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1. KH Sub By Search for Files 2 ba De iktop Documents ka Ale Floppy Drive el el 21 0 GB Media v Pictures Public Templates 7 tems Free space 492 7 MB 2 an ubuntu Fle Browser fe Linux GUI Before GUIs computers had a command line interface which meant the user had to type every single command and the computer would only display text Microsoft Windows OS Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid 1980s Over the years there have been many different versions of Windows but the most recent ones are Windows 8 released in 2012 Windows 7 2009 and Windows Vista 2007 Windows comes preloaded on most new PCs which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world If you re buying a new computer or upgrading to a newer version of Windows you can choose from several different editions of Windows such as Home Premium Professional and Ultimate You may need to do some research to decide which edition is right for you Apple Mac OS X Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple Inc It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers or Macs All of the recent versions are known as OS X pronounced O S Ten and the specific versions include Yosemite released in 2014 Mavericks 2013 Mountain Lion 2012 Lion 2011 and Snow Leopard 2009 Apple also offers a version called Mac OS X Server which is designed to be run on servers Mac OS was developed by A2. OPERATING 17 SYSTEM SESSION 3 INSTALLING THE WINDOWS DESKTOP OPERATING 21 SYSTEM SESSION 4 FEATURES OF LINUX DESKTOP OPERATING 24 SYSTEM SESSION 5 INSTALLING THE LINUX DESKTOP OPERATING 31 SYSTEM GLOSSARY 35 SUGGESTED READING 35 The National Curriculum Framework 2005 recommends that children s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school This principle makes a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school home community and the workplace The student workbook on Computer Operating Systems I is a part of the qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational Education Qualification Framework NVEQF an initiative of Ministry of Human Resource Development MHRD Government of India to set common principles and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering Schools Vocational Education and Training Institutions Technical Education Institutions Colleges and Universities It is envisaged that the NVEQF will promote transparency of qualifications cross sectoral learning and student centred learning and facilitate learner s mobility between different qualifications thus encouraging lifelong learning This student workbook which forms a part of vocational qualification package for students who have passed Class VIII or equivalent examination was created by a group of expert
3. Windows XP and Windows Vista The most recent most advanced and most feature rich version of the operating system is Windows 10 Historical Features MS DOS was the earliest consumer operating system that gained Microsoft worldwide attention In the beginning Windows was regarded primarily as a graphical user interface GUI that did little more than provide an easier and more visually pleasing way to use MS DOS What eventually made Windows a standout operating system was its ability to do what its name implies allow a computer user to have more than one program or process operating simultaneously in various windows on the computer screen Advancements As Windows matured Microsoft added advances to make the user experience more enjoyable and the development of software for the operating system easier Windows 2 0 was the first to feature Control Panel a tool that allowed the user to navigate a graphical interface to adjust settings on the computer Subsequent advancements included peer to peer networking support Internet support and dial up networking capabilities Software became plug and play which allowed users to insert diskettes and eventually CD ROM discs into their computer and install software more easily something that was still at the time difficult on other operating systems Surface Features At this stage you need to be aware of the surface features Windows 7 released in 2009 is Microsoft s most recent it
4. filename in the search box You can also use this feature when you don t know where a file is actually located or when you want to do an advanced search Since its will be an indexed searching the results will be very quick and very close to your search entries 5 Parental Controls Parental Controls give you the means to decide when your children use the computer which website they visit and which games they are allowed to play You can also get reports of your children s computer activity as well 6 Ease of Access Center Ease of Access Center is the place to find and change settings that can enhance how you hear see and use your computer You can adjust text size and the speed of your mouse This is also where you can go to set up your screen reader and find other helpful tools 7 Default Programs This is a feature of your Windows Operating System where you can adjust and set your default programs associate a file type or a protocol witha program change and set auto play settings set program access and computer defaults Very useful to configure our programs according to your wish and requirements 8 Remote Desktop Connection This feature helps a user with a graphical user interface to another computer It is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft especially for Windows Operating System Basically by entering the IP address of the other computer you can directly see that computer s desktop right on to your desktop Nor
