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The Not So Short Introduction LaTex

1. 52 3 4 Vertically Aligned Material ln 57 4 411 Multiple Equations gt lt o sos moase ssa xS 57 34 2 Arrays and Matrices o a meg pawat 57 3 5 Spacing in Math Mode lt e sss es sior pedu ere ag 58 3241 Phantoms a L2 nac Sek i a he wee ee 59 3 6 Fiddling with the Math Fonts 60 26 4 Bold Symbols akaa aa Ae HG ae ew a 60 3 1 Theorems Lemmas si s a ats oa hom a a m Rm ee cR 61 3 8 List of Mathematical Symbols gt 2 2 2 2 eo 63 CONTENTS ix 4 Specialities 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 Including Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT Bibliography 2259623 bse 4482456 fe 2 ee a a luni s ok wa ek T Poney Headers oomen m EAE ERE eg The Verbatim Package o ooo s a o o Installing Extra Packages Working with pdflIXTEX 4 7 1 PDF Documents for the Web ape The Fonts o ck moo 6 9o ERK Sw POR Aw Re x 4 7 9 Using Graphics 2 243 euceu a 05 Er x o ee ees 474 Hypertext Links se s s Romeo Ro e 4 7 5 Problems with Links 2229 a 2 a 4 7 6 Problems with Bookmarks Creating Presentations o osoa sosa toaa rn nn 5 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 1 5 2 5 3 6 1 5 2 OVEIVIEW uuo nn Kew xou po a UR oS E da The picture Environment 2 6460 o o ha s 5 21 Basie Commands lt s oqs s sa aae cw ro 5 2 2 Line Segments 5 2 8 AYPOWS 22
2. pagestyle style command defines which one to use Table 1 4 lists the predefined page styles Table 1 4 The Predefined Page Styles of ATEX plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of the page in the middle of the footer This is the default page style headings prints the current chapter heading and the page number in the header on each page while the footer remains empty This is the style used in this document empty sets both the header and the footer to be empty It is possible to change the page style of the current page with the com mand thispagestyle style A description how to create your own headers and footers can be found in The ATEX Companion 3 and in section 4 4 on page 76 1 7 Files You Might Encounter When you work with TFX you will soon find yourself in a maze of files with various extensions and probably no clue The following list explains the various file types you might encounter when working with TEX Please note that this table does not claim to be a complete list of extensions but if you find one missing that you think is important please drop me a line tex IATEX or TEX input file Can be compiled with latex sty TFX Macro package This is a file you can load into your IATEX document using the Nusepackage command dtx Documented TEX This is the main distribution format for IXTEX style files If you process a dtx file you get documented macro code of the
3. Axioms and similar structures newtheorem name counter text section The name argument is a short keyword used to identify the theorem With the text argument you define the actual name of the theorem which will be printed in the final document The arguments in square brackets are optional They are both used to specify the numbering used on the theorem Use the counter argument to specify the name of a previously declared theorem The new theorem will then be numbered in the same sequence The section argument allows you to specify the sectional unit within which the theorem should get its numbers After executing the newtheorem command in the preamble of your doc ument you can use the following command within the document begin name text This is my interesting theorem end name The amsthm package part of AuS BIEX provides the theoremstyletstyle command which lets you define what the theorem is all about by picking from three predefined styles definition fat title roman body plain fat title italic body or remark italic title roman body This should be enough theory The following examples should remove any remaining doubt and make it clear that the Nnewtheorem environment is way too complex to understand First define the theorems 62 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae theoremstyle definition newtheorem law Law theoremstyle plain n
4. 1 6 The Layout of the Document 11 Table 1 2 Document Class Options 10pt 11pt 12pt Sets the size of the main font in the document If no option is specified 10pt is assumed a4paper letterpaper Defines the paper size The default size is letterpaper Besides that abpaper bbpaper executivepaper and legalpaper can be specified fleqn Typesets displayed formulae left aligned instead of centred leqno Places the numbering of formulae on the left hand side instead of the right titlepage notitlepage Specifies whether a new page should be started after the document title or not The article class does not start a new page by default while report and book do onecolumn twocolumn Instructs IATEX to typeset the document in one column or two columns twoside oneside Specifies whether double or single sided output should be generated The classes article and report are single sided and the book class is double sided by default Note that this option concerns the style of the document only The option twoside does not tell the printer you use that it should actually make a two sided printout landscape Changes the layout of the document to print in landscape mode openright openany Makes chapters begin either only on right hand pages or on the next page available This does not work with the article class as it does not know about chapters The report class by default starts chapters on the next page available an
5. Please press the x key Yes I know the rendering is not ideal it s really a back tick or grave accent for opening quotes and vertical quote for closing despite what the font chosen might suggest 2 4 2 Dashes and Hyphens IATEX knows four kinds of dashes You can access three of them with differ ent numbers of consecutive dashes The fourth sign is actually not a dash at all it is the mathematical minus sign daughter in law X rated daughter in law X rated pages 13 67 pages 13 67 yes or no NN yes or no 0 1 and 1 0 1 and 1 The names for these dashes are hyphen en dash em dash and minus sign 2 4 3 Tilde A character often seen in web addresses is the tilde To generate this in IATEX you can use but the result is not really what you want Try this instead http www rich edu bush NN http www rich edu bush http www clever edu sim demo http www clever edu demo 2 4 4 Degree Symbol o The following example shows how to print a degree symbol in IXTEX It s 30N Ncirc Nmathrm C I will soon start to super conduct It s 30 C I will soon start to super conduct The textcomp package makes the degree symbol also available as textcelsius 2 4 Special Characters and Symbols 23 2 4 5 The Euro Currency Symbol When writing about money these days you need th
6. savebox name width height position content and finally arbitrarily often be drawn by put x y usebox name The optional position parameter has the effect of defining the anchor point of the savebox In the example it is set to bl which puts the anchor point into the bottom left corner of the savebox The other position specifiers are top and right 100 Producing Mathematical Graphics The name argument refers to a IXTEX storage bin and therefore is of a command nature which accounts for the backslashes in the current ex ample Boxed pictures can be nested In this example foldera is used within the definition of folderb The oval command had to be used as the line command does not work if the segment length is less than about 3mm 5 2 9 Quadratic B zier Curves setlength unitlength 0 8cm begin picture 6 4 linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 7 line 0 1 4 multiput 0 0 0 1 5 line 1 0 6 thicklines put 0 5 0 5 line 1 5 0 5 put 1 3 line 4 1 2 qbezier 0 5 0 5 1 3 3 3 5 thinlines put 2 5 2 line 2 1 3 put 5 5 0 5 line 1 5 0 5 linethickness 1mm gbezier 2 5 2 5 5 0 5 5 3 x thinlines qbezier 4 2 4 3 3 3 qbezier 3 3 2 3 2 2 qbezier 2 2 2 1 3 1 qbezier 3 1 4 1 4 2 end picture As this example illustrates splitt
7. ically wrap it Using p width you can define a special type of column which will wrap around the text as in a normal paragraph The pos argument specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text Use either of the letters t b and c to specify table alignment at the top bottom or center Within tabular environment amp jumps to the next column NN starts a new line and hline inserts a horizontal line You can add partial lines by using the cline j 7 where j and i are the column numbers the line should extend over beginftabular Ir 1l hline 7CO amp hexadecimal NN 7C0 hexadecimal 3700 amp octal cline 2 2 3700 octal 11111000000 amp binary NN 11111000000 binary hline hline ER 1984 amp decimal hline end tabular begin tabular p 4 7cm hline Welcome to Boxy s paragraph We sincerely hope you ll all enjoy the show NN hline end tabular Welcome to Boxy s paragraph We sincerely hope you ll all en joy the show The column separator can be specified with the construct This command kills the inter column space and replaces it with whatever is be tween the curly braces One common use for this command is explained below in the decimal alignment problem Another possible application is to suppress leading space in a table
8. ldots duction to IATEX 22 Ntnss The next example illustrates how to define a new command that takes one argument The amp 1 tag gets replaced by the argument you specify If you wanted to use more than one argument use 2 and so on newcommand txsit 1 This is the emph 1 Short in the document body e This is the not so Short Introduc tion to IATEX 2e Introduction to LaTeXe begin itemize e This is the very Short Introduction item txsit not so to IATEX 2e item txsit very end itemize IATEX will not allow you to create a new command that would overwrite an existing one But there is a special command in case you explicitly want this renewcommand It uses the same syntax as the newcommand command 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages 107 In certain cases you might also want to use the providecommand com mand It works like Nnewcommand but if the command is already defined IXTEX 2e will silently ignore it There are some points to note about whitespace following IATEX com mands See page 5 for more information 6 1 2 New Environments Just as with the Nnewcommand command there is a command to create your own environments The newenvironment command uses the following syntax newenvironment name num before after Again newenvironment can have an optional argument The material specified in the before argument is processed before the
9. 1 8 The Name of the Game lll LLL TEX cositas ea a ee ACAD RUE LES EIER sug oi een ebur Be OE end ak Duy BASES oou a a a ox ge cr nob Eos 1 2 1 Author Book Designer and Typesetter 12 2 Layout Desien s 2 2 22 28220 0s se 9 sm RR ws 1 2 3 Advantages and Disadvantages BIEX Input Files serans a 25 1 aa 9 ee s VOL JSDAGOS o un aa eee Ee AA nd uds 1 8 2 Special Characters scs o ea sa 20 2 645 133 BIPX Commands wesen eh a p e 1 8 4 Comments eso x uox s 39 993 o3 i k Input EileStrueture 2 22529 Ens A Typical Command Line Session The Layout of the Document 1 6 1 Document Classes llle 102 Package ao Xo Be eh re ned 1 63 Page Styles us eos Ese oum oh dene b RW de a Files You Might Encounter lll Bs PIG d4 dox Roh cx RENE Eee Paes 2 Typesetting Text 2 1 22 2 3 2 4 The Structure of Text and Language Line Breaking and Page Breaking 2 2 1 Justified Paragraphs s acs sa ssu 6 o eu 222 Hyphenation s o s sewa a hk ES ewe xs Ready Made Strings nn Special Characters and Symbols iii viii CONTENTS 24 4 Quotation Marke 24 65 44 zz ocn 21 2 4 2 Dashes and Hyphens 22 243 Tide a zi uox pesca es As dd cmn 22 244 Degree Symbol o 24o RR 22 24 5 The Euro Currency Symbol 23 DAG Tipe ce xo nk e
10. Kevin Van Maren Richard Nagy Philipp Nagele Lenimar Nunes de Andrade Manuel Oetiker Urs Oswald Lan Thuy Pham Martin Pfister Demerson Andre Polli Nikos Pothitos Maksym Polyakov Hubert Partl John Refling Mike Ressler Brian Ripley Young U Ryu Bernd Rosenlecher Kurt Rosenfeld Chris Rowley Risto Saarelma Hanspeter Schmid Craig Schlenter Gilles Schintgen Baron Schwartz Christopher Sawtell Miles Spielberg Matthieu Stigler Geoffrey Swindale Laszlo Szathmary Boris Tobotras Josef Tkadlec Scott Veirs Didier Verna Fabian Wernli Carl Gustav Werner David Woodhouse Chris York Fritz Zaucker Rick Zaccone and Mikhail Zotov Preface IATEX 1 is a typesetting system that is very suitable for producing scien tific and mathematical documents of high typographical quality It is also suitable for producing all sorts of other documents from simple letters to complete books IXTEX uses TEX 2 as its formatting engine This short introduction describes TFX 2 and should be sufficient for most applications of TAT X Refer to 1 3 for a complete description of the IXTEX system This introduction is split into 6 chapters Chapter 1 tells you about the basic structure of IATEX 22 documents You will also learn a bit about the history of TFX After reading this chapter you should have a rough understanding how IATEX works Chapter 2 goes into the details of typesetting your documents It explains most of the essential I
11. Sam 2 Formatted entry index Lin textbf Lin Lin 7 Same as above Mindex Jenny textbf Jenny 3 Formatted page number index Joe textit Joe 5 Same as above index ecole ecole cole 4 Handling of accents 4 3 Indexing A very useful feature of many books is their index With IATEX and the support program makeindex an index can be generated quite easily This introduction will only explain the basic index generation commands For a more in depth view please refer to The ATEX Companion 3 To enable the indexing feature of TFX the makeidx package must be loaded in the preamble with usepackage makeidx and the special indexing commands must be enabled by putting the makeindex command into the input file preamble The content of the index is specified with index key commands where key is the index entry You enter the index commands at the points in the text that you want the final index entries to point to Table 4 2 explains the syntax of the key argument with several examples When the input file is processed with TeX each index command writes an appropriate index entry together with the current page number to a special file The file has the same name as the IATEX input file but a different extension idx This idx file can then be processed with the On systems not necessarily supporting filenames longer than 8 characters the program may be called makeidx
12. Xverb text The is just an example of a delimiter character You can use any character except letters or space Many IATEX examples in this booklet are typeset with this command The verb ldots command ldots The ldots command begin verbatim 1O PRINT ELLO NORD 10 PRINT HELLO WORLD 207 GUTU 10 20 GOTO 10 end verbatim begin verbatim the starred version of the starred version of the verbatim the uuu verbatim environment emphasizes environment emphasizes the spaces in the text the spaces in the text end verbatim The verb command can be used in a similar fashion with a star verb like this like uuthisu u The verbatim environment and the verb command may not be used within parameters of other commands 2 11 6 Tabular The tabular environment can be used to typeset beautiful tables with optional horizontal and vertical lines ATEX determines the width of the columns automatically Typesetting Text The table spec argument of the begin tabular pos table spec command defines the format of the table Use an 1 for a column of left aligned text r for right aligned text and c for centred text p width for a column containing justified text with line breaks and for a vertical line If the text in a column is too wide for the page IATEX won t automat
13. biguplus f Namt oint bigodot bigoplus bigotimes Table 3 6 Arrows leftarrow or gets longleftarrow gt rightarrow or to Mongrightarrow gt leftrightarrow longleftrightarrow lt Leftarrow lt Longleftarrow gt Rightarrow gt Longrightarrow Leftrightarrow lt Longleftrightarrow mapsto longmapsto hookleftarrow gt hookrightarrow leftharpoonup rightharpoonup Meftharpoondown rightharpoondown rightleftharpoons lt gt iff bigger spaces T uparrow l downarrow updownarrow 1t Uparrow Y Downarrow Updownarrow nearrow N searrow swarrow N nwarrow Mleadsto Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 7 Arrows as Accents overrightarrow AB AB underrightarrow AB overleftarrow AB AB underleftarrow AB overleftrightarrow AB AB oS underleftrightarrow AB Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Table 3 8 Delimiters vt 9 T uparrow LorMbrack or rbrack downarrow for lbrace or rbrace updownarrow langle rangle tf Uparrow or vert l or Wert Downarrow Et V Nbackslash Updownarrow Mfloor rfloor rceil Mceil Table 3 9 Large Delimiters Mgroup rgroup f lmoustache arrowvert Arrowvert bracevert 1 rmoustache Table 3 10 Miscellaneous Symbols sy dots s Nedots Ndots U ddots h hbar imath j
14. 1 21 line 1 0 25 linethickness 0 15mm multiput 0 0 5 0 16 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 0 0 5 5 line 1 0 25 linethickness 0 3mm multiput 5 0 10 0 2 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 5 0 10 23 line 1 0 25 end picture The command multiput x y Ax Ay n object has 4 arguments the starting point the translation vector from one ob 98 Producing Mathematical Graphics ject to the next the number of objects and the object to be drawn The linethickness command applies to horizontal and vertical line segments but neither to oblique line segments nor to circles It does however apply to quadratic B zier curves 5 2 7 Ovals setlength unitlength 0 75cm begin picture 6 4 linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 7 line 0 1 4 multiput 0 0 0 1 5 line 1 0 6 thicklines put 2 3 oval 3 1 8 thinlines EI put 3 2 oval 3 1 8 thicklines N y put 2 1 Noval 3 1 8 1117 put 4 1 Noval 3 1 8 b put 4 3 oval 3 1 8 r put 3 1 5 Noval 1 8 0 4 end picture The command put Cz y oval Cw h or put Cz y oval w h position Y produces an oval centered at
15. 2 qedhere end proof Proof Trivial use 2 E mc If you want to customize your theorems down to the last dot the nthe orem package offers a plethora of options 3 8 List of Mathematical Symbols 63 3 8 List of Mathematical Symbols The following tables demonstrate all the symbols normally accessible from math mode To use the symbols listed in Tables 3 12 3 8 the package amssymb must be loaded in the preamble of the document and the AMS math fonts must be installed on the system If the AMS package and fonts are not installed on your system have a look at CTAN macros latex required amslatex An even more comprehensive list of symbols can be found at CTAN info symbols comprehensive Table 3 1 Math Mode Accents hat a a check a a tildefa gravefa dot a ddot a a bar a a vec a AAA widehat AAA acutefa a brevefa AAA widetilde AAA a mathring a Table 3 2 Greek Letters There is no uppercase of some of the letters like Alpha Beta and so on because they look the same as normal roman letters A B a alpha 0 theta o o vU upsilon B Nbeta V vartheta a pi o phi y gamma Niota w varpi p varphi delta k kappa p Nrho x Nchi Nepsilon A Mambda o varrho V psi Nrarepsilon wu mu o Nsigma w omega C zeta y Nnu Warsigma 7 Neta E xi T tau T Gamma A NLambda 2 Sigma Y Psi A Delta S Md Y Upsilon Q Omega O The
16. 26 utf8x 26 input file 7 inputenc 12 26 33 int 55 integral operator 55 international 25 italic 110 item 39 itemize 39 INDEX 137 K Man 54 ker 54 Mog 54 Knuth Donald E 1 long equations 57 koi8 ru 26 33 longtable 43 Korean 29 lscommand 105 Korean font UHC font 31 M MacTeX 124 Korean input files 29 L Mabel 37 46 50 Lamport Leslie 2 language 25 LARGE 110 Large 110 large 110 LaTeX 21 IATEX3 4 LaTeXe 21 latexsym 12 latini 26 layout 116 M dots 23 53 left 56 left aligned 39 leftmark 76 legal paper 11 letter paper 11 Mg 54 LGR 27 ligature 24 Mim 54 liminf 54 limsup 54 line horizontal 53 line 94 100 line break 19 line spacing 113 linebreak 19 linespread 113 linethickness 97 98 100 listoffigures 46 listoftables 46 macukr 26 mainmatter 36 86 makebox 120 makeidx 12 75 makeidx package 75 makeindex 75 makeindex program 75 maketitle 36 marginparpush 117 marginparsep 117 marginparwidth 117 margins 116 math mode 51 math spacing 58 mathbb 52 mathbf 111 mathcal 111 mathematical accents 53 delimiter 56 functions 54 minus 22 mathematics 49 mathit 111 mathnormal 111 mathrm 111 mathrsfs 67 mathsf 111 mathtext 33 mathtt 111 matrix 58 matrix 58 max 54 mbox 21 24 120 METAPOST 83 mhchem 60 138 INDEX MiK TeX 124 min 54
17. 4 grid 3 4 3 4 L draw 1 5 0 2 5 0 draw 0 1 5 0 1 5 draw 0 0 circle 1cm Milldraw fill green 20 white draw green 50 black 0 0 3mm Omm arc 0 30 3mm cycle end tikzpicture If you know other programming languages you may notice the familiar semicolon character that is used to separate the different commands With the usetikzlibrary command in the preamble you can enable a wide variety of additional features for drawing special shapes like this box which is slightly bent usetikzlibraryt decorations pathmorphing begin tikzpicture decoration bent aspect 3 draw decorate fill lightgray 0 0 rectangle 5 5 2 nodelcircle draw A at 5 5 A nodelcircle draw B at 5 1 5 B draw gt decorate A B draw gt decorate B A end tikzpicture You can even draw diagrams that look as if they came straight from a book on pascal programming The code is a bit more daunting than the example above so I will just show you the result If you have a look at the PGF documentation you will find a detailed tutorial on drawing this exact diagram unsigned integer gt gt unsigned integer Oe 9 o o 104 Producing Mathematical Graphics And there is more if you have to draw plots of numerical data or func tions you should have a closer look at the pgfplot p
18. 4 Page Layout 6 5 More Fun With Lengths 127 129 List of Figures 1 1 1 2 4 1 4 2 6 1 6 2 A Minimal IXT X File o ee ee 7 Example of a Realistic Journal Article 8 Example fancyhdr Setup o nan atoa s 77 Sample code for the beamer class 2 2 222220 89 Example Package l llle 109 Page Layout Parameters c n 117 List of Tables 1 1 Document Classes obs ox on wa a Bar ana Peed 10 1 2 Document Class Options iea wda a 11 1 3 Some of the Packages Distributed with MTpx 12 1 4 The Predefined Page Styles of BIEX 2 13 2 1 A bag full of Euro symbols 23 2 2 Accents and Special Characters 24 2 3 Preamble for Portuguese documents 28 2 4 Special commands for French 28 2 5 German Special Characters so sooo a 29 2 6 Preamble for Greek documents 32 2 7 Greek Special Characters ooo a eee ue 32 2 8 Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian 34 2 9 Float Placing Permissions 4 45 3 1 Math Mode Accents secs 22mm ernennen 63 3 2 Greek Letters ca a nk a ae a Rom Roe so EUR Bae ed 63 2 9 Binary Relations ias una a ar kei Eu an aa 64 9 1 Binary Operators 2 24 22555 42244844 84 be uo 64 0 9 BIO Operator exo se dor dokn dox MEE Ww ee us 65 9 D JAXTOWB ss cora sd
19. 76 Specialities My Word index Word As opposed to Word index Word Note the position of the full stop makeindex program makeindex filename The makeindex program generates a sorted index with the same base file name but this time with the extension ind If now the IATEX input file is processed again this sorted index gets included into the document at the point where ATEX finds Mprintindex The showidx package that comes with IXTEX 2e prints out all index en tries in the left margin of the text This is quite useful for proofreading a document and verifying the index Note that the Nindex command can affect your layout if not used care fully My Word As opposed to Word Note the position of the full stop 4 4 Fancy Headers The fancyhdr package written by Piet van Oostrum provides a few sim ple commands that allow you to customize the header and footer lines of your document If you look at the top of this page you can see a possible application of this package The tricky problem when customising headers and footers is to get things like running section and chapter names in there TFX accomplishes this with a two stage approach In the header and footer definition you use the commands rightmark and leftmark to represent the current section and chapter heading respectively The values of these two commands are overwritten whenever a chapter or section command is processed For ul
20. IATEX package contained in the dtx file 14 Things You Need to Know ins The installer for the files contained in the matching dtx file If you download a IXTEX package from the net you will normally get a dtx and a ins file Run TX on the ins file to unpack the dtx file cls Class files define what your document looks like They are selected with the documentclass command fd Font description file telling IXTEX about new fonts The following files are generated when you run TX on your input file dvi Device Independent File This is the main result of a ATEX compile run You can look at its content with a DVI previewer program or you can send it to a printer with dvips or a similar application log Gives a detailed account of what happened during the last compiler run toc Stores all your section headers It gets read in for the next compiler run and is used to produce the table of content lof This is like toc but for the list of figures lot And again the same for the list of tables aux Another file that transports information from one compiler run to the next Among other things the aux file is used to store information associated with cross references idx If your document contains an index IATRX stores all the words that go into the index in this file Process this file with makeindex Refer to section 4 3 on page 75 for more information on indexing ind The processed idx file ready for incl
21. Korean input files Korean input files must be in plain text format but because Korean uses its own character Considering a number of issues Korean IATEX users have to cope with This section was written by Karnes KIM on behalf of the Korean lshort translation team It was translated into English by SHIN Jungshik and shortened by Tobi Oetiker 30 Typesetting Text set outside the repertoire of US ASCII they will look rather strange with a normal ASCII editor The two most widely used encodings for Korean text files are EUC KR and its upward compatible extension used in Korean MS Windows CP949 Windows 949 UHC In these encodings each US ASCII character represents its normal ASCII char acter similar to other ASCII compatible encodings such as ISO 8859 x EUC JP Big5 or Shift JIS On the other hand Hangul syllables Hanjas Chinese characters as used in Korea Hangul Jamos Hira ganas Katakanas Greek and Cyrillic characters and other symbols and letters drawn from KS X 1001 are represented by two consecutive octets The first has its MSB set Until the mid 1990 s it took a considerable amount of time and effort to set up a Korean capable en vironment under a non localized non Korean operating system You can skim through the now much outdated http jshin net faq to get a glimpse of what it was like to use Korean under non Korean OS in mid 1990 s These days all three major operating systems Mac OS Unix Windows come eq
