Wiley Beginning PHP5, Apache, and MySQL Web Development
Contents
1. Hackers or the malicious breed known as crackers can be quite crafty in the ways in which they break into your system especially if you are directly connected to the Internet MySQL allows you to pick and choose what user is allowed to perform what function based on the privileges that you establish All user privilege information is stored in a database called mysql which is located by default in your c mysql data directory If you re the only one accessing the MySQL database you may not have to worry about adding users However what if you have say an Aunt Edna who is going to help you out by inputting some back logged information You want her to be able to go into the tables and look at things and even insert some information But you probably don t want her to be able to delete your entire database By restrict ing her privileges as a user you help to protect your data Try It Out Setting Up Privileges To set up the initial privileges parameters you need to make sure you re logged on as root Then you re going to GRANT Aunt Edna some privileges as a new user so type the following mysql gt GRANT SELECT INSERT UPDATE gt ON o TO edna localhost IDENTIFIED BY ednapass How It Works You have now established that edna is a valid user who will be allowed access to your MySQL system provided two things Q She attempts her connection from the localhost host not a different conn2. for Apache MySQL and PHP and you should be ready to start making some Web sites You ll get your hands dirty in the next chapter starting with PHP code and your movie review Web site 26
3. mysql bin mysql h localhost u root p You will be prompted for your password in this case enter mysqlpass or whatever you chose for your root password You should then see the prompt shown in Figure 1 10 J Command Prompt c imysqhbinimysql h localhost u root p 1anl x I0 gt e nyeq bin ayeq h localhost u root p Enter password seen Melcone to the MySQL monitor Commands end with o P Ng Nour MySQL connection id is 5 to server version 4 8 14 nmax debug Type help or h for help Type c to clear the buffer mysql gt m Figure 1 10 The my cnf File The ny cn file which you can open with any text editor such as Notepad is the main file that MySQL uses to read configuration options you have set up in your installation You can alter this file at any time to tweak your configuration down the road By default the installation of MySQL provides four sample my cnf configuration files to use as exam ples my small cnf my medium cnf my large cnf and my huge cnf If you used the default direc tory during installation these were all saved under the c mysq1 directory If for some reason your copy of the installation zip file did not include these sample files you can use the one provided here you will just need to type it in from scratch using Notepad 21 Chapter 1 22 The difference in these files is presumably the amount of space you have on your computer dedicated to pr
4. not already on your computer Most computers have this set up already by default In Windows this will be under your Control Panel Network Settings and in Linux this is under your proc filesystem Testing Your Installation As with the other applications it s a good idea to test your installation You can do this from a DOS prompt so that you can view any error messages your MySOL server encounters Follow these steps to test your installation 1 For Windows 95 98 Me at the DOS prompt change directories until you are in the MySOL server main directory the default is c mysql bin Then type c mysql bin gt mysqld For Windows 2000 XP NT at the DOS prompt change directories until you are in the MySQL server main directory and type C gt C mysql bin mysqld install You should see a screen that looks similar to the one shown in Figure 1 3 G Command Prompt B x A C gt c mysql bin mysqld install B Service successfully installed C gt Figure 1 3 2 Tostart the MySQL server type the following c gt NET START MySQL Your screen will look like the one shown in Figure 1 4 17 Chapter 1 G Command Prompt zW c wnysqlw bin smusqld install ervice successfully installed NPNET START MySQL m he MySql service was started successfully gt Figure 1 4 3 Now you should test to make sure your MySQL server is running Alt
5. not covered in this book visit the resource Web site at www mysql com Chapter 1 AMP Installers If you d like to take your entire Saturday afternoon to install each of these components separately feel free to refer to Appendix I at the back of this book However we can also tell you about some third party software programs that will complete the installation for you You can find an extended list of these types of installers at www hotscripts com Foxserv Foxserv is an Apache MySQL PHP installer that is available at www foxserv net It is offered as an open source program and is free to the general public Foxserv allows you to customize your configura tion files during installation and also allows for PEAR modules to be downloaded You can read more about the use of PEAR in Appendix H This installer is compatible with both Windows and Linux systems PHPTriad PHPTriad is another open source installer that is available at no charge It is available for download at http sourceforge net projects phptriad but is currently applicable to Windows systems only Along with Apache PHP and MySQL the package includes Perl and phpMyAdmin another powerful database administration system we discuss in Chapter 3 XAMPP XAMPP available at http sourceforge net projects xampp is an open source installer that will install Apache MySQL PHP Perl phpMyAdmin and an FTP server It is suitable for Linux Solaris and Windows syste
