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American Megatrends Express 500 Network Card User Manual

1. pin 1 s d000000000000000000000000000000000 d000000000000000000000000000000000 Connectors 68 position plug male AMP 786090 7 Cable Flat Ribbon or Twisted Pair Flat Cable 68 Conductor 0 025 Centerline 30 AWG Cont d 80 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 68 Pin High Density Connectors Continued Connecting Internal and External Wide Devices The cable assembly for connecting internal wide and external wide SCSI devices is shown below EO O O OO OO A TE O O O pin 1 pin 1 d000000000000000000000000000000000 B d000000000000000000000000000000000 pin 1 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 Connector A 68 position panel mount receptacle with 4 40 holes female AMP 786096 7 NOTE To convert to 2 56 holes use screwlock kit 749087 1 749087 2 or 750644 1 from AMP Connector B 68 position plug male AMP 786090 7 Cable Flat Ribbon or Twisted Pair Flat Cable 68 Conductor 0
2. Shq A oooooooooooonoonooo09099080808080800808 oooooooooooonoono009909880808808080800808 pin 1 ooo0o0o000000000000000 ooo0o00o00000000000000000 Connector A 68 position plug male AMP 749925 5 Connector B 50 position plug male AMP 749925 3 Wire Twisted Pair Flat Cable or Laminated Discrete Wire Cable 25 pair 0 050 centerline 28 AWG Cont d Appendix A SCSI Cables and Connectors 83 68 Pin High Density Connectors Continued Converting from Internal Wide to Internal Non Wide Type 3 The cable assembly for connecting internal wide SCSI devices to internal non wide Type 3 SCSI devices is shown below pin 1 SS aq oooooooonooonooonoooono00000000000 A oooooooonooonononoooooanooooooona pin 1 a ooooooonooooonooooooooono B ooooooonoooooooonoooooonn Connector A 68 position plug male AMP 786090 7 Connector B 50 position plug male AMP 786090 7 Wire Flat ribbon or twisted pair flat cable 50 conductor 0 025 centerline 30 AWG SCSI Cable Vendors Telephone Number Cables To Go Voice 800 826 7904 Fax 800 331 2841 Voice 800 877 1985 Technical Cable Concepts Voice 714 835 1081 Voice 818 579 0888 SCSI Conn
3. No Termination a al g I CT SCSI Tape Drive SCSI CD ROM ID2 SCSI Scanner ID5 ID 4 62 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 7 Install MegaRAID Express 500 Choose a 3 3 V or 5 V PCI slot and align the MegaRAID Express 500 controller card bus connector to the slot Press down gently but firmly to make sure that the card is properly seated in the slot The bottom edge of the controller card should be flush with the slot PCI expansion slots j Or edge of motherboard Insert the MegaRAID Express 500 card in a PCI slot as shown below Ap eg DDS Screw the bracket to the computer frame Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 63 Step 8 Connect SCSI Cables Connect SCSI cables to SCSI devices MegaRAID Express 500 provides two SCSI connectors J11 the SCSI channel internal high density 68 pin connector for Wide 16 bit SCSI and J13 the SCSI channel external ultra high density 68 pin connector for Wide 16 bit SCSI ory NT eee re e Te Te e Yom eee Te aT i Connect SCSI Devices When connecting SCSI devices Action 1 Disable termination on any SCSI device that does not sit at the end of the SCSI bus 2 Configure all SCSI devices to supply TermPWR Es Set proper target IDs TIDs for all SCSI devices o The cable length should not exceed three meters for Fast SCSI 10 MB s devices or single end
4. American Megatrends MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Preliminary Draft MAN 475 4 14 2000 O Copyright 2000 American Megatrends Inc All rights reserved American Megatrends Inc 6145F Northbelt Parkway Norcross GA 30071 This publication contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright No part of this publication can be reproduced transcribed stored in a retrieval system translated into any language or computer language or transmitted in any form whatsoever without the prior written consent of the publisher American Megatrends Inc American Megatrends Inc acknowledges the following trademarks Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation Sytos 300 is a registered trademark of Sytron Corporation MS DOS and Microsoft are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation Windows 95 Microsoft Windows and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation SCO UnixWare and Unix are registered trademarks of the Santa Cruz Operation Inc Novell NetWare is a registered trademark of Novell Corporation IBM AT VGA PS 2 and OS 2 are registered trademarks and XT and CGA are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation NEC is a registered trademark of Nippon Electric Corporation Sony is a registered trademark of Sony Corporation Toshiba is a registered trademark of Toshiba America Corporation Archive and Python are registered trademarks of Archive Corporation Qua
5. Manufacturer Model Number 1 c e TT Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number ManuaciwrerModelNumber mare MagtiD TT Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number Manufactarer Model Number mare MagtD TT Device Type TT Logical Drive Number Drive Number DManufacturer Model Number Fmacei Tage SS Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number Manufacturer Model Number c e TT Device Type SSCS Logical Drive Number Drive Number ManuactwrerModelNumber c Tage TT Device Type TT Logical Drive Number Drive Number ManufacturerModelNumber c e TT Device Type CS Logical Drive Number Drive Number ManuactwrerModelNumber GN Tage TT Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number Manufactarer Model Number Fmarckei Target ID EA Device Type x MegaRAID Express500 Hardware Guide Preface DO To Gm Logical Drive Number Drive Nm T Manufactorer Model Number mare Tage TT Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number Manufactarer Model Number c ETR Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number TJ Manufacturer ModelNumber E Tage TT Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number JI Manufactarer Model Number mare MagtD TT Device Type TI Logical Drive Number Drive Number TJ ManuactwrerModelNumber markl o xi Preface C
6. RAID levels 10 30 and 50 respectively See also Disk Spanning Asynchronous Operations Operations that bear no relationship to each other in time and can Cache I O Channel Glossary overlap The concept of asynchronous I O operations is central to independent access arrays in throughput intensive applications A small amount of fast memory that holds recently accessed data Caching speeds subsequent access to the same data It is most often applied to processor memory access but can also be used to store a copy of data accessible over a network When data is read from or written to main memory a copy is also saved in cache memory with the associated main memory address The cache memory software monitors the addresses of subsequent reads to see if the required data is already stored in cache memory If it is already in cache memory a cache hit it is read from cache memory immediately and the main memory read is aborted or not started If the data is not cached a cache miss it is fetched from main memory and saved in cache memory An electrical path for the transfer of data and control information between a disk and a disk controller Cont d 91 Glossary Continued Consistency Check An examination of the disk system to determine whether all conditions are valid for the specified configuration such as parity Cold Swap A cold swap requires that you turn the power off before replacing a defective hard drive in a
7. Ready 15 Ready State 97 Rebuild 15 35 Rebuild Rate 14 97 Rebuilding a disk 14 Reconnect 35 Reconstruct 98 Reconstruction 97 RedAlert 38 Redundancy 98 Replacement Disk 98 Replacement Unit 98 S SAF TE 98 Scatter Gather 35 SCO Open Server R5 0x 31 SCO Unix 36 SCO UnixWare 2 1x 31 SCSI 98 SCSI backup and utility software 38 SCSI Bus 32 34 SCSI Buses 2 SCSI Cable Vendors 84 SCSI Cables Connecting 64 SCSI Channel 98 SCSI Connectors 32 35 79 SCSI Connectors Vendors 84 SCSI Controller 32 Index SCSI Data Transfer Rate 32 SCSI Device Compatibility 38 SCSI Device Types Supported 32 SCSI Drive State 15 SCSI Firmware 35 SCSI ID 99 SCSI Termination 32 35 60 Set 59 SCSI to SCSI 16 SCSI to SCSI RAID Product 7 Serial Port 34 Serial port connector 56 Server Management 38 Service Provider 99 Set SCSI Termination 59 SLED 5 SMART Technology 27 SMARTer 99 SNMP 99 SNMP agent 38 SNMP managers 38 Software Utilities 31 Software Based 16 Spanning 10 99 Spare 100 Standby rebuild 14 Stripe Size 9 35 100 Stripe Width 9 100 Striping 100 System Connection 84 System Management and Reporting Technologies with Error Recovery 99 T Tagged Command Queuing 35 Target IDs Setting 65 Technical Cable Concepts 84 Technical Support v Termination Disable 32 Terminator 100 Troubleshooting 71 U Ultra SCSI 100 Ultra2 SCSI 100
8. SCSI Controller LVDISE Local PCI Bus i960RM 16 MB NVRAM Flash ROM Cache aa N Local ROM DRAM Bus 4 Host PCI Bus MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 2 Introduction to RAID RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks is an array of multiple independent hard disk drives that provide high performance and fault tolerance A RAID disk subsystem improves I O performance over a computer using only a single drive The RAID array appears to the host computer as a single storage unit or as multiple logical units I O is expedited because several disks can be accessed simultaneously RAID systems improve data storage reliability and fault tolerance compared to single drive computers Data loss because of a disk drive failure can be recovered by reconstructing missing data from the remaining data and parity drives RAID Benefits Improved I O RAID has gained popularity because it improves I O performance and increases storage subsystem reliability RAID provides data security through fault tolerance and redundant data storage The MegaRAID Express 500 management software configures and monitors RAID disk arrays Although disk drive capabilities have improved drastically actual performance has been improved only three to four times in the last decade Computing performance has been improved over 50 times during the same time period Increased Reliability The elect
9. Ultra3 SCSI 160M 100 UnixWare 36 Unpack 53 V Virtual Sizing 100 W Wide SCSI 100 Windows NT 31 103 104 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide
10. the Installation devices on the MegaRAID Express 500 will not be recognized until after the initial reboot The Microsoft documented workaround is in SETUP TXT SETUP TXT is on the CD To install drivers when Setup recognizes one of the supported SCSI host adapters without making the devices attached to it available for use Restart Windows NT Setup When Windows NT Setup displays Setup is inspecting your computer s hardware configuration press lt F6 gt to prevents Windows NT Setup from performing disk controller detection This allows you to install the driver from the Drivers disk you created All SCSI adapters must be installed manually When Windows NT Setup displays Setup could not determine the typ of one or more mass storage devices installed in your system or you have chosen to manually specify an adapter press S to display a list of supported SCSI host adapters Select Other from the bottom of the list Insert the Drivers Disk you made when prompted to do so and select MegaRAID Express 500 from this list In some cases Windows NT Setup repeatedly prompts to swap disks Windows NT will now recognize any devices attached to this adapter Repeat this step for each host adapter not already recognized by Windows NT Setup 78 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide A SCSI Cables and Connectors SCSI Connectors MegaRAID Express 500 provides several different types of SCSI connectors The connect
11. MB ECC through a 66MHz Sate Coen Fecunbutered SIV SDRAM SCSI Controller One SCSI controller for 160 M Ultra and Wide support SCSI Data Transfer Up to 160 MB s Rate SCSI Bus LVD or single ended SCSI Termination Termination Disable Automatic through cable and device detection Devices per SCSI Up to 15 wide or seven non wide SCSI devices Up Channel to 6 non disk SCSI drives per MegaRAID Express 500 controller SCSI Device Types Synchronous or Asynchronous Disk and non disk Supported RAID Levels Supported 0 1 3 5 10 30 and 50 SCSI Connectors One 68 pin internal high density connector for 16 bit SCSI devices One ultra high density 68 pin external connector for Ultra and Wide SCSI 3 pin RS232C compatible berg 32 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide PCI Bridge CPU MegaRAID Express 500 uses the Intel i960RM PCI bridge with an embedded 80960JX RISC processor running at 100 MHz The RM bridge handles data transfers between the primary host PCI bus the secondary PCI bus cache memory and the SCSI bus The DMA controller supports chaining and unaligned data transfers The embedded 80960JX CPU directs all controller functions including command processing SCSI bus transfers RAID processing drive rebuilding cache management and error recovery Cache Memory MegaRAID Express 500 cache memory resides in a memory bank that uses 2 M x 72 16 MB 4 M x 72 32 MB 8 M x 72 64 MB or 16 M x 72 128 MB un
12. The MegaRAID Express 500 provides reliability high performance and fault tolerant disk subsystem management The MegaRAID Express 500 is part of the American Megatrends Intel i960RM RS based MegaRAID controller family The MegaRAID Express 500 is an entry level to mid range RAID controller solution MegaRAID Express 500 offers a cost effective way to implement RAID in a server The MegaRAID Express 500 has a 160 M Ultra and Wide SCSI channel supporting data transfer rates up to 160 Megabytes per second MB s per channel The SCSI channel supports up to fifteen non Ultra SCSI devices MegaRAID Express 500 includes MegaRAID features and performance MegaRAID Express 500 features include e provides a high performance I O migration path while preserving existing PCI SCSI software Performs SCSI data transfers up to 160 MB s performs synchronous operation on a wide LVD SCSI bus allows up to 15 LVD SCSI devices on the wide bus includes an Intel i960RM that performs RAID calculations and routing supports 8 16 32 64 or 128 MB of SDRAM cache memory in a DIMM socket used for read and write back caching and RAID 5 parity generation The MegaRAID Express 500 upgrade card includes one Ultra3 SCSI channel The channel is powered by a Q Logic ISP10160A 160M SCSI processor NVRAM and Flash ROM A 32 KB x 8 NVRAM stores RAID system configuration information The MegaRAID Express 500 firmware is stored in flash ROM for easy upgrade SCSI Conne
13. duplicates its data to its other drive The size of each block is determined by the stripe size parameter which is set during the creation of the RAID set RAID 10 can sustain one to four drive failures while maintaining data integrity if each failed disk is in a different RAID 1 array RAID 10 works best for data storage that must have 100 redundancy of mirrored arrays and that also needs the enhanced I O performance of RAID 0 striped arrays RAID 10 works well for medium sized databases or any environment that requires a higher degree of fault tolerance and moderate to medium capacity RAID 10 provides both high data transfer rates and complete data redundancy RAID 10 requires twice as many drives as all other RAID levels except RAID 1 2n where n is greater than 1 Segmenti Segmentt Y Segment2 Segment2 Segment 3 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 4 Segment 5 Segment 5 Segment 6 Segment6 N E ES A 4 tes ita ft RAID 1 24 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide RAID 30 Uses Strong Points Weak Points Drives RAID 30 is a combination of RAID 0 and RAID 3 RAID 30 provides high data transfer speeds and high data reliability RAID 30 is best implemented on two RAID 3 disk arrays with data striped across both disk arrays RAID 30 breaks up data into smaller blocks and then stripes the blocks of data to each RAID 3 raid set RAID 3 breaks up data into smaller blocks calculates parity by perfo
