include considerable portions of the New Testament and minor parts of the Old Testament The Gothic script seems to have been derived from the Greek alphabet with the exception of some letters that must be of Runic and Latin origin The Gothic alphabet comprises 26 letters and two characters that represent only numbers Each letter also has a numeric value Numbers are distinguished by preceding and following centered dots or by horizontal strokes above and or below the characters Gothic script is written left to write with no spaces between words Sentences or distinctive portions of sentences may be separated by a space centered dot or colon The design of the Gothic characters in ALPHABETUM font is based on the famous manuscript known as Codex Argenteus an impressive purple parchment written in silver a
53. re various stages of the Etruscan alphabet 1 The Archaic Etruscan alphabet 8th 5th centuries BC The Archaic alphabet was used between the 8th and 4th century BC before the Etruscans were part of the Roman Empire 2 The Neo Etruscan alphabet 4th 3rd centuries BC A transitional stage influenced by Latin 3 The Late Etruscan alphabet 2 BC 1 AD The Late version was used at a time when Etruscan as a language was rapidly being replaced by Latin The knowledge of Etruscan finally died out by the Ist century AD The Etruscan alphabet was the foundation for many other alphabets such as Oscan Umbrian and maybe even Futhark However its descendent the Latin alphabet would come to be one of the most widely used alphabets in the world ALPHABETUM is the more complete font you can find at the present time since it contains most of the character variants used in Etruscan script Please see below the character listing User s manual 26 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font e OSCAN Other ethnic Italic group is the Oscans who occupied the southern part of the Peninsula that were not settled by Greeks Oscan is believed was spoken in Samnium Campania Lucania and in Abruzzo The Oscan speakers adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write their language This event probably occurred around the 7th century BC but the first evidence of the Oscan alphabet did not appear un l the Sth century BC in the form of inscriptions on coins Because the O
54. rs are the I longa the turned F the open O Roman numerals with lines over them the apex the interpunct a dot to separate words abbreviations and various ligatures ALPHABETUM contains those characters several in Private Use Area and a large string of others needed for transcribing Latin inscriptions such as parentheses for filled out abbreviations the underdot for the uncertain characters the angle brackets for letters accidentally omitted double brackets for letters deliberately erased inter alia SAMPLES INSCRIPTION H CSSITA EST MONTEIA SATURNINA QUAE VIXIT ANN XXVI NASAL VOWELS a iou c sor c sul vir ROMAN NUMERALS WITH LINES IVXLCDM denarius X sestertius HS a MEDIEVAL LATIN Medieval Latin texts require specialized characters such as ligatures abbreviations a large number of them are found in medieval texts and others ce E Q 7 mngk P pP 9 3 gt manyinPUA There are also symbols used in liturgical texts such as the versicle and response signs V R Ihave coordinated the Private Use Area codepoints PUA with JUNICODE font Therefore there is full compatibility between both fonts SAMPLES Solenti nempe auctoref numeror ita ei celfitudinem dignitate eccle demonftrare Qui numer ut Aureliuf Auguftinuf ait ppterea pfectuf dicitur qua part fuif coplet Transcription in classical Latin Solenti nempe auctores numerorum ita eius celsitudine
55. s e Arrows selected characters e Miscellaneous Symbols selected characters Among them full set of planetary and zodiacal symbols e Mathematical Operators selected characters e Geometric Shapes selected characters e Miscellaneous Technical selected characters e CJK Symbols and Punctuation selected characters used in academic publishing e Private Use Area additional characters for GREEK letters with underdot epsilon with circumflex capital upsilont smooth signs for poetry schemes etc LATIN epigraphy signs for poetry schemes medieval abbreviations vowels with brevia or macra and stress mark vowels with underdot etc OLD amp MIDDLE English Saxon typeface variants vowels with brevia and macra in combination with stress mark signs for metrics SANSKRIT half letters e Many additional characters from different areas of Unicode User s manual 5 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 6 THE ISSUE OF PRECOMPOSED CHARACTERS AND COMBINING DIACRITICALS NORMALIZATION FORM vs NORMALIZATION FORM A text in Ancient Greek for instance in Unicode can be typed using either precomposed characters Normalization Form C in which all the diacritics occur as part of the same glyph as the character they modify or using combining diacriticals Normalization Form D in which the diacritical combinations are on a separate glyph from the character they modify and are displayed in the same space as the character they modif
