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1. WARNING CHOKING HAZARD Small parts Not for children under three 3 years Toy contains balloons Uninflated or broken balloons could be a choking or Suffocation hazard especially for infants and children Adults should inflate balloons and supervise their use with children under eight 6 years Discard broken balloons immediately Welcome to the exciting world of special effects This kit will show you more than thirty mysterious phenomena and then explain the science behind these mysteries When people don t understand something they sometimes call it magic Yet frequently there are interesting scientific explanations With the special effects included here you will be able to amaze your family and friends while learning science in the process The activities in this box are grouped according to the area of science in which they belong These categories are designated with symbols on the bottom corner of each page and are as follows G E A C Air Pressure Optics Optical Math Illusions Magnetism Physics and Electricity This kit contains most of the materials required to perform the activities described In addition you will need the following common household items dollar bill water index card or thick sheet of paper toothpick two metal forks cork eraser or raisins scissors baking soda vinegar coins paper clips paper towel thread plastic bottle glass bottle a
2. 2 Try balancing the belt and bow on the end of your finger as shown in the picture See it s perfectly balanced A body is balanced when the sum of all the forces that act on it Is zero For example a pencil laid across your fingers won t fall off because the fingers support it by opposing the forces of gravity that attract all things toward the center of the Earth Keep in mind that if your fingers weren t exerting an upward force the object would fall down Every object has its center of gravity which is the point at which you can imagine its weight being concentrated stable equilibrium Why is equilibrium possible in this experiment The finger is on a support pivot point that is higher than and vertical to the structure s center of gravity which is near the buckle support pivot point cardboard NOTE You can use NS arms the cardboard arms from the Rolling Uphill experiment instead of a belt center of gravity a wooden toothpick How to do it Ask an adult to help you 1 Insert a coin in between the teeth of the two forks so that they are firmly in place 2 Insert a toothpick into the cork of a bottle Rest the whole fork structure on the toothpick making sure it s resting on the coin Give the forks a slight push and they will spin around on the coin A body is in stable equilibrium easily balanced when its center of g
3. Opposites attract The negative ball attracts the positive paper Here s how Everything in the universe is made up of atoms 7 w nucleus proton positive electric charge d l neutron neutral electric charge 1 orbit of d oa electrons electrons negative electric charge Model of the atom When you rub the ball with wool electrons pass from the wool to the ball that charges the ball with negative static electricity because it has more electrons than protons electrons atoms in the woolen clothing atoms in the plastic ball When the negatively charged ball is held close to the paper the negative charge naturally in the neutral paper is repelled to the bottom of the paper and the positive charges go to the top As a result the positive top of the paper and the negative ball are attracted to each other The bits of paper detached themselves from the ball after a while because some electrons negative charge passed from the ball to the paper So the negatively charged ball and paper repelled each other As soon as they were down again the excess electrons on the paper passed to the tabletop or the air At that point the paper was neutral and again attracted to the ball Rolling Uphill plastic double cone ee cylinder cardboard arms 1 Lay the cardboard arms apart on a completely flat surface as in the diagram starting point 2 Rest the cylinder on the midpoint of
4. of cones for distinguishing colors red green and blue All other colors result from a mix of the three The white box reflects all the colors see pages 32 and 34 But some of your cones are too tired to perceive them rods cones Complementary Colors If you mix together two complementary colored lights you get white light Double Vision Can you pick out two different characters in the picture below The eye transmits images but the brain puts them together and gives them a meaning In this image you can pick out two characters depending on how the brain reacts to the different parts of the picture It is influenced by its own experiences emotions tastes and colors The red ellipse highlights the picture of the young girl the yellow encircles the old woman s face Hint The young woman s chin is the older woman s nose The young woman s nose and ear are the older woman s eyes We Dark Clouds i Observe the picture below in its entirety Can you see dark blotches in the white corners Do they really exist or are they an optical illusion The effects of light on the retina create optical illusions Diagram of the eye fovea area of the retina where the clearest image is formed The dark blotches in the white corners are due to how the light hits the most sensitive and central part of the retina the fovea When your view encompasses the whole picture th