14. from two or more parent data sets The redundancy data can be used to reconstruct one of the parent data sets Parity data does not fully duplicate the parent data sets In RAID this method is applied to entire drives or stripes across all disk drives in an array The types of parity are Description Dedicated Parity The parity of the data on two or more disk drives is stored on an additional disk Distributed The parity data is distributed across all drives in the Parity system If a single disk drive fails it can be rebuilt from the parity and the data on the remaining drives RAID level 3 combines dedicated parity with disk striping The parity disk in RAID 3 is the last logical drive in a RAID set RAID level 5 combines distributed parity with disk striping Parity provides redundancy for one drive failure without duplicating the contents of entire disk drives but parity generation can slow the write process A dedicated parity scheme during normal read write operations is shown below 12 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Hot Spares A hot spare is an extra unused disk drive that is part of the disk subsystem It is usually in standby mode ready for service if a drive fails Hot spares permit you to replace failed drives without system shutdown or user intervention MegaRAID Express 500 implements automatic and transparent rebuilds using hot spare drives providing a high degree of fault tolerance and zero down
15. herein these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication American Megatrends may make improvements and or revisions in the product s and or the program s described in this publication at any time Requests for technical information about American Megatrends products should be made to your American Megatrends authorized reseller or marketing representative xii MegaRAID Express500 Hardware Guide FCC Regulatory Statement This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Warning Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Note This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a specific installation If this equipment does cause h
16. must use an approved DIMM only Call American Megatrends technical support at 770 246 8600 for the latest list of approved memory vendors Install cache memory on the MegaRAID Express 500 card in the DIMM socket This socket accepts a 168 pin DIMM Lay the controller card component side up on a clean static free surface to install the DIMM The memory socket is a right angle connector and is mounted flush with the MegaRAID card The DIMM card when properly installed will be parallel to the MegaRAID card The DIMM clicks into place indicating proper seating in the socket as shown below The MegaRAID card is shown laying on a flat surface in the illustration below TT Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 55 Step 5 Set Jumpers Make sure the jumper settings on the MegaRAID Express 500 card are correct The jumpers and connectors are MegaRAID Express 500 Card Layout J1 SCSI bus J3 NVRAM J6 Write Pending termination Clear J7 Bios enable enable control u o J4 Serial J8 User activity S Ri PD EPROM LED E Programming J5 Serial port J9 12C Connector J10 Oo co 2 gt oD a gt a ma SCSI bus DP si ERNI Ja J5 J6 37 J8 J9 termination power J13 External SCSI connector J12 Connector for battery backup unit J15 Rubi slot interrupt stearing J16 Rubi slot interrupt steering J17 Rubl slot interrupt steering C
17. provide error statistics logging and provide online maintenance They include e MegaRAID BIOS Setup e Power Console 500 e MegaRAID Manager e General Alert Module MegaRAID BIOS Setup BIOS Setup configures and maintains RAID arrays formats disk drives and manages the RAID system It is independent of any operating system See the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide for additional information Power Console 500 Power Console 500 runs in Windows NT It configures monitors and maintains multiple RAID servers from any network node or a remote location See the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide for additional information MegaRAID Manager This is a character based utility that works in DOS SCO Unix SVR3 2 R4 2 SCO UnixWare OS 2 2 x OS 2 Warp and Novell NetWare 3 x and 4 x See the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide for additional information 36 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Fault Tolerance Features The MegaRAID Express 500 fault tolerance features are automatic failed drive detection automatic failed drive rebuild with no user intervention required hot swap manual replacement without bringing the system down and SAF TE compliant enclosure management Detect Failed Drive The MegaRAID Express 500 firmware automatically detects and rebuilds failed drives This can be done transparently with hot spares Hot Swap MegaRAID Express 500 supports the manual replacement of a disk unit in the RAID subsystem withou
18. transmission and error detection and correction of the bit stream High level protocols deal with the data formatting including the message syntax the terminal to computer dialogue character sets and sequencing of messages RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks originally Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks is an array of multiple small independent hard disk drives that yields performance exceeding that of a Single Large Expensive Disk SLED A RAID disk subsystem improves I O performance on a server using only a single drive The RAID array appears to the host server as a single storage unit I O is expedited because several disks can be accessed simultaneously Cont d 96 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Glossary Continued RAID Levels A style of redundancy applied to a logical drive It can increase the performance of the logical drive and can decrease usable capacity Each logical drive must have a RAID level assigned to it The RAID level drive requirements are RAID O requires one or more physical drives RAID 1 requires exactly two physical drives RAID 3 requires at least three physical drives RAID 5 requires at least three physical drives RAID levels 10 30 and 50 result when logical drives span arrays RAID 10 results when a RAID 1 logical drive spans arrays RAID 30 results when a RAID 3 logical drive spans arrays RAID 50 results when a RAID 5 logical drive spans arrays RAID Migration RAID migration is use
19. 025 Centerline 30 AWG Cont d Appendix A SCSI Cables and Connectors 81 68 Pin High Density Connectors Continued Converting Internal Wide to Internal Non Wide Type 2 The cable assembly for converting internal wide SCSI connectors to internal non wide SCSI connectors is shown below 68 POSITION 50 POSITION CONNECTOR CONNECTOR CONTACT NUMBER CONTACT NUMBER 6 1 40 e 2 7 e 3 41 4 49 e 20 16 u 21 50 22 17 OPEN 23 51 OPEN 24 18 OPEN 25 52 4 26 19 27 29 ao 47 63 48 30 49 64 50 TABLE 1 CONNECTOR CONTACT CONNECTION FOR WIDE TO NON WIDE CONVERSION pin 1 ee A pin 1 int I EN BeOS OSS See ooo B H HHEH EH eee mi HD dd AHH Wi QIT DJ U ran HAEA g Connector A 68 position plug male AMP 749925 5 Connector B 50 position IDC receptacle female AMP 499252 4 1 746285 0 1 746288 0 Wire Twisted Pair Flat Cable or Laminated Discrete Wire Cable 25 pair 0 050 centerline 28 AWG 82 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Cont d 68 Pin High Density Connectors Continued Converting Internal Wide to Internal Non Wide Type 30 The cable assembly for connecting internal wide SCSI devices to internal non wide SCSI devices is shown below pin 1
20. 2 or Wide SCSI hard disk drives and other SCSI devices as desired Optional Equipment You may also vvant to install SCSI cables that connect MegaRAID Express 500 to external SCSI devices Checklist 1 Turn all power off to the server and all hard disk drives eo 2 Prepare the host system See the host system technical A a ee ie Determine the SCSI ID and SCSI termination requirements 4 Make sure the jumper settings on the MegaRAID Express 500 controller are correct Install the cache memory 5 Install the MegaRAID in the server and attach the SCSI cables and terminators as needed Make sure Pin 1 on the cable matches Pin 1 on the connector Make sure that the SCSI cables you use conform to all SCSI specifications Perform a safety check Make sure all cables are properly attached Make sure the MegaRAID card is properly installed Turn power on after completing the safety check 7 install and configure the MegaRAID software utilities and drivers 18 Format the hard disk drives asneeded JI 9 Configure system drives logical drives JI 10 Initialize the logical drives UJ _ Install the network operating system drivers as needed Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 51 Installation Steps MegaRAID Express 500 provides extensive customization options If you need only basic MegaRAID Express 500 features and your computer does not use other adapter cards with resource settings that may conflict wi
21. AID 5 performance exceptional in many different environments Uses RAID 5 provides high data throughput especially for large files Use RAID 5 for transaction processing applications because each drive can read and write independently If a drive fails MegaRAID Express 500 uses the parity drive to recreate all missing information Use also for office automation and online customer service that requires fault tolerance Use for any application that has high read request rates but low write request rates Strong Points Provides data redundancy and good performance in most environments Weak Points Disk drive performance will be reduced if a drive is being rebuilt Environments with few processes do not perform as well because the RAID overhead is not offset by the performance gains in handling simultaneous processes Drives Three to eight p Cale Tuwi 4 Disk 1 Y Disk2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5 Disk 6 i N N eee Sa 7 Seg 1 Seg 2 Seg 3 Seg 4 Seg et Seg 5 Seg 7 Seg 8 Seg amp Seg 10 Seg Seg 12 Parity 9 12 Parity 5 8 N Parity 1 4 My n LD Parity Is distributed across all drives In array Chapter 3 RAID Levels 23 RAID 10 Uses Strong Points Weak Points Drives RAID 10 is a combination of RAID 0 and RAID 1 RAID 10 has mirrored drives RAID 10 breaks up data into smaller blocks and then stripes the blocks of data to each RAID 1 raid set Each RAID 1 raid set then
22. Jumpers 56 on motherboard 53 102 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide L Logical Disk 95 Logical Drive 15 95 Logical Drive States 15 Mapping 95 MB 95 MegaRAID BIOS 34 MegaRAID BIOS Setup 36 MegaRAID Express 500 Card Installing 63 MegaRAID Express 500 Card Layout 56 MegaRAID Manager 36 Mirroring 11 Motherboard Jumpers 53 Multi threaded 95 Multi threading 35 N Nonvolatile RAM 32 Novell NetWare 31 NVRAM 1 O Offline 15 Onboard Speaker 34 Online Drive state 15 Operating Environment 95 Operating System Software Drivers 31 Operating Voltage 32 Optimal 15 Optimizing Data Storage 48 OS 2 2 x 36 Other BIOS Error Messages 75 P Package Contents v packing slip v Parity 12 96 Partition 96 PCI Controller 32 Physical Array 14 Physical Disk 96 Physical Disk Roaming 96 Physical drive 14 Power Console 36 Power Down 53 Processor 32 Product Specifications 32 Protocol 96 R RAID 96 Benefits 5 Introduction to 5 RAID 0 19 RAID 1 20 Spanning to configure RAID 10 10 RAID 10 24 Configuring 10 RAID 3 21 Parity disk 12 Spanning to configure RAID 30 10 RAID 30 25 Configuring 10 RAID 5 23 Spanning to make RAID 50 10 RAID 50 26 Configuring 10 RAID Benefits Improved I O 5 Increased Reliability 5 RAID Levels 17 97 RAID Levels Supported 32 RAID Management 36 RAID Management Features 30 RAID Migration 97 RAID Overview 8 Read Ahead 97
23. Pin Pin DB 12 l DB 12 DB 13 4 36 DB03 DB 14 DB 14 DB 15 DB 15 DB P1 DB P1 DB 0 DB 0 DB 1 DB 1 DB 2 DB 2 DB 3 DB 3 DB 4 DB 4 DB 5 DB S DB 6 DB 6 DB 7 DB 7 fl Saas EEE EE ee 6 Sea EEE EEE 0 i Sit 4 Sige O DBP 14 DB P e O EEE EEE i8 O 19 20 RE 22 08 Ta Mo O 235 EEE 28 O 23 25 27 Ground 29 Ground DIFFSENS Ground TERMPWR TERMPWR TERMPWR TERMPWR Reserved Reserved Ground Ground ATN ATN Ground Ground BSY BSY ACK ACK RST RST MSG MSG SEL SEL C D REQ ao 30 oo 4 10 DB 8 DBO 32 6 6 6 DO DBd0 33 65 66 67 DB IO EE ee Ban Note The conductor number refers to the conductor position when using flat ribbon cable 3 3 37 39 7 amp 199 vj j j i li 3 5 3 5 4 4 4 49 E tn Ko 5 Pi 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 ajajajaj sjajualjvl n 1 1 1 Appendix A SCSI Cables and Connectors 87 88 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide B Audible Warnings The MegaRAID Express 500 RAID controller has an onboard tone generator that indicates events and errors Tone Pattern Three seconds on and one second off One second on and one second off One second on and three seconds off A logical drive is One or more drives in a RAID offline O con
24. RAID set RAID 50 can sustain one to four drive failures while maintaining data integrity if each failed disk is in a different RAID 5 array RAID 50 works best when used with data that requires high reliability high request rates and high data transfer and medium to large capacity Strong Points RAID 50 provides high data throughput data redundancy and very good performance Weak Points Requires 2 to 4 times as many parity drives as RAID 5 Drives Six to 32 ENE a Disk 5 Disk 6 gQ P 3 4 Seg 7 26 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 4 Features MegaRAID is a family of high performance intelligent PCI to SCSI host adapters with RAID control capabilities MegaRAID Express 500 has a SCSI channel that supports 160M Ultra and Wide SCSI at data transfer rates up to 160 MB s The SCSI channel supports up to 15 Wide devices and up to seven non Wide devices In This Chapter Topics described in this chapter include new features configuration features hardware architecture features array performance features RAID management features fault tolerance features utility programs software drivers SMART Technology The MegaRAID Express 500 Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology SMART detects up to 70 of all predictable drive failures SMART monitors the internal performance of all motors heads and drive electronics Configuration on Disk Configuration on Disk drive roamin
25. SCSI ID 7 Termination enabled from last SCSI drive Terminating Internal and External Disk Arrays You can use both internal and external drives with MegaRAID Express 500 You still must make sure that the proper SCSI termination and termination power is preserved as shown below Host Computer External SCSI Drives D 4 Internal SCSI Drives No Termination No Termination Termination enabled from last drive AEE Express 500 SCSI ID7 Cont d Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 61 SCSI Termination Continued Connecting Non Disk SCSI Devices SCSI Tape drives scanners CD ROM drives and other non disk drive devices must each have a unique SCSI ID regardless of the SCSI channel they are attached to The general rule for Unix systems is e tape drive set to SCSI ID 2 e CD ROM drive set to SCSI ID 5 Make sure that no hard disk drives are attached to the same SCSI channel as the non disk SCSI devices Drive performance will be significantly degraded if SCSI hard disk drives are attached to this channel Warning Since all non disk SCSI devices are single ended it is not advisable to attach a non disk device to a MegaRAID Express 500 RAID controller if LVD disk drives are also attached because the SCSI bus will then operate in single ended mode Host Computer Internal SCSI Drives ID 0 Boot Drive P id No Termination Q Logic Express 500 SCSI ID 7
