Kingston Technology Secure Digital Card SD/2GB
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1. kingston com flash Flash Memory Guide Portable Flash memory for computers digital cameras cell phones and other devices Kingston the world s leading independent manufacturer of memory products offers a broad range of Flash cards and USB Flash drives collectively called Flash storage devices that employ Flash memory chips for storage The purpose of this guide is to explain the various technologies and Flash memory offerings that are available R Kingston Note Due to Flash technology changes specifications listed in this document COMMITTED TO MEMORY are subject to change without notice Its enduring commitment to service and support makes Kingston an easy choice for Flash memory 1 0 2 0 Flash Memory Empowering A New Generation of Flash Storage Devices Toshiba invented Flash memory in the 1980s as a new memory technology that allowed stored data to be saved even when the memory device was disconnected from its power source Since then Flash memory technology has evolved into the preferred storage media for a variety of consumer and industrial devices IN CONSUMER DEVICES FLASH MEMORY IS WIDELY USED IN e Notebook computers e Personal computers e Personal Digital Assistants PDAs e Digital cameras e Global Positioning Systems GPS e Cell phones e Solid state music players such as Electronic musical instruments MP3 players Television set top boxes Flash memory is also used in many2. test and select high Flash Cell Endurance For Multi Level Cell MLC Flash up to 10 000 write cycles per physical sector For Single Level Cell SLC Flash up to 100 000 write cycles per physical sector performance controllers to ensure that Kingston s Flash cards are among the performance leaders in According to Toshiba the inventor of Flash memory the 10 000 cycles of MLC NAND is the industry more than sufficient for a wide range of consumer applications from storing documents to digital photos For example if a 256 MB MLC NAND Flash based card can typically store 250 pictures from a 4 megapixel camera a conservative estimate its 10 000 write erase cycles combined with wear leveling algorithms in the controller will enable the user to store and or view approximately 2 5 million pictures within the expected useful life of the card For USB Flash drives Toshiba calculated that a 10 000 write cycle endurance would enable customers to completely write and erase the entire contents once per day for 27 years well beyond the life of the hardware SLC Flash based products typically found in Kingston s Elite Pro Ultimate Flash cards and DataTraveler II II Plus Migo Edition and Secure Secure Privacy Edition USB Flash drives offer both high performance and high endurance Automatic Bad Sector Remapping Kingston Flash controllers automatically lock out sections with bad memory cells bad blocks an
3. devices as semiconductor storage devices have no moving parts and thereby are not subject to the mechanical failure issues of hard drives Their overall data reliability enabled them to dominate the convenience oriented portable memory products market operating silently with a zero decibel noise level e Small Physical Size or Form Factor Flash storage devices are designed to be easily transported Convenience is an important criterion especially for consumer and corporate applications e High Data Reliability Flash memory is very reliable and many of the Flash storage device types also include Error Correction Code ECC checking to detect single bit errors R Kingston t10 year warranty in France Germany and Austria COMMITTED TO MEMORY For example Kingston s CompactFlash cards have a rated error specification of less than one 1 bit in 1 000 000 000 000 000 bits read 1 bit per 1015 bits read Kingston Flash Data Retention Kingston Flash storage devices are rated for up to 10 years under normal use Important information should also be backed up on other media for long term safekeeping Wear Leveling Technology Kingston Flash storage devices incorporate controllers utilizing advanced wear leveling technology which distributes write cycles across the Flash card Wear leveling thus extends the useful life of a Flash memory card for details please see Kingston Flash Cell Endurance section next Kingston engineers