6. oc cb cb db b b b b cR db Gb LoadModule LoadModule LoadModule LoadModule LoadModule Dynamic Shared Object DSO Support To be able to use the functionality of a module which was built as a DSO you have to place corresponding LoadModule lines at this location so the directives contained in it are actually available before they are used Statically compiled modules those listed by httpd 1 do not need to be loaded here LoadModule foo module modules mod foo so access module modules mod access so actions module modules mod actions so alias module modules mod alias so asis module modules mod asis so auth module modules mod auth so Configuring Your Installation LoadModule auth_anon_module modules mod_auth_anon so LoadModule auth_dbm_module modules mod_auth_dbm so LoadModule auth_digest_module modules mod_auth_digest so LoadModule autoindex_module modules mod_autoindex so LoadModule cern_meta_module modules mod_cern_meta so LoadModule cgi_module modules mod_cgi so LoadModule dav_module modules mod_dav so LoadModule dav_fs_module modules mod_dav_fs so LoadModule dir_module modules mod_dir so LoadModule env_module modules mod_env so LoadModule expires_module modules mod_expires so LoadModule file_cache_module modules mod_file_cache so LoadModule headers_module modules mod_headers so LoadModule imap_module modules mod_imap so LoadModule include_module modules mod_include so LoadModule info_module modules mod_info
7. so LoadModule isapi_module modules mod_isapi so LoadModule log_config_module modules mod_log_config so LoadModule mime_module modules mod_mime so LoadModule mime_magic_module modules mod_mime_magic so LoadModule proxy_module modules mod_proxy so LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules mod_proxy_connect so LoadModule proxy_http_module modules mod_proxy_http so LoadModule proxy_ftp_module modules mod_proxy_ftp so LoadModule negotiation_module modules mod_negotiation so LoadModule rewrite_module modules mod_rewrite so LoadModule setenvif_module modules mod_setenvif so LoadModule speling_module modules mod_speling so LoadModule status_module modules mod_status so LoadModule unique_id_module modules mod_unique_id so LoadModule userdir_module modules mod_userdir so LoadModule usertrack_module modules mod_usertrack so LoadModule vhost_alias_module modules mod_vhost_alias so LoadModule ssl module modules mod ssl so Add the following line LoadModule php5 module c php sapi php5apache2 d11 Make sure your path matches the location of this file as determined during your installation Document Root By default the directory under which Apache looks for files is c program files Apache Group Apache2 htdocs You can change this to whatever is applicable for your directory structure but for the purposes of this discussion create a directory named c program files Apache Group Apache2 test where you can put files to test
8. to be parsed lt and gt as opposed to lt php and gt Allows ASP style tags to be parsed and gt Determines the number of digits to be displayed in floating point numbers The default is 12 and this should suffice for most applications Allows header lines to be sent after HTML has already been sent to the server The default is Off and most third party hosts maintain this default It is not advisable to change this setting especially if you depend on a third party host Sets the limit for how long a script can take to run expressed in seconds Sets the limit for how long a script can take to parse the data expressed in seconds Sets the limit for how much memory a script can use to run expressed in MB There are many levels you can use to set what errors will be shown to you but for the purposes of this book we assume that error_reporting is set to E_ALL When set to E ALL all errors and warnings are shown Determines whether or not errors will be printed Leave this fea ture on while you develop your site and you learn PHP but once the site is ready to go live we recommend that this setting be switched to off for security purposes Allows errors to be written into a log file for future reference We recommend that you switch this setting to on Points to the name of your PHP error log file Determines the order in which variables are registered The default is EGPCS which
9. B leome to the MySQL monitor Commands end with or g Nour MySQL connection id is 1 to server version 4 8 28a debug lj ITupe help or h for help Type c to clear the buffer mysql gt Uoo Figure 1 6 2 Next see what database tables have been set up by default Type the following mysql gt show databases You should see the two existing databases mysql and test as shown in Figure 1 7 Command Prompt c mysq bin mysql mysql u root a x r a C gt c nmysqlibin aysql mysql u root El llelcone to the MySQL nonitor Commands end with or g Nour MySQL connection id is 3 to server version 4 8 28a debug Type help or h for help Type c to clear the buffer i Database B i aysql i i test i 2 rows in set 8 88 sec mysql gt Figure 1 7 19 Chapter 1 3 Now see what tables are there Type the following mysql show tables You should see what is depicted in Figure 1 8 Command Prompt c mysql bin mysq mysql u root x Type help or h for help Type c to clear the buffer a 2 rows in set 8 88 sec Bj mysql gt show tables nl colunns_priv db i 1 1 func i host i tables_priv i user i rows in set 8 88 sec gt p nenene nenene ma F mysql gt z Figure 1 8 4 By default MySQL on Windows sets up all users with all privileges For this reason
