Wiley Photoshop CS4 Bible
Contents
1. Bridge s Photo Downloader see Figure 1 22 automatically finds the camera s images and allows you to choose a location on your computer to copy the images to and create a new subfolder to put them in Using Photo Downloader you can also rename the images with text and a serial number as they are being copied to your computer preserve the old filename inside the image s file infor mation and automatically display the images in Adobe Bridge Film cameras A quick convenient and inexpensive way to get images from a film camera into digital form is to purchase a photo CD along with your prints when you get your film developed Simply put the CD into your computer copy the folder of images to your hard drive and use Bridge or choose File Open from within Photoshop to open the files on your hard drive not directly from the CD into Photoshop If you have already developed the film without getting a photo CD you can still purchase a photo CD from many developers if you provide them with your negatives to scan It is usually more expensive than getting the CD at the time of developing but still inexpensive at discount develop ers such as Wal Mart Working with Digital Images The Adobe Bridge Photo Downloader ean Adobe Bridge CS4 Photo Downloader Source Get Photos from NO NAME H 7 Files Selected 1 90MB 06 22 2007 06 23 2007 Import Settings Location stacy Pictures Caving Trip Cho2. amera film and photographic prints are not yet things of the past and hopefully there will always be a place for these beloved medi ums But humans continue to be endowed with certain irresistible compulsions not the least of which is the pursuit of convenience The instant gratification of digital imaging along with the improvement of its quality has contributed to making it the standard of today On the downside the convenience of this new technology comes with the inconvenience of having to learn new things Thankfully the eye candy of imagery and of course the anticipation of knowing how to nefariously alter friends photos dulls the unpleasantness Some might even say it makes it fun About Digital Images You can save digital images in many different file formats for example JPEG and TIFF but there are formats and types within the file formats The characteristics and types of digital images are discussed in this chapter so you can learn how to create the kind of images you need for specific purposes First it is important to know that all digital images contain pixels usually square in shape that describe their colors and brightness levels You can see an image s individual pixels on screen if you zoom in and look at a magni fied version as shown in Figure 1 1 IN THIS CH About digital images Getting images into Photoshop Storing digital images O Patil Welcome to Adobe Photos
3. 2 Spot channels can be added to CMYK images by using the Channel palette menu A common scenario would be adding a spot channel for a clear varnish to a CMYK NOTE image Color space There are many colors that can be formed from combinations of the basic sets of colors that make up each color mode such as RGB Red Green Blue or CMYK Cyan Magenta Yellow Black But not all devices monitors presses desktop printers can reproduce all the possible color com binations within each color mode Therefore there are sets of color combinations within each color mode that are customized for different devices and that you can use to make up the colors in your images You can think of these sets of color combinations as color palettes They also can be referred to as color spaces color gamuts or color profiles When you use a set of color combinations that is specially made for an image s destination device your image should look better when it is reproduced that device For example if you erroneously use a color space that is made for uncoated paper for an image that is going to be printed on glossy paper on a printing press you are allowing your image to potentially have many more colors than can be reproduced satisfactorily on uncoated paper There can be unpredictable results in this situ ation It s better in this situation to use a color space that is specifically tailored to uncoated paper printed on a printing
4. For example it is common to say The color in this image is good and needs to stay the same but I need to make changes to the luminosity But sometimes color refers to the overall qualities of a color the hue component together with the lighter or darker components of the color For example it is just as cor rect to say I will use a darker blue color fo the type as it is to say I will use the same blue color but one that has a darker luminosity for the type Saturation The strength or purity of the color or chroma saturation represents the amount of hue in the color compared to the amount of black gray or white in the color If a color contains some black or gray it may look darker and or muted if iti contains some white it may look lighter muted and or pastel The maximum amount of hue with no black gray or white mixed in would be fully saturated and look like pure vivid color In Photoshop color is sometimes and hue is always thought of as a separate char acteristic from the dark to light characteristics of an image Working with Digital Images Hue Saturation and Brightness The Hue Saturation and Brightness HSB color model is not a color mode that can be assigned to an image in Photoshop but it is a useful way of organizing color components The HSB model is helpful in understanding the meaning of the terms Hue Saturation and Brightness In the HSB model the hue is specified as an a
5. channels You can view the channels in the Channels palette The color modes available in Photoshop are E RGB color mode Red Green and Blue are used to make up the image s color In 8 bpc images tonal values range from 0 black to 255 white for each of the three colors When the values for all three colors are equal the resulting color is a neutral color black white or a shade of gray with no color hue RGB mode see Figure 1 9 is used to display images on screen because monitors use Red Green and Blue light to display color It is also commonly used when color correcting images Mae RGB mode channels Channels x E CMYK color mode Cyan Magenta Yellow and Black are used to make up the image s color Tonal values range from 0 percent no color to 100 percent maximum amount of color for each of the four colors In CMYK colors that are neutral Magenta and Yellow have equal values and Cyan has a higher value than either Magenta or Yellow the amount of Black determines the lightness of the color CMYK mode see Figure 1 10 is used when printing images with Cyan Magenta Yellow and Black inks Typically RGB mode is used to color correct images in order to preserve the maximum amount of colors and to make assigning neutral color values easier all three color values are equal in neutral colors in RGB mode then the image is converted to CMYK mode But color correction can also take place in
