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1. a low battery indicator icon will appear in the lower right corner of the LCD screen when the heater comes on an occasional low battery indication 13 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance does not necessarily mean the battery needs replac ing at LI 1 d If this screen appears continually do the following to replace the battery 1 Unscrew the small screw on the back of the KD2 case 2 Lift the back shell off to reveal the battery battery location 14 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance 3 Remove the battery and replace it with the new one making sure to orient the battery the same way you removed it Caring for the Probe The KD2 sensor contains a heater and thermistor that are essential for the function of the instru ment Care should be taken to prevent bending the probe The probe itself is stainless steel so it may be cleaned with a wet cloth or sponge if it becomes dirty Troubleshooting The KD2 is a fairly robust instrument that encoun ters very few problems or failures Here is a list of possible problems and solutions Displaying a reading of 99 9 C accompa nied by no values for thermal properties The thermistor in the probe has failed and you will need a replacement If this occurs within the 1 year warranty contact Decagon for a warranty replacement Poor or inconsistent readings 1 The probe n
2. conductivity K and resistivity R by monitoring the dissipation of heat from a line heat source The equation for radial heat conduction in a homo geneous isotropic medium is given by OT T K r or or 1 KD2 Operator s Manual Theory where T is temperature 715 time s K is ther mal diffusivity m 5 1 and ris radial distance 7 When a long electrically heated probe 15 duced into a medium the rise in temperature from an initial temperature at some distance 7 from the probe is 2 Anh Ant 2 where 4 is the heat produced per unit length per unit time W m Ay is the thermal conductivity of the medium W mC and E is the exponential integral function Ei a zer vs te 0 with a 4 and is Euler s constant 0 5772 When 715 large the higher order terms 18 KD2 Operator s Manual Theory can be ignored so combining Eqs 2 and 3 yields 2 T T amp In t LP 4K 4 It is apparent from the relationship between ther mal conductivity and AT T T5 shown in Eq 4 that AT and z 7 are linearly related with a slope 4 4724 Lineatly regressing AT on 2 yields a slope that after rearranging gives the thermal con ductivity as E 4 Il 4 5 where 4 is known from the power supplied to the heatet Assumptions The t
3. I Unit SI Unit Column 2 into Column into Column 2 multiply 1 multiply by by heat 0 000952 Joule BTU 1054 heat 0 239 Joule cal 4 186 heat flux 0 00143 Wm calcm min 698 density thermal 0578 Btuhr ft F 173 conductivity thermal 6 93 Wm C Btuinhr ft 0 144 conductivity F thermal 1 73 Cm W fthrF Btu 0 578 resistivity thermal 1 44 Cm W ft hr F Btu 6 93 resistivity in specificheat 239x104 Jkg C BTUIb F 4179 22 KD2 Operator s Manual Declaration of Conformity Declaration of Conformity Application of Council 89 336 EEC Directive Standards to Which EN55 Conformity is Declared This is to certify that the KD2 Thermal Properties Meter manufactured by Decagon Devices Inc a corporation based in Pullman WA USA meets or exceeds the standards for CE compliance as per the Council Directives noted above All instruments are built at the factory at Decagon and pertinent testing documentation is freely available for verifi cation 23 KD2 Operator s Manual Certificate of Quality Certificate of Quality Assurance Serial Number This document is to certify that the instrument indicated above has been tested and approved by Decagon s Quality Assurance department and has shown to function properly and to be free of evi dent flaws or defects Thermal Properties verification Glycerin Actual K wm c 0 286 T 20 Signature o
4. KD2 Thermal Properties Analyzer User s Manual version 1 7 Decagon Devices Inc 2006 Decagon Devices Inc All rights reserved Decagon Devices Inc 950 NE Nelson Court Pullman WA 99163 KD2 User s Manual Table of Contents Table of Contents l Introduction 1 About the 2 1 KD2 Specifications 2 Contact Information 2 Warranty Information 3 Seller s Liability 3 2 Operation 5 5 Taking Measurements D How the KD2 takes measurements 3 Care and Maintenance 13 ee eet 13 Battery Replacement ld Caring for the Probe 15 Troubleshooting 15 Verifying Probe Function 16 AS THEORY onere SUE 18 Further Readings e ves wi tact cleats 23 KD2 User s Manual Table of Contents Appendix A Table of Thermal Units 25 Declaration of Conformity 26 Certificate of Quality Assurance 27 KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction 1 Introduction Welcome to your new KD2 Thermal Properties Analyzer This guide is designed to help you under stand and use your instrument to the best of its capability About the KD2 Pro The KD2 is a compact portable meter used to measure t