10. Chapter 1 lt php echo If this works we lt i gt really lt i gt did it BODY HTML Save this file as phptest php Open your browser and type http localhost phptest php and you should see the screen shown in Figure 1 2 Customizing Your Installation 14 The configuration file that holds the key to how PHP runs on your computer is named php ini it can be found in the root directory where you extracted your installation files In Windows this file was saved to c windows so Apache could find it The php ini file includes a brief explanation of each of the configuration settings which are beyond the scope of this discussion However you are encouraged to read through the entire introduction of the php ini file before you begin making changes In the table that follows we touch on some of the more commonly changed settings E PHP Testing Microsoft Internet Explorer Jo Fie Edt View Favortes Tools Heb Back ix E L search Favorites Qi Meds 2 amp B n L s http Aocalhost phptest php x amp a Go If this works we really did it lie Done VJ Local intranet Figure 1 2 Setting short_open_tag asp_tags precision output_buffering max_execution_time max_input_time memory_limit error_reporting display_errors log_errors error_log variables_order register_globals Configuring Your Installation What It Does Allows short tags
11. Configuring Your Installation You ve spent your hard earned money and purchased this book so you undoubtedly know the enormous benefits of using PHP Apache and MySQL together to create your Web site But in case you found this book on your desk one Monday morning with a sticky note reading Learn this this chapter looks at the basics of PHP MySQL and Apache to show you what makes the AMP combination so popular This chapter also walks you through the procedure for installing all three components of the AMP module and advises you on how to best configure the software to meet your specific needs Projects in This Book Over the course of this book you will develop two complete Web sites Qh Movie Review Web site Developing this site introduces you to writing a PHP program making your pages look professional working with variables and includes and integrat ing PHP with MySQL to make your site truly dynamic as pages are created on the fly for your Web site visitor You will also get experience in error handling and data validation while working on this site Q Comic Book Fan Web site The creation of this Web site takes you through the steps of building databases from scratch manipulating images and sending out e mails using PHP authenticating users managing content through CMS creating a mailing list setting up an e commerce section and developing and customizing a discussion forum Finally this book covers how to l
12. OSI or the open source community visit the OSI Web site at www opensource org How the Pieces of the AMP Module Work Together Now that you ve learned some of the history of open source it s important to understand the role each of these programs Apache MySQL and PHP plays in creating your Web site Imagine that your dynamic Web site is a fancy restaurant Diners come to your place and each one wants something different and specific They don t worry so much about how the food is prepared as long as it looks and tastes delicious Unlike a buffet type spread where everything is laid out and your patrons simply choose from what s available a nice restaurant encourages patron waiter interaction and complete customization for any specific dietary needs Similarly a Web site shouldn t be a static page with little interaction from visitors it should be a dynamic site where the visitor can choose what he or she wants to see In this scenario you can characterize the three components of the AMP module as follows m Apache This is your highly trained master of culinary arts the chef Whatever people ask for she prepares it without complaint She is quick flexible and able to prepare a multitude of dif ferent types of foods Apache acts in much the same way as your HTTP server parsing files and passing on the results PHP This is the waiter He gets requests from the patron and carries them back to the kitchen with specific ins
13. This gives you an indication of where your installation went wrong For a more in depth discussion of logs please refer to Chapter 17 If you had installation problems note that you might experience errors such as the no services installed error if Apache is trying to share port 80 with another Web server or application such as a firewall To fix this open your httpd conf file in the c program files Apache group Apache2 conf directory and locate the following lines Listen Allows you to bind Apache to specific IP addresses and or ports instead of the default See also the lt VirtualHost gt directive Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses 0 0 0 0 Listen 12 34 56 78 80 Listen 80 Change the last line of this block to read Listen 8080 Then locate the following lines ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself This can often be determined automatically but we recommend you specify it explicitly to prevent problems during startup If this is not set to valid DNS name for your host server generated redirections will not work See also the UseCanonicalName directive If your host doesn t have a registered DNS name enter its IP address here You will have to access it by its address anyway and this will make redirections work in a sensible way ServerName www yourdomainnamehere com 80 C