6. gaining the larger dynamic range that 32 bpc images can support Following are the steps to merge multiple images to HDR format Choose File Automate Merge to HDR In the Merge to HDR dialog box click Browse select the images and click Open If you held your camera in your hands when you photographed your multiple images select the Attempt To Automatically Align Source Images option Click OK Set view options by clicking the minus or plus button for zoom in or out or choose a view percentage or mode from the pop up menu below the preview image 6 Optional Select or deselect check boxes under the filmstrip thumbnails to specify which images to use in the merge 7 Choose a bit depth from the Bit Depth menu Choose 32 Bits Channel if you want the merged image to store the entire dynamic range of the merged images 8 Move the slider below the histogram to preview the merged image this does not remove any image data This preview adjustment is stored in the HDR image file and applied when the image is open It can be changed later by choosing View 32 bit Preview Options 9 Click OK to create the merged image You can convert a 32 bpc HDR image to a 16 bpc or 8 bpc image but some of the image s infor mation will be lost in the conversion You will need to make choices about what information to keep and what to throw away based on what you want the converted image to look like Working with Digital Images F
7. the HDR dialog box open you can use the Save or Load button to save or load SSS your custom HDR conversion settings Tips for Taking Photos for Merging to HDR Use a tripod Take at least five to seven photos to capture the dynamic range of the scene Vary the shutter speed to create different exposures Caution Changing the aperture can produce lower quality and changing the ISO or aperture may cause noise or vignetting Keep in mind that auto bracketing may not provide enough differences in exposures Set exposure differences one or two EV exposure value steps apart equivalent to about one or two f stops Don t vary the lighting in the images Keep each photo identical except for exposure The scene must be stationary O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 Bitmap raster and vector A bitmap or raster image gets its detail from the number of pixels it contains which is called reso lution Since they depend on the number of pixels for detail bitmap images are said to be resolu tion dependent Resolution is commonly expressed in Photoshop as the number of pixels per inch ppi Choose Image Image Size to see the resolution of an image STREF The more pixels a bitmap image has the more detail the image can contain Larger bitmap images need to have more pixels than smaller ones in order to preserve detail Photos are bitmap images and paintings or illustrations that don t have well defined shapes are usually
8. 2 OA oorff _ Color Libraries _ OL se Oa 83 O b 22 c 78_ m o y 16 K 0 Hue Saturation and Brightness HSB values are set in the Color Picker O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 Overview of the main types and characteristics of digital images Following are basic descriptions of digital image types and characteristics Bit depth The higher an image s bit depth the more colors each of its pixels can be therefore the more colors and degrees of brightness the image can contain Bitmap raster and vector A bitmap or raster image gets its detail from the number of pixels it contains The more pixels a bitmap image has the more detail the image can contain A vector image gets its detail from shapes and lines that are mathematically cal culated so its detail does not depend on the number of pixels in the image Color mode The color mode of an image specifies which basic set of colors is used to make up an image Some common basic sets of colors used to make up full color images are Red Green and Blue RGB mode and Cyan Magenta Yellow and Black CMYK mode Black is represented by the letter K Colors within color modes are stored in their own color channels You can view the channels in the Channels palette Ta See Chapter 10 for more information about the Channels palette Color space color profile gamut Within the basic sets of colors used to make up each color mod
9. 27 O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 28 You can be confident that images for print will have enough resolution if they are scanned at 300ppi resolution or larger than their final printed size in inches Images for on screen display need to have 72ppi resolution at their final size in pixels Web pages are often constrained to an 800 wide x 600 tall pixel area so that should give you some idea of the pixel dimensions your images for the Web need to be If in doubt scan at a larger size In Photoshop enlarging image size comes with a much greater risk of loss of detail than reducing it If you scan images from printed publications an undesirable moir pattern will likely be included in the image because images printed in publications are made up of dots rather than continuous tone You can attempt to avoid or reduce moir patterns by using a blur option in your scanner software or by raising the image off the scanner bed slightly before you scan it by mounting it on a firm substrate and placing it on top of coins for example Images that are mostly gray can benefit from being scanned in RGB color mode You have more initial information to work with in Photoshop which can be useful even if you plan to convert the image to Grayscale mode Many scanners also let you choose the color profile Adobe RGB is a good color profile to use for scanning because it contains a relatively large amount of colors You can convert the image to another co
10. CMYK mode E Lab color mode The Lab color mode pronounced el ay bee not lab is based on a stan dardized way to describe color that corresponds to the way a person with normal vision sees it It is used by color management systems as an intermediate color reference to help accurately convert colors from one color space to another It is sometimes used in color correction and image manipulation Lab color see Figure 1 11 uses the following com ponents to make colors an L lightness component an a component that contains green and red and a b component that contains blue and yellow L values range from 0 to 100 a and b values range from 127 to 128 15 O Patil Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 16 FIGURE 1 10 M CMYK mode channels Channels x r Lal CMYK H S gloan 1 ka Lal Magenta 32 g vetiow x3 g Black x4 alas Lab mode channels Channels x Lal Lab x Lal Lightness 1 ad SS a if Grayscale mode Black white and shades of gray are used to make up the colors in an image no hue is present In 8 bpc images there can be 256 brightness values Grayscale images values can be measured in a range from 0 black to 255 white or with 0 percent 100 percent of black ink coverage Grayscale mode see Figure 1 12 can be used when preparing images to be printed with one color of ink Grayscale images can be assigned a color within most page layout soft ware