5. are no understandings representations or warranties of any kind express implied statutory or otherwise including but without limitation the implied warranties of mer chantability and fitness for a particular purpose not expressly set forth herein KD2 Operator s Manual Operation 2 Operation The KD2 is designed to be a simple easy to use instrument that will allow you to make quick and accurate thermal properties measurements Follow ing are some instructions on how the instrument functions Turning it on To turn on the KD2 press the left button I once The LCD display will appear showing the previous measurement taken 14 LI 71 n a uc Taking Measurements The KD2 measures thermal conductivity resistiv ity and diffusivity at the same time from one mea surement but can only display one reading at a KD2 Operator s Manual Operation time after the measurement is made The right IT button is used to toggle through the calculated readings after the measurement has been made To begin a measurement press the left button to turn on the instrument The instrument will be in the same measurement mode as it was when it was last used thermal conductivity or thermal resistiv ity mode and will display the last reading taken NOTE It is important to wait for about 5 min utes between readings if tbe probe is left in tbe same location I
6. ation Thermal Conductivity To display the measurement in terms of thermal conductivity press the right button until the thermal conductivity is displayed in watts per meter degree Celsius 2L 11 1 Materials with Low Thermal Conductivity Since the KD2 only displays three digits some users may want to see a higher decimal accuracy particularly when measuring materials with a low thermal conductivity such as foams insulation materials etc To do this we recommend collect ing the data in the thermal resistivity mode and then converting the data to thermal conductivity by taking its reciprocal 10 KD2 Operator s Manual Operation Thermal Resistivity To display the measurement in terms of thermal resistivity press the right IT button until the ther mal resistivity is displayed in mC w meter degrees C per watt mC 71 LI DI I7 Uc Lo la If the value shown for thermal resistivity is 9 99 this indicates that your sample is out of range for the KD2 to measure Turning it off The KD2 will shut off automatically after 5 min utes of inactivity To turn it back on press the left 0 button once How the KD2 takes measurements The KD2 s sensor needle contains both a heating element and a thermistor The controller module contains a battery a 16 bit microcontroller AD converter and power control cir
7. cuitry 11 KD2 Operator s Manual Operation When you begin a measurement the microcontrol ler waits for 30 seconds for temperature stability then applies a known amount of current for 30 sec onds to a heater in the probe that has an accurately known resistance The microprocessor calculates the amount of power supplied to the heater The probe s thermistor measures the changing tempera ture for 30 seconds while the microprocessor stores the data It then monitors the rate of cooling for 30 seconds At the end of the reading the con troller computes the thermal conductivity using the change in temperature AT vs time data Thermal resistivity is computed as the reciprocal of thermal conductivity 12 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance 3 Care and Maintenance Your KD2 should require a minimum amount of maintenance Following are instructions for clean ing and battery replacement as well as consider ations for the KD2 probe Cleaning The KD2 s controller is stainless steel If it needs cleaning do so with a damp cloth Do not immerse it in water Clean the LCD readout with a soft damp cloth moistened with water or a glass cleanser Do not use tissue or other wood based fibers as they can scratch the plastic LCD screen Battery Replacement The KD2 uses a 3 0V CR 2 type Lithium ion bat tery It typically should last for about 1000 mea surements If the battery charge is getting low