14. ation Failed error Now create a small test program to make sure Apache can find your directory Open Notepad and type the following HTML HEAD lt TITLE gt Apache testing lt TITLE gt lt HEAD gt lt BODY gt If this works we did it lt BODY gt lt HTML gt d Save this as index html in the test directory you created Now open your browser and type http localhost You should see the screen shown in Figure 1 1 Configuring Your Installation J Apache testing Microsoft Internet Explorer Jak Fie Edt View Favortes Tools Heb aw 2 p Ses Favorites a WC e Qa ld d G Aaa Formos Gam G 2 a 48 http ocalhost II z If this works we did it E Done VJ Local intranet Figure 1 1 Configuring Your PHP Installation Once PHP has been installed on your computer you can customize it to fit your needs Although some of the configuration settings deal with how the information is shown through the browser a great many of the settings relate to how the server handles errors and how those errors are displayed to you and your users You will also be able to have some control over how PHP interacts with MySOL Testing Your Installation To ensure that both PHP and Apache have been installed together write another test program Open Notepad and type the following program HTML HEAD lt TITLE gt PHP Testing lt TITLE gt lt HEAD gt lt BODY gt 13
15. che the manual was installed with the standard installation and can be accessed in c program files apache group apache2 manual A check of your error log will be most helpful as well In MySQL you can enter this realm by typing the following at your DOS prompt c gt e mysql bin mysql help This provides a multitude of commands that will help you find what you need or at the very least a valuable cheat sheet for administering your MySQL server In addition this will allow you to see the current settings for your server at a glance so you can potentially troubleshoot any problem spots The MySQL manual is also installed to your computer and can be found under c mysql docs manual htm Source Web Sites You undoubtedly know where to find these by now but just in case the Web sites associated with each of our three components have incredibly detailed information to help you work out any issues or report any bugs you may find in the programs Q For Apache questions and information www apache org Q For PHP questions and information www php net Q For MySQL questions and information www mysql com 25 Chapter 1 Summary By now you should have an idea of what AMP is and how it fits into the open source initiative You know that the abbreviation AMP refers to Apache MySQL and PHP all of which work together to help you develop dynamic Web sites So now you ve installed configured and tested the installation
16. e all of these options PHP PHP is a server side scripting language that allows your Web site to be truly dynamic PHP stands for PHP Hypertext Preprocessor and yes we re aware PHP is a recursive acronym probably meant to Configuring Your Installation confuse the masses Its flexibility and relatively small learning curve especially for programmers who have a background in C Java or Perl make it one of the most popular scripting languages around PHP s popularity continues to increase as businesses and individuals everywhere embrace it as an alternative to Microsoft s ASP language and realize that PHP s benefits most certainly outweigh the costs three cheers for open source According to Netcraft PHP code can now be found in approximately 16 million Web sites The version of PHP referenced in this book is the most recent stable release at the time of publication version 5 0 0 Although we discuss several of the most common uses and functions of PHP you can find a complete list of PHP functions in Appendix B of this book As you continue to program in PHP and your comfort level increases or the demands of your boss grow we encourage you to expand your use of built in PHP functions to take advantage of its tremendous power You can download the PHP soft ware from PHP s Web site at www php net MySQL Another open source favorite MySQL is the database construct that enables PHP and Apache to work together to acc
17. earn about your visitors through the use of log files and how to troubleshoot common mistakes or problems The appendixes in this book provide you with the necessary reference materials you ll need to assist you in your Web site development journey and offer tools to make you more efficient Chapter 1 After reading this book you will be able to create a well designed dynamic Web site using tools avail able for free Although this book is not intended to be a detailed analysis of Apache PHP and MySQL it points you in the right direction to explore further issues you may wish to delve into Brief Intro to PHP Apache MySQL and Open Source PHP Apache and MySQL are all part of the open source group of software programs The open source movement is a collaboration of some of the finest minds in computer programming By allowing the open exchange of information programmers from all over the world contribute to make a truly power ful and efficient piece of software available to everyone Through the contributions of many people to the publicly available source code bugs get fixed improvements are made and a good software pro gram becomes a great one over time A Brief History of Open Source Initiatives The term open source was coined in 1998 after Netscape decided to publish the source code for its popu lar Navigator browser This announcement prompted a small group of software developers who had been long time supporters of the soo