5. y i F Special Effect 23 taa UCAS Hard Heads card 1 Bring the image of the dinosaurs slowly up to both open eyes until you rest the tip of your nose in the middle of the picture 2 You ll see the heads of the dinosaurs crash together Move the card away and then bring it near your face again to see the crash repeat Sometimes the brain doesn t match up to reality when it s processing images The brain receives the two images that come from separate eyes it puts them together so you get the illusion that the dinosaurs are head butting each other When you look from afar from near from afar again How to do it Stare at the plus sign in Table a A for a minute Glance down y YY a 2 to look at Table B D A Table A Table B Two splashes of color appear in Table B yellow appears to the left and pink to the right amp 51 The afterimage stays impressed on the retinas Because you have fatigued the blue and green sensitive cells you see complementary colors Try this Stare at a star on the flag for a minute and then glance at the white box to the right of it Do you see a red white and blue American Flag Retina The retina in the eye is connected to the brain section of the retina via the optic nerve see eye diagram on page 40 It s made up of millions of light sensitive cells rods for black and white and three types
6. 31 Narrow Escape cccseseceeeeeeeeeees 61 A Vanishing Rainbow 33 GOING in Circles 63 Materials in This Kit Colors may vary plastic bow plastic stand A Changing Direction card T plastic cup Hard Heads card Colors Change card clear prism inch centimeter ruler cylinder 3 two color rings Wp cord 2 cubes cardboard arms amp gt spiral disk ghost submarine plastic double cone RW m test tube red dome clip magnetic wand as gs T 2 balls balloon yellow pin large and small soft colored disk foam circles Newton s disk Assembly Instructions How to thread the cord through the plastic balls BE Lf J 1 Fold a sheet of paper over multiple times 2 Tie the strip of paper to one end of the cord 3 Push the end with the tied up paper into the hole in the ball Assembling disks with the yellow pin 1 Insert the pin into the middle of the disk 2 Use the head of the pin as a base so you can spin the disk like a top Assembling the ghost submarine disk You need plastic stand 3 two color rings How to do it 1 Place one of the rings onto the stand so that it rests on the base 2 Add a second ring so that the same color side is facing the top side of the first ring i e so that two identical colors are next to each other The second ring will stay suspended in
7. bit of woolen cloth a bowl and belt At the beginning of each experiment there is a list of the materials you need in order to do the activity If you don t have something it s OK to go on to the next experiment Have fun and see you in pictures List of Special Effects and Experiments Floating RINGS cssccesesvicascntersescebecses 5 Floating MOne ccccccccceeeeeees 35 Mysterious Energy cecscscceceeeeseees 7 Changing Direction n se 37 Pathfinder RING iscrcossstecsstesceaviawe 9 Disappearing Image sassen 39 Flying Paper ccecceeeseeeeeeeees 11 Things on the Move cccceee 41 Rolling Uphill seieosstiacguauncececmenerad 13 Red Alert cccsssesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 43 Defying Gravity 00ccceeeeeees 15 A Pit StOp ccecesssaccesaresscccaniaawonconncne 45 Balancing Champion 00 17 The Hole in Your Hand 47 Blowing a KISS cccceeeeeeeeeeeeees 19 Hard H ads ccssssssseeeeeeeeeeeees 49 Under Pressure csccccceeeeeeeees 21 Colors Change 51 Arrested Water ccccccceeeeeeees 23 Double VISION cccccceeeeeeeeeees 53 Sticky Wale lsc sscscesatinzorcadicncstadxsddes 25 Dark ClO UGS vs ccasecccscseuctencveteacesece 55 Bubble UD scssncscestexrecoragsatastinteniees 27 The Ghost Submarine 00 57 Hot Air BallOon cccccceeeeeeeees 29 A Tal WANG sgcstcausamescentsceaviccaaexaneace 59 Make a Rainbow ccsseceeeees
8. experiment is a demonstration of Bernoulli s Principle Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli 1700 1782 showed that faster moving air exerts less pressure than slower moving air When you blow between the two balls you lower the air pressure between the balls So the higher air pressure surrounding the rest of the balls pushes them together amp yy ga Air Pressure and Flight Put a sheet of paper just below your mouth and blow hard over the top of it as in the illustration If you do this the air pressure under the paper is greater than that above it so the paper rises up That s how planes fly Airplane Wing Shape faster Taa air low pressure ig KM a gt gt gt p gt PAAA Pen pressure l lift due to pressure difference Po o 20 You need dollar bill test tube plastic cup How to do it 1 Ask an adult for a dollar bill Roll it up and put it into a test tube as in the diagram 2 Dip the test tube vertically upside down in the cup of water 3 After a while raise the test tube and retrieve the bill The bill is dry 22 Air is a mixture of gases nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide and small quantities of other gases The air inside the test tube stops the water from rising In 100 parts of air air a 78 parts are nitrogen 21 parts are oxygen im 1 part is other gases The air particles take up spac
