`Absolute Beginner`s` Guide to
Contents
1. For Debian Mandrake Tcl TK is installed but is not found by the executable because some links to dynamic libraries may not be set correctly Mandrake users have to install grass with the nodeps option because the link is not found by the package manager refer http motivation ru cdrom doc grass en html for details Similar is the case with Suse http op gfz potsdam de GRASS List Archive msg 07619 html 1 2 Basic software Besides GRASS the following software need to be present all these are automatically installed with Linux e C compiler cc gcc egcs etc gcc http www gnu org software gcc gcc html e zlib compression library which is pre installed on most systems and is used for to internally compress GRASS raster files libz http www gzip org zlib e lexical analyzer generator flex flex http www gnu org software flex flex html e parser generator yacc bison bison http www gnu org software bison bison html elibncurses 4 x 5 x pre installed on most systems http www gnu org software ncurses ncurses html ftp ftp gnu org pub gnu ncurses dgm gdbm dbm h GNU dbm is a set of database routines that use extendible hashing and works similar to the standard UNIX dbm routines http www gnu org software gdbm gdbm html e X11 window system for graphical output development libraries X development libraries usually an integral part of the Linux distributions http www xfree org 1 3 Con2. MHISALUUIS WINDOW grass5 0 Qinstall sh should be downloaded from the same site e Cygwin distributions of packages consist of standard UNIX tar gz or tar bz2 files Cygwin s tar gzip bzip2 programs can unpack these files just like in Linux This is one reason for installing Cygwin before attempting to install GRASS Do not use WinZip to unpack tarred and gzipped or bzipped packages Step 4 Download the sunrpc libraries e Get the package sunrpc 4 0 cygwinl bin tar gz from __http grass itc it grass5 binary windows_ cygnus sunrpc or from the Department of Neurology of the Ludwig Maximilians University in M nchen Germany http www nefo med uni muenchen de vog source xbinokel cygnus_nt These are needed for the remote procedure calls a requirement within GRASS Cyegwin e Open a bash shell window in the Cygwin environment and untar the file sunrpc 4 0 cygwin1 bin tar gz untarred from the root directory cd tar xzf sunrpc 4 0 cygwin1 bin tar gz Step 5 Download the precompiled x tcl tk 8 x libraries and executables From http grass itc it grass5 binary windows_cygnus wingrass_xserver Unpack this file from the root directory cd tar xzf xtcltk tar gz Step 6 Actual GRASS installation e Log into the cygwin shell Check for sufficient disk space and file permissions The default installation path of GRASS is usr local grass5 e cd to the directory where GRASSS is saved cd usr local grass5 e Run
3. Absolute Beginner s Guide to A P Pradeepkumar Dept of Geomatics Computer Science and Mathematics FHT Stuttgart Schellingstr 24 Stuttgart 70174 Germany Email anprs110 mars rz fht stuttgart de geo_pradeep hotmail com February 2003 Contents 1 Setting up a Linux system for GRASS 1 1 System requirements 1 2 Basic software 1 3 Configuration of the GRASS system 1 4 Hard disk partitioning in Linux 1 5 BIOS updating Flashing the BIOS 1 6 The complete steps to have GRASS running on Linux Checking file systems Partitions NTFS and Linux ext2 or ext3 Master Boot Record and Lilo Mounting Windows partition in Linux LTOOLS 2 Setting up a Windows Cygwin system for GRASS 2 1 The Cygwin environment in Windows for GRASS StepI Download and install Cygwin tools Step 2 The precompiled X Window XFree86 X11R6 4 System Step 3 Download latest binary distribution of Windows GRASS Step 4 Download the sunrpc libraries Step 5 Download the precompiled x tcl tk 8 x libraries and executables Step 6 Actual GRASS installation Step 7 Starting GRASS 5 0 0 Shell prompt Graphical Problems with starting X Window server Switching between the Windows and X Windows monitor Ending the X Server session Absolute Beginner s Guide to Linux Cygwin GRASS Installation A P Pradeepkumar Dept of Geomatics Computer Science and Mathematics FHT Stuttgart Schellingstr 24 Stuttgart 70174 Germany Email anprs110 mars rz
