User Manual cf COKAM+
Contents
1. ET 1 Structuring cceceee PIET 19 SUDSETINL unse nennen 10 Suggest Template 5 22 23 Suggest View ceeeeseees 5 19 SYNLOX 2 5 er Z OU template file ccccees 20 22 template cccccccees 5 19 20 text browser cn ae 3 text Nie se 1 text segment ccccccccccccees 3 text Structure cccccces 3 7 Ile susanne 4 10 Undo een 4 Unit dialog window 3 22 unit Stack 6 11 VIEW euere 5 19 Deutsches Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche Intelligenz GmbH DFKI Publikationen Die folgenden DFKI Ver ffentlichungen sowie die aktuelle Liste von allen bisher erschienenen Publikationen k nnen von der oben angegebenen Adresse bezogen werden Die Berichte werden wenn nicht anders DFKI Bibliothek PF 2080 D 6750 Kaiserslautern FRG DFKI Publications The following DFKI publications or the list of all published papers so far can be ordered from the above address The reports are distributed free of charge except if otherwise indicated gekennzeichnet kostenlos abgegeben DFKI Research Reports RR 92 11 Susane Biundo Dietmar Dengler Jana Koehler Deductive Planning and Plan Reuse in a Command Language Environment 13 pages RR 92 13 Markus A Thies Frank Berger Planbasierte graphische Hilfe in objektorientierten Benutzungsoberfl chen 13 Seiten RR 92 14 Intelligent User Support in Graphical User Interfaces 1 InCome A System2. Show Links By clicking on the button Show Links a pull down menu is opened which shows the possible types of links which can be shown for the present knowledge unit Source This link refers to the original text from which the text of the present knowledge unit was copied If the text of the present unit refers to the source text which is already shown then the source text is scrolled so that at the top of the text the copied text segment is shown in bold letters If the text of the present unit refers to another source text a dialog window allows you to show the referred source text or to keep the present source text If the source of the present unit is another unit this one becomes the present unit of the stack INotice If you have defined your one key combinations for some functions in the control field of the system software for example with QuicKeys then this functions can overrule the kev functions defined in 3 COKAMH ooo Z Z 6 Children If a child unit has been produced from the present unit this child unit becomes the present unit of the stack Expertise If there is a link from the present unit to the model of expertise the model is shown and the corresponding categories of the model of expertise are inverted Domain Similar to Expertise for the domain model For generating links to the model of expertise or the domain model see chapter 6 Cancel The pull down menu is
3. D 92 08 Jochen Heinsohn Bernhard Hollunder Eds DFKI Workshop on Taxonomic Reasoning Proceedings 56 pages D 92 09 Gernod P Laufk tter Implementierungsm glich keiten der integrativen Wissensakquisitions methode des ARC TEC Projektes 86 Seiten D 92 10 Jakob Mauss Ein heuristisch gesteuerter Chart Parser f r attributierte Graph Grammatken 87 Seiten D 92 11 Kerstin Becker M glichkeiten der Wissensmodel lierung f r technische Diagnose Expertensysteme 92 Seiten D 92 12 Otto K hn Franz Schmalhofer Gabriele Schmidt Integrated Knowledge Acquisition for Lathe Production Planning a Picture Gallery Integrierte Wissensakquisition zur Fertigungsplanung f r Drehteile eine Bildergalerie 27 pages D 92 13 Holger Peine An Investigation of the Applicability of Terminological Reasoning to Application Independent Software Analysis 55 pages D 92 14 Johannes Schwagereit Integration von Graph Grammatiken und Taxonomien zur Repr sentation von Features in CIM 98 Seiten D 92 15 DFKI Wissenschaftlich Technischer Jahresbericht 1991 130 Seiten D 92 16 Judith Engelkamp Hrsg Verzeichnis von Soft warekomponenten f r nat rlichsprachliche Systeme 189 Seiten D 92 17 Elisabeth Andr Robin Cohen Winfried Graf Bob Kass C cile Paris Wolfgang Wahlster Eds UM92 Third International Workshop on User Modeling Proceedings 254 pages Note This document is available only for a nomina
4. Wolfgang Wahlster Automatic Design of Multimodal Presentations 17 pages RR 92 33 Franz Baader Unification Theory 22 pages RR 92 34 Philipp Hanschke Terminological Reasoning and Partial Inductive Definitions 23 pages RR 92 35 Manfred Meyer Using Hierarchical Constraint Satisfaction for Lathe Tool Selection in a CIM Environment 18 pages RR 92 36 Franz Baader Philipp Hanschke Extensions of Concept Languages for a Rab te RR 92 41 Andreas Lux A Multi Agent Approach towards Group Scheduling 32 pages RR 92 42 John Nerbonne A Feature Based Syntax Semantics Interface 19 pages RR 92 43 Christoph Kiauck Jakob Mauss A Heuristic driven Parser for Attributed Node Labeled Graph Grammars and its Application to Feature Recognition in CIM 17 pages RR 92 44 Thomas Rist Elisabeth Andr Incorporating Graphics Design and Realization into the Multimodal Presentation System WIP 15 pages RR 92 45 Elisabeth Andr Thomas Rist The Design of Illustrated Documents as a Planning Task 21 pages RR 92 46 Elisabeth Andr Wolfgang Finkler Winfried Graf Thomas Rist Anne Schauder Wolfgang Wahlster WIP The Automatic Synthesis of Multimodal Presentations 19 pages RR 92 47 Frank Bomarius A Multi Agent Approach towards Modeling Urban Traffic Scenarios 2A pages RR 92 48 Bernhard Nebel Jana Koehler Plan Modifications versus Plan Generation A Complexity Theoretic Perspective 15 pages