11. bitmap images Appendix A includes a chart of required resolutions for different kinds of images Very simple images can also be bitmap format see Figure 1 2 It is necessary for bitmap images to have many pixels if they need to show a lot of detail and in the case of photos or scanned images the detail must be captured in the initial creation of the image It is possible for an image to look deceptively good on screen but bad in its printed form If it doesnit have enough pixels the printed version may lack detail and look blurry or pixilated the undesirable appearance of individual square pixels or their jagged edges Photoshop images can have multiple layers that contain different parts of an image Having parts on separate layers can make it easier to manipulate the individual antes You can also create layer masks that can be used to hide and show parts of a layer Layers are explained in more detail in Chapter 8 FIGURE 12 ccc A bitmap image ea T ist2_5088522_german_shorthaired_pointer jpg ICTR RT CT RN OEA EA 5 100 sRGB IEC61966 2 1 8bp0 gt A vector image gets its detail from shapes and lines that are mathematically calculated The shapes and lines in vector images retain their smoothness no matter how much they are resized regardless of how many pixels are in the image Although there are pixels in a vector image that display color a vector image s detail does not depen
12. d on the number of pixels in the image Therefore vector images are resolution independent 10 Working with Digital Images Images that are made up of some combination of solid colors simple gradations between colors distinct shapes and lines can be constructed as vector images Simple logos and cartoon type illus trations often have these characteristics but some complex illustrations do too While eliminating the worry about having enough resolution is an advantage keep in mind that the vector compo nents often have to be created or adjusted by hand so creating vector images can be more time consuming than creating bitmap images Bitmap images can be created by taking a photo with a digital camera or by scanning an image Vector images must be hand drawn using vector tools in software such as Photoshop or Illustrato Note that an image that is a good candidate for the vector format does not necessarily have to be in vector format It can be a bitmap image Since numerous file formats can contain vector information it is not immediately apparent whether an image is a vector image or contains vector information If an image contains vector information you can find it in any of four places in the image E Ona vector layer mask right click Ctrl click on a Mac on a layer mask if you see vec tor options it is a vector mask rather than a standard layer mask E Ona type layer in the Layers palette As long as you can still see th
13. e such as RGB or CMYK there are different sets of combinations of these col ors These subordinate sets can be thought of as color palettes chosen for images so they will look better when they reach their final destinations File format Various destinations for an image such as other software or a computer screen display require certain file formats because of the software language or properties of the device Some common file formats are JPEG and GIF usually used for Web page display and TIFF often used for page layout programs and printing E The color mode term Bitmap mode images that are limited to black and or white no gray no color is different from the image type term bitmap or raster images that el their detail from the number of pixels they contain Not all bitmap images are Bitmap mode Bit depth You can see or convert bit depth by choosing Image Mode Bits Channel At a basic level all digital images contain components called pixels Pixels can contain varying amounts of information that describe their color In this case color refers to the qualities of hue combined with lightness The greater an image s bit depth the more information each of its pixels can contain and the more colors each of those pixels can potentially be Therefore the higher an image s bit depth the more colors and degrees of brightness the image can contain see Table 1 1 Working with Digital Images Bit depth is measured
14. e T in the layer thumb nail the type is made up of vectors E Ona path in the Paths palette All paths in the Paths palette are vectors E Ina Smart Object layer Some have vector information embedded You can double click the Smart Object layer to open its linked file and examine it for vector information The linked file may be a Photoshop or Illustrator file Content in Illustrator files is typically vector There can be a combination vector and bitmap image If an image contains bitmap parts the image has to have enough resolution to describe the detail in the bitmap parts In Figure 1 3 the vector information the path of the dog is shown on the vector layer mask CURE ccc A vector only image in which the active vector information is contained in a vector layer mask B ist2_3829610_happy_dog ps 25 Backgrou illo 1 2 2 le Layers x L J J a Fill Shape Layer Black z 2 L Background a A O Olaisl Paths sRGB 1EC61966 2 1 Sbp gt 11 O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 The type of layer shown is a shape layer a layer completely filled with a color in this case black and that has a vector layer mask that hides part of the color on the layer leaving visible what looks like a shape White areas on a vector mask allow the color on the layer to be visible gray on a vec tor mask hides the layer s color The layer name is S
15. e that represents the memory card should show up on your computer Figure 1 21 shows a memory card called NO NAME listed with the other drives on the computer Macintosh HD iDisk and My Book The path to the images inside the NO NAME memory card is shown as DCIM 101CANON images You can use your computer s operating system to copy the images from their location on the mem ory card to your hard drive then use Bridge or choose File Open from within Photoshop to open the files on your hard drive not directly from the memory card drive into Photoshop 25 O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 REF Adobe Bridge provides a useful visual interface to find open and process files on ia your computer Using Bridge is discussed in Chapter 3 CUREA ccc An example of a file path from a camera s memory card to the images NO NAMES DCIM 101CANON images iDisk E My Book stacy GE Desktop x 26 e0e F 101CANON Oo GS Oe ES a gt Network J 2 oam CECCU E coor E Macintosh HD A Applications i esac 2 imc_0103JPc IMG_0104 JPG IMG_0108 JPG imc_0109JPG Imc_o11oyec IMG_0111JPG 7 items 966 3 MB available 7 A After you connect your camera or memory card to your computer you can use Adobe Bridge s Photo Downloader by following these steps 1 In Photoshop Choose File Browse opens Bridge 2 In Bridge Choose File Get Photos from Camera