4. fht stuttgart de geo_pradeep hotmail com Anticipatory bail This guide is not an expert s write up on Linux Cygwin GRASS installation but rather a new user s experience with setting up these systems So there could be far more efficient methods of going about the job than outlined here Acknowledgments to the many excellent tutorials written by GRASS users and developers powered by the Free Software philosophy 1 Setting up a Linux system for GRASS The basic assumption made in this guide is that there is no Linux Cygwin or GRASS existing in your computer So the guide deals with setting up Linux RedHat 7 3 Valhalla 2 4 18 3 Cygwin and GRASS 5 0 0 on a fresh hard disk or on a computer with Windows already installed 1 1 System requirements Ideally a computer destined to have a GRASS system should have at least e An operating systems like Linux Intel Linux PowerPC Solaris SPARC Solarisi86 SGI IRIX HP UX Mac OS X Darwin IBM AIX BSD Unix variants FreeBSD CRAY Unicos 1PAQ Linux handhelds and other UNIX compliant platforms 32 64bit Windows NTFS Cygnus e 200MHz speed processor e 128 256MB RAM e SOMB harddisk space for GRASS e 100MB to 4GB for Linux depending on the applications that are installed besides GRASS e Architectures like Intel x86 Motorola PPC SGI MIPS Sun SPARC Alpha AXP HP PA RISC CRAY e 500MB for data e A good video card ideally with 3D support e Linux from Redhat Debian or Slackware
5. server There are also different options to start the X windows like moving into the usr X11R6 bin directory and starting with startxwin bat or simply with startx or with sh usr X11R6 bin startxwin sh Problems with starting X Window server From the open X windows within the Cygwin environment GRASS can be opened and the tcltkgrass enabled so that the GUI gets enabled as well as the GRASS monitors Problems with starting the X Window Server will most probably be due to wrong path specifications The startxwin bat file will be under usr X11R6 bin The absolute path need to be specified e g C cygwin usr X11R6 bin Similar problems could be encountered while starting the tcltkgrass GUI with the error message libX11 dll not found The solution is to ensure that the path usr X11R6 bin is specified Switching between the Windows and X Windows monitor Switching between the Windows screen and X Windows is achieved by pressing Alt Tab Ending the X Server session with ALT F4
6. to store their individual data e Linux stores most of its files in the usr and root directories e Any new program can be installed into usr local File Options pps jpe e e fa CC dewcdrom iso 9680 NA imnticdrom UB NA fdewtdd auio 1 4 MB imntiloppy J2 0 KB 993 9 idewhdalO 340 4 MB svar 374 6 30 7 idewhdaz 96 7 MB shoot 60 5 MB 16 5 idewhdas 11 5 GB usr 78GB 32o 9 6 GB H GB 35 6 fusmlocal f dewhdas dewhda dewhdad Fig 2 The Linux partitions adopted in the computer The usage statistics are presented for each partition 2 F F fdewhdaS 7 F F F 4 6 GB 4 6 GB 1 4 GB home Amp J a GB 1 4 GB 1 4 GB Of to bY 2 f dit Memory Information Total physical memory 462097 a04 bytes 400 90 MB Free physical memory fool 966 bytes fda MB Shared memory U bytes 0 00 ME Buffer memory J 796 992 bytes 3 71 MB Cached memory oo fd4 2 2 bytes a4 45 ME Total swap memory 1916452 G64 bytes 1 671 04 MB Free swap memory 1 666 005 712 bytes 1 646 49 MB Total memory Physical memory virtual memory cached ram 21 free ratieswap 77 free swap 07T Usegd shared 4 used swap 10 used ram 11 used swap 12 655 02 MB free dd ME free 1 646 43 MB free Fig 3 Memory usage in Linux Screenshot taken when not many programs were running With GRASS running some raster operations on images the physical memory RAM would be completely o