9. midair even if you press down on it with your finger it still bounces back up 3 Add the third ring so that the matching color is opposite the one under it and this one will stay a distance away as well Now there are two rings floating in midair Try turning the rings over and see what happens In a magnet identical magnetic poles repel each other and opposite magnetic poles attract each other The two color rings yellow and purple are actually magnets and so they have magnetic poles The yellow side with the letter N corresponds to the north pole of North Pole the magnet because if the magnet is suspended by a very fine thread and is free aN to rotate the yellow part will always turn toward Earth s North Pole South Pole The purple side with the letter S corresponds to the south pole of the magnet because it will always turn to face the Earth s South Pole Earth s magnetic field The region where attraction or repulsion takes place is called the magnetic field AS Diagramofa _ 7 ca magnetic field NU Dono ee x ial a a Special Effect Z Mysterious Energy You need toy car 2 two color rings How to do it 1 Place the toy car on a smooth surface Put two magnets upright in the spaces at the front and back of the car one ring with the yellow side facing outward and another with the purple side facing outward 2 Take the magne
10. sky is refracted by the hot air near the road The water you see is actually refracted sunlight J d j Special Effect I7 plastic cup 1 Bend the part of the card with the arrow and make it stay upright rest it on something Put the cup in the circle Look through the cup and pay special attention to the direction of the arrow 2 Fill the cup with water and look again The arrow is pointing in the opposite direction and the name of the city is now legible Note To best see this effect keep your face at least one foot away from the glass The glass of water is behaving just like a lens because it is bending light The water lens inverts the image refracted ray diverted The empty cup gives you a realistic a D picture like looking through glass When you add water the light rays coming from the word ROME get refracted as they travel through the water to your eyes REFRACTION is the change in direction of a light ray when it passes from one medium e g water to another e g air In this situation the image is reversed because the glass with water works like a lens glass without water The light rays bend as they enter the water cup and bend again when they leave the water The light ray at the top ends up on the bottom and the light ray that started at the bottom ends up on top so the whole image is inverted gt 38 A N _
11. the arms and it will roll down toward the lower part of the arms as you d expect 3 Rest the double cone on the midpoint of the arms and it will roll toward the upper part of the arms Surprise It goes uphill but how gt starting point The center of gravity of an object always tends downward Every object has a point called its center of gravity which is the point where you can imagine that its weight is concentrated red line where the center The body appears to go up but actually its of gravity moves center of gravity is going down falling between the arms as the cone rolls center of gravity resting point of the cone on the arms 10 in 25 cm A body starts moving when its center of gravity lowers because of the force of gravity The edges of the double cone roll upward on the arms but most of the double cone s mass center of gravity is really rolling down in the space between the arms The wider apart they are the greater the effect plastic bow a belt plastic or leather If you don t have one see the note in the box on page 16 How to do it Try to hold up the bow on one finger from the end It s impossible But now 1 Insert a belt into one of the slots in the bow so that its weight is equally spread on the right and the left of the bow Take note of the position of the buckle because this will have an effect on the weight distribution
12. the coins are added the water level rises above the rim of the cup but it does not spill over because water molecules are attracted to one another Look carefully at the edge of the curved surface of the water The liquid has a skin that has formed because of the surface tension of the water particles molecules This sticky surface tension happens because the hydrogen atoms in one H2O water molecule are attracted to the oxygen atom in the neighboring H20 molecule The surface tension water s skin allows the water s surface to stretch upward before breaking Surface tension allows insects to land on the surface of the water and even lay their eggs on it Try this Use surface tension to float a paper clip on the surface of the water It may help to cut a piece of paper towel slightly larger than the paper clip isp Lay the towel on the surface float the paper clip on the towel and then carefully slide the towel out from underneath Voila The paper clip is floating on the water s skin plastic cup an eraser or some raisins How to do it 1 Cut the eraser or raisins into pieces that are about the size of grains of rice 2 Fill the cup with half a cup of vinegar and a pinch of baking soda Then add the eraser or raisin pieces 3 The pieces at the bottom will come up to the surface then sink then come back up again To continue this experiment lat