5. operating system Two major features you have control of are your desktops look and feel by way of numerous Window Managers and the kernel 4 Software There are so many software choices when it comes to doing any specific task Software on Linux tends to be packed with more features and greater usability than software on Windows Best of all the vast majority of Linux software is free and open source 5 Hardware Linux is perfect for those old computers with barely any processing power or memory you have sitting in your garage or basement collecting dust Install Linux and use it as a firewall a file server or a backup server There are endless possibilities Old 386 or 486 computers with barely any RAM run Linux without any issue 6 Flexibility Linux offers more flexibility in designing and usage than windows OS 7 Easy to install applications Installing new programs in Linux is easier than in Windows You don t need to accept agreements because it is all open source so there is no need to click Next 20 times before the program is installed Disadvantages of Linux 1 Understanding Becoming familiar with the Linux operating system requires patience as well as a strong learning curve 2 Compatibility Because of its free nature Linux is sometimes behind the curve when it comes to brand new hardware compatibility Though the kernel contributors and maintainers work hard at keeping the kernel up to date Linux
6. IT ITeS NSQF Level 1 Class IX ITBO103 NQ2014 Computer Operating Systems Student s Workbook I aS T a GSS eQ BIOS wakes up the computer NCSERT WYywode aaa fa Geran ea Ta PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education Shyamla Hills Bhopal PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education 2014 Copyright protects this publication Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act reproduction adaptation electronic storage and communication to the public are prohibited without prior written permission Student Details Student Name Student Roll Number Batch Start Date Acknowledgement We would like to thank Sri Rajarshi Bhattacharya Secretary Department of School Education and Literacy DSE amp L Ministry of Human Resource Development MHRD Government of India Smt Radha Chauhan Joint Secretary DSE amp L MHRD Smt Ankita Mishra Bundela Deputy Secretary Vocational Education DSE amp L MHRD Professor Parvin Sinclair Director National Council of Educational Research and Training NCERT Professor R B Shivagunde Joint Director PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education PSSCIVE and Mr Rajiv Mathur Head Standards and Quality Assurance National Skill Development Corporation NSDC for guidance and steering the whole process of development of curricula and teaching learning materials We express our sincere g
7. METHODS type of installation that you want to do and the information source for the installation See Choosing an Operating System Installation Method for a description of each method The following methods can be used Direct Installation Using DVD or CD ROM Media Network Installation Using PXE Remote KVMS over IP With Virtual CD ROM Serial Redirection Direct Installation Using DVD or CD ROM Media DIRECT INSTALLATION USING DVD OR CD ROM MEDIA See the instructions for basic installation in the document that corresponds to the operating system you are installing Exercise 1 Draw a flowchart of the Linux OS installation process 2 Install Linux operating system in desktop computer Assessment I Short Answer Questions 1 Describe Operating System Installation Task Map Checklist for Assessment Activity Use the following checklist to see if you ve met all the requirements for assessment activity Part A Differentiated between the following 1 Linux Operating System Installation and Windows Operating System Installation Part B Discussed in class the following 1 Linux operating system installation procedure 2 System requirements for installing Linux OS Part C Performance Standards The performance standards may include but not limited to Performance criteria Yes No Install Linux operating system in computer computer Demonstrate the knowledge of system require
8. active for you You can also try to create your own illustrations using your imagination or taking the help of your teacher Let us now see what the sections in the sessions have for you Section 1 Introduction This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit It also tells you what you will learn through the various sessions covered in the Unit Section 2 Relevant Knowledge This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic s covered in the session The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to perform certain activities You should read through the information to develop an understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the exercise s Section 3 Exercise Each session has exercises which you should complete on time You will perform the activities in the classroom at home or at the workplace The activities included in this section will help you to develop necessary knowledge skills and attitude that you need for becoming competent in performing the tasks at workplace The activities should be done under the supervision of your teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing the tasks and also provide feedback to you for improving your performance To achieve this prepare a timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and strictly adhere to the stipulated norms or standards Do not hesitate to ask your teacher or trainer to explain anything that you do not un