16. hape Layer Black and the vector layer mask is immediately to the left of the layer name The dog path on the mask allows the corresponding area of black color on the layer to be visible and the leftover gray part of the vector mask hides all the other black on the layer makes it invisi ble or transparent The vector mask in Figure 1 3 is small so it s hard to see that the dog path on the vector mask is filled with white if you examine the file on the CD you can see that it is filled with white The dog path has also been saved in the Paths palette just for safekeeping All paths in the Paths palette and on vector layer masks are vector components of the image Figure 1 4 shows a vector image in which the vector information is stored in a Smart Object A vector only image in which the vector information is contained in a Smart Object ist2_38296 10_happy_dog_smart_object psd 33 3 Smart Object 1 2 3 4 Layers Normal 9 Opacity 100 Lock Oye Fill 100 J Smart Object w embedded shape layer Background a EFA Olatale z 33 33 sRGB IEC61966 2 1 8dpa b Smart Object layers have a special icon at the lower right of the layer thumbnail and can contain linked Photoshop or Illustrator files Smart Objects also allow certain Photoshop functions that regular layers may not allow To confirm that a Smart Object contains vector informatio
17. hop and if you ve read the previous sections in this chapter you have already gained knowledge that believe it or not many Photoshop users have not taken the time to learn But to apply that knowledge you need to know how to get images from their sources onto your computer and ready to open in Photoshop Next are some tips that will help you get your images from point A to B Digital cameras Digital cameras come with some type of memory card that holds your digital photos and they usu ally come with a cable that can connect the camera to your computer often a USB type cable There are different types of memory cards for digital cameras Some computers come with memory card slots that may or may not accept your camera s type of memory card Some desktop printers also come with memory card slots that you can use to transfer photos from the memory card to your computer assuming that your printer is connected to the computer If it s not obvious that your type of memory card will fit in your device s memory card slot check the device s documentation or contact the manufacturer of the device If you don t have the device s documentation you may be able to find a downloadable operation manual on the manufacturer s Web site that will give you the memory card slot information Inexpensive card readers that accept virtually all types of memory cards such as a 35 in 1 card reader can also be purchased and connected to your comp
18. hop CS4 Some of the individual pixels in an image are magnified and shown here POO Picture 10 png 100 RGB B QO Picture 10 copy 1600 RGB 8 100 _ 1 Cinema 6 12 07 8bpd IP 1600 1 Cinema 6 12 07 8bpc _ b_ Color and lightness qualities of digital images The following terminology is helpful to know when learning about the types of digital images Tonal range or dynamic range This term refers to the range of dark to light values in an image usually referred to as shadows midtones and highlights An image that con tains all or most of the possible tones rather than a smaller portion of the possible tones usually appears more detailed and is said to have a large tonal range or dynamic range Tones also may be referred to as levels or intensities Brightness lightness luminosity luminance These terms refer to dark to light tonal characteristics as opposed to color characteristics They can be thought of as describing the image as if the colors had been converted to blacks grays and whites Hue Hue is identified by the name of the color such as red orange or green The light ness or darkness of a color is thought of as separate from the hue Hue can be measured on a location on the standard color wheel and expressed as a degree between 0 and 360 Color In many instances in Photoshop color refers to the hue as a separate quality from dark to light tonal qualities
19. in bits per channel bpc E l bit channel An image with a bit depth of 1 has pixels with only two possible values black or white A Bitmap mode image has one channel with pixels that can be either black or white There is no 1 Bit Channel option that can be selected in Photoshop but Bitmap mode images are 1 bpc images E 8 bits channel An image with a bit depth of 8 has 28 or 256 possible values per chan nel An 8 bpc Grayscale mode image s pixels can only be black white or shades of gray Since a Grayscale mode image has only one channel each 8 bpc Grayscale mode image can have only 256 possible values An 8 bpc RGB mode image has 256 possible values in each of its three color channels red green and blue It is possible for each pixel in an RGB image to be any mixture of those three colors Therefore each 8 bpc RGB image has 16 777 216 possible values 256 x 256 x 256 16 bits channel An image with a bit depth of 16 has 216 or 65 536 possible values per channel E 32 bits channel Also known as a high dynamic range HDR image an image with a bit depth of 32 has 232 or 4 294 967 296 possible values per channel ME Limits of Photoshop s Support for Bit Depths Above 8 16 bpc Images 32 bpc Images Cannot use Bitmap Duotone or Indexed Can use only RGB and Grayscale modes Color mode Cannot use Art History Brush tool Cannot use some blending modes Cannot use Variations image adjustment Cannot use some commands f
20. ion 3D Studio Max 3DS Adobe Illustrator ai Adobe Illustrator Paths ai Alias PIX pix Alias Wavefront obj Amiga IFF iff tdi AVI avi BMP bmp rle dib Camera Raw tif crw nef raf orf mrw dcr mos raw pef srf dng x3f cr2 erf sr2 kdc mfw mef arw Cineon cin spdx dpx fido Collada dae CompuServe GIF gif Dicom dcm dc3 dic Digital Negative dng Electriclmage img ei eiz eizz EPS eps epsf epsp EPS with JPEG Preview eps continued 21 O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 TABLE 1 2 continued Format Extension EPS with PICT Preview eps EPS with TIFF Preview eps Filmstrip flm Google Earth 4 kmz JPEG Jpg jpeg jpe JPEG 2000 pf jpx jp2 j2c j2k jpc Kodak Photo CD pcd Large Document Format psb MacPaint mpt mac OpenEXR eXxr PCX pcx PDF pdf pdp Photoshop psd pdd Photoshop DCS 1 0 and 2 0 eps Photoshop Raw raw PICT pct pict PICT Resource rsr Pixar pxr PixelPaint px1 PNG png Portable Bitmap pbm pgm ppm pnm pfm pam QuickTime Movie mov avi mpg mpeg mp4 m4v Radiance hdr rgbe xyze Scitex CT sct SGI RGB sgi rgb rgba bw SoftImage pic Targa tga vda icb vst TIFF tif U3D u3d Wavefront RLA la Wireless Bitma