13. the structure of the cup on the cubes is decidedly less than the circumference of the cup It s easy to estimate the height or length of an object but it s difficult to predict the length of the circumference Use a tape measure or ruler to find the height circumference There are two ways to find the circumference Method 1 Use a tape measure to find the circumference Method 2 Use the formula for circumference Measure the diameter of the cup and multiply by 3 14 or pi TT 445194 circumference diameter x 7U diameter x 3 14 Whichever method you use you ll find that the circumference is greater than the height of the whole structure two cubes cup You need large soft foam circle cord at least as long as your arm Challenge Free the circle from the cord without untying your hands and without cutting the cord or the circle starting position final position On the next page you ll find all the steps to follow to set up the situation and then working back you should be able to solve the problem 61 Notice that the soft foam circle is flexible How to do it 1 Tie your wrists loosely 2 Slip a hand inside the circle and i make it slip down between the wrist A A and the cord as in the picture 3 Move the circle from your arm over your hand and the cord and then take it half way along the cord The trick you have just tried belongs
14. to a branch of modern mathematics that is interested in how shapes can roll move and change into different shapes This branch is called topology the geometry of distortion sometimes called rubber sheet geometry The operation in reverse gives you the answer to the problem large soft small soft cord foam circle foam circle Challenge How can you free the balls without cutting the circles or the cord On the next page of the card you will find all the steps to follow to get to the starting point By working backward you ll see the solution Q starting position final position a If bent the large foam circle can fit through the small circle How to do it 1 Attach the two balls together with a cord the length of a palm and place them so they hang over the large circle 2 Carefully bend the large circle so it doesn t go out of shape as in the picture Thread the little circle over the large one and let it come right down to the cord connecting the balls Unbend the big circle again The reverse operation is the solution to the challenge on the previous page This is another topological math trick
15. Disappearing image _ 1 Hold this page about a foot from your nose 2 Look at the picture below Close your right eye and focus on the plus sign with your left eye 3 Bring the picture very slowly up to your left eye making sure you are still focusing on the plus sign and you ll find that the yellow dot disappears completely from sight at a certain point An image that falls in the blind spot of the eye is not transmitted to the brain Diagram of the eye ae retina IFIS visual area optic nerve cornea pupil KAS blind spot exit impulses to the point of the brain lens optic nerve The blind spot of the retina is where the optic nerve exits the eye and there are no visual cells so the brain cannot see an image that falls in this area In this experiment at the moment when the yellow dot disappears the light reflected from the yellow dot is falling on the blind spot on the retina You don t see an empty spot because the brain compensates by filling in the area with blue the surrounding color where the yellow dot should have appeared Your brain is always filling in the blind spot with surrounding images so you never even notice it oe Special Effect 19 Things on the Move You need Things on the Move card Read CAUTION on the next page before trying this experiment How to do it Insert the pin in the center of the disk e aii 1 On a very smooth sur
16. ages like the clouds on the paper as moving the other way Caution Some people may suffer ill effects from watching this picture as it spins If this activity makes you feel unwell or produces the illusion of color stop immediately If you suffer from epilepsy or migraines please consult a doctor before doing this activity You need How to do it 1 With the card open look at the red squares that make up the X How many shades of red can you see maybe two It s an optical illusion 2 Close the card and look at the red color through the holes You will see that in fact there is only a single shade of red amp 43 It s the same red but it arrives at the brain in a different way The red squares on one diagonal seem to be a different shade from the squares on the other diagonal In fact the red squares bordered by black seem to be darker Putting the black next to the red confuses the brain When you block out the surrounding color you see that there is only one shade of red A Pit Stop ul M i os How to do it 1 Look at the picture of the halves of the fruit below Which half appears to have the pit It appears to be figure 1 2 Now turn the card upside down and look again You ll see that the pit appears to have moved from figure 1 to figure 2 figure 1 figure 2 Why does this happen The explanation is that the brain tends