8. eedle may not be inserted completely into the sample or 2 the probe may be 15 KD2 Operator s Manual Care and Maintenance touching the sides of the pot or container holding the material Verifying Probe Function You can check whether ot not your KD2 probe is functioning correctly by testing it in a reference media with known thermal properties When mea suring liquid media such as water or castor oil in a container take care not to let the probe touch the side of the container to avoid an erroneous reading Below is a table of various materials and their respective thermal properties Table 1 Thermal Properties of Reference Materials Reference b T Wacr H6 96 Glycerin 20 0 0 286 Castor Oil 19 6 0 17 Laser Comp 12 5 0 032 polystyrene Laser Comp 20 Spring St Saugus 10906 USA 781 233 1717 www lasercomp com KD2 Operator s Manual Theory Another medium that can be tested is a mixture of water and food thickener such as Hormel Thick and Easy food thickener A mixture of 1 tsp 4 9ml of thickener to 100ml of water will yield a thermal conductivity K of 56 0018 7 whete 715 the temperature of the sample com pare your results to the factory results taken when the KD2 was shipped please refer to the Certifi cate of Quality Assurance certificate directly fol lowing the index of this manual 4 Theory KD2 calculates its values for thermal
9. f QA manager Date 24 KD2 User s Manual Index Index accuracy 2 battery replacing 13 type 13 CE compliance 26 cleaning 13 contact information 2 email 2 fax number 2 KD2 User s Manual Index K K thermal conductivity 18 KD2 overview 1 specifications 2 low battery indicator 13 low thermal conductivity increasing accuracy 10 maintenance 13 measurement method 11 measurement range 2 off turning off 11 on turning 5 operation on 5 KD2 User s Manual Index probe maintenance 15 specifications 2 R thermal resistivity 18 range 2 references 23 seller s liability 3 specifications 2 telephone number 3 temperature equilibrium 6 theory 18 assumptions 23 thermal conductivity calculation 20 materials with low 10 31 KD2 User s Manual Index thermal grease 6 thermal resistivity computed 12 units 11 units thermal resistivity 11 W warranty 3 32
10. f multiple measurements of sam ple are made too rapidly in succession the sample s temperature will not have had enough time to equilibrate from the previous reading and the resulting measurement will be inaccurate For best results the sample should be as close to equilib rium as possible An ideal environment for equili bration can be accomplished by placing the KDZ probe and sample in an isothermal chamber or sty rofoam box Thermal Grease Thermal grease is provided as part of your KD2 system in order to maximize contact with certain samples For example contact resistance with gran 6 KD2 Operator s Manual Operation ule materials increases with particle size and parti cle conductivity This can be minimized by coating the probes with thermal grease as per ASTM D 5334 Section 7 For wet soil thermal grease is not as necessary since it can have little or no effect due to the already optimized contact between the probe and sample When in doubt about whether or not to use the thermal grease take some measurements without it then take some with the thermal grease If the results show a higher thermal conductivity lower thermal resistivity when using the thermal grease then we recommend that you use it for that particular sample How to Start the Measurement Once the instrument is on do the following 1 Carefully insert the entire needle of the probe completely into your medium 2 Press the le
11. ft button to begin the measure ment process The instrument will first equili brate for 30 seconds During this time you will be able to see that it is equilibrating by the blinking hourglass icon below the value The temperature measured by the probe will be displayed in the lower right corner of the KD2 Operator s Manual Operation screen 1 LI LH ike fs E hourglass icon temperature Note Make sure to watch the temperature during the equilibration stage to make sure it doesnt drasti cally fluctuate or rapidly change If the temperature is still rapidly changing pull the probe out of the sample and wait until the sample temperature is stable before measuring again After equilibrating it begins its 30 second heating and measurement cycle During this stage of measurement you will see a blinking thermometer icon appear and the temperature KD2 Operator s Manual Operation reading will increase After it has finished heat LJ um 1 1111 Jarm thermometer icon ing it will cool for 30 seconds When ther reading is finished the checkered finish line flag will blink on the screen and a final reading will be displayed along with the sample temperature 14 LI Jj d E E uc x x finished icon KD2 Operator s Manual Oper
