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RCA CDP18S711 Cassette Player User Manual

1. 97 1 Getting Started COSMAC VIP Video Interface Processor CDP18S711 is a complete computer on a single printed circuit card It includes the following RCA CDP1802 Microprocessor 91 instructions 2048 byte RAM Built in hex keyboard modern reliable touchpad type Graphic video display interface standard video output 100 byte per second audio cassette interface Regulated power supply wall pack type Crystal clock Sound circuits for signal tones and games 5 2 byte ROM operating system Comprehensive documentation 20 ready to use video game programs Unique CHIP 8 language 31 easy to use in structions On card RAM expansion up to 4096 bytes On card parallel 1 0 port Connector for extensive external expansion capability COSMAC VIP was designed for home hobby use Just add an inexpensive video display and an audio cassette recorder for program storage You don t need expensive hidden extras such as power supply computer terminal external keyboard or additional RAM COSMAC VIP provides everything needed for years of creative computer fun for the whole family With COSMAC VIP youre immediately ready to play video games experiment with computer art or animation write your own programs with a new language called CHIP 8 or get hands on experience using machine language With COSMAC VIP you can easily create pictures on the display screen and move them
2. 41 3 VER Wipe 42 4 VIP Space Intercept 04 20201 0 0 0000 0 43 5 VIP 4096 Bit Picture 44 6 VIP Figure Shooting at Moving Target 45 7 VIP Tick Tack Toe 46 8 VIP Spooky Spot 48 9 VIP Jackpot p 49 10 VIP Ra e 51 11 VIP Card Matching 52 12 VIP Armored Vehicle 54 13 VIPHEL0 EG m 56 14 VIP Hex quem 57 15 DE TS a aai irent 58 16 VIP A Ma Zing 60 17 VIP 62 18 VIP Shooting Stars 63 19 VIP Strike 9 64 20 VIP Card Game like the well known acey ducey 66 Appendix E Logic Diagrams 67 Fig E 1 Microprocessor and Display Interface Circuits 68 Fig E 2 ROM Circuits and Expansion Interface
3. O FIRST BYTE SYNC A OUTPUT OF U14A B OUTPUT FROM CASSETTE TAP IN PAD ON CARD C OUTPUT OF U14B WAVEFORMS SHOWN FOR PANASONIC MODEL RO 413S RECORDER 32 Cassette Recording Guidelines 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 Use high quality tape Maxell UD or equivalent Use shortest tapes possible You can shorten tapes to several minutes in length if you enjoy splicing Keep heads and pinch rollers clean Keep heads aligned for tape interchangeability Avoid recording too close to beginning of tape Make sure cassette is properly seated in recorder If you have trouble with a cassette try others You can have a had spot on tape or a warped cassette Highest setting of tone control is usually best Set recorder volume control so that TAPE light glows steadily on playback This setting should be lower than highest volume setting Excessive TAPE light flickering indicates a bad tape or misaligned heads A dirty recorder volume control can cause tape dropouts Make sure cassette connection plugs make good contact Rewind cassettes before removing them from recorder Store cassettes in dust proof containers Avoid exposing cassettes to heat or magnetic fields Before recording wind cassette to one end and fully rewind Cassette recorders will give you problems once in a while they don t like certain cassettes etc If one gives you problems most of the ti
4. 160 98 32 67 AB 2B 8B B8 168 32 43 7B 28 30 44 D3 OQ J UJ UJ O QO Hj OO O O J Hy D ngawr Hy Ds 8070 69 DC D7 D7 D7 D7 170 OA 3B 76 F8 20 7 78 8078 D7 A6 D4 DC BE 32 F4 FB 178 FF 01 3A 78 39 6E 7A 8080 0A 32 EF DC AE 3D 85 8088 FB 32 C2 9E FB OF 188 8F FF 01 3A 87 17 9C 8090 8F F8 6F AC F8 40 B9 93 190 35 90 30 82 D3 E2 9C 8098 F6 DC 29 99 3A 97 F8 10 198 2F 22 8F 52 62 E2 E2 80A0 A7 F8 08 A9 46 B7 93 FE 1A0 98 F8 04 A8 88 4 80A8 DC 86 AD 2E 97 F6 B7 80B0 DC 29 89 3A AD 17 87 F6 1A8 04 A8 36 A7 88 31 AA 180 FA OF 52 30 94 00 00 80B8 DC BE 3A 9E DC 69 26 D4 1B8 00 D3 DC FE FE FE FE 80 0 30 CO F8 83 AC F8 OA B9 80C8 DC 33 C5 29 99 C8 DC 8000 3B CF F8 09 A9 A7 97 76 8008 B7 29 DC 89 D6 87 F6 80E0 33 E3 7B 97 56 16 86 3A 80 8 CF BE CF 30 BD DC 80F0 16 04 30 EF D7 D7 D7 56 80F8 D4 16 30 F4 00 00 00 00 1 0 DC BE F1 30 B9 04 1C8 AA F8 05 AF 4A 5D 8D 100 08 AD 2F CC 8D 30 C5 D3 22 06 D 3 96 52 F8 06 D 02 F6 F6 F6 F6 A 2 OF D5 BE F6 AE EA 10 10 30 EA 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 22 61 9E 8180 30 78 D3 F8 10 1 8 8 8
5. F4 56 76 E6 F4 B9 56 45 OE8 32 DF 2F 30 E5 00 42 B5 1E8 F2 56 04 45 AA 86 FA OF OFO 42 A5 D4 8D A7 87 32 AC 1F0 BA 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 OF8 2A 27 30 5 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 EO 00 4B eom gt 36 CHIP 8 Memory CHIP 8 LANGUAGE INTERPRETER 0000 O1FF User programs using CHIP 8 instruction set 1184 bytes available in 2048 byte system CHIP 8 stack 48 bytes max for up to 12 levels of subroutine nesting 256 byte RAM area for display refresh OX Highest on card RAM page 07 for 2048 byte system OY OX 1 06 for 2048 byte system Location Reserved for CHIP 8 INTERPRETER work area RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual CDP1802 Register Use for CHIP 8 Interpreter DMA pointer page for display refresh INTERRUPT routine program counter R2 Stack pointer R3 INTERPRETER subroutine program counter R4 CALL subroutine program counter R5 CHIP 8 instruction program counter R6 VX pointer R6 1 must not be changed R7 VY pointer available for machine language subroutines R8 Timers R8 1 timer R8 0 tone duration Random number 1 in INTERRUPT routine I pointer RB Display page pointer RB 1 0X RC Available RD Available RE Available RF Available Appendix CHIP 8 Interpreter CHIP 8 Operating System Standard Digit Display Format HEX ROM BITS DIGIT ADDRESS BYTE 76543210 E 8110
6. To use the operating system hold key C down on the hex keyboard when you flip RUN up You will hear a tone Release key C and you re ready to use the operating system After selecting the operating system you can do four different operations as shown in the following table KEY OPERATION 0 MW Memory Write A MR Memory Read F TW Tape Write TR B Tape Read For any of these operations you must first enter a memory address Enter the 4 hex digits of any memory address using the hex keyboard most significant digit first You will see the address at the lower left of the screen and the byte contained in that address at the lower right Remember that addresses and bytes are always entered and shown in hex form Suppose you entered 0200 You will see 0200 at the bottom left of the screen and the byte stored at 0200 at the lower right Memory Write If you want to change this byte press the 0 key Now press two digits of the new byte most significant digit first and it will be stored at 0200 replacing the original byte You will see this change on the screen If you enter another byte it will be shown and stored at the next higher address in sequence 0201 in this example You can load any sequence of bytes directly from the hex keyboard in this manner If you make a mistake flip RUN down With key C pressed flip RUN back up Enter the address at which you made the error Press key 0 and resume entering your program Note
7. CD4515 12 B 132 gt BUSO 9 BUS BUS BUS I BUS 2 BUS 2 BUS 3 BUS 3 BUS 4 BUS 4 BUS 5 BUS 5 BUS 6 BUS 6 BUS 7 BUS Fig E 3 Keyboard Decoding Audio Oscillator and Cassette Interface Circuits Appendix Logic Diagram s 0 0 pe SND 8 65 8 TES I HI E mm SOCKET ONLY 4 1 12 13 14 WEB BUS O 71 urrY H 4 BUS Fig E 4 RAM Circuits BUS 2 BUS 3 BUS 4 BUS 5 BUS 6 BUS 7 92CM 30329 VIP Instruction Manuel BYTE 1 0 INTERFACE DOH THREE LN 5 a Py 4 a lt Dr s TN i 22K D LEDI POWER LLL um 2 14 99 721 523 ADDED 2 30 oe RON U24 5 RUN ADDING PERMITS 24 24 8 10 VOC EXTERNAL 5V 2 55 2 V POWER SUPPLY NEVER APPLY S ADDED 4 NOT SUPPLIED WITH 18571 Buso m 55 55 He ag FEEIT 5 pss T ri eee aS E p BUS Fig E 5 Power Supply Circuit and Byte Input Output Interface 72 VIP Instruction Manual BYTE 1 0 INTERFACE 2990009900079000 ADDED amp MZ4 O De es A A T 4 Di NG CR3 Q are 2 9 K NOT SUPPLIED WITH 185711 92CM 30340 Fig E 5 Power Supply Circult and Byte Input Output Interface App
8. 1 Manually operated photoelectric paper tape strip reader Only requires a tape guide and 8 photocells Scanning circuit tor multiple input lines from sensing devices using CD4515 IC 3 Full alphanumeric keyboard 4 Low cost printer 5 Multi digit numeric display 6 Calculator chip 7 Individual photocells or switches 8 Output relays to control solenoids bells whistles sirens lights or motors 9 Sound generating circuits that can be controlled by program 10 Analog to digital input circuits 11 Read Only Memory for fixed program 12 Digital to analog output circuits 13 Alpha wave monitor input to control pictures on TV or output devices 14 Temperature or pressure sensing devices 15 Computer terminal 16 second hex keyboard for multi player video games V1 Expansion Considerations and Connections 25 Table III External Option Terminal Connections See Fig E 2 Appendix E Pin Signal Description A MWR Negative going memory write pulse Early B TPA timing pulse for M address clocking etc MAO D MAI E MA2 Memory address lines High order address byte F appears on these lines during TPA time MA4 followed by low order address byte 1 MAS K MA6 L M BUSO BUSI BUS 2 R 8053 8 bit 2 way tri state data bus 5 BUS 4 T BUS 5 U 8956 8057 MRD Low for memory read machine cycles X CS Chip select for operating system Y 45V Optio
9. 69 Fig E 3 Keyboard Decoding Audio Oscillator and Cassette Interface Circuits sees eee 70 Fig E 4 RAM Circuits 71 Fig E 5 Power Supply Circuit and Byte Input Otaput Interface 72 Appendix Board Layout Parts List and Assembly Instructions 73 1 Printed Circuit Board Layout 74 2 Parts List for COSMAC VIP CDP188711 75 3 COSMAC VIP Expansion Notes 2 2 4 0 1 setas tassa seta seta sna 77 a Soldering PC Board 77 b Voltage Regulator Option 77 c Additional 2048 Byte RAM Option 77 Appendix Data Sheets ccscccsscssessssssscssssssesesssscssscsssesssssssesesssessssessnessseeseesseesssssessscesees 79 CDP 1832 512 Word x 8 Bit Static Read Only Memory 81 CDP 1861 Video Display Controller Video Interface 85 CDP 1802 COSMAC Microprocessor