4. for consumers For details see kingston com flash x Kingston works closely with global semiconductor and controller manufacturers to ensure that Kingston Flash cards deliver superior price performance to its customers For enthusiasts and advanced customers demanding the highest performance Kingston offers the Elite Pro Ultimate line of CompactFlash and SD cards and the DataTraveler Hi Speed USB Flash drives R Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY 7 0 Kingston s Flash Card Product Lines There are several types of Flash storage devices that are available from Kingston USB Flash Drives DataTravelers Secure Digital Cards SD SDHC miniSDHC microSD microSDHC CompactFlash Cards 7 1 USB FLASH DRIVES Introduced in 2002 USB Flash drives offer an incredible combination of high storage capacity fast data transfer rates and great flexibility all in the palm of your hand Heralded as a floppy or CD drive alternative USB Flash drives have far more storage capacity than that of a standard floppy disk or CD ROM drive replacement They provide an easy method for quick downloads and transferring digital files to and from your computer or device USB Flash drives incorporate NAND Flash and a controller in a capsulated case USB Flash drives work with the vast majority of computers and devices that incorporate the Universal Serial Bus interface including most PCs PDAs and MP3 players Kingston offers a full line of DataTraveler H
5. industrial applications where reliability and data retention in power off situations are key requirements such as in e Security systems e Military systems e Embedded computers e Solid state disk drives e Networking and communication products _ Wireless communication devices e Retail management products e Medical products e g handheld scanners Flash Card or USB Flash Drive Capacity Some of a Flash storage device s listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions and thus is not available for data storage When a Flash storage device is manufactured steps are taken to ensure that the device operates reliably and to permit the host device computer digital camera PDA cell phone etc to access the memory cells i e to store and retrieve data on the Flash storage device These steps loosely called formatting utilize some of the memory cells within the device and thus reduce the capacity available for data storage by the end user Formatting includes the following operations 1 Testing each memory cell in the Flash storage device 2 Identifying all defective cells and taking steps to ensure that no data will be written to or read from a defective cell R Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY 3 Reserving some cells to serve as spares Flash memory cells have a long but finite lifetime Therefore some cells are held in reserve to replace any memory cells that may fail over time 4 Creati
6. saved on the Flash storage device The ability to retain data is key for Flash memory applications such as digital film for digital cameras cell phones PDAs and other transportable devices R Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY There are two major technologies of Flash memory NOR and NAND Each technology has strengths that make it ideal for different kinds of applications as summarized in the table below High speed Access Yes Yes Page Mode Data Access No Yes Random Byte Level Access Yes No Typical Uses Cell Phones PDAs BIOS Storage for PCs Digital Cameras Networking Device Memory Cell Phones MP3 players Solid State Disk Drives Set Top Boxes Industrial Storage 4 1 NOR FLASH MEMORY NOR named after the specific data mapping technology Not OR is a high speed Flash technology NOR Flash memory provides high speed random access capabilities being able to read and write data in specific locations in the memory without having to access the memory in sequential mode Unlike NAND Flash NOR Flash allows the retrieval of data as small as a single byte NOR Flash excels in applications where data is randomly retrieved or written NOR is most often found built into cellular phones to store the phone s operating system and PDAs and is also used in computers to store the BIOS program that runs to provide the start up functionality 4 2 NAND FLASH MEMORY NAND Flash was invented after NOR Flash and is named after the
7. was USB 1 1 The USB 2 0 specification includes the USB 1 1 speeds for backward compatibility reasons To understand what affects a Flash storage device s performance one needs to consider several factors see next page R Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY 12 Flash Memory Chip Technology Single Level Cell SLC vs Multi Level Cell MLC and Multi Bit Cell MBC In general Flash storage devices built with Single Level Cell SLC NAND Flash such as Kingston s Elite Pro Ultimate Flash cards or the DataTraveler Il II Plus Migo Edition or Secure Secure Privacy Edition USB Flash drives will deliver higher performancean the standard Multi Level Cell MLC NAND Flash or Multi Bit Cell MBC NAND Flash based cards or DataTraveler Standard Flash cards or the DataTraveler USB Flash drives deliver the best price performance value for most users of digital cameras PDAs cell phones and other electronic devices Elite Pro Ultimate Flash cards or Hi Speed Data Traveler 2 0 USB Flash drives will deliver faster reads and writes ideal for advanced users photography professionals and enthusiasts Of course to achieve the performance benefit of faster Flash cards or USB Flash drives users must have compatible high speed devices and properly configured computers Some digital cameras and other devices require SLC NAND Flash based high performance Flash cards for proper functionality Host Consumer Devices Digital c