22. Romans ruled The small and bold Romans ruled all of Large all of great big great big Italy textit Italy 110 Customising KTEX One important feature of IXTEX 2e is that the font attributes are indepen dent This means that you can issue size or even font changing commands and still keep the bold or slant attribute set earlier In math mode you can use the font changing commands to temporarily exit math mode and enter some normal text If you want to switch to another font for math typesetting you need another special set of commands refer to Table 6 4 In connection with the font size commands curly braces play a significant role They are used to build groups Groups limit the scope of most IATEX commands He likes LARGE large and small small letters He likes large and small letters The font size commands also change the line spacing but only if the paragraph ends within the scope of the font size command The closing curly brace should therefore not come too early Note the position of the par command in the next two examples INpar is equivalent to a blank line 1 Table 6 1 Fonts textrm roman textsf sans serif texttt typewriter textmd medium textbf bold face textup upright textit italic textsl slanted textsc SMALL CAPS emph emphasized textnormal document font Table 6 2 Font Sizes tiny
23. TEX as its typesetter But LXTEX is only a program and therefore needs more guidance The author has to provide additional information to describe the logical structure of his work This information is written into the text as IATEX commands This is quite different from the WYSIWYG approach that most modern word processors such as MS Word or Corel WordPerfect take With these applications authors specify the document layout interactively while typing text into the computer They can see on the screen how the final work will look when it is printed When using IATEX it is not normally possible to see the final output while typing the text but the final output can be previewed on the screen after processing the file with IATEX Then corrections can be made before actually sending the document to the printer 1 2 2 Layout Design Typographical design is a craft Unskilled authors often commit serious formatting errors by assuming that book design is mostly a question of aesthetics If a document looks good artistically it is well designed But 2What you see is what you get 1 2 Basics as a document has to be read and not hung up in a picture gallery the readability and understandability is much more important than the beautiful look of it Examples e The font size and the numbering of headings have to be chosen to make the structure of chapters and sections clear to the reader e The line length has to be sh
24. and use the unicode option for the hyperref package you can use unicode characters in bookmarks This will give you a much larger selection of characters to pick from when when using texorpdfstring Source Compatibility Between ATEX and pdfIATEX Ideally your document would compile equally well with TFX and pdfIATEX The main problem in this respect is the inclusion of graphics The simple solution is to systematically drop the file extension from Nincludegraphics commands They will then automatically look for a file of a suitable format in the current directory All you have to do is create appropriate versions of the graphics files IXTEX will look for eps and pdfIATEX will try to include a file with the extension png pdf jpg or mps in that order For the cases where you want to use different code for the PDF version of your document you can simply add the package ifpdf to your preamble Chances are that you already have it installed if not then you re probably using MiKTFX which will install it for you automatically the first time you try to use it This package defines the special command ifpdf that will allow you to write conditional code easily In this example we want the PostScript version to be black and white due to the printing costs but we want the PDF version for online viewing to be colourful RequirePackage ifpdf running on pdfTeX ifpdf documentclass a4paper 12pt pdftex book else documentclass a
25. asbuk 33 author 36 85 B B5 paper 11 babel 20 25 33 34 backmatter 36 backslash 5 130 INDEX backslash 5 bar 54 base font size 11 beamer 88 89 begin 38 92 101 Beta 63 bibitem 73 bibliography 73 Big 56 big 56 Bigg 56 bigg 56 bigskip 116 binary relations 55 binom 55 binomial coefficient 55 blackboard bold 52 block 90 bm 61 Bmatrix 58 bmatrix 58 bmod 54 bold face 110 bold symbols 52 60 boldmath 61 boldsymbol 61 book class 10 brace horizontal 53 braces 56 brazilian 27 C calc 118 caption 46 47 cases 58 cdot 53 cdots 53 center 39 chapter 35 chaptermark 76 ci 105 circle 96 circle 96 cite 73 CJK package 30 cleardoublepage 47 clearpage 47 cline 42 color 88 coloured text 10 comma 23 commands 5 59 X 91 58 X 21 58 3 59 NO 34 NL 50 19 39 40 42 116 19 M 50 Naddtolength 118 Alph 33 alph 33 Alpha 63 and 36 appendix 35 36 arccos 54 arcsin 54 arctan 54 arg 54 arraystretch 43 Asbuk 33 asbuk 33 author 36 85 backmatter 36 backslash 5 bar 54 begin 38 92 101 Beta 63 bibitem 73 Big 56 big 56 Bigg 56 bigg 56 bigskip 116 INDEX 131 binom 55 bmod 54 boldmath 61 boldsymbol 61 caption 46 47 cdot 53 cdots 53 chapter 35 chaptermark 76 ci 105 circle 96 circle 96 cite 73
26. author name to be displayed on the panel of the Goettingen theme The titles and subtitles in the panel are created with normal section and subsection commands that you place outside the frame environ ment The tiny navigation icons at the bottom of the screen also allow to navigate the document Their presence is not dependent on the theme you choose The contents of each slide or screen has to be placed inside a frame environment There is an optional argument in angular brackets lt and gt it allows to suppress a particular frame in one of the versions of the presentation In the example the first page would not be shown in the handout version due to the lt handout 0 gt argument It is highly recommended to set a title for each slide apart from the title slide This is done with the command frametitle If a subtitle is necessary you can use the block environment as shown in the example Note that the sectioning commands section and subsection do not produce output on the slide proper The command pause in the itemize environment lets you reveal the items one by one For other presentation effects check out the commands only uncover Nalt and temporal In many place you can also use angular brakes to further customize the presentation In any case make sure you read through the beamer class documentation beameruserguide pdf to get a complete picture of what is in store for you This package is being actively develop
27. cleardoublepage 47 clearpage 47 cline 42 cos 54 cosh 54 cot 54 coth 54 csc 54 date 36 ddots 53 DeclareMathOperator 54 deg 54 depth 120 121 det 54 dfrac 55 dim 54 displaystyle 60 documentclass 9 14 20 dq 29 dum 105 emph 38 110 end 38 92 enumBul 33 enumEng 33 enumLat 33 eqref 50 exp 54 fbox 21 flq 29 flqq 29 foldera 100 folderb 100 footnote 37 47 footskip 117 frac 55 framebox 120 frenchspacing 33 34 frontmatter 36 frq 29 frqq 29 fussy 20 gcd 54 hat 53 headheight 117 headsep 117 height 120 121 hline 42 hom 54 href 85 88 hspace 107 114 hyphenation 20 idotsint 59 ifpdf 87 ignorespaces 107 108 ignorespacesafterend 108 iiiint 59 iiint 59 iint 59 include 14 15 includegraphics 72 83 87 119 includeonly 15 indent 114 index 75 76 inf 54 input 15 int 55 item 39 ker 54 label 37 46 50 LaTeX 21 LaTeXe 21 ldots 23 53 left 56 leftmark 76 132 INDEX Mg 54 Mim 54 liminf 54 limsup 54 Mine 94 100 linebreak 19 linespread 113 linethickness 97 98 100 listoffigures 46 listoftables 46 Man 54 Mog 54 mainmatter 36 86 makebox 120 makeindex 75 maketitle 36 marginparpush 117 marginparsep 117 marginparwidth 117 mathbb 52 max 54 mbox 21 24 120 min 54 multicolumn 43 multiput 93 9
28. corresponding entry in the index You can check this out by looking up the Ndum command in the index at the back of this book where you ll find an entry for dum pointing to every page where I mentioned the dum command 106 Customising IATEX If I ever decide that I do not like the commands to be typeset in a box any more I can simply change the definition of the 1scommand environment to create a new look This is much easier than going through the whole document to hunt down all the places where I have used some generic BTEX commands to draw a box around some word 6 1 1 New Commands To add your own commands use the newcommand name num definition command Basically the command requires two arguments the name of the command you want to create and the definition of the command The num argument in square brackets is optional and specifies the number of arguments the new command takes up to 9 are possible If missing it defaults to 0 i e no argument allowed The following two examples should help you to get the idea The first example defines a new command called tnss This is short for The Not So Short Introduction to IXTEX 2 Such a command could come in handy if you had to write the title of this book over and over again newcommand tnss The not so Short Introduction to This is The not so Short Introduction to LaTeXe TEX 22 The not so Short Intro This is tnss
29. dot centered cdots is three centered dots while ldots sets the dots on the baseline Besides that there are Nvdots for vertical and ddots for diagonal dots You can find another example in section 3 4 2 Psi v 1 Ncdot v 2 cdot ldots qquad n 1 cdot 2 V u v9 n 1 2 n 1 cdots n 1 cdot n The commands overline and underline create horizontal lines directly over or under an expression 0 overline 3 0 3 1 3 underline underline 1 3 The commands overbrace and underbrace create long horizontal braces over or under an expression underbrace overbrace a b c 6 R E in zn cdot overbrace d e f 9 a b c d te f 22 _ text meaning of life 42 meaning of life To add mathematical accents such as small arrows or tilde signs to variables the commands given in Table 3 1 on page 63 might be useful Wide hats and tildes covering several characters are generated with Nwidetilde and widehat Notice the difference between Nhat and widehat and the 54 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae placement of bar for a variable with subscript The apostrophe mark gives a prime f x x72 qquad f x 2x qquad f x 2 5pt f a 2 f x 2x f z 22 hat XY Nquad widehat XY XY XY as 5o quad bar x_0 quad bar x _0 Vectors are often specified by adding small arrow symbols on top of a variable This
30. for references and other automatic text that will change while you edit the document It takes a painstaking effort to place appropriate particles manually every time you add remove refer ences or simply shuffle parts of your document around HIATRX relieves its users from this boring and error prone process They can be obtained at language korean HLaTeX language korean CJK and http knot kaist ac kr htex Korean Ministry of Culture 32 Typesetting Text Table 2 6 Preamble for Greek documents Nusepackage english greek babel usepackage iso 8859 7 inputenc In case you don t need Korean localization features but just want to typeset Korean text you can put the following line in the preamble instead usepackage hf ont For more details on typesetting Korean with HIATEX refer to the HAT RX Guide Check out the web site of the Korean TEX User Group KTUG at http www ktug or kr There is also a Korean translation of this manual available 2 5 5 Writing in Greek By Nikolaos Pothitos lt pothitos di uoa gr gt See table 2 6 for the preamble you need to write in the Greek language This preamble enables hyphenation and changes all automatic text to Greek A set of new commands also becomes available which allows you to write Greek input files more easily In order to temporarily switch to English and vice versa one can use the commands Ntextlatinienglish text and textgreek gree
31. jmath f Nell R Re S Im N Naleph Q Np V forall 3 Vexists Y mho partial 5 od Nprime emptyset oo infty V nabla A triangle XBox O Diamond L bot T Ncop Z Nangle v surd lt gt diamondsuit Y Maeartsuit d clubsuit A spadesuit Mneg or Mnot b f lat g natural f Nsharp Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 11 Non Mathematical Symbols These symbols can also be used in text mode 1 Meg 8 AS copyright textregistered i ddag P pounds NA 3 8 List of Mathematical Symbols 67 Table 3 12 AMS Delimiters T Nulcorner urcorner llcorner A lrcorner Mvert rvert lVert rVert Table 3 13 AMS Greek and Hebrew digamma x varkappa J beth J gimel 71 daleth Table 3 14 Math Alphabets See Table 6 4 on 111 for other math fonts Example Command Required package ABCDEabcdel234 mathrm ABCDE abcde 1234 ABCDEabcde1234 mathit ABCDE abcde 1234 ABCDEabcde1234 mathnormal ABCDE abcde 1234 ABCDE mathcal ABCDE abcde 1234 A BEDE mathscr ABCDE abcde 1234 mathrsfs ABEDEabede1234 mathfrak ABCDE abcde 1234 amsfonts or amssymb ABCDEDFAKE mathbb ABCDE abcde 1234 amsfonts or amssymb Table 3 15 AMS Binary Operators dotplus Ncenterdot x Mtimes X rtimes x Mdivideontimes U doublecup mM doublecap x smallsetminus V Nveebar Nbarwedge Mdoublebarwedge H boxplus H box
32. makebox textwidth s s prea d par framebox 1 1 width Guess I m framed now par framebox 0 8 width r Bummer I am too wide par framebox 1cm 1 never mind so am I Can you read this Bur central S p r e Guess I m framed now nmer I am too wide never Card yeu auad this Now that we control the horizontal the obvious next step is to go for This means it can be smaller than the material inside the box You can even set the width to Opt so that the text inside the box will be typeset without influencing the surrounding boxes 6 7 Rules 121 the vertical No problem for IXTEX The raisebox lift Lextend above baseline Lextend below baseline text command lets you define the vertical properties of a box You can use width height depth and totalheight in the first three parameters in order to act upon the size of the box inside the tert argument raisebox Opt Opt Opt Large textbf Aaaa raisebox 0 3ex a raisebox 0 7ex aa raisebox 1 2ex r Aaaaaaa she shouted but not raisebox 2 2ex g even the next ne in line noticed that raisebox 4 5ex h something terriblp had happened to her she shouted but not even the next one in line noticed that something terrible had happened to her 6 7 Rules A few pages back you may have noticed the command rule lift width height In no
33. minimal class 10 minipage 119 120 minus sign 22 Mittelbach Frank 2 mltex 81 mltex 81 modulo function 54 multicolumn 43 multiput 93 97 N newcommand 59 106 107 newenvironment 107 newline 19 newpage 19 newsavebox 99 newtheorem 61 noindent 114 nolinebreak 19 nonumber 57 nopagebreak 19 normalsize 110 not 64 ntheorem 62 O oddsidemargin 117 24 one column 11 option 9 optional parameters 5 OT1 26 oval 98 100 overbrace 53 overfull hbox 20 overleftarrow 54 overline 53 overrightarrow 54 P package 7 10 105 packages aeguill 81 amsbsy 61 amsfonts 60 67 amsmath 49 55 59 61 amssymb 52 60 63 amsthm 61 62 babel 20 25 33 34 beamer 88 89 bm 61 calc 118 color 88 dcolumn 43 doc 12 eepic 91 96 epic 91 eurosym 23 exscale 12 fancyhdr 76 78 fontenc 12 26 33 geometry 78 graphicx 71 83 88 hyperref 80 83 87 88 hyphenat 78 ifpdf 87 ifthen 12 indentfirst 114 inputenc 12 26 33 latexsym 12 layout 116 longtable 43 makeidx 12 75 mathrsfs 67 mathtext 33 mhchem 60 mltex 81 ntheorem 62 pgfplot 104 ppower4 88 prosper 88 pstricks 91 92 96 pxfonts 32 showidx 76 syntonly 12 15 textcomp 22 23 tikz 102 INDEX 139 txfonts 82 ucs 26 verbatim 6 78 page layout 116 page style 13 empty 13 headings 13 plain 13 pagebreak 19 pageref 37 79 pagestyle 13
34. paper size 11 80 116 paperheight 117 paperwidth 117 par 110 paragraph 17 paragraph 35 parameter 5 parbox 119 120 parbox 120 parindent 113 parskip 113 part 35 partial 55 partial derivative 55 PDF 79 PDFETRX 88 pdfIATEX 81 88 pdfIATEX 80 pdf TEX 80 PDFView 124 period 23 pgfplot 104 phantom 47 59 picture 91 92 96 97 piecewise function 58 placement specifier 45 plain 13 pmatrix 58 pmod 54 Portugu s 27 Portuguese 27 POSTSCRIPT 3 9 31 47 71 72 81 82 92 Encapsulated 71 83 ppower4 88 Pr 54 preamble 7 prime 54 printindex 76 proc class 10 prod 55 product operator 55 proof 62 prosper 88 protect 47 providecommand 107 ProvidesPackage 109 pspicture 92 pstricks 91 92 96 put 93 99 pxfonts 82 Q qbezier 91 93 100 gedhere 62 qquad 51 59 quad 51 59 quotation 40 quotation marks 21 quote 40 R raisebox 121 ref 37 46 79 renewcommand 106 renewenvironment 107 report class 10 reserved characters 5 right 56 58 right aligned 39 right 56 rightmark 76 roman 110 rule 44 107 121 S sans serif 110 savebox 99 140 INDEX Scandinavian letters 24 scriptscriptstyle 60 scriptsize 110 scriptstyle 60 sec 54 section 35 47 sectionmark 76 selectlanguage 25 setlength 92 113 118 settodepth 118 settoheight 118 settowidth 118 showidx 76 sin 54 sin
35. range of commands environments and more 3 4 2 Arrays and Matrices To typeset arrays use the array environment It works somewhat similar to the tabular environment The command is used to break the lines The align environment is from amsmath A similar environment without amsmath from IZTEX is eqnarray but it is generally not advised to use that because of spacing and label inconsistencies 58 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae beginfequation mathbf X left beginfarray ccc Ti Zo x 1 amp x 2 amp Mdots NN x 3 amp x 4 amp ldots NN vdots amp vdots amp ddots end array right end equation x T3 La The array environment can also be used to typeset piecewise functions by using a as an invisible right delimiter beginfequation x left beginfarray r1l x text if x lt ONN _ n vigi O amp text if x ON p ME x text if x gt 0 uid end array right end equation array can be used to typeset matrices as well but amsmath provides a better solution using the different matrix environments There are six versions with different delimiters matrix none pmatrix bmatrix Bmatrix vmatrix and Vmatrix You don t have to specify the number of columns as with array The maximum number is 10 but it is customis able though it is not very often you need 10 columns beginfequation begin matrix 1 amp
36. the present line the line break and all whitespace at the beginning of the next line This can be used to write notes into the input file which will not show up in the printed version This is an stupid Better instructive example Supercal ifragilist icexpialidocious This is an example Supercalifragilisticex pialidocious The character can also be used to split long input lines where no whitespace or line breaks are allowed For longer comments you could use the comment environment provided by the verbatim package This means that you have to add the line usepackage verbatim to the preamble of your document as explained below before you can use this command This is another begin comment rather stupid but helpful end comment example for embedding comments in your document This is another example for embedding comments in your document Note that this won t work inside complex environments like math for example 1 4 Input File Structure 1 4 Input File Structure When TFX 2 processes an input file it expects it to follow a certain struc ture Thus every input file must start with the command documentclass This specifies what sort of document you intend to write After that you can include commands that influence the style of the whole document or you can load packages that add new features to the ATEX system To load such a package you us
37. tiny font Large larger font scriptsize very small font LARGE Very large font footnotesize quite small font small small font huge hu ge normalsize normal font large large font Huge largest 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 111 Table 6 3 Absolute Point Sizes in Standard Classes size tiny scriptsize footnotesize small normalsize large Large LARGE huge Huge opt 6pt 7pt Spt 8pt 9pt 9pt 10pt 10pt 11pt 12pt 12pt 14pt 14pt 17pt 17pt 20pt 20pt 25pt 25pt 10pt default 11pt option 12pt option 6pt 8pt 10pt 11pt 12pt 14pt 17pt 20pt 25pt 25pt Table 6 4 Math Fonts mathrm mathbf mathsf mathtt mathit mathcal Wee YY Roman Font Boldface Font Sans Serif Font Typewriter Font Italic Font CALLIGRAPHIC FONT mathnormal Normal Font 112 Customising KTEX en Don t read this It is not true It is not true You can believe me par You can believe me Large This is not true either This is not true either But But remember I am a liar par remember I am a liar If you want to activate a size changing command for a whole paragraph of text or even more you might want to use the environment syntax for font changing commands begin Large This is not true But then again what is these days ldots end Large This is not true But then again what is these days This will sa
38. to run IATEX on the dtx one last time before moving on to step 5 4 7 Working with pdf TEX By Daniel Flipo lt Daniel Flipo univ lillei fr gt PDF is a hypertext document format Much like in a web page some words in the document are marked as hyperlinks They link to other places in the document or even to other documents If you click on such a hyperlink you get transported to the destination of the link In the context of IXTEX this means that all occurrences of ref and pageref become hyperlinks Addi tionally the table of contents the index and all the other similar structures become collections of hyperlinks Most web pages you find today are written in HTML HyperText Markup Language This format has two significant disadvantages when writing scientific documents 1 Including mathematical formulae into HTML documents is not gener ally supported While there is a standard for it most browsers used today do not support it or lack the required fonts 80 Specialities 2 Printing HTML documents is possible but the results vary widely between platforms and browsers The results are miles removed from the quality we have come to expect in the ATEX world There have been many attempts to create translators from TREX to HTML Some were even quite successful in the sense that they are able to produce legible web pages from a standard TEX input file But all of them cut corners left and right to get the job done As soon
39. 0 2 X put 0 2 1 4 beta v c tanh chi qbezier 0 0 0 8853 0 8853 2 0 9640 e qbezier 0 0 0 8853 0 8853 2 0 9640 put 3 2 circle 0 2 end picture The control points of the two B zier curves were calculated with formu las 5 1 The positive branch is determined by P 0 0 m 1 and Ps 2 tanh 2 mz 1 cosh 2 Again the picture is defined in mathe matically convenient coordinates and the lower left corner is assigned the mathematical coordinates 3 2 black disk 5 3 The TikZ amp PGF Graphics Package Today every IATEX output generation system can create nice vector graphics it s just the interfaces that are rather diverse The PGF package provides an abstraction layer over these interface and lets you use simple commands to conveniently create complex vector graphics right from inside your docu ment The PGF package comes with its own 500 page documentation So we are only going to scratch the surface of the package with this little section For high level access to the PGF functions you should load the tikz package With the tikz package you can use highly efficient commands to draw graphics right from inside your document Use the tikzpicture environment to wrap your instructions 5 3 The TikZ amp PGF Graphics Package 103 begin tikzpicture scale 3 clip 0 1 0 2 rectangle 1 8 1 2 draw step 25cm gray very thin oN 1 4 1
40. 2 3 amp 4 end matrix qquad begin bmatrix 1 amp 2 amp 3 4 amp 5 amp 6NN T amp 8 amp 9 end bmatrix end equation Wr e N NBR 00 on ODO 3 5 Spacing in Math Mode If the spacing within formulae chosen by IATEX is not satisfactory it can be adjusted by inserting special spacing commands for E quad 1 for If you want to typeset a lot of constructions like these the cases environment from amsmath simplifies the syntax so it is worth a look 3 5 Spacing in Math Mode 59 ig quad L and V for quad L The escaped space character Y generates a medium sized space comparable to the interword spacing and Nquad _ and Nqquad __ produce large spaces The size of a Nquad corresponds to the width of the character M of the current font produces a negative space of E quad I Note that d in the differential is conventionally set in roman begin equation Mint 1 2 Mn x mathrm d x qquad 2 Mint 172 Mn x mathrm d x f In zdz f ln gdz end equation In the next example we define a new command ud which produces d notice the spacing ll before the d so we don t have to write it every time The newcommand is placed in the preamble newcommand ud mathrm d b beginfequation f a da Mint a b f x ud x a end equation If you want to typeset multiple integrals you ll discover that the spacing between the integrals is too w
41. 2 b 2 c 2 end equation Einstein says beginfequation E mc 2 label clever end equation He didn t say beginfequation 1 1 3 tag dumb end equation This is a reference to eqref clever Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach a b c 3 1 Einstein says He didn t say 14 123 dumb This is a reference to 3 2 If you don t want IATEX to number the equations use the starred ver sion of equation using an asterisk equation or even easier enclose the equation in and M This is an amsmath command If you don t have access to the package for some obscure reason you can use KIEX s own displaymath environment instead 3 This is again from amsmath If you didn t load the package use IXTEX s own equation environment instead The naming of the amsmath IATEX commands may seem a bit confusing but it s really not a problem since everybody uses amsmath anyway In general it is best to load the package from the beginning because you might use it later on and then IATgX s unnumbered equation clashes with AMS BTEX s numbered equation 3 2 Single Equations 51 Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach beginfequation a2tb22c72 end equation or you can type less for the same effect a2 b 2 c72 Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more m
42. 39 encodings flushright 39 font frame 90 LGR 27 itemize 39 OT1 26 lscommand 105 T1 27 33 matrix 58 T2 33 minipage 119 120 T2A 27 33 parbox 120 T2B 27 picture 91 92 96 97 T2C 27 pmatrix 58 X2 27 proof 62 input pspicture 92 ansinew 26 quotation 40 applemac 26 quote 40 cp1251 26 table 45 46 cp850 26 tabular 41 119 cp866nav 26 koi8 ru 26 33 thebibliography 73 tikzpicture 102 latini 26 verbatim 41 78 macukr 26 verse 40 utf8x 26 vmatrix 58 Vend 38 92 epic 91 enumBul 33 eqnarray 57 enumEng 33 enumerate 39 enumLat 33 eqref 50 equation 49 IATgX 50 INDEX 135 amsmath 50 multiple 57 equation 50 equation system 57 equation 50 eurosym 23 executive paper 11 exp 54 exponent 52 exscale 12 extension 13 aux 14 cls 14 dtx 13 dvi 14 72 eps 72 fd 14 idx 14 75 ilg 14 ind 14 76 ins 14 lof 14 log 14 lot 14 Sty 13 78 tex 8 13 toc 14 F fancyhdr 76 78 fbox 21 figure 45 46 file types 13 floating bodies 44 flq 29 flqq 29 flushleft 39 flushright 39 foldera 100 folderb 100 font 109 footnotesize 110 Huge 110 huge 110 LARGE 110 Large 110 large 110 mathbf 111 mathcal 111 mathit 111 mathnormal 111 mathrn 111 mathsf 111 mathtt 111 normalsize 110 scriptsize 110 small 110 textbf 110 textit 110 textmd 110