10. One solution to your video display need is a commercial video monitor having a suitable input not rf or antenna input Another option is your TV receiver used with a relatively inexpensive FCC approved modulator Do not use a standard TV receiver with the VIP output connected to the VHF or UHF antenna terminals Do not use transformerless TV receivers Turning It On After attaching a suitable video display apply power Make sure the RUN switch is in the down or reset position Hold hex key C down while you flip the RUN switch up You should hear a tone with key C pressed and the Q light should be on When you release key C the tone and Q light should both go off The tone occurs whenever the Q light is on You should now see a random pattern of small square spots on the display Push hex keys 8008 in sequence and you should see 8008 at the bottom left of the screen and 64 at the lower right Adjust your display controls for the best picture white spots on a black background You can experiment with changing the values of RI R2 and R4 on the COSMAC VIP card to improve picture quality although this step shouldn t be necessary Certain modulators work better with an R4 of 1 kilohm instead of 200 ohms If you don t get video picture refer to Section for troubleshooting hints After completing the above set up procedure you are ready to enter and run programs on your COSMAC VIP The COSMAC VIP operating system explained
11. select the Memory Write mode Now enter the beeper program one byte at a time using the hex keyboard Flip RUN down to reset the computer Flip RUN up to execute the beeper program you just loaded into locations 0000 OOOC You can load and run any COSMAC VIP program in this manner For most of the game programs you will first have to load the CHIP 8 interpreter Appendix C into locations 0000 OIFF followed by the game program starting at location 0200 Tape Write Any program you load into memory will be lost when you turn off power Unless it is safely stored you will have to key it in by hand again the next time you want to use it The cassette interface is provided so that after keying in a program you can then record it on an audio cassette and when you want to use the program again all you have to do is play it back into the memory from the cassette This playback usually takes less than 30 seconds The COSMAC VIP cassette interface was designed to work with most standard audio cassette recorders Panasonic models RQ 309DS RQ 212D and RQ 413S have yielded satisfactory results as has the Sony RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual TC 150 In general better quality recorders provide more reliable operation Your tape recorder must have an 8 ohm earphone or external speaker jack and a microphone input jack Connect the cassette recorder to the COSMAC VIP tape in tape out pads on the right hand side of the card as shown in the cass
12. to load into memory from the cassette The tape recorder tone control should be set to maximum high The volume control should be set for a steadily glowing tape light when data is being read from the tape The screen will go blank while the program is loaded from the tape into memory It will show the last byte loaded into memory at the end of loading If the Q light and tone come on while a tape is being read an error occurred Flip RUN down rewind the cassette and try again You may ave to readjust the cassette volume control Be sure that the cassette contains at least as many pages as you specify to be loaded For most of the game programs load the CHIP 8 interpreter program Appendix C into 0000 11 VIP Operation O1FF then load game program starting at 0200 Record a cassette from 0000 to the end of the game program When you load this tape starting at 0000 you will be ready to play the game Testing Your Cassette System Test your cassette system by entering the beeper program at 0000 Appendix A Store 25 at 06 Now record 7 pages on a cassette starting at 0000 Load these 7 pages back into memory from the cassette starting at 0000 If no errors occur you should see 06FF 25 the screen after loading is complete Flip RUN down then up and the beeper program should be running After recording and checking a program cassette you can break out the tabs at the top of the cassette to pre
13. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 lt 34 Operating System Register Table Memory Register Address Byte 0 0 OXBI 0 2 0 3 R3 0 0 4 4 0 0 5 5 0 0 6 6 0 0XB7 R7 0 OXB8 R amp 0 0XB9 R9 0 RA O OXBB 0 0 0 RD 0 RE O OXBF 0 RCA VIP Instruction Manual Memory Register Address Byte 0XCO 0 0XC2 0XC3 R3 1 4 0XC5 R5 1 0XC6 R6 1 0XC7 R7 1 0 8 R8 1 0 9 R9 1 0 RB 1 0 RD 1 07 for 2048 byte RAM 0B for 3072 byte RAM for 4096 byte RAM R5 CHIP 8 language program counter RA CHIP 8 language I pointer R3 Machine Language Subroutine Program Counter Operating System Summary 1 RUN up with key pressed selects operating system at 8000 2 Enter four digit address followed by mode digit A 0 B F MR Memory Read MW Memory Write TR Tape Read TW Tape Write CDP1802 microprocessor registers are stored as shown in table above They may be examined after a program is run by using operating system mode A 4 Mode 0 can be used to insert temporary stops in a program for debugging purposes Insert a branch to itself instruction at the desired stopping point 5 The operating system uses the top 84 bytes of RAM Avoid using these byte locatio
14. COS MOS RAM for U10 you can use the signal on pad X to select it Remove 010 when substituting an external ROM If you do use an external ROM for your own operating system you may no longer be able to use the CHIP 8 interpreter because it requires some of the operating system subroutines The expansion interface pads provide access to all CDP1802 signals so that you can add any desired external circuits Only 5 out of the possible 14 CDP1802 input output instructions are used internally so that you can externally decode the NO N1 and N2 lines and use them with MRD to obtain the use of the remaining 9 input output instruction codes You can COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual also latch high order address bits to select external devices if desired When using external circuits to generate DMA requests interrupt requests or input flag signals isolate these signals with 1N914 diodes as shown for EF3 and EF4 in the optional parallel input output port logic Refer to the User Manual for the CDPI802 COSMAC Microprocessor MPM 201A for specific examples of input output attachment techniques Some Expansion Ideas The August and September 1976 issues of Popular Electronics contain descriptions of a COSMAC ELF microcomputer using the CDP1802 These articles illustrate some input output attachment techniques The following lists some things that with some exercise of your ingenuity could be added to your system at relatively low cost
15. between 00 and FF by a 15 instruction This timer 15 automatically decremented by one 60 times per second until it reaches 00 Setting it to FF would require about 4 seconds for it to reach 00 This timer can be examined with a FX07 instruction A FX18 instruction causes a tone to be sounded for the time specified by the value of VX A value of FF would result in a 4 second tone The minimum time that the speaker will respond to is that corresponding to the variable value 02 A FX33 instruction converts the value of VX to decimal form Suppose 1 0422 and V9 A7 A F933 instruction would cause the following bytes to be stored in memory 0422 01 0423 06 0424 07 Since A7 in hex equals 167 in decimal we see that the 14 VIP Instruction Manual Table I CHIP 8 Instructions Instruction Operation IMMM Go to OMMM BMMM Go to OMMM VO 2MMM Do subroutine at must end with 00 Return from subroutine 3XKK Skip next instruction if VX KK 4XKK Skip next instruction if VX n e KK 5 0 Skip next instruction if VX VY 9 0 Skip next instruction if VX n e VY EX9E Skip next instruction if VX Hex key LSD Skip next instruction if VX n e Hex key LSD 6XKK Let VX KK CXKK Let VX Random Byte KK Mask 7XKK Let VX VX 8 0 Let VX VY 8XYI Let VX VX VY VF changed 8XY2 Let VX VX amp VY VF changed 8 4 Let VX VX VY VF 00 if VX VY Le
16. output is provided by the unique CDP1861 video display interface IC U2 in Fig E 1 Refer to the CDP1861 data sheet in Appendix G for a description of its operation This chip provides one of the lowest cost and most useful display interface capabilities available for any microcomputer The values of the resistors RI and R4 in Fig E 1 of Appendix E connected to output pins 6 and 7 of U2 can be adjusted for best results with your video display 61 and 69 machine language instructions are used to generate the required on and off pulses for U2 The down position of the RUN switch resets the internal U2 circuits When a program is initiated by flipping RUN up U2 will remain off until a 69 instruction is executed No CDP1802 interrupt or requests are generated by U2 until it 15 turned on by a 69 instruction U I and U2 are both driven by the same clock They must remain in sync to provide proper operation of the display In general the logic of this system has been kept simple and straight forward by the use of software to replace hardware This design not only yields a low cost system but one that should prove extremely reliable because of the reduced number of components that can cause failures This system will not become obsolete for a long time RAM ROM and microprocessor are all state of the art devices and not obsolescent types that are about to be replaced by better ones The cassette and video interfaces are optimum for long
17. signals They should swing between ground and 4 or 5 volts If you see a logic signal at some intermediate voltage like 1 or 2 volts check the source IC Once you get the operating system running over 9090 of the hardware will be operating properly There are no critical adjustments to be made or maintained All system timing 15 controlled by the crystal clock With reasonable care your COSMAC VIP system should run for years without any problems 29 Appendix A Test and Operating Data Byte Pattern for Displaying COSMAC The following figure shows how the word COSMAC would be formed by spots or bits on the display screen EE BYTE hke BYTE BYTE 2 BYTE 3 4 5 BIT 7 The following bytes when loaded into memory will cause the word COSMAC to be shown on the display in a 2048 byte RAM system Start pattern of bytes at location OFOO in a 4096 byte system 0700 F9 F3 E6 CF 9F 00 00 00 0708 81 12 07 C8 90 00 00 00 0710 81 13 ES 4F 90 00 00 00 0718 81 10 24 48 90 00 00 00 0720 FO F3 E4 48 9F 00 00 00 0728 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Beeper Program This machine language program flashes the Q light and beeps at a rate determined by the byte at location 0002 Change this byte for faster or slower rates 0000 7A F8 OF BF 2F 9F 3A 04 0008 31 00 7B 30 01 00 00 00 30 Cassette Attachment Diagram SHIELD Cassette Phase Test For best r