8. when used with the supplied Kingston adapter can be used in standard SD device slots for example in Flash media readers Starting at 4GB miniSDHC cards offer higher storage capacity for high resolution multimedia content and support more demanding data transfer rates Kingstons miniSDHC cards use new speed class ratings known as Class 2 4 and 6 that guarantee a minimum data transfer rate for optimum performance with devices that use miniSDHC storage devices Identical in size to today s standard miniSD card the new miniSDHC cards are designed differently and are only recognized by miniSDHC host devices microSDHC cards offer higher storage for more music more videos more pictures more games more of everything for today s mobile world The microSDHC card allows users to maximize storage for today s revolutionary mobile devices Secure Digital SDHC 2 7 3 3 Volts 9 32 x 24 x 2 1 miniSD miniSDHC 2 7 3 3 Volts Ul 20 x 21 5 x 1 4 microSD microSDHC 2 7 3 3 Volts 8 I5xlixl R Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY 10 Specifically designed for high speed image transfer Kingston Flash media readers are an ideal solution for quickly viewing your digital images on your computer 8 0 7 4 MULTIMEDIACARD MMCmobile MultiMediaCards like SD cards are one of the smallest Flash cards available about the size as a postage stamp They were introduced in 1997 and initially used
9. NOR StrataFlash AMD has introduced NOR MirrorBit Flash Other semiconductor manufacturers also manufacture their own multi level cell technologies NAND MLC Flash technologies were introduced in late 2002 and Kingston has incorporated MLC Flash memory into its line of standard Flash cards and DataTraveler DTI XXX USB Flash drives 5 3 MULTI BIT CELL MBC FLASH TECHNOLOGY Multi bit technology is a competing technology to Multi Level Cell MLC and accomplishes the same goal by storing 2 bits per cell or 4 values per cell MBC technology is presently used in Infineon s TwinFlash memory R Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY USB Flash drives offers an easy way to transfer files from a digital device to a computer 6 0 Flash Storage Device Performance Flash card storage device performance depends on the following three factors e The specific Flash memory chips used Generally there is a tradeoff between the high speed and more expensive Single Level Cell SLC Flash chips and the standard speed and more affordable Multi Level Cell MLC or Multi Bit Cell MBC Flash chips Kingstons high performance Flash cards Elite Pro Ultimate and DataTraveler II Plus Migo Edition and Secure Secure Privacy Edition USB Flash drives all utilize high performance SLC Flash memory e The Flash storage device s controller Todays Flash storage devices have a built in Flash memory controller This special chip manage
10. ading or downloading of pictures music and other data without requiring the original host device such as a digital camera or MP3 player and without any additional drain on its batteries Flash media readers can enable the uploading and downloading of data at higher speeds than a host device is capable of supporting for example a USB reader will be much faster than a host device such as a digital camera using a serial interface If a host device does not support high speed transfers the faster reader will significantly reduce the data transfer times Kingston offers Flash media readers for the convenient attachment of Flash storage devices to personal computers or notebooks e R Kingston TECHNOLOGY COMMITTED TO MEMORY 9 0 For Flash media Kingston recommends the flexible and convenient Media Reader a single reader that supports nineteen Flash card formats and can be connected to any computer with a Hi Speed USB 2 0 port Kingston also offers convenient portable readers MobileLite 9 in 1 DataTraveler Drive Reader and microSD Readers for high performance data transfers to systems supporting Hi Speed USB 2 0 For More Information For additional information on Kingston products please visit kingston com flash APPENDIX USB PERFORMANCE The Universal Serial Bus USB is emerging as the preferred interface to connect Flash card readers to computers The latest USB specification is USB 2 0 The older specification