43. 4paper 12pt dvips book NES ifpdf usepackage lmodern fi usepackage bookmarks add hyperlinks colorlinks plainpages false hyperref Nusepackage T1 fontenc usepackage latin1 inputenc usepackage english babel SIf you want the whole story on why to use this package then go to the TFX FAQ under the item http www tex ac uk cgi bin texfaq2html label ifpdf 88 Specialities usepackage graphicx In the example above I have included the hyperref package even in the non PDF version The effect of this is to make the href command work in all cases which saves me from wrapping every occurrence into a conditional statement Note that in recent TEX distributions TEXLive for example the nor mal TEX program is actually pdf TEX it will automatically switch between producing pdf and dvi according to the settings in the document class If you use the code above then you can still use the pdflatex command to get pdf output and latex for normal dvi output 4 8 Creating Presentations By Daniel Flipo lt Daniel Flipo univ lillei fr gt You can present the results of your scientific work on a blackboard with transparencies or directly from your laptop using some presentation soft ware pdfIATEX combined with the beamer class allows you to create presen tations in PDF looking much like something you might be able to generate with PowerPoint if you had a very good day but much more portable be
44. 599 ooo osos ox RU A LR A 324 Eod CPC 55 Text and Formulas e ce Rer Re Rex 5 2 6 multiput and linethickness 5 2 Dale ido ee we PE ee 5 2 8 Multiple Use of Predefined Picture Boxes 5 2 9 Quadratic B zier Curves 2 2 0005 2 2 10 Gaben eulos eh ke ee eee ee a 5 2 11 Rapidity in the Special Theory of Relativity The TikZ amp PGF Graphics Package 6 Customising ATEX New Commands Environments and Packages 6 1 1 New Commands 612 New Environments soos he e e 56 1 3 Extra SAO e soa adia d uc sh ROC URGE ete 6 1 4 Commandline BTEX 6 15 Your Own Package 644224 a bea Bea as Fonte and SiZ68 Se 22s yor kdo d o RE x E eS 6 2 1 Font Changing Commands 6 2 2 Danger Will Robinson Danger 6 2 3 Adye ua on Rum eo o x a a ea 6 3 OPICE A Luce ag ee ee oW eue Nux e VE TRECE De scs 71 71 73 75 76 78 78 79 80 81 83 83 86 86 88 91 91 92 92 94 95 96 97 97 98 99 100 101 102 102 CONTENTS 6 3 1 6 3 2 6 3 3 6 3 4 6 6 Boxes 6 7 Rules A Installing IXTEX A 1 What to Install A 2 TEX on Mac OS X A 2 1 Picking an Editor A 2 2 Get a TEX Distribution A 2 3 Treat yourself to PDF View A 3 TEX on Windows A 3 1 Getting TEX A 3 2 A IXTEX editor Working with graphics A A TEX on Linux A 3 3 Bibliography Index Paragraph Formatting Horizontal Space Vertical Space 6
45. 7 newcommand 59 106 107 newenvironment 107 newline 19 newpage 19 newsavebox 99 newtheorem 61 noindent 114 nolinebreak 19 nonumber 57 nopagebreak 19 not 64 oddsidemargin 117 oval 98 100 overbrace 53 overleftarrow 54 overline 53 overrightarrow 54 pagebreak 19 pageref 37 79 pagestyle 13 paperheight 117 paperwidth 117 par 110 paragraph 35 parbox 119 120 parindent 113 parskip 113 part 35 partial 55 phantom 47 59 pmod 54 Pr 54 printindex 76 prod 55 protect 47 providecommand 107 ProvidesPackage 109 put 93 99 gbezier 91 93 100 qedhere 62 qquad 51 59 quad 51 59 raisebox 121 ref 37 46 79 renewcommand 106 renewenvironment 107 right 56 58 right 56 rightmark 76 rule 44 107 121 savebox 99 scriptscriptstyle 60 scriptstyle 60 sec 54 section 35 47 sectionmark 76 selectlanguage 25 setlength 92 113 118 settodepth 118 settoheight 118 settowidth 118 sin 54 sinh 54 INDEX 133 sloppy 20 smallskip 116 smash 51 sqrt 53 stackrel 55 stretch 107 115 subparagraph 35 subsection 35 subsectionmark 76 substack 56 subsubsection 35 sum 55 sup 54 tabcolsep 43 tableofcontents 35 tag 50 tan 54 tanh 54 TeX 21 texorpdfstring 86 87 textcelsius 22 texteuro 23 textheight 117 textstyle 60 textwidth 117 tfrac 55 theo
46. A good set of commands for inclusion of graphics is provided in the graphicx package by D P Carlisle It is part of a whole family of packages called the graphics bundle Assuming you are working on a system with a POSTSCRIPT printer avail able for output and with the graphicx package installed you can use the following step by step guide to include a picture into your document Such as XFig Gnuplot Gimp Xara X Another possibility to output POSTSCRIPT is the GHOSTSCRIPT program available from support ghostscript Windows and OS 2 users might want to look for GSVIEW 3macros latex required graphics 72 Specialities 1 Export the picture from your graphics program in EPS format 2 Load the graphicx package in the preamble of the input file with usepackage driver graphicx where driver is the name of your dvi to postscript converter program The most widely used program is called dvips The name of the driver is required because there is no standard on how graphics are included in TEX Knowing the name of the driver the graphicx package can choose the correct method to insert information about the graphics into the dvi file so that the printer understands it and can correctly include the eps file 3 Use the command includegraphics key value file to include file into your document The optional parameter accepts a comma separated list of keys and associated va
47. ATEX commands and environments After read ing this chapter you will be able to write your first documents Chapter 3 explains how to typeset formulae with IXTEX Many examples demonstrate how to use one of IXTEX s main strengths At the end of the chapter are tables listing all mathematical symbols available in LTEX Chapter 4 explains indexes bibliography generation and inclusion of EPS graphics It introduces creation of PDF documents with pdfIATEX and presents some handy extension packages Chapter 5 shows how to use IATEX for creating graphics Instead of draw ing a picture with some graphics program saving it to a file and then including it into ATRX you describe the picture and have IATEX draw it for you Chapter 6 contains some potentially dangerous information about how to alter the standard document layout produced by KIEX It will tell you how to change things such that the beautiful output of IXTEX turns ugly or stunning depending on your abilities vi Preface It is important to read the chapters in order the book is not that big after all Be sure to carefully read the examples because a lot of the information is in the examples placed throughout the book IATEX is available for most computers from the PC and Mac to large UNIX and VMS systems On many university computer clusters you will find that a ATEX installation is available ready to use Information on how to access the local IATEX installation shou
48. TEX to create documents in languages other than English you might want to use EC LH or CB fonts see the discussion about OT1 fonts on the page 26 Vladimir Volovich has created the cm super font bundle which covers the entire EC TC EC Concrete EC Bright and LH font sets It is available from CTAN fonts ps type1 cm super and is included with TEXLive and Mik TEX Similar type 1 CB Greek fonts created by Apostolos Syropoulos are available at CTAN tex archive fonts greek cb Unfortunately both of these font sets are not of the same typographic qual ity as the Typel CM fonts by Blue Sky Y amp Y They were automatically hinted and the document might look not as neat on the screen as the ones using Blue Sky Y amp Y type 1 CM fonts on high resolution output devices they produce results identical to the original bitmap EC LH CB fonts If you are creating document in one of Latin based languages you have several other options e You might want to use aeguill package aka Almost European Computer Modern with Guillemets Just put the line usepackage aeguill into the preamble of your document to enable AE virtual fonts instead of EC fonts e Alternatively you can use mltex package but this only works when your pdf TEX has been compiled with the mltex option The AE virtual fontset like the MITEX system makes TEX believe it has a full 256 character fontset at its disposal by creating most of the missing letters from characters of the CM
49. The Not So Short Introduction to IATEX 2e Or BTEX 2s in 141 minutes by Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 4 26 September 25 2008 ii Copyright 1995 2005 Tobias Oetiker and Contributers All rights reserved This document is free you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 of the License or at your option any later version This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this document if not write to the Free Software Foundation Inc 675 Mass Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA Thank you Much of the material used in this introduction comes from an Austrian introduction to TX 2 09 written in German by Hubert Partl lt partl mail boku ac at gt Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universitat f r Bodenkultur Wien Irene Hyna Irene HynaObmwf ac at Bundesministerium f r Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien Elisabeth Schlegl lt noemail gt in Graz If you are interested in the German document you can find a version updated for ATFX 2e by J rg Knappen at CTAN info lshort german iv Thank you The follow
50. ackage Earlier in this book you got to know the verbatim environment In this section you are going to learn about the verbatim package The verbatim package is basically a re implementation of the verbatim environment that works around some of the limitations of the original verbatim environment This by itself is not spectacular but the implementation of the verbatim package added new functionality which is why I am mentioning the package here The verbatim package provides the verbatiminput filename command which allows you to include raw ASCII text into your document as if it were inside a verbatim environment As the verbatim package is part of the tools bundle you should find it pre installed on most systems If you want to know more about this package make sure to read 10 4 6 Installing Extra Packages Most IATEX installations come with a large set of pre installed style packages but many more are available on the net The main place to look for style packages on the Internet is CTAN http www ctan org Packages such as geometry hyphenat and many others are typically made up of two files a file with the extension ins and another with the extension dtx There will often be a readme txt with a brief description of the package You should of course read this file first In any event once you have copied the package files onto your machine you still have to process them in a way that a tells you
51. ackage It provides everything you need to draw plots It can even call the external gnuplot command to evaluate actual functions you wrote into the graph Chapter 6 Customising ATEX Documents produced with the commands you have learned up to this point will look acceptable to a large audience While they are not fancy looking they obey all the established rules of good typesetting which will make them easy to read and pleasant to look at However there are situations where ATEX does not provide a command or environment that matches your needs or the output produced by some existing command may not meet your requirements In this chapter will try to give some hints on how to teach IATEX new tricks and how to make it produce output that looks different from what is provided by default 6 1 New Commands Environments and Packages You may have noticed that all the commands I introduce in this book are typeset in a box and that they show up in the index at the end of the book Instead of directly using the necessary ATEX commands to achieve this I have created a package in which I defined new commands and environments for this purpose Now I can simply write begin lscommand citdum end lscommand dum In this example I am using both a new environment called lscommand which is responsible for drawing the box around the command and a new command named ci which typesets the command name and makes a
52. ad of fffifl ffi These so called ligatures can be prohibited by inserting an mbox between the two letters in question This might be necessary with words built from two words Large Not shelfful Not shelfful but shelf mbox ful but shelfful 2 4 8 Accents and Special Characters IATEX supports the use of accents and special characters from many lan guages Table 2 2 shows all sorts of accents being applied to the letter o Naturally other letters work too To place an accent on top of an i or a j its dots have to be removed This is accomplished by typing i and j H otel na i ve el eve sm o rrebr o d Se norita Sch onbrunner Schlo ss Stra ss e Hotel naive l ve sm rrebr d Se orita Sch nbrunner Schlof Strafe Table 2 2 Accents and Special Characters o fo Vo No o Nro o o N o o o Q Ncc 6 uo Nvo Mo Q co Md o o bo 60 Nt oo ce oe E NOE x Nae ME aa MAA No NO I M E AL 1 i J Mx jp X a E 2 5 International Language Support 25 2 5 International Language Support When you write documents in languages other than English there are three areas where TFX has to be configured appropriately 1 All automatically generated text strings have to be adapted to the new language For many languages these changes can be accomplished by using the babel package by Johannes Braams 2 INTEX needs to know the h
53. ain words built from normal letters or rather signs that are considered to be normal letters by IXTgX The hyphenation hints are stored for the language that is active when the hyphenation command occurs This means that if you place a hyphenation command into the preamble of your document it will influence the English language hyphenation If you place the command after the begin document and you are using some package for national language support like babel then the hyphenation hints will be active in the language activated through babel The example below will allow hyphenation to be hyphenated as well as Hyphenation and it prevents FORTRAN Fortran and fortran from being hyphenated at all No special characters or symbols are allowed in the argument Example hyphenation FORTRAN Hy phen a tion Although TFX gives you a warning when that happens Overfull hbox and displays the offending line such lines are not always easy to find If you use the option draft in the documentclass command these lines will be marked with a thick black line on the right margin 2 3 Ready Made Strings 21 The command inserts a discretionary hyphen into a word This also becomes the only point hyphenation is allowed in this word This command is especially useful for words containing special characters e g accented characters because IATEgX does not automatically hyphenate words con taining special characte
54. as you start using more complex TFX features and external packages things tend to fall apart Authors wishing to preserve the unique typographic quality of their documents even when publishing on the web turn to PDF Portable Document Format which preserves the layout of the document and permits hypertext navigation Most modern browsers come with plugins that allow the direct display of PDF documents Even though there are DVI and PS viewers for almost every platform you will find that Acrobat Reader and Xpdf for viewing PDF documents are more widely deployed So providing PDF versions of your documents will make them much more accessible to your potential readers 4 7 1 PDF Documents for the Web The creation of a PDF file from IATEX source is very simple thanks to the pdfIEX program developed by H n Th Th nh pdfIEX produces PDF output where normal TEX produces DVI There is also a pdfIATEX which produces PDF output from TEX sources Both pdfTEX and pdfIATEX are installed automatically by most modern TEX distributions such as te TEX fpTEX MikTEX TgXLive and CMacTpX To produce a PDF instead of DVI it is sufficient to replace the com mand latex file tex by pdflatex file tex On systems where IATEX is not called from the command line you may find a special button in the TeX ControlCenter In KIEX you can define the paper size with an optional documentclass argument such as a4paper or letterpaper This works in pdflATEX too but
55. at which position inside a TEX font each letter is stored Multiple input encodings could be mapped into one font encoding which reduces number of required font sets Font encodings are handled through fontenc package usepackage encoding fontenc where encoding is font encoding It is possible to load several encodings simultaneously The default IATEX font encoding is OT1 the encoding of the original Computer Modern TFX font It contains only the 128 characters of the 7 bit ASCII character set When accented characters are required TEX To learn more about supported input encodings for Latin based and Cyrillic based languages read the documentation for inputenc dtx and cyinpenc dtx respectively Sec tion 4 6 tells how to produce package documentation 2 5 International Language Support 27 creates them by combining a normal character with an accent While the resulting output looks perfect this approach stops the automatic hyphen ation from working inside words containing accented characters Besides some of Latin letters could not be created by combining a normal character with an accent to say nothing about letters of non Latin alphabets such as Greek or Cyrillic To overcome these shortcomings several 8 bit CM like font sets were created Extended Cork EC fonts in T1 encoding contains letters and punctuation characters for most of the European languages based on Latin script The LH font set contains le
56. athematical approach e e or you can type less for the same effect a b e Note the difference in typesetting style between text style and display style equations This is text style lim_ n to infty sum_ k 1 n frac 1 k 2 frac pi 2 6 And this is display style begin equation lim_ n to infty sum_ k 1 n frac 1 k 2 frac pi 2 6 end equation n2 This is text style limpoo 975 4 r And this is display style wA T jim gage 63 k 1 In text style enclose tall or deep math expressions or sub expressions in smash This makes IATEX ignore the height of these expressions This keeps the line spacing even A d_ e_ e_p mathematical expression followed by a h i g h expression As opposed to a smashed smash d_ e_ e_p expression followed by a smash h i g h expression 3 2 1 Math Mode A de mathematical expression followed mu by a h expression As opposed to a smashed de expression followed by a h expression There are also differences between math mode and text mode For example in math mode 1 Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions or have to be specified with special commands such as quad or qquad we ll get back to that later see section 3 5 2 Empty lines are not allowed Only one para
57. ation 56 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae To get more control over the placement of indices in complex expressions amsmath provides the substack command begin equation sum n_ substack 0 lt i lt n NN m o j subseteq i gt Pi j Q i 5 P i j Q0 i j end equation IXTEX provides all sorts of symbols for braces and other delimiters e g T Round and square braces can be entered with the correspond ing keys and curly braces with but all other delimiters are generated with special commands e g updownarrow begin equation a b c neq fa b c a b c a b c end equation If you put left in front of an opening delimiter and right in front of a closing delimiter ATEX will automatically determine the correct size of the delimiter Note that you must close every left with a corresponding right If you don t want anything on the right use the invisible right beginfequation 1 left frac 1 1 x 2 3 right 3 qquad 1 i left ddagger frac right end equation In some cases it is necessary to specify the correct size of a mathematical delimiter by hand which can be done using the commands big Big bigg and Bigg as prefixes to most delimiter commands Big x 1 x 1 Big 2 big Big bigg Bigg quad x 1 x 1 big Big bigg Bigg quad big Big bigg Bigg quad q jl i
58. auses problems If the float does not fit in the location specified it becomes stuck blocking subsequent floats In particular you should never ever use the h option it is so bad that in more recent versions of IATEX it is automatically replaced by ht Having explained the difficult bit there are some more things to mention about the table and figure environments With the Ncaptionicaption text command you can define a caption for the float A running number and the string Figure or Table will be added by ATEX The two commands listoffigures and Mistoftables operate analogously to the tableofcontents command printing a list of figures or tables respectively These lists will display the whole caption so if you tend to use long captions you must have a shorter version of the caption for the lists This is accomplished by entering the short version in brackets after the Ncaption command caption Short LLLLLoooooonnnnnggggg With label and ref you can create a reference to a float within your text Note that the label command must come after the Ncaption command since you want it to reference the number of the caption The following example draws a square and inserts it into the document You could use this if you wanted to reserve space for images you are going to paste into the finished document Figure ref white is an example of Pop Art begin figure hbtp makebox tex
59. bibliography and the index In the standard document classes this has no visual effect 2 8 Cross References 37 2 8 Cross References In books reports and articles there are often cross references to figures tables and special segments of text IXTEX provides the following commands for cross referencing label marker Nref marker and Npageref marker where marker is an identifier chosen by the user IATEX replaces ref by the number of the section subsection figure table or theorem after which the corresponding label command was issued Npageref prints the page number of the page where the label command occurred As with the section titles the numbers from the previous run are used A reference to this subsection label sec this looks like A reference to this subsection looks like see section ref sec this on see section 2 8 on page 37 page pageref sec this 2 9 Footnotes With the command footnoteffootnote text a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period MESS E ai Fo tnotes footnote This is Footnotes are often used by people using A a footnote are often used EIER by people using LaTeX This is a footnote 13Note that these comman
60. cause Acrobat Reader is available on many more systems The beamer class uses graphicx color and hyperref with options adapted to screen presentations When you compile the code presented in figure 4 2 with PDFIATEX you get a PDF file with a title page and a second page showing several items that will be reveled one at a time as you step though your presentation One of the advantages of the beamer class is that it produces a PDF file that is directly usable without first going through a PostScript stage like prosper or requiring additional post processing like presentations created with the ppower4 package With the beamer class you can produce several versions modes of your document from the same input file The input file may contain special instructions for the different modes in angular brackets The following modes are available beamer for the presentation PDF discussed above trans for slides handout for the printed version The default mode is beamer you can change it by setting a different mode as a global option like Ndocumentclass 10pt handout ibeamer to print the handouts for example 4 8 Creating Presentations 89 documentclass 10pt beamer mode lt beamer gt usetheme hideothersubsections right width 22mm Goettingen title Simple Presentation author D Flipo Daniel Flipo institute U S T L amp GUTenberg titlegraphic includegraphics width 20mm USTL date 2005 begin documen
61. ceforge net A A TEX on Linux If you work with Linux chances are high that IATFX is already installed on your system or at least available on the installation source you used to setup Use your package manager to install the following packages e tetex or texlive the base TEX IATEX setup e emacs with auctex a Linux editor that integrates tightly with IXTEX through the add on AucTeX package e ghostscript a PostScript preview program e xpdf and acrobat a PDF preview program e imagemagick a free program for converting bitmap images e gimp a free photoshop look a like e inkscape a free illustrator corel draw look a like Bibliography 1 Leslie Lamport ATEX A Document Preparation System Addison 10 Wesley Reading Massachusetts second edition 1994 ISBN 0 201 52983 1 Donald E Knuth The TgXbook Volume A of Computers and Type setting Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts second edition 1984 ISBN 0 201 13448 9 Frank Mittelbach Michel Goossens Johannes Braams David Carlisle Chris Rowley The ATEX Companion 2nd Edition Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 2004 ISBN 0 201 36299 6 Michel Goossens Sebastian Rahtz and Frank Mittelbach The ATEX Graphics Companion Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1997 ISBN 0 201 85469 4 Each IATEX installation should provide a so called ATRX Local Guide which explains the things that are special to the local sy
62. ch as the one offered by HIATEX and it does not come with as many special Korean fonts as HIXT X 3 The ultimate purpose of using typesetting programs like TEX and IATEX is to get documents typeset in an aesthetically satisfying way Arguably the most important element in typesetting is a set of well designed fonts The HIATEX distribution includes UHC POSTSCRIPT fonts of 10 different families and Munhwabu fonts TrueType of 5 different families The CJK package works with a set of fonts used by earlier versions of HIATEX and it can use Bitstream s cyberbit True Type font To use the HIATEX package for typesetting your Korean text put the following declaration into the preamble of your document usepackagef hangul This command turns the Korean localization on The headings of chap ters sections subsections table of content and table of figures are all trans lated into Korean and the formatting of the document is changed to follow Korean conventions The package also provides automatic particle selec tion In Korean there are pairs of post fix particles grammatically equiv alent but different in form Which of any given pair is correct depends on whether the preceding syllable ends with a vowel or a consonant It is a bit more complex than this but this should give you a good picture Native Korean speakers have no problem picking the right particle but it cannot be determined which particle to use