18. simulate a variety of sliding block type puzzles on the screen BOMBS AWAY Show a moving ship at the bottom of the screen Try to hit the ship by releasing bombs from a moving plane at the top of the screen 18 25 PROGRAMMED SPOT Introduce children to programming concepts by letting them preprogram the movements of a spot or object on the screen RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual The next section will discuss machine language programming You can even combine machine language subroutines with CHIP 8 programs if desired IV Machine Language Programming VIP Machine Coding For a complete description of machine language instructions refer to the User Manual for the CDP1802 COSMAC Microprocessor MPM201A Your COSMAC VIP computer incorporates the following special machine language input and output instructions CODE OPERATION 69 Turn display on Bus gt MX D 6B Input port byte MX D Optional 61 Turn display off MX gt Bus RX 1 62 MX LSD gt Hex keyboard latch RX 1 63 MX gt Output port RX 1 Optional 64 MX gt Bus RX 1 One 64 instruction is always executed by the Operating System It can also be used in expanded systems if desired Instructions 65 66 67 6A 6C 6D 6E and 6F are also available for use in expanded systems The External Flag lines are used as follows FLAG USE EFI Generated by the video interface CDPI861 EF2 Serial data from cassette player EF3 Hex key presse
19. the random bit pattern on the screen above the hex display This pattern is the binary data 10 contained in last 256 byte page of on card RAM If you have a 2048 byte RAM you are seeing locations 0700 7FF on the screen Bit 7 of the byte at 0700 is in the upper left comer Try storing a sequence of eight AA bytes followed by eight 55 bytes starting at location 0700 Keep repeating this sequence to draw a checkerboard pattern on the screen There are 32 rows of spots on the screen Each row represents 8 memory bytes 64 bits Locations 0700 0707 are shown in the top row 0708 070F in the next row down Draw a bit map on paper and you can construct pictures on the TV screen by entering the proper byte sequences The byte pattern for displaying the word COSMAC is shown in Appendix A Memory Read Suppose you wish to examine the contents of a memory location Flip RUN up while pressing key C Enter the address of the location you want to examine Press key A for the Memory Read mode You will see the memory address and the byte stored at that address on the screen Press any hex key to step through memory and see the contents Memory locations examined are left unchanged If a program doesn t run properly you can use this mode to verify that it was stored correctly in memory You can now enter and run the short beeper program shown in Appendix A Flip RUN up with key C pressed Release key C and enter address 0000 Press key 0 to
20. uses the operating system refresh interrupt routine contained in ROM for display You can use this ROM interrupt routine for 256 byte display in your own machine language programs First initialize R1 to 8146 and R2 as a stack pointer before turning on the video interface with a 69 instruction Set the desired display page into RB 1 This interrupt routine uses RO as the display refresh pointer and modifies RB 0 R8 1 and R8 0 are decremented by 1 during each interrupt unless they are equal to 00 Interrupts occur 60 times per second when the video interface is turned on This rate is controlled by a crystal clock so that R8 0 and R8 1 can be used as real time clocks when needed RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual While the video interface 15 turned on you should not use any of the 3 machine cycle CDP1802 instructions except those used for sync in the refresh interrupt routine itself If you are not using the video interface then you can use the CDP1802 3 cycle instructions in your machine language programs When you initiate a machine language program at 0000 by flipping RUN up the video interface will be off You must turn it on with a 69 instruction to use the COSMAC VIP graphic display capability Machine Language Programming Summed Up In summary COSMAC VIP provides you with an easy to use language called CHIP 8 You can insert machine language subroutines in CHIP 8 programs for greater flexibility or expanded 1 0 capability Y
21. 01 if VX VY gt FF 8XY5 Let VX VY VF 00 if VX VF 01 if VX g e VY FX07 Let VX current timer value Let VX hex key digit waits for any key pressed 5 Set timer VX 01 1 60 second FX18 Set tone duration VX 01 1 60 second AMMM Let FXIE Let I I VX FX29 Let I 5 byte display pattern for LSD of VX FX33 Let MI 3 decimal digit equivalent of VX I unchanged FX55 Let MI 0 I I X 1 FX65 Let V0 VX MI I I X 1 00 0 Erase display all 0 s DXYN Show n byte MI pattern at VX VY coordinates I unchanged MI pattern is combined with existing display via EXCLUSIVE OR function VF 01 if a 1 in MI pattern matches 1 in existing display 0MMM Do machine language subroutine at OMMM subroutine must end with D4 byte three RAM bytes addressed by I contain the decimal equivalent of the value of V9 If 1 20327 a F355 instruction will cause the values of VO V1 V2 and V3 to be stored at memory locations 0327 0328 0329 and 032A If 120410 F265 instruction would set V0 V1 and V2 to the values of the bytes stored at RAM locations 0410 0411 and 0412 FX55 and FX65 let you store the values of variables in RAM and set the values of variables to RAM bytes A sequence of variables VO to VX is always transferred to or from RAM If X 0 only VO is transferred The 8XYI 8XY2 and 8XY4 and 8XY5 instructions perform logic and binary arithmetic operations on tw
22. 021 0250 6AFO VA FO 0216 7301 V3 01 0252 8A22 VA VA amp V2 0218 3300 SKIP V3 00 0254 6BOF VB OF 021A 1208 GO 0208 0256 8282 2 25 021 6380 V3 80 0258 3A00 SKIP VAEQ 00 021E A200 1 0200 025A 7101 V1 01 0220 F31E 025C 6BIF VB 1F 0222 F065 025E 8182 V1 V1 amp VB 0224 4000 SKIP VO NE 00 0260 D121 SHOW 1MIGVIV2 0226 121C GO 021C 0262 8A10 1 0228 7301 V3 01 0264 6 1 VB 1F 022A 4300 SKIP V3 NE 00 0266 8B25 VB VB V2 022C 121C GO 021C 0268 DAB1 SHOW 1MI VAVB 022E 2232 DO 0232 026A 6A3F VA 3F 0230 121E GO 021E 026C 8A15 VA VA VI 0232 4002 SKIP VO NE 02 026E DABI SHOW 1MIQVAVB 0234 72FF V2 FF 0270 8B20 VB V2 0236 4004 SKIP VO NE 04 0272 DAB1 SHOW 1MIQVAVB 0238 71FF 0274 RET 023A 4006 SKIP VO NE 06 0276 0180 0278 0000 Appendix D Video Games 2 VIP Video Display Drawing Game This program uses the CHIP 8 INTERPRETER at 0000 01 A flashing spot appears in the upper left corner of the screen You can move the spot by holding key 2 4 6 or 8 Press key 5 and you can draw a picture with the spot Press key 0 and the spot can be moved without drawing or used to erase a previously drawn line 0245 024E is a list of 0200 A245 1 0245 0202 F965 VO V9 MI 0204 A24F 1 024 0206 0236 MLS 0236 0208 OOEO ERASE 020 F915 TIME V9 NA 1 SKIP V
23. 04 00 148 5A 30 40 4E F6 050 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 150 56 2A 2A 04 00 22 86 52 058 01 01 01 01 01 00 01 0 158 F8 FO A7 07 5A 87 F3 17 060 00 7C 75 83 88 95 87 160 5B 12 04 22 86 52 068 BC 91 EB A4 D9 70 99 05 168 F8 FO A7 0A 57 87 F3 17 070 06 FA 07 BE 06 FA 3F F6 170 6B 12 04 15 85 22 078 F6 F6 22 52 07 FE 178 73 95 52 25 45 5 86 FA 080 FE FE AC 9B 45 FA 80 OF B5 D 5 E6 F3 3A 82 088 OF AD A7 F8 DO A6 93 AF 188 15 15 D 5 E6 F3 3A 88 AE 190 04 45 07 30 45 07 30 098 3 AF 2E 0A8 56 16 30 8E 00 F8 DO 198 84 E6 62 26 45 36 88 1A0 04 88 04 F8 FO A7 E 1 8 45 F4 5 86 OF B2 D F 090 87 32 F3 27 4A BD 9E 2 D E 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lt OBO 93 A7 8D 32 09 06 F2 180 01 B5 04 45 56 D4 45 088 2D 32 F8 01 A7 46 F3 1B8 E6 F4 56 04 45 FA OF 0 0 5C 02 FB 07 32 D2 1C 06 1 0 C4 07 56 D4 22 F8 D3 0C8 F2 32 CE F8 01 A7 06 F3 1 8 73 F9 FO 52 E6 07 D2 060 5C 2 16 8C FC 08 100 56 F8 FF A6 F8 00 7E 56 OD8 B3 F8 FF A6 87 56 2 04 108 04 19 89 AE 93 BE 99 EE 9B BF F8 FF AF 93 5F
24. 11 80 F 8112 13 80 C 8114 15 80 16 80 17 80 B 8118 FO 19 50 70 1B 50 0 811C FD 1D 50 50 50 5 8120 21 80 2 8122 23 10 6 8124 25 80 8 8126 27 90 9 8128 F 29 90 3 812A 2B 10 2 20 10 812 ZF 90 0 8130 F 31 90 32 90 33 90 7 8134 35 10 36 10 37 10 38 10 1 8139 60 3A 20 3B 20 20 30 70 4 813 0 40 EG 41 20 VIP Instruction Manual CHIP 8 User Notes 1 Do not use any of the CDP1802 three cycle 5 R7 RC RD RE and RF can be used as machine language instructions in CHIP 8 working registers in machine language programs i 4 subroutines Changing other registers can cause 2 CDP1802 R5 is used as the CHIP 8 instruction the CHIP 8 interpreter to malfunction counter It will he addressing the byte following a OMMM instruction for machine language EE eae nad gelu DA UN RAM subroutines and can be used to pass 2 byte parameters Refer to the operating system register table in Appendix B to examine this register during CHIP 8 program debugging Lu Su Ml 7 Program bugs can destroy the CHIP 8 in terpreter at locations 0000 01FF If you suspect that this has happened reload the interpreter 8 The CHIP 8 interpreter uses subroutines and digit patterns contained in the operating system 4 ROM If you modify this operating sys
25. 22 uF 16 V Electrolytic 470 pF 500 V Disc 33 pF 10 1 kV Continued on next page 76 COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual 2 Parts List for RCA COSMAC VIP CDP18S711 Continued Type Number Qty Description Resistors Supplied 1 4 W except as noted RI 1 3 3 K ohm R3 R5 RIS 6 R33 7 10 K ohm R39 R40 R2 R17 2 K ohm R6 RI4 R19 R20 R22 R30 R36 28 22 K ohm R41 R47 R18 R21 2 100 ohm R31 R32 R37 R38 470 ohm R50 R34 1 100 K ohm R35 R49 3 1 megohm R52 R48 1 10 ohm 1 2 W R51 1 4 7K ohm R4 1 200 ohm Miscellaneous Supplied IN914 CRI through 5 Diode CR5 HP5082 4494 3 Red LED 1 3 521280 MHz Crystal 7 101 8 0 30 SI 1 SPDT Toggle Switch C amp K E7807 1 Panel Dress Nut for Switch C amp K 185022 1 Printed Circuit Board M 1651 0 1 Keyboard Centralab 1 Cover Thermoplastic 7 Rubber Feet C931802 4 18 Pin IC Socket 932402 1 24 Pin IC Socket C934002 1 40 Pin IC Socket CDP18S023 1 Power Supply Regulated 5 V dc 600 mA 110 V 50 60 Hz 6 Cable Straps 1 Speaker JLJ2 2 44 Pin Connector MPM 201 1 User Manual for CDP1802 COSMAC Microprocessor MPM 920 1 Instruction Summary for the CDP 1802 COSMAC Microprocessor VIP 311 1 RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual Connectors cables hardware Miscellaneous Optional LAD66A2CD 1 Heat Sink IERC 2 4 40 1 4 Binder Hd Machine Screws and Nuts 7805 U28 1 Voltage Regulator Appendix Board Layout Parts List and Assembly Instructions 77 3 COSMAC VIP E
26. 3 NE KEY 8030 VO V3 021 4 SKIP V4 NE KEY 8040 VO V4 0220 4000 5 0222 123C GO 023C 0224 1 SKIP V5 NE KEY 0226 72FF 2 020C FA07 VA TIME 020 SKIP VA 00 0210 120C GO 020 0212 0121 SHOW 1MIGV1V2 0214 SKIP VF EQ 00 0216 D121 SHOW 1MIGVIV2 18 A Cd 41 initial values VO V9 In this program locations 0300 03FF are used for the picture After drawing a picture you can change M 0208 from OOEO to 120A Write locations 0000 03FF 4 pages to tape to save your picture When you load these four pages back into memory you will see your original picture Changing the instruction in the program to 120A prevents your picture from being erased when the program is started 0228 6 1 SKIP V6 NE KEY 022A 1 E7TAI S amp IP V7 NE KEY 022E 7101 V1 01 0230 1 SKJP V8 NE KEY 0232 7201 v2 01 0234 120A GO 020A 023C D121 SHOW 1MI V1V2 023E 4 SKIP VF NE 00 0240 D121 SHOW 1MI V1V2 0242 1224 GO 0224 0244 0100 N H o0 N O Ei gt 67 Appendix Logic Diagrams Fig E 1 Fig E 2 Fig E 3 Fig E 4 Fig E 5 Microprocessor and Display Interface Circuits RO