21. ital images Following are key concepts Digital images contain pixels usually square in shape that describe their colors and brightness levels It is important to be familiar with the specific terms Photoshop uses to describe bright ness levels and color qualities Brightness lightness luminosity and luminance describe the dark to light qualities in an image separate from the color qualities Tonal range or dynamic range is the range of dark to light values in an image usually referred to as shadows midtones and highlights Hue refers to the color in an image such as red orange or green Saturation is the strength or purity of a color Characteristics of digital images include bit depth bitmap or vector color mode color space and file format The images can originate from numerous sources including digital cameras film cam eras scanners the Internet e mail and camcorders Digital images can be stored on numerous types of media including internal or external computer hard drives DVDs CDs and USB Flash drives
22. lly easiest from camcorders that use MiniDV tapes Video editing software that comes with Windows Windows Movie Maker and the Mac OS iMovie can import MiniDV video and if necessary save it to a format that Photoshop can import Still frames from videos can also be captured and saved to your computer from Windows Movie Maker and iMovie and opened in Photoshop Figure 1 23 shows still frames in iMovie on a Mac Photoshop can open these Quicktime video file formats MPEG 1 and 4 MOV AVI FLV if Flash 8 is installed and MPEG 2 if an MPEG 2 encoder is installed Photoshop can open these image sequence formats BMP DICOM JPEG OpenEXR PNG PSD Targa TIFF Cineon and JPEG 2000 if the plug ins are installed 29 O Patil Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 iMovie lets you capture and save a still frame by navigating to the frame within the movie clip and choos ing Edit Create Still Frame then File Save Frame BAA Clip 03 box 0L dv SS Drag clips here to build your project Sull 016v 0 05 00 2 32 GB avaiable i 5418 Typical steps to get video from a digital camcorder onto your computer include Make sure any recording media MiniDV tape MiniDVD disk is in the camcorder Open Windows Movie Maker or iMovie Turn on the camcorder and make sure it is set to the video mode rather than the camera mode If the camcorder has a camera mode this means it can also take still
23. lor mode in Photoshop if necessary Be sure to make a note of where you ve told your scanner to save the scanned image on your com puter Then use Bridge or choose File Open from within Photoshop to open the files on your hard drive into Photoshop The Internet You can save images from Web pages to your computer by right clicking on the image or image link and choosing Save Image As or Save Linked File As If you don t have a mouse with a right click or you are using a Mac Ctrl click to get the same context menu Images on the Web are low resolution usually 72 ppi so keep in mind resolution requirements for the purpose of your image If you are using Stock Art services such as iStockPhoto or photo collection sites such as Flickr there may be different sizes and resolutions available E mail Like images from Web pages you can save many images or image attachments in e mails to your computer by right clicking on the image or image link and choosing Save Image As or Save Linked File As If you don t have a mouse with a right click or you are using a Mac Ctrl click to get the same context menu Working with Digital Images There may also be a download button in the e mail program which may not give you an opportu nity to choose a location on your computer If you can t choose a location you will need to know where your computer auto saves downloaded files or make a note of the image name and search your computer f
24. mation that describes detail is added MS The Image Size dialog box m Image Size Pixel Dimensions 281 9K was 281 7K Ewx Width 380 pixels i Cancel a Height 253 pixels ER C Auto gt Document Size Width 1 268 inches B Height 0 844 l inches li 3 Js Resolution 300 pixels inch 4 v Scale Styles ical Constrain Proportions v Resample Image Bicubic Smoother best for enlargement fxs Photoshop may simply guess at what kind of pixels to add which is called resampling up or interpo lation This may result in an image that looks blurry or pixilated To avoid resampling up uncheck the Resample Image check box in the Image Size dialog box when you increase size or resolution numbers You can check the Resample Image check box when you are decreasing an image s size this will just throw away unneeded pixels by resampling down To double check that there is no resampling up happening enter the desired numbers in the Image Size dialog box and before you click OK check the total file size at the top of the dialog box to the right of Pixel Dimensions and make sure it does not display a new larger size along with a smaller previous size A new larger size would indicate resampling up 23 Oo Patil Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 24 For more about image resolution and resizing see Chapter 5 Getting Images into Photoshop It s great to know a lot about Photos
25. n you can double click the Smart Object and check the linked file that opens for vector information Smart Objects are discussed in Chapter 8 GROSS RE Vector only files can contain color but in order to take full advantage of the vector format separate colors must be on separate layers however gradients that include more than one color can be ona vector layer Gradients generally don t contain the kind of detail that requires the bitmap format 12 Working with Digital Images Figure 1 5 shows a vector only image with four colors The layers are linked so that they resize together Figure 1 6 shows a combination vector and bitmap image The type layer contains vector informa tion the Star Shape Layer contains the star shape in the vector layer mask and the Background layer contains a bitmap image GRE ccc A vector only image with four colors Vector information is contained in the vector layer masks 0e ist2_3829610_happy_dog psd 33 3 RGB 8 Ilo 2 2 3 Layers it me l zB Black Outline a CZJ is Fa eel Dark Brown Spots amp NL aad j E Pink Tongue CZJ a i l Background a jee Bliolalaly 33 33 sRGBIECE1966 2 1 8bpa_ b A combination vector and bitmap image eoe ist2_5088522_german_shorthaired_pointer combo ps 50 Background RGB 8 0 1 3 is 4 T Duke type Layer a LJ ed Star Shape Layer 2 Backgro