26. a faster than a single disk can supply or accept it While data is being transferred from the first disk the second disk can locate the next segment Data striping is used in some modern databases and in certain RAID devices A resistor connected to a signal wire in a bus or network for impedance matching to prevent reflections e g a 50 ohm resistor connected across the end of an Ethernet cable SCSI chains and some LocalTalk wiring schemes also require terminators An extension of SCSI 2 that doubles the transfer speed of Fast SCSI providing 20MBs on an 8 bit connection and 40MBs on a 16 bit connection An extension of SCSI 2 that doubles the transfer speed of Ultra SCSI providing 40MBs on an 8 bit connection and 80MBs on a 16 bit connection Ultra3 SCSI or 160M An extension of SCSI 2 that doubles the transfer speed of Ultra2 SCSI Virtual Sizing Wide SCSI providing 80MBs on an 8 bit connection and 160MBs on a 16 bit connection FlexRAID Virtual Sizing is used to create a logical drive up to 80 GB A maximum of eight logical drives can be configured on a RAID controller and RAID migration is possible for all logical drives except the eighth Because it is not possible to do migration on the last logical drive the maximum space available for RAID migration is 560 GB A variant on the SCSI 2 interface Wide SCSI uses a 16 bit bus double the width of the original SCSI 1 Wide SCSI devices cannot be connected to a SCSI 1 bus Wid
27. adapter A hot spare can be dedicated to a single redundant array or it can be part of the global hot spare pool for all arrays controlled by the adapter The substitution of a replacement unit in a disk subsystem for a defective one where the substitution can be performed while the subsystem is running performing its normal functions Hot swaps are manual A host computer software component usually part of the operating system that controls the operation of peripheral controllers or adapters attached to the host computer I O drivers communicate between applications and I O devices and in some cases participates in data transfer The process of writing zeros to the data fields of a logical drive and generating the corresponding parity to put the logical drive in a Ready state Initializing erases previous data and generates parity so that the logical drive will pass a consistency check Arrays can work without initializing but they can fail a consistency check because the parity fields have not been generated Cont d 94 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Glossary Continued Logical Disk Logical Drive Mapping MB Multi threaded A set of contiguous chunks on a physical disk Logical disks are used in array implementations as constituents of logical volumes or partitions Logical disks are normally transparent to the host environment except when the array containing them is being configured A virtual drive within a
28. aded 15 92 Devices per SCSI Channel 32 DIMMs 55 Disconnect Reconnect 35 Disk 92 Disk Activity LED 56 Disk Array 92 Disk Array Types 16 Disk Duplexing 92 Disk Mirroring 11 92 Disk Rebuild 14 Disk Spanning 10 92 Disk Striping 9 93 Disk Subsystem 93 Distributed Parity 12 DOS ASPI driver 68 Double Buffering 93 Drive roaming 27 Drive States 15 Drivers 68 E Enclosure Management 16 Error Failure codes 76 Error Messages ASPI Driver 76 F Fail 15 Failed 15 101 Failed Drive 93 Fast SCSI 93 Fault Tolerance 8 Fault Tolerance Features 30 Fault Tolerance 37 Features 27 Firmware 32 93 Flash ROM 1 FlexRAID Power Fail Option 93 Format 94 FTP Site v G GB 94 Glossary 91 GWC 84 H Hardware Architecture Features 29 Hardware Installation 51 Hardware Requirements 28 High Density 68 Pin SCSI Connector and P Cable Single Ended Cable Pinouts 85 87 High Density Connector 86 Host Computer 94 Host based Array 94 Host Based RAID Solution 7 Hot spare Using during disk rebuild 14 Hot Spare 13 15 94 Hot Swap 15 37 94 T O Driver 94 Initialization 94 Install Drivers 68 Installation Steps Custom 52 J JI Termination Enable 57 J10 Term Power 58 J11 64 J12 58 J13 56 58 64 J15 56 58 J16 Channel 1 WIDE 16 bit SCSI connector 56 J18 Disk Activity LED 56 J5 Serial Port 57 J8 Hard Disk LED 58 J9 I2C Interface Connector 57
29. after installation adapter card is installed in the proper PCI expansion slot It must be installed in the RAID Upgrade PCI slot Some operating systems do not load Check the system BIOS configuration for PCI in a computer with a MegaRAID interrupt assignments Make sure some Express 500 adapter Interrupts are assigned for PCI Initialize the logical drive before installing the operating system One of the hard drive in the array Check the drive error counts using Power fails often Console 500 Format the drive Rebuild the drive If the drive continues to fail replace the drive with another drive with the same capacity Pressed lt Ctrl gt lt M gt Ran Check the drives IDs on each channel to make Megaconf exe and tried to make a sure each device has a different ID new configuration The system hangs when scanning devices Check the termination The device at the end of the channel must be terminated Replace the drive cable Multiple drives connected to Set the drives to spin on command This will MegaRAID Express 500 using the allow MegaRAID Express 500 to spin two same power supply There is a devices simultaneously problem spinning the drives all at once Pressing lt Ctrl gt lt M gt or running These utilities require a color monitor megaconf exe does not display the Management Menu At system power up with the For proper cache memory operation you must MegaRAID Express 500 installed install at least 8 MB of memory i
30. andles data at the block level not the byte level so it is ideal for networks that often handle very large files such as graphic images RAID 3 breaks up data into smaller blocks calculates parity by performing an exclusive or on the blocks and then writes the blocks to all but one drive in the array The parity data created during the exclusive or is then written to the last drive in the array The size of each block is determined by the stripe size parameter which is set during the creation of the RAID set If a single drive fails a RAID 3 array continues to operate in degraded mode If the failed drive is a data drive writes will continue as normal except no data is written to the failed drive Reads reconstruct the data on the failed drive by performing an exclusive or operation on the remaining data in the stripe and the parity for that stripe If the failed drive is a parity drive writes will occur as normal except no parity is written Reads retrieve data from the disks Best suited for applications such as graphics imaging or video that call for reading and writing huge sequential blocks of data Provides data redundancy and high data transfer rates The dedicated parity disk is a bottleneck with random I O Three to eight Cont d Chapter 3 RAID Levels 21 RAID 3 Continued Segment 1 stripe Segment 2 stripe Segment 3 stripe Segment 4 stripe ete Segment 1 stripe Segment 2 stripe Segment 3 stripe Segment 4 stri
31. armful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures 1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna 2 Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver 3 Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected 4 Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Shielded interface cables must be used with this product to ensure compliance with the Class B FCC limits American Megatrends MegaRAID Express 500 PCI RAID Controller Model Number Series 475 FCC ID Number TUESER475 Disclaimer AMI certifies only that this product will work correctly when this product is used with the same jumper settings the same system configuration the same memory module parts and the same peripherals that were tested by AMI with this product The complete list of tested jumper settings system configurations peripheral devices and memory modules are documented in the AMI Compatibility Report for this product Call your AMI sales representative for a copy of the Compatibility Report for this product Preface xiii xiv MegaRAID Express500 Hardware Guide 1 Overview Features SCSI Channel The MegaRAID Express 500 PCI RAID controller is a high performance intelligent PCI to SCSI host adapter with RAID control capabilities
32. before the host computer If the computer is powered up before a SCSI device the device might not be recognized During boot the MegaRAID Express 500 BIOS message appears MegaRAID Express 500 Disk Array Adapter BIOS Version x xx date Copyright c American Megatrends Inc Firmware Initializing Scanning SCSI Device etc The firmware takes several seconds to initialize During this time the adapter will scan the SCSI channel When ready the following appears Host Adapter l Firmware Version x xx DRAM Size 4 MB 0 Logical Drives found on the Host Adapter 0 Logical Drives handled by BIOS Press lt Ctrl gt lt M gt to run MegaRAID Express 500 BIOS Configuration Utility The lt Ctrl gt lt M gt utility prompt times out after several seconds The MegaRAID Express 500 host adapter controller number firmware version and cache DRAM size are displayed in the second portion of the BIOS message The numbering of the controllers follows the PCI slot scanning order used by the host motherboard Step 11 Run MegaRAID BIOS Setup Press lt Ctrl gt lt M gt to run the MegaRAID BIOS Setup utility See the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide for information about running MegaRAID BIOS Setup Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 67 Step 12 Install the Operating System Driver Important When booting the system from a drive connected to a MegaRAID controller and using EMM386 EXE MEGASPI SYS must be loaded in CONFIG SYS befo
33. buffered 3 3V SDRAM Possible configurations are 8 16 32 64 or 128 MB The maximum achievable memory bandwidth is 528 MB s MegaRAID Express 500 supports write through or write back caching selectable for each logical drive To improve performance in sequential disk accesses the MegaRAID Express 500 controller uses read ahead caching by default You can disable read ahead caching Chapter 4 Features 33 MegaRAID BIOS The BIOS resides on a 1 MB x 8 flash ROM for easy upgrade The MegaRAID BIOS supports INT 13h calls to boot DOS without special software or device drivers The MegaRAID BIOS provides an extensive setup utility that can be accessed by pressing lt Ctrl gt lt M gt at BIOS initialization MegaRAID BIOS Setup is described in the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide Onboard Speaker Serial Port The MegaRAID Express 500 controller has an onboard tone generator for audible warnings when system errors occur Audible warnings can be generated through this speaker The audible warnings are listed on page Rol SCSI Bus MegaRAID Express 500 includes a 3 pin RS232C compatible serial port berg connector which can connect to communications devices MegaRAID Express 500 has a Fast and Wide Ultra 160M SCSI channel that supports both LVD and single ended devices with active termination Synchronous and asynchronous devices are supported MegaRAID Express 500 provides automatic termination disable via cable detection Th
34. ctors MegaRAID Express 500 has one ultra high density 68 pin external connector for external storage subsystem and one high density 68 pin internal connector Chapter 1 Overview Single Ended and Differential SCSI Buses The SCSI standard defines two electrical buses e a single ended bus e low voltage differential bus Maximum Cable Length for SCSI Standards Standard Single ended LVD Maximum Number of Drives WideUltraSCsI 2m I Wide Ultra scsi 15m 2m 7 Wid Umascs 3m 2m 3 C masc OO Sm o 1 TT C Uma2ses 0 om o TO Wide Ultra 28CS osm Ja Wide Uira2scsi_ 2m so Veres sesi 2m QAJ C masses 0 im o T Wide Uma scs osme o 1 Wide Ultras ses m 5 SCSI Bus Widths and Maximum Throughput 2 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Documentation The MegaRAID Express 500 documentation set includes MegaRAID Configuration Hardware Guide This manual contains the RAID overview RAID planning and RAID system configuration information you will need first Read the MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide first MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide This manual describes the software configuration utilities that configure and modify RAID systems MegaRAID Operating System Drivers Guide This manual provides detailed information about installing the MegaRAID Express 500 operating system drivers Chapter 1 Overview MegaRAID Express 500 Block Diagram
35. d to move between optimal RAID levels or to change Read Ahead Ready State Rebuild Rebuild Rate Glossary from a degraded redundant logical drive to an optimal RAID 0 In Novell the utility used for RAID migration is MEGAMGR and in Windows NT its Power Console If a RAID 1 is being converted to a RAID 0 instead of performing RAID migration one drive can be removed and the other reconfigured on the controller as a RAID 0 This is due to the same data being written to each drive A memory caching capability in some adapters that allows them to read sequentially ahead of requested data and store the additional data in cache memory anticipating that the additional data will be needed soon Read Ahead supplies sequential data faster but is not as effective when accessing random data A condition in which a workable hard drive is neither online nor a hot spare and is available to add to an array or to designate as a hot spare The regeneration of all data from a failed disk in a RAID level 1 3 4 5 or 6 array to a replacement disk A disk rebuild normally occurs without interruption of application access to data stored on the array virtual disk The percentage of CPU resources devoted to rebuilding Cont d 97 Glossary Continued Reconstruct The act of remaking a logical drive after changing RAID levels or adding a physical drive to an existing array Redundancy The provision of multiple interchangeable components to perfo
36. data transfers complete redundancy High data transfers redundancy High data transfers redundancy No fault tolerance All data lost if any drive fails Doubles disk space Reduced performance during rebuilds Performance not as good as RAID 1 Performance not as good as RAID 1 Three to eight 4 6 or 8 Six to 32 Six to 32 More complicated More complicated More complicated Three to eight The maximum number of physical drives supported per the Express 500 RAID O Uses Strong Points Weak Points Drives RAID 0 provides disk striping across all drives in the RAID subsystem RAID 0 does not provide any data redundancy but does offer the best performance of any RAID level RAID O breaks up data into smaller blocks and then writes a block to each drive in the array The size of each block is determined by the stripe size parameter set during the creation of the RAID set RAID 0 offers high bandwidth By breaking up a large file into smaller blocks MegaRAID Express 500 can use several drives to read or write the file faster RAID 0 involves no parity calculations to complicate the write operation This makes RAID 0 ideal for applications that require high bandwidth but do not require fault tolerance RAID 0 provides high data throughput especially for large files Any environment that does not require fault tolerance Provides increased data throughput for large files No capac