27. 69 F8 0020 04 B4 F8 00 A4 94 B7 84 0028 7A E2 F8 00 A5 F8 FF 0030 A6 85 57 94 BA 84 AA 8A 0038 52 87 F3 3A 45 9A 52 97 0040 F3 3A 45 30 47 86 5A 1A 0048 9A 52 94 FC 04 F3 3A 37 0050 07 52 85 F3 3A 6C F8 FF 0058 A5 93 A6 31 60 7B 30 31 0060 17 97 52 94 FC 04 F3 3A 0068 29 7A 30 6A 7B 30 6D 00 0070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0078 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Appendix Operating System Operating System Listing The following shows the machine language code for 8000 81FF This listing can be used to verify the the ROM operating system ROM is addressed at contents of the ROM if required 8000 F8 80 B2 F8 08 A2 E2 D2 100 30 39 22 2A 3E 20 24 8008 64 00 62 F8 FF Al F8 8010 OF Bl F8 AA 1 01 AA 8018 32 22 91 FF Bl 8020 30 12 36 28 DO 8028 El F8 00 73 3A 8030 29 F8 D2 73 8 8038 A0 91 BO F8 73 8040 20 20 40 FF FB 8048 82 3A 3E 92 A3 8050 D3 90 B2 BB B 8058 B4 B5 B7 BA Al 8060 F8 AF A2 F8 A4 F8 C6 8068 A5 F8 BA A7 Al AC E2 108 26 28 2E 18 14 1C 10 110 FO 80 FO 80 FO 80 80 18 FO 50 70 50 FO 50 50 120 FO 80 FO 10 FO 80 FO 128 FO 90 FO 10 FO 10 FO 130 FO 90 90 90 FO 10 10 138 10 60 20 20 20 70 AO 140 FO 20 20 7A 42 70 22 148 22 52 C4 19 8 00 AO 1 E2 E2 80 E2 E2 20 Hj UJ O1 Oi gt An Hj 158 2 20 AO 2 20
28. Card Game like the well known acey 40 VIP Instruction Manual 1 VIP Kaleidoscope entry Pushing key 0 causes your pattern to continuously repeated forming a fascinating changing This program uses the CHIP 8 INTERPRETER at kaleidoscope display on the screen A 44444442220 0000 01FF Four spots appear in a group at the center of key sequence provides a very nice effect Experiment to the screen Press keys 2 4 6 or 8 to create a pattern find other nice patterns The subroutine at 0232 0274 Keep your pattern smaller than 138 key depressions causes your pattern to be duplicated in the four quadrants Push key 0 to terminate pattern of the screen 0200 6000 0 00 023C 7101 1 01 0202 6380 V3 80 023E 4008 SKIP VO NE 08 0204 611F V1 1F 0240 7201 2 01 0206 620F V2 0F 0242 A277 1 0277 0208 2232 DO 0232 0244 6AEO VA EO 020A A200 1 0200 0246 8A12 020C 1 0248 6 1 VB 1F 020 FOOA VO KEY 024A 8182 VI V1 amp VB 0210 F055 0 0 024 SKIP VA EQ 00 0212 4000 SKIP VO NE 00 024 7201 2 01 0214 121
29. M An A232 instruction would set I 0232 1 would then address memory location 0232 Branch Instructions There are several types of jump or branch instructions in the CHIP 8 language Instruction 1242 would cause an unconditional branch to the instruction at memory location 0242 Instruction BMMM lets you index the branch address by adding the value of variable O to it before branching Eight conditional skip instructions let you test the values of the 16 one byte variables or determine if a specific hex key is being pressed This latter capability 15 useful in video game programs Only the least significant hex digit of VX 15 used to specify the key A 2570 instruction would branch to a subroutine starting at location 0570 OOEE at end of this subroutine will return program execution to the instruction following the 2570 The subroutine itself could use another 2MMM instruction to branch to or call another subroutine This technique is known as subroutine nesting Note that all subroutines called or branched to by 2MMM instructions must end with OOEE Ignoring this rule will cause hard to find program bugs How to Change and Use the Variables The CXKK instruction sets a random byte value into VX This random byte would have any bits matching 0 bit positions in KK set to 0 For example a C407 instruction would set V4 equal to a random byte value between 00 and 07 A timer or real time clock can be set to any value
30. M Circuits and Expansion Interface Keyboard Decoding Audio Oscillator and Cassette Interface Circuits RAM Circuits Power Supply Circuit and Byte Input Output Interface 68 BUS O Bus BUS 2 Bus 3 BUS 4 Bus 5 805 6 8057 MRD ul COP 1802 MICROPROCESSOR 21640 20 To v D 5V COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual we 3 521280 MHz CRYSTAL 0 46 4700 5 RUN RUN RUN 6 hte 756 ve rae T v CLOCK GND OluF 45V 22 es 2 DP 186 E Q VIDEO EFA d INTERFACE TPA Q 5V RUN sco 2 5 gt 3 gt 2 INTERRUPT 92CM 30336 Fig E 1 Microprocessor and Display Interface Circuits Appendix Logic Diagrams 69 Mas Mag MAO MAI MA2 MA3 MA6 BUSO BUS BUS 2 BUS 3 BUS 4 BUS 5 BUS 6 BUS 7 8000 MINH 4 AN 2 6 12 3 3 521280 MHz OO ERFACE XRXPXNXMXEXKXJ XWXFXEXDXC 92CL 29963 Fig E 2 ROM Circuits and Expansion Interface 70 COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual 6 OFF MX BUS RX 1 162 HEX KEYBOARD 1 I63 MX OUTPUT PORT 1 Q I69 TV ON BUS MX D I6B INPUT PORT MX D wns 894A X 91876254 181720191 3 16 24
31. M to a total of 4096 bytes add U20 U23 to the PC card by plugging units into the four sockets provided Measure the power supply current to be sure it does not exceed the capacity of the 5 V DC power pack supplied with the VIP 600 mA If you require additional power supply current use a regulated 5 V DC supply capable of supplying I ampere or use an unregulated 8 10 V DC supply with the voltage regulator option on the cards
32. RGA 52 RCA VIP CDP18S711 Instruction Manual Cassette Recorder 6 Video Monitor 89 VIP 311 Suggested Price 5 00 COSMAC VIP CDP18S711 Instruction Manual RCA Solid State Division Somerville N J 08876 Copyright 1978 by RCA Corporation All rights reserved under Pan American Copyright Convention Printed in USA 2 78 VIP 311 ACKNOWLEDGMENT COSMAC VIP has been created by Joe Weisbecker of the RCA Laboratories Princeton N J so that everyone can have fun and useful personal computer experiences The elegant and simple hardware system design and the powerful video output together with the customized CHIP 8 language interpreter constitute a fresh and promising approach to personal computers If questions arise regarding the VIP software or hardware write to VIP RCA Solid State Division Box 3200 Somerville N J 08876 or telephone Area code 201 526 6141 Information furnished by RCA is believed to be accurate and reliable However no responsibility is assumed by RCA for its use nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of RCA Trademarks Registered Marca s Registrada s Contents I Getting Started 5 What This Manual Covers scccscssssssss
33. Test M 31 Cassette Recording Guidelines 32 Memory Test Program eee eese 32 Contents Continued Appendix B Operating System 33 Operating System Listing u a s 33 Operating System Register Table 34 Operating System Summary eee eese esses 34 Appendix C CHIP 8 Interpreter 35 8 Interpreter Listing 35 CHIP 8 Memory 36 CDPI802 Register Use for CHIP 8 Interpreter 36 CHIP 8 Operating System Standard Digit Display Format 37 8 User Notes 38 Appendix D Video Games 39 1 VIP Kaleidoscope A 40 2 VIP Video Display Drawing
34. a crystal controlled programmable pulse generator clock or timer Provide a programmable sequencer for light shows advertising displays holiday lighting etc Automatic telephone dialer Model railroad controller Battery operated toy or robot controller Detect tape player tones and control slide projector You will soon discover that the potential applications of a computer such as the COSMAC VIP are only limited by your imagination and the ability to develop appropriate interface circuits 27 VIL Troubleshooting Hints This section is aimed at helping you diagnose and fix hardware problems should they occur First check all IC s to make sure they are properly inserted in the PC card An IC inserted in the wrong direction can be permanently damaged Check that the 5 V DC supply voltage ripple does not exceed 0 2 volt Visually inspect the PC card for solder shorts or bad solder joints Try to avoid zapping your PC card with static electricity charges Discharge youself if necessary by touching a grounded object before touching any IC s or PC card wiring No Sound If everything works but you don t hear any sound from the speaker you probably have a bad U15 bad speaker or bad connection Flip RUN up with key C down Hold any key down and the Q light should come on Check the Q line if it doesn t The Q should be at 5 V with a key held If the Q light is on but with no tone check U15 and your speaker connec
35. any pattern already on the screen If a bit in your pattern matches a I bit already on the screen then a 0 bit will be shown at this spot position and VF will be set 1 6 it value of 01 You can test VF following a DXTN instruction to determine if your pattern 16 touched any part of a previously displayed pattern This feature permits programming video games which require knowing if one moving pattern touches or hits another pattern Because trying to display two I spots at the same position on the screen results in a 0 spot you can use the DXYN instruction to erase a previously displayed pattern by displaying it a second time in the same position The entire screen can be erased with a single 00 0 instruction The following program shows the 8 pattern shows it again to erase it and then changes VX and VY coordinates to create a moving pattern 0200 A210 1 0210 0202 6100 V1 00 0204 6200 V2 00 0206 0125 SHOW 5SMI V1V2 0208 D125 SHOW 5SMI V1V2 020A 7101 1 01 020C 7201 2 01 020E 1206 GO 0206 0210 F090 0212 F090 0214 F000 The 8 pattern byte list was moved to 0210 to make room for the other instructions Try changing the values that VI and V2 are incremented by for different movement speeds and angles A delay could be inserted between the two DXYN instructions for slower motion The 29 instruction sets I to the RAM address of a five byte pattern repre
36. around This feature 15 invaluable for video games and not usually available with computers costing several times as much The software you need to use your computer 15 provided free instead of at added cost or not at all Simplified operation was a primary design goal so that you don t have to waste a lot of time learning and remembering complex operating procedures COSMAC VIP uses state of the art devices coupled with an efficient design Full expansion capability allows you to inexpensively tailor COSMAC VIP to specific applications such as model railroad control music synthesis or color graphics You will soon dis cover that COSMAC VIP provides a refreshingly new lower cost alternative to conventional computers which have been aimed more toward mathematics and business than fun What This Manual Covers T his manual serves several purposes It lets you get started playing video games with minimum effort just set up your system as described in this section and learn how to use the operating system and cassette interface as described in the next section You can immediately use all the video games in Appendix D without going any further If you want to learn to write your own programs Section III describes an easy language to start with called CHIP 8 Most of the programs in Appendix D were designed using this language CHIP 8 looks somewhat like machine language but is quicker to learn and easier to use than many of the more common