5. 12 6 1 Building a new model structure of the expertise domain model 12 6 2 Saving a model structure of the expertise domain model 12 6 3 Loading a model structure of the expertise domain model 12 6 4 Associating the expertise domain model with a knowledge base 13 6 5 Showing the expertise domain model of a knowledge base 13 6 6 Associating keywords with the model of EXPETUSe nie 13 Table of Content u Ts INE Case Base anne an 15 7 1 Initiating a new CASE base nr 15 7 2 Creating a NEW case in a CASE base sn 15 7 3 Showing a 21 1 AVRIA OERIEN AAE ee tons 18 7 4 Deleting a Case na E 18 8 Structuring the Knowledge Units ussossossensnssssonsnnsnsnnannsnsnnenssne 19 8 1 Relating to the model of expertise coessesssenessssonsnsnnnnnsnnnonsnnnenennn 19 8 2 Relating 10 CASES nic esse er iscs de sieacidcenmncesaees 19 9 Teniplates ana een ee see 20 9 1 Construction of a template file uocsescssossnsssnsesnsnnnnennnenenennerennen 20 9 2 Loading a template file u 22 10 Formalization of Knowledge Units The Use of Templates 23 1 Installation and Starting of COKAM 1 1 Installation and Starting of COKAM For installing the program COKAM and an example knowledge base ca 2 MB 500 KB for the knowledge base on the hard disk are necessary For starting COKAM Allegro Common Lisp Vers
6. Keywords can be associated with each view of the model of expertise By clicking on a particular view and pressing the shift key at the same time shift click a dialog window appears which shows all keywords which are associated with this view in alphabetical order For managing the keywords the dialog window offers the following functions Adding a keyword By clicking on the button Add a new window appears in which the name of a new keyword can be typed After finishing the input the keyword is added into the list of the associated words Adding a marked word If you have already marked a word in the text of the present knowledge unit with the help of the mouse then you can click on the button Add marked and the marked word will be added into the list of the associated words 6 The Model of Expertise and the Domain Model 14 Deleting a keyword In order to delete a keyword from the list you must mark the corresponding word and then click on the button Delete Expertise Model for views Eckenwinkel Keramik Kiemmschreube Maschine Platte Plattengr e Schaft pai AU UGE RNA CD Figure 6 1 Dialog window which shows the keywords of the view general environment and the different functions The changes of the keyword list can be undone by using the function Cancel or can be saved by using the function Ok COKAMH uses the keywords to suggest particular views of the model of expertise for
7. units of all subcategories of this category are selected see chapter 6 Searching according to a category of the domain model Another editor field allows to type in categories of the domain model This field can be used similar to the editor field of the model of expertise Searching according to a substring in a unit In the third field a substring can be typed in According to this criteria all units are found which contain the substring somewhere in their text field Searching according to a title of a unit or a substring of a title The fourth and last editor field allow to look for units with a particular title or substring in the title Searching units with or without older generations The option with parents allows to look for all units without distinguishing whether the units are parent or child units By default only the units of the youngest generation are searched The search process according to the criteria is activated by clicking the button Search If one or more criteria are not selected i e their editor fields are ecmpty only that units are found which fit into the remaining criteria If the search button is pressed without selecting any criteria all unit of the knowledge base are found and shown in the unit stack 5 Working with the Informal Knowledge Base 11 5 2 2 Combining the selected search criteria It is possible to combine the search criteria either conjunctively or disjunctively By default the sear
8. RR 92 52 Mathias Bauer Susanne Biundo Dietmar Dengler Jana Koehler Gabriele Paul PHI A Logic Based Tool for Intelligent Help Systems 14 pages RR 92 54 Harold Boley A Direkt Semantic Characterization of RELFUN 30 pages RR 92 55 John Nerbonne Joachim Laubsch Abdel Kader Diagne Stephan Oepen Natural Language Semantics and Compiler Technology 17 pages RR 92 56 Armin Laux Integrating a Modal Logic of Knowledge into Terminological Logics 34 pages RR 92 58 Franz Baader Bernhard Hollunder How to Prefer More Specific Defaults in Terminological Default Logic 31 pages RR 92 59 Karl Schlechta and David Makinson On Principles and Problems of Defeasible Inheritance 14 pages RR 92 60 Karl Schlechta Defaults Preorder Semantics and Circumscription 18 pages RR 93 02 Wolfgang Wahlster Elisabeth Andr Wolfgang Finkler Hans J rgen Profitlich Thomas Rist Plan based Integration of Natural Language and Graphics Generation 50 pages RR 93 03 Franz Baader Berhard Hollunder Bernhard Nebel Hans J rgen Profitlich Enrico Franconi An Empirical Analysis of Optimization Techniques for Terminological Representation Systems 28 pages RR 93 05 Franz Baader Klaus Schulz Combination Tech niques and Decision Problems for Disunification 29 pages RR 93 08 Harold Boley Philipp Hanschke Knut Hinkelmann Manfred Meyer COLAB A Hybrid Knowledge Representation and Compilation Laboratory 6