9. aunting task but it is really quite easy especially if you re installing a operating system like Windows 7 or Windows 8 It s especially easy to install Windows with a little help There is No need to take your PC in to the local experts for a simple install You can install Windows all by yourself Read the guidelines given on the User Manual of CD of Window OS You may also take help from www microsoft com Click on the Windows operating system you re planning to install for a helpful comparison on the different Windows installation methods and links to visual step by step guides explaining how to install Windows The very best way to install Windows 7 is by a method called a clean install A Windows 7 clean install simply means an installation of Windows 7 on an unused partition on your hard drive In most cases though a clean install of Windows 7 means to remove an existing operating system Windows XP Linux Windows 7 Windows 8 doesn t matter and to replace it with a fresh installation of Windows 7 To install Windows 7 using the Clean option and formatting the hard disk e Turn on your computer so that Windows starts normally insert the Windows 7 installation disc or USB flash drive and then shut down your computer e Restart your computer e Press any key when prompted and then follow the instructions that appear Product Key You can find your product key on your computer or inside the Windows pa
10. ckage or in a confirmation e mail if you purchased and downloaded Windows 7 online Go to the Microsoft website to see examples of product key stickers If you can t find your product key you might need to buy a new one To learn how see Get a new Windows 7 product key If you receive an error indicating that your product key is not valid when installing Windows 7 see Windows 7 activation error invalid product key Exercise Windows 7 System Requirements Courtesy http windows microsoft com en IN windows7 products system requirements If you want to run Windows 7 on your PC here s what it takes e 1 gigahertz GHz or faster 32 bit x86 or 64 bit x64 processor e 1 gigabyte GB RAM 32 bit or 2 GB RAM 64 bit e 16 GB available hard disk space 32 bit or 20 GB 64 bit e DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1 0 or higher driver Product functionality and graphics may vary based on your system configuration Some features may require advanced or additional hardware PCs with multi core processors Windows 7 was designed to work with today s multi core processors All 32 bit versions of Windows 7 can support up to 32 processor cores while 64 bit versions can support up to 256 processor cores PCs with multiple processors CPUs Commercial servers workstations and other high end PCs may have more than one physical processor Windows 7 Professional Enterprise and Ultimate allow for two physical processors providing t
11. derstand Section 4 Assessment The review questions included in this section will help you to check your progress You must be able to answer all the questions before you proceed to the next session Introduction The operating system is the most important program that runs on Operating System a computer Every general purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs Operating systems perform basic tasks such as recognizing input from the keyboard sending output to the display screen keeping track of files and directories on the disk and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers It accumulates programme that can manage the other computer hardware and gives basic services to the computer programs The operating system is a vital segment of the computer software Allocates g 3 i pa system Any kind of application programme also needs the operating system to function Time sharing OS also do the task for a scheduled efficient system and may likewise incorporate accounting software for expense distribution of processor time printing mass storage and different assets Manages Disks amp Files 3 Activities memory assignment the OS act as a mediator between the software and the hardware OS might be found on very nearly any gadget that holds a computer from phones and feature diversion reassures to supercomputers and web servers Monitors For functions of hardware for examp
12. does not have as much of a corporate backing as alternative operating systems Sometimes you can find third party applications sometimes you can t 3 Alternative Programs Though Linux developers have done a great job at creating alternatives to popular Windows applications there are still some applications that exist on Windows that have no equivalent Linux application Using Linux Commands Mkdir mkdir vibhor will create new directory i e here vibhor directory is created Find Find command is a extremely useful command You can search for any file anywhere using this command provided that file and directory you are searching has read write attributes set to you your group or all Find descends directory tree beginning at each pathname and finds the files that meet the specified conditions Exercise 1 Zs 3 Ls ls command is most widely used command and it displays the contents of directory Cd cd sandeep will change directory from current directory to sandeep directory Pwd pwd command will print your home directory on screen pwd means print working directory Cp cp command copies a file If want to copy a file named oldfile in a current directory to a file named newfile in a current directory Mv mv command is used to move a file from one directory to another directory or to rename a file Rm To delete files use rm command Grep grep command is the most useful search command Yo
13. eration of the Windows operating systems On the surface it features full 64 bit support remote media streaming and touchscreen functionality when paired with a touchscreen monitor It also features a new tool call Jump Lists which makes accessing your most used media and programs easier The desktop features Snap a new way to organize order and size the windows on your desktop so that they are easier to read and compare Advanced Features Taking an indication from Apple s OS X operating system Windows 7 features Sleep and Resume functionality The search system has been made quicker and easier to navigate Memory usage has also been optimized to ensure faster and more reliable performance Windows 7 has also been redesigned for better power management through the reduction of background activities less power Aero Features Windows 7 uses a group of features called Windows Aero Aero is a visual desktop experience that combines translucent windows appealing color and graphics effects with convenient functionality Aero includes Snap Peek Shake and Flip Some user friendly features of Windows 7 OS are as follows 1 Windows Easy Transfer One of the first things you might want to do is to transfer your files and settings from your old computer to the brand new computer You can do this using an Easy Transfer Cable CDs or DVDs a USB flash drive a network folder or an external hard disk You can transfer al