63. ch entry starts with bibitem label marker The marker is then used to cite the book article or paper within the document cite marker If you do not use the label option the entries will get enumerated au tomatically The parameter after the begin thebibliography command defines how much space to reserve for the number of labels In the exam ple below 99 tells IXTEX to expect that none of the bibliography item numbers will be wider than the number 99 Partl 1 has proposed that Partl cite pa has proposed that ldots begin thebibliography 99 bibitem pa H Partl emph German TeX Bibliograp hy TUGboat Volume 9 Issue 1 1988 end thebibliography Volume 9 Issue 1 1988 1 H Partl German TEX TUGboat 74 Specialities For larger projects you might want to check out the Bib TEX program BibTEX is included with most TpX distributions It allows you to main tain a bibliographic database and then extract the references relevant to things you cited in your paper The visual presentation of BibTEX gener ated bibliographies is based on a style sheets concept that allows you to create bibliographies following a wide range of established designs 4 3 Indexing 75 Table 4 2 Index Key Syntax Examples Example Index Entry Comment index hello hello 1 Plain entry indexfhello Peter Peter 3 Subentry under hello index Sam textsl Sam
64. circlearrowleft multimap downdownarrows upharpoonright rightsquigarrow y A yup el dashrightarrow rightrightarrows rightleftarrows Rrightarrow twoheadrightarrow rightarrowtail rightleftharpoons Rsh looparrowright curvearrowright circlearrowright upuparrows upharpoonleft downharpoonright leftrightsquigarrow 70 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae p T NATAL AD RA RA HA DR A RARA HAHN NA A TATA A Ft Kodo Table 3 18 AMS Negated Binary Relations and Arrows nless lneq nleq nleqslant lneqq lvertnegq nleqq lnsim lnapprox nprec npreceq precneqq precnsim precnapprox subsetneq varsubsetneq nsubseteq subsetneqq nleftarrow nLeftarrow Table 3 19 AMS Miscellaneous hbar square vartriangle triangledown lozenge angle diagup nexists eth NC P HUE TU GU RY RY HY KE X RV RV HM HV NV SCC TV hi A Y 4 N j 4 ngtr G gneq ngeq ngeqslant gneqq gvertneqq ngeqq gnsim gnapprox nsucc nsucceq succneqq succnsim succnapprox supsetneq varsupsetneq nsupseteq supsetneqq nrightarrow f MRA RATKRW RK KR WS o SH IRMA TU nRightarrow hslash blacksquare blacktriangle blacktriangledown blacklozenge measuredangle diagdown Finv sphericalangle varsubsetneqq varsupsetneqq nsubseteqq nsupseteqq nmid nparallel nshortmid nshortparallel ns
65. cture Environment By Urs Oswald lt osurs bluewin ch gt 5 2 1 Basic Commands A picture environment is created with one of the two commands begin picture z y end picture or begin picture x y ro yo end picture The numbers x y Zo yo refer to unitlength which can be reset any time but not within a picture environment with a command such as setlength unitlength 1 2cm The default value of unitlength is 1pt The first pair x y effects the reservation within the document of rectangular space for the picture The optional second pair zo yo assigns arbitrary coordinates to the bottom left corner of the reserved rectangle Believe it or not the picture environment works out of the box with standard IXTEX 2e no package loading necessary 5 2 The picture Environment 93 Most drawing commands have one of the two forms put Cz y object Or multiput x y Ax Ay n object B zier curves are an exception They are drawn with the command Nqbezier Gri y1 2 ya 23 y3 94 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 2 Line Segments setlength unitlength 5cm begin picture 1 1 put 0 0 line 0 1 1 put 0 0 line 1 0 1 put 0 0 line 1 1 1 put 0 0 line 1 2 5 put 0 0 line 1 3 3333 put 0 0 line 1 4 25 put 0 0 line 1 5 2 put 0 0 li
66. d and environment definitions You can then use the usepackage command to make the package available in your document Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker ProvidesPackage demopack newcommand tnss The not so Short Introduction to LaTeXe newcommand txsit 1 The emph 1 Short Introduction to LaTeXe newenvironment king begin quote end quote Figure 6 1 Example Package Writing a package basically consists of copying the contents of your doc ument preamble into a separate file with a name ending in sty There is one special command XProvidesPackagetpackage name for use at the very beginning of your package file ProvidesPackage tells TeX the name of the package and will allow it to issue a sensible error message when you try to include a package twice Figure 6 1 shows a small example package that contains the commands defined in the examples above 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 6 2 1 Font Changing Commands IXTEX chooses the appropriate font and font size based on the logical struc ture of the document sections footnotes In some cases one might like to change fonts and sizes by hand To do this you can use the com mands listed in Tables 6 1 and 6 2 The actual size of each font is a design issue and depends on the document class and its options Table 6 3 shows the absolute point size for these commands as implemented in the standard document classes small The small and textbf bold
67. d on Palatino as its main text body font and the txfonts package which is based on Times To use them it is sufficient to put the following lines into the preamble of your document Nusepackage T1 fontenc usepackage pxfonts Note you may find lines like Warning pdftex file eurmo10 Font eur not found in the 1og file after compiling your input file They mean that some font used in the document has not been found You really have to fix these problems as the resulting PDF document may not display the pages with the missing characters at all As you can see this whole font business especially the lack of a good EC fontset equivalent in quality to the CM font in type 1 format has been occupying many peoples minds Recently a new set of high quality outline fonts called Latin Modern LM has become available It puts an end to the misery If you have a recent TEX installation chances are that you already have a copy of them installed all you need todo is to add usepackage lmodern usepackage T1 fontenc usepackage textcomp to the preamble of your document and you are all set for creating excellent pdf output with full support for the full Latin character set 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX 83 4 7 3 Using Graphics Including graphics into a document works best with the graphicx package see page 71 By using the special driver option pdftex the package will work with pdfIATEX as well Nusepackage pdftex c
68. d the book class starts them on right hand pages Things You Need to Know Table 1 3 Some of the Packages Distributed with IXTEX doc Allows the documentation of IXIEX programs Described in doc dtx and in The ATEX Companion 3 exscale Provides scaled versions of the math extension font Described in 1texscale dtx fontenc Specifies which font encoding TFX should use Described in 1toutenc dtx ifthen Provides commands of the form if then do otherwise do Described in ifthen dtx and The HTEX Companion 3 latexsym To access the IATEX symbol font you should use the latexsym package Described in latexsym dtx and in The ATEX Compan ion 3 makeidx Provides commands for producing indexes Described in section 4 3 and in The HTEX Companion 3 syntonly Processes a document without typesetting it inputenc Allows the specification of an input encoding such as ASCII ISO Latin 1 ISO Latin 2 437 850 IBM code pages Apple Mac intosh Next ANSI Windows or user defined one Described in inputenc dtx This file should be installed on your system and you should be able to get a dvi file by typing latex doc dtx in any directory where you have write permission The same is true for all the other files mentioned in this table 1 7 Files You Might Encounter 13 1 6 3 Page Styles IATEX supports three predefined header footer combinations so called page styles The style parameter of the
69. de POSTSCRIPT graphics or to typeset bibliographies conforming to exact standards Many of these add on packages are described in The HTEX Companion 3 e XTEX encourages authors to write well structured texts because this is how TFX works by specifying structure Things You Need to Know It does not matter whether you enter one or several Spaces after a word An empty line starts a new paragraph e TFX the formatting engine of TFX 2e is highly portable and free Therefore the system runs on almost any hardware platform available TEX also has some disadvantages and I guess it s a bit difficult for me to find any sensible ones though I am sure other people can tell you hundreds ie e IATEX does not work well for people who have sold their souls e Although some parameters can be adjusted within a predefined docu ment layout the design of a whole new layout is difficult and takes a lot of time e It is very hard to write unstructured and disorganized documents e Your hamster might despite some encouraging first steps never be able to fully grasp the concept of Logical Markup 1 3 HBTpX Input Files The input for IXTEX is a plain ASCII text file You can create it with any text editor It contains the text of the document as well as the commands that tell IXTEX how to typeset the text 1 3 1 Spaces Whitespace characters such as blank or tab are treated uniformly as space by ATEX Several c
70. der ch that follows the vowel a In Russia tex is a very common word pronounced tyekh But I believe the most proper pronunciation is heard in Greece where you have the harsher ch of ach and Loch Things You Need to Know 1 1 2 BIFX IATEX enables authors to typeset and print their work at the highest typo graphical quality using a predefined professional layout LXTEX was origi nally written by Leslie Lamport 1 It uses the TEX formatter as its type setting engine These days IATEX is maintained by Frank Mittelbach IATEX is pronounced Lay tech or Lah tech If you refer to IXTEX in an ASCII environment you type LaTeX IATEX 2 is pronounced Lay tech two e and typed LaTeX2e 1 2 Basics 1 2 1 Author Book Designer and Typesetter To publish something authors give their typed manuscript to a publishing company One of their book designers then decides the layout of the docu ment column width fonts space before and after headings The book designer writes his instructions into the manuscript and then gives it to a typesetter who typesets the book according to these instructions A human book designer tries to find out what the author had in mind while writing the manuscript He decides on chapter headings citations examples formulae etc based on his professional knowledge and from the contents of the manuscript In a IATEX environment IATEX takes the role of the book designer and uses
71. documents thus produced are small with respect to bytes and there are no additional graphics files to be dragged along Packages like epic and eepic described for instance in The ATEX Com panion 3 or pstricks help to eliminate the restrictions hampering the orig inal picture environment and greatly strengthen the graphical power of IXEX 92 Producing Mathematical Graphics While the former two packages just enhance the picture environment the pstricks package has its own drawing environment pspicture The power of pstricks stems from the fact that this package makes extensive use of POSTSCRIPT possibilities In addition numerous packages have been written for specific purposes One of them is Xy pic described at the end of this chapter A wide variety of these packages is described in detail in The ATEX Graphics Companion 4 not to be confused with The ATEX Companion 3 Perhaps the most powerful graphical tool related with IX is META POST the twin of Donald E Knuth s METRFONT METRPOST has the very powerful and mathematically sophisticated programming language of METRFONT Contrary to METRFONT which generates bitmaps METR POST generates encapsulated POSTSCRIPT files which can be imported in IATEX For an introduction see A User s Manual for METAPOST 15 or the tutorial on 17 A very thorough discussion of LXTEX and TEX strategies for graphics and fonts can be found in TEX Unbound 16 5 2 The pi
72. ds are not aware of what they refer to label just saves the last automatically generated number I4put is one of the most common English words Note that footnotes distract the reader from the main body of your document After all everybody reads the footnotes we are a curious species so why not just integrate everything you want to say into the body of the document 16 A guidepost doesn t necessarily go where it s pointing to 38 Typesetting Text 2 10 Emphasized Words If a text is typed using a typewriter important words are emphasized by underlining them underline tezt In printed books however words are emphasized by typesetting them in an italic font IXTEX provides the command emph text to emphasize text What the command actually does with its argument depends on the context emph If you use emphasizing inside a piece of emphasized text then LaTeX uses the emph normal font for emphasizing If you use emphasizing inside a piece of emphasized text then ATEX uses the nor mal font for emphasizing Please note the difference between telling IXTEX to emphasize something and telling it to use a different font textit You can also emph femphasize text if it is set in italics textsffin a emph sans serif font textttfor in emph typewriter style 2 11 Environments You can also emphasize text if it is set in italics in a sans s
73. e actual heading chapter Title for the table of contents A long and especially boring title shown in the text The title of the whole document is generated by issuing a maketitle command The contents of the title have to be defined by the commands title author and optionally date before calling maketitle In the argument to author you can supply several names separated by and commands An example of some of the commands mentioned above can be found in Figure 1 2 on page 8 Apart from the sectioning commands explained above XIX 2e intro duced three additional commands for use with the book class They are useful for dividing your publication The commands alter chapter headings and page numbering to work as you would expect it in a book frontmatter should be the very first command after the start of the doc ument body begin document It will switch page numbering to Roman numerals and sections be non enumerated As if you were us ing the starred sectioning commands eg chapter Preface but the sections will still show up in the table of contents mainmatter comes right before the first chapter of the book It turns on Arabic page numbering and restarts the page counter appendix marks the start of additional material in your book After this command chapters will be numbered with letters backmatter should be inserted before the very last items in your book such as the
74. e surround the links by color frames false or colors the text of the links true The color of these links can be configured using the following options default colors are shown linkcolor red color of internal links sections pages etc citecolor green color of citation links bibliography filecolor magenta color of file links urlcolor cyan color of URL links mail web If you are happy with the defaults use usepackage pdftex hyperref To have the bookmark list open and links in color the true values are optional usepackage pdftex bookmarks colorlinks hyperref When creating PDFs destined for printing colored links are not a good thing as they end up in gray in the final output making it difficult to read You can use color frames which are not printed usepackage hyperref hypersetup colorlinks false or make links black 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX 85 usepackage hyperref hypersetup colorlinks citecolor black filecolor black H linkcolor black urlcolor black H pdftex When you just want to provide information for the Document Info sec tion of the PDF file usepackage pdfauthor Pierre Desproges pdftitle Des femmes qui tombent pdftex hyperref In addition to the automatic hyperlinks for cross references it is possible to embed explicit links using href url tert The code The href http www ctan org CTAN website produc
75. e Euro symbol Many current fonts contain a Euro symbol After loading the textcomp package in the preamble of your document usepackage textcomp you can use the command texteuro to access it If your font does not provide its own Euro symbol or if you do not like the font s Euro symbol you have two more choices First the eurosym package It provides the official Euro symbol usepackage official eurosym If you prefer a Euro symbol that matches your font use the option gen in place of the official option Table 2 1 A bag full of Euro symbols LM textcomp texteuro eurosym euro genleurosym Neuro 2 4 6 Ellipsis On a typewriter a comma or a period takes the same amount of space as any other letter In book printing these characters occupy only a little space and are set very close to the preceding letter Therefore you cannot enter ellipsis by just typing three dots as the spacing would be wrong Instead there is a special command for these dots It is called ldots Not like this but like this Not like this but like this New York Tokyo Budapest ldots New York Tokyo Budapest 24 Typesetting Text 2 4 7 Ligatures Some letter combinations are typeset not just by setting the different letters one after the other but by actually using special symbols ffiflfi inste
76. e commands need protection don t we all You can protect them by putting the Nprotect command in front of them protect only refers to the command that follows right behind not even toits arguments In most cases a superfluous Nprotect won t hurt section I am considerate protect footnotefand protect my footnotes 2 assuming the figure queue is empty Chapter 3 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Now you are ready In this chapter we will attack the main strength of TEX mathematical typesetting But be warned this chapter only scratches the sur face While the things explained here are sufficient for many people don t despair if you can t find a solution to your mathematical typesetting needs here It is highly likely that your problem is addressed in AA4S IATEX 3 1 The AmS ET X bundle If you want to typeset advanced mathematics you should use AA4S IATEX The AuS KIEX bundle is a collection of packages and classes for mathe matical typesetting We will mostly deal with the amsmath package which is a part of the bundle AUIS KIEX is produced by The American Mathemat ical Society and it is used extensively for mathematical typesetting LXTEX itself does provide some basic features and environments for mathematics but they are limited or maybe it s the other way around AUS KIEX is unlimited and in some cases inconsistent AAAS IATEX is a part of the required distribution and is provided with all recent IATEX d
77. e ed oe DAA seg 23 DAT Bates ie xen wok Yo sem Ree ee ag 24 2 4 8 Accents and Special Characters 24 2 5 International Language Support 25 2 5 1 Support for Portuguese riar 27 2 5 2 Support for French s s es irg k Su RR mh 28 2 3 3 support for German 6 6 2 4 coo ooo on 29 254 Support for Korean 2 e una wenn ae 29 2 5 5 Writing in Greek 2222s o ome 32 25 6 Support lor Cyrille 2222992293 x99 ees 33 2 6 The Space Between Words 00050 eee 33 2 1 Titles Chapters and Sections scr so e 22 8 o bes 35 2 8 Cross References s se sacs a doe soca a a e eee eee 37 2 9 Footnotes ss s ew sra e a Ry y G 3T 2 10 Emphasized Words gt o s s s cosce aca o a a a ae 38 2 11 IonviontHeH S u ud A a exe Re Xem m koh BR EO deg s 38 2 11 1 Itemize Enumerate and Description 39 2 11 2 Flushleft Flushright and Center 39 2 11 3 Quote Quotation and Verse 40 2 11 4 Abstract a ek bee mo komm yo doo bees 40 2 11 5 Printing Verbatim o s s ca sacs se a aoa amea 41 2 116 Tabulae 2 ea a 24 a a a a ran 41 VAD Floating Bodes cs soci ace Be aa Bok aa e ee m RR E 44 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands gt c sos so a us oe 47 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae 49 3 1 The Adee bundle uu uo sa re 49 3 2 Dele EqualioHE e sise a ae emo kc R wt ee Eod 49 ad Math Mode 2122s a Ee a 51 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula
78. e one of the letters c t or b to 120 Customising ATEX control the vertical alignment of the box relative to the baseline of the surrounding text width takes a length argument specifying the width of the box The main difference between a minipage and a parbox is that you cannot use all commands and environments inside a parbox while almost anything is possible in a minipage While Nparbox packs up a whole paragraph doing line breaking and everything there is also a class of boxing commands that operates only on horizontally aligned material We already know one of them it s called mbox It simply packs up a series of boxes into another one and can be used to prevent IATEX from breaking two words As you can put boxes inside boxes these horizontal box packers give you ultimate flexibility Xnakebox width pos text width defines the width of the resulting box as seen from the outside Be sides the length expressions you can also use Width height depth and totalheight in the width parameter They are set from values obtained by measuring the typeset tert The pos parameter takes a one letter value center flushleft flushright or spread the text to fill the box The command framebox works exactly the same as makebox but it draws a box around the text The following example shows you some things you could do with the makebox and framebox commands makebox textwidth c entra 1 par
79. e tables queue When a new page is started IATFX first checks if it is possible to fill a special float page with floats from the queues If this is not possible the first float on each queue is treated as if it had just occurred in the text IATEX tries again to place it according to its respective placement specifiers except h which is no longer possible Any new floats occurring in the text get placed into the appropriate queues IATEX strictly maintains the original order of 19 These are FIFO first in first out queues Table 2 9 Float Placing Permissions Spec Permission to place the float h here at the very place in the text where it oc curred This is useful mainly for small floats at the top of a page at the bottom of a page on a special page containing only floats bb oO ct without considering most of the internal param eters which could stop this float from being placed Note that pt and em are TEX units Read more on this in table 6 5 on page 115 Such as the maximum number of floats allowed on one page 46 Typesetting Text appearance for each type of float That s why a figure that cannot be placed pushes all further figures to the end of the document Therefore If IATEX is not placing the floats as you expected it is often only one float jamming one of the two float queues While it is possible to give IXTEX single location placement specifiers this c
80. e the command usepackage When all the setup work is done you start the body of the text with the command begin document Now you enter the text mixed with some useful TEX commands At the end of the document you add the end document command which tells IXTEX to call it a day Anything that follows this command will be ignored by IATEX Figure 1 1 shows the contents of a minimal AT PX 2e file A slightly more complicated input file is given in Figure 1 2 1 5 A Typical Command Line Session I bet you must be dying to try out the neat small IXTEX input file shown on page 7 Here is some help IATEX itself comes without a GUI or fancy buttons to press It is just a program that crunches away at your input file Some TFX installations feature a graphical front end where you can click IATEX into compiling your input file On other systems there might The area between documentclass and begin document is called the preamble documentclass article beginfdocument Small is beautiful end document Figure 1 1 A Minimal KIEX File Things You Need to Know be some typing involved so here is how to coax TEX into compiling your input file on a text based system Please note this description assumes that a working IATEX installation already sits on your computer 1 Edit Create your IATEX input file This file must be plain ASCII text On Unix all the editors will create just that On Windows you
81. e with Ntfrac The reverse i e display style fraction in text is made with dfrac Often the slashed form 1 2 is preferable because it looks better for small amounts of fraction material In display style In display style 3 8 Nqquad frac 3 8 3 Nqquad tfrac 3 8 M 3 8 3 In text style 1 1 frac 1 2 hours qquad In text style 1j hours 15 hours 1 dfrac 1 2 hours Here the partial command for partial derivatives is used sqrt frac x 2 k 1 qquad x frac 2 k 1 qquad q 2 0 f frac partial 2f k 1 EPI partial x 2 M To typeset binomial coefficients or similar structures use the command binom from amsmath Pascal s rule is Misginisque tioni Pascal s rule is binom n k binom n 1 k n n 1 n 1 binom n 1 k 1 a k t end equation For binary relations it may be useful to stack symbols over each other stackrel 1 2 puts the symbol given in 1 in superscript like size over 2 which is set in its usual position begin fequation f_n x stackrel approx 1 fala amp 1 end equation The integral operator is generated with int the sum operator with sum and the product operator with prod The upper and lower limits are specified with and _ like subscripts and superscripts begin fequation sum_ i 1 7n qquad n z Mint 0 Mrac NpiM2 qquad gt II prod_ epsilon i 1 0 end equ
82. ed check out their website to get the latest information http latex beamer sourceforge net Chapter 5 Producing Mathematical Graphics Most people use IATEX for typesetting their text But as the non content and structure oriented approach to authoring is so convenient IATEX also offers a if somewhat restricted possibility for producing graphical output from textual de scriptions Furthermore quite a number of IATEX extensions have been created in order to overcome these restrictions In this section you will learn about a few of them 5 1 Overview The picture environment allows programming pictures directly in IATEX A detailed description can be found in the ATEX Manual 1 On the one hand there are rather severe constraints as the slopes of line segments as well as the radii of circles are restricted to a narrow choice of values On the other hand the picture environment of ATEX 2e brings with it the qbezier command q meaning quadratic Many frequently used curves such as circles ellipses or catenaries can be satisfactorily approximated by quadratic B zier curves although this may require some mathematical toil If in addition a programming language like Java is used to generate gbezier blocks of LATEX input files the picture environment becomes quite powerful Although programming pictures directly in IXTEX is severely restricted and often rather tiresome there are still reasons for doing so The