37. disk subsystem Data Transfer Capacity The amount of data per unit time moved through a channel For disk I O bandwidth is expressed in megabytes per second MB s Degraded A drive that has become non functional or has decreased in performance Disk A non volatile randomly addressable rewritable mass storage device including both rotating magnetic and optical disks and solid state disks or non volatile electronic storage elements It does not include specialized devices such as write once read many WORM optical disks nor does it include so called RAM disks implemented using software to control a dedicated portion of a host computer volatile random access memory Disk Array A collection of disks from one or more disk subsystems combined with array management software It controls the disks and presents them to the array operating environment as one or more virtual disks Disk Duplexing A variation on disk mirroring where a second disk adapter or host adapter and redundant disk drives are present Disk Mirroring Writing duplicate data to more than one usually two hard disks to protect against data loss in the event of device failure It is a common feature of RAID systems Disk Spanning Disk spanning allows multiple disk drives to function like one big drive Spanning overcomes lack of disk space and simplifies storage management by combining existing resources or adding relatively inexpensive resources For example four 400 MB dis
38. e SCSI channel supports up to 15 wide or seven non wide SCSI devices at speeds up to 160 MB s MegaRAID Express 500 supports up to six non disk devices per controller 34 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide SCSI Connectors MegaRAID Express 500 has two types of SCSI connectors e a 68 pin high density internal connector and e a 68 pin external ultra high density connector Both connector types can be used for the SCSI channel SCSI Termination MegaRAID Express 500 uses active termination on the SCSI bus conforming to Alternative 2 of the SCSI 2 specifications Termination enable disable is automatic through cable detection SCSI Firmware The MegaRAID Express 500 firmware handles all RAID and SCSI command processing and also supports Disconnect Optimizes SCSI Bus seek Remo ee I Tagged Command Multiple tags to improve random access Ecs Scatter Gather Multiple address count pairs Multi threading Up to 255 simultaneous commands with elevator sorting and concatenation of requests per SCSI channel Stripe Size Variable for all logical drives 2 KB 4 KB 8 KB 16 KB 32 KB 64 KB or 128 KB Rebuild Multiple rebuilds and consistency checks with user definable priority Chapter 4 Features 35 RAID Management RAID management is provided by software utilities that manage and configure the RAID system and MegaRAID Express 500 create and manage multiple disk arrays control and monitor multiple RAID servers
39. e SCSI supports transfer rates up to 20 MB s like Fast SCSI 100 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Index 1 160M and Wide SCSI 27 6 68 Pin High Density Connectors 79 A AMICDROM SYS 69 AMPLIMITE 050 Series connectors 86 Array 91 Array Configuration Planner 50 Array Management Software 91 Array Performance Features 29 Array Spanning 91 ASPI Driver Error Messages 76 ASPI Drivers 68 ASPI manager 76 Assigning RAID Levels 47 Asynchronous Operations 91 Audible Warnings 89 Automatic Failed Drive Detection and Rebuild 37 BIOS 32 BIOS Boot Error Messages 73 BIOS Setup 67 Bus Data Transfer Rate 32 Bus Type 32 Bus Based 16 C Cable Assembly for Internal Wide SCSI Devices 80 Cable Length 2 Cables To Go 84 Cache Configuration 32 Cache I O 91 Cache Memory 33 Installation 54 Card Size 32 CD ROM Driver 69 Channel 91 Cold Swap 92 Compatibility 38 Configuration Features 28 Configuration on Disk Configuration 27 Index Configuration Strategies 45 Configuring Logical Drives 47 Connecting Internal and External Wide Devices 81 Consistency check 8 Consistency Check 92 Converting from Internal Wide to Internal Non Wide Type 3 84 Converting Internal Wide to Internal Non Wide 82 Converting Internal Wide to Internal Non Wide Type 30 83 CPU 33 D Data redundancy Using mirroring 11 Data Transfer Capacity 92 Dedicated Parity 12 Degr
40. ectness of redundant data in an array For example in a system with dedicated parity checking consistency means computing the parity of the data drives and comparing the results to the contents of the dedicated parity drive Fault Tolerance 8 Fault tolerance is achieved through cooling fans power supplies and the ability to hot swap drives MegaRAID Express 500 provides hot swapping through the hot spare feature A hot spare drive is an unused online available drive that MegaRAID Express 500 instantly plugs into the system when an active drive fails After the hot spare is automatically moved into the RAID subsystem the failed drive is automatically rebuilt The RAID disk array continues to handle request while the rebuild occurs MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Disk Striping Segment 1 Segment 5 Segment 9 Stripe Width Stripe Size Disk striping writes data across multiple disk drives instead of just one disk drive Disk striping involves partitioning each drive storage space into stripes that can vary in size from 2 KB to 128 KB These stripes are interleaved in a repeated sequential manner The combined storage space is composed of stripes from each drive MegaRAID Express 500 supports stripe sizes of 2 KB 4 KB 8 KB 16 KB 32 KB 64 KB or 128 KB For example in a four disk system using only disk striping as in RAID level 0 segment 1 is written to disk 1 segment 2 is written to disk 2 and so on Di
41. ector Vendors Connector Part Number Back Shell Part Number 749111 4 749193 1 FCN 237R050 G F FCN 230C050 D E PCS XESOMA PCS ESOLA 84 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide High Density 68 Pin SCSI Connector Pinout Pin Pin Pin Pin pe 37 Du 8 3 Duas Ground 5 9 Ground 6 u Ground 8 Is Ground 9 v7 52 60 MG 6o 64 10 k 64 6 DBO 66 6a Dao Cont d Appendix A SCSI Cables and Connectors 85 68 Pin SCSI Connector Pinout Continued High Density Single Ended Connector The following applies to the high density SCSI connector table on the previous page e A hyphen before a signal name indicates that signal is active low e The connector pin refers to the conductor position when using 0 025 inch centerline flat ribbon cable with a high density connector AMPLIMITE 050 Series connectors e Eight bit devices connected to the P Cable must leave the following signals open DB 8 DB 9 DB 10 DB 11 DB 12 DB 13 DB 14 DB 15 and DB P1 e All other signals should be connected as defined Caution Lines labeled RESERVED should be connected to Ground in the bus terminator assemblies or in the end devices on the SCSI cable RESERVED lines should be open in the other SCSI devices but can be connected to Ground 86 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 68 Pin Connector Pinout for LVD SCSI Signal Cable Connector Signal Pin
42. ed 1 5 meters for Ultra SCSI devices The cable length can be up to 12 meters for LVD devices 5 The cable length should not exceed six meters for non Fast SCSI devices Cont d 64 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 8 Connect SCSI Cables Continued Cable Suggestions System throughput problems can occur if SCSI cable use is not maximized You should you can use cables up to 12 meters for LVD devices for single ended SCSI devices use the shortest SCSI cables no more than 3 meters for Fast SCSI no more than 1 5 meters for an 8 drive Ultra SCSI system and no more than 3 meters for a 6 drive Ultra SCSI system use active termination avoid clustering the cable nodes cable stub length should be no more than 0 1 meter 4 inches route SCSI cables carefully use high impedance cables do not mix cable types choose either flat or rounded and shielded or non shielded ribbon cables have fairly good cross talk rejection characteristics Step 9 Set Target IDs Set target identifiers TIDs on the SCSI devices Each device in a specific SCSI channel must have a unique TID in that channel Non disk devices CD ROM or tapes should have unique SCSI IDs regardless of the channel where they are connected See the documentation for each SCSI device to set the TIDs The MegaRAID Express 500 controller automatically occupies TID 7 in the SCSI channel Eight bit SCSI devices can only use the TIDs from 0 to 6 16 bit devices can
43. er ManufacturerModelNumber c Gr Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number TT Manufacturer Model Number o PFinmvareleel Tage id Device Type SSCS o o Logical Drive Number Drive Number SS ManufactwrerModel Number c Kr A Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number A ManufacrorerMode Number o mare Tage TT Device Type SSC o o Logical Drive Number Drive Number O o LManufacturer Model Number mare Target ID ED Device Type 42 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide DO TO Gi rose Nm o ManuactwrerModelNumber o c Tage TT Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number O P Manufacturer Model Number PFinmvareleel Kr TA Device Type SSC o Logical Drive Number Drive Number o ManuraciwrerModelNumber o c Tage TT Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number LManufacturer Model Number c e Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number o ManuactwrerModelNumber o markl o Chapter 5 Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 43 Configuring Arrays Organize the physical disk drives in arrays after the drives are connected to MegaRAID Express 500 formatted and initialized Each array can consist of one to eight physical disk drives MegaRAID Express 500 supports up to eight arrays The number of drives in a array determines the RAID levels that can be supported Arranging Arrays You must arrange the ar
44. er through a graphical interface Simple Network Management Protocol the most widely used protocol for communication management information between the managed elements of a network and a network manager SNMP focuses primarily on the network backbone The Internet standard protocol that manages nodes on an Internet Protocol IP network Array spanning by a logical drive combines storage space in two arrays of disk drives into a single contiguous storage space in a logical drive MegaRAID logical drives can span consecutively numbered arrays that each consist of the same number of disk drives Array spanning promotes RAID levels 1 3 and 5 to RAID levels 10 30 and 50 respectively See also Disk Spanning and Spanning Cont d 99 Glossary Continued Spare Stripe Size Stripe Width Striping Terminator Ultra SCSI Ultra2 SCSI A hard drive available to back up the data of other drives The amount of data contiguously written to each disk You can specify stripe sizes of 4 KB 8 KB 16 KB 32 KB 64 KB and 128 KB for each logical drive For best performance choose a stripe size equal to or smaller than the block size used by the host computer The number of disk drives across which the data are striped Segmentation of logically sequential data such as a single file so that segments can be written to multiple physical devices in a round robin fashion This technique is useful if the processor can read or write dat
45. figuration failed Two or more drives in a RAID 1 3 or 5 configuration failed A logical drive is One drive in a RAID 3 or 5 running in degraded configuration failed mode An automatically While you were away from the initiated rebuild has system a disk drive in a RAID been completed 1 3 or 5 configuration failed and was rebuilt Important The audible warning were not enabled at the time this manual Appendix B Audible Warnings went to press 89 90 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Glossary Array A grouping or array of disk drives combines the storage space on the disk drives into a single segment of contiguous storage space MegaRAID can group disk drives on one or more SCSI channels into an array A hot spare drive does not participate in an array Array Management Software Software that provides common control and management for a disk array Array Management Software most often executes in a disk controller or intelligent host bus adapter but can also execute in a host computer When it executes in a disk controller or adapter Array Management Software is often called firmware Array Spanning Array spanning by a logical drive combines storage space in two arrays of disk drives into a single contiguous storage space in a logical drive MegaRAID logical drives can span consecutively numbered arrays that each consist of the same number of disk drives Array spanning promotes RAID levels 1 3 and 5 to
46. following table lists the possible RAID levels fault tolerance and effective capacity for all possible drive configurations for an array consisting of one to eight drives This table does not take into account any hot spare standby drives You should always have a hot spare drive in case of drive failure RAID 1 and RAID 10 require 2 4 6 or 8 drives RAID 30 and RAID 50 require at least 6 drives Chapter 5 Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 49 Array Configuration Planner Number of Possible Relative Fault Effective 1 Nome Excelent No 100 1 RADO Excellent No 100 2 Nome Excelent No 100 2 RADO Exelet No 100 2 RADI God Yes 5o 3 None Excelent No 100 3 RADO Excellent No 100 je 3 RAM Goa Ys 6m 3 RADS God Yes 6m 4 Noe Excellent No 100 4 RADO Excellent No 1009 RADI God Yes 50 pgjulvojvcilvivininij EN a 6 RE FERE EE 6 EE Sp FERE 50 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 6 Hardware Installation Requirements You must have the following e a MegaRAID Express 500 Controller e ahost computer with an available PCI expansion slot e the MegaRAID Express 500 Installation CD e the necessary SCSI cables and terminators this depends on the number and type of SCSI devices to be attached e an Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS for the entire system e 160M Ultra Fast SCSI
47. g saves configuration information both in NVRAM on MegaRAID Express 500 and on the disk drives connected to MegaRAID Express 500 If MegaRAID Express 500 is replaced the new MegaRAID Express 500 controller can detect the actual RAID configuration maintaining the integrity of the data on each drive even if the drives have changed channel and or target ID Chapter 4 Features 27 Hardware Requirements MegaRAID Express 500 can be installed in an IBM AT compatible or EISA computer with a motherboard that has 5 volt 3 3 volt PCI expansion slots The computer must support PCI version 2 1 or later The computer should have an Intel Pentium Pentium Pro or more powerful CPU a floppy drive a color monitor and VGA adapter card a mouse and a keyboard Configuration Features DO SCSichameis 00 1 T Cache Function Write E write back ARA sr Multiple logical drives arrays per Up to 40 logical drives per controller Ee ps Maximum number of MegaRAID Express 12 E OOOO O Support for hard disk drives with Yes E Hardware clustering support on the board User specified rebuild rate 28 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Hardware Architecture Features The hardware architecture features include po Direo Yves O _ Removable cache memory module Yes 1 Double sided DIMMs ves o Auxiliary TermPWR source No _ O Array Performance Features The array performance features include Maximum Queue Tags