7. an 4000 WE f 12001 hE 10001 ME 4000 WE 000 hE USB devices Windows partition gt Linux partition gt Unknown devices Video cards Disk Information Ct dewhda Windows partition gt IIREY 510 4001 ntfs hda o11 523 102 exti Linux partitions gt hdas g4 2053 12002 ext3 hidad 2054 4665 22056 Extended Adao 034 ga2o 10001 esti hdab 3329 3638 4001 exta ida 3039 4345 4001 exti hdad 4349 4381 1020 linux swap free space accidently left gyer gt 4o02 4603 173 Free space hdad 4604 4794 1498 exti hdall 4793 4064 149 exti 4065 4060 Free space Fig 4 Disk partitions and file types Windows 4GB in yellow and Linux 36GB in blue About 181MB orphan space due to incorrect disk space estimations e Once partitioning for Windows is over the operating systems can be installed I opted to install Linux first but Windows may also be installed first without any problems The Linux installation disks used three CDs of Red Hat Linux 7 3 have to be supplied one after the other the first disk DEN tiw MAY aE LY peta hi 2st iusr JP Stet tiMss VV RULE BVEROKIN 71I GIG VW 5 BE W Uw AWLELEISEL 19 LIVIY UdJDLYL friendly Full installation instructions with screenshots are available at the Redhat site and are really intelligible so I avoid repetition here http www redhat com docs manuals linux RHL 7 3 Manual install guide Master Boot Record and Lilo e Since Linux is being installed first care should be taken to
8. board and the BIOS will support only SCSI hard disks Even if the new IDE hard disk is supported most probably the full capacity of the harddisk will not be recognised by the BIOS In the computer I was using the original hard disk was IDE 4 3GB with a four year old BIOS ASUS P2B S ACPI BIOS Revision 1 006 dated July 16 1999 The new hard disk was of 40GB capacity but the existing BIOS could only recognise it as a 8 2GB harddisk To make the BIOS read the full 40GB the process of upgrading the BIOS had to be done Flashing the BIOS Flashing may have meanings that are not quite close to computing but when it comes to BIOSs it means thrusting an upgrade over the existing software in the BIOS Flash ROM is usually used for system BIOS which initiates hardware devices and sets up necessary parameters for the OS Unlike EPROM which can be erased by only uv light flash ROM can be electrically erased and hence its contents can be modified thus allowing the updating of the BIOS ASUS 2002 Mueller and Soper 2002 For my purpose I downloaded the newest upgrade of the ASUS P2B S ACPI BIOS 7 11 1999 Revision 1 006 it is quite important to know the exact version and dates these can be found by physically opening the computer and examining the BIOS so that the relevant upgrade can be downloaded The software is downloaded to a bootable DOS floppy only DOS6 2 Win95 or 98 which does not contain CONFIG SYS and AUTOEXEC BAT just rename the two
9. c filesystems nodevy rootfs nodey bdev nodev proc nodev sockfs nodev tmpfs nodev shm nodev pipefs ext2 nodev ramfs iso9660 nodev devpts ext3 nodev_ usbdevfs nodev usbfs nodev autofs nodev binfmt_misc vfat ntfs e NTFS is understood and appears in the list To go on to mount the NTFS file system in Linux anprs110 pc21114 pradeep mkdir WinRoot note that this can be any name you wish to give anprs110 pc21114 pradeep mount dev hdal mnt WinRoot t ntfs r o umask 0222 LINE ALU UIA Y UPUYTIDS UL ALIVULLIUL SS ULI VUpuull AUUVY Will LIRVUULIL WIU UID Pritts oivil TLTALTALTA L root root Now the computer is ready for being used as a dual boot one with Windows and Linux Cygwin GRASS can be installed on to the Windows partition and GRASS on to the Linux partition LTOOLS Ltools from FHT Esslingen http www it fht esslingen de zimmerma software Itools html is a very useful tool to read and write Linux ext2 and ext3 filesystems from Windows 3 x 9 x or NT running on the same machine So whenever Cygwin GRASS cannot do an operation like say for example r in gdal but you need the output in your Cygwin GRASS Ltools can be used to copy the results of the same operation done in GRASS under Linux to Windows Cygwin GRASS can then work on that GRASS download and installation in Linux e GRASS can be downloaded from _http grass itc it download html or obtained on CDs http grass itc it acquire html Either the sou