14. further in the direction of a child centered system of education outlined in the National Policy of Education 1986 The success of this effort depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on the job activities and questions Participation of learners in skill development exercises and inculcation of values and creativity is possible if we involve children as participants in learning and not as receiver of information These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning Flexibility in the daily time table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in implementing the activities and the required number of teaching days will have to be increased for teaching and training About Your Workbook This workbook is to assist you with completing the Unit of Competency Computer Operating Systems I You should work through the workbook in the classroom at the workplace or in your own time under the guidance and supervision of your teacher or trainer This workbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire relevant knowledge and skills soft and hard on various aspects of the unit of competency Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by you before you move on to the next session Animated pictures and photographs have been included to bring about visual appeal and to make the text lively and inter
15. he best performance on these computers Windows 7 Starter Home Basic and Home Premium will recognize only one physical processor 1 Draw a flowchart of the Windows 2007 installation process 2 Install Windows 2007 operating system in desktop computer Assessment Short Answer Questions 1 Describe the meaning of Clean Install 3 Enlist the system requirements for installing Windows 2007 OS Checklist for Assessment Activity Use the following checklist to see if you ve met all the requirements for assessment activity Part A Differentiated between the following 1 Product Key and Activation Key 2 Installation and Commissioning Part B Discussed in class the following 1 Installation procedure of Windows 2007 OS 2 System requirements for Windows 2007 OS installation Part C Performance Standards The performance standards may include but not limited to Performance criteria Yes No Install Windows 2007 operating system in computer Demonstrate the knowledge of system requirements for installing Windows 2007 OS in computer Session 4 Features of Linux Desktop Operating System In this session you will learn about Components and Basic Features of Linux OS You will also study about Linux system architecture Kernel mode and User mode and advantages and disadvantages of Linux Some Linux commands are also discussed in this session Relevant Knowledge Linux is one of popu
16. iguring Your System for RAID CONFIGURING YOUR SYSTEM If you don t have the LSI Logic SAS3041E R card installed in your FOR RAID computer system and you don t plan to install it you can skip this section Note The Sun Fire X2100 M2 Server supported versions of Linux all have the LSI boot driver included in the operating system software The operating system will automatically recognize the LSI boot drivers If you have the LSI Logic SAS3041E R card installed while configuring RAID for the Solaris Operating System follows the procedure below 1 Install the optional LSI Logic SAS3041E R card Sun part number SG PCIE4SAS Z See the Sun Fire X2100 M2 Server Service Manual for instructions on installing and cabling the card 2 Power on the server 3 During the boot process press Ctrl C to enter the LSI utility when the LSI SAS card is recognized 4 Create your RAID See the LSI Integrated RAID User s Guide at http www lsilogic com files docs techdocs storage_stand_ prod PCISCSICont Software ir_ug pdf 5 Save your work and exit the utility 6 Install the Linux Operating System See Operating System Installation Methods 7 Download the LSI utilities for managing RAID from the following site lsi com storage_home products_home host_bus_adapters sas_hb as lsisas3041er index html Operating System Installation Methods OPERATING SYSTEM See the following list of installation methods to determine the INSTALLATION
17. lar version of UNIX operating System It is open source as its source code is freely available It is free to use Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility Its functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX Components of Linux OS Linux Operating System has primarily three components Kernel System Library System Utility 1 Kernel Kernel is the core part of Linux It is responsible for all major activities of this operating system It is consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware details to system or application programs N System Library System libraries are special functions or programs using which application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel s features These libraries implements most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires kernel module s code access rights 3 System Utility System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized individual level tasks User Process SK o 2 S System Libraries Compilers Kernel Modules Kernel Mode vs User Mode Kernel component code executes in a special privileged mode called kernel mode with full access to all resources of the computer This code represents a single process executes in single address space and do not require any context switch and hence is very efficient and fast Kernel runs