11. ameras mobile phones PDAs and other devices The built in controller interfacing with Flash cards or USB Flash drives in many consumer devices may have limited bandwidth Please consult your user manual or contact the device manufacturer for specifics All else being equal the achievable performance level will be the minimum data transfer level supported by the host controller or the Flash card or USB Flash drive Connecting Flash cards to computers through Kingston s Media Reader MobileLite and and MicroSD readers Connecting USB Flash drives directly to a computer s USB slot The USB 2 0 specification also includes the older USB 1 1 specification for backward compatibility reasons USB Flash Drives and Digital Media Reader writers require the following logos to indicate performance levels USB logo transfers data at a maximum of 12 megabits per second 12 Mb s or USB 1 5 MB s It is also referred to as Original a USB or USB I 1 and is also compatible with USB 2 0 Full Speed with a maximum speed of 12 Mb s or 1 5 MB s Hi Speed USB logo transfers data at a maximum of 480 megabits per second 480 Mb s or 60 MB s It is also called TTT USB USB 2 0 Hi Speed Hi Speed USB is up to z 40X faster than USB and fully backward compatible with USB through its USB 2 0 Full Speed mode with a maximum speed of 12 Mb s or 1 5MB s If both the Flash media reader and computer properly support Hi Speed USB King
12. ase see the Appendix for information about USB and Hi Speed USB performance Kingston standard Flash products offer moderate performance levels for general purpose applications e Low Power Consumption Unlike standard DRAM memory that needs to be constantly powered on to maintain its data Flash memory is non volatile and does not require power to maintain its data Flash memory s low power consumption results in longer battery life for the host device e Plug and Play Support Kingstons Flash memory line supports plug and play With plug and play technology and compatible computer operating systems a Flash storage device can be inserted into a computer or a Flash media reader and be quickly recognized and accessed by the computer e Hot Swapping Support Hot swapping allows for plugging or unplugging Flash storage devices into a compatible computer or reader without needing to power off and restart the computer This feature enhances the portability and convenience of Flash storage devices for transferring data pictures or music between two computers or devices Non Volatile NOR and NAND Flash Technologies Unlike Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM Flash memory is non volatile Non volatile memory retains data even without being powered on For example when a computer is turned off all data that was in the computers DRAM memory is lost however when a Flash storage device is removed from a digital camera all data and pictures remains
13. d move the data to other sections spare blocks to avoid data corruption During factory formatting as described in Section 2 spare blocks are set aside on the Flash storage device for remapping bad sectors over time to extend the useful life and reliability of the Flash storage device High Quality Connectors Kingstons Flash storage devices have connectors rated for more than 10 000 insertions Operating Temperature and Humidity 32 F to 140 F 0 C to 60 C 5 to 95 humidity typical j t 1 Toshiba press release Toshiba America Electronic Components Inc KYS on Releases Performance Research on MLC NAND Flash Memory for Consumer TEC Applications May 10 2004 COMMITTED TO MEMORY 4 0 e High Capacity Flash storage devices can provide large storage capacities in a very small form factor This flexibility makes them ideal for consumer uses such as digital film or storage for MP3 music where portability and convenience are important Please note Some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions and thus is not available for data storage Please see Section 2 for details e High Performance Kingston s Elite Pro Ultimate Flash cards and Hi Speed DataTraveler USB Flash drives are faster than many standard Flash products and many competitive products Kingstons engineers test and select high performance controllers to ensure that Kingston s Flash cards are among the performance leaders Ple
14. ers often utilize die stacking and multi level cell or multi bit cell technologies These technologies result in a Flash memory chip having the capability to store more data in a single chip 5 1 DIE STACKING Many semiconductor manufacturers use a die stacking technique to double a Flash memory chip capacity After the semiconductor wafer fabrication process they cut out the Flash memory silicon die and then attach or stack two separate dies together For example when a semiconductor manufacturer stacks two 1 gigabit dies together they form a single 2 gigabit Flash memory chip Die stacking allows for cost reduced chip alternatives to the larger capacity single die chips called monolithic chips Stacking two 8 gigabit chips together for example typically costs far less than buying a low volume monolithic 16 gigabit chip The 16 gigabit chip can then be used to build a 2 GB Flash card single chip card or a 4 GB Flash card two chips on one card Die stacking is similar to the DRAM chip stacking technology that Kingston utilizes to produce high end server modules As a result Kingston s die stacked Flash cards are reliable and deliver high performance 5 2 MULTI LEVEL CELL MLC FLASH TECHNOLOGIES NAND and NOR Flash memory chips store one 1 bit value a 0 or a 1 in each cell In multi level Flash technologies two 2 or more values are stored into each cell Intel Corporation has introduced