18. ection from some where else Q She supplies the correct password ednapass Your Aunt Edna will now be allowed to select information from the database insert new information in the database and update old information in the database By giving her access to all the tables in the database via the use of ON you have allowed her to modify any table in existence 24 Configuring Your Installation As you become more familiar with working with tables and MySQL commands modifying privileges or user information will become easier for you because the information is all stored in a table just like everything else in MySQL A complete list of privileges that you can grant is available at the MySQL Web site www mysq1 com Where to Go for Help and Other Valuable Resources Although we ve certainly tried to make this as easy as possible for you there are so many different variables in computers and their setups that it is virtually impossible to cover every possible situation Anyone who works with computers on a regular basis is surely aware that while in theory everything seems relatively simple things don t always go as planned or as you think they should To your advan tage there are several avenues for help should you find yourself in a difficult situation Help within the Programs Before getting online and searching for help you can try looking for answers to your problems within the programs themselves In Apa
19. equire any sort of licensing or sales fees Configuring Your Installation They are cross platform and technology neutral By requiring open source software to be non platform specific the open source community has ensured that the programs are usable by virtually everyone According to the Open Source Definition provided by the Open Source Initiative at http opensource org docs definition php open source programs must not be dependent on any individual technology or style of interface and must be technology neutral As long as the software can run on more than one operating system it meets the criterion They must not restrict other software This basically means that if an open source program is distributed along with other programs those other programs may be open source or commer cial in nature This gives software developers maximum control and flexibility They embrace diversity Diversity of minds and cultures simply produces a better result For this reason open source programs cannot by definition discriminate against any person or group of persons nor against any field of endeavor For example a program designed for use in the medical profession cannot be limited to that field if someone in another field wants to take the program and modify it to fit his or her needs For a complete list of the criteria a piece of software must meet before it can be considered open source or for more information about the
20. ess and display data in a readable format to a browser It is a Structured Query Language server designed for heavy loads and processing of complex queries As a relational database system MySQL allows many different tables to be joined together for maximum efficiency and speed This book references version 4 0 20 the most stable release of MySQL at the time of writing You can find a complete list of features at the MySQL Web site www mysq1 com but some of the more popular fea tures of this program are as follows Multiple CPUs usable through kernel threads Multi platform operation Numerous column types cover virtually every type of data Group functions for mathematical calculations and sorting COCoovco o Commands that allow information about the databases to be easily and succinctly shown to the administrator m Function names that do not affect table or column names m A password and user verification system for added security Q Up to 32 indexes per table permitted this feature has been successfully implemented at levels of 60 000 tables and 5 000 000 000 rows version 4 1 2 currently in development will allow 64 indexes Q International error reporting usable in many different countries MySQL is the perfect choice for providing data via the Internet because of its ability to handle heavy loads and its advanced security measures For more information on how MySQL was developed or other specific information
21. et this up for you Numerous other variables in your file can be altered but we encourage you to work with the defaults until you feel more comfortable with PHP and your Web site setup Changing these defaults can raise functionality security and performance issues adversely affecting your site Configuring PHP5 to Use MySQL Pre PHP5 MySQL support was included in PHP installation by default With the release of PHP5 you now have to specifically enable this If you are using Unix you most likely built PHP with MySQL during installation If you are using Windows however in order for your PHP and MySQL to play nice with each other you will need to make two changes to your php ini file Open the file using your text editor such as Notepad Locate the following lines Directory in which the loadable extensions modules reside extension dir Change the last line to extension dir c php ext The next change involves locating and uncommenting the following line extension php mysql dll Simply remove the semicolon at the beginning of the line to uncomment it You will also need to copy the file Libmysq1 d11 from your c php directory into your c windows Nsystem32 or c winnt system32 directory 16 Configuring Your Installation Configuring Your MySQL Installation MySQL needs TCP IP protocols to run properly regardless of the Windows environment You must install TCP IP before you can continue if it is