17. d family your amazing ability to make coins float 1 Put a coin on the bottom of the cup and pour water over it The water level should be about a half inch high 2 Observe If you line up your eyes directly with or slightly above the surface of the water you ll see the coin floating The image of the object on the surface of the water is due to the phenomena of light refraction REFRACTION is the change in direction of a light ray when it passes from one medium e g water to another e g air refracted ray diverted air In this experiment light rays go from the object which is on the bottom to the surface of the water and then bend are refracted as they leave the water and come toward your eye This bending of the light makes it look like the money is floating Light travels more slowly through water than it does through air As the light changes speed it gets refracted changes direction a little Try this Get a bowl a coin and some water Put the bowl on a table and then place the coin inside the bowl Back up until the coin disappears from view it s hidden by the bowl s rim Stay standing in the same place and ask a friend to pour water into the bowl Suddenly you ll be able to see the coin again The light from the coin is bent refracted by the water On a very hot day it sometimes appears that there is water ahead on the road even though the road is completely dry Light from the
18. e blotches are visible When you concentrate on a single white corner you don t see the dark blotch any more Detail of a corner You need 2 red dome clip The two ghost submarine disks Put one on top of the other How to do it 1 Assemble the two disks and then position submarine number 1 alongside the larger island as in the picture 2 Turn the disk slowly clockwise move submarine 1 to the small island until there are 10 submarines 3 By sliding submarine 1 back to the big island you can make 11 submarines reappear This way you can This way you can see 10 submarines see 11 submarines 57 The pictures of the submarines include parts that you can move and join with others When you turn the disk clockwise no submarine disappears but the different parts that make up the pictures redistribute themselves among the remaining ships Like this you see Like this you see 11 submarines 10 submarines When 11 subs are visible every one When 10 subs are visible every is made up of 10 parts one is made up of 11 parts CUE O You need two cubes plastic cup OO How to do it Put the cup on top of the cubes as shown in the picture 3 Ys circumference the distance around the cup 1yb1ay Optical Estimation Challenge Question Is the height of the structure greater or less than the circumference of the cup Answer The height of
19. e inside the test tube and exert pressure so the water can t get up high enough to wet the dollar bill The water level stops at the entrance to the upside down test tube Special Effect 10 a E T X ety d A You need a glass an index card or or plastic cup a thick sheet of paper OO How to do it 1 Fill the glass about half full with water 2 Wet the rim of the glass and lay the index card on top of it 3 With a rapid movement turn the glass upside down holding the card in place with your hand for a second or two Take away your hand and the water won t pour out P i CA 23 Air is made up of lots of gaseous particles that exert pressure in all directions The index card creates a large surface area where air can push up Now the atmospheric pressure pushing up on the card is greater than the force of the water pushing down The gas particles exert pressure in all directions even from the bottom keeping the card pressed onto the edges of the glass A barometer is an instrument we use to measure air pressure tT There is more pressure pushing up than down coins and paper clips plastic cup How to do it 1 Fill the cup to the brim with water 2 Add several coins and paper clips to the cup of water 3 The already full cup appears to have more space for the coins and paper clips Turn the page to find out why Ty 1 P Pagi 25 As