15. gical advancements over MMC These include the addition of cryptographic security protection for copyrighted data music The SD Card Association of which Kingston is an executive member sets the specifications for Secure Digital cards SD cards are slightly thicker than the original MMC cards This means that devices designedto support SD cards may also accept MMC cards if the host device is not strictly limited to SD media for SD copy protection management features However devices exclusively designed for MMC cards will not support the thicker SD cards at this time Kingston offers standard SD cards as well as high performance Elite Pro and Ultimate SD cards Secure Digital High Capacity SDHC starting at 4GB offers larger volume data storage and optimized recording performance with support for FAT 32 file formats In addition Kingston s SDHC cards use new speed class ratings known as Class 2 4 and 6 that deliver a minimum data transfer rate for optimum performance with SDHC devices Although identical in size to today s standard SD card the new SDHC cards are designed differently and are only recognized by SDHC host devices To ensure compatibility look for the SDHC logo on cards and host devices cameras camcorders etc miniSD SDM and microSD SDC are the mobile platform form factors of the SD card for use in cell phones and other portable devices miniSD and microSD are a fraction of the size of a standard SD card and
16. i Speed USB Flash drives Some DataTravelers also support password protection and hardware based AES encryption for improved security For details please visit kingston com flash dt_chart asp 7 2 COMPACTFLASH CF CARDS CompactFlash or CF cards were the first small form factor Flash cards introduced in 1994 CF cards incorporate a controller and are about the size of a matchbook CompactFlash cards incorporate an Integrated Device Electronics IDE interface similar to hard drives and ATA PC Cards Kingston is a member of the CompactFlash Association which sets the specifications for CF cards Kingston offers standard CompactFlash cards as well as high performance Elite Pro and Ultimate lines Kingston s Elite Pro Ultimate CompactFlash cards are among the fastest available in the industry The high transfer rate is ideal for use on newer devices such as high megapixel digital cameras to ensure that the cameras save pictures faster and are quickly ready for the next shot CompactFlash cards come in a Type I form factor CompactFlash 3 3 and 5 Volts 50 Type l 36 4 x 42 8 x 3 3 R Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY Kingston offers a wide range of Secure Digital Cards 7 3 SECURE DIGITAL CARDS SD SDHC miniSDHC microSD microSDHC Secure Digital introduced in late 2001 is a second generation derivative of the MultiMediaCard MMC standard see section 7 4 The Secure Digital format includes several important technolo
17. in the mobile phone and pager markets Today they are commonly used in digital cameras MP3 players and other digital devices MMC cards are generally backward compatible with SD cards so they can be plugged into SD slots if the SD cards copy protection management features are not required by the host device Kingston holds a position on the Board of Directors for the MultiMediaCard Association which sets the specifications for MMC In addition MMC cards come in smaller form factors originally called RS MMC Reduced Size MMC or RS MMC DV Reduced Size MMC Dual Voltage The original MMC speci fication was updated from 3 x to 4 x The new 4 x MMC cards are called MMCmobile replaces older RS MMC DV The newer version of MMC cards launched in 2005 by the MultiMedia Card Association supports revision 4 x of the specification and is backward compatible with the older MMC 3 x and RS MMC 3 x cards now discontinued MMC mobile cards offer higher performance than older MMC cards and MMCmobile cards support lower voltage applications to reduce power consumption in portable devices Kings ton has discontinued the older MMC MMCplus and MMC RS 3 x cards and only offers the newer backward compatible MMCmobile cards eee VOLIAGE __PINCOUNT SIZE INMM MMCmobile 1 8 3 3 Volts 8 BAA Kingston Flash Media Readers Flash media readers allow Flash storage devices to be used as portable storage for computers as well as for uplo