10. ccupied and processing would rely on swap virtual memory NTFS and Linux ext2 or ext3 e Once the decision about the partitions and the sizes are made partitioning can start with FDISK Be aware that Linux cannot easily access NTFS partitions but can access FAT but Windows is now moving away from FAT file systems More importantly GRASS on Windows works only in NTFS not on FAT So it would be better to choose NTFS for the Windows partitions and use some tools LKOBCUSSOYU Tally LO ACCESS UIC VV IIUOWS MECS WULICIIUY Ibis POsslUle LO TIOUTIL COPY 10d alld WHW Windows files into Linux but it is advised not to try to write to NTFS from Linux http linux ntfs sourceforge net info ntfs html 3 2 e Use FDISK to specify the NTFS file system but use Linux s own FIPS or DiskDruid to set up the Linux file systems named etx2 or ext3 while installing Linux e The file systems in the different partitions are shown in Fig 4 There are some free spaces that resulted from incorrect estimation of the disk space requirements Since these free spaces are between two Linux partitions or not consecutive with a Windows partition and also because it was created with Disk Druid it cannot be added to the Windows partitions but can only be taken into Linux X H Hardware Browser CD ROM Drives Floppy Disks Network devices SCS devices Drive fdevihda Geom 4665 295 63 Model WDC WO400BB 00DEA0 Sound cards hdat ida hdas5 toon wo
11. e may be sites from where ready made boot images can be downloaded e Restart the computer boot from floppy go to the BIOS startup sequence if the computer does not boot from the floppy change boot sequence to A CDROM C From the command prompt run FDISK e Partition the disk into two if one C drive for Windows and the remaining for Linux is needed e Carefully decide on the size of the partitions beforehand Windows with the full Office packages and programming languages would take up about 3GB space Then if Cygwin GRASS is to be installed it would require another 400 425MB space Also if some other GIS packages like ArcGIS is to be installed then the Windows partition should have another 1GB of space Additionally space to hold data could be another 1GB especially if dealing with satellite imageries Ideal would be a minimum of 8GB for the Windows partition so that later on there would not be any problems of lack of space e A full system Linux installation Red Hat 7 3 requires 4 3GB space and an additional 5OMB for GRASS But additional requirements like plenty of swap space would be essential if there is a lot of raster processing involved Especially if satellite images are being processed or if large shape files are processed the RAM would not be able to handle the memory requirements and invariably out of memory messages would crop up Closing other programs too may not help All these factors need to be considered befor
12. e setting up the partitions e In short a dual boot computer optimised to handle all types of GIS data from point to vector to raster and large datasets would need at the minimum about 16GB harddisk space e The partitioning scheme adopted by me is shown in Fig 2 this is just something I did and should not be taken as the ideal nevertheless this scheme works also take a look at Stein Gjoen s http www linux org docs Idp howto Multi Disk HOWTO 4 html A 4GB Windows primary partition in hindsight that was too little space and Windows based UID SULEW ALY VJM TUE UY TIOtalin A 36GB Linux partition which is subdivided into 1 The root directory symbolized by 3 8GB too much space 2 The boot directory boot 98 7MB The boot sector requires only minimal space 3 The usr directory usr 11 5GB 4 The usr local dir usr local 9 6GB 5 The var dir var 540 4MB 6 The home directory home 3 8GB could do with more space esp if multiuser 7 The swap dir tmp 1 4GB e Usually swap should be twice the RAM size but as said above when working with GIS and large raster files itis better to have a bigger swap Programs with memory leaks use up RAM The upper limit is 1 5GB See Fig 3 for the details of the memory usage in the computer I was using The home directory stores the users files and often all data including GRASS data Also if multiple users are accessing the computer then home should have space for all