48. ical drives must have the same stripe size Configure RAID 30 by spanning two contiguous RAID 3 logical drives The RAID 3 logical drives must have the same stripe size Configure RAID 50 by spanning two contiguous RAID 5 logical drives The RAID 5 logical drives must have the same stripe size Spanning two contiguous RAID 0 logical drives does not produce a new RAID level or add fault tolerance It does increase the size of the logical volume and improves performance by doubling the number of spindles 10 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Disk Mirroring With mirroring used in RAID 1 data written to one disk drive is simultaneously written to another disk drive If one disk drive fails the contents of the other disk drive can be used to run the system and reconstruct the failed drive The primary advantage of disk mirroring is that it provides 100 data redundancy Since the contents of the disk drive are completely written to a second drive it does not matter if one of the drives fails Both drives contain the same data at all times Either drive can act as the operational drive Disk mirroring provides 100 redundancy but is expensive because each drive in the system must be duplicated Segment 1 Segment 1 Duplicate Segment 2 Segment 2 Duplicate Segment 3 Segment 3 Duplicate Segment 4 Segment 4 Duplicate Chapter 2 Introduction to RAID 11 Parity Parity generates a set of redundancy data
49. ide Assigning RAID Levels Only one RAID level can be assigned to each logical drive The drives required per RAID level is RAID Minimum Number of Maximum Number of Physical Level Physical Drives Drives One 32 Two Two 3 Thee o Fig ef DS Thee 1 Big ef Note The maximum number of physical drives supported per controller is 15 Configuring Logical Drives After you have installed the MegaRAID Express 500 controller in the server and have attached all physical disk drives perform the following actions to prepare a RAID disk array 1 Optimize the MegaRAID Express 500 controller options for your system sBthupers a 2 Perform a low level format the SCSI drives that will be included in the El Define and configure one or more logical drives Select Easy Configuration in MegaRAID Manager or select New Configuration to customize the RAID array 5 Create and configure one or more system drives logical drives Select the kl RAID level cache policy read policy and write policy 6 Save the configuration 1 Initialize the system drives After initialization you can install the operating system Chapter 5 Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 47 Optimizing Data Storage Data Access Requirements Each type of data stored in the disk subsystem has a different frequency of read and write activity If you know the data access requirements you can more successfully determine a strategy for optimizing the disk
50. ity loss penalty for parity Does not provide fault tolerance All data lost if any drive fails One to 32 Emacs Q Logic mo FE The ij biked UT Segment 1 stripe Segment 1 stripe Segment 2 stripe Segment 2 stripe Segment 3 stripe Segment 3 stripe Segment 4 stripe Segment 4 stripe etc etc Chapter 3 RAID Levels 19 RAID 1 In RAID 1 MegaRAID Express 500 duplicates all data from one drive to a second drive RAID 1 provides complete data redundancy but at the cost of doubling the required data storage capacity Uses Use RAID 1 for small databases or any other environment that requires fault tolerance but small capacity Strong Points RAID 1 provides complete data redundancy RAID 1 is ideal for any application that requires fault tolerance and minimal capacity Weak Points RAID 1 requires twice as many disk drives Performance is impaired during drive rebuilds Drives 2 4 6 or 8 drives 20 Segment 1 Segment 1 duplicate Segment 1 Segment 1 duplicate Segment 2 Segment 2 duplicate Segment 2 Segment 2 duplicate Segn en 3 Segment 3 duplicate Segment 3 Segment 3 duplicate Segment 4 Segment 4 duplicate Segment 4 Segment 4 duplicate ete etc i etc atc MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide RAID 3 Uses Strong Points Weak Points Drives RAID 3 provides disk striping and complete data redundancy though a dedicated parity drive The stripe size must be 64 KB if RAID 3 is used RAID 3 h
51. ive MegaRAID Express cannot resolve the physical drives into the current configuration The physical drive roaming feature found the same data on two or more physical drive on channel x with SCSI IDs a b and c MegaRAID Express cannot determine the drive that has the duplicate information The configuration stored in the MegaRAID Express NVRAM does not match the configuration stored on the drives Reconfigure the array Remove the drive or drives that should not be used Press a key to run MegaRAID Manager Choose View Add Configuration from the Configure menu Use View Add Configuration to examine both the configuration in NVRAM and the configuration stored on the disk drives Resolve the problem by selecting one of the configurations 75 DOS ASPI Driver Error Messages American Megatrends Inc The ASPI manager is not loaded One of the failure ASPI Manager has NOT codes listed below is displayed next been loaded Controller setup FAILED Correct the condition that caused the failure The failure error code Oxab codes are 0x40 No MegaRAID adapters found Ox80 Timed out vvaiting for interrupt to be posted 0x81 Timed out waiting for MegaRAID Express 500 Response command 0x82 Invalid command completion count 0x83 Invalid completion status received 0x84 Invalid command ID received Ox85 No MegaRAID Express adapters found or no PCI BIOS support Ox90 Unknovyn Setup completion error No non disk de
52. ives mismatch Run View Add Configuration option of Configuration Utility Press any key to run the Configuration Utility 1 Logical Drive Failed X Logical Drives Degraded Chapter 7 Troubleshooting BIOS Boot Error Messages The MegaRAID BIOS is disabled Sometimes the BIOS is disabled to prevent booting from the BIOS The BIOS cannot communicate with the adapter firmware The BIOS cannot communicate with the adapter firmware The configuration stored in the MegaRAID Express 500 adapter does not match the configuration stored in the drives A logical drive failed to sign on x number of logical drives signed on in a degraded state Make sure MegaRAID Express 500 is properly installed Make sure MegaRAID Express 500 is properly installed Press a key to run MegaRAID Manager Choose View Add Configuration from the Configure menu Use View Add Configuration to examine both the configuration in NVRAM and the configuration stored on the disk drives Resolve the problem by selecting one of the configurations Make sure all physical drives are properly connected and are powered on Run MegaRAID Manager to find out if any physical drives are not responding Reconnect replace or rebuild any drive that is not responding Make sure all physical drives are properly connected and are powered on Run MegaRAID Manager to find if any physical drives are not responding Reconnect replace or
53. k drives you can place up to eight physical disk drives in an array include all drives that have the same capacity to the same array make sure any hot spare has a capacity that is at least as large as the largest drive that may be replaced by the hot spare and when replacing a failed drive make sure that the replacement drive has a capacity that is at least as large as the drive being replaced Chapter 5 Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 39 Current Configuration SCSI ID SCSI Channel 1 KO E E e 40 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Drive Level Size Size Policy Policy uis Drives o0 T S T S ii AD e o e ae amp s 1D2 To 1 T T T e am po o a o e a Ss oal e oo Fae e e as Po 1 1 1 e e C E O E Eora aweko PE e O ESEC A O Se DO a ss Cont d Chapter 5 Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 41 Physical Device Layout DO TO Gi tb TT Device Type Sid o o Logical Drive Number Drive Number SS ManuactwrerModelNumber o PFinmvarelevel Tage Sd Device Type TJ Logical Drive Number Drive Number o LManufacturer Model Number c e A Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number O o ManuractwrerModelNumber o c Tage Sd Device Type SSCS SS Logical Drive Number Drive Number o LManufacturer Model Number c e TA Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number O ManuaciwrerModelNumber o E MagtiD TT Device Type o o Logical Drive Number Drive Numb
54. k drives can be combined to appear to the operating system as one single 1600 MB drive See also Array Spanning and Spanning Cont d 92 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Glossary Continued Disk Striping A type of disk array mapping Consecutive stripes of data are mapped round robin to consecutive array members A striped array RAID Level 0 provides high I O performance at low cost but provides lowers data reliability than any of its member disks Disk Subsystem A collection of disks and the hardware that connects them to one or more host computers The hardware can include an intelligent controller or the disks can attach directly to a host computer I O a bus adapter Double Buffering A technique that achieves maximum data transfer bandwidth by constantly Failed Drive Fast SCSI Firmware keeping two I O requests for adjacent data outstanding A software component begins a double buffered I O stream by issuing two requests in rapid sequence Thereafter each time an I O request completes another is immediately issued If the disk subsystem is capable of processing requests fast enough double buffering allows data to be transferred at the full volume transfer rate A drive that has ceased to function or consistently functions improperly A variant on the SCSI 2 bus It uses the same 8 bit bus as the original SCSI 1 but runs at up to 10MB double the speed of SCSI 1 Software stored in read only memory ROM or Pr
55. le the rebuild starts automatically when a drive fails MegaRAID Express 500 automatically restarts the system and the rebuild if the system goes down during a rebuild The rebuild rate is the fraction of the compute cycles dedicated to rebuilding failed drives A rebuild rate of 100 percent means the system is totally dedicated to rebuilding the failed drive The MegaRAID Express 500 rebuild rate can be configured between 0 and 100 At 0 the rebuild is only done if the system is not doing anything else At 100 the rebuild has a higher priority than any other system activity A RAID array is a collection of physical disk drives governed by the RAID management software A RAID array appears to the host computer as one or more logical drives 14 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Logical Drive A logical drive is a partition in a physical array of disks that is made up of contiguous data segments on the physical disks A logical drive can consist of e an entire physical array more than one entire physical array e apart of an array e parts of more than one array or e a combination of any tyvo of the above conditions Hot Swap A hot swap is the manual replacement of a defective physical disk unit while the computer is still running When a new drive has been installed you must issue a command to rebuild the drive SCSI Drive States A SCSI disk drive can be in one of these states Online The drive is functi
56. llowing on CD the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide the MegaRAID Operating System Drivers Guide the MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide the software license agreement the MegaRAID Express 500 Configuration Utilities for DOS e the warranty registration card Step 2 Power Down Turn off the computer and remove the cover Make sure the computer is turned off and disconnected from any networks before installing the controller card Step 3 Configure Motherboard Make sure the motherboard is configured correctly for MegaRAID Express 500 MegaRAID Express 500 is essentially a SCSI Controller Each MegaRAID Express 500 card you install will require an available PCI IRQ make sure an IRQ is available for each controller you install Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 53 Step 4 Install Cache Memory Use 72 bit 3 3V unbuffered SDRAM only The maximum memory bandwidth is 528 MB s with an SDRAM DIMM Important A minimum of8 MB of cache memory is required The cache memory must be installed before MegaRAID Express 500 is operational SDRAM SDRAM specifications are specified below Memory Volt Speed Parity Type BBU Bank I Total Memory Type Support Cont d 54 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 4 Install Cache Memory Continued Important If the DIMM SDRAM is not installed when you receive your MegaRAID Express 500 RAID controller you must call the manufacturer for a list of approved DIMM vendors You
57. manual for each SCSI device to disable termination Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 59 SCSI Termination The SCSI bus is an electrical transmission line and it must be terminated properly to minimize reflections and losses You complete the SCSI bus by setting termination at both ends You can let MegaRAID Express 500 automatically provide SCSI termination at one end of the SCSI bus You can terminate the other end of the SCSI bus by attaching an external SCSI terminator module to the end of the cable or by attaching a SCSI device that internally terminates the SCSI bus at the end of the SCSI channel Selecting a Terminator Use standard external SCSI terminators on a SCSI channel operating at 10 MB s or higher synchronous data transfer Terminating Internal SCSI Disk Arrays Set the termination so that SCSI termination and termination power are intact when any disk drive is removed from a SCSI channel as shown below Host Computer Internal SCSI Drives No Termination ID 0 1 No Termination Express 500 Termination SCSI ID 7 pe Enabled Cont d 60 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide SCSI Termination Continued Terminating External Disk Arrays In most array enclosures the end of the SCSI cable has an independent SCSI terminator module that is not part of any SCSI drive In this way SCSI termination is not disturbed when any drive is removed as shown below External SCSI Drives Express 500
58. n MegaRAID the screen display is garbled or does Express 500 not appear at all Cannot flash or update the You may need a new EEPROM EEPROM Chapter 7 Troubleshooting Suggested Solution Make sure that TERMPWR is being properly provided to each peripheral device populated channel Firmware Initializing appears and remains on the screen Make sure that each end of the channel chain is properly terminated using the recommended terminator type for the peripheral device The channel is automatically terminated at the MegaRAID Express 500 card if only one cable is connected to a channel Make sure on a channel basis only two type of cables are connected at any one time Make sure that the MegaRAID Express 500 controller is properly seated in the PCI slot What SCSI IDs can a non hard disk Non hard disk devices can accommodate only device have and what is maximum SCSI IDs 1 2 3 4 5 or 6 regardless of the number allowed per adapter channel used A maximum of six non hard disk devices are supported per MegaRAID Express 500 adapter Why does a failed logical array still To maintain the DOS Path statement integrity get a drive assignment 72 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Enable the BIOS via the MegaRAID BIOS Setup utility Adapter BIOS Disabled No Logical Drives Handled by BIOS Host Adapter at Baseport xxxx Not Responding No MegaRAID Express 500 Adapter Configuration of NVRAM and dr
59. n array that can consist of more than one physical drive Logical drives divide the contiguous storage space of an array of disk drives or a spanned group of arrays of drives The storage space in a logical drive is spread across all the physical drives in the array or spanned arrays Each MegaRAID adapter can be configured with up to eight logical drives in any combination of sizes Configure at least one logical drive for each array The conversion between multiple data addressing schemes especially conversions between member disk block addresses and block addresses of the virtual disks presented to the operating environment by Array Management Software Megabyte An abbreviation for 1 000 000 10 to the sixth power bytes It is the same as 1 000 KB kilobytes Having multiple concurrent or pseudo concurrent execution sequences Used to describe processes in computer systems Multi threaded processes allow throughput intensive applications to efficiently use a disk array to increase I O performance Operating Environment The operating environment includes the host computer where the array Glossary is attached any I O buses and adapters the host operating system and any additional software required to operate the array For host based arrays the operating environment includes I O driver software for the member disks but does not include Array Management Software which is regarded as part of the array itself Cont d 95 Gl