22. hange the last line of this code to the following ServerName www yourdomainnamehere com 8080 Chapter 1 Finally if you are still experiencing problems and you are running a Windows system The Apache Foundation has provided a nifty document about some other issues that may arise during installation You can view the document by going to http httpd apache org docs 2 0 platform windows html Customizing Your Installation Now that you know that everything works okay you can adjust the configuration file to better suit your needs The main configuration file you use to make changes is httpd conf this is found in the c program files Apache group Apache2 conf directory by default or wherever you have installed Apache You can open this file with any common text editor such as Notepad Adding PHP to the Equation In order for Apache to recognize a PHP file as one that needs to be parsed with the PHP engine you need to first locate the following lines in your httpd conf file 10 AddType allows you to add to or override the MIME configuration file mime types for specific file types AddType application x tar tgz AddType image x icon ico Then add the following lines AddType application x httpd php php AddType application x httpd php source phps Now add the PHP module into your httpd conf program so that Apache can properly parse PHP In your script locate the following lines Example 4E
23. hough there are man y y y amp y possible commands to test the server to keep things simple use the following C gt e mysql bin mysql test Your screen should look something like the one shown in Figure 1 5 I Command Prompt c mysqlibinimysql test xi Ic 2e NnysqINbinNnysq1d install E Service successfully installed i IC N2NET START MySQL The MySql service was started successfully C gt er mysq bin mysq test Welcome to the MySQL monitor Commands end with or g Your MySQL connection id is 1 to server version 4 8 14 max debug Type help or Nh for help Type sc to clear the buffer mysql gt Figure 1 5 4 Toreturn to the DOS prompt enter the following mysql gt exit or mysql gt quit 5 To stop the server from running type the following c gt NET STOP MySQL 18 Configuring Your Installation 6 To shut down the MySQL service type C gt e mysql bin mysqladmin u root shutdown It s time to configure your system to improve security set up some user permissions and alter your set tings according to your preferences Configuring Your Installation Before you configure any of your settings start the MySQL service again 1 Enter the following c gt e mysql bin mysql mysql u root Now your screen should look like Figure 1 6 Command Prompt c mysqhibin mysql mysql u root of x IC N c Nnysqlwbin snysql mysql u root
24. ifference can cause you big headaches Apache Apache acts as your Web server Its main job is to parse any file requested by a browser and display the correct results according to the code within that file Apache is quite powerful and can accomplish virtu ally any task that you as a Webmaster require The version of Apache covered in this book is the most recent and stable at the time of this writing ver sion 2 0 50 The features and server capabilities available in this version include the following Q Password protected pages for a multitude of users Q Customized error pages Q Display of code in numerous levels of HTML and the capability to determine at what level the browser can accept the content Q Usage and error logs in multiple and customizable formats Q Virtual hosting for different IP addresses mapped to the same server Q DirectoryIndex directives to multiple files Q URLaliasing or rewriting with no fixed limit According to the Netcraft Web site www netcraft com at the time of this writing Apache is running over 34 million Internet servers more than Microsoft Sun ONE and Zeus combined Its flexibility power and of course price make it a popular choice It can be used to host a Web site for the general public or a company wide intranet or for simply testing your pages before they are uploaded to a secure server on another machine Later in this chapter you learn to configure your Apache setup to accommodat
25. ile as follows mysqld local infile 1 This allows you to load large amounts of data from a tab delimited file or csv file directly into your MySQL database While this option can be very helpful if you are running your own Web site or if you are the only one accessing the MySQL configurations many third party hosts have this set to 0 to block their MySQL hosts from accessing this command primarily for security reasons If you are contemplat ing having your Web site hosted by a third party and you will need this feature you may want to verify that they have this setting enabled to save yourself some major headaches later on such as having to manually input large amounts of data a bit at a time or having to write a subroutine that inputs the data for you If you haven t yet chosen your third party host this will be an important selling point 23 Chapter 1 Second we ll discuss altering the log bin configuration option that can be found in the following sec tion of the my cnf file Uncomment the following if you want to log updates log bin This is very important if you care at all about monitoring which updates are made to your MySQL tables and you should This logs all activity to the tables and this topic is covered in greater detail in Chapter 17 We recommend that you uncomment the 1og bin line to at least make the data available Whether or not you do anything with it is another story Setting Up Users and Privileges