83. ed text If you do not issue to specify line breaks IXTEX will automatically determine line breaks begin flushleft This text is left aligned LaTeX is not trying to make each line the same length end flushleft begin flushright This text is right aligned LaTeX is not trying to make each line the same length end flushright This text is left aligned IATEX is not trying to make each line the same length This text is right aligned IXTEX is not trying to make each line the same length 40 Typesetting Text begin center At the centre of the earth end center At the centre of the earth 2 11 3 Quote Quotation and Verse The quote environment is useful for quotes important phrases and exam ples A typographical rule of thumb for the line length is begin quote On average no line should be longer than 66 characters end quote This is why LaTeX pages have such large borders by default and also why multicolumn print is used in newspapers There are two similar environments A typographical rule of thumb for the line length is On average no line should be longer than 66 characters This is why BIIEX pages have such large borders by default and also why multicol umn print is used in newspapers the quotation and the verse en vironments The quotation environment is useful for longer quotes going over seve
84. ents above Here we just tell about the ones we know like and have some expe rience with 124 Installing ATEX A 2 TEX on Mac OS X A 2 1 Picking an Editor Base your LaTeX environment on the TextMate editor TextMate is not only a highly customizable general purpose text editor it also provides ex cellent LaTeX support and integrates tightly with the PDF View previewer This combination of tools lets you use LaTeX in a convenient and Mac like manner You can download a free trial version from the Textmate website on http macromates com and purchase a full version for 39 EUR If you know an equivalent OpenSource tool for the Mac please let us know A 2 2 Get a T X Distribution If you are already using Macports or Fink for installing Unix software un der OS X install LaTeX using these package managers Macport users install LaTeX with port install tetex Fink users use the command fink install tetex If you are neither using Macports nor Fink download MacTeX which is a precompiled LaTeX distribution for OS X MacTeX provides a full LaTeX installation plus a number of additional tools Get MaxTeX from http www tug org mactex A 2 3 Treat yourself to PDFView Use PDFView for viewing PDF files generated by LaTeX it integrates tightly with your LaTeX text editor PDFView is an open source appli cation can be downloaded from the PDFView website on http pdfview sourceforge net Download a
85. erif font or in typewriter style beginfenvironment text end environment Where environment is the name of the environment Environments can be nested within each other as long as the correct nesting order is maintained begin aaa begin bbb end bbb end aaa In the following sections all important environments are explained 2 11 Environments 2 11 1 Itemize Enumerate and Description The itemize environment is suitable for simple lists the enumerate en vironment for enumerated lists and the description environment for de scriptions flushleft beginfenumerate item You can mix the list environments to your taste beginfitemize item But it might start to look silly item With a dash end itemize item Therefore remember begin description item Stupid things will not become smart because they are in a list item Smart things though can be presented beautifully in a list end description end enumerate You can mix the list environments to your taste e But it might start to look silly With a dash Therefore remember Stupid things will not become smart because they are in a list Smart things though can be presented beautifully in a list 2 11 2 Flushleft Flushright and Center The environments flushleft and flushright generate paragraphs that are either left or right aligned The center environment generates centr
86. es the output CTAN a click on the word CTAN will take you to the CTAN website If the destination of the link is not a URL but a local file you can use the href command The complete document is href manual pdf here Which produces the text The complete document is here A click on the word here will open the file manual pdf The filename is relative to the location of the current document The author of an article might want her readers to easily send email messages by using the Nhref command inside the author command on the title page of the document author Mary Oetiker lt href mailto mary oetiker ch mary oetiker ch gt Note that I have put the link so that my email address appears not only in the link but also on the page itself I did this because the link href mailto mary oetiker ch Mary Oetiker would work well within Acrobat but once the page is printed the email address would not be visible anymore 86 Specialities 4 7 5 Problems with Links Messages like the following pdfTeX warning ext4 destination with the same identifier name page 1 has been already used duplicate ignored appear when a counter gets reinitialized for example by using the command mainmatter provided by the book document class It resets the page num ber counter to 1 prior to the first chapter of the book But as the preface of the book also has a page number 1 all links to page 1 would no
87. ewtheorem jury law Jury theoremstyle remark newtheorem marg Margaret begin law label law box Don t hide in the witness box end law begin jury The Twelve Jury 2 The Twelve It could be you So It could be you So beware and beware and see law 1 see law ref law box end jury begin marg No No No end marg Margaret No No No Law 1 Don t hide in the witness box The Jury theorem uses the same counter as the Law theorem so it gets a number that is in sequence with the other Laws The argument in square brackets is used to specify a title or something similar for the theorem newtheorem mur Murphy section begintmur If there are two or Murphy 3 7 1 If there are two or more more ways to do something and ways to do something and one of those one of those ways can result in ways can result in a catastrophe then a catastrophe then someone someone will do it will do it end mur The Murphy theorem gets a number that is linked to the number of the current section You could also use another unit for example chapter or subsection The amsthm package also provides the proof environment begin proof Proof Trivial use Trivial use He 5 E mc72 mc end proof S With the command Nqedhere you can move the end of proof symbol around for situations where it would end up alone on a line begin proof Trivial use N E2mc
88. f writing e g section The Structure of Text and Language is so obvious that it is almost self evident how these high level structures should be used 2 2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking 2 2 1 Justified Paragraphs Books are often typeset with each line having the same length IXTEX inserts the necessary line breaks and spaces between words by optimizing the con tents of a whole paragraph If necessary it also hyphenates words that would not fit comfortably on a line How the paragraphs are typeset depends on the document class Normally the first line of a paragraph is indented and there is no additional space between two paragraphs Refer to section 6 3 2 for more information In special cases it might be necessary to order IATEX to break a line or newline starts a new line without starting a new paragraph additionally prohibits a page break after the forced line break newpage starts a new page linebreak n nolinebreak n Npagebreak n nopagebreak n suggest places where a break may or may not happen They enable the author to influence their actions with the optional argument n which can be set to a number between zero and four By setting n to a value below 4 you leave TFX the option of ignoring your command if the result would look very bad Do not confuse these break commands with the new commands Even when you give a break command TFX still
89. font and rearranging them in the EC order this allows to use the excellent type 1 format CM fonts available on most systems As the font is now in T1 encoding hyphenation will work well in Latin based European languages The only disadvantage of this approach is that the artificial AE characters do not work with Acrobat Reader s Find function so you cannot search for words with accented characters in your final PDF file 82 Specialities For the Russian language a similar solution is to use C1 virtual fonts available at ftp ftp vsu ru pub tex font packs cifonts These fonts combine the standard CM type 1 fonts from Bluesky collection and CMCYR type 1 fonts from Paradissa and BaKoMa collection all available on CTAN Because Paradissa fonts contain only Russian letters C1 fonts are missing other Cyrillic glyphs Another solution is to switch to other PosTSCRIPT type 1 fonts Ac tually some of them are even included with every copy of Acrobat Reader Because these fonts have different character sizes the text layout on your pages will change Generally these other fonts will use more space than the CM fonts which are very space efficient Also the overall visual coherence of your document will suffer because Times Helvetica and Courier the pri mary candidates for such a replacement job have not been designed to work in harmony in a single document Two ready made font sets are available for this purpose pxfonts which is base
90. ge Most of the modern computer systems allow you to input letter of na tional alphabets directly from the keyboard In order to handle variety of Table of Contents List of Figures 26 Typesetting Text input encoding used for different groups of languages and or on different computer platforms IATEX employs the inputenc package usepackage encoding inputenc When using this package you should consider that other people might not be able to display your input files on their computer because they use a different encoding For example the German umlaut on OS 2 is encoded as 132 on Unix systems using ISO LATIN 1 it is encoded as 228 while in Cyrillic encoding cp1251 for Windows this letter does not exist at all therefore you should use this feature with care The following encodings may come in handy depending on the type of system you are working on Operating encodings system western Latin Cyrillic Mac applemac macukr Unix latini koi8 ru Windows ansinew cp1251 DOS 05 2 cp850 cp866nav If you have a multilingual document with conflicting input encodings you might want to switch to unicode using the ucs package usepackage ucs usepackage utf8x inputenc will enable you to create IATEX input files in utf8x a multi byte encoding in which each character can be encoded in as little as one byte and as many as four bytes Font encoding is a different matter It defines
91. gle sided 11 sinh 54 slanted 110 slides class 10 sloppy 20 small 110 Small Caps 110 smallskip 116 smash 51 space 4 spacing math mode 51 special character 24 sqrt 53 square brackets 5 square root 53 stackrel 55 stretch 107 115 structure 7 strut 44 subparagraph 35 subscript 52 subsection 35 subsectionmark 76 substack 56 subsubsection 35 sum 55 sum operator 55 sup 54 syntonly 12 15 T T1 27 33 T2 33 THA 27 33 T2B 27 T2C 27 tabcolsep 43 table 41 table 45 46 table of contents 35 tableofcontents 35 tabular 41 119 tag 50 tan 54 tanh 54 TeX 21 TeXnicCenter 125 texorpdfstring 86 87 text style 49 51 textbf 110 textcelsius 22 textcomp 22 23 texteuro 23 textheight 117 textit 110 TextMate 124 textmd 110 textnormal 110 textrm 110 textsc 110 textsf 110 textsl 110 textstyle 60 texttt 110 textup 110 textwidth 117 tfrac 55 thebibliography 73 theoremstyle 61 thicklines 95 98 100 thinlines 98 100 thispagestyle 13 tikz 102 tikzpicture 102 INDEX 141 tilde 22 53 W tilde 34 whitespace 4 tiny 110 after commands 5 title 11 36 at the start of a line 4 title 36 widehat 53 tnss 106 widetilde 53 today 21 width 120 121 topmargin 117 Word 76 totalheight 120 121 www 22 two column 11 WYSIWYG 2 3 txfonts 82 X U X2 27 ucs 26 X
92. graph per formula 52 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae forall x Min mathbf R qquad x 2 geq O x 2 geq ONqquad text for all x in mathbf R x 12 geq ONqquad 3 Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such If you want to typeset normal text within a formula normal upright font and normal spacing then you have to enter the text using the text command see also section 3 6 on page 60 VIER a2 gt 0 a2 gt 0 for al xeR Mathematicians can be very fussy about which symbols are used it would be conventional here to use the blackboard bold font which is ob tained using Wnathbb from the package amssymb The last example be comes text for all x r gt 0 for all x R in mathbb R lambda xi pi theta mu Phi Omega Delta See Table 3 14 on 67 and Table 6 4 on 111 for more math fonts 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula In this section we describe the most important commands used in mathe matical typesetting Most of the commands in this section will not require amsmath if they do it will be stated clearly but load it anyway Lowercase Greek letters are entered as alpha beta gamma uppercase letters are entered as Gamma Delta Take a look at Table 3 2 on page 63 for a list of Greek letters A E T 0 p 8 0 A Exponents and Subscripts can be specified u
93. hypotenuse of the triangle and feels lonely d finally does not show up here c is the hypotenuse of at all Isn t that puzzling the triangle and feels lonely d finally does not show up here at all Isn t that puzzling end vardesc 6 6 Boxes IXTEX builds up its pages by pushing around boxes At first each letter is a little box which is then glued to other letters to form words These are again glued to other words but with special glue which is elastic so that a series of words can be squeezed or stretched as to exactly fill a line on the page I admit this is a very simplistic version of what really happens but the point is that TEX operates on glue and boxes Letters are not the only things that can be boxes You can put virtually everything into a box including other boxes Each box will then be handled by BIEX as if it were a single letter In the past chapters you have already encountered some boxes although I did not tell you The tabular environment and the Nincludegraphics for example both produce a box This means that you can easily arrange two tables or images side by side You just have to make sure that their combined width is not larger than the textwidth You can also pack a paragraph of your choice into a box with either the parbox pos width text command or the begin minipage pos width text end minipage environment The pos parameter can tak
94. ide You can correct it using but ams math provides an easier way for fine tuning the spacing namely the iint iiint iiiint and idotsint commands newcommand ud mathrm d J rosa VE int int f x g y ud x ud y J f x g y da dy NE int int f x g y ud x ud y VL Mint x g y ud x Mud y M F a gly de dy See the electronic document testmath tex distributed with AMS ETEX or Chapter 8 of The ATEX Companion 3 for further details 3 5 1 Phantoms When vertically aligning text using and _ IATEX is sometimes just a little too helpful Using the phantom command you can reserve space for charac ters that do not show up in the final output The easiest way to understand this is to look at an example 60 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae beginfequation 7 14 _ 6 text c qquad text versus qquad c versus 140 14 _ phantom 1 6 text C end equation If you want to typeset a lot of isotopes as in the example the mhchem package is very useful for typesetting isotopes and chemical formulae too 3 6 Fiddling with the Math Fonts Different math fonts are listed on Table 3 14 on page 67 Re qquad mathcal R qquad mathfrak R qquad mathbb R qquad The last two require amssymb or amsfonts Sometimes you need to tell ATEX the correct font size In math mode this is set with the following four commands displaystyle 123 textsty
95. im ncong nvdash nvDash nVdash nVDash ntriangleleft ntriangleright ntrianglelefteq ntrianglerighteq nleftrightarrow nLeftrightarrow Bbbk circledS complement Game bigstar 000 V Nbackprime Q varnothing O mho Chapter 4 Specialities When putting together a large document ATEX will help you with some special features like index generation bibliography management and other things A much more complete description of specialities and enhancements possible with ATEX can be found in the ATEX Manual 1 and The ATEX Companion 3 4 1 Including Encapsulated PostScript IXTEX provides the basic facilities to work with floating bodies such as images or graphics with the figure and table environments There are several ways to generate the actual graphics with basic IXTEX or a ATFX extension package a few of them are described in chapter 5 Please refer to The ATEX Companion 3 and the ATEX Manual 1 for more information on that subject A much easier way to get graphics into a document is to generate them with a specialised software package and then include the finished graphics into the document Here again IATEX packages offer many ways to do this but this introduction will only discuss the use of Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT EPS graphics because it is quite easy to do and widely used In order to use pictures in the EPS format you must have a POSTSCRIPT printer available for output
96. ing individuals helped with corrections suggestions and material to improve this paper They put in a big effort to help me get this document into its present shape I would like to sincerely thank all of them Naturally all the mistakes you ll find in this book are mine If you ever find a word that is spelled correctly it must have been one of the people below dropping me a line Rosemary Bailey Marc Bevand Friedemann Brauer Barbara Beeton Jan Busa Markus Br hwiler Pietro Braione David Carlisle Jos Carlos Santos Neil Carter Mike Chapman Pierre Chardaire Christopher Chin Carl Cerecke Chris McCormack Wim van Dam Jan Dittberner Michael John Downes Matthias Dreier David Dureisseix Elliot Hans Ehrbar Daniel Flipo David Frey Hans Fugal Robin Fairbairns J rg Fischer Erik Frisk Mic Milic Frederickx Frank Kasper B Graversen Arlo Griffiths Alexandre Guimond Andy Goth Cyril Goutte Greg Gamble Frank Fischli Morten H gholm Neil Hammond Rasmus Borup Hansen Joseph Hilferty Bj rn Hvittfeldt Martien Hulsen Werner Icking Jakob Eric Jacoboni Alan Jeffrey Byron Jones David Jones Johannes Maria Kaltenbach Michael Koundouros Andrzej Kawalec Sander de Kievit Alain Kessi Christian Kern Tobias Klauser J rg Knappen Kjetil Kjernsmo Maik Lehradt R mi Letot Flori Lambrechts Axel Liljencrantz Johan Lundberg Alexander Mai Hendrik Maryns Martin Maechler Aleksandar S Milosevic Henrik Mitsch Claus Malten
97. ing up a circle into 4 quadratic B zier curves is not satisfactory At least 8 are needed The figure again shows the effect of the linethickness command on horizontal or vertical lines and of the thinlines and the thicklines commands on oblique line segments It also shows that both kinds of commands affect quadratic B zier curves each command overriding all previous ones Let P zi y1 Pa 2 ya denote the end points and mi ma the respective slopes of a quadratic B zier curve The intermediate control point z y is then given by the equations Mata M T1 ya y1 GC ma m 5 1 y Wwcmi z zri i d 2 See Graphics in TEX 2e 17 for a Java program which generates the nec essary qbezier command line 5 2 The picture Environment 101 5 2 10 Catenary setlength unitlength 1cm begin picture 4 3 3 6 2 5 0 25 put 2 0 vector 1 0 4 4 put 2 45 05 x put 0 0 vector 0 1 3 2 put 0 3 35 makebox 0 0 y gbezier 0 0 0 0 1 2384 0 0 2 0 2 7622 gbezier 0 0 0 0 1 2384 0 0 2 0 2 7622 linethickness 075mm multiput 2 0 1 0 5 line 0 1 3 multiput 2 0 0 1 4 line 1 0 4 linethickness 2mm put 3 12763 line 1 0 4 put 5 07237 line 0 1 4 N m put 7 12763 line 1 0 4 put 5 07237 line 0 1 4 put 8 54308 line 1 0 4 put 1 34308 line 0 1 4 p
98. iod terminates a sentence even when it follows an uppercase letter Mr Smith was happy to see her Mr Smith was happy to see her cf Fig 5 cf Fig 5 I like BASIC What about you I like BASIC What about you The additional space after periods can be disabled with the command frenchspacing which tells ATEX not to insert more space after a period than after ordinary character This is very common in non English languages except bibliogra phies If you use frenchspacing the command is not necessary 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections 35 2 7 Titles Chapters and Sections To help the reader find his or her way through your work you should divide it into chapters sections and subsections IATEX supports this with special commands that take the section title as their argument It is up to you to use them in the correct order The following sectioning commands are available for the article class section subsection subsubsection paragraph subparagraph If you want to split your document in parts without influencing the section or chapter numbering you can use part When you work with the report or book class an additional top level sectioning command becomes available chapter As the article class does not know about chapters it is quite easy to add articles as chapters to a book The spacing between sections the nu
99. is a computer program created by Donald E Knuth 2 It is aimed at typesetting text and mathematical formulae Knuth started writing the TEX typesetting engine in 1977 to explore the potential of the digital printing equipment that was beginning to infiltrate the publishing industry at that time especially in the hope that he could reverse the trend of deteriorating typographical quality that he saw affecting his own books and articles TEX as we use it today was released in 1982 with some slight enhancements added in 1989 to better support 8 bit characters and multiple languages TEX is renowned for being extremely stable for running on many different kinds of computers and for being virtually bug free The version number of TEX is converging to m and is now at 3 141592 TEX is pronounced Tech with a ch as in the German word Ach or in the Scottish Loch The ch originates from the Greek alphabet where X is the letter ch or chi TEX is also the first syllable of the Greek word texnologia technology In an ASCII environment TEX becomes TeX In german there are actually two pronounciations for ch and one might assume that the soft ch sound from Pech would be a more appropriate Asked about this Knuth wrote in the German Wikipedia I do not get angry when people pronounce TEX in their favorite way and in Germany many use a soft ch because the X follows the vowel e not the har
100. is done with the vec command The two commands overrightarrow and overleftarrow are useful to denote the vector from A to B vec a Nqquad vec AB Nqquad a AB AB overrightarrow AB Names of log like functions are often typeset in an upright font and not in italics as variables are so IATEX supplies the following commands to typeset the most important function names arccos cos csc Vexp ker limsup arcsin cosh deg gcd Mg Mn arctan cot det hom Mim log arg coth dim inf liminf max sinh sup tan tanh Amin Pr sec sin lim_ x rightarrow 0 lim sin Eee frac sin x x 1 20 g For functions missing from the list use the DeclareMathOperator com mand There is even a starred version for functions with limits This com mand works only in the preamble so the commented lines in the example below must be put into the preamble DeclareMathOperator argh argh DeclareMathOperator nut Nut 3argh 2Nut 3 argh 2 nut_ x 1 E For the modulo function there are two commands bmod for the binary operator a mod b and pmod for expressions such as x a mod b a bmod b NN a mod b x equiv a pmod b x a mod b 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula 55 A built up fraction is typeset with the frac command In in line equations the fraction is shrunk to fit the line This style is obtain able in display styl
101. is selected within the document In addition to enabling hyphenations translating automatically gener ated text strings and activating some language specific typographic rules like frenchspacing babel provides some commands allowing typesetting according to the standards of Bulgarian Russian or Ukrainian languages For all three languages language specific punctuation is provided The Cyrillic dash for the text it is little narrower than Latin dash and sur rounded by tiny spaces a dash for direct speech quotes and commands to facilitate hyphenation see Table 2 8 The Russian and Ukrainian options of babel define the commands Asbuk and asbuk which act like Alph and alph but produce capital and small letters of Russian or Ukrainian alphabets whichever is the active language of the document The Bulgarian option of babel provides the commands enumBul and enumLat enumEng which make Alph and alph pro duce letters of either Bulgarian or Latin English alphabets The default behaviour of Alph and alph for the Bulgarian language option is to pro duce letters from the Bulgarian alphabet 2 6 The Space Between Words To get a straight right margin in the output IXTEX inserts varying amounts of space between the words It inserts slightly more space at the end of a sentence as this makes the text more readable IATEX assumes that sen tences end with periods question marks or exclamation marks If a period Tf y
102. istributions In this chapter we assume amsmath is loaded in the preamble usepackage amsmath 3 2 Single Equations There two ways to typeset mathematical formulae in line within a para graph text style or the paragraph can be broken to typeset it separately display style Mathematical equations within a paragraph is entered be tween between and Tf yours is missing it go to CTAN macros latex required amslatex 50 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach a 2 b 2 c 2 TeX is pronounced as tau epsilon chi 5pt 100 m 33 of water 5pt This comes from my heartsuit Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach a b c TEX is pronounced as TEX 100 m of water This comes from my Q If you want your larger equations to be set apart from the rest of the paragraph it is preferable to display them rather than to break the para graph apart To do this you enclose them between begin equation and Vendfequation You can then Mabel an equation number and refer to it somewhere else in the text by using the eqref command If you want to name the equation something specific you tag it instead You can t use eqref with tag Add a squared and b squared to get c squared Or using a more mathematical approach beginfequation a