56. scan language is Indo European its phonology is different from that of Etruscan As a result many letters not used in Etruscan but inherited from Greek were revived to denote Oscan sounds such as b g and d Sometimes the u letter is used to denote the o sound which did not exist in Etruscan and therefore there was no letter for it Also two new letters were invented during the 4th century BC namely and for the long vowels of i and u The total tally of letters in the Oscan alphabet is therefore 21 The Oscan alphabet is written from right to left Also to mark separation between words a dot is used More than 300 Oscan inscriptions dating from between 400 and 79 BC have been found in various sites in southern Italy Cippus Abellanus Tabula Bantina Tabula Agnona etc As Rome conquered territory occupied by Oscans it assimilated the Oscan people into the Roman world As a consequence the Oscan ethnic identity and culture disappeared and the Oscan language ceased to be spoken and written by the end of the Ist century AD UMBRIAN Other language spoken in ancient Italy in the region of Umbria was the Umbrian Umbrian it is known to us primarly from the Tabulae Iguvinae seven bronze tablets dating from between about 350 and 50 BC which contains some notes on the ceremonies and statues for priests These plates are almost the only examples of the Umbrian alphabet that have been found
57. ted to the Unicode Consortium and while waiting for them to be approved these additional precomposed characters can be located in Private Use Area a special block of Unicode See the following chapter If you try to use the combining diacritics in a Unicode font whatever TTF font you use you will find that the diacritics usually do not line up properly over or under the base character You must adjust them manually if your software supports this action In the future the combining diacriticals may well become more useful when OpenType fonts become widely supported Nevertheless ALPHABETUM works with both precomposed characters and combining diacriticals Despite the difficulty of using the combining diacriticals I have included a selection of them in ALPHABETUM 60 selected combining diacriticals needed to type LP A Ancient Greek Latin and major European languages for various reasons a they are currently being experimented on b Perseus Project employs them for its display option c the diacritical combining is for the moment the only way to put many diacritics used in phonetic transcriptions The same is applicable to letters with underdot in Greek However you can find the underdot precomposed Greek characters which have not been defined by Unicode yet in the ALPHABETUM Private Use Area User s manual 6 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 7 PRIVATE USE AREA PUA A PROBLEM THE MISSING CHARACTERS As mentioned above Unicode
58. text would become a meaningless gibberish This has two important consequences 1 Most utilities to type Greek are designed for a particular encoding system thus Son of WinGreek works with fonts based on the WinGreek system but no others The same goes for Antioch that works with fonts based on Unicode system but no others So your choice of font limits your choice of utility and vice versa 2 The issue of encoding systems comes most clearly to the fore when exchanging documents containing Greek text with colleagues if you both have the same font on your computers then obviously there are no problems If you are both using fonts based on the same encoding system for example one uses Grammata and the other Greek Old Face then it is easy to convert one to the other by using your word processor s Search and Replace function However if you are using fonts based on different encoding systems such as Grammata and SGreek there is no easy way to convert one to the other and the Greek text will be unintelligible The arrival of Unicode fonts should help in time to bring some order to the current chaotic situation User s manual 12 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font gt KEYBOARD UTILITIES WITH UNICODE SUPPORT There is no an easy way to access directly to Greek characters in a Unicode font Unlike normal fonts which contain about 256 characters Unicode fonts can contain thousands of characters potentially a character set for each one of the
59. the Unicode Hebrew block there are 48 combined characters At the time of this writing as far as I know there are not many Unicode fonts with the full set of Hebrew characters and most of them do not display the multiple diacritics of Hebrew script well specially cantillation marks It is undoubtedly almost impossible to get an optimal diacritic display with the TTF technology Nevertheless ALPHABETUM composes diacritics rather well in Word all thing considered though with a few exceptions I admit To my knowledge only the LaserHebrew Unicode font of Linguist s Software that makes use of the OpenType technology displays combining Hebrew diacritics properly however it costs 60 and only includes support for Hebrew and some Latin based European languages Other wide available Unicode fonts such as Cardo EzraSIL Code 2000 or Titus display Hebrew diacritics more or less acceptably but with different positions in each font Vusillus displays the Hebrew diacritics well but unfortunately it lacks many diacritics and most of the cantillation marks gt TYPING INHEBREW Hebrew script requires you to type backwards Hebrew goes from right to left however word processors go from left to right therefore if you need to type a significant amount of text in Hebrew you will need a method which allows you to type backwards An excellent keyboard and font utility for Word 97 and higher under Windows is Antioch of Ralph Hancock which allows fast
