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Radial Tire Conditions Analysis Guide

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1. EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Remove the tire from service and contact your tire manufacturer 16 Chain Damage Numerous pock marks around the tire on the mid to upper sidewall and crown area APPEARANCE Chain abrasion often due to loose or improperly sized chains or extended chain use on dry surfaces PROBABLE CAUSE S TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Run out the tire on a dual position unless damage extends to the ply cord If ply TIRE cords are visible consult your tire repair facility for the possibility of repair VEHICLE None Select the proper chain size Correct the installation procedures and enforce OPERATIONS chain removal when conditions warrant 17 Vehicle Equipment Damage APPEARANCE Uniform scuffing or cutting on some major portion of the tire s outer surface often extending 360 PROBABLE CAUSE S Contact with vehicle hardware such as loose U bolts slipped spring clips restraining bolts loose fenders flap hangers and trailer wheel house molding etc Can also be caused by objects trapped between the duals a ea m P EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Return the tire to service on a dual position unless abrasion extends to the ply cords If the cords are exposed consult your tire repair facility for the possibility of repair VEHICLE Analyze cause of the condition and correct OPERATIONS No
2. O D E as ge aw D 5 D a4 TIRE None VEHICLE None OPERATIONS 49 Rib Tearing APPEARANCE Tear at the base of the main tread grooves generally at the shoulder no tread missing PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused by running over curbs and rails or by severe localized impacts aggravated by spread axles hot tires and sharp turning CROWN EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If steel is showing consult your tire manufacturer If steel is not evident retread or return to service on a dual position TIRE VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review driving procedures Defense Groove Tearing Tear at the base of the defense groove decoupling groove stress relief groove shoulder groove APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused by running over curbs or rails or by severe localized impacts aggravated by sharp turning EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If steel is visible contact your tire manufacturer If the tear extends near the buff radius consult your retreader for possible retread Otherwise return to service TIRE VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review driving procedures Groove Cracking APPEARANCE Areas at the base of the grooves with cracks PROBABLE CAUSE S This condition is caused by high side forces applied to a rib type tire It can also be caused by petroleum damage weathering or exhaust on drive tires EXAMPLE PHOTO amp F
3. Delamination Tread Surface Porosity Wing Lift Failed Repair From Underinflation VI Table Of Contents HI Radial Tire Wear Conditions and Causes 109 Introduction to Radial Tire Wear Conditions and Causes 110 Section A Steer Axle Tires 111 Shoulder Step Chamfer Wear 112 Full Shoulder Wear 113 Feather Wear 114 Erosion River Channel Wear 115 Cupping Scallop Wear 116 One Sided Wear 117 Diagonal Wear 118 Eccentric Out Of Round Wear 119 Overall Fast Wear 120 Rib Depression Punch Wear 121 Erratic Depression Wear 22 Section B Drive Axle Tires 123 Shoulder Step Chamfer Wear 124 Heel Toe Wear 25 Alternate Lug Wear 126 Brake Skid Flat Spot Wear 27 Overall Fast Wear 128 Section C Trailer Axle Tires 129 Brake Skid Flat Spot Wear 130 Diagonal Wear 131 Multiple Flat Spotting Wear 132 Rapid Shoulder Wear One Shoulder 133 Shoulder Scrubbing Scuffing 134 Rapid Shoulder Wear Both Shoulders 135 Erratic Depression Wear 136 One Sided Wear 137 Erosion River Channel Wear 138 Rib Depression Punch Wear 139 Vil Introduction Introduction Determining the causes of tires placed out of service is of vital importance to the fleet operator be cause of the substantial investment that tires represent To protect your investment in tires it is necessary to know what caused each tire s demise This publication will lead to cost savings through providing guidance and help in the following areas Eliminating causes of failures if pos
4. causing distortion in the tire during the curing process PROBABLE CAUSE S EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment TIRE 102 RETREAD CONDITIONS MISCELLANEOUS E Miscellaneous CH p p m A Ta m x en Q APPEARANCE Evidence of layers of rubber in the tread e pa PROBABLE CAUSE S Excessive mold lube or a rubber compounding problem surface cure of the tread rubber or poor mold fitment EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION The tread can be run out if the condition is not severe otherwise consult your retreader TIRE for possible warranty adjustment and retread the tire again 104 APPEARANCE A spongy appearance in the surface of the tread Portions of the tread may be missing PROBABLE CAUSE S Insufficient tread rubber improper cure or poor mold fitment EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION The tread can be run out if the tread adhesion to the casing is adequate however tread TIRE wear may be poor If the adhesion is poor consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment and retread the tire again VEHICLE None 105 APPEARANCE The sidewall shoulder rubber of the retread is loose PROBABLE CAUSE S Lack of shoulder buff or poor mold fitment mold cure poor tread building scorched or contaminated buffed surface and or imp
5. A bulge or excessive wear in the tread area or area where the tread 1s missing at a skive PROBABLE CAUSE S Improper skive or skive fill which traps air or allows air to seep under the tread and results in a localized loss of tread adhesion Tread or casing separation may occur if not caught early in treadlife EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment If within limits of repair repair the tire again and retread 100 Repair Related Bulge An excessive bulge in the mid upper sidewall which may progress to a complete separation of the sidewall rubber from the casing A slight bulge associated with a repair which can be identified with a blue triangular label is normal as the cables reposition themselves after repair The bulge must not exceed 3 8 PROBABLE CAUSE S The repair unit is too small or improperly installed EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE APPEARANCE I E aia anin ai A m Q z iiie rT C Son f i E m n R a a m i E Ta bs oi i af Ba E n Ls miim m a a p m F J ia y i jai i i ACTION TIRE If the bulge exceeds 3 8 scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Consult your tire repairman to correct the repair problems 101 Buckled Tread Undulations are evident in the tread surface and interior of a mold cured retread APPEARANCE The retread tire was too large for the mold in which it was cured thus
6. See Inner Liner Localized Area Isolated area not extending throughout tire Lugs Tread Lugs The raised block elements in the tread design Mold Equipment in which a new tire is cured or equipment in which new tread is cured to a worn tire Mold Lubricant Material used as a mold release to facilitate removal of the tire from the mold after curing Ply A layer of rubber coated parallel cords Porosity A rubber condition which exhibits many small pores usually the result of lack of heat or pressure during the curing process Precure Tread Tread which is vulcanized with the tread configuration molded into it prior to being placed on the buffed casing Pressure Differential The difference in pressure on the outside of the tire and in the inside of the tire as the tread is vulcanized Radial Direction From bead to bead Rebeltf ing The installation of a new fabric or steel belt in a casing after the original belt has been removed due to excessive damage Repair Plug The rubber material that fills the cavity of an injury in a tire Repair Unit The reinforcing material used to strengthen the area around an injury in a tire Retreaded Tire A casing to which a new tread has been cured to extend the usable life of the tire Ribs Tread Ribs Continuous circumferential tread elements Shoulder Area General area where the sidewall meets the tread Spread Axles Tandem axles which are spaced far apart to c
7. e fa vad L lt ca gt ACTION Continue to run out unless tread depth variations become severe Rotate to faster wearing position 1 