103. itive and take one of the following two for mats e They start with a backslash and then have a name consisting of letters only Command names are terminated by a space a number or any other non letter e They consist of a backslash and exactly one non letter IATEX ignores whitespace after commands If you want to get a space after a command you have to put either and a blank or a special spacing command after the command name The stops IATEX from eating up all the space after the command name I read that Knuth divides the I read that Knuth divides the people people working with TeX into working with TEX into TpXnicians and TeX nicians and TeX perts TEXperts Today is today Today is September 25 2008 Some commands need a parameter which has to be given between curly braces after the command name Some commands support optional pa rameters which are added after the command name in square brackets Try the backslash command instead It produces a Things You Need to Know The next examples use some IATEX commands Don t worry about them they will be explained later You can Ntextsl lean on me Please start a new line right here newline Thank you 1 3 4 Comments You can lean on me Please start a new line right here Thank you When ATEX encounters a character while processing an input file it ig nores the rest of
104. its value by putting the linespreadf factor command into the preamble of your document Use linespread 1 3 for one and a half line spacing and linespread 1 6 for double line spacing Normally the lines are not spread so the default line spread factor is 1 Note that the effect of the linespread command is rather drastic and not appropriate for published work So if you have a good reason for chang ing the line spacing you might want to use the command setlength baselineskip 1 5 baselineskip setlength baselineskip 1 5 baselineskip This paragraph is typeset with the baseline skip set to 1 5 of line skip set to 1 5 of what it was before what it was before Note the par command at the end of the paragraph par paragraph This paragraph is typeset with the base Note the par command at the end of the This paragraph has a clear purpose it shows that after the curly brace has been closed everything is back to normal This paragraph has a clear purpose it shows that after the curly brace has been closed everything is back to normal 6 3 2 Paragraph Formatting In KIEX there are two parameters influencing paragraph layout By placing a definition like setlength parindent Opt setlength parskip lex plus 0 5ex minus 0 2ex 114 Customising ATEX in the preamble of the input file you can change the layout of paragraphs These two commands inc
105. k text that both take one argument which is then typeset using the requested font encoding Otherwise you can use the command selectlanguage described in a previous section Check out table 2 7 for some Greek punctuation characters Use euro for the Euro symbol Table 2 7 Greek Special Characters 101f you select the utf8x option for the package inputenc you can type Greek and polytonic Greek unicode characters 2 6 The Space Between Words 33 2 5 6 Support for Cyrillic By Maksym Polyakov lt polyama myrealbox com gt Version 3 7h of babel includes support for the T2 encodings and for type setting Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian texts using Cyrillic letters Support for Cyrillic is based on standard IATEX mechanisms plus the fontenc and inputenc packages But if you are going to use Cyrillics in math mode you need to load mathtext package before fontenc usepackage mathtext Nusepackage T1 T2A fontenc usepackage koi8 ru inputenc usepackage english bulgarian russian ukranian babel Generally babel will authomatically choose the default font encoding for the above three languages this is T2A However documents are not restricted to a single font encoding For multi lingual documents using Cyrillic and Latin based languages it makes sense to include Latin font encoding explic itly babel will take care of switching to the appropriate font encoding when a different language
106. lable online from CTAN info epslatex ps Kristoffer H Rose Xy pic User s Guide Downloadable from CTAN with Xy pic distribution John D Hobby A User s Manual for METAPOST Downloadable from http cm bell labs com who hobby Alan Hoenig 7X Unbound Oxford University Press 1998 ISBN 0 19 509685 1 0 19 509686 X pbk Urs Oswald Graphics in ATRX 2e containing some Java source files for generating arbitrary circles and ellipses within the picture en vironment and METAPOST A Tutorial Both downloadable from http www ursoswald ch Till Tantau TikZ amp PGF Manual Download from CTAN graphics pgf base doc generic pgf pgfmanual pdf Index Symbols NI 59 21 2 34 84 34 34 34 gt 34 e 34 49 Nos 91 58 5 28 m 21 28 0 Space after 34 bacs DS 58 3 59 XQ 34 XL 50 19 39 40 42 116 Ax 19 M 50 34 A A4 paper 11 A5 paper 11 24 abstract 40 accent 24 Acrobat Reader 80 acute 24 Naddtolength 118 advantages of TEX 3 24 aeguill 81 align 57 Alph 33 alph 33 Alpha 63 American Mathematical Society 49 amsbsy 61 amsfonts 60 67 amsmath 49 55 59 61 amssymb 52 60 63 amsthm 61 62 and 36 ansinew 26 apostrophe 54 appendix 35 36 applemac 26 arccos 54 arcsin 54 arctan 54 arg 54 array 57 58 arraystretch 43 arrow symbols 54 article class 10 Asbuk 33
107. ld be provided in the Local Guide 5 If you have problems getting started ask the person who gave you this booklet The scope of this document is not to tell you how to install and set up a IATEX system but to teach you how to write your documents so that they can be processed by IATEX If you need to get hold of any IATEX related material have a look at one of the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network CTAN sites The homepage is at http www ctan org All packages can also be retrieved from the ftp archive ftp www ctan org and its mirror sites all over the world You will find other references to CTAN throughout the book especially pointers to software and documents you might want to download Instead of writing down complete urls I just wrote CTAN followed by whatever location within the CTAN tree you should go to If you want to run IXTEX on your own computer take a look at what is available from CTAN systens If you have ideas for something to be added removed or altered in this document please let me know I am especially interested in feedback from IATEX novices about which bits of this intro are easy to understand and which could be explained better Tobias Oetiker lt tobi oetiker ch gt OETIKER PARTNER AG Aarweg 15 4600 Olten Switzerland The current version of this document is available on CTAN info lshort Contents Thank you Preface 1 Things You Need to Know ld i 1 3 ld 1 5 1 6 Lar
108. le 123 Nscriptstyle 123 and scriptscriptstyle 123 If 35 is placed in a fraction it ll be typeset in text style unless you tell IATEX otherwise beginfequation R frac displaystylef sum_ i 1 7n x_i bar x n y_i barfy Ye yi y displaystyle left R i 1 sum_ i 1 n x_i bar x 2 n n 1 2 sum_ i 1 7n y_i bar y 72 Y las 2 3 y 9 right 1 2 i 1 i 1 end equation Changing styles generally affects the way big operators and limits are displayed 3 6 1 Bold Symbols It is quite difficult to get bold symbols in IATEX this is probably intentional as amateur typesetters tend to overuse them The font change command mathbf gives bold letters but these are roman upright whereas math ematical symbols are normally italic and furthermore it doesn t work on 3 7 Theorems Lemmas 61 lower case Greek letters There is a boldmath command but this can only be used outside math mode It works for symbols too though mu M Nqquad mathbf mu mathbf M 1 M I M u M qquad boldmath mu M The package amsbsy included by amsmath as well as the bm from the tools bundle make this much easier as they include a boldsymbol com mand mu M qquad boldsymbol mu boldsymbol M p M 1 M 3 7 Theorems Lemmas When writing mathematical documents you probably need a way to typeset Lemmas Definitions
109. ll ull big Downarrow Big Downarrow bigg Downarrow Bigg Downarrow For a list of all delimiters available see Table 3 8 on page 66 3 4 Vertically Aligned Material 57 3 4 Vertically Aligned Material 3 4 1 Multiple Equations For formulae running over several lines or for equation systems you can use the environments align and align instead of equation and equations With align each line gets an equation number The align does not number anything The align environments center the single equation around the amp sign The command breaks the lines If you only want to enumerate some of equations use nonumber to remove the number It has to be placed before AN begin falign f x amp a b a b label 1 f x a b a b 3 4 amp a 2 ab tba b 2 NN a ab ba b 3 5 amp a 2 b 2 tag wrong 102 132 end align ae wrong This is a reference to eqref 1 This is a reference to 3 4 Long equations will not be automatically divided into neat bits The author has to specify where to break them and correct the indent begin align f x amp 3x75 x74 2x73 i 3 nonumber f x 32 z 2x amp qquad 9x 2 12x 23 NN 92 19x 23 3 6 amp g x h x h 3 7 o g x h x 3 7 The amsmath package provides a couple of other useful environments flalign gather multline and split See the documentation for the package for a wide
110. lues The keys can be used to alter the width height and rotation of the included graphic Table 4 1 lists the most important keys Table 4 1 Key Names for graphicx Package width scale graphic to the specified width height scale graphic to the specified height angle rotate graphic counterclockwise scale scale graphic If your software can not export into EPS format you can try to install a POSTSCRIPT printer driver such as an Apple LaserWriter for example and then print to a file with this driver With some luck this file will be in EPS format Note that an EPS must not contain more than one page Some printer drivers can be explicitly configured to produce EPS format 4 2 Bibliography 73 The following example code may help to clarify things begin figure centering includegraphics angle 90 width 0 5 textwidth test caption This is a test end figure It includes the graphic stored in the file test eps The graphic is first rotated by an angle of 90 degrees and then scaled to the final width of 0 5 times the width of a standard paragraph The aspect ratio is 1 0 because no special height is specified The width and height parameters can also be specified in absolute dimensions Refer to Table 6 5 on page 115 for more information If you want to know more about this topic make sure to read 9 and 13 4 2 Bibliography You can produce a bibliography with the thebibliography environment Ea
111. mbering and the font size of the titles will be set automatically by IATEX Two of the sectioning commands are a bit special e The Npart command does not influence the numbering sequence of chapters e The Nappendix command does not take an argument It just changes the chapter numbering to letters IATEX creates a table of contents by taking the section headings and page numbers from the last compile cycle of the document The command Ntableofcontents expands to a table of contents at the place it is issued A new document has to be compiled IAT Xed twice to get a correct table of contents Sometimes it might be necessary to compile the document a third time IXTEX will tell you when this is necessary For the article style it changes the section numbering 36 Typesetting Text All sectioning commands listed above also exist as starred versions A starred version of a command is built by adding a star after the command name This generates section headings that do not show up in the table of contents and are not numbered The command section Help for example would become section Help Normally the section headings show up in the table of contents exactly as they are entered in the text Sometimes this is not possible because the heading is too long to fit into the table of contents The entry for the table of contents can then be specified as an optional argument in front of th
112. meters addtolength parameter length This second command is actually more useful than the setlength com mand because you can now work relative to the existing settings To add one centimetre to the overall text width I put the following commands into the document preamble addtolength hoffset 0 5cm addtolength textwidth 1cm In this context you might want to look at the calc package It allows you to use arithmetic operations in the argument of setlength and other places where you can enter numeric values into function arguments 6 5 More Fun With Lengths Whenever possible I avoid using absolute lengths in IATEX documents I rather try to base things on the width or height of other page elements For the width of a figure this could be textwidth in order to make it fill the page The following 3 commands allow you to determine the width height and depth of a text string settoheight variable text settodepth variable texrt settowidth variable tert The example below shows a possible application of these commands 6 6 Boxes 119 flushleft newenvironment vardesc 1 settowidth parindent 1 makebox Opt r 1 begin displaymath a2 b um a 2 b 22c 2 end displaymath Where a b are adjoin to the right angle of a right angled triangle begin vardesc Where a b are adjoin to the right angle of a right angled triangle c is the
113. might want to make sure that you save the file in ASCII or Plain Text format When picking a name for your file make sure it bears the extension tex Run IATEX on your input file If successful you will end up with a dvi file It may be necessary to run IATEX several times to get the table of contents and all internal references right When your input file has a bug KIEX will tell you about it and stop processing your input file Type ctrl D to get back to the command line latex foo tex 3 Now you may view the DVI file There are several ways to do that SO 6This is the case with most well groomed Unix Systems and Real Men use Unix 37 Xdocumentclass a4paper 11pt article define the title Nauthor H Partl title Minimalism begin document generates the title maketitle insert the table of contents tableofcontents section Some Interesting Words Well and here begins my lovely article section Good Bye World ldots and here it ends end document Figure 1 2 Example of a Realistic Journal Article Note that all the com mands you see in this example will be explained later in the introduction 1 6 The Layout of the Document You can show the file on screen with xdvi foo dvi amp This only works on Unix with X11 If you are on Windows you might want to try yap yet another previewer You can also convert the dvi file to POSTSCRIPT for prin
114. minus circleddash X boxtimes boxdot Ncircledcirc T intercal Ncircledast X rightthreetimes Y Ncurlyvee A Ncurlywedge A Meftthreetimes 68 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae WA QA CA A A VIIAVIA VA QA RA A IA AN AA IA AIV VY VA Table 3 16 AMS Binary Relations lessdot leqslant eqslantless leqq 111 or llless lesssim lessapprox lessgtr lesseqgtr lesseqqgtr preccurlyeq curlyeqprec precsim precapprox subseteqq shortparallel blacktriangleleft vartriangleright blacktriangleright trianglerighteq vartriangleleft trianglelefteq U U lJU QY Y Yr Y AIIVAIV Av QV V M IV VN V m gtrdot geqslant eqslantgtr Ngeqq ggg gtrsim gtrapprox gtrless gtreqless gtreqqless succcurlyeq curlyeqsucc succsim succapprox supseteqq Supset sqsupset because Subset smallfrown shortmid therefore l gt lle HOI RUU TTS CAR v doteqdot risingdotseq fallingdotseq eqcirc circeq triangleq bumpeq Bumpeq thicksim thickapprox approxeq backsim backsimeq vDash Vdash Vvdash backepsilon varpropto between pitchfork smallsmile sqsubset 3 8 List of Mathematical Symbols 69 i lt m Ut t o re Las Table 3 17 AMS Arrows dashleftarrow leftleftarrows leftrightarrows Lleftarrow twoheadleftarrow leftarrowtail leftrightharpoons Lsh looparrowleft curvearrowleft
115. nd install PDFView Open PDFViews preferences dialog and make sure that the automatically reload documents option is enabled and that PDFSync support is set to the Text Mate preset A 3 TEX on Windows A 3 1 Getting TEX First get a copy of the excellent MiKTeX distribution from http www miktex org It contains all the basic programs and files re quired to compile KTEX documents The coolest feature in my eyes is that MiK TeX will download missing I4TEX packages on the fly and install them magically while compiling a document A 4 TEX on Linux 125 A 3 2 A KTIRX editor IXTEX is a programming language for text documents TeXnicCenter uses many concepts from the programming world to provide a nice and efficient IATEX writing environment in Windows Get your copy from http www toolscenter org TeXnicCenter integrates nicely with MiK TeX An another excellent choice is the editor provided by the LEd project available on http www latexeditor org A 3 3 Working with graphics Working with high quality graphics in IXTEX means that you have to use Postscript eps or PDF as your picture format The program that helps you deal with this is called GhostScript You can get it together with its own front end GhostView from http www cs wisc edu ghost If you deal with bitmap graphics photos and scanned material You may want to have a look at the open source photoshop alternative Gimp available from http gimp win sour
116. ne 1 6 1667 put 0 0 line 2 1 1 put 0 0 line 2 3 6667 put 0 0 line 2 5 4 put 0 0 line 3 1 1 put 0 0 line 3 2 1 put 0 0 line 3 4 75 put 0 0 line 3 5 6 put 0 0 line 4 1 1 put 0 0 line 4 3 1 put 0 0 line 4 5 8 put 0 0 line 5 1 1 put 0 0 line 5 2 1 put 0 0 line 5 3 1 put 0 0 line 5 4 1 put 0 0 line 5 6 8333 put 0 0 line 6 1 1 put 0 0 line 6 5 1 end picture Line segments are drawn with the command put Gr y Line z1 yi length The line command has two arguments 1 a direction vector 2 a length The components of the direction vector are restricted to the integers 6 5 5 6 and they have to be coprime no common divisor except 1 The figure illustrates all 25 possible slope values in the first quadrant The length is relative to Nunitlength The length argument is the vertical coordinate in the case of a vertical line segment the horizontal coordinate in all other cases 5 2 The picture Environment 95 5 2 3 Arrows setlength unitlength 0 75mm begin picture 60 40 put 30 20 vector 1 0 30 put 30 20 vector 4 1 20 put 30 20 vector 3 1 25 put 30 20 vector 2 1 30 put 30 20 vector 1 2 10 thicklines put 30 20 vector 4 1 30 put 30 20 vector 1 4 5 thinlines pu
117. nt only admits diameters up to approximately 14mm and even below this limit not all diameters are possible The circle command produces disks filled circles As in the case of line segments one may have to resort to additional packages such as eepic or pstricks For a thorough description of these packages see The ATRX Graphics Companion 4 There is also a possibility within the picture environment If one is not afraid of doing the necessary calculations or leaving them to a program arbitrary circles and ellipses can be patched together from quadratic B zier curves See Graphics in ATX 22 17 for examples and Java source files 5 2 The picture Environment 97 5 2 5 Text and Formulas setlength unitlength 0 8cm begin picture 6 5 thicklines put 1 0 5 line 2 1 3 put 4 2 line 2 1 2 put 2 3 line 2 5 1 F s s a s b s c put 0 7 0 3 A put 4 05 1 9 B put 1 7 2 95 C put 3 1 2 5 a put 1 3 1 7 b put 2 5 1 05 c put 0 3 4 F sqrt s s a s b s c put 3 5 0 4 displaystyle s frac atbt c 2 end picture As this example shows text and formulas can be written into a picture environment with the put command in the usual way 5 2 6 multiput and linethickness setlength unitlength 2mm begin picture 30 20 linethickness 0 075mm multiput 0 0 1 0 26 line 0 1 20 multiput 0 0 0
118. o environments for floating bodies one for tables and one for figures To take full advantage of these two environments it is important to understand approximately how IXTEX handles floats internally Otherwise floats may become a major source of frustration because ATEX never puts them where you want them to be Let s first have a look at the commands BTEX supplies for floats 151m professional typesetting this is called a strut 2 12 Floating Bodies 45 Any material enclosed in a figure or table environment will be treated as floating matter Both float environments support an optional parameter beginffigure placement specifier or begin table called the placement specifier This parameter is used to tell IXTEX about the locations to which the float is allowed to be moved A placement specifier is constructed by building a string of float placing permissions See Table 2 9 A table could be started with the following line e g begin table hbp The placement specifier hbp allows IATEX to place the table right here h or at the bottom b of some page or on a special floats page p and all this even if it does not look that good If no placement specifier is given the standard classes assume tbp IATEX will place every float it encounters according to the placement specifier supplied by the author If a float cannot be placed on the current page it is deferred either to the figures or th
119. of thousands of ideographic logographic characters ISO 10646 Unicode offers both ways of representing Hangul used for modern Korean by encoding Conjoining Hangul Jamos alphabets http www unicode org charts PDF U1100 pdf in addition to encoding all the orthographically allowed Hangul syllables in modern Korean http www unicode org charts PDF UACOO pdf One of the most daunting challenges in Korean typesetting with LXTEX and related typesetting system is supporting Middle Korean and possibly future Korean syllables that can be only rep resented by conjoining Jamos in Unicode It is hoped that future TEX engines like Q and A will eventually provide solutions to this so that some Korean linguists and historians will defect from MS Word that already has a pretty good support for Middle Korean 2 5 International Language Support 31 package by Werner Lemberg HIATEX and hIATEXp are specific to Ko rean and provide Korean localization on top of the font support They both can process Korean input text files encoded in EUC KR HIATEX can even process input files encoded in CP949 Windows 949 UHC and UTF 8 when used along with A Q The CJK package is not specific to Korean It can process input files in UTF 8 as well as in various CJK encodings including EUC KR and CP949 Windows 949 UHC it can be used to typeset documents with multilingual content especially Chinese Japanese and Korean The CJK package has no Korean localization su
120. olor graphicx In the sample above I have included the color option as using color in documents displayed on the web comes quite naturally So much for the good news The bad news is that graphics in Encapsu lated POSTSCRIPT format do not work with PdfIATEX If you don t define a file extension in the includegraphics command graphicx will go looking for a suitable file on its own depending on the setting of the driver option For pdftex this is formats png pdf jpg and mps METAPOST but not eps The simple way out of this problem is to just convert your EPS files into PDF format using the epstopdf utility found on many systems For vector graphics drawings this is a great solution For bitmaps photos scans this is not ideal because the PDF format natively supports the inclusion of PNG and JPEG images PNG is good for screenshots and other images with few colors JPEG is great for photos as it is very space efficient It may even be desirable not to draw certain geometric figures but rather describe the figure with a specialized command language such as META POST which can be found in most TeX distributions and comes with its own extensive manual 4 7 4 Hypertext Links The hyperref package will take care of turning all internal references of your document into hyperlinks For this to work properly some magic is necessary so you have to put Nusepackage pdftex hyperref as the last command into the preamble of yo
121. on top of this pdf TEX also needs to know the physical size of the paper to determine the physical size of the pages in the pdf file If you use the hyperref package see page 83 the papersize will be adjusted automatically Otherwise you have to do this manually by putting the following lines into the preamble of the document pdfpagewidth paperwidth pdf pageheight paperheight The following section will go into more detail regarding the differences between normal BIEX and pdfIATEX The main differences concern three areas the fonts to use the format of images to include and the manual configuration of hyperlinks 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX 81 4 7 2 The Fonts pdfIATEX can deal with all sorts of fonts PK bitmaps TrueType POSTSCRIPT type 1 but the normal IATEX font format the bitmap PK fonts produce very ugly results when the document is displayed with Acrobat Reader It is best to use POSTSCRIPT Type 1 fonts exclusively to produce documents that display well Modern TeX installations will be setup so that this hap pens automatically Best is to try If it works for you just skip this whole section The POSTSCRIPT Type 1 implementation of the Computer Modern and AMSFonts was produced by Blue Sky Research and Y amp Y Inc who then transferred copyright to the American Mathematical Society The fonts were made publicly available in early 1997 and currently come with most of TEX distributions However if you are using
122. onsecutive whitespace characters are treated as one space Whitespace at the start of a line is generally ignored and a single line break is treated as whitespace An empty line between two lines of text defines the end of a paragraph Several empty lines are treated the same as one empty line The text below is an example On the left hand side is the text from the input file and on the right hand side is the formatted output It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word An empty line starts a new paragraph 3Rumour says that this is one of the key elements that will be addressed in the upcoming IAXTEX3 system 1 3 ATEX Input Files 1 3 2 Special Characters The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under TEX or are not available in all the fonts If you enter them directly in your text they will normally not print but rather coerce IATEX to do things you did not intend 4 amp V dE N As you will see these characters can be used in your documents all the same by adding a prefix backslash MENS ML NTO NENNEN VO 43 9 amp The other symbols and many more can be printed with special commands in mathematical formulae or as accents The backslash character V can not be entered by adding another backslash in front of it A this sequence is used for line breaking 1 3 8 BTEgX Commands TeX commands are case sens
123. ore than about 66 characters on each line Now do the same on your IATEX page You will find that there are also about 66 characters per line Experience shows that the reading gets difficult as soon as there are more characters on a single line This is because it is difficult for the eyes to move from the end of one line to the start of the next one This is also why newspapers are typeset in multiple columns So if you increase the width of your body text keep in mind that you are making life difficult for the readers of your paper But enough of the cautioning I promised to tell you how you do it IXTEX provides two commands to change these parameters They are usually used in the document preamble 5nacros latex required tools mean a real printed book produced by a reputable publisher 6 4 Page Layout 117 w ONA 11 one inch hoffset 2 oddsidemargin 22pt 4 or evensidemargin headheight 12pt 6 textheight 595pt 8 marginparsep 7pt 10 footskip 27pt hoffset Opt paperwidth 597pt one inch voffset topmargin 22pt headsep 19pt textwidth 360pt marginparwidth 106pt marginparpush 5pt not shown voffset Opt paperheight 845pt Figure 6 2 Page Layout Parameters 118 Customising KTEX The first command assigns a fixed value to any of the parameters setlength parameter length The second command adds a length to any of the para