13. figuration of the GRASS system The Linux Windows system that was setup for GRASS Cygwin GRASS in the Fachhochschule Stuttgart had the following hardware installed for running GRASS 5 0 0 Aug 2002 as well as other software e CPU x86 450 MHz Intel Pentium II 512 kb cache e Memory 256MB e Network Card 3Com Etherlink PCI 1OOMB s e Harddisk capacity 40GB e Monitor True color 32 bit 1024x768 refresh rate 7OHz ELSA ECOMO 19 monitor e 3 5 1 44MB floppy drive e SCSI CDROM TEAC CD 532S Fast Ultra SE e Video Card 64MB NV17 GE Force4 MX440 e Sound card Creative SB AWE 64 1 4 Hard disk partitioning in Linux An outline of how to install Linux and GRASS set up a dual booting computer so that the system can have both Linux and Windows as OSs access Windows files from Linux and vice versa is presented here these are my experience better ways must exist Invariably the computer you are going to install GRASS and Linux onto will have Windows as its operating system So it would be a good idea to collect all the relevant information regarding hardware network addresses and settings while Windows is intact From the hardware browser in Windows all relevant information can be obtained One of the more important information to be collected is the horizontal and vertical frequency of the monitor Linux sometimes does not properly identify the monitor and its properties Also you can run the freeware BGInfo in Windows http www sy
14. if the floppy has them I dont know why these two should not be on the floppy Also from the website of the BIOS vendor mine was http www asus com tw inside Techref download to the same floppy the program that will allow you to put the upgrade into the BIOS This software is called a flashing program and the process is called flashing the BIOS Boot from the floppy run the flashing program called AFLASH EXE from the DOS prompt and the BIOS will be updated takes about 5 minutes and is now ready to accept the new high capacity IDE hard disk Now the process of partitioning of the disk and setting up the OSs can be begun 1 6 The complete steps to have GRASS running on Linux Checking file systems e First determine the current operating system and the file system on the computer e g Windows 98 FAT partitions Windows NT NTFS Windows 2000 Professional NTFS or FAT etc e Next check the available disk space For both Windows and Linux full installation plus GRASS to be installed along with data a minimum of 8GB is essential If only a minimal installation is aimed at then lesser space may be sufficient Partitions If there is no essential information on the hard disk then it would be ideal to begin with a clean slate and format the hard disk with FIPS or FDISK FIPS and FDISK can be created on a DOS boot floppy by the DOS commands format a s copy fdisk exe a copy format com a copy autoexec bat a Ther
15. inux Mounting Windows partition in Linux e To get the Windows partition mounted within Linux 1 e to access Windows from Linux and to copy files from Windows into Linux and use it just like any other Linux directory by making the Windows partition appear as another directory in the root directory the Linux kernel driver has to be modified Legal tangles with the status of using the NTFS driver has made RedHat leave the driver out of their Linux kernels The appropriate kernel for the particular hardware and version of Linux can be downloaded from _http linux ntts sourceforge net info redhat html The following information is needed for that Linux release version name kernel and processor type Aur VUTPUEL i Was UUs UAM INOS LIAL LUIUA LUIA J9 Y ALIALA INCLINE VeLOLUI A T 1079 JU All 1686 processor This information can be obtained by anprs110 pc21114 pradeep cat etc redhat release Red Hat Linux release 7 3 Valhalla anprs110 pc21114 pradeep uname r 2 4 18 3 anprs110 pc21114 pradeep rpm q queryformat ARCH n kernel 1686 e Detailed instructions for installation of the driver is available at http linux ntfs sourceforge net info redhat html To check whether the driver is installed after following those instructions anprs110 pc21114 pradeep dmesg grep NTFS NTFS driver v1 1 22 e and to see whether the Linux kernel has understood the new file system anprs110 pc21114 pradeep cat pro