12. hermal conductivity measure ment assumes several things the long heat source can be treated as an infinitely long heat source the medium is both homogeneous and isotropic and a KD2 Operator s Manual Theory uniform initial temperature Ty Although these assumptions are not true in the strict sense they are adequate for accurate thermal properties mea surements Further Readings Bristow K L White R D Kluitenberg G J 1994 Comparison of Single and Dual Probes for Measuring Soil Thermal Properties with Tran sient Heating Australian Journal of Soil Research 32 447 464 Bruijn P J van Haneghem I A Schenk J 1983 An Improved Nonsteady State Probe Method for Measurements in Granular Materials Part 1 Theory High Temperatures High Pressures 15 359 366 Shiozawa S Campbell G S 1990 Soil Thermal Conductivity Remote Sensing Rev 5 301 310 van Haneghem I A Schenk J Boshoven H P A 1983 An Improved Nonsteady State Probe method for Measurements in Granular Materi als Part II Experimental Results High Temper atures High Pressures 15 367 374 20 KD2 Operator s Manual Theory Please visit www thermalresistivity com for more information on thermal properties in relation to density water content and temperature 21 KD2 Operator s Manual Appendix A Table of Thermal Units Appendix A Table of Thermal Units To convert Column 1 Column2 To convert Column 1 S
13. hermal properties It consists of a hand held readout and a single needle sensor that can be inserted into the medium you wish to measure A reading is initiated by pressing the left button on the readout The controller waits for 30 seconds to ensure temperature stability then heats the probe for 30 seconds It then monitors the cooling rate for 30 seconds At the end of the reading the con troller computes the thermal conductivity based on the measurements made during the heating and cooling periods of the probe This data is used to calculate thermal conductivity and thermal resistiv ity Further details about the measurements and how they re made are given in chapters 2 and 3 of this guide KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction KD2 Specifications Measurement Speed 1 5 minutes Accuracy 595 Thermal Conductivity Resistivity Certificate of Quality Assurance 15 located at the end of the index of this manual Power 3 0V CR2 type lithium ion battery Weight 148g 5 Operating Environment 20 to 60 C Range of Measurement K thermal conductivity 0 02 2 R thermal resistivity 0 5 50mC w Sensor Needle length 60mm Needle diameter 1 28mm e Cablelength 72cm additional lengths avail able upon request Contact Information If you need to contact Decagon fot customer sup port or any other questions you can reach us by any of the following E mail us at kd2 decagon c
14. om Send us a fax 509 332 5158 KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction e Call us at 1 800 755 2751 US and Canada only or 509 332 2756 Warranty Information The KD2 has a 30 day satisfaction guarantee and a one year warranty Seller s Liability Seller warrants new equipment of its own manufac ture against defective workmanship and materials for a period of one year from date of receipt of equipment the results of ordinary wear and tear neglect misuse accident and excessive deteriora tion due to corrosion from any cause are not to be considered a defect but Seller s liability for defec tive parts shall in no event exceed the furnishing of replacement parts E O B the factory where origi nally manufactured Material and equipment cov ered hereby which is not manufactured by Seller shall be covered only by the warranty of its manu facturer Seller shall not be liable to Buyer for loss damage or injuries to persons including death or to property or things of whatsoever kind includ ing but not without limitation loss of anticipated profits occasioned by or arising out of the installa tion operation use misuse non use repair or KD2 Operator s Manual Introduction replacement of said material and equipment or out of the use of any method or process for which the same may be employed The use of this equipment constitutes Buyer s acceptance of the terms set forth in this warranty There

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