9. The following functions are related to it Add to Unit The text which is already marked in the source text window will be copied to the present unit For the user invisible a reference from the unit to the source text 1s stored so that later the text segment of the source text can be found see button Links The text segment which was marked in the source text before in now presented in bold letters Thus in future applications of the knowledge base it becomes obvious that this text segment was already used for the construction of a knowledge unit Copy to Unit This function allows to decompose a unit into a subunit A new unit will be pro duced The text which is marked in the present unit will be copied into this new unit If no text is selected there will be an error message Similar to the function Add to Unit the new unit has a reference to its source which can be find by Clicking the button Links in the window of the function Source Delete Unit The present unit will be deleted from the knowledge base except that the unit is used in explanation structures Then a selection of all explanation structures in which the unit is used will be shown The explanation can immediately shown with the help of the selection window see also Links If a unit is deleted its children inherit its references to sources Notice In version 2 by using Delete Unit each present unit is deleted i e a unit which is used in explanation
10. also see chapter 7 2 and Nil empty condition symbol 9 Templates 21 Contrary to the condition symbols the expertise symbols can be defined according to the view of the model of expertise see first list In the selection list they are now combined to a logical term All atomic expertise symbols in the list are seen as a conjunction If there is a list of some expertise symbols within the list the symbols of this embedded list are seen as disjunction Example concrete plan cplan Head of definition general plan splan general product aprod concrete product cprod general environment aenv concrete environment cenv consequence aprod splan cplan aenv cenv Body of definition operator replace operator 1 product replace aprod Template 1 plan replace splan cplan environment replace aenv cenv gt product replace aprod cprod consequence splan cplan aenv cenv operator replace operator 1 plan replace splan cplan Template 2 environment replace aenv cenv y environment replace aenv cenv 1 precondition aprod cprod splan cplan operator replace operator 1 product replace aprod cprod Template n oe plan replace splan cplan 1 9 Templates 22 Now assume the program must suggest a set of templates for a knowledge unit This ped he ae salat anne 2m ear
11. conjunctive disjunctive O add to unit stack replace unit stock Befestigungssystem v Wendeschneldplatt Befestigungssystem v Wendeschneidplatt Befestigungssystem v Wendeschneidplatt Eckenradius Eckenwinkel child 1 Einstellwinkel b Schruppen Ermittlung von Werkzeugen Fl chen Frelwinkel 1 Freiwinke 2 Freiwinkel 3 Figure 5 1 Dialog for searching units 5 Working with the Informal Knowledge Base 10 The result of such a query is a set of units which build the loaded unit stack or which replace or enlarge the present unit stack If there is no answer to a query which should answer particular criteria the set of results is empty The program answers every query and reports about the success or failure of the query For asking queries the following functions can be used 5 2 1 Search criteria Searching according to a category of the model of expertise In an editor field of the dialog box you can type in a category of the model of ex pertise Only a substring which begins with the first letters of the category is neces sary The substring will be completed during the search process if the corre sponding category exists in the model of expertise also see chapter 6 The option with Subcategories can be selected or unselected by clicking with the mouse on the box on the right side of the editor field This option determines whether only units of the category in the editor field are selected or whether also
12. text structure e g a heading of a chapter This text segment must be marked with the mouse Then you can activate the text browser window by clicking on it After that you must click on a node of the structure by pressing the apple key at the same time option click The marked text segment becomes a new node under the node on which you have clicked A node can stand for the level of the structure of the text It is also possible to add names for text segments in the structure which are not mentioned in the text Then you must put the cursor on the desired part of the text without marking this part Then you can activate the text browser window and again click on a node of the Structure by pressing the apple key at the same time option click Now the program asks you for a name of the new node 4 Source Texts 8 4 3 2 Deleting nodes of the text structure If you click on a particular node and press the keys alt and apple at the same time command option click this node and all nodes which depend on this node are deleted from the structure 4 3 3 Navigating through the source text with the help of the text browser If the text browser window is activated you just have to click on a node of the structure and the source text is scrolled to the part of the text which is associated with the clicked node 4 4 Saving the text structure In the menu Sourcetexts there is a function Save Textstructure A new or changed text
13. the possibilities to show the picture of the solution step or the problem description or to show the structure of the conditions of the solution step The picture of a solution step or a problem description If you click on the button Picture the picture of the corresponding solution step or problem description appears in the upper left corner of the screen The size of the window is variable Preconditions consequences and abstraction and refinement rules of solution steps If you select the function Conditions in the dialog window then two windows appear on the screen The window at the top shows a solution step its preconditions knowledge units which directly refer to the solution step and abstraction and refinement rules of the preconditions knowledge units which refer to other knowledge units The other window shows the same solution step its consequences knowledge units to which the solution step directly refers and abstraction and refinement rules of the consequences knowledge units which refer to other knowledge units By option clicking on the solution step or on a card of a knowledge unit the present knowledge unit of the unit stack is linked to the card on which you have clicked Depending on the window in which you have clicked on the solution step the linked knowledge unit is interpreted as a precondition or as a consequence onsequences for operator M5SW21 Sa Mb eh Die Werkst ickeberfl chenguie a betr