16. n Windows are e Windows NT 4 0 Service Pack3 or higher Windows 2000 Professional or Windows XP Windows 9x and Windows ME are unsupported e Cygwin latest release e NTFS filesystem FAT does not work O LA VV ETI VV DRL VL ALI COCHULL e libraries and additions see below The essential steps before GRASS can run on Windows are enumerated here For more details see http grass itc it grass5 binary windows_cygnus cygwin_grassSObininstall html http sources red hat com cygwin docs html Step1 Download and install Cygwin tools Download Cygwin tools from _http sources redhat com cygwin download html Due to volume limitations Cygwin is only available from mirror sites and during installation the choice of site has to be made Cygwin simulates the Linux environment and provides a Linux like file structure within Windows If in Stuttgart the nearest mirror site for download is ftp ftp stud fht esslingen de pub Mirrors sources redhat com cygwin e The Cygwin tools are required to run Linux compliant applications on Windows From the ftp site download the file setup exe run it and follow the instructions Network Associates formerly McAfee anti virus software should be disabled during setup due to the chances of the system hanging when processing Cygwin s tar bz2 archives e When installing the Cygwin tools all packages or at the minimum the following should be installed these are the packages that are definitely
17. not write the Linux boot loader LILO or GRUB to the Master Boot Record MBR because NTFS will write the NTLoader 1 e the Windows boot loader to the MBR which 1s its default location LILO or GRUB should be written else where may be in the first sector of the root partition http www tldp org HOWTO mini Linux NT Loader html But I have found different opinions about writing or not writing to MBR e After partitioning the hard disk Linux and its associated packages can be installed e Once Linux installation is over Windows can be installed from a bootable CD e To connect to the Novell based LAN network in the Fachhochschule Stuttgart n Windows the Novell Chent v 4 83 programme was used free download from _http download novell com filedist ctrl e Since the MBR will be written over by NTFS the computer will now boot only from Windows But Linux can be added to the boot up menu by using the Free Software BootPart http ourworld compuserve com homepages gvollant bootpart htm The Linux Loader Lilo should be at the beginning of the Linux partition in the root then the Linux partition can be added to menu of the NTloader with BootPart The boot ini file of Windows will now look like this boot loader timeout 30 default multi 0 disk O rdisk O partition 1 WINDOWS operating systems multi O disk O rdisk O partition 1 WINDOWS Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional fastdetect C software bootlinx bin l
18. rce code or the precompiled binaries can be downloaded Also all the manuals can also be downloaded from the same site Installing GRASS on Linux is fairly straight forward unlike on Windows The steps for GRASS binary installation on Linux is detailed here Installation from source is also not complicated e Installation requires that the user be logged in as root Move into the directory where the GRASS binary file has been stored e g usr local and run the shell script grass5 0 Qinstall sh this install shell script also need to be downloaded from the site mentioned above root pc21114 local sh grass5 0 0install sh grass5 0 0package_bin tar gz This will automatically install GRASS files into the appropriate directories Now the GRASS system is ready for use in Linux 2 Setting up a Windows Cygwin system for GRASS 2 1 The Cygwin environment in Windows for GRASS Installing GRASS on Windows is not as easy as on Linux this is due to the fact that GRASS was originally written for UNIX and also due to the fact that most of the users and developers are from the Linux community and work is still on with Cygwin GRASS It is good to know at the outset that GRASS on Windows does not have any resemblance to typical GIS packages on Windows and do not have any extra GUIs Users tend to think that GRASS on Windows will have such a visage Actually its appearance is exactly the same as that in Linux The prerequisites for GRASS installation o