18. ng a File Allocation Table FAT or other directory To enable Flash storage devices to conveniently store and access customer files a file management system must be created to allow any device or computer to identify the files stored in the Flash storage device The most common type of file management system for Flash storage devices is the File Kingston s CompactFlash Allocation Table FAT which is also used on hard drives cards have a rated error speahalonar les 5 Reserving some cells for use by the Flash storage devices controller e g for storing than one 1 bit in 000 000 000 000 000 bits read or one 1 bit per 10 bits read firmware updates and other controller specific information 6 Where applicable reserving some cells for special features For example the specification for Secure Digital SD cards requires reserved areas to support special copy protection and security features 3 0 Features of Kingston s Flash Storage Products Kingston s Flash storage devices offer many advantages for both consumer and industrial applications e Flash Storage Device Warranty Kingston warrants that its Flash storage devices are free from defects in material and workmanship for the period specified below SD and CF Cards Lifetime e DataTraveler USB Flash Drives 5 years e MobileLite 9 in microSD and Media Readers 2 years For further details see kingston com company watranty asp Solid State Flash storage
19. s the interface to the host device and handles all the reads from and writes to the Flash chips on the Flash storage device If the host controller is capable of supporting faster data transfer speeds the use of optimized Flash controllers can result in significant time savings when reading or writing data into the Flash memory For example Kingston uses optimized high performance Flash controllers in its Elite Pro Ultimate Flash cards and DataTraveler Hi Speed USB Flash drives e The host device to which the Flash storage device is connected to If the host device computer digital camera cell phones etc is limited to specific read and write speeds using faster Flash storage devices will not deliver higher performance For example using a Hi Speed USB Flash drive on a computer that supports only the slower USB speeds will not result in faster transfers In addition computers need to be properly configured to support faster transfers in both hardware and software In the case of a PC the system board will need to have built in Hi Speed USB 2 0 connectors and the Operating System e g Windows will also need to have the proper USB 2 0 drivers installed in order to be able to support Hi Speed USB transfers For details on USB Performance refer to Appendix A Flash memory product manufacturers provide x speed ratings for Flash cards However due to a lack of industry standards comparing different Flash products may prove difficult
20. specific mapping technology used for data Not AND NAND Flash memory reads and writes in high speed sequential mode handling data in small block sizes pages NAND Flash can retrieve or write data as single pages but cannot retrieve individual bytes like NOR Flash NAND Flash memory is commonly found in solid state hard drives audio and video Flash media devices television set top boxes digital cameras cell phones for data storage and other devices where data is generally written or read sequentially For example most digital cameras use NAND Flash based digital film as pictures are usually taken and stored sequentially NAND Flash is also more efficient when pictures are read back as it transfers whole pages of data very quickly As a sequential storage medium NAND Flash is ideal for data storage NAND Flash memory is less expensive than NOR Flash memory and can accommodate more storage capacity in the same die size Flash memory which stores a single bit per cell e g a value of O or 1 per cell is known as Single Level Cell SLC Flash ingston For operating system R K EC g OLOGY For data storage COMMITTED TO MEMORY CompactFlash cards were the first small form factor Flash memory cards 5 0 Die Stacking and Multi Level Cell Multi Bit Cell Flash technologies In order to economically increase the amount of bit storage that a Flash memory chip can accommodate manufactur
21. ston s high performance Elite Pro Ultimate Flash cards will deliver greater performance over standard Flash cards Similarly all Kingston s DataTraveler USB product family will deliver higher performance on a computer supporting Hi Speed USB transfers Kingston COMMITTED TO MEMORY Please note Some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions and thus is not available for data storage 2008 Kingston Technology Corporation 17600 Newhope Street Fountain Valley CA 92708 USA Printed in the USA MKF 1596 A All rights reserved All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners r20 SGS
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