37. ck cycles each machine cycle is about 4 54 us in duration TPA and TPB are timing pulses generated once each machine cycle by the CDP 1802 microprocessor How Memory Is Addressed A debounced RUN level goes high when the RUN switch is flipped up This signal causes the CDP1802 to begin fetching instructions from memory When the RUN switch is down the CDP1802 is held in a reset state and U6A in Fig E 2 is reset U6B is held set by U6A The CDP1802 starts fetching instructions from the ROM 010 at location 8000 since UOB is being held set The ROM contains the operating system program which uses a 64 instruction to generate an N2 pulse This N2 pulse sets U6A so it no longer holds U6B in its set state From this point on the selection of RAM or ROM locations is controlled by the most significant address bit latched into U6B each cycle by TPA U8 latches an additional 4 address bits to provide the 1 9 bit address required in a 4096 byte RAM system U9A decodes 2 of these address bits into 4 lines which are used to select up to four 1024 byte RAM sections Each 1024 byte section of RAM consists of two 4 x 1024 bit RAM IC s U16 U23 in Fig E 4 Only the first two sections of RAM U16 U19 are used in a 2048 byte system U9B in Fig E 2 is wired as a simple gate that inhibits selecting any section of RAM when either the ROM is selected or a positive RAM inhibit signal is generated on pin 19 of the expansion interface by external circuit
38. d positive pulse on Pins 2_and 14 of U25 can be used as an input byte strobe when yow want to latch an input byte into U25 A 68 can be used to store this input byte in RAM Using the Expansion Interface The 44 pin card socket for the expansion interface pads along the back left edge of the PC board permits extensive expansion If you expand beyond the capabilities of the power converter provided with the VIP you will of course have to provide your own power supply Output signals should only drive COS MOS loads and must be externally buffered with a CD4050 or CD4049 IC to drive TTL loads Keep any wires connected to the expansion pad signals as short as possible Excessive stray capacitance on these signal lines can interfere with proper operation of the computer Input signals should also be buffered with COS MOS circuits Refer to the machine language programming section Section IV and the logic diagrams Appendix E to avoid conflicts with normal COSMAC VIP use of these signals The external option terminal connections are given in Table III You can latch up the required high order address bits with the trailing edge of TPA when adding external memory You must provide a Positive level on pad 19 to disable internal RAM when external RAM is addressed The operating system will always use the highest page of internal on card RAM even when you add external RAM If you wish to substitute an external ROM or battery powered
39. d signal EF4 Not used in basic system EF4 can be used for system expansion EF3 can also be used in expanded systems if no key will be depressed at the same time that an external device is using EF3 can only be used by an external device when the display is turned off EF2 should not be used in expanded systems The latched Q line output performs several functions in the COSMAC VIP system When set it holds the Q light on and generates a continuous speaker tone Ile Q line is also used for serial output data to a cassette recorder You can use the Q output line as a control signal in an expanded system if you avoid conflicts with its normal functions You can store a machine language program starting at location 0000 It will be executed when you flip the RUN switch up Initially P 0 X 0 RO 0000 Q 0 and R1 0XFF where 0X last page of on card RAM 0X 07 in 2048 byte RAM system The operating system uses the last 84 bytes of on card RAM You should avoid using these last 84 RAM bytes when writing machine language programs With a 2048 byte RAM locations 07AC 07FF would be reserved for use by the operating system Note that initially contains the address of the last on card RAM byte Your machine language program can use to determine the amount of RAM in your system when required Putting Machine Coding and CHIP 8 Language Together The operating system and the CHIP 8 language interpreter use a video disp
40. endix Board Layout Parts List and Expansion Notes 1 Printed Circuit Board Layout 2 Parts List for COSMAC VIP CDP18S711 73 74 VIP Instruction Manual Appendix Board Layout Parts List and Assembly Instructions 76 2 Parts List for RCA COSMAC VIP CDP18S711 Type Number Integrated Circuits Supplied CDP1802 Ul CDPI 861 U2 SN74L00N U3 SN7474N U4 CD4049 05 CD4013 U6 CD4011 U7 CD4042 U8 CD4556 U9 CDPR566 110 CD4051 Ull 04028 012 CD4515 013 401 014 555 015 2114 or TMS4045 016 019 CD4508 U24 U25 CD4050 U26 U27 Integrated Circuits Optional 2114 or TMS4045 U20 U23 Capacitors Supplied 0 2 C3 4 5 C6 C7 C13 C8 C12 C9 14 Qty N N A N Q Description COSMAC Microprocessor Video Interface Quad NAND Low Power Dual D Type Flip Flop Hex Inverting Buffer Dual D Type Flip Flop Quad 2 Input NAND Gate Quad Clocked D Latch Dual Binary of 4 Decoder 512 x 8 Bit Static ROM Programmed CDP1832 Binary of 8 Decoder BCD to Decimal Decoder 4 Bit Latch of 16 Decoder Quad Single Supply Op Amp Timer 1 x 4 Bit Static RAM Dual 4 Bit Latch Hex Buffer 1 K x 4 Bit Static RAM 4 7 uF 35 V Electrolytic 100 16 V Blectrolytic 0 0047 uF 50 V Poly Film 472 0 47 uF 50 V 0 0 1 uF 50 V Poly Film 103 1 uF 50 V Electrolytic
41. esults your cassette recorder should not reverse the phase of an input signal on playback When playing back a tape recorded on another recorder it should not reverse the phase of the output signal You may have to reverse the internal head connections on some cassette recorders to eliminate unwanted phase reversals To check for phase reversals load the machine language test program given below into memory TAPE IN 5 8 lt s s ee m 32 MIN PHONO PLUGS RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual TIP MIKE INPUT a S CASSETTE RECORDER TIP Run this program to generate a phase test signal on the tape out line Record one minute of this test signal then play it back and observe the cassette recorder output on a scope It should appear as shown in B or C below Save this tape to test new recorders on which you want to play tapes you have recorded on a previously tested machine If the playback signal appears upside down from that shown in B or C you will have to reverse the internal head connection leads on the out of phase recorder Test Program 0000 F8 04 AA 7B F8 FF 01 0008 06 7A F8 FF 01 0010 OD 2A 8A 03 F8 60 0018 01 17 30 00 00 00 00 Signals a AMAN output cassette oureur C AMA MA CASSETTE OUTPUT Appendix Test and Operating Data Cassette Data Test Load the following machine lan
42. ette attachment diagram in Appendix A After properly connecting your cassette recorder you can try recording and playing back a cassette using the operating system as described below Follow the cassette recording guidelines provided in Appendix A for best results If you run into trouble use the cassette phase and data test procedures described in Appendix for troubleshooting The memory is divided into 256 byte pages for recording You can record to 15 consecutive pages on tape The low order byte of your starting address should be 00 Select the operating system by holding key C down while flipping RUN up Enter the 4 digit address of the first page to be recorded on tape Press key F and you re ready to record Rewind a blank cassette and place your cassette unit in the record mode Wait about 10 seconds and tap the hex key that represents the number of pages you want to record on tape The screen will go blank and you ll hear a tone while recording When the specified number of pages has been recorded on the cassette the tone will end and the last memory byte recorded on tape will be shown on the screen Tape Read To load memory from a previously recorded cassette first select the operating system RUN and key C Enter the memory address of the first page to be loaded usually 0000 Press key B to select the Tape Read mode Rewind and play the cassette Immediately press the hex key representing the number of pages you want
43. ex digits The Power Supply The output wires of the internally regulated power converter supplied with the COSMAC VIP 185711 are connected to V DC and GND pads at the back left comer of the PC card The power converter output 15 regulated 5 V DC at 600 mA If you wish to add more RAM to your system however you may need a higher current power supply A 2048 system requires about 350 mA 600 mA worst case A 4096 byte system should require average current of about 600 mA If however your RAM chips require above average power you may need to supply as much as 900 mA at 5 V DC regulated You can also use your own unregulated 8 to 10 V DC power supply by adding voltage regulator U28 plus heatsink to your COSMAC VIP card and cutting the printed circuit link called LKI Never apply more than 5 V DC to the card unless the U28 regulator has been added and link LKI cut Photograph of COSMAC VIP Video Interface Processor CDP18S711 The cables in the upper right are for the video display and for cassette operation Cable on the upper left goes to the power converter 1 Getting Started What You See You must now decide on the video display for your computer The video pad at the back right comer of the COSMAC VIP card provides a video signal which you can connect directly to the high impedance input of most standard video monitors The horizontal sync frequency is 15 720 Hz and the vertical sync frequency is 60 Hz