19. required for running GRASS for production use of the Cygwin environment other packages too will be need to be installed e ash bash bzip2 clear cygwin file fileutils findutils gawk gettext grep groff gzip inetutils jpeg less libpng login man ncurses opengl perl readline regex sed sh utils shellutils tar tcltk tesh termcap texinfo textutils tiff time unzip w32api zip zlib The directory for installation should have space for the entire cygwin distribution ISOMB the X Window System 65MB and the GRASS binaries 150MB plus additional space for data storage Step 2 The precompiled X Window XFree86 X11R6 4 System e This is essential for the GRASS graphics display monitors hence the X Server and the X11 libraries have to be installed Download from http sources redhat com cygwin xfree Cygwin XFree86 is a port of XFree86 to the Windows operating systems At least the following packages should be downloaded DLLs fonts Prog twm Xterm Xwin Refer to the XFree install guide for further details Step 3 Download latest binary distribution of Windows GRASS The site is http grass itc it grass5 binary windows_cygnus e Specifically the file GRASSS O O_CYGWIN_NT 4 0_bin tar gz or a newer package should be downloaded It should be noted that all these files are in the gzipped tar format which have to be ULIVALREYU Usually UY tab AAVE 84 URLVi amp e MISLAHUAUVJIH CAO UY OSMTIPEL LUE
20. sinternals com ntw2k freeware bginfo shtml to collect information on IP address netmask address network address hostname gateway address primary and secondary DNS etc Fig 1 These are needed to set up the internet connection Boot Time CPU Default Gateway DHCP Server ONS Server Free Space Host Name IE Version IP Address Logon Domain Logon Server MAC Address Machine Domain Memory Network Card Network Speed Network Type OS Version service Pack snapshot Time subnet Mask system Type User Name Yolumes 9 6 02 11 32 AM 450 MHz Intel Pentium Il 193 196 137 250 none 193 196 136 1 C 1654 70 MB NTFS PC211105 5 50 4807 2300 193 196 137 59 PC211105 PC211105 00 10 54 30 418 44 128 MB 3Com EtherLink PCI 100 Mbis Ethernet Windows NT 4 0 service Pack 5 9 6 02 11 58 AM 255 255 255 0 Workstation anprs110 C1425 GB NTFS Fig 1 BGInfo provides information on most aspects of the computer and the network Note This screenshot is not of the computer in which Linux is installed 1 5 BIOS updating In case the hard disk of the computer that is being used for installing Linux and GRASS is not upto Ue VCAPVEULAUUTIS LL VAIL UY LEVIALeU Wilk A LIU VV HALG UISA DUL UileT US MOJI UL TIVPUTIPAUUIILY between the BIOS and the new hard disk arises This is mostly because older hard disks are SCSI while the newer ones with more capacity are IDE ones Thus the older existing mother
21. the install shell script grassSinstall sh GRASSS 0 0_bin tar gz e This installs GRASS under usr local grass5 and stores the start files under usr local bin All these paths are relative to the Cygwin root therefore C Cygwin or C program files cygwin etc Do not install the file from the root directory of cygwin as this will result in an error e Data to test GRASS e g global_grassSdata tar gz can be downloaded from _http grass itc it data html The data can be unpacked with tar zxvf global_grassSdata tar gz Step 7 Starting GRASS 5 0 0 Shell prompt The GRASS session can be started in the Cygwin shell at the shell prompt without graphics monitors by typing grass5 The remaining steps are exactly the same as for Linux GRASS can be used like this within the Cygwin shell for scripting programming but in this mode it cannot output graphics to the screen Graphical To enable GRASS with graphical output i e with X Window monitors and the graphical user interface tcltkgrass the XFree86 Server has to be started first This can be done by running the X Window Server by double clicking on the startxwin bat file in your usr X11R6 bin directory e In the xterminal that starts up login with login eand type in usrocal bin grass5 e This takes you to the GRASS login screen From here the GRASS session can be begun My experience has been that it is easier to set up the XFree86 X11R6 4 system than the StarNet X
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search