124. orespaces after the special end processing has occured newenvironment simple noindent par noindent begin simple See the space to the left end simple Same here newenvironment correct noindent ignorespaces par noindent ignorespacesafterend begin correct No space to the left end correct Same here 6 1 4 Commandline PTRX See the space to the left Same here No space to the left Same here If you work on a Unix like OS you might be using Makefiles to build your IAT X projects In that connection it might be interesting to produce dif ferent versions of the same document by calling IATEX with commandline parameters If you add the following structure to your document usepackage ifthen ifthenelse equal blackandwhite true black and white mode do something FE color mode do something different Now you can call IXTEX like this latex newcommand blackandwhite true input test tex First the command blackandwhite gets defined and then the actual file is read with input By setting Nblackandwhite to false the color version of the document would be produced 6 2 Fonts and Sizes 109 6 1 5 Your Own Package If you define a lot of new environments and commands the preamble of your document will get quite long In this situation it is a good idea to create a TFX package containing all your comman
125. ort enough not to strain the eyes of the reader while long enough to fill the page beautifully With WYSIWYG systems authors often generate aesthetically pleasing documents with very little or inconsistent structure ATEX prevents such formatting errors by forcing the author to declare the logical structure of his document IATEX then chooses the most suitable layout 1 2 8 Advantages and Disadvantages When people from the WYSIWYG world meet people who use KIEX they often discuss the advantages of IATEX over a normal word processor or the opposite T he best thing you can do when such a discussion starts is to keep a low profile since such discussions often get out of hand But sometimes you cannot escape So here is some ammunition The main advantages of ETRX over normal word processors are the following e Professionally crafted layouts are available which make a document really look as if printed e The typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a convenient way e Users only need to learn a few easy to understand commands that specify the logical structure of a document They almost never need to tinker with the actual layout of the document e Even complex structures such as footnotes references table of con tents and bibliographies can be generated easily e Free add on packages exist for many typographical tasks not directly supported by basic IATEX For example packages are available to inclu
126. ou use AS ETEX packages load them before fontenc and babel as well 34 Typesetting Text Table 2 8 The extra definitions made by Bulgarian Russian and Ukrainian options of babel disable ligature at this position an explicit hyphen sign allowing hyphenation in the rest of the word Cyrillic emdash in plain text Cyrillic emdash in compound names surnames Cyrillic emdash for denoting direct speech ne like but producing no hyphen sign for compound words with hyphen e g x y or some other signs as disable enable ner for a compound word mark without a breakpoint for a compound word mark with a breakpoint allowing hyphenation in the composing words US thinspace for initials with a breakpoint in following surname Wwe for German left double quotes looks like nx for German right double quotes looks like lt for French left double quotes looks like lt lt gt for French right double quotes looks like gt gt follows an uppercase letter this is not taken as a sentence ending since periods after uppercase letters normally occur in abbreviations Any exception from these assumptions has to be specified by the author A backslash in front of a space generates a space that will not be enlarged A tilde character generates a space that cannot be enlarged and additionally prohibits a line break The command in front of a period specifies that this per
127. pdf 80 ud 59 umlaut 24 underbrace 53 underfull hbox 20 underline 38 53 unitlength 92 94 units 114 115 upright 110 URL 22 usebox 99 usepackage 10 13 23 25 26 109 usetikzlibrary 103 utf8x 26 V vdots 53 vec 54 vector 95 vectors 54 verb 41 verbatim 6 78 verbatim 41 78 verbatiminput 78 verse 40 vertical dots 53 vertical space 115 Vmatrix 58 vmatrix 58 vspace 115
128. pea be bd ae EOD e 65 3 0 Arrows UB Accent segue oe woe de wx EE AREE fog 65 9 5 Delimiters o c a 2c ox XO ow s Ee SOR aa 66 3 9 Large Delimiters 5 2s o oo sa go gom o 66 3 10 Miscellaneous Symbols lll 66 3 11 Non Mathematical Symbols 66 20 US DEIS aca ree x ERA Re eben Beds 67 3 13 AMS Greek and Hebrew 67 3 14 Math Alphabets 2 2 22 CC En nennen 67 3 15 AMS Binary Operators o 67 3 16 AMS Binary Relations 4 seso ee dk Fe eRe d 68 DIT SUE STOWE 2 25 0 0 20 Bde ck hob REOR EER Sw RE 69 3 18 AMS Negated Binary Relations and Arrows 70 xiv LIST OF TABLES 3 19 AMS Miscellaneous sss eee oro oom hem RO 70 4 1 Key Names for graphicx Package 72 4 2 Index Key Syntax Examples 75 BL POUS oia A hw ee a 110 6 2 Pont 51868 cee fk ae a ei d 110 6 3 Absolute Point Sizes in Standard Classes 111 64 Math Fonts sa e a a oa ee o3 Se xo 9v X eS 111 65 TEX Di dex E Rae ne ap bag x BR ege 115 Chapter 1 Things You Need to Know The first part of this chapter presents a short overview of the philosophy and history of IATEX 2e The second part focuses on the basic structures of a IATEX document After reading this chapter you should have a rough knowledge of how IATEX works which you will need to understand the rest of this book 1 1 The Name of the Game 1 11 TEX TEX
129. per syntax and usage of the commands but doesn t produce any DVI output As LATEX runs faster in this mode you may save yourself valuable time Usage is very simple usepackage syntonly syntaxonly When you want to produce pages just comment out the second line by adding a percent sign Chapter 2 Typesetting Text After reading the previous chapter you should know about the basic stuff of which a IATEX 22 document is made In this chapter will fill in the remaining structure you will need to know in order to produce real world material 2 1 The Structure of Text and Language By Hanspeter Schmid lt hanspi schmid werren ch gt The main point of writing a text some modern DAAC literature excluded is to convey ideas information or knowledge to the reader The reader will understand the text better if these ideas are well structured and will see and feel this structure much better if the typographical form reflects the logical and semantical structure of the content IATEX is different from other typesetting systems in that you just have to tell it the logical and semantical structure of a text It then derives the typographical form of the text according to the rules given in the document class file and in various style files The most important text unit in IXTEX and in typography is the para graph We call it text unit because a paragraph is the typographical form that should reflect one coherent thought o
130. pty lines If the space should be preserved at the top or at the bottom of a page use the starred version of the command vspace instead of vspace 116 Customising ATEX The stretch command in connection with pagebreak can be used to typeset text on the last line of a page or to centre text vertically on a page Some text ldots vspace stretch 1 This goes onto the last line of the page pagebreak Additional space between two lines of the same paragraph or within a table is specified with the length command With bigskip and smallskip you can skip a predefined amount of vertical space without having to worry about exact numbers 6 4 Page Layout IATEX 2e allows you to specify the paper size in the documentclass com mand It then automatically picks the right text margins but sometimes you may not be happy with the predefined values Naturally you can change them Figure 6 2 shows all the parameters that can be changed The figure was produced with the layout package from the tools bundle WAIT before you launch into a Let s make that narrow page a bit wider frenzy take a few seconds to think As with most things in IATEX there is a good reason for the page layout to be as it is Sure compared to your off the shelf MS Word page it looks awfully narrow But take a look at your favourite book and count the number of characters on a standard text line You will find that there are no m
131. r TEX distribution about the new style package and b gives you the documentation Here s how you do the first part 1 Run ATEX on the ins file This will extract a sty file 2 Move the sty file to a place where your distribution can find it Usu ally this is in your localteamf tex latex subdirectory Win dows or OS 2 users should feel free to change the direction of the slashes 4 7 Working with pdfIATEX 79 3 Refresh your distribution s filename database The command depends on the IATEXdistribution you use teTeX fpTeX texhash web2c maktexlsr MikTeX initexmf update fndb or use the GUI Now you can extract the documentation from the dtx file 1 Run LATEgX on the dtx file This will generate a dvi file Note that you may have to run I2TEX several times before it gets the cross references right 2 Check to see if IATEX has produced a idx file among the various files you now have If you do not see this file then you may proceed to step 5 3 In order to generate the index type the following makeindex s gind ist name where name stands for the main file name without any extension 4 Run KTRX on the dtx file once again 5 Last but not least make a ps or pdf file to increase your reading pleasure Sometimes you will see that a glo glossary file has been produced Run the following command between step 4 and 5 makeindex s gglo ist o name gls name glo Be sure
132. r one idea You will learn in the following sections how you can force line breaks with e g NN and paragraph breaks with e g leaving an empty line in the source code Therefore if a new thought begins a new paragraph should begin and if not only line breaks should be used If in doubt about paragraph breaks think about your text as a conveyor of ideas and thoughts If you have a paragraph break but the old thought continues it should be removed If some totally new line of thought occurs in the same paragraph then it should be broken Most people completely underestimate the importance of well placed paragraph breaks Many people do not even know what the meaning of Different At All Cost a translation of the Swiss German UVA Um s Verrecken An ders 18 Typesetting Text a paragraph break is or especially in MIX introduce paragraph breaks without knowing it The latter mistake is especially easy to make if equa tions are used in the text Look at the following examples and figure out why sometimes empty lines paragraph breaks are used before and after the equation and sometimes not If you don t yet understand all commands well enough to understand these examples please read this and the following chapter and then read this section again Example 1 ldots when Einstein introduced his formula beginfequation e m cdot c 2 end equation which is at the same time the most widely known and the lea
133. ral paragraphs because it indents the first line of each paragraph The verse environment is useful for poems where the line breaks are im portant The lines are separated by issuing a at the end of a line and an empty line after each verse I know only one English poem by heart It is about Humpty Dumpty begin flushleft begin verse Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall All the King s horses and all the King s men Couldn t put Humpty together again end verse end flushleft 2 11 4 Abstract I know only one English poem by heart It is about Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall All the King s horses and all the King s men Couldn t put Humpty together again In scientific publications it is customary to start with an abstract which gives the reader a quick overview of what to expect ATEX provides the abstract environment for this purpose Normally abstract is used in documents typeset with the article document class 2 11 Environments A1 beginfabstract The abstract abstract The abstract abstract end abstract 2 11 5 Printing Verbatim Text that is enclosed between begin verbatim and end verbatim will be directly printed as if typed on a typewriter with all line breaks and spaces without any IATEX command being executed Within a paragraph similar behavior can be accessed with
134. rce code from a file into your document you need to enhance the capabilities of IATEX Such enhancements are called packages Packages are activated with the usepackage options package command where package is the name of the package and options is a list of keywords that trigger special features in the package Some packages come with the IATEX 2 base distribution See Table 1 3 Others are provided separately You may find more information on the packages installed at your site in your Local Guide 5 The prime source for information about IATEX packages is The ATEX Companion 3 It contains descriptions on hundreds of packages along with information of how to write your own extensions to IATEX 2e Modern TEX distributions come with a large number of packages prein stalled If you are working on a Unix system use the command texdoc for accessing package documentation Table 1 1 Document Classes article for articles in scientific journals presentations short reports pro gram documentation invitations proc a class for proceedings based on the article class minimal is as small as it can get It only sets a page size and a base font It is mainly used for debugging purposes report for longer reports containing several chapters small books PhD theses book for real books slides for slides The class uses big sans serif letters You might want to consider using the Beamer class instead
135. rease the space between two paragraphs while set ting the paragraph indent to zero The plus and minus parts of the length above tell TEX that it can compress and expand the inter paragraph skip by the amount specified if this is necessary to properly fit the paragraphs onto the page In continental Europe paragraphs are often separated by some space and not indented But beware this also has its effect on the table of contents Its lines get spaced more loosely now as well To avoid this you might want to move the two commands from the preamble into your document to some place below the command tableofcontents or to not use them at all because you ll find that most professional books use indenting and not spacing to separate paragraphs If you want to indent a paragraph that is not indented you can use indent at the beginning of the paragraph Obviously this will only have an effect when parindent is not set to zero To create a non indented paragraph you can use noindent as the first command of the paragraph This might come in handy when you start a document with body text and not with a sectioning command 6 3 3 Horizontal Space IATEX determines the spaces between words and sentences automatically To add horizontal space use hspace length If such a space should be kept even if it falls at the end or the start of a line use hspace instead of hspace The length in the simplest case is j
136. remstyle 61 thicklines 95 98 100 thinlines 98 100 thispagestyle 13 title 36 tnss 106 today 21 topmargin 117 totalheight 120 121 ud 59 underbrace 53 underline 38 53 unitlength 92 94 usebox 99 vec 54 vector 95 verb 41 verbatiminput 78 vspace 115 widehat 53 widetilde 53 width 120 121 comment 6 comments 6 cos 54 cosh 54 cot 54 coth 54 cp1251 26 cp850 26 cp866nav 26 cross references 37 csc 54 curly braces 5 110 D dash 22 date 36 dcolumn 43 ddots 53 decimal alignment 43 DeclareMathOperator 54 deg 54 degree symbol 22 delimiters 56 depth 120 121 description 39 det 54 Deutsch 29 dfrac 55 diagonal dots 53 dim 54 dimensions 114 display style 49 51 usepackage 10 13 23 25 26 displaymath 50 109 usetikzlibrary 103 vdots 53 displaystyle 60 doc 12 document font size 11 INDEX document title 11 environments documentclass 9 14 20 Bmatrix 58 dot 53 Vmatrix 58 dotless 1 and j 24 abstract 40 dots 53 align 57 three 53 array 57 58 double line spacing 113 block 90 double sided 11 bmatrix 58 dq 29 cases 58 dum 105 center 39 comment 6 E description 39 eepic 91 96 displaymath 50 ellipsis 23 enumerate 39 em dash 22 eqnarray 57 emph 38 110 equation 50 empty 13 equation 50 en dash 22 figure 45 46 Encapsulated POSTSCRIPT 71 83 flushleft
137. rmal use it produces a simple black box rule 3mm 1pt rule 1mm 5mm 1cm rule 3mm 1pt EM rule 1mm 1cm 5mm rule 3mm 1pt This is useful for drawing vertical and horizontal lines The line on the title page for example has been created with a rule command The End Total control is only to be obtained by controlling both the horizontal and the vertical Appendix A Installing IATEX Knuth has published the source to TEX back in a time when nobody knew about OpenSource and or Free Software The License that comes with TEX lets you do whatever you want with the source But you can only call the result of your work TEX if the program passes a set of tests Knuth has also provided This has lead to a situation where we have free TEX implementations for almost every Operating System under the Sun In this chapter you will give some hints on what to install on Linux Mac OS X and Windows to get TEX working A 1 What to Install For using LaTeX on any computer system you need 3 essential pieces of software 1 a text editor for editing your LaTeX source files 2 the TEX IATEX program for processing your TAT X source files into typeset PDF or DVI documents 3 a PDF DVI viewer program for previewing and printing your docu ments 4 a program to handle PostScript files and images for inclusion into your documents For all platforms there are many programs that fit the requirem
138. rs I think this is su per cal i frag i lis tic ex pi al i do cious I think this is supercalifragilisticexpiali docious Several words can be kept together on one line with the command mbox text It causes its argument to be kept together under all circumstances My phone number will change soon It will be mbox 0116 291 2319 My phone number will change soon It will be 0116 291 2319 The parameter The parameter filename should contain mbox emph filename should the name of the file contain the name of the file fbox is similar to mbox but in addition there will be a visible box drawn around the content 2 3 Ready Made Strings In some of the examples on the previous pages you have seen some very simple IATEX commands for typesetting special text strings Command Example Description today September 25 2008 Current date TeX TEX Your favorite typesetter LaTeX IXTEX The Name of the Game LaTeXe IXTEX 2e The current incarnation 2 4 Special Characters and Symbols 2 4 1 Quotation Marks You should not use the for quotation marks as you would on a typewriter In publishing there are special opening and closing quotation marks In IATEX use two grave accent for opening quotation marks and two ver tical quote for closing quotation marks For single quotes you use just one of each 22 Typesetting Text Please press the x key
139. sing the and the _ character Most math mode commands act only on the next character so if you want a command to affect several characters you have to group them together using curly braces Table 3 3 on page 64 lists a lot of other binary relations like C and L amssymb is not a part of the AmS ETEX bundle but it is perhaps still a part of your TEX distribution Check your distribution or go to CTAN fonts amsfonts latex to obtain it gt There is no uppercase Alpha Beta etc defined in IATEX 2e because it looks the same as a normal roman A B Once the new math coding is done things will change 3 3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula 53 p 3 ij qquad P m_ text Knuth 5pt Pij MKnuth a xty neq a xty qquad y dd q 22 e x 2 neq e x 2 Ture ias The square root is entered as sqrt the nt root is generated with sqrt n The size of the root sign is determined automatically by IXTEX If just the sign is needed use surd See other kinds of arrows like and on Table 3 6 on page 65 sqrt x Leftrightarrow x 1 2 quad sqrt 3 2 quad sqrt x 2 sqrt y y rez Y Va y Va 4 y quad Nsurd x 2 y 21 Usually you don t typeset an explicit dot sign to indicate the multipli cation operation when handling symbols however sometimes it is written to help the reader s eyes in grouping a formula You should use Ncdot which typesets a single
140. st well understood physical formula Example 2 ldots from which follows Kirchhoff s current law beginfequation sum_ k 1 n Ik 0 end equation Kirchhoff s voltage law can be derived ldots Example 3 ldots which has several advantages beginfequation I_D I_LF I_R end equation is the core of a very different transistor model ldots The next smaller text unit is a sentence In English texts there is a larger space after a period that ends a sentence than after one that ends an abbreviation IATEX tries to figure out which one you wanted to have If IATEX gets it wrong you must tell it what you want This is explained later in this chapter The structuring of text even extends to parts of sentences Most lan guages have very complicated punctuation rules but in many languages including German and English you will get almost every comma right if you remember what it represents a short stop in the flow of language If you are not sure about where to put a comma read the sentence aloud and 2 2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking 19 take a short breath at every comma If this feels awkward at some place delete that comma if you feel the urge to breathe or make a short stop at some other place insert a comma Finally the paragraphs of a text should also be structured logically at a higher level by putting them into chapters sections subsections and so on However the typographical effect o
141. stem It should be contained in a file called local tex Unfortunately some lazy sysops do not provide such a document In this case go and ask your local IATEX guru for help IATEX3 Project Team ATEX 2e for authors Comes with the IATEX 2 distribution as usrguide tex KTEX3 Project Team ATRX 22 for Class and Package writers Comes with the IXTEX 2e distribution as clsguide tex IATEX3 Project Team ATRX 2s Font selection Comes with the ATEX 2 distribution as fntguide tex D P Carlisle Packages in the graphics bundle Comes with the graphics bundle as grfguide tex available from the same source your IATEX distribution came from Rainer Sch pf Bernd Raichle Chris Rowley A New Implementation of AT pX s verbatim Environments Comes with the tools bundle as 128 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 12 gen gt 14 15 16 17 verbatim dtx available from the same source your IATEX distribution came from Vladimir Volovich Werner Lemberg and IATEX3 Project Team Cyrillic languages support in ATRX Comes with the TFX 2 distribution as cyrguide tex Graham Williams The TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing of many TEX and IATEX related packages Available online from CTAN help Catalogue catalogue html Keith Reckdahl Using EPS Graphics in ATRX 2e Documents which explains everything and much more than you ever wanted to know about EPS files and their use in IATEX documents Avai
142. t begin frame lt handout 0 gt titlepage end frame section An Example begin frame frametitle Things to do on a Sunday Afternoon begin block One could ldots beginfitemize item walk the dog dots pause item read a book pause item confuse a cat pause end itemize end block and many other things end frame end document Figure 4 2 Sample code for the beamer class 90 Specialities The look of the screen presentation depends on the theme you choose You can either pick one of the themes shipped with the beamer class or you can even create your own See the beamer class documentation in beameruserguide pdf for more information on this Lets have a closer look at the code in figure 4 2 For the screen version of the presentation mode lt beamer gt we have chosen the Goettingen theme to show a navigation panel integrated into the table of contents The options allow to choose the size of the panel 22 mm in this case and its position on the right side of the body text The option hideothersubsections shows the chapter titles but only the subsections of the present chapter There are no special settings for mode lt trans gt and mode lt handout gt They appear in their standard layout The commands title author institute and titlegraphict set the content of the title page The optional arguments of title and author 147 let you specify a special version of the title and the
143. t 30 20 vector 1 1 5 put 30 20 vector 1 4 5 end picture Arrows are drawn with the command put x y vector 21 yi length For arrows the components of the direction vector are even more nar rowly restricted than for line segments namely to the integers edo sim d Components also have to be coprime no common divisor except 1 Notice the effect of the thicklines command on the two arrows pointing to the upper left 96 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 4 Circles setlength unitlength 1mm begin picture 60 40 put 20 30 circle 1 put 20 30 circle 2 put 20 30 circle 4 put 20 30 circle 8 put 20 30 circle 16 put 20 30 circle 32 put 40 30 circle 1 put 40 30 circle 2 put 40 30 circle 3 put 40 30 circle 4 put 40 30 circle 5 put 40 30 circle 6 put 40 30 circle 7 put 40 30 circle 8 put 40 30 circle 9 put 40 30 circle 10 put 40 30 circle 11 put 40 30 circle 12 put 40 30 circle 13 put 40 30 circle 14 put 15 10 circle 1 put 20 10 circle 2 put 25 10 circle 3 put 30 10 circle 4 put 35 10 circle 5 end picture The command put Gr y circle diameter draws a circle with center x y and diameter not radius diameter The picture environme
144. t be unique anymore hence the notice that duplicate has been ignored The counter measure consists of putting plainpages false into the hyperref options This unfortunately only helps with the page counter An even more radical solution is to use the option hypertexnames false but this will cause the page links in the index to stop working 4 7 6 Problems with Bookmarks The text displayed by bookmarks does not always look like you expect it to look Because bookmarks are just text much fewer characters are available for bookmarks than for normal KIEX text Hyperref will normally notice such problems and put up a warning Package hyperref Warning Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string You can now work around this problem by providing a text string for the bookmarks which replaces the offending text texorpdfstring TEX textH Bookmark Text Math expressions are a prime candidate for this kind of problem section texorpdfstring E mc 2 7 E mc 2 which turns section E mc 2 to E mc2 in the bookmark area Color changes also do not travel well into bookmarks section textcolor red Red produces the string redRed The command textcolor gets ignored but its argument red gets printed If you use 4 7 Working with pdf IATEX 87 section texorpdfstring textcolor red Red Red the result will be much more legible If you write your document in unicode