60. nager by pressing lt Ctrl gt lt M gt to enable Virtual Sizing Select the Objects menu then select the Logical Drive menu Select View Update Parameters Set Virtual Sizing to Enabled BSD Unix We do not provide a driver for BSDI Unix MegaRAID Express 500 does not support BSDI Unix Multiple LUNs MegaRAID Express 500 supports one LUN per each target ID No multiple LUN devices are supported MegaRAID Express The Maximum MegaRAID Express 500 power Power Requirements requirements are 15 watts at 5V and 3 Amps SCSI Bus The ANSI specification dictates the following Requirements The maximum signal path length between terminators is 3 meters when using up to 4 maximum capacitance 25 pF devices and 1 5 meters when using more than 4 devices SCSI devices should be uniformly spaced between terminators with the end devices located as close as possible to the terminators The characteristic impedance of the cable should be 90 6 ohms for the REQ and ACK signals and 90 10 ohms for all other signals The stub length the distance from the controller s external connector to the mainline SCSI bus shall not exceed Im approximately 4 inches The spacing of devices on the mainline SCSI bus should be at least three times the stub length All signal lines shall be terminated once at both ends of the bus powered by the TERMPWR line Chapter 7 Troubleshooting 77 Windows NT When Windows NT is installed via a bootable CD
61. nsfer rate on the motherboard PCI bus the sustained data transfer rate on the i960RM PCI to PCI bridge the sustained data transfer rate of the SCSI controller the sustained data transfer rate of the SCSI devices the number of SCSI channels the number of SCSI disk drives Host based solutions must provide operating system specific drivers A SCSI to SCSI RAID product puts the RAID intelligence inside the RAID chassis and uses a plain SCSI Host Adapter installed in the network server The data transfer rate is limited to the bandwidth of the SCSI channel A SCSI to SCSI RAID product that has two wide SCSI channels operating at speeds up to 160 MB s must squeeze the data into a single wide SCSI 160 MB s channel back to the host computer In SCSI to SCSI RAID products the hard drive subsystem uses only a single SCSI ID which allows you to connect multiple drive subsystems to a single SCSI controller RAID Overview RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks is a collection of specifications that describe a system for ensuring the reliability and stability of data stored on large disk subsystems A RAID system can be implemented in a number of different versions or RAID Levels The standard RAID levels are 0 1 3 and 5 MegaRAID Express 500 supports all standard RAID levels and RAID levels 10 30 and 50 special RAID versions supported by MegaRAID Express 500 Consistency Check In RAID check consistency verifies the corr
62. ntum is a registered trademark of Quantum Corporation Seagate is a registered trademark of Seagate Corporation SyQuest is a trademark of SyQuest Corporation Panasonic is a registered trademark of Panasonic Corporation Hewlett Packard is a registered trademark of Hewlett Packard Corporation Amphenol is a trademark of Amphenol Corporation Siemens is a registered trademark of Siemens Corporation AMP is a trademark of AMP Corporation Revision History 4 14 00 Initial release ii MegaRAID Express500 Hardware Guide Table of Contents Preface iii Table of Contents Continued iv MegaRAID Express500 Hardware Guide Table of Contents Continued Preface Preface The MegaRAID Express 500 PCI RAID Controller supports all single ended and low voltage differential LVD SCSI devices on a 160M Ultra and Wide SCSI channel with data transfer rates up to 160 MB s Megabytes per second This manual describes MegaRAID Express 500 Limited Warranty The buyer agrees if this product proves to be defective that American Megatrends is only obligated to repair or replace this product at American Megatrends discretion according to the terms and conditions of the warranty registration card that accompanies this product American Megatrends shall not be liable in tort or contract for any loss or damage direct incidental or consequential resulting from the use of this product Please see the Warranty Registration Card ship
63. of the SCSI channel between the SCSI adapter and the array controller Bus Based The array controller resides on the bus for example a PCI or EISA bus in the host computer and has its own CPU to generate the parity and handle other RAID functions A bus based controller can transfer data at the speed of the host bus PCI ISA EISA VL Bus but is limited to the bus it is designed for MegaRAID Express 500 resides on a PCI bus which can handle data transfer at up to 132 MB s With MegaRAID Express 500 the channel can handle data transfer rates up to 160 MB s per SCSI channel Enclosure Management Enclosure management is the intelligent monitoring of the disk subsystem by software and or hardware The disk subsystem can be part of the host computer or separate from it Enclosure management helps you stay informed of events in the disk subsystem such as a drive or power supply failure Enclosure management increases the fault tolerance of the disk subsystem 16 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 3 RAID Levels There are six official RAID levels RAID O through RAID 5 MegaRAID Express 500 supports RAID levels 0 1 3 and 5 American Megatrends has designed three additional RAID levels 10 30 and 50 that provide additional benefits The RAID levels that MegaRAID Express 500 supports are O To Standard pagel pT Standard pagepol 2 l ad rue po s5 Standard pagebal MegaRAID Express 500 only pagep4 saka
64. ogrammable ROM PROM Firmware is often responsible for the behavior of a system when it is first turned on A typical example would be a monitor program in a computer that loads the full operating system from disk or from a network and then passes control to the operating system FlexRAID Power Fail Option The FlexRAID Power Fail option allows a reconstruction to restart Glossary if a power failure occurs This is the advantage of this option The disadvantage is once the reconstruction is active the performance is slower because an additional activity is added Cont d 93 Glossary Continued Format GB The process of writing zeros to all data fields in a physical drive hard drive to map out unreadable or bad sectors Because most hard drives are factory formatted formatting is usually only done if a hard disk generates many media errors Shorthand for 1 000 000 000 10 to the ninth power bytes It is the same as 1 000 MB megabytes Host based Array A disk array with an Array Management Software in its host computer rather Host Computer Hot Spare Hot Swap TVO Driver Initialization than in a disk subsystem Any computer that disks are directly attached to Mainframes servers workstations and personal computers can all be considered host computers A stand by drive ready for use if another drive fails It does not contain any user data Up to eight disk drives can be assigned as hot spares for an
65. onboard term power J15 Rub1 Slot Interrupt Steering J15 is a 3 pin jumper You can short the pins for a standard PCI slot or a PCI RUBI slot ET Standard PCI slot PCI RUBI slot J12 J13 Rub1 Slot Interrupt Steering J12 and J13 are 3 pin jumpers You can short them for a one channel or two channel motherboard Shot For 1 Pins 1 2 on both jumpers 2 channel motherboard RAID Pins 2 3 on both jumpers 1 channel motherboard 58 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 6 Set Termination You must terminate the SCSI bus properly Set termination at both ends of the SCSI cable The SCSI bus is an electrical transmission line and must be terminated properly to minimize reflections and losses Termination should be set at each end of the SCSI cable s as shown below Termination is always enabled regardless of the configuration However you can override this setting by setting another state ER tarminator SCS davicas Termination an controller terminator desh an both enabled Setup using one connector for one channel For a disk array set SCSI bus termination so that removing or adding a SCSI device does not disturb termination An easy way to do this is to connect the MegaRAID Express 500 card to one end of the SCSI cable and to connect an external terminator module at the other end of the cable The connectors between the two ends can connect SCSI devices Disable termination on the SCSI devices See the
66. oning normally and is a part of a configured logical ONLIN drive Ready The drive is functioning normally but is not part of a configured logical READY drive and is not designated as a hot spare Hot Spare The drive is powered up and ready for use as a spare in case an online HOTSP drive fails Fail A fault has occurred in the drive placing it out of service FAIL Rebuild The drive is being rebuilt with data from a failed drive REB Logical Drive States Description The drive operating condition is good All configured drives are online Degraded The drive operating condition is not optimal One of the configured drives has failed or is offline The drive has failed The drive is not available to MegaRAID Express 500 Chapter 2 Introduction to RAID 15 Disk Array Types The RAID disk array types are listed in the following table Type Description Software The array is managed by software running in a host computer using Based the host CPU bandwidth The disadvantages associated with this method are the load on the host CPU and the need for different software for each operating system SCSI to SCSI The array controller resides outside of the host computer and communicates with the host through a SCSI adapter in the host The array management software runs in the controller It is transparent to the host and independent of the host operating system The disadvantage is the limited data transfer rate
67. ont d 56 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 5 Set Jumpers Continued J1 Termination Enable J1 is a three pin header that specifies hardware or software control of SCSI termination Type of SCSI Termination J10 Setting Software control of SCSI termination via drive detection Short Pins 1 2 Permanently disable all onboard SCSI termination Short Pins 2 3 Permanently enable all onboard SCSI termination OPEN J9 I2C Interface Connector J9 is a four pin header that allows the i960JX core processor to serve as a master and slave device that resided on the I2C bus when used with the I2C Bus Interface Unit Attach a four wire cable from J9 to the I2C Bus Interface Unit Pin Description J5 Serial Port J5 is a 9 pin berg that attaches to a serial cable The pinout is Pin Signal Description Pin Signal Description 5 TransmitData_ 6 CleartoSend 7 Data Terminal Ready 8 Ring Indicator a EEE Cont d Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 57 Step 5 Set Jumpers Continued J8 Hard Disk LED J8 is a four pin connector that attaches to a cable that connects to the hard disk LED mounted on the computer enclosure The LED indicates data transfers Pin Description __ VCC through pullup SCSI Activity Signal SCSI Activity Signal VCC through pullup J10 Term PowerJ10 is a 2 pin jumper The factory setting is Pins 1 2 shorted Pins 1 2 should always be shorted for J10 to enable
68. ontinued Disclaimer This manual describes the operation of the American Megatrends MegaRAID Express 500 Disk Array Controller Although efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of the information contained here American Megatrends expressly disclaims liability for any error in this information and for damages whether direct indirect special exemplary consequential or otherwise that may result from such error including but not limited to the loss of profits resulting from the use or misuse of the manual or information contained therein even if American Megatrends has been advised of the possibility of such damages Any questions or comments regarding this document or its contents should be addressed to American Megatrends at the address shown on the cover American Megatrends provides this publication as is without warranty of any kind either expressed or implied including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties or the limitation or exclusion of liability for indirect special exemplary incidental or consequential damages in certain transactions therefore this statement may not apply to you Also you may have other rights which vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction This publication could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors Changes are periodically made to the information
69. ors are e one 68 pin high density internal connector and e one 68 pin ultra high density external connector 68 Pin High Density SCSI Internal Connector The SCSI channel on the MegaRAID Express 500 Controller has a 68 pin high density 0 050 inch pitch unshielded connector This connector provides all signals needed to connect MegaRAID Express 500 to wide SCSI devices The following connector pinouts are provided for both single ended and differential primary bus P CABLE as specified in the SPI SCSI Parallel Interface documentation The cable assemblies that interface with the 68 pin connector are e flat ribbon or twisted pair cable for connecting internal wide SCSI devices e flat ribbon or twisted pair cable for connecting internal and external wide SCSI devices e cable assembly for converting from internal wide SCSI connectors to internal non wide Type 2 connectors e cable assembly for converting from internal wide to internal non wide SCSI connectors Type 30 e cable assembly for converting from internal wide to internal non wide SCSI connectors Cont d Appendix A SCSI Cables and Connectors 79 68 Pin High Density Connectors Continued Cable Assembly for Internal Wide SCSI Devices The cable assembly for connecting internal wide SCSI devices is shown below pin 1 pooopror0rrrrrrr0COCO CCOCOCO0CO0OC00C0000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 pin 1
70. ossary Continued Parity Parity is an extra bit added to a byte or word to reveal errors in storage in RAM or disk or transmission Parity is used to generate a set of redundancy data from two or more parent data sets The redundancy data can be used to reconstruct one of the parent data sets However parity data does not fully duplicate the parent data sets In RAID this method is applied to entire drives or stripes across all disk drives in an array Parity consists of dedicated parity in which the parity of the data on two or more drives is stored on an additional drive and distributed parity in which the parity data are distributed among all the drives in the system If a single drive fails it can be rebuilt from the parity of the respective data on the remaining drives Partition An array virtual disk made up of logical disks rather than physical ones Also known as logical volume Physical Disk A hard disk drive that stores data A hard disk drive consists of one or more rigid magnetic discs rotating about a central axle with associated read write heads and electronics Physical Disk Roaming The ability of some adapters to detect when hard drives have been moved to a different slots in the computer for example after a hot swap Protocol A set of formal rules describing how to transmit data especially across a network Low level protocols define the electrical and physical standards to be observed bit and byte ordering and the