26. ms Configuring Your Apache Installation For the purposes of working through this book we assume that you have installed Apache on your computer If you haven t done so but would like to you can find detailed installation instructions in Appendix I Before you begin configuring and customizing your installation take a minute to make sure you have installed everything correctly You can access the Apache executable file in three ways Q During installation the default option is to add Apache to your Start menu so unless you dis abled this you can locate the Apache HTTP Server listing directly from your Start button This gives you shortcuts to starting the server and to testing and configuring features as well Q Open Windows Explorer and go to the directory where you have installed Apache the default being c program files Apache Group Apache2 bin click Apache exe to start your Apache HTTP server Q At the DOS prompt change directories to the location where the Apache file has been loaded and type apache This starts the server Configuring Your Installation Testing Your Installation To test installation of your Apache server open your Web browser and type the following http localhost If your installation was successful you will see an Apache success page in your browser If not check your error log by opening the error log file which you can find in c program files Apache Group Apache2 logs
27. n to be open source ideology to formally develop the Open Source Initiatives OSI and the Open Source Definition Although the OSI ideology was initially promoted in the hacker community upon Netscape s release of Navigator s source code programmers from all walks of life began to offer suggestions and fixes to improve the browser s performance The OSI mission was off and running as the mainstream comput ing world began to embrace the idea Linux became the first operating system that could be considered open source although BSD was a close runner up distributed from Berkeley in 1989 and many programs followed soon thereafter Large software corporations such as Corel began to offer versions of their programs that worked on Linux machines Although there are now numerous classifications of OSI open source licenses any software that bears the OSI Certification seal can be considered open source because it has passed the Open Source Definition test These programs are available from a multitude of Web sites the most popular is www sourceforge net which houses more than 83 000 open source projects Why Open Source Rocks Open source programs are very cool because Q They are free The greatest thing about open source software is that it is free and available to the general public Software developers and programmers volunteer their time to improve existing software and create new programs Open source software cannot by definition r
28. ocessing query requests and so on For the purposes of the Web sites used in this book the my medium cnf file will suffice so save it to your root c directory so it can be accessed by the MySQL server Be sure to rename this file my cnf so the server can find it Your my cnf file looks like this Example mysql config file Copy this file to c my cnf to set global options One can use all long options that the program supports Run the program with help to get a list of available options H cb oc ouk This will be passed to all mysql clients client dpassword zmy password port 3306 socket MySQL Here is entries for some specific programs The following values assume you have at least 32M ram The MySQL server mysqld port 3306 socket MySQL skip locking set variable key_buffer 16M set variable max_allowed_packet 1M set variable table_cache 64 set variable sort_buffer 512K set variable net buffer length 8K set variable myisam sort buffer size 8M server id ml Uncomment the following if you want to log updates log bin Uncomment the following rows if you move the MySQL distribution to another location basedir d mysql datadir d mysql data Uncomment the following if you are NOT using BDB tables skip bdb Uncomment the following if you are using BDB tables set variable bdb_cache_size 4M set variable bdb_max_lock 10000 Uncomment the following if yo
29. them After you have created the directory you must point Apache to the new directory To point Apache to the new directory you must change the document root in your httpd conf file by following these steps 11 Chapter 1 12 1 Locate the section of the file that resembles this text DocumentRoot The directory out of which you will serve your documents By default all requests are taken from this directory but symbolic links and aliases may be used to point to other locations DocumentRoot C Program Files Apache Group Apache2 htdocs 2 Change the last line of this section to DocumentRoot C Program Files Apache Group Apache2 test Notice that this uses forward slashes instead of backslashes 3 Locate the section of the file that resembles this text Note that from this point forward you must specifically allow particular features to be enabled so if something s not working as you might expect make sure that you have specifically enabled it below JE H OH H ouk This should be changed to whatever you set DocumentRoot to lt Directory C Program Files Apache Group Apache2 htdocs gt 4 Change the last line of this section to lt Directory C Program Files Apache Group Apache2 test gt b Save your file and restart Apache so it can recognize the changes you made to the config file Make sure you have created this directory before restarting Apache or you will get an Oper