18. le input and output and Samples of popular OS are Android iOS BSD Linux OS X QNX Microsoft Windows etc Session 1 Understanding Operating System In this session you will learn about the functions of Operating Systems You will also study about the types of Operating Systems used in desktop laptop computers and mobile handsets Relevant Knowledge The operating system is one of the most important components of any computer system An operating System OS is an intermediary between users and computer hardware It provides users an environment in which a user can execute programs conveniently and efficiently In technical terms It is software which manages hardware An operating System controls the allocation of resources and services such as memory processors devices and information User 2 System Application Softwares Softwares This is the system that runs the computer at its most basic level Without an operating system a computer is a lifeless box Operating systems are responsible for everything from starting up the computer when you push the on button to high level system security The type of operating system a computer has also determines what types of software can be run on it K 4 y i i m HV Disk Deve bo rm The Operating System s Job Following are some of important functions of an operating System e Memory Management e Processor Management e Device Management e File Manage
19. mally known as desktop sharing Using this you can share files and data and even solve problem without having physical access to the other computer Perform following activities on Windows 2007 OS e Administer Login e Password changes e User interface e Aero Peek e Aero Snap e Aero themes e Windows sidebar and gadgets e Use library e Navigate home page e Organize files and folders e Create shortcuts e Use snipping tools e Manage accounts e Use help options Assessment Write a short note on following 1 Historical features of Windows 2 Surface features of Windows 7 OS Checklist for Assessment Activity Use the following checklist to see if you ve met all the requirements for assessment activity Part A Differentiated between the following 1 Surface and Advance feature of Windows OS 2 Aero Peek and Aero Snap Part B Discussed in class the following 1 Features of Windows 2007 OS 2 Aero Features Part C Performance Standards The performance standards may include but not limited to Performance criteria Yes No Use features of Windows 2007 Operating System Session 3 Installing the Windows Desktop Operating System In this session you will learn about the installation procedure of Windows 2007 OS You will also study about the system requirements for installing Windows 2007 OS Relevant Knowledge Installing Windows might sound like a frightening and d
20. ment e Security e Control over system performance e Job accounting e Error detecting aids e Coordination between other software and users You ve probably heard the phrase boot your computer but do you know what that means Booting is the process that occurs when you press the power button to turn your computer on During this process which may take a minute or two the computer does several things e It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly e It checks for new hardware e It then starts up the operating system Once the operating system has started up it manages all of the software and hardware on the computer Most of the time there are many different programs running at the same time and they all need to access your computer s central processing unit CPU memory and storage The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what it needs Without the operating system the software wouldn t even be able to talk to the hardware and the computer would be useless In the image below you can see how Windows 7 appears after starting up Types of Operating System Operating systems keep evolving over the period of time Following are few of the important types of operating system which are most commonly used e Batch Operating System The users of batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly Each user prepares his job on an off line device like punch ca
21. ments for installing Linux OS in Application An application is a program or group of programs that is designed for the end user Architecture The way in which the parts of a computer are organized Booting Booting is initialization of a computerized system Commissioning Bring something newly produced into working condition Compatibility Able to exist together without trouble or conflict Configuration The way a computer system or program is prepared for a particular use Driver A piece of computer software that controls a device such as a mouse or printer that is attached to the computer Encryption To change information from one form to another especially to hide its meaning Graphics Relating to the pictorial arts Installation The act or process of making a machine a service etc ready to be used in a certain place Interface An area or system through which one machine is connected to another machine Processor It is a logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer Proprietary One that possesses owns or holds exclusive right to something Response time Response time is the time a system or functional unit takes to react to a given input Server The main computer in a network which provides files and services that are used by the other computers Touchscreen 4 type of screen on a computer which shows options that you can cho