14. 1 The Menu Bar of CORAM nun 2 CORAM Fran 3 3 1 Marking Text Segments and Producing Knowledge Units 3 3 1 1 Source texts and text structures ccccceccecceccceccsscsscescesuees 3 3 1 2 Unit dialog window ccccceccececcesesceceseescesscesecsesecees 3 3 1 3 The Stack OF UNMIS cs u are 6 Di ROS OU EEE EEE EIER T AAA 6 II DU ee eine ee 6 BOUNCE TORS au ee nn rer rare 7 4 1 Load a Source Kerle 7 4 2 Showing loaded source texts ccscscccccseccecccccscccecsccsccesevececueues 7 4 3 Construction and application of the text structure cccceccscecececeecs 7 4 3 1 Construction of the text structure ccccscccecececccceseceseseuees 7 4 3 2 Deleting nodes of the text structure cccccccscecececcscsceseceses 8 4 3 3 Navigating through the source text with the help of the text DIOWSEL sais nau ae ee na it 8 4 4 Saving the text Structure ccccccccssssssssececsssessececersescerseeeececces 8 Working with the Informal Knowledge Base nn 9 5 1 Loading the informal knowledge base 9 5 2 Looking for knowledge units and use of the unit stack cc 9 ERPE ES T o nn near ee 10 5 2 2 Combining the selected search criteria 0 cccccecceccececcece 11 5 2 3 Building the unit stack eenean 11 5 2 4 Quickly finding unit according to their title 11 5 3 Saving a knowledge base aaa 11 The Model of Expertise and the Domain Model
15. 4 pages DFKI Technical Memos TM 91 12 Klaus Becker Christoph Klauck Johannes Schwagereit FEAT PATR Eine Erweiterung des D PATR zur Feature Erkennung in CAD CAM 33 Seiten TM 91 13 Knut Hinkelmann Forward Logic Evaluation Developing a Compiler from a Partially Evaluated Meta Interpreter 16 pages TM 91 14 Rainer Bleisinger Rainer Hoch Andreas Dengel ODA based modeling for document analysis 14 pages TM 91 15 Stefan Busemann Prototypical Concept Formation An Alternative Approach to Knowledge Representation 28 pages TM 92 01 Lijuan Zhang Entwurf und Implementierung eines Compilers zur Transformation von Werkst ckrepr sentationen 34 Seiten TM 92 02 Achim Schupeta Organizing Communication and Introspection in a Multi Agent Blocksworld 32 pages TM 92 03 Mona Singh A Cognitiv Analysis of Event Structure 21 pages TM 92 04 J rgen M ller J rg M ller Markus Pischel Ralf Scheidhauer On the Representation of Temporal Knowledge 61 pages TM 92 05 Franz Schmalhofer Christoph Globig J rg Thoben The refitting of plans by a human expert 10 pages TM 92 06 Otto K hn Franz Schmalhofer Hierarchical skeletal plan refinement Task and inference structures 14 pages TM 92 08 Anne Kilger Realization of Tree Adjoining Grammars with Unification 27 pages DFKI Documents D 92 07 Susanne Biundo Franz Schmalhofer Eds Proceedings of the DFKI Workshop on Planning 65 pages
16. Deutsches D ocument Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche D 93 02 Intelligenz GmbH User Manual of COKAM Gabriele Schmidt Frank Peters Gernod Laufk tter February 1993 Deutsches Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche Intelligenz GmbH Postfach 20 80 Stuhlsatzenhausweg 3 D 6750 Kaiserslautern FRG D 6600 Saarbr cken 11 FRG Tel 449 631 205 3211 13 Tel 49 681 302 5252 Fax 49 631 205 3210 Fax 49 681 302 5341 Deutsches Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche Intelligenz The German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Deutsches Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche Intelligenz DFKI with sites in Kaiserslautern and Saarbr cken is a non profit organization which was founded in 1988 The shareholder companies are Atlas Elektronik Daimler Benz Fraunhofer Gesellschaft GMD IBM Insiders Mannesmann Kienzle SEMA Group Siemens and Siemens Rii dank oe eee o on User Manual of COKAM Gabriele Schmidt Frank Peters Gernod Laufk tter DFKI D 93 02 This work has been supported by a grant from The Federal Ministry for Research and Technology FKZ ITW 8902 C4 Deutsches Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche Intelligenz 1993 This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following a noti
17. a particular knowledge unit see 3 1 2 Unit dialog window For this reason the key words should closely related to the corresponding view of the model of expertise So if COKAM finds a keyword in the text of the knowledge unit it will suggest the corresponding view 7 The Case Base 15 7 The Case Base A case base can be associated with an informal knowledge base For such a case base several cases can be defined A case should be consist of a problem description and the solution of the problem It should be domain specific and prototypical in the domain It is assumed that such cases are very often represented graphically In order to present the cases in their usual form they are scanned in stored in a resource file of the folder data see chapter 1 From this resource file the pictures of cases e g a picture of the problem description and a picture of the solution can be loaded and used to construct a case Several of such cases are collected in one case base There are the following functions in 7 The Case Base 16 Adding a solution step an operator to a problem description The option click on the picture of the problem description opens the dialog window again Now a solution step operator can be marked by clicking on its name If vau press the OK button the operator is selected graphically connected to the 7 The Case Base 17 clicking on a solution step or a problem description a dialog window offers