71. ows 95 The driver filename is AMICDROM SYS The MEGASPI SYS ASPI manager must be added to the CONFIG SYS file before you can install the CD ROM device driver See the instructions on the previous page for adding the MEGASPI SYS driver Copy AMICDROM SYS to the root directory of the C drive Add the follovving line to CONFIG SYS making sure it is preceded by the line for MEGASPI SYS DEVICE C VAMICDROM SYS Add the follovving to AUTOEXEC BAT Make sure it precedes the SMARTDRV EXE line MSCDEX D MSCDO01 MSCDEX is the CD ROM drive extension file that is supplied with MS DOS and PC DOS Version 5 0 or later See your DOS manual for the command line parameters for MSCDEX Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 69 Summary This chapter discussed hardware installation Configure the RAID system via software configuration utilities See the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide for all information about MegaRAID Express 500 software utilities The utility programs for configuring MegaRAID Express 500 are Configuration Utilit Operating System MegaRAID BIOS Setup independent of the operating system MegaRAID Manager DOS SCO UNIX SVR3 2 Novell NetWare 3 x 4 x SCO UnixWare Power Console 500 Microsoft Windows NT Windows 95 70 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 7 Troubleshooting process after installation has been disabled The system hangs during the boot Make sure the MegaRAID Express 500 process
72. pe elc Segment 1 stripe Segment 2 stripe Segment 3 stripe Segment 4 stripe etc Segment 1 stripe Segment 2 stripe Segment 3 stripe Segment 4 stripe etc RAID 5 vs RAID 3 You may find that RAID 5 is preferable to RAID 3 even for applications characterized by sequential reads and writes because MegaRAID Express 500 has very robust caching algorithms The benefits of RAID 3 disappear if there are many small I O operations scattered randomly and widely across the disks in the logical drive The RAID 3 fixed parity disk becomes a bottleneck in such applications For example The host attempts to make two small writes and the writes are widely scattered involving two different stripes and different disk drives Ideally both writes should take place at the same time But this is not possible in RAID 3 since the writes must take turns accessing the fixed parity drive For this reason RAID 5 is the clear choice in this scenario 22 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide RAID 5 RAID 5 includes disk striping at the byte level and parity In RAID 5 the parity information is written to several drives RAID 5 is best suited for networks that perform a lot of small I O transactions simultaneously RAID 5 addresses the bottleneck issue for random I O operations Since each drive contains both data and parity numerous writes can take place concurrently In addition robust caching algorithms and hardware based exclusive or assist make R
73. ped with this product for full warranty details Limitations of Liability American Megatrends Inc shall in no event be held liable for any loss expenses or damages of any kind whatsoever whether direct indirect incidental or consequential whether arising from the design or use of this product or the support materials provided with the product No action or proceeding against American Megatrends may be commenced more than two years after the delivery of product to Licensee of Licensed Software Licensee agrees to defend and indemnify American Megatrends from any and all claims suits and liabilities including attorney s fees arising out of or resulting from any actual or alleged act or omission on the part of Licensee its authorized third parties employees or agents in connection with the distribution of Licensed Software to end users including without limitation claims suits and liability for bodily or other injuries to end users resulting from use of Licensee s product not caused solely by faults in Licensed Software as provided by American Megatrends to Licensee Cont d vi MegaRAID Express500 Hardware Guide Preface Continued Package Contents You should have received a MegaRAID Express 500 PCI RAID Controller a CD with drivers utilities and documentation a MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide on CD a MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide on CD a MegaRAID Operating System Drivers Guide on CD softwa
74. per drive KB or 128 KB ama commands Chapter 4 Features 29 RAID Management Features The RAID management features include sizes Windows NT and NetWare server Yes mm O 1 SCO Unix OS 2 and UnixWare Yes Pe e PMisuppot vs O Management through an industry Not released yet standard browser Fault Tolerance Features The fault tolerance features include Specification Support for SMART SAF TE compliant Drive failure detection Drive rebuild using hot spares Parity Generation and checking 30 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Software Utilities The software utility features include Graphical user interface Management utility Bootup configuration via MegaRAID Manager Online Read Write and cache policy switching Internet and intranet support through TCP IP Operating System Software Drivers Operating System Drivers MegaRAID Express 500 includes a DOS software configuration utility and drivers for Windows NT V4 0 Novell NetWare 4 x OS 2 SCO UnixWare 2 1x and SCO Open Server R5 0x The DOS drivers for MegaRAID Express 500 are contained in the firmware on MegaRAID Express 500 except the DOS ASPI and CD ROM drivers Call your American Megatrends OEM support representative for information about drivers for other operating systems Chapter 4 Features 31 MegaRAID Express 500 Specifications 5 875 x 4 2 half length PCI Cache Configuration 8 16 32 64 or 128
75. psp Sion ie 50 aE 500 only page o Select RAID Level To ensure the best performance you should select the optimal RAID level when you create a system drive The optimal RAID level for your disk array depends on a number of factors e the number of drives in the disk array e the capacity of the drives in the array e the need for data redundancy e the disk performance requirements Selecting a RAID Level The factors you need to consider when selecting a RAID level are listed on the next page Chapter 3 RAID Levels 17 Selecting a RAID Level Level Description and Pros Cons Fault Use Die Data divided in blocks and distributed sequentially pure striping Use for non critical data that requires high performance Data duplicated on another disk mirroring Use for read intensive fault tolerant systems Disk striping with a dedicated parity drive Use for non interactive apps that process large files sequentially Disk striping and parity data across all drives Use for high read volume but low write volume such as transaction processing Data striping and mirrored drives Disk striping with a dedicated parity drive Disk striping and parity data across all drives Note controller is 15 18 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide High data throughput for large files 100 data redundancy Achieves data redundancy at low cost Achieves data redundancy at low cost High
76. ray by maximizing the level of fault tolerance The levels of fault tolerance provided by the RAID levels are RAID Level Fault Tolerance Protection RR No fault tolerance Disk mirroring which provides 100 data redundancy Es 100 protection through a dedicated parity drive 100 protection through striping and parity The data is striped and parity data is written across a number of physical disk drives 10 100 protection through data mirroring 100 protection through data striping All data is striped iii moura 100 protection through data striping nd parity All data is striped and parity data is written across all drives in two or more arrays Maximizing Drive Performance You can configure an array for optimal performance But optimal drive configuration for one type of application will probably not be optimal for any other application A basic guideline of the performance characteristics for RAID drive arrays at each RAID level is RAID Level Performance Characteristics Excellent for all types of I O activity but provides no data security Provides data redundancy and good performance Provides data redundancy 5 Provides data redundancy and good performance in most environments Provides data redundancy and excellent performance 30 Provides data redundancy and good performance in most environments Provides data redundancy and very good performance 46 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Gu
77. rays to provide additional organization for the drive array You must arrange arrays so that you can create system drives that can function as boot devices You can sequentially arrange arrays with an identical number of drives so that the drives in the group are spanned Spanned drives can be treated as one large drive Data can be striped across multiple arrays as one logical drive You can create spanned drives by using the MegaRAID BIOS Setup utility or the MegaRAID Manager Creating Hot Spares Any drive that is present formatted and initialized but is not included in a array or logical drive is automatically designated as a hot spare You can also designate drives as hot spares via MegaRAID BIOS Setup the MegaRAID Manager or Power Console 500 Creating Logical Drives Logical drives are arrays or spanned arrays that are presented to the operating system You must create one or more logical drives The logical drive capacity can include all or any portion of a array The logical drive capacity can also be larger than an array by using spanning MegaRAID Express 500 supports up to 40 logical drives 44 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Configuration Strategies The most important factors in RAID array configuration are drive capacity drive availability fault tolerance and drive performance You cannot configure a logical drive that optimizes all three factors but it is easy to choose a logical drive configuration that ma
78. re EMM386 EXE is loaded If you do not do this you cannot access the boot drive after EMM386 is loaded DOS ASPI Driver The MegaRAID Express ASPI driver can be used under DOS Windows 3 x and Windows 95 The DOS ASPI driver supports e upto six non disk SCSI devices each SCSI device must use a unique SCSI ID regardless of the SCSI channel it resides on SCSI IDs 1 through 6 are valid e upto six MegaRAID Express adapters you should only configure one MegaRAID adapter per system if possible ASPI Driver The ASPI driver is MEGASPI SYS It supports disk drives tape drives CD ROM drives etc You can use it to run CorelSCSI Novaback PC Tools and other software that requires an ASPI driver CorelSCSI Novaback and PC Tools are not provided with MegaRAID Express Copy MEGASPLSYS to your hard disk drive Add the following line to CONFIG SYS MEGASPI SYS must be loaded in CONFIG SYS before EMM386 EXE is loaded device lt path gt MEGASPI SYS v Parameters The MEGASPI SYS parameters are INT 13h support is not provided Verbose mode All message are displayed on the screen Physical drive access mode Permits access to physical drives Quiet mode All message except error message are suppressed Cont d 68 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 12 Install Operating System Driver Continued CD ROM Driver A device driver is provided with MegaRAID Express 500 for CD ROM drives operating under DOS Windows 3 x and Wind
79. re license agreement on CD a warranty registration card on CD Technical Support If you need help installing configuring or running the MegaRAID Express Web Site FTP Site Preface 500 PCI RAID Controller call your American Megatrends OEM Technical Support representative Before you call please complete the MegaRAID Problem Report form on the next page We invite you to access the American Megatrends world wide web site at http www ami com The address of the American Megatrends FTP site is ftp ftp megatrends com MegaRAID Problem Report Form Customer Information EEE Fax Motherboard CPU Type Speed System Memory Other disk controllers Other adapter cards installed installed Description of problem Steps necessary to re create problem viii MegaRAID Express500 Hardware Guide Drive Level Size Size Policy Policy uis Drives eoar RO S T T eso e o a a amp 1D3 1 1 o T T e BA po qo qo o ee ee mzs 1 o T T e Dz po qo ad o do apo cas 1D7 oo o o T T e paso apo oo o N o e 1D9 T 1 T T Be Mp io jo pastos as eosi po po deco os EE e e PR E E RR Bjo o do too Bs po oo doc e os fupss EE e Tio ESA O T O O e 1D7 LL Ke jp pooh ss 1D9 1 T 1 Tio 1040 JL Preface Physical Device Layout ant ET Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number Manufactorer Model Number c Tage TT Device Type o Logical Drive Number Drive Number JI
80. rebuild any drive that is not responding 73 74 Suggested Solution 1 Logical Drive Degraded Insufficient memory to run BIOS Press any key to continue Insufficient Memory The following SCSI IDs are not responding Channel x a b c A logical drive signed on in a degraded state Not enough MegaRAID Express 500 memory to run MegaRAID BIOS Not enough memory on the MegaRAID Express adapter to support the current configuration The physical drives with SCSIO IDs a b and c are not responding on SCSI channel x MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Make sure all physical drives are properly connected and are powered on Run MegaRAID Manager to find out if any physical drives are not responding Reconnect replace or rebuild any drive that is not responding Make sure MegaRAID Express 500 memory has been properly installed Make sure MegaRAID Express memory has been properly installed Make sure the physical drives are properly connected and are powered on Suggested Solution Following SCSI disk not found and no empty slot available for mapping it Following SCSI IDs have the same data y z Channel x a b c Unresolved configuration mismatch between disks and NVRAM on the adapter Chapter 7 Troubleshooting Other BIOS Error Messages The physical disk roaming feature did not find the physical disk vvith the displayed SCSI ID No slot is available to map the physical dr
81. rm a single function to cope with failures or errors Redundancy normally applies to hardware a common form of hardware redundancy is disk mirroring Replacement Disk A disk available to replace a failed member disk in a RAID array Replacement Unit A component or collection of components in a disk subsystem that are always replaced as a unit when any part of the collection fails Typical replacement units in a disk subsystem includes disks controller logic boards power supplies and cables Also called a hot spare SAF TE SCSI Accessed Fault Tolerant Enclosure An industry protocol for managing RAID enclosures and reporting enclosure environmental information SCSI Small Computer System Interface A processor independent standard for system level interfacing between a computer and intelligent devices including hard disks floppy disks CD ROM printers scanners etc SCSI can connect up to 7 devices to a single adapter or host adapter on the computer s bus SCSI transfers eight or 16 bits in parallel and can operate in either asynchronous or synchronous modes The synchronous transfer rate is up to 40 MB s SCSI connections normally use single ended drivers as opposed to differential drivers The original standard is now called SCSI 1 to distinguish it from SCSI 2 and SCSI 3 which include specifications of Wide SCSI a 16 bit bus and Fast SCSI 10 MB s transfer SCSI Channel MegaRAID controls the disk drives via SCSI 2 buses channel