44. guage program into memory 0000 90 Bo B3 0008 A3 D3 F8 0010 93 F6 DC 0018 10 A7 F8 0020 80 FE DC 0028 89 3A 23 0030 17 30 31 Rewind a blank cassette and put recorder into record mode Wait 10 seconds and flip RUN up to initiate the program The byte at location 0033 will be continuously recorded on tape Flip RUN down to stop recording after a minute or so You can play this tape to check the signals shown below You can also load the tape into memory for testing purposes Load 7 pages starting at 0100 You can use this tape to determine the proper volume control setting for your recorder You can change the recorded byte at 0033 if desired Bits on tape consist of one cycle at 2 kHz for F8 6F 29 08 97 17 35 31 33 AC 99 A9 F6 87 00 A6 F8 3A 06 B7 F6 00 F8 40 10 B7 DC DC 00 OA B9 F8 F8 29 30 00 0 or one cycle at 0 8 kHz for 1 Data format is 4 seconds of continuous O s for sync followed by the specified number of data bytes Bytes always begin with a start bit S followed by 8 data bits 0 7 and end with a parity bit P Odd byte parity is used in this code The waveforms below show how a 35 byte would appear on tape The operating system translates memory bytes to bit serial output via the Q output line Bit serial input from tape 1s received via input flag 2 and translated into parallel form for storage in memory by the operating system software VALUE
45. high level languages It also requires much less RAM which save8 you a lot of money CHIP 8 includes a real time clock random number generator decimal conversion and digit or graphic display capability It only uses 512 bytes of RAM leaving over 1024 bytes for programs in a 2048 byte system You can get an additional 2048 bytes of RAM by plugging four more RAM chips into your card With the aid of the User Manual for the CDPI802 COSMAC Microprocessor MPM 201 you can explore the fascinating world of machine language programming You can even combine machine language programs with CHIP 8 programs or develop your own interpretive languages For hardware hackers COSMAC VIP provides complete external interface capabilities Some suggestions for inexpensive external devices and applications are listed in Section VI Logic diagrams data sheets trouble shooting hints and test programs are provided so that you can explore the hardware in as much detail as you want This manual assumes that you are familiar with computer basics from reading one or more of the excellent magazines devoted to home computing You should understand RAM ROM memory addressing instructions bytes etc The use of a scope RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual will facilitate setting up the cassette system and iden tifying hardware problems in the rare case where they occur Hex notation is used in this manual unless noted otherwise One byte equals two h
46. in the next section permits you to load programs into memory from the hex keyboard verify them and record them on cassettes for later reuse 11 VIP Operation COSMAC VIP is operated with the RUN switch and hex keyboard The PWR light shows that power is on The Q light is activated by various programs A tone is sounded whenever the Q light is on The TAPE light glows when cassette input data is present When using COSMAC VIP always start with the RUN switch in the down or reset position Flipping the RUN switch up initiates execution of machine language programs beginning at memory location 0000 If you have previously stored the CHIP 8 Ian_ guage interpreter program at locations 0000 01FF execution of a program written in this language will begin at 0200 To manually terminate execution of any program flip RUN down Using the Operating System With COSMAC VIP you can load programs into memory from the hex keyboard or cassette recorder record the contents of memory on cassettes show the contents of memory bytes in hex form on the display and examine the contents of CDP1802 microprocessor registers These functions are performed with the aid of a special program called an operating system This operating system is contained in a ROM so that it s ready to use as soon as power is turned on It is located at memory locations 8000 81FF A machine code listing and summary of this operating system is provided in Appendix B
47. ind them After the above practice you are ready to design more sophisticated CHIP 8 programs Always prepare a flowchart before actually writing a program The last 352 bytes of on card RAM are used for variables and display refresh In a 2048 byte RAM system you can use locations 0200 069F for your programs This area is enough for 592 CHIP 8 instructions 1184 bytes In a 4096 byte RAM system you can use locations 0200 0 8 This area is equal to 1608 CHIP 8 instructions 3216 bytes Some Program Ideas Here are a few ideas for programs to write using the CHIP 8 language 1 INTOXICATION TESTER Display a six digit random number on the screen for several seconds You must remember this number and enter it from the keyboard within ten seconds after the screen goes blank to prove that you re sober and score 2 NUMBER BASE QUIZ Display numbers in binary or octal on the screen You must enter their decimal equivalent to score points 3 DICE Push any key to simulate rolling dice displayed on the screen 4 PUPPETS Show large face on the screen Let small children move mouth and roll eyes by pushing keys r BUSY BOX Let small children push keys to make different object appear on the screen move and make sounds 6 SHUFFLEBOARD Simulate shuffleboard type games on the screen 7 COMPUTER ART Design new programs to generate pleasing geometric moving patterns on the screen 8 INVISIBLE MAZE Try to move a s
48. ired To the right of the 8 pattern in Fig 2 are the equivalent byte values in hex form We could now store this pattern as a list of five bytes at RAM location 020A as follows 020A F0 020B 90 020C F0 020D 90 020E F0 Suppose we now want to show this pattern in the upper left corner of the screen Well assign V I VX and V2 VY Now we let VI V2 00 and set 1 020 If we now do a D125 instruction the 8 pattern will be shown on the screen in the upper left corner You can write a program to show the 8 pattern on the screen as follows 0200 A20A 1 020 0202 6100 1 00 0204 6200 v2 00 0206 0125 SHOW 5MI V1V2 0208 1208 0208 020A F090 020C F090 020 000 The first column of this program shows the memory locations at which the instruction bytes in the second column are stored The third column indicates the function performed by each instruction in shorthand form Only the bytes in the second column are actually stored in memory With the CHIP 8 interpreter stored at 0000 OIFF you can load the above program in memory and run it Set VI and V2 to different values to relocate the 8 pattern on the screen The VX VY coordinates always specify the screen position of the upper lefthand bit of your pattern This bit can be either 0 or 1 The last digit of the DX YN instruction specifies the height of your patterns or the number of bytes in your pattern list When a pattern is displayed it is compared with
49. k U4 divider Replace U4 if it isn t toggling Make sure you use a 7474 type With RUN up you should see and TPB pulses being generated at pins 33 and 34 of U1 If they are not present check the RUN level to make sure the switch is working then replace U1 Check the output of U6B to make sure that the ROM 15 initially selected when RUN is first flipped 28 up with key down With RUN up check bus and address lines to see if any look different from the others They will of course be at different levels or bouncing around but you might spot something suspicious that would indicate a short or open for one of these lines Try operating with only a 1024 byte RAM U16 and 017 Try the other two RAM chips in these sockets Check 05 inputs and outputs to verify that all stages are inverting properly If you don t get a pulse at pin 10 of U2 when you flip RUN up with key C down U12 may he bad This pulse is a difficult pulse to see and you might have to breadboard a latch or use a latching logic probe to catch it If you get the display on pulse at pin 10 of U2 you should then see U2 output pulses on pins 2 3 and 9 If you don t try replacing U2 RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual Last Resorts As a last resort try replacing Ul and the ROM Check the supply voltage at all chips Examine the PC card for hairline breaks in the printed conductors Fill up plated through holes with solder to insure continuity Check all
50. lay format that 1s 64 bits wide by 32 bits high This 256 byte display can easily be modified by writing your own video refresh interrupt routine as explained in the CDP1861 data sheet provided in Appendix G Display formats up to 64 bits wide by 128 bits high are possible with no hardware modification The 4096 bit picture program in Appendix D uses a machine language refresh interrupt routine that provides a format 64 bits wide by 64 bits high 20 The CHIP 8 language described in the previous section permits machine language subroutines to be called with a OMMM instruction A D4 machine language instruction at the end of the machine language subroutine returns control to the CHIP 8 instruction following the instruction In Appendix the CDP1802 register use for the CHIP8 language is provided R5 is used as the CHIP 8 program counter When you call a machine language subroutine with a OMMM instruction R5 will be addressing the CHIP 8 instruction following the OMMM The machine language subroutine could retrieve the next two CHIP 8 program bytes as parameters by addressing with 5 and incrementing it by 2 before returning control to the CHIP 8 program with a D4 instruction RC RD RE and RF are available for use in machine language subroutines RA is the CHIP 8 memory pointer 1 Changing the high order byte of RB will cause any desired RAM page to be displayed R3 is the machine language subroutine program counter CHIP 8
51. life Also designed into the system are full expansion capability for added RAM ROM input output and full color graphics 23 V1 Expansion Considerations and Connections The COSMAC VIP was designed primarily as a self contained graphic system for home use Enough RAM and input output features are provided for years of computer fun without adding anything to your system If however you do want to expand your system a variety of features have been included to make expansion as easy and inexpensive as possible You can easily increase RAM to 4096 bytes by adding 020 023 to your PC card Use the same type or a compatible type of RAM as used for U16 U19 You may however have to add a higher current power supply when expanding RAM Using the Byte Input Output First you may wish to add some external com puter controlled devices such as relays input sensing switches or even a low cost printer The printer will require an 8 bit parallel input or output port and some hand shaking signals One parallel input port and one parallel output port are available on the PC card as shown in Fig E 5 in Appendix E These ports are provided by 024 025 U26 and 027 along with the associated resistors and two IN914 diodes The 22 input output port connection pads A Z along the back right edge of the PC card are connected to a standard 44 pin card socket on the COSMAC VIP board You can plug your external circuits or devices into this s