145. ta II Pi Phi These tables were derived from symbols tex by David Carlisle and subsequently changed extensively as suggested by Josef Tkadlec 64 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae Table 3 3 Binary Relations You can negate the following symbols by prefixing them with a not com mand AV ADYQOB lt EC gt lt Meg or Me M prec preceq subset subseteq sqsubset sqsubseteq m IF F1 10 CQ a X AIA A Vin Nvdash Wnid smile gt geq or ge Neg succ succeq supset supseteq sqsupset sqsupseteq YVIJUIWUIY Y Y lv V Mni owns 41 dashv parallel frown notin K FTR X X le 2 X equiv doteq sim simeq approx cong Moin bowtie propto models perp asymp neq or ne Use the latexsym package to access this symbol Table 3 4 Binary Operators pm cdot times cup sqcup vee lor oplus odot otimes bigtriangleup lhd unlhd H VYV lt XOSO gt IDA mp div setminus cap sqcap wedge land ominus oslash bigeirc bigtriangledown rhd 2 unrhd e o x V A o e HE triangleleft triangleright star ast circ bullet diamond uplus amalg dagger ddagger wr 3 8 List of Mathematical Symbols 65 sl gl el Table 3 5 BIG Operators gt sum U Woigcup V Nbigvee II prod f bigcap A bigwedge II coprod bigsqcup WJ
146. tables to feel a bit cramped So you may want to give them a bit more breathing space by setting a higher arraystretch and tabcolsep value Y7Tf the tools bundle is installed on your system have a look at the dcolumn package 44 Typesetting Text begin tabular 1 hline These lines hline are tight hline end tabular renewcommand arraystretch 1 5 renewcommand tabcolsep 0 2cm begin tabular 1 hline less cramped hline table layout hline end tabular These lines are tight less cramped table layout If you just want to grow the height of a single row in your table you can do this with a invisible vertical bar Use a zero width rule to implement this trick beginftabular Ic hline rule ipt 4ex Pitprop ldots hline rule Opt 4ex Strut hline end tabular Pitprop Strut 2 12 Floating Bodies Today most publications contain a lot of figures and tables These elements need special treatment because they cannot be broken across pages One method would be to start a new page every time a figure or a table is too large to fit on the present page This approach would leave pages partially empty which looks very bad The solution to this problem is to float any figure or table that does not fit on the current page to a later page while filling the current page with body text IATEX offers tw
147. text in the envi ronment gets processed The material in the after argument gets processed when the end name command is encountered The example below illustrates the usage of the newenvironment com mand newenvironment king rule tex lex hspace stretch 1 hspace stretch 1 rule 1lex 1ex My humble subjects begin king My humble subjects ldots end king The num argument is used the same way as in the newcommand com mand KTEX makes sure that you do not define an environment that al ready exists If you ever want to change an existing command you can use the Nrenewenvironment command It uses the same syntax as the newenvironment command The commands used in this example will be explained later For the rule command see page 121 for stretch go to page 114 and more in formation on hspace can be found on page 114 6 1 3 Extra Space When creating a new environment you may easily get bitten by extra spaces creeping in which can potentially have fatal effects For example when you want to create a title environment which supresses its own indentation as well as the one on the following paragraph The Nignorespaces command in the 108 Customising ATEX begin block of the environment will make it ignore any space after executing the begin block The end block is a bit more tricky as special processing occurs at the end of an environment With the Nignorespacesafterend IXTEX will issue an Nign
148. textnormal 110 textrm 110 textsc 110 textsf 110 textsl 110 texttt 110 textup 110 tiny 110 font encoding 12 font encodings 26 LGR 27 OT1 26 T1 27 33 T2 33 T24 27 33 T2B 27 T2C 27 X2 27 font size 109 110 fontenc 12 26 33 footer 13 footnote 37 47 footnotesize 110 footskip 117 formulae 49 frac 55 fraction 55 fragile commands 47 INDEX frame 90 framebox 120 French 28 frenchspacing 33 34 frontmatter 36 frq 29 frqq 29 fussy 20 G ged 54 geometry 78 German 25 29 GhostScript 71 125 Ghost View 125 Gimp 125 graphics 10 71 graphicx 71 83 88 grave 24 Greek 32 Greek letters 52 grouping 110 H HIATEX 30 hIATEXp 30 hat 53 header 13 headheight 117 textttheadings 13 headsep 117 height 120 121 hline 42 hom 54 horizontal brace 53 dots 53 line 53 space 114 href 85 88 hspace 107 114 Huge 110 huge 110 hyperref 80 83 87 88 hypertext 79 hyphen 22 hyphenat 78 hyphenation 20 I idotsint 59 ifpdf 87 ifpdf 87 ifthen 12 ignorespaces 107 108 ignorespacesafterend 108 iiiint 59 iiint 59 iint 59 include 14 15 includegraphics 72 83 87 119 includeonly 15 indent 114 indentfirst 114 index 75 index 75 76 inf 54 input 15 input encodings ansinew 26 applemac 26 cp1251 26 cp850 26 cp866nav 26 koi8 ru 26 33 latini 26 macukr
149. timate flexibility the Nchapter command and its friends do not redefine rightmark and leftmark themselves They call yet another com mand Nchaptermark Nsectionmark or Nsubsectionmark that is respon sible for redefining rightmark and leftmark If you want to change the look of the chapter name in the header line you need only renew the chaptermark command 6 Available from macros latex contrib supported fancyhdr 4 4 Fancy Headers 77 documentclass book usepackage fancyhdr pagestyle fancy with this we ensure that the chapter and section headings are in lowercase renewcommand chaptermark 114 markboth 1 renewcommand sectionmark 1 markright thesection 1 fancyhf delete current header and footer fancyhead LE RO bfseries thepage fancyhead LOl bfseries rightmark fancyhead RE bfseries leftmark renewcommand headrulewidth 0 5pt renewcommand footrulewidth Opt addtolength headheight 0 5pt space for the rule fancypagestyle plain fancyhead get rid of headers on plain pages renewcommand headrulewidth Opt and the line Figure 4 1 Example fancyhdr Setup 78 Specialities Figure 4 1 shows a possible setup for the fancyhdr package that makes the headers look about the same as they look in this booklet In any case I sug gest you fetch the documentation for the package at the address mentioned in the footnote 4 5 The Verbatim P
150. ting or viewing with Ghostscript dvips Pcmz foo dvi o foo ps If you are lucky your IATEX system even comes with the dvipdf tool which allows you to convert your dvi files straight into pdf dvipdf foo dvi 1 6 The Layout of the Document 1 6 4 Document Classes The first information ATEX needs to know when processing an input file is the type of document the author wants to create This is specified with the documentclass command documentclass options class Here class specifies the type of document to be created Table 1 1 lists the document classes explained in this introduction The IATEX 2e distribution provides additional classes for other documents including letters and slides The options parameter customises the behaviour of the document class The options have to be separated by commas The most common options for the standard document classes are listed in Table 1 2 Example An input file for a ATX document could start with the line documentclass 11pt twoside a4paper article which instructs ATEX to typeset the document as an article with a base font size of eleven points and to produce a layout suitable for double sided printing on A4 paper 10 Things You Need to Know 1 6 2 Packages While writing your document you will probably find that there are some areas where basic IXTEX cannot solve your problem If you want to include graphics coloured text or sou
151. tries to even out the right border of the line and the total length of the page as described in the next section this can lead to unpleasant gaps in your text 20 Typesetting Text If you really want to start a new line or a new page then use the corresponding command Guess their names IXTEX always tries to produce the best line breaks possible If it cannot find a way to break the lines in a manner that meets its high standards it lets one line stick out on the right of the paragraph TFX then complains overfull hbox while processing the input file This happens most often when IATEX cannot find a suitable place to hyphenate a word You can in struct IATEX to lower its standards a little by giving the sloppy command It prevents such over long lines by increasing the inter word spacing even if the final output is not optimal In this case a warning underfull hbox is given to the user In most such cases the result doesn t look very good The command fussy brings IATEX back to its default behaviour 2 2 2 Hyphenation IAT X hyphenates words whenever necessary If the hyphenation algorithm does not find the correct hyphenation points you can remedy the situation by using the following commands to tell TEX about the exception The command hyphenation word list causes the words listed in the argument to be hyphenated only at the points marked by The argument of the command should only cont
152. tters necessary to typeset documents in languages using Cyrillic script Because of the large number of Cyrillic glyphs they are arranged into four font encodings T2A T2B T2C and X2 The CB bundle contains fonts in LGR encoding for the composition of Greek text By using these fonts you can improve enable hyphenation in non English documents Another advantage of using new CM like fonts is that they provide fonts of CM families in all weights shapes and optically scaled font sizes 2 5 1 Support for Portuguese By Demerson Andre Polli lt polli linux ime usp br gt To enable hyphenation and change all automatic text to Portuguese use the command usepackage portuguese babel Or if you are in Brazil substitute the language for brazilian As there are a lot of accents in Portuguese you might want to use usepackage latin1 inputenc to be able to input them correctly as well as Nusepackage T1 fontenc to get the hyphenation right See table 2 3 for the preamble you need to write in the Portuguese lan guage Note that we are using the latinl input encoding here so this will not work on a Mac or on DOS Just use the appropriate encoding for your system The list of languages supported by each of these encodings could be found in 11 28 Typesetting Text Table 2 3 Preamble for Portuguese documents usepackage portuguese babel usepackage latin1 inp
153. twidth framebox 5cm rule Opt 5cm caption Five by Five in Centimetres label white A end figure 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands AT In the example above IATEX will try really hard to place the figure right here h 2 If this is not possible it tries to place the figure at the bottom b of the page Failing to place the figure on the current page it determines whether it is possible to create a float page containing this figure and maybe some tables from the tables queue If there is not enough material for a special float page IATEX starts a new page and once more treats the figure as if it had just occurred in the text Under certain circumstances it might be necessary to use the clearpage or even the cleardoublepage command It orders I3TEX to immediately place all floats remaining in the queues and then start a new page Ncleardoublepage even goes to a new right hand page You will learn how to include POSTSCRIPT drawings into your IATEX 2e documents later in this introduction 2 13 Protecting Fragile Commands Text given as arguments of commands like Ncaption or Nsection may show up more than once in the document e g in the table of contents as well as in the body of the document Some commands will break when used in the argument of Nsection like commands Compilation of your document will fail These commands are called fragile commands for example footnote or Nphantom These fragil
154. u can load German language support with the following command usepackage german babel This enables German hyphenation if you have configured your ATEX system accordingly It also changes all automatic text into German Eg Chapter becomes Kapitel A set of new commands also becomes avail able which allows you to write German input files more quickly even when you don t use the inputenc package Check out table 2 5 for inspiration With inputenc all this becomes moot but your text also is locked in a particular encoding world Table 2 5 German Special Characters a s B lt or flqq gt or frqq flq lt frq dq In German books you often find French quotation marks guillemets German typesetters however use them differently A quote in a German book would look like this In the German speaking part of Switzerland typesetters use guillemets the same way the French do A major problem arises from the use of commands like flq If you use the OT 1 font which is the default font the guillemets will look like the math symbol lt which turns a typesetter s stomach T1 encoded fonts on the other hand do contain the required symbols So if you are using this type of quote make sure you use the T1 encoding Nusepackage T1 fontenc 2 5 4 Support for Korean To use TFX for typesetting Korean we need to solve three problems 1 We must be able to edit
155. uipped with pretty decent multilingual sup port and internationalization features so that editing Korean text file is not so much of a problem anymore even on non Korean operating systems 2 TEX and BTEX were originally written for scripts with no more than 256 characters in their alphabet To make them work for languages with considerably more characters such as Korean or Chinese a sub font mechanism was developed It divides a single CJK font with thousands or tens of thousands of glyphs into a set of subfonts with 256 glyphs each For Korean there are three widely used packages HIATEX by UN Koaunghi hATFXp by CHA Jaechoon and the CJK Korean Hangul is an alphabetic script with 14 basic consonants and 10 basic vowels Jamos Unlike Latin or Cyrillic scripts the individual characters have to be arranged in rectangular clusters about the same size as Chinese characters Each cluster represents a syllable An unlimited number of syllables can be formed out of this finite set of vow els and consonants Modern Korean orthographic standards both in South Korea and North Korea however put some restriction on the formation of these clusters Therefore only a finite number of orthographically correct syllables exist The Korean Charac ter encoding defines individual code points for each of these syllables KS X 1001 1998 and KS X 1002 1992 So Hangul albeit alphabetic is treated like the Chinese and Japanese writing systems with tens
156. ur document Many options are available to customize the behaviour of the hyperref package e either as a comma separated list after the pdftex option Nusepackage pdftex hyperref e or on individual lines with the command hypersetupfoptions The only required option is pdftex the others are optional and allow you to change the default behaviour of hyperref In the following list the default values are written in an upright font It is worth noting that the hyperref package is not limited to work with pdfTEX It can also be configured to embed PDF specific information into the DVI output of normal IXTEX which then gets put into the PS file by dvips and is finally picked up by Adobe Distiller when it is used to turn the PS file into PDF 84 Specialities bookmarks true false show or hide the bookmarks bar when displaying the document unicode false true allows to use characters of non latin based languages in Acrobat s bookmarks pdftoolbar true false show or hide Acrobat s toolbar pdfmenubar true false show or hide Acrobat s menu pdffitwindow true false adjust the initial magnification of the pdf when displayed pdftitle text define the title that gets displayed in the Document Info window of Acrobat pdfauthor text the name of the PDF s author pdfnewwindow true false define if a new window should get opened when a link leads out of the current document colorlinks false tru
157. usion into your document on the next compile cycle ilg Logfile telling what makeindex did 1 8 Big Projects When working on big documents you might want to split the input file into several parts IXTEX has two commands that help you to do that includeffilename You can use this command in the document body to insert the contents of another file named filename tex Note that LXTEX will start a new page before processing the material input from filename tez 1 8 Big Projects 15 The second command can be used in the preamble It allows you to instruct TEX to only input some of the included files includeonly filename filename After this command is executed in the preamble of the document only include commands for the filenames that are listed in the argument of the Nincludeonly command will be executed Note that there must be no spaces between the filenames and the commas The Ninclude command starts typesetting the included text on a new page This is helpful when you use Nincludeonly because the page breaks will not move even when some included files are omitted Sometimes this might not be desirable In this case you can use the input filename command It simply includes the file specified No flashy suits no strings attached To make IATEX quickly check your document you can use the syntonly package This makes TFX skim through your document only checking for pro
158. ust a number plus a unit The most important units are listed in Table 6 5 This hspace 1 5cm is a space This is a space of 1 5 cm of 1 5 cm To indent the first paragraph after each section head use the indentfirst package in the tools bundle 6 3 Spacing Table 6 5 TEX Units mm millimetre 1 25 inch U cm centimetre 10mm L in inch 25 4mm pt point 1 72 inch 3 mm em approx width of an M in the current font LJ ex approx height of an x in the current font U The command stretch n generates a special rubber space It stretches until all the remaining space on a line is filled up If multiple hspace stretch n commands are issued on the same line they occupy all available space in proportion of their respective stretch factors x hspace stretch 1 x hspace stretch 3 x When using horizontal space together with text it may make sense to make the space adjust its size relative to the size of the current font This can be done by using the text relative units em and ex Large big hspace 1em y big y tiny tin hspace 1em y RR 6 3 4 Vertical Space The space between paragraphs sections subsections is determined au tomatically by IATEX If necessary additional vertical space between two paragraphs can be added with the command vspacetlength This command should normally be used between two em
159. ut 1 2 54308 line 1 0 4 put 1 34308 line 0 1 4 put 1 3 1 35241 line 1 0 4 put 1 5 1 15241 line 0 1 4 put 1 7 1 35241 line 1 0 4 put 1 5 1 15241 line 0 1 4 put 2 5 0 25 circle 0 2 end picture gt In this figure each symmetric half of the catenary y cosh x 1 is approximated by a quadratic B zier curve The right half of the curve ends in the point 2 2 7622 the slope there having the value m 3 6269 Using again equation 5 1 we can calculate the intermediate control points They turn out to be 1 2384 0 and 1 2384 0 The crosses indicate points of the real catenary The error is barely noticeable being less than one percent This example points out the use of the optional argument of the begin picture command The picture is defined in convenient mathe matical coordinates whereas by the command begin picture 4 3 3 6 2 5 0 25 its lower left corner marked by the black disk is assigned the coordinates 2 5 0 25 102 Producing Mathematical Graphics 5 2 11 Rapidity in the Special Theory of Relativity setlength unitlength 0 8cm begin picture 6 4 3 2 put 2 5 0 vector 1 0 5 put 2 7 0 1 chi put 0 1 5 vector 0 1 3 nultiput 2 5 1 0 4 0 13 B8 v c tanh x line 1 0 0 2 T multiput 2 5 1 0 4 0 13 line 1 0
160. utenc Nusepackage T1 fontenc 2 5 2 Support for French By Daniel Flipo lt daniel flipo univ lillei fr gt Some hints for those creating French documents with TeX you can load French language support with the following command usepackage frenchb babel Note that for historical reasons the name of babel s option for French is either frenchb or francais but not french This enables French hyphenation if you have configured your IATEX system accordingly It also changes all automatic text into French Nchapter prints Chapitre today prints the current date in French and so on A set of new commands also becomes available which allows you to write French input files more easily Check out table 2 4 for inspiration Table 2 4 Special commands for French og guillemets fg guillemets M up me D up r Mme Dr 1 ier 1 iere 1 ieres 1 17 17 2 ieme 4 iemes 2 4es No 1 no 2 N 1 n 2 20 degres C 45 degres 20 C 45 bsc M Durand M DURAND nombre 1234 56789 1234 56789 You will also notice that the layout of lists changes when switching to the French language For more information on what the frenchb option of babel does and how you can customize its behaviour run IATEX on file frenchb dtx and read the produced file frenchb dvi 2 5 International Language Support 29 2 5 3 Support for German Some hints for those creating German documents with IXTEX yo
161. ve you from counting lots of curly braces 6 2 2 Danger Will Robinson Danger As noted at the beginning of this chapter it is dangerous to clutter your document with explicit commands like this because they work in opposition to the basic idea of IXTEX which is to separate the logical and visual markup of your document This means that if you use the same font changing command in several places in order to typeset a special kind of information you should use newcommand to define a logical wrapper command for the font changing command newcommand oops 1 textbf 1 Do not enter this room it s occupied by Do not Moopsfenter this room machines of unknown origin and pur it s occupied by oops machines pose of unknown origin and purpose This approach has the advantage that you can decide at some later stage that you want to use some visual representation of danger other than textbf without having to wade through your document identifying all the occurrences of textbf and then figuring out for each one whether it was used for pointing out danger or for some other reason 6 2 3 Advice To conclude this journey into the land of fonts and font sizes here is a little word of advice 6 3 Spacing 113 Bee The MO RE fonts you use in a document the more READABLE and beautiful it becomes 6 3 Spacing 6 3 1 Line Spacing If you want to use larger inter line spacing in a document you can change
162. with 2 11 Environments 43 begin tabular 1 hline no leading space no leading space hline end tabular begin tabular 1 hline leading space left and right leading space left and right hline end tabular Since there is no built in way to align numeric columns to a decimal point we can cheat and do it by using two columns a right aligned inte ger and a left aligned fraction The command in the begin tabular line replaces the normal inter column spacing with just a giving the ap pearance of a single decimal point justified column Don t forget to replace the decimal point in your numbers with a column separator amp A column label can be placed above our numeric column by using the multicolumn command begin tabular c r 1 Pi expression amp multicolumn 2 c Value Pi expression Value hline T 3 1416 pi amp 381416 AN nT 36 46 pi pi amp 36846 NN AT 80662 7 pi7 pi pit amp 8066287 NN end tabular begin tabular clcl hline multicolumn 2 cl Ene NN E hline Mene amp Muh NN sete ue hline end tabular Material typeset with the tabular environment always stays together on one page If you want to typeset long tables you might want to use the longtable environments Sometimes the default IATEX
163. x y and having width w and height h The op tional position arguments b t 1 r refer to top bottom left right and can be combined as the example illustrates Line thickness can be controlled by two kinds of commands linethickness length on the one hand thinlines and thicklines on the other While linethickness length applies only to horizontal and vertical lines and quadratic B zier curves thinlines and thicklines apply to oblique line segments as well as to circles and ovals 5 2 The picture Environment 5 2 8 Multiple Use of Predefined Picture Boxes setlength unitlength 0 5mm begin picture 120 168 newsavebox foldera savebox foldera 40 32 b1 definition multiput 0 0 0 28 2 line 1 0 40 multiput 0 0 40 0 2 line 0 1 28 put 1 28 oval 2 2 t1 put 1 29 line 1 0 5 put 9 29 oval 6 6 t1 put 9 32 line 1 0 8 put 17 29 oval 6 6 tr put 20 29 line 1 0 19 put 39 28 oval 2 2 tr newsavebox folderb savebox folderb 40 32 111 definition put 0 14 line 1 0 8 put 8 0 usebox foldera put 34 26 line 0 1 102 put 14 128 usebox foldera multiput 34 86 0 37 3 usebox folderb end picture A picture box can be declared by the command newsavebox name then defined by
164. yphenation rules for the new language Getting hyphenation rules into IXTEX is a bit more tricky It means rebuilding the format file with different hyphenation patterns enabled Your Local Guide 5 should give more information on this 3 Language specific typographic rules In French for example there is a mandatory space before each colon character If your system is already configured appropriately you can activate the babel package by adding the command usepackage language babel after the documentclass command A list of the languages built into your IXTEX system will be displayed every time the compiler is started Babel will automatically activate the appropriate hyphenation rules for the language you choose If your IATEX format does not support hyphenation in the language of your choice babel will still work but will disable hyphenation which has quite a negative effect on the appearance of the typeset document Babel also specifies new commands for some languages which simplify the input of special characters The German language for example contains a lot of umlauts With babel you can enter an 6 by typing o instead of o If you call babel with multiple languages Nusepackage languageA languageB babel then the last language in the option list will be active i e languageB You can to use the command selectlanguage languageA to change the active langua

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