30. translates into Environment GET POST COOKIE and Built in variables We recommend that you leave this as the default setting until you are more familiar with PHP and the way variables work In addition your third party host will most likely keep the default setting This setting applies to all variables on all PHP pages which we discuss in greater detail in Chapter 2 Determines whether variables sent through forms are available globally This was a recent change from on to off as the default and we recommend you leave this set to off You can read more about register globals in Chapter 2 Table continued on following page 15 Chapter 1 Setting What It Does file_uploads Enables Web site visitors to upload files to your server upload_max_filesize Sets the limit for how large an uploaded file may be in MB mysql allow_persistent Determines whether or not a persistent connection can be established with the MySQL server mysql max_persistent Sets the limit of how many persistent connections are allowed For no limit set this to 1 mysql max_links Sets the limit of how many total links are allowed persistent and non persistent together For no limit set this to 1 session save_path Determines where session information will be stored on your computer You must specify a valid path such as c php sess tmp or c tmp if you are using Windows You must also create this directory beforehand because PHP will not s
31. tructions about how the meal should be prepared MySQL This is your stockroom of ingredients or in this case information Chapter 1 When a patron or Web site visitor comes to your restaurant he or she sits down and orders a meal with specific requirements such as a steak well done The waiter PHP takes those specific requirements back to the kitchen and passes them off to the chef Apache The chef then goes to the stockroom MySQL to retrieve the ingredients or data to prepare the meal and presents the final dish to the patron exactly the way he or she ordered it You can choose to install one two or all three components of the AMP package based on your specific needs For example if you are responsible for providing a company wide intranet or hosting your own Web site you should probably install all three If your site is hosted by a third party Web hosting company however you do not necessarily need to install all three components or for that matter any of them Installing the three components even if you don t have to enables you to develop and test your site in the comfort of your own workspace without having to upload to the file server just to test at every little step Even if you do a lot of off line testing however we highly recommend that you still perform a com plete test once your site is live and running because your settings may differ from those on your Web hosting company s server Even a small d
32. u are using Innobase tables innodb_data_file_path ibdatal 400M innodb_data_home_dir c ibdata innodb_log_group_home_dir c iblogs Configuring Your Installation innodb_log_arch_dir c iblogs set variable innodb_mirrored_log_groups 1 set variable innodb log files in group 3 set variable innodb log file size 5M set variable innodb log buffer size 8M innodb flush log at trx commit 1 innodb log archive 0 set variable innodb buffer pool size 16M set variable innodb additional mem pool size 2M set variable innodb file io threads 4 set variable innodb lock wait timeout 50 mysqldump quick set variable max allowed packet 16M mysql no auto rehash Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL safe updates isamchk set variable key_buffer 20M set variable sort_buffer 20M set variable read_buffer 2M set variable write_buffer 2M myisamchk set variable key buffer 20M set variable gort buffer 20M set variable read buffer 2M set variable write buffer 2M mysqlhotcopy interactive timeout Although you can find a complete reference of configuration at the source www mysq1 com the options a beginner will be most concerned with follow To set any of these options simply type the appropriate line directly in your my cnf file under the appropriate section First we ll discuss the 1ocal infile option which can be found in the my cn f
33. you want to focus on the user table for a moment If you would like to see all the privileges that can be assigned you can type the following mysql gt SHOW COLUMNS FROM user FROM mysql You only want to look at what users are already there so type the following mysql gt SELECT user host FROM user You should see what is depicted in Figure 1 9 Command Prompt c mysq binimysql mysql u root x mysql gt SELECT user host FROM user Pee eee a i build build localhost root localhost i 4 4 rows in set 8 88 sec E mysql gt Figure 1 9 20 Configuring Your Installation D Because you want to set up a secure service you want to change the blank user for the localhost host Type the following mysql gt DELETE FROM user WHERE Host localhost AND User You will get a response from MySQL that states Query OK 1 row affected 0 07 sec The time it takes to process the query may differ based on the speed of your computer but the important thing here is that you get the OK from the MySOL gods 6 Then get out of MySQL again and reset the users by entering the following mysql quit c gt e mysql bin mysqladmin u root reload c gt e mysql bin mysqladmin u root password mysqlpass T Insert whatever password you would like for your root access in this example we chose the word mysqlpass 8 Toreconnect to the server try your new password C gt e
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