26. n OG coon SE A Difusion B om pa Ag F Transparescy Marte a No Tracapare EY Amount 00 C meraced Wel Snap 065 D Color Table napa Sizs Onginal ist2_3829610_happydos gi Gr 190 dither xn Olelas 209K 7 893K Custom palene 4 sec 28 8 Kops 32 colars Looping Options z Lott n e i et 100 it C Alphas Hex me QP _ Device Central Working with Digital Images E Multichannel mode Multichannel mode uses only spot channels see Figure 1 16 chan nels that store parts of an image that you want to print in custom selected inks sometimes called spot colors such as inks from the Pantone color library In Multichannel mode you can put certain parts of an image on each spot channel and assign custom selected inks to the spot channel For example you can put a custom red ink logo on the spot channel for red ink and a custom blue ink background on the spot channel for blue ink You can also put image areas that you want to print in clear varnishes on spot channels Spot channels result in inks overprinting each other so if the logo mentioned previously is to print in red ink only then the area corresponding to the logo in the blue spot chan nel must contain no pixels in order to avoid blue ink printing on the red ink logo Mam Multichannel mode spot color channels in a two color image Channels x PANTONE 199 1 gt PANTONE 7517 C 32 I alas
27. n Pasting Missing Profiles _ Ask When Opening Description You can change an image s color profile by choosing Edit Assign Profile or Edit Convert Profile Assign Profile uses a conversion method that pays more attention to keeping the color s numeric values the same and does not prioritize keeping the color s appearance consistent from one color space to another Convert Profile attempts to keep the color s appearance the same from one color space to another and does not prioritize keeping the color s numeric values the same Color management is not a perfect system With that in mind you may also choose not to use color management by clicking the More Options button in the Color Settings dialog box then selecting Color Management Off in the Settings menu 20 File format Working with Digital Images FF More about color management is discussed in Chapter 23 Inet Various destinations for an image such as other software or a computer screen display require certain file formats because of the software language or properties of the device Some common file formats are JPEG and GIF usually used for Web page display and TIFF often used for page layout programs and printing The file formats supported by Photoshop CS4 are listed in Table 1 2 For descriptions and purposes of file formats see Chapter 7 and Appendix A File Formats Supported by Photoshop CS4 Format Extens
28. ngle from 0 to 360 that corresponds to a location on the color wheel Saturation is expressed from 0 percent no hue to 100 percent maximum amount of hue Brightness is expressed from O percent as dark as possible to 100 percent as light as possible 0 360 R c 180 The standard color wheel Colors and their degrees are shown in the color wheel R for Red Y for Yellow G for Green C for Cyan B for Blue and M for Magenta Cyan corresponds to 180 degrees Yellow Green corresponds to 90 degrees and Red can be expressed as either O degrees or 360 degrees The Color Picker is a common tool used to define colors in Photoshop and is shown in the following figure You can access it by clicking the foreground color box in the Toolbox In the HSB section of the Color Picker shown H is set to 180 degrees which specifies the color Cyan as shown on the color wheel S is set to 100 percent which specifies the maximum amount of hue and B is set to 100 percent which specifies the maximum amount of brightness These values result in a picked color that is a vivid pure version of Cyan The picked color is shown selected in the top right corner of the color field box the large square box on the left side of the Color Picker dialog box V Ae N i a T current Oh 100 10d o 255 255 Only Web Colors Color Picker Foreground Color 4 Cancel a T Add To Swatches ow 0O0000
29. ollowing are the steps to convert from 32 bpc HDR to 16 or 8 bpc Choose Image Mode 16 Bits Channel or 8 Bits Channel 2 Make sure the Preview box is checked and choose one of the following four methods for adjusting the brightness and contrast in the image until the image s appearance and tonal range meets your requirements Exposure and Gamma Move the Exposure slider to adjust the gain and move the Gamma midtone slider to adjust the contrast If the result is acceptable click OK to complete the conversion Highlight Compression This is an automatic method that compresses the highlight values in the HDR image so they fall within the range the lower bit depth can support If the result is acceptable click OK to complete the conversion Equalize Histogram This is an automatic method that compresses the dynamic range of the HDR image while trying to preserve some contrast If the result is acceptable click OK to complete the conversion Local Adaptation Move the radius slider to specify the size of the local brightness regions Move the threshold slider to specify how far apart two pixels tonal values must be before they are no longer part of the same brightness region You can also use the toning curve to make adjustments It s usually best to uncheck the corner option so the curve will be smooth For more about using curves see Chapter 11 If the result is acceptable click OK to complete the conversion P With
30. ones tritones or quad tones Their values are typically measured with 0 100 of ink coverage Duotone mode is used when two three or four custom ink colors other than the typical CMYK combina tion are used in printing Duotone mode separates the overall image into multiple custom colors and the Duotone mode curves can be used to adjust the percentage of ink in specific areas of the tonal range of each color Indexed color mode Up to 256 colors can be used to make up the colors in an image Colors are stored in a color lookup table CLUT Indexed color images are typically used for GIF format images destined for on screen display see Figure 1 15 When you save a GIF by choosing File Save for Web amp Devices the image is automatically converted to Index color mode You can generally or selectively reduce the number of colors in an indexed color image to reduce the image s file size which decreases download time for Web images In an effort to improve an image s appearance while at the same time using fewer colors you can also take advantage of dithering the simulation of a third color by generating the appearance of two colors being mixed together MS Indexed color mode channels and GIF options including Dither options and Color Table Ni Save For Web amp Devices Onginal Opnmized 2 up 4p S x Cancel F Done _ Preset mard 5J 0 or B ov Wo Cm