20. er or to make it go on longer add a little more vinegar and baking soda baking soda You need vinegar The pieces are brought up to the surface by carbon dioxide bubbles When you combine vinegar and baking soda you start a chemical reaction that forms carbon dioxide bubbles CO vinegar baking soda carbon dioxide liquid solid gas Observe how the pieces on the bottom are surrounded by bubbles and brought up to the surface They sink again immediately after the bubbles burst 1 Put a rubber balloon over the top of an empty bottle 2 Heat the plastic bottle by running warm water over it The balloon will begin to blow up Note Don t use hot water or you may melt the plastic bottle 3 Don t remove the balloon Now run the bottle under cold water and the balloon will deflate a balloon f a plastic bottle Air expands with heat and contracts when cooled The air particles move around a lot when it s hot and occupy a lot of space the volume of air or any gas is greater when heated The air particles move more slowly when it s cold and take up less space the volume of gas is less when cooler hot light air cold heavy air A hot air balloon rises when the molecules of gas inside the balloon are heated This increases the volume of the gas inside the balloon and therefore lowers the overall density of the air inside So
21. face spin the disk in one direction and observe the movement for about 15 seconds 2 Quickly move your gaze to the card with the clouds everything is moving 3 Now spin the disk in the opposite direction observe for 15 seconds and look at the image again Notice it s now moving in the opposite direction 41 The image of the moving spiral stays in the brain which visualizes movement for a few moments even after the motion has stopped This illusion is called motion aftereffect It is also called the waterfall effect because when you gaze into a waterfall for a while and then look at the surrounding landscape the landscape appears to move upward cell body dendrites the human brain neuron Neurons cells in your brain get used to seeing the spinning disk and adapt to the motion so you can concentrate on other things For example when you put your clothes on in the morning you notice them touching your skin but when you start concentrating on other things you forget abut your clothing Your brain s neurons adapt to the clothing and don t respond or barely respond to the sensation of your clothing touching your skin Your neurons similarly adapt to the spinning disk image by barely responding to the motion of the disk But this puts the brain s sense of the motion of surrounding things out of balance with the way it perceives the disk motion The brain compensates by perceiving the stationary surrounding im
22. go angle deviations somewhere between red and violet less energy red i aa aa a more energy violet Breaking down white light into the colors of the rainbow means making the spectrum of white light The colors which humans can see are called the visible spectrum There are seven colors in the visible spectrum red orange yellow green blue indigo and violet gt 32 i ees Special Effect 15 yellow pin colored disk Newton s disk 1 Put the yellow pin into the disk with all the colors of the rainbow and try spinning it quickly As the disk rotates quickly the colors disappear and seem to go white Note If the speed of rotation is not fast enough the disk could appear to be silvery gray gt White is made up of all seven colors of the rainbow When the disk is still the seven colors of the rainbow arrive at the eye and they are transmitted by cells cones from the retina to the brain When the disk is spinning as the image of each color arrives at the eye they overlap with each other The brain then blends all the colors together As you saw in the last experiment all the colors blended together creates white light So you perceive the spinning disk to be white section of the retina Cones recognize colors and transmit them to the brain Rods detect black and white F y rods cones gt 34 water a coin plastic cup Show friends an
23. ravity is below the pivot point center of gravity center of support pivot gravis point Every object has a center of gravity which is the point at which you can imagine its weight being concentrated A suspended body is balanced when the point of support is in line with its center of gravity support pivot Unstable equilibrium point when the center of gravity is higher than the point of support O Stable equilibrium center of gt when the center of gravity gravity is lower than the point of support Tight rope walkers funambulists make use of this concept in designing their balancing pole Funambulists carry drooping not rigid poles sometimes with heavy weights at the end This puts their center of gravity below the wire and makes it much easier to balance LS 18 two lengths of cord plastic stand two balls squares of paper 1 Attach two 12 inch 10 cm lengths of cord to the two balls by tying the ends of the cords to two pieces of paper as shown above Cts 2 Suspend the two balls on the plastic stand so that they are 1 2 inches 3 4 cm away from each other y 3 Blow between the two balls from a distance of about 4 inches 10 cm away The two balls will move toward each other and appear to kiss mr eee per Air pressure pushes in all directions but slow moving air pushes harder than fast moving air This