82. rming an exclusive or on the blocks and then writes the blocks to all but one drive in the array The parity data created during the exclusive or is then written to the last drive in each RAID 3 array The size of each block is determined by the stripe size parameter which is set during the creation of the RAID set RAID 30 can sustain one to four drive failures while maintaining data integrity if each failed disk is in a different RAID 3 array Use RAID 30 for sequentially written and read data pre press and video on demand that requires a higher degree of fault tolerance and medium to large capacity Provides data reliability and high data transfer rates Requires 2 4 times as many parity drives as RAID 3 Six to 32 TEFEN t Data Taw I i Y Disk4 Q Chapter 3 RAID Levels 25 RAID 50 Uses RAID 50 provides the features of both RAID 0 and RAID 5 RAID 50 includes both parity and disk striping across multiple drives RAID 50 is best implemented on two RAID 5 disk arrays with data striped across both disk arrays RAID 50 breaks up data into smaller blocks and then stripes the blocks of data to each RAID 5 raid set RAID 5 breaks up data into smaller blocks calculates parity by performing an exclusive or on the blocks and then writes the blocks of data and parity to each drive in the array The size of each block is determined by the stripe size parameter which is set during the creation of the
83. romechanical components of a disk subsystem operate more slowly require more power and generate more noise and vibration than electronic devices These factors reduce the reliability of data stored on disks Chapter 2 Introduction to RAID 5 In This Chapter 6 The following topics are discussed Host based solution Pope RAID overview po pase I MegaRAID Express 500 Hardyvare Guide Consistency check Fault tolerance Disk striping Disk spanning Disk mirroring Parity Hot spares Disk rebuilds Logical drive Hot swap SCSI drive states Logical drive states Disk array types Enclosure management rs e e sie S oa ve 109 ojojo page MegaRAID Express 500 Host Based RAID Solution Host Based SCSI to SCSI Chapter 2 Introduction to RAID RAID products are either e host based or e SCSI to SCSI The MegaRAID Express 500 controller is a host based RAID solution MegaRAID Express 500 is a PCI adapter card that is installed in any available PCI expansion slot in a host system A host based RAID product puts all of the RAID intelligence on an adapter card that is installed in a network server A host based RAID product provides the best performance MegaRAID Express 500 is part of the file server so it can transmit data directly across the computer s buses at data transfer speeds up to 132 MB s The available sequential data transfer rate is determined by the following factors the sustained data tra
84. s over which the system transfers data in either Fast and Wide or Ultra SCSI mode Each adapter can control up to three SCSI channels Internal and external disk drives can be mixed on channels O and 1 but not on channel 2 Cont d 98 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Glossary Continued SCSI ID A SCSI physical drive can be in one of these states e Online Powered on and operational e Hot Spare Powered on stand by disk drive ready for use if an online disk fails e Rebuild A disk drive to which one or more logical drives is restoring data e Not Responding The disk drive is not present is not powered on or has failed Service Provider The Service Provider SP is a program that resides in the desktop system or SMARTer SNMP Spanning Glossary server and is responsible for all DMI activities This layer collects management information from products whether system hardware peripherals or software stores that information in the DMI database and passes it to management applications as requested Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology with Error Recovery An industry standard protocol for reporting server system information Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology for disk drives is a specification designed to offer an early warning for some disk drive failures These failures are predicted based upon actual performance degradation of drive components that are then reported back to a us
85. sk striping enhances performance because multiple drives are accessed simultaneously but disk striping does not provide data redundancy HIN Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 6 Segment 7 Segment 8 Segment 10 Segment 11 Segment 1 Stripe width is a measure of the number of disks involved in an array where striping is implemented For example a four disk array with disk striping has a stripe width of four The stripe size is the length of the interleaved data segments that MegaRAID Express 500 writes across multiple drives MegaRAID Express 500 supports stripe sizes of 2 KB 4 KB 8 KB 16 KB 32 KB 64 KB or 128 KB Chapter 2 Introduction to RAID Disk Spanning Disk spanning allows multiple disk drives to function like one big drive Spanning overcomes lack of disk space and simplifies storage management by combining existing resources or adding relatively inexpensive resources For example four 400 MB disk drives can be combined to appear to the operating system as one single 1600 MB drive Spanning alone does not provide reliability or performance enhancements Spanned logical drives must have the same stripe size and must be contiguous In the following graphic RAID 1 array is turned into a RAID 10 array an be accessed as one 4 GB drive as one 4 GB drive Spanning for RAID 10 RAID 30 or RAID 50 10 Configure RAID 10 by spanning two contiguous RAID 1 logical drives E The RAID 1 log
86. subsystem capacity availability and performance Servers that support Video on Demand typically read the data often but write data infrequently Both the read and write operations tend to be long Data stored on a general purpose file server involves relatively short read and write operations with relatively small files Array Functions You must first define the major purpose of the disk array Will this disk array increase the system storage capacity for general purpose file and print servers Does this disk array support any software system that must be available 24 hours per day Will the information stored in this disk array contains large audio or video files that must be available on demand Will this disk array contain data from an imaging system You must identify the purpose of the data to be stored in the disk subsystem before you can confidently choose a RAID level and a RAID configuration 48 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Planning the Array Configuration Answer the following questions about this array Number of physical disk drives in the array Do Purpose of this array Rank the following factors Maximize drive capacity Maximize the safety of the data fault tolerance Maximize hard drive performance and throughput How many hot spares HERE Amount of cache memory installed on MegaRAID Express 500 Are all of the disk drives and the server protected by a UPS it Using the Array Configuration Planner The
87. t system shutdown Chapter 4 Features 37 Compatibility MegaRAID Express 500 compatibility issues include e server management e SCSI device compatibility and e software compatibility Server Management As an SNMP agent MegaRAID Express 500 supports all SNMP managers and RedAlert from Storage Dimensions SCSI Device Compatibility MegaRAID Express 500 supports SCSI hard disk drives CD ROMs tape drives optical drives DAT drives and other SCSI peripheral devices Software All SCSI backup and utility software should work with MegaRAID Express 500 Software that has been tested and approved for use with MegaRAID Express 500 includes Cheyenne CorelSCSI Arcserve and Novaback This software is not provided with MegaRAID Express 500 Summary MegaRAID Express 500 Features were discussed in this chapter Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 is discussed in Chapter 5 38 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide 5 Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 Configuring SCSI Physical Drives SCSI Channel Physical SCSI drives must be organized into logical drives The arrays and logical drives that you construct must be able to support the RAID level that you select Your MegaRAID Express 500 adapter has one SCSI channel Basic Configuration Rules You should observe the following guidelines when connecting and configuring SCSI devices in a RAID array attach non disk SCSI devices to a single SCSI channel that does not have any dis
88. th MegaRAID Express 500 settings even custom installation can be quick and easy Additional Information Unpack the MegaRAID controller and If damaged call your inspect for damage Make sure all items are American Megatrends in the package OEM support representative 2 Turn the computer off and remove the cover 3 Make sure the motherboard jumper settings are correct 4 Install cache memory on the MegaRAID 8 MB minimum cache Express 500 card memory is required Check the jumper settings on the MegaRAID Express 500 controller 6 Set SCSI termination _ _ 8 Connect the SCSI cables to SCSI devices 9 Set the target IDs for the SCSI devices 10 Replace the computer cover and turn the Be sure the SCSI devices power on are powered up before or at the same time as the host computer Run MegaRAID BIOS Setup 12 Install software drivers for the desired operating systems Each step is described in detail below Cont d 52 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 1 Unpack Unpack and install the hardware in a static free environment The MegaRAID Express 500 controller card is packed inside an anti static bag between two sponge sheets Remove the controller card and inspect it for damage If the card appears damaged or if any item listed below is missing contact American Megatrends or your MegaRAID OEM support representative The MegaRAID Express 500 Controller is also shipped with the fo
89. time The MegaRAID Express 500 RAID Management software allows you to specify physical drives as hot spares When a hot spare is needed the MegaRAID Express 500 controller assigns the hot spare that has a capacity closest to and at least as great as that of the failed drive to take the place of the failed drive Important Hot spares are employed only in arrays with redundancy for example RAID levels 1 3 5 10 30 and 50 A hot spare connected to a specific MegaRAID Express 500 controller can be used only to rebuild a drive that is connected to the same controller Chapter 2 Introduction to RAID 13 Disk Rebuild Rebuild Rate Physical Array You rebuild a disk drive by recreating the data that had been stored on the drive before the drive failed Rebuilding can be done only in arrays with data redundancy such as RAID level 1 3 5 10 30 and 50 Standby warm spare rebuild is employed in a mirrored RAID 1 system If a disk drive fails an identical drive is immediately available The primary data source disk drive is the original disk drive A hot spare can be used to rebuild disk drives in RAID 1 3 5 10 30 or 50 systems If a hot spare is not available the failed disk drive must be replaced with a new disk drive so that the data on the failed drive can be rebuilt The MegaRAID Express 500 controller automatically and transparently rebuilds failed drives with user definable rebuild rates If a hot spare is availab
90. use the TIDs from 0 to 15 The arbitration priority for a SCSI device depends on its TID Highest Lowest Important Non disk devices CD ROM or tapes should have unique SCSI IDs regardless of the channel they are connected to Chapter 6 Hardware Installation 65 Device Identification on MegaRAID Express 500 All logical drives on each SCSI bus are identified to the host as ID 0 Differentiate the drives with Logical Unit Identifiers LUNs ID 0 cannot be used for non disk devices because they are limited to IDs 1 through 6 The MegaRAID Express 500 is limited to eight logical drives because LUNs are used to present logical drives The SCSI 2 ANSI specification has a limit of eight LUNs per ID The SCSI 3 specification increased the number of LUNs to 16 An example of ID mapping follows Example of MegaRAID Express 500 ID Mapping JD Channel i 7 As Presented to the Operating System JD LUN Device ID LUN Device po o Disk Al x 1 O0 Scanner o nkxwx 2 0 po 2 Dik AX 3 0 Tape po 3 Dim 4 po po 4 Distaso s po Tape po 5 Dik A6X 6 O Optical po 6 Dito po 7 1 Distast 66 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Step 10 Power Up Replace the computer cover and reconnect the AC power cords Turn power on to the host computer Set up the power supplies so that the SCSI devices are powered up at the same time as or
91. vices vvere The driver did not find any non hard drive devices located during scanning A SCSI device that is not a hard disk drive such as a tape drive or CD ROM drive must be attached to this SCSI channel The SCSI ID must be unique for each adapter and cannot be SCSI ID 0 The supported SCSI IDs are 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 ERROR VDS support is The h option is appended to driver in INACTIVE for CONFIG SYS or this driver is used with a BIOS that is MegaRAID Express logical earlier than v1 10 or no logical drives are configured drives 76 MegaRAID Express 500 Hardware Guide Other Potential Problems DOS ASPI MEGASPLSYS the MegaRAID DOS ASPI manager uses 6 KB of system memory once it is loaded CD ROM drives At this time copied CDs are not accessible from DOS even under DOS after loading MEGASPI SYS and AMICDROM SYS Physical Drive Errors To display the MegaRAID Manager Media Error and Other Error options press lt F2 gt after selecting a physical drive under the Physical Drive menu selected from the Objects menu A Media Error is an error that occurred while actually transferring data An Other Error is an error that occurs at the hardware level because of a device failure poor cabling bad termination signal loss etc Virtual Sizing The Virtual Sizing option enables RAID expansion Virtual Sizing must be enabled to increase the size of a logical drive or add a physical drive to an existing logical drive Run MegaRAID Ma
92. ximizes one factor at the expense of the other two factors although needs are seldom that simple Maximize Capacity RAID 0 achieves maximum drive capacity but does not provide data Note redundancy Maximum drive capacity for each RAID level is shown below OEM level firmware that can span up to 4 logical drives is assumed RAID Description Drives Capacity Level Required Striping 1 32 Number of disks X capacity of without parity smallest disk 8 eee Capacity of smallest disk X 1 2 Striping with 3 Number of disks X capacity of 3 fixed parity smallest disk capacity of 1 disk drive Striping with 8 Number of disks X capacity of floating parity smallest disk capacity of 1 disk drive Mirroring and 4 8 Must Number of disks X capacity of Striping be a multiple smallest disk 2 of 2 RAID 3 and 6 32 Must Number of disks X capacity of Striping be a multiple smallest disk capacity of 1 disk X of arrays number of Arrays 1 3 5 10 30 0 of arrays number of Arrays 5 RAID 5 and 6 32 Must Number of disks X capacity of Striping be a multiple smallest disk capacity of 1 disk X The maximum number of physical drives supported per controller is 15 Cont d Chapter 5 Configuring MegaRAID Express 500 45 Configuration Strategies Continued Maximizing Drive Availability You can maximize the availability of data on the physical disk drive in the logical ar

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