18. ccces 15 COSC ein 15 18 19 CRalELOTY u 10 Child UN ee 11 Chil ren nun 6 COKAM 2 image cceeeeeeeaeeeennnnn l Cokam resources 0 00 1 15 CORAM tes 2 3 condition symbol 20 CONGITION ccccccccccs 16 17 consequence 16 17 19 20 Copy to Unit se 4 current version cccceccecs 1 Delete Uni sauer 4 Domain Model l a 2 domain model cecece 12 Domain ee 6 Expertise Model 2 expertise sSyMboOl se00 20 TERDELLISE ee 6 Older 1 formalization cecceceeee 20 APh nee 2 graphical description 1 hard disk nen 1 head of definition 20 informal knowledge base 3 12 Installation ccccecececcees I KEyYWOrG cuisine 13 Knowledge Base 0 0 2 knowledge base 1 11 knowledge unit 3 19 20 Load KB ne 9 MENU DAP een 2 model of expertise 5 12 19 MONIO ee 1 NEW UN seen 4 older generations 10 ODOR AOR ei 16 DICHUTE ee 1 15 17 precondition 16 17 19 20 present unit cceeee 4 11 problem description 15 OU Seren 6 RAM en ie 1 RESE nee 6 Save Textstructure ssessseeeees 8 Search Units anne 9 Search ae RR 10 Show Links u ned solution Step cccccccccceces 15 Source COXE ccccccccccccccces 347 SOUILCE errereen eiai EEEE 5 Sourcetexts user 2 8 Starting
19. ce that such copying is by permission of Deutsches Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche Intelligenz Kaiserslautern Federal Republic of Germany an acknowledgement of the authors and individual contributors to the work all applicable portions of this copyright notice Copying reproducing or republishing for any other purpose shall require a licence with payment of fee to Deutsches Forschungszentrum f r K nstliche Intelligenz User Manual of COKAM Version 2 0 December 1992 Version 1 4 1 written by Gernod Laufk tter updated by Gabriele Schmidt and Frank Peters COKAM Version 2 0 December 1992 Forechungsinetitur t r K nstliche Intelligenz GmbH Erwin Schr dinger StraBe P O Box 2080 D 6750 Kaiserslautern Tel 49 631 205 321113 Fax 49 631 205 3210 COKAM implemented by Andreas Birk Holger Huf Otto K hn Gernot Laufk tter Grapher V 2 0 G Waloszek University of Trier May 1990 adapted to COKAM by O KOhn G Laufk tter Copyright Notice This software is distributed for non profit and research purposes only Non profit redistribution of the current version or parts of the mail to current version permitted if this copyright notice is included unchanged Gabriele Schmidt Tel 49 631 205 3462 There is no warranty of any kind for this prototype ht will be further e mail schmidt dfki uni kl de improved as time permits Table of Content Table of Content 1 2 3 Installato ee een
20. ch is conjunctive i e all criteria must be fulfilled at the same time so that a unit fits into the requirements This can be changed by clicking on one of the two buttons under combine search criteria 5 2 3 Building the unit stack from the selected units You can choose between adding the found units to an already existing unit stack or replacing an existing unit stack This can be determined by selecting on of the two options Add to Unit Stack or Replace Unit Stack 5 2 4 Quickly finding units according to their ttle On the bottom of the search dialog window the titles of the units which are shown in the present unit stack are listed in their alphabetical order This order is only broken for child units Child units can be found directly after their parent unit The list of the titles can be scrolled with the help of the scroll bar on its right side By clicking on the certain title of one of the units the unit stack is scrolled so that the unit with this title becomes the present unit i e the unit is on the right side of the dialog window 5 3 Saving a knowledge base A knowledge base can be saved at any time so that provisional results can also be saved By using the function Save KB a knowledge base can be saved with its previous name if the knowledge base was changed before It is always possible to save a knowledge base with a new name by using the function Save as If you then type in the name of an existing knowle
21. closed without carrying out any functions 3 1 3 The stack of units All units which are visible on the screen or become visible by scrolling the stack are called the unit stack Within the unit stack a new unit is located on the right side of the unit dialog i e the new unit is the present unit Clicking on any unit causes a scrolling of the unit stack so that the clicked unit is located on the right side of the unit dialog Thus the new unit becomes the present unit and all functions within the dialog window relate to it The unit stack need not contain all units of an informal knowledge base For loading an unit stack according to search criteria see chapter 5 3 3 2 Reset The menu COKAM contains the function Reset By selecting this function the program is set into the state it had after starting the program All open windows and dialogues are closed and the knowledge base in the working space is deleted If the knowledge base has unsaved modifications e g new units the system knows this Before executing the reset it asks you whether to save the Changes or to cancel the rest or to go on The system can ask about unsaved changes in the knowledge base the model of expertise and the domain model 3 3 Quit The selection of the function Quit in the COKAM menu finishes the program If there are unsaved changes they can be saved or not or the function Quit can be canceled similar to Reset 4 Source Texts 7 4 S