24. ring about and you ll find that it still always ends up facing the same direction South Pole The two color ring is acting like the needle of a compass The magnetic ring uses the yellow part where N is stamped to point itself toward Earth s magnetic North Pole Check with a compass to find which way is north Caution Don t get the compass too near the magnetic ring or it will cause the compass to point to the magnetic ring rather than the North Pole North Pole The magnet may also eventually demagnetize the compass if held too close Earth s Magnetic Field Special Effect 1 showed how the South Pole planet Earth behaves like a great big magnet as English doctor North Pole William Gilbert 1544 1603 first stated The compass needle lines up with the lines of force of Earth s magnetic field The causes of Earth s magnetism are still unknown it is thought that there are electric currents inside the planet that have created a magnetic field South Pole Special Effect 4 Figing Paper You need one ball little pieces of paper woolen clothing How to do it 1 Tear lightweight paper into lots of little bits Then rub the plastic ball on a piece of woolen clothing You can also try rubbing the ball on your hair 2 Move the ball toward the bits of paper without touching them and they ll jump up to the ball and then fall back down They go up and down
25. the less dense air inside floats on the more dense air outside and the balloon rises y o 30 You need clear prism Never look directly at the sun with the naked eye or through an instrument How to do it 1 Hold the clear prism so that the rays of the sun catch one of the faces at an angle see the diagram 2 Look on the floor or a wall exposed to the sun about half a yard away You should be able to see the seven y colors of the rainbow You may need to tilt the SS prism a bit to get the sun s rays to hit p it properly This experiment was first carried out by English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton 1642 1727 more than 300 years ago Do the experiment so the colors are formed in a shady area A D The seven colors of the rainbow make up white light White light is really a collection of all colors Light and therefore colors are made up of a flow of tiny particles photons that move in waves When they meet the face of the prism they are all at the same inclination but as they pass through the prism the colors are bent refracted at different angles because each has a different wavelength These colors are hite light eer ee bent less These colors are bent more Red which has less energy bends the least Violet which has more energy bends at the greatest angle compared to the beam of original white light All the others under
26. tic wand and move it carefully toward the front and back of the car where the rings are as in the picture If the colors facing each other are the same the car will race away from the wand If the colors facing each other are different the car will zoom toward the wand Magnets pull and push on each other even when they are not touching The two color rings and the magnetic wand are all magnets Magnetism is an invisible force that creates a push or a pull Magnets do not need to be touching for this force to occur They can attract each other through the air The magnetic disk and wand even attract each other through the plastic of the toy car s front bumper A doctor can use a magnet to remove a steel splinter from a machinist s eye The magnet does not even need to touch the eye to remove the dangerous splinter The force of attraction or repulsion between magnetic poles acts at a distance The region where attraction or repulsion takes place is called the magnetic field That s why you don t need to touch the car to make it move Diagram of a magnetic field ae T You need ce N hin sewing thread two color ring O C y How to do it 1 Hang a two color ring from a piece of sewing thread as long as your arm 2 After a few swings you will notice that the yellow part of the ring always ends up facing north North Pole 3 To test this keep jiggling the
27. to interpret reality by turning to past experiences and images it has already seen When the card is the right way up the pit the middle part that stands out appears in figure 1 If it is turned upside down the pit appears in figure 2 All this depends on the fact that the brain is using a fundamental clue to find out where the pit is The clue is shadow Because the position of the light source indicates shadow the brain takes it for granted that light always comes from above The shadows in the picture influence our perception of what we see Therefore it seems like the pit has changed places shadow on the part that stands out side view side view shadow on the part that is hollowed out How to do it 1 Place a coin on the table in front of you 2 Hold the cylinder with your left hand and look at the coin through the cylinder with your left eye Keep both eyes open 3 Hold your open right hand so that it s touching the side of the cylinder Slowly slide your right hand up the side of the cylinder so that it s close to your face Remember to keep both eyes open The coin appears on the palm of your hand You need cylinder The brain superimposes the images from both eyes creating an unreal image The brain receives the two images that arrive from separate eyes It puts them together superimposes them and creates the illusion of an image in the palm of your hand

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