52. me replace it Make sure that MIKE plug is connected before recording You will hear a tone even if MIKE plug is out On most recorders the TAPE light will glow while recording RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual 18 When recording give the page key a short tap to start 19 Use the last byte of a tape block as a program identification and check code It will appear on the display screen after the tape is loaded 20 When loading a cassette into memory the tape must contain as many pages as you specify to be loaded If you try to load 8 pages from a 7 page tape the loading operation won t terminate properly 21 You may have to record with the EAR plug out for some tape recorders 22 Always use AC adaptor with recorder for best results Memory Test Program This machine language program should be loaded into 0000 007F It checks RAM locations 0000 07FF 018 and 019 for proper data storage Flip RUN up to start test Beeps sound during test Entire 1024 byte section of RAM being tested is shown on screen Program stops with tone on if a bad RAM bit is found Error byte is at 007F This byte should be 00 or FF for no error For example if byte is 01 or FE then bit 0 was bad The error byte 15 also shown on the screen Set location 0020 00 and location 0023 80 to test RAM locations 0080 03FF U16 and U17 0000 90 B1 B2 B3 F8 17 A3 D3 0008 42 70 22 718 22 52 C4 0010 C4 94 80 91 AO 30 08 F8 0018 OA Al F8 7F A2 E2
53. nal power for external logic 7 GND 1 CLOCK CDP1802 clock output 2 EF4 Flag input lines 3 and 4 3 EF3 Flag 3 also used for hex keyboard 4 XTAL Crystal frequency 3 Flag input 1 6 NO Low order 3 bits of N during 1 N1 6N instruction 8 N2 9 SPOT Video spot output 10 SYNC Video sync output 1 TPB Timing pulse for clocking memory byte out etc 12 SCO State code bit 5 V for SI S3 GND for SO S2 13 INTERRUPT Pulling to GND causes interrupt 22 KE2 input 14 SCI State code 5 V for 52 83 GND for SO SI 15 DMA OUT Pull to GND for DMA OUT cycles 16 Q flip flop output line 17 DMA IN Pull to GND for DMA IN cycles 18 RUN 5 V when running GND when RUN switch down 19 INDIS Internal RAM disable input 20 CDEF GND when RAM pages C D E and F selected 21 V Optional power for external logic same as Y Z 22 GND 26 Some possible applications for expanded systems include 1 Counting packages parts cars or people via photocell or switch input 2 Composing poetry or pictures with printer output 3 Video target games using photocell light gun 4 Monitor burglar alarm switches 5 Monitor water level and temperature in fish tank and regulate automatically 6 Measure motor speed with photocell 7 Monitor and control experiments in home school or lab Use video display for real time bar graphs of multiple variables 10 11 12 13 RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual Provide
54. ns in your programs 6 The operating system searches for and uses the top highest 256 byte page of on card RAM When RUN is flipped up to execute a program beginning at 0000 the following initial conditions exist 0 Q 0 RO 0000 and OXFF where highest page of on card RAM 35 Appendix CHIP 8 Interpreter CHIP 8 Interpreter Listing locations 0000 2 pages This interpreter will allow you to run the games in Appendix D or write your To use the CHIP 8 language you must first load the own programs using the CHIP 8 instruction set following interpreter program into memory described in section III 000 91 BB FF 01 B2 6 F8 100 00 00 00 00 00 45 98 008 A2 F8 81 Bl F8 46 Al 90 56 D4 F8 81 BC F8 95 AC 010 B4 F8 1B A4 F8 01 B5 F8 0 22 DC 12 56 D4 06 B8 D4 018 FC 5 D4 96 B7 E2 94 BC 18 06 A8 D4 64 01 020 45 AF F6 F6 F6 F6 32 44 120 F4 AA 3B 28 9A FC 01 BA 028 F9 50 FA OF F9 0 128 04 F8 81 BA 06 FA OF 030 A6 05 F6 F6 F6 FO F9 FO 130 AA 04 E6 06 93 BE 038 A7 4C B3 8C FC OF AC OC 138 F8 1B AE 2A 1A F8 00 5A 040 D3 30 1B OF B3 140 OE F5 3B 48 56 01 048 45 30 40 22 69 12
55. o 1 byte variables VF is used for overflow in the arithmetic operations Using the Display Instructions An 00 0 instruction erases the screen to all 0 s When the CHIP 8 language is used 256 bytes of RAM are displayed on the screen as an array of spots 64 wide by 32 high A white spot represents a I bit in RAM while a dark or off spot represents a 0 bit in RAM Each spot position on th e screen can be located by a pair of coordinates as shown in Fig 1 The VX byte value specifies the number of horizontal spot positions from the upper left corner of the display The VY byte value specifies the number of vertical spot positions from the upper left corner of the display The DXYN instruction is used to show a pattern of spots on the screen Suppose we wanted to form the CHIP 8 Language Programming F U_ vx 00 VY 00 00 IF 15 VX 20 10 VY IF Fig 1 Display screen coordinate structure pattern for the digit 8 on the screen First we make up a pattern of bits to form 8 as shown in Fig 2 FO 90 FO 90 FO Fig 2 Patternof bitsjorming digit 8 In this example we made the 8 pattern five spots high by four spots wide Patterns to be shown on the screen using the DXYN instruction must always be one byte wide and no more than fifteen bytes high Several small patterns can be combined to form larger ones on the screen when requ
56. ocket Table II gives the input output port terminal connections The 8 buffered output signals M N P R S T U V will each drive up to 2 TTL loads A 63 machine language instruction will latch a memory byte into U24 for output The 8 latched output lines can be used to drive individual relay driver circuits power amplifiers lights battery motor drivers etc The buffered Q output line W can be used as an output strobe for transferring the latched output byte to an external device such as a printer The EF3 X and EF4 L input fines can be used to indicate the status of an external device Don t forget that EF3 1s shared with the hex keyboard Table 11 Input Output Port Terminal Connections See Fig E 5 Appendix E Pin Signal Description INO IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN7 INST Input byte strobe to latch 025 EF4 input flag line 4 OUT 0 OUT OUT 2 OUT 3 OUT 4 OUT 5 OUT 6 OUT 7 Q Q flip flop output line 8 bit input bus 8 bit output bus 5 GND NX x zg lt CH Q x 9 Z Z gt m T m g O gt Optional power for external logic EF3 Input flag line 3 also used for hex keyboard 24 A single photocell input could be provided the buffered EF4 line You can attach the photocell directly between the L and Z pads Experimentally adjust the pull up resistor on pad L for best operation No photocell amplifier should be required to drive the COS MOS input An externally supplie
57. on pin 3 drives a small speaker The 10 ohm resistor R48 in series with the speaker output can be raised in value to lower the volume if desired The CDP 1802 latched Q line output drives the tone generator and also turns on the Q light Q can be set high 1 or low 0 by machine language instructions The RC network connected to pins 2 6 and 7 of UIS determines the frequency of the tone You can increase or decrease the value of R to adjust this frequency to suit your taste Q is also shaped by 14 in Fig E 3 to form a signal suitable for recording on an audio cassette Audio cassette recorders can t cope with square waves Tle divider on the output of U 14A reduces the signal to about 50 mV which is suitable for the microphone input of most recorders During recording the operating system program in ROM converts memory bytes into bit serial form and transmits them to the recorder via the Q line See the cassette data test page of Appendix A for the cassette data code used In playback bit serial data from the cassette drives the tape light The serial data is amplified and shaped RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual into 5 volt pulses by The output of 15 connected to the CDP1802 EF2 input line The operating system reads tape data by examining the timing of the transitions on the EF2 input line Cassette read and record timing is derived from the crystal controlled clock so that no adjustments are necessary Video
58. ou can write complete machine language programs to fully utilize CDP1802 capabilities The operating svstem facilitates debugging machine language programs by permitting you to examine general registers R3 RF See operating system register table in Appendix Advanced programmers can even develop their own interpretive language tailored to special requirements Direct execution of machine language code starting at location 0000 together with the expansion interface permits the COSMAC VIP system to be used as a low cost development system as well as a personal recreational or educational computer 21 V Logic Description A complete set of logic diagrams is provided in Appendix E Power requirements for a system with 2048 bytes of RAM is 5 V DC at 350 mA If you wish to expand the system you can use your own higher current power supply This system is designed around the CDP1802 microprocessor Wfl Refer to the CDP1802 data sheet and User Manual for the CDPI802 COSMAC Microprocessor MPM 201A for a complete description of its operation The CDP1802 requires a square wave clock input at pin 1 for operation This system uses a 1 7609 MHz clock One half of U3 is connected as a free running crystal controlled oscillator A 3 52180 MHz crystal is used in this circuit The output of this 3 52180 MHz oscillator is then divided by 2 using 04 to provide the 1 7609MHz input clock for the CDP1802 Because each CDP1802 machine cycle equals 8 clo
59. pot through an invisible maze Tones indicate when you bump into a wall 9 10 II 12 13 20 21 22 23 24 17 LUNAR LANDING Program a graphic lunar landing game COLLIDE Try to maneuver a spot from one edge of the screen to the other without hitting randomly moving obstacles CAPTURE to chase and catch randomly moving spots within a specified time limit LEARNING EXPERIENCES Program graphic hand and eye coordination exercises for young children or those with learning disabilities NUMBER RECOGNITION Show groups of objects or spots on the screen Young child must press key representing number of objects shown to score WALL BALL Program a wall ball type paddle game for one player FOOTBALL Each player enters his play via the hex keyboard and the computer moves the ball on the screen BLACKJACK Play 21 against the com puter dealer HOLIDAY DISPLAYS Design custom animated displays for birthdays Halloween Christmas etc METRIC CONVERSION Help children learn metric by showing lengths on screen in inches and requiring centimeter equivalent to be entered to score TURING MACHINE Simulate a simplifed Turing machine on the screen TIMER Use the computer to time chess games etc HEXAPAWN Program Hexapawn so that the computer learns to play a perfect game NIM Program Nim with groups of spots shown on the screen BLOCK PUZZLES You can