60. ther free utility http scholarsfonts net kbdsonly exe These last both keyboard utilities use Tavultesoft Keyman controller version 5 0 or newest http www tavultesoft com keyman MAC DONALD MASTRONARDE S GreekKeys Unicode keyboard for MacOSX It has the support of the American Philological Association http socrates berkeley edu pinax unicodeMac html NICK NICHOLAS GkUnicode Keyboard for MacOSX Free It constitutes a variant of the GreekKeys keyboard with all the Unicode 3 2 Greek characters accessible http www opoudjis net Play GkUnicode html LUCIUS HARTMANN Alkaios keyboard for MacOSX Free http www unizh ch luciush docs alkaios zip LINUX SYGGRAFEUS Application of binaries Free GNU license http www prometheas com projects _syggrafeus download html XWINGREEK Currently supports 3 popular encodings for polytonic Greek Unicode WinGreek and WinLanguage Unitype or ParatypePG Free GNU license http www geocities com autokratoria download html User s manual 13 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font RALPH HANCOCK S Antioch An excellent program keyboard and also format convertor US 50 gt UNICODE GREEK FONTS Links to fonts that are available for Unicode Ancient Greek LUCIUS HARTMANN Altgriechische Zeichens tze in German Ancient Greek character set with wide information about the different Greek encoding systems It also provides visual samples of many Greek fonts and includes the possibility of
61. tions and queries 39 31 Acknowledgements 39 User s manual 2 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font PRELIMINARY ADVICE 1 It would be worth spending a few minutes reading the information given below 2 It would be a good idea to print this document too 39 pages Note that the print guality will be better than the on screen display 3 You have obtained a trial version of ALPHABETUM named ALPHA Demo Some functions are disabled in the demo and many important characters around 250 e g x letter omega eta and alpha subscript iota vowels a and u breve a few metrical symbols etc passim that the full version contains are missing in it a crossed rectangle will appear instead of them If you wish to acquire the full version of the font please read chapters 27 and 28 1 INTRODUCTION ALPHABETUM multilingual Unicode font for Windows and Web browsers has been designed by Juan Jos Marcos born in Salamanca SPAIN in 1963 with a degree in Classical Philology and Linguistics PhD University of Salamanca 1981 1986 and teacher of classical languages This font is the result of a personal interest dating back many years in the problems faced by classicists who need special characters to type ancient languages ALPHABETUM font has been specifically designed to type classical and medieval LATIN ancient GREEK COPTIC HEBREW SANSKRIT GOTHIC RUNIC OLD ITALIC Etruscan Oscan Umbrian Picene Faliscan Messapic etc IBERI
62. torrita bronze Celtiberian script was used since the oe century BC mainly in the high basins of the rivers Ebro and Tajo from Palencia to Zaragoza Teruel When the Romans take over the control of the Iberian peninsula the Celtiberian script was gradually replaced by the Roman Latin alphabet and eventually disappeared e Sudlusitanian or Tartessian This script was found on over 70 inscriptions almost all steles dating from 8th 5th centuries BC Most of them come from south Portugal Algarve and Baixo Alemtejo but a few also from southwestern Spain Extremadura and western Andalucia Although the shape of the signs of the Sudlusitanian inscriptions is very similar to those of the southern Iberian s ones this system is not a semisyllabary but an alphabet User s manual 31 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font At the time of this writing Ido not know of any Unicode font that includes the characters reguired to type Iberian and Celtiberian scripts ALPHABETUM contains around 155 variants all of them in the Private Use Area since the Consortium Unicode has not encoded Iberic scripts in any block yet IBERIC amp CELTIBERIC ALPHABET SYLLABARY 1 Independent detached letters Vowels and non oclusive consonants 4 E EVEEY FEEE I Y P PAN O HHRHHRHHHNtT 77 4 M VVYY 4444 90 7 090 5 S MM 2 Syllabic groups lt B
63. vailable from Gyula Zsigri site at http zsigri tripod com fontboard espero html 9999 It is very easy to use simply type an x after cghjsu letters to accent them Note that you also need the free Tavultesoft Keyman controller version 5 0 or later ALPHABETUM allows users to type Esperanto in Unicode because this font contains the 12 special letters of its alphabet SAMPLES Se vi havas TTT ejon kun multaj pa oj en Esperanto vi konas la problemon La supersignajn Esperantajn literojn oni povas prezenti en pluraj malsamaj manieroj la Unikodo la Latino 3 la la Fundamenta H sistemo la la X sistemo k t p Ne iuj legantoj povas vidi ustajn Esperantajn literojn la Unikodo a Latino 3 kaj iu havas sian preferon pri plej bona surogata sistemo La ardeno de la imeroj 1909 Levi as pre o el izol ardeno Forflugas pa oeoj e la padoj kaj arbo ombroj la fantom ondadoj sur kristal lagon falas kun ektremo e la parko fon en romantika spleno kaj ancelanta skalo da korbatoj fontan fieras pri perlar kromatoj sub pala roza lum enb milda sveno L animo de Chopin solec inklina esprimas triston per lirika ploro malsana pro tro da kares virina Dormi as lasta pian not sen gloro Ce parkofrondo mortas kant proksima ja najtiongal tremkantas kun langvoro Francisco Villaespesa User s manual 18 ALPHABETUM Unicode Font 15 LATIN BASED EUROPEAN LANGUAGES As I mentioned in the intr