22. dge base a dialogue gives you the warning that you can overwrite the existing knowledge base if you want 6___ The Model of Expertise and the Domain Model 12 6 ___The Model of Expertise and the Domain Model 13 or a domain model and its changes are not saved you can save it before loading the new model 6 4 Associating the expertise domain model with a knowledge base After loading or building a model it is associated with the knowledge base which is loaded in the working space One knowledge base can only be associated with one model of expertise and one domain model But one model can be associated with several different knowledge bases If a knowledge base is loaded and another model will be loaded or built the association of the knowledge base to the former model is deleted Before the link to the former model is deleted changes of this model can be saved so that the model is not lost The current association of a model with a knowledge base causes that the model is automatically loaded by loading the knowledge base Thus if a model itself is loaded explicitly this causes a new association between this model and the knowledge base 6 5 Showing the expertise domain model of a knowledge base The model of expertise or the domain model which is associated with a loaded knowledge base can be shown by selecting the function Show in the menu of the corresponding model 6 6 Associating keywords with the model of expertise
23. gt R 12 8 tre ne ap her fiche eee 18 Dal nase ee rst th Kennzeichen des Runddrehens ist die Erzeugung einer zur Drehachse des Werkstlcks keaxtalen kreiszy i ndr isehen Fl che Ee oKerwadus GreBe Eckenradien bewirken eine verbesserte Verkstickoberfl che und Schneidenstabilit t a rn IBRELEITEITTERTTERT IRTETTSTT TT TET TTI tat t TTE ETE Horat Vz a Mrssiieht N AL gt IERETTEETZSEE TITEL T ARSAShSLAIESSL ET EEEZTETTE TE ZEZE ET ESTATE IE EEE EI En U FETTE TS LI ER ER EU IE IE Pa re Seen a litten rio fh ie Be ae ur EEE AL A 2e 22 777 MIHU HHS jlerit iererretiversz tS NRO Hst bebe badass aril se DEEFFIrZEZ ijth UHI S s a pasri ir2lno Sen sm _ a2 in orrn g REFERERE FER Joea He Tess zer Figure 7 2 The case one of its operators and consequences of the operator 7 The Case Base 18 7 3 Showing a case After clicking on the button Select old Case a dialog window shows you the names of all cases which are stored in the present case base After selecting a case by clicking on its name the case is presented in a window Now the case can be edited like described in chapter 7 2 7 4 Deleting a case In order to dele a case you must select the function Delete Case in the menu Case Base Again a dialog window with the names of all cases of the present case base appears You can either cancel the function or mark the to be deleted case wit
24. h the mouse This case will be eliminated from the list of cases of the present case base 8 Structuring the Knowledge Units 19 8 Structuring the Knowledge Units COKAM offers two different possibilities to structure knowledge units The two types of structuring are briefly summarized in the chapter 8 1 Relating to the model of expertise Knowledge units can be associated with the views of the model of expertise If a knowledge unit is assumed to be relevant for the problem solving process it must be associated with at least one view On the one side the association can be done by clicking on the corresponding view On the other side the function Suggest View of the unit dialog see chapter 3 1 2 can help by finding the correct relations Based on the views with which a knowledge unit is associated templates can be suggested see chapter 9 8 2 Relating to cases To each solution step of a case a knowledge unit can be linked see chapter 7 2 Depending on the type of the link the knowledge unit is a precondition a consequence or an abstraction and refinement rule The type of such a link can influence the kind of templates which are suggested see chapter 9 9 Templates 20 9 Templates In order to support the formalization of knowledge units COKAM offers the possibility of managing templates To a given knowledge unit the program suggests a set of templates From this set you have to select that template of which you assu
25. ion 1 3 2 is required together with the Macintosh system software version 6 1 7 COKAM needs at least 2 MB RAM A monitor of 19 allows to clearly arrange the multiple windows of an application of COKAM Before working with COKAM the following requirements must be fulfilled i The folder which contains the program of COKAM COKAM x y image must contain a folder called COKAM ii This folder COKAM must contain the following folders e data e knowledge base e domain models e expertise models In the current version 2 COKAM 2 image the user must only guarantee that the folder data contains the file Cokam picture and a file of the program RESEDIT or another program for editing resource files This file is called Cokam resources and contains graphical descriptions pictures of the cases which are applied in COKAM Furthermore the text files from which knowledge will be acquired with COKAM must be ascii text files e g WORD text files with the format ASCII with line breaks and must be transferred into the folder data These files must have the extension txt The template files are stored in this folder too extension tpl All further folders or files which are stored in the folders mentioned above are constructed by the program itself The user must not edit or change anyhow these files If the requirements mentioned above are fulfilled COKAM can be started with a double click on the icon
26. l charge of 25 DM or 15 US D 92 18 Klaus Becker Verfahren der automatisierten Diagnose technischer Systeme 109 Seiten _ D 92 19 Stefan Dittrich Rainer Hoch Automatische Deskriptor basierte Unterst tzung der Dokument analyse zur Fokussierung und Klassifizierung von Gesch ftsbriefen 107 Seiten D 92 21 Anne Schauder Incremental Syntactic Generation of Natural Language with Tree Adjoining Grammars 57 pages D 92 23 Michael Herfert Parsen und Generieren der Prolog artigen Syntax von RELFUN 51 Seiten D 92 24 J rgen M ller Donald Steiner Hrsg Kooperierende Agenten 78 Seiten D 92 25 Martin Buchheit Klassische Kommunikations und Koordinationsmodelle 31 Seiten D 92 26 Enno Tolzmann Realisierung eines Werkzeugauswahlmoduls mit Hilfe des Constraint Systems CONTAX 28 Seiten D 92 27 Martin Harm Knut Hinkelmann Thomas Labisch Integrating Top down and Bottom up Reasoning in COLAB 40 pages D 92 28 Klaus Peter Gores Rainer Bleisinger Ein Modell zur Repr sentation von Nachrichtentypen 56 Seiten D 93 02 Gabriele Schmidt Frank Peters Gernod Laufk tter User Manual of COKAM 23 pages User Manual of COKAM D 93 02 Gabriele Schmidt Frank Peters Gernod Laufk tter Document