60. s Memory read MRD and write MWR signals are supplied to the RAM at appropriate times by the CDP1802 Data is transferred between memory CDP 1802 input or output via an 8 data bus Pull up resistors are provided on this bus for compatibility with TTL signal swings provided by some RAMs How the Input Output Works Ull and 012 in Fig E 3 are used to decode the input output instruction codes used in the system 013 provides the hex keyboard interface This interface permits a program to determine which key is pressed 62 machine instruction causes the least significant 4 bits of memory byte to be latched into U13 These 4 bits are decoded to bring one of the 16 U13 output lines low If the key that corresponds to this output line is pressed the CDPI802 EF3 input will go low The 4 bit codes latched into U13 correspond to the equivalent key positions After the program send8 a 4 bit code to U13 it subsequently examines the EF3 line to see if the key corresponding to this code is pressed or not In this manner a program can determine when any specific key is pressed or can sequentially scan all keys while waiting for any one to be pressed Key debounce delays must be provided in the program when required A program can also cause a speaker tone to occur when a key is pressed Only one key at a time should be pressed with this method of interfacing the keyboard 015 generates an audible tone when pin 4 is high The output
61. senting the least significant hex digit of VX If VX 07 then I would be set to the address of a 7 pattern which could then be shown on the screen with a DXYN instruction N should always be 5 for these built in hex digit patterns Appendix C shows the format for these standard hex patterns The following program illustrates the use of the FX29 and FX33 instructions 0200 6300 V3 00 0202 A300 1 0300 0204 F333 MI V3 3DD 0206 F265 VO V2 MI 0208 6400 V4 00 020A 6500 V5 00 020C F029 I LSDP 020 D455 SHOW 5MI V4V5 0210 7405 V4 05 0212 F129 I V1 LSDP 0214 D455 SHOW 5MI V4V5 0216 7405 4 05 RCA COSMAC VIP Instruction Manual 0218 F229 I V2 LSDP 021A D455 SHOW S5MI V4V5 021C 6603 V6 03 021E F618 TONE V6 0220 6620 V6 20 0222 F615 TIME V6 0224 F607 V6 TIME 0226 3600 SKIP V6 00 0228 1224 GO 0224 022A 7301 3 01 022C 00E0 ERASE 022 1202 GO 0202 This program continuously increments V3 converts it to decimal form and displays it on the screen The instruction waits for a hex key to he pressed VX is then set to the value of the pressed key and program execution continues when the key 15 released If key 3 15 pressed 03 A tone 15 heard while the key 15 pressed This instruction is used to wait for keyboard input Applying CHIP 8 You should now be able to
62. ssscssscssscssssssssssscssesssessssssesesenessseesssesecssessscesoees 5 The Power Supply A 6 What You See 7 Turning It ON 7 VIP Operation 9 Using the Operating System ua eese eee eese esee eese senses etus tuse tns tuse tas tassa sna 9 Memory Write ee FE pe eT e Ya HUN r 9 Memory Read sosvo 10 Wite Sisa sys 10 10 Testing Your Cassette System 11 CHIP 8 Language Programming 13 Branch Instructions 13 How to Change and Use the Variables 13 Using the Display Instructions 14 Applying 8 H 16 Some Program Ideas 17 IV Machine Language Programming 19 VIP Machine Coding 4 eee eee eee eese 19 Putting Machine Coding and CHIP 8 Lang
63. tem the vnd ecu E dee CHIP 8 interpreter should not be used This Appendix contains program listings for twenty video games These games which illustrate en tertainment applications of COSMAC VIP were developed by Joe Weisbecker games 1 through 8 Joyce Weisbecker games 9 and 10 Jef Winsor games 11 12 and 13 Tom Chen games 14 15 and 16 and Phil Baltzer games 17 through 20 Game Title VIP Kaleidoscope OQ N 10 Snake Race 39 In the listing for each game the first column is the memory location at which the instruction bytes in the second column are stored The comments in the third column indicate the function of the instruction byte The comments are not stored in memory The game titles are listed below VIP Video Display Drawing Game VIP Wipe VIP Space Intercept VIP 4096 Bit Picture VIP Figure Shooting at Moving Target VIP Tick Tack Toe Game VIP Spooky Spot VIP Jackpot 11 Card Matching Game 12 VIP Armored Vehicle Clash 13 VIP Hi Lo 14 VIP Hex Reflex 15 VIP Dot Dash 16 VIP A Mazing 17 VIP Deduce 18 VIP Shooting Stars 19 VIP Strike 9 20 VIP
64. tions No Display If you get no display but do get operating system key tones check the video output signal First select the operating system to make sure video should be present The video signal should be 0 5 volt peak to peak or higher You should see negative going vertical and horizontal sync pulses and positive going video pulses The sync pulses should be about 25 of the total swing Check your display system and interconnections if you have the video signal present Make sure you are using the correct high impedance input setting for example Other Problems Using operating system mode 0 load bytes into RAM using all 16 hex keys If a key doesn t work or shows the wrong value on the display screen check the keyboard and U13 If everything except the cassette interface works check 014 Review the cassette recording guidelines in Appendix A Use the cassette phase and data test procedures described in Appendix A to find out what s wrong If you can run some programs but not others you may have a bad RAM bit Load and use the memory test program provided in Appendix A Try changing RAM chips one at a time If nothing seems to work and you can t run the operating system check your power supply and PC card wiring for shorts again If everything still seems OK you will have to start signal tracing Signal Tracing Check the U3 oscillator output If not present replace U3 If the 3 521280 MHz signal is present chec
65. uage Together 19 Machine Language Programming Summed Up 20 V LOGIC DESCHIPUON pc RC 21 How Memory is Addressed 21 How the Input Output Works 21 VI Expansion Considerations and Connections 23 Using the Byte Input Output sets sensns 23 Using the Expansion Interface 24 Expansion u three rene no ehe SS 24 Troubleshooting Hints 27 NneiIU E 27 NO Display p 27 Other Problems M 27 Sign l Tracing A 27 Last Resorts 28 Appendix A Test and Operating Data 29 Byte Pattern for Displaying 29 Beeper Program 29 Cassette Attachment Diagram 30 Cassette Phase Test 30 Cassette Data
66. vent accidental erasure In the event you wish to record on a cassette after you have broken out the tabs you can do so simply by pasting tape over the tab holes You can record and keep your own cassette software library starting with the game programs in Appendix D Cassette recording or playback should require 5 2 5N seconds N is the number of pages recorded on tape Recording or loading the entire 2048 byte RAM 8 pages will require less than 30 seconds Ile next section describes how you can design your own programs using a unique easy to learn programming language called CHIP 8 12 CHIP 8 Language Programming CHIP 8 is an easy to learn programming language that lets you write your own programs To use the CHIP 8 language you must first store the 512 byte CHIP 8 language program at memory locations 0000 to OIFF The CHIP 8 language program is shown in Appendix C in hex form so you can enter it directly in memory using the hex keyboard You can then record it on a memory cassette for future use Each CHIP 8 instruction is a two byte 4 hex digit code There are 31 easy to use CHIP 8 instructions as shown in Table L When using CHIP 8 instructions your program must always begin at location 0200 There are 16 one byte variables labeled 0 F VX or VY refers to the value of one of these variables A 63FF instruction sets variable 3 to the value FF I is a memory pointer that can be used to specify any location in RA
67. write some simple CHIP 8 programs of your own Here are some things to try 1 Wait for a key to be pressed and show it on the display in decimal form 2 Show an 8 bit by 8 bit square on the screen and make it move left or right when keys 4 or 6 are held down Show an 8 bit square on the screen Make it move randomly around the screen 4 Show a single bit and make it move randomly around the screen leaving a trail Program a simple number game Show 100 decimal on the screen Take turns with another player On each turn you can subtract 1 9 from the number by pressing key 1 9 The first player to reach 000 wins The game is more interesting 1f you are only allowed to press a key which 15 horizontally or vertically adjacent to the last key pressed If you are unsure of the operation of any CHIP 8 instruction just write a short program using it This step should clear up any questions regarding its operation In your CHIP 8 programs be careful not to write into memory locations 0000 01FF or you will 111 CHIP 8 Language Programming lose the CHIP 8 interpreter and will have to reload it You can insert stopping points in your program for debugging purposes Suppose you want to stop and examine variables when your program reaches instruction at 0260 Just write a 1260 instruction at location 0260 Flip RUN down and use operating system mode A to examine variables 0 The memory map in Appendix C shows where you can f
68. xpansion Notes a Soldering the PC Board In the event you wish to make some changes or add components requiring soldering you should have some experience building electronic kits The PC board pads are small and close together requiring extra caution when soldering to avoid shorts or solder bridges Use a low heat small tipped grounded soldering iron Keep it clean Use small gauge rosin core 60 40 solder Preheat the connection and apply just enough solder to wet the connection Avoid using excessive amounts of solder because it will flow through the plated through holes and form blobs on the top of the card Excessive or protracted heat from the soldering iron can damage some of the components b Voltage Regulator Option An unregulated 8 10 volt DC power supply can be used with the COSMAC VIP card if desired Cut LK1 on the PC card Add 028 a 7805 5 volt regulator IC to the card together with an appropriate heat sink Make sure the U28 lead pads on the PC DC card don t touch the heat sink Disconnect the 5 V supply at the V DC and GND pads and connect your unregulated 8 10 V DC power supply to these pads This on card regulator will handle up to I ampere of current and is useful for system expansion Do not use a plastic cover for your PC card when this on card regulator option is used Air How 15 needed to permit the regulator to operate properly c Additional 2048 Byte RAM Option To increase your COSMAC VIP RA

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