22. method response time is very less as compared to the online processing Operating Systems in Trend Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer you buy Most people use the operating system that comes with their computer but it is possible to upgrade or even change operating systems The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows Mac OS X and Linux RJ X Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface or GUI pronounced gooey A GUI lets you use your mouse to click on icons buttons and menus and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text Each operating system s GUI has a different look and feel so if you switch to a different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first However modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use and most of the basic principles are the same In the images below you can see the Windows Linux and Mac OS X GUls hi wy ties A Ner T deino iama enn Documents Domei Mies v A Mask L Mam unon Mac OS X GUI Q Applications Places system Live session user MB 4 Sun Apr 20 12 48 AM g iG Home Folder iz Desktop E Documents a Music E Pictures Videos as Computer CO DVD Creator L Floppy Drive A AA _ 21 0 GB Media Reload Home Computer Search 2 E Network Q 100 Q View asicons place Sep Connect to Server
23. most everything from your old computer to the new one User accounts Files and Folders Program Settings Internet Settings and Favorites E mail settings contacts and messages 2 Windows Anytime Upgrade This feature of Windows Operating System allows you to upgrade to any higher windows version available for your system so you can take full advantage of enhanced digital entertainment and other features Windows anytime upgrade helps you compare features in each Windows edition and walks you through the upgrade process Windows 10 being the latest Operating system currently available for the entire user worldwide The upgrade will cost you as per the version being selected by you 3 Windows Basics If you are new to Windows or want to refresh your knowledge about areas such as security or working with digital pictures this feature will help you to get started Here you can learn how to help keep your computer more secure work with digital pictures use the mouse and keyboard work with files and programs use email connect to and explore the internet and many more A new user can even see video or animations that will explain the working of the windows operating system and will show you step by step instructions in order to configure your pc according to your desires 4 Searching and Organizing Most folders in Windows have a search box in the upper right corner To find a file in a folder Exercise type a part of the
24. ms such as mainframe computers and supercomputers Linux also runs on embedded systems which are devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system this includes mobile phones tablet computers network routers facility automation controls televisions and video game consoles Widely used operating system for mobile devices is Android Android is built on top of the Linux kernel The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration Operating Systems for Mobile Devices The operating systems we ve been talking about were designed to run on desktop or laptop computers Mobile devices such as phones tablet computers and mp3 players are different from desktop and laptop computers so they run operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS Windows Phone and Google Android Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren t as fully featured as those made for desktop or laptop computers and they aren t able to run all of the same software However one can still do a lot of things with them like watch movies browse the Web manage your calendar and play games Android OS GUI Exercise Collect the information about the current market tends of the latest operating systems and fill the table given below Operating System Manufacturing O
25. onstrate the knowledge of components and basic features of Linux OS Describe the Linux system architecture Explain advantages and disadvantages of Linux Use few Linux OS commands Session 5 Installing the Linux Desktop Operating System In this session you will learn about the installation procedure of Linux OS You will also study about the system requirements for installing Linux OS Relevant Knowledge Pocument does not provide comprehensive instructions F r installing a Linux operating system but this section provides guidelines for the tasks involved in the OS installation and the installation methods available System requirements for installing Ubuntu Linux Desktop Edition Courtesy https help ubuntu com community Installation SystemRequirements 1 700 MHz processor about Intel Celeron or better 512 MB RAM system memory 3 5 GB of hard drive space or USB stick memory card or external drive but see Live CD for an alternative approach 4 VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution Either a CD DVD drive or a USB port for the installer media 6 Internet access is helpful ol Operating System Installation Overview The following procedures are required for installing drivers if you are performing a fresh installation of a Linux operating system You do not need to reinstall the drivers if you are using the preinstalled version of the operating system The task map is important Refer
26. ose by touching the screen Upgrade An occurrence in which one thing is replaced by something better newer more valuable etc Suggested Reading BOOKS e Operating System by I A Dhotre e Linux kernel internals by Michael Beck e Linux Device Drivers by Alessandro Rubini Jonathan Corbet WEBSITES e http www gcflearnfree org computerbasics e http www tutorialspoint com operating_system os_quick_guide htm e http www nsdcindia org e http www nassconm in e http www webopedia com TERM O operating_system html