27. me that it fits the knowledge unit best That template can be added to the knowledge unit by the function Add to unit Or it can be copied to a new child unit of the corresponding knowledge unit with the function Copy to new unit The set of possible templates depends on the selected views of the model of expertise and can be influenced by kind of the structuring of the the knowledge units according to the cases 9 1 Construction of a template file A template file can be constructed with each text editor which can save the file in ascii format The template file has to be stored in the folder data and must have the extension tpl In the file there are two lists Head of definition In the first list which is called head of definition the individual views of the model of expertise are referred to symbols Each of these relations is written in parentheses so that the syntax looks like this View A of Expertise Expertise_Symbol_A View Z of Expertise Expertise _Symbol_Z Body of definition In the second list which is called body of definition a combination of the condition symbols and the expertise symbols which are defined for the views of the model in the first list is associated with a specific template The syntax of the second list looks like Condition_Symbol Selection List of Expertise Symbols Form of Templates Condition symbols can be precondition consequence ar rule for abstraction and refinement rule
28. nan nuns Fr eoaditine ee 10 Formalization of Knowledge Units The Use of Templates 23 10 Formalization of Knowledge Units The Use of Templates With the help of the function Suggest Template of the unit dialog window the program suggests a set of templates This suggestion depends on the relation of the present knowledge unit to the views of the model of expertise and its relations to the case solutions If there is no case solution activated the template is selected based on the views The suggested templates are shown in a dialog window ragen see V n enrionmen CENY gt environmen CENV Copy to new unit Add to unit Figure 10 1 Dialog window for selecting templates After marking the template which fits the present knowledge unit best this template can be copied to the knowledge unit by the function Add to unit Or it can be copied to a new child unit of the corresponding knowledge unit with the function Copy to new unit After that you can edit the template and fill in the concrete data which are mentioned in an informal form in the parent knowledge unit Index Index abstraction and refinement rule EEE 6 17 19 20 Acquire Knowledge from Text 3 Add to Unit Stack 11 AGO 10 UNI nr 4 Allegro Common Lisp 1 body of definition 20 CANCEL ee 6 Case Base cccsccscsscssccces 2 15 COSC DASE anne 15 case SOUtION cccccc
29. of the program 2 The Menu Bar of COKAM 2 2 The Menu Bar of COKAM After starting the program the menu bar of the Mac finder or of the present program will be substituted by the menu bar of COKAM It contains the following menus COKAM Sourcetents Knowledge Base Domain Model Expertise Model Case Base Figure 2 1 The menu bar of COKAM e COKAM Sourcetexts e Knowledge Base Domain Model Expertise Model Case Base Graph The menu COKAM see chapter 3 offers the basic functions of the program These functions allow to start the construction of an informal knowledge base by producing knowledge units from marked text segments There are also functions to quit and to restart the program Sourcetexts summarizes all functions which allow to operate on the source texts and the structure of the texts see chapter 4 Ti vr et 25 M PO Mn nr t 2 ee a ne ae en u 3 COKAM 3 3 COKAM 3 1 Marking Text Segments and Producing Knowledge Units The construction of a new informal knowledge base begins by marking text segments in the source texts and by consequently producing knowledge units The menu function Acquire Knowledge from Text in the menu bar COKAM initiate the knowledge acquisition from text First a dialog window is shown by which a source text which is in the folder data can be selected After selecting the text is shown on the screen If the dialog window sh
30. ource Texts 4 1 Load a source text A new source text for producing or enlarging a knowledge base can be selected with the function Load Sourcetext of the menu Sourcetext The source text is shown on the left side of the screen and a reference to the text is stored in the corresponding knowledge base Therefore a source text must be selected from the menu for a knowledge base only once After that even after starting the program again the program finds the text in con nection with the knowledge bases automatically A prerequisite is that the knowledge base is stored within the folder COKAM This folder must contains the folder data which contains the source texts 4 2 Showing loaded source texts Loaded source text i e source texts which already refer to the knowledge base can be shown by clicking the function Show Sourcetext of the menu Sourcetext For showing the source text and its text structure see 4 3 4 3 Construction and application of the text structures 4 3 1 Construction of the text structure If the source text is shown it is possible to construct a hierarchical structure of the text in the window above the source text which is called Text Browser If such a structure already exists for a source text the system always loads it together with the source text The construction of such a structure can be done in the following manner The source text must be scrolled to a text segment which is to use in the