31. or it after it is downloaded JPEG is usually a fail safe format for easy downloading through e mail but if a JPEG doesn t meet your needs good formats for retrieval from e mail are those that can be compressed and saved with Ziplt or Stuffit software Common file extensions are ZIP and SIT files ZipIt and Stuffit are inexpensive and can create self extracting files at a reduced size Once downloaded either the files automatically decompress when they are saved to your computer or you can double click the downloaded files to decompress them A decompressed version of the file will be saved in the same directory as the compressed version Many e mail servers are set to limit the file size that can be received through e mail Often the limit is 1MB If the attached files are too large the e mail may not reach the recipient E mail pro viders should be able to tell you the file attachment size limitations Video Common types of digital camcorders record to MiniDV tapes MiniDVDs or camcorder hard drives Most use FireWire cables to connect to your computer so you can copy video files to your computer See Figure 1 20 for FireWire connector types If you are shopping for a camcorder and want to edit your video in the video editing software that comes with your operating system or in Photoshop be sure to research which camcorder models can be used to transfer video files to your computer Transferring video files to your computer is genera
32. ose Create Subfolder s Custom Name E iz Caving Trip Rename Files Custom Name Caving 1 Example Caving_0001JPG F Preserve Current Filename in XMP Open Adobe Bridge Convert To DNG Settings _ Delete Original Files Save Copies to stacy Pictures Choose Advanced Dialog Cancel Get Photos Scanners You can scan negatives slides and other transparencies with a film scanner or you can scan prints with a flatbed scanner Some film scanners will do batch scans which can save loads of scanning time If you have a lot of slides or negatives you may also find reasonably priced services on the Web that offer mass film scanning Keep in mind that the quality of the scanner as well as the resolution at which you scan makes a difference in the quality of the scanned image Of course the larger the print the better Also keep in mind that a print is a step removed from the original If your prints are 4 x 6 and you have a good quality film scanner you can probably get a better result by scanning the negatives Check scanner reviews on the Web to get an idea of scanner quality or if you have a scanner do some scans of your own and compare them with scans from other scanners and or photo CDs to get an idea of the scanner s quality Pay special attention to shadow and highlight detail Check the image quality with prints from a good printer rather than on screen if your scanned images are destined for print
33. p wbm wbmp ZoomView mtx This file format list is taken from Adobe Tech Note www adobe com go kb401022 For the most up to date comprehensive file format list search for Import and export file formats for Photoshop CS4 on the Adobe Support Web site at www adobe com support photoshop 22 Working with Digital Images Low versus high resolution Bitmap images as opposed to vector only images depend on the number of pixels in the image to describe the image s detail In Photoshop image resolution is measured in pixels per inch ppi and can be seen and changed in the Image Size dialog box choose Image Image Size shown in Figure 1 18 If an image does not have enough resolution for its purpose it may look blurry or pixilated Generally images destined for print will have enough pixels if the resolution is 300 ppi at the final size in inches Images destined for on screen display should be 72 ppi at the final size in pixels An adequate number of pixels needed to describe an image s detail should be captured initially for example at the time a digital photo is taken or a photographic print is scanned If the resolution is increased or the size of the image is enlarged after importing it into Photoshop there may not be enough pixels in the image to adequately describe the image s detail at a larger resolution or size Even though you can increase the resolution or size in Photoshop no new pixel infor
34. photos and save to a memory card Connect the camcorder to your computer with an appropriate cable Import the video with Windows Movie Maker or iMovie then save to a format that Photoshop supports For supported video formats import directly into Photoshop by choosing File Open or File Import gt Video Frames to Layers Figure 1 24 shows how you can use iMovie to import video onto a Mac 30 Working with Digital Images ESEN O iMovie detects a connected video camera and lets you import the video by clicking the Import button white page for screen background rtf Camera Connected clips fram te camera l B Themes Media Editing Chapters Drag clips here to build your project oo If these steps don t work for your camcorder and media keep the following tips in mind E MiniDVD disks cannot be put into slot loading DVD drives and require tray loading DVD drives which can be purchased inexpensively E More advanced video editing software or video conversion software can be used if other video file conversions are needed to convert the video to a format that Photoshop sup ports Quicktime Pro is an inexpensive video editing software program for Windows and Mac and can be used to convert video formats E Some Web sites offer free video conversion for smaller files E Video ripping software such as MacTheRipper and Alcohol 120 can extract video from co
35. press 19 O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 Before you begin working on an image you can specify the color spaces also called color profiles or gamuts for various types of images such as RGB CMYK Grayscale and Spot Color This enables Photoshop s color management functions which attempt to keep colors accurate across devices such as a monitor a desktop printer and a printing press To specify color spaces choose Edit Color Settings see Figure 1 17 If you are working on images for the Web the sRGB color space is a good set of RGB colors to work in because it resem bles the set of colors available for display on many monitors If you are working on images for printing on a sheetfed press on coated paper you may want to choose the CMYK color space U S Sheetfed Coated Custom color profiles color spaces may also be created and loaded Ma The Color Settings dialog box Color Settings Working Spaces R Unsynchronized Your Creative Suite applications are o not synchronized for consistent color Cancel ae p Settings Custom 3 aia Loa J RGB sRGB IEC61966 2 1 p s CMYK U S Sheetfed Coated v2 iz More Options EU a iee ic ion Spot Dot Gain 20 B Color Management Policies RGB Convert to Working RGB CMYK Preserve Embedded Profiles Gray Preserve Embedded Profiles jis Profile Mismatches cal Ask When Opening v Ask Whe