27. ous types of operations call application programs etc e Security Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection controlled access to specific files encryption of data Linux System Architecture Linux System Architecture consists of following layers e Hardware layer Hardware consists of all peripheral devices RAM HDD CPU etc e Kernel Core component of Operating System interacts directly with hardware provides low level services to upper layer components e Shell An interface to kernel hiding complexity of kernel s functions from users Takes commands from user and executes kernel s functions e Utilities Utility programs giving user most of the functionalities of an operating systems ca Applications Compilers Shell Applications Kernel Advantages of Linux 1 Cost The most obvious advantage of using Linux is the fact that it is free to obtain while Microsoft products are available for a hefty and sometimes recurring fee Microsoft licenses typically are only allowed to be installed on a single computer whereas a Linux distribution can be installed on any number of computers without paying a single dime 2 Security In line with the costs the security aspect of Linux is much stronger than that of Windows 3 Choice Freedom The power of choice is a great Linux advantage With Linux you have the power to control just about every aspect of the
28. pple Inc for their Macintosh line of computer systems Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface based operating systems The original version was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh and referred to simply as the System software The System was renamed to Mac OS in 1996 with version 7 6 The System is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface concept Major revision 10 from 2001 to present is branded Mac OS X Now only referred to as OS X Linux OS Linux pronounced LINN ux is a family of open source operating systems which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world This is different from proprietary software like Windows which can only be modified by the company that owns it Microsoft The advantages of Linux are that it is free and there are many different distributions or versions you can choose from Each distribution has a different look and feel and the most popular ones include Ubuntu Mint and Fedora Linux is named after Linus Torvalds who created the Linux kernel in 1991 The kernel is the computer code that is the central part of an operating system Linux was initially developed as a free operating system for Intel x86 based personal computers Since then it has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system It is a leading operating system on servers and other syste
29. ratitude and thanks to Dr R S Pawar Chairman NASSCOM Mr Som Mittal President NASSCOM Dr Sandhya Chintala Executive Director IT ITeS Sector Skill Council Vice President NASSCOM and Dr Kamna Malik Deputy Director IT ITeS Sector Skill Council NASSCOM for making available the National Occupational Standards NOS and the Qualification Pack QP guidelines which were essential in developing this workbook Special thanks are due to M S Technable Solutions Pvt Ltd Kolkata and its team of contributors and experts namely Mr Santanu Bhattacharjee Director Ms Paramita Pal Ms Sukanya Mitra Ms Juthika Sarkar for developing the workbook and coordinating the development process along with domain experts Dr Uday Kumar Haldar an acclaimed academician and author of many books on management and Mr Sreekumar Haldar an ex banker who have been deeply involved in modernization of a nationalized bank s ICT infrastructure We are grateful to Prof Vinay Swarup Mehrotra Head Curriculum Development and Evaluation Centre and NSQF Cell and Mr Akash Shrivastava Senior Consultant PSSCIVE Bhopal for review and guidance We also express our gratitude to the reviewers for reviewing the material and providing comments for improvement Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3 PREFACE ABOUT YOUR WORK BOOK 7 8 INTRODUCTION SESSION 1 UNDERSTANDING OPERATING SYSTEM 9 SESSION 2 FEATURES OF WINDOWS 2007
30. rds and submits it to the computer operator e Time sharing Operating Systems Time sharing is a technique which enables many people located at various terminals to use a particular computer system at the same time e Distributed Operating System Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real time applications and multiple users Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly to which one can perform each job most efficiently e Network Operating System Network Operating System runs on a server and provides server the capability to manage data users groups security applications and other networking functions The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network typically a local area network LAN a private network or to other networks Examples of network operating systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 UNIX Linux Mac OS X Novell NetWare and BSD Real Time Operating System Real time system is defines as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment Real time processing is always on line whereas on line system need not be real time The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as response time So in this
31. rganization Latest Version Windows Macintosh Linux Android iOS Assessment I Short Answer Questions 1 Explain unique feature of each Windows Linux Mac and Android OS 3 Explain functions of Operating Systems Checklist for Assessment Activity Use the following checklist to see if you ve met all the requirements for assessment activity Part A Differentiated between the following 1 Windows and Linux OS 2 MS DOS and MS Windows Part B Discussed in class the following 1 Functions of operating system 2 Types of operating system 3 Latest versions of operating system 4 Operating system used in mobile handsets Part C Performance Standards The performance standards may include but not limited to Performance criteria Yes No Demonstrate the knowledge of functions and types of operating system Demonstrate the knowledge of latest versions of operating systems used in computers and mobile handsets Session 2 Features of Windows 2007 Operating System In this session you will learn about the historical surface and advanced features of Windows 2007 Operating System Relevant Knowledge Microsoft s versions of Windows operating systems are mostly used in the world The original Windows operating system dates back to 1981 Subsequent versions have included Windows 2 0 Windows 3 1 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows NT Windows 2000