31. ows no text which can be selected then see chapter 4 5 3 1 1 Source texts and text structures The presented source text can be scrolled by clicking the mouse on the scroll bar on the right of the text Corresponding to other Mac programs text segments can be marked with the mouse Marked text segments are inverted Above the source text window a second window called text browser is shown In this window the hierarchical structure of the text is displayed as a tree This structure allows to quickly navigate trough large source texts by clicking a node of the tree with the mouse The construction of such structures for new source texts is explained in chapter 4 3 3 1 2 Unit dialog window On the right side of the window of the source text a dialog window is visible which allows the construction of knowledge units Unit name child I child Delete Unit Add to Unit 3 COKAM 4 Until no unit is produced only the button New Unit is active for clicking with the mouse If the button is clicked an empty knowledge unit which has the default title Unit 1 is presented at the right side of the dialog window This title can be changed in the editing field of the dialog window Each new unit contains such a default title with a number at the beginning The number is calculated by adding 1 to the number of existing units The other buttons are related to the unit which is at the right side of the dialog window This is the present unit
32. structure can be stored by selecting this function The structure is then associated with the corresponding source text The structure need not explicitly be loaded together with the source text 5 Working with the Informal Knowledge Base 9 5 Working with the Informal Knowledge Base 5 1 Loading the informal knowledge base For working with an existing knowledge base the knowledge base must be loaded by selection the function Load KB in the menu Knowledge Base The case base see chapter 7 and models see chapter 6 which are associated with the knowledge base and the references to the source texts are automatically loaded together with the knowledge base When the loading function is finished the knowledge base is loaded in the working space i e the unit stack is still empty after that But now the window search unit see below and the unit dialog window see above are shown Associated source text can be loaded by clicking on the function Show Sourcetext in the menu Sourcetexts A unit stack can be selected and shown with the help of the Search Units window 5 2 Looking for knowledge units and use of the unit stack The function Search Units or the loading of the informal knowledge base activates a dialog window which allows to ask queries about the knowledge base Expertise Category O with subcategories Domain Cetegory J with subcategories Substring C with parents Title combine criteria
33. structures is also deleted If some units refer to the deleted unit in the explanation structures these units are deleted too There is no warning before Undo This button is only efficient after choosing the action Add to Unit Then Add to Unit is completely undone 3 COKAM 5 qe ener SA Suggest View By clicking the button Suggest View the window with the model of expertise will be shown if it is not already there In the window of the model of expertise the views which were already selected are shown as inverted boxes Additionally a dialog window which contains all views of the model of expertise appears In this window the views which are suggested by the system are inverted You can agree with the suggested views and click the button ok and the new views are shown in the model of expertise Or you can correct the suggestion Then you can click on inverted views if you want to unselect them or on the other views if you want to add them By clicking you can use the conventional Macintosh key combinations like shift click for marking several views following each other or like apple click for marking several views Suggest Template If a knowledge unit has references to the model of expertise templates can be suggested see chapter 9 The templates are shown in a dialog windows which allows to mark one template by clicking and to copy it to a child unit of the present unit with the button Copy to Unit see above
34. to Navigate through Interactions and Plans Thomas Fehrle Markus A Thies 2 Plan Based Graphical Help in Object Oriented User Interfaces Markus A Thies Frank Berger 22 pages RR 92 15 Winfried Graf Constraint Based Graphical Layout of Multimodal Presentations 23 pages denka Rarhard Nahal RR 92 18 John Nerbonne Constraint Based Semantics 21 pages RR 92 19 Ralf Legleitner Ansgar Bernardi Christoph Klauck PIM Planning In Manufacturing using Skeletal Plans and Features 17 pages RR 92 20 John Nerbonne Representing Grammar Meaning and Knowledge 18 pages RR 92 21 J rg Peter Mohren J rgen M ller Representing Spatial Relations Part II The Geometrical Approach 25 pages RR 92 22 J rg W rtz Unifying Cycles 24 pages RR 92 23 Gert Smolka Ralf Treinen Records for Logic Programming 38 pages RR 92 24 Gabriele Schmidt Knnwleroe Arnnisitian fran RR 92 26 Franz Schmalhofer Thomas Reinartz Bidjan Tschaitschian Intelligent documentation as a catalyst for developing cooperative knowledge based systems 16 pages RR 92 27 Franz Schmalhofer J rg Thoben The model based construction of a case oriented expert system 18 pages RR 92 29 Zhaohui Wu Ansgar Bernardi Christoph Klauck Skeletel Plans Reuse A Restricted Conceptual Graph Classification Approach 13 pages RR 92 30 Rolf Backofen Gert Smolka A Complete and Recursive Feature Theory 32 pages RR 92 31
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