36. py protected DVDs and save it to your computer This process is subject to copyright laws E You may be able to convert VHS tapes to digital video and transfer those files to your computer Typically you would need the old camcorder with the VHS tape inside con nected to a digital camcorder that has an AV to DV chip An RCA cable may be needed to connect the VHS camcorder to the digital camcorder The digital camcorder would then need to be connected to the computer typically with a FireWire cable 31 O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 32 Storing Digital Images It s easy for digital images to accumulate to an unmanageable number and storing and backing up images is often a concern External hard drives are relatively inexpensive and offer large amounts of storage space They can be used to regularly back up not only your images but also your entire internal hard drive These drives are offered in different configurations and amounts of storage space including those that offer 1TB of space or more such as Seagate Maxtor LaCie My Book and lomega external drives Archival media include recordable DVD Rs which can hold more than 4GB and CDs which can hold about 700MB Rewritable storage includes DVD RWs more expensive than DVD Rs and USB Flash drives very handy when you re on the go Summary This chapter described the characteristics and types of digital images getting images into Photoshop and storing dig
37. rom the Image Adjustments menu Cannot use some filters Cannot use some filters Can save these formats only Photoshop PSD PSB Radiance HDR Portable Bit Map PBM OpenEXR TIFF Cannot fully use a few commands from the Image menu Cannot use a few commands from the Layer menu Cannot use a few commands from the Select menu Cannot use some of the tools in the Toolbox O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 Eight bpc RGB images are sometimes called 24 bit images 8 bits x 3 channels 24 i bits of data for each pixel This can be confusing For example sometimes 8 bpc RGB images are called 8 bit images and sometimes they are called 24 bit images Thirty two bpc HDR images can represent the entire dynamic range of the visible world unlike the lower bit depths which can represent only a portion of it Among the advantages of HDR is that adjusting its exposure is like adjusting the exposure when photographing a scene in the real world Blurs and other real world lighting effects look realistic in HDR images Motion pictures 3 D work and some high end photography are mediums that sometimes use HDR images HDR images contain brightness levels that a standard monitor cannot display so Photoshop lets you make choices about the appearance of the on screen preview of HDR images by choosing View 32 bit Preview Options The Merge to HDR command lets you create HDR images from multiple photographs with differ ent exposures thereby
38. such as InDesign or Quark Xpress Mice Grayscale mode channels Channels x a Gray x1 Bitmap mode Only black and white pixels are used Bitmap mode images are 1 bpc images see Figure 1 13 They are often used for simple artwork that lends itself to reproduction in only black and white pixels sometimes called line art Bitmap mode images can be assigned a color within most page layout software such as InDesign or Quark Xpress Working with Digital Images E Duotone mode In Duotone mode one to four custom inks can be used to make up the colors in an image Figure 1 14 shows Duotone mode channels options and curves A dutone can be used to add a color tint to a black ink photo printed in a brochure that uses only black ink plus one other color A quadtone with custom inks can give a rich and uniquely colored look to a photograph Pantone offers reference books that show sample duotones printed in various inks and their ink percentages GR 3 ccc Bitmap mode channel Channels Channels x gt Lal Duotone Duotone Options Type Duotone e Cancel Ink 1 Black a as Ink 2 ie PANTONE 7525 C Save v Preview Ink 3 Ink 4 E Overprint Colors O 60 70 80 90 95 100 D so 40 RF R RF RRR 17 O Patil Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 18 The Duotone mode images can be referred to as monotones duot
39. und a sal sei lOlolaiaia 13 O Path Welcome to Adobe Photoshop CS4 While the vector parts of the image are still resolution independent and can be resized with no worries the image must have enough resolution to describe the detail in the bitmap photo Printing an enlarged bitmap image that doesn t have enough resolution to describe the detail in the enlarged size often results in a pixilated look shown in Figure 1 7 Part IV explains how to create vector paths type and shapes Printing a bitmap image at a size larger than its resolution can result in a pixilated look ea T ist2_5088522_german_shorthaired_pointer jpg 1 Navigator t El You can print a vector only image as large as you want without regard to image resolution and it will still look smooth and not pixilated as shown in Figure 1 8 A vector only image will appear pixilated on screen if you zoom in far enough but it will print smoothly A vector image will print smoothly without regard to resolution even if it is enlarged fone ist2_3829610_happy_dog psd 100 Background RGB 8 7 100 sRGB IEC61966 2 1 8bpq _ gt ome s 14 Working with Digital Images Color mode The color mode of an image specifies which basic set of colors is used to make up an image You can specify the color mode in the Image Mode menu Colors within most color modes are stored in color
40. uter via a USB or FireWire type connec tion Check to see which type of connection your computer has before you purchase a card reader Transferring images from a memory card slot to your computer doesn t use the camera s battery and can be faster than a USB connection Figure 1 19 shows what USB type connectors look like Figure 1 20 shows what FireWire connec tors look like If you want to use a cable connection to transfer images from your camera to your computer the memory card must be inside the camera You can purchase a cable that connects your camera to your computer if you don t have one One end of the cable will need a smaller USB connector for the camera and the other end will need a larger USB connector for your computer Look at the ports on your camera and computer to see what type of connector ends the cable needs Working with Digital Images USB connectors FireWire connectors FireWire You can also contact the manufacturer to find out what kind of cable you need for your camera model The major manufacturers like Canon and Nikon have Web sites with lots of information including downloadable camera operation manuals You can also take the camera to an electronics store such as Circuit City for help finding the right cable When you either put your camera s memory card into an appropriate card slot or connect your camera to your computer with a cable an additional driv
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