64. ve not yet done hand hinting of the characters Some of the fonts distributed by big companies do feature this high quality hinting but do not contain all the characters that classicists need polytonic Greek and classical Latin are a relatively low priority in the computer industry Users will have to compromise between aesthetics and coverage in picking their font ALPHABETUM does not look its best on a low resolution screen Nevertheless the outlines of ALPHABETUM are only distorted at a specific number of small sizes or if you use output devices with low and medium resolution the contours of the letterforms at higher resolutions remain unchanged and undistorted In any case this problem does not affect printed output Computer screens operate at a much lower resolution than printers Please remember that the print quality will normally be better than screen display HOW TO IMPROVE THE APPEARANCE OF A FONT ON A MONITOR 1 Font smoothing or anti aliasing Windows 98 2000 Me To improve the appearance of ALPHABETUM on the screen be sure that the function font smoothing or anti aliasing fonts is activated on your computer By default this function is switched off in Microsoft Windows but it is a simple matter to switch it on Double click on My PC icon on your desktop then click on View menu Select Folder options command at the bottom of the menu In the next window click on the View tab located near the top of the window S
65. world s languages This means that they operate slightly differently to normal fonts for example the Unicode Greek fonts tend to contain a Roman font as well as a Greek font and indeed the Greek cannot be accessed directly from the keyboard at all Pressing c on the keyboard will produce a c on the screen so some kind of utility or laborious use of the Insert Symbol command is required to produce a Greek letter of any kind Windows 98 and Windows Me do not provide Unicode support to type polytonic Greek in Word If you have Windows 2000 or Windows XP you can use the polytonic Greek keyboard that comes on the Windows CD to type your Greek in Word Notepad Outlook Express and several other applications as well Nevertheless in my opinion this keyboard is sometimes very little intuitive therefore I guess some users may not want to use it There are vey good alternatives available however At the time of this writing the most important utilities for inputting polytonic Greek are the following WINDOWS http www users dircon co uk hancock antioch htm STEFAN HAGEL S Multikey keyboard and also format convertor Free http www oeaw ac at kal multikey MATZENTA or MAGENTA SOFTWARE Accentuator Polytonistis for Unicode US 85 http www magenta gr MANUEL A LOPEZ S Classical Greek Unicode keyboard Another free utility http members aol com AtticGreek DAVID J PERRY S Greek Polytonic Unicode keyboard Ano
66. y For example Greek small letter alpha with smooth lenis breathing and oxia acute is the precomposed character U 1F04 but the combined characters U 0313 U 0301 U 03B1 The two Unicode strings are by definition entirely equivalent However if you use the combining diacriticals by default the multiple diacritics of polytonic Greek stack on top of each other whereas an acute or grave appears next to the breathing mark so it is safer for now to use the precomposed characters where available rather than combining diacritics to guarantee optimal display In fact the World Wide Web Consortium recommends the use of Normalization Form C for World Wide Web documents Normalization D is what should be used if you ever want to process the text the conversion between the two is automatic as long as the proper conventions are followed However note that a number of useful precomposed combinations are not yet included in Unicode and there is very little chance of their being added The decision of not allowing many additional precomposed combinations after Version 3 0 of Unicode was made because of the increasing reliance on Unicode by web applications and other software that change decomposed into precomposed forms in order to display text properly such applications will have to be constantly updated if additional precomposed combinations continue to be added Nevertheless proposals for additional characters to the standard block can be submit
67. y 19 century ALPHABETUM contains all regular polytonic precomposed characters of ancient Greek archaic letters F A L o and alternative forms for a few letters 6 p pe 09 lunate sigma C lunate epsilon san and ligature capital upsilon with smooth breathing Y for poetry in the Aeolic dialect in PUA precomposed underdot combinations O en AEZH II etc in PUA epsilon with circumflex accent and uppercase omega with circumflex accent in PUA needed when transcribing inscriptions but not found in classical literary texts etc SAMPLES The following Greek text has been typed using precomposed characters with ALPHABETUM M vuv Be IlnAnid zw 1 ovrAop vny Aye ipGipous tuyas Aidt avtovs Ehapia TE YE k veootv oicovoio te O 5 ob Of x ptoavte ATpet ng te koi opoe uy eoo Antots xoi Adc 6 y p yolwbei Homer 1 9 The following Greek text has been typed using diacritical combining with ALPHABETUM OovKvdtdn Euv ypanmye tov APnvateov amp x

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