32. s The IT ITeS Sector Skill Council approved by the National Skill Development Corporation NSDC for the IT ITeS Industry developed the corresponding National Occupational Standards NOS and the Qualification Pack QP The National Occupational Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the representatives of IT ITeS Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge needed to perform effectively in the workplace The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education PSSCIVE a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and Training NCERT in association with M S Technable Solutions Pvt Ltd Kolkata has developed modular curricula and learning materials Units for the vocational qualification package in IT ITeS sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4 level 1 is equivalent to Class IX Based on NOS occupation related core competencies knowledge skills and abilities were identified for development of curricula and learning modules Units This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about necessary flexibility in offering of courses necessary for breaking the sharp boundaries between different subject areas The workbook attempts to enhance this endeavor by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering discussion in small groups and activities requiring hands on experience We hope these measures will take us significantly
33. the processes and provides system services to processes provides protected access to hardware to processes Support code remains in the System Library and is not required to run in kernel mode is in System Library User programs and other system programs works in User Mode which has no access to system hardware and kernel code User programs utilities use System libraries to access Kernel functions to get system s low level tasks Basic Features of Linux OS Some of the important features of Linux Operating System are e Portable Portability means software can works on different types of hardware in same way Linux kernel and application programs support their installation on any kind of hardware platform e Open Source Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving e Multi User Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory RAM application programs at same time e Multiprogramming Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time e Hierarchical File System Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files user files are arranged e Shell Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system It can be used to do vari
34. to the table below Operating System Installation Task Map Task Installation Task Instructions l Set up your server Install your server hardware and configure Sun Fire X2100 M2 Server the service processor Installation Guide 819 6589 I I Prepare your system If necessary erase the primary boot disk Chapter1 and Configuring for operating system set up the BIOS and set up the LSI RAID Your System for RAID installation configuration if the LSI RAID card is installed J Review the Sun Fire The product notes contain late breaking Sun Fire X2100 M2 Server X2100 M2 Server news about the Solaris OS software and Product Notes 819 6601 Product Notes patches I T i Install the Linux OS Choose an installation method and locate Operating System the installation instructions Installation Methods Operating System Installation Task Map Task Installation Task Instructions Install the system Install the system specific drivers needed Installing the System Specific specific drivers from to run the Linux operating system on the Drivers the Tools and Drivers Sun Fire X2100 M2 server CD Run the up2date or Patches are available from the SunSolve Running the up2date Utility SUSE Watcher utility Patch Portal For details visit website for the RHEL OS or Running www sunsolve sun com the SuSEWatcher Utility for the SLES OS Conf
35. u can use it to find processes running on system to find a pattern in a file etc Sort sort command sort the lines of a file or files in alphabetical order Draw the Linux System Architecture and try to analyze the structural design Perform following actions on Linux OS e Using a menu e Read and virtual file e File permission system e Viewing and altering permission using the mount command e Mounting a drive manually removing a mounted system e File searching using find e locate and whereis command e Commands for changing directory e Basic file handling Use following commands on Linux OS e Mkdir e Find e Ls e Cd e Pwd e Cp e Mv e Rm e Grep e Sort Assessment 1 3 Short Answer Questions Describe the components of Linux OS Checklist for Assessment Activity Use the following checklist to see if you ve met all the requirements for assessment activity Part A Differentiated between the following 1 2 3 4 Kernel Mode and User Mode System Library and Kernel Module System Library and System Utility Kernel and Shell Part B Discussed in class the following 1 2 3 4 Components of Linux OS Basic Features of Linux OS Linux System Architecture Advantages and Disadvantages of Linux Part C Performance Standards The performance standards may include but not limited to Performance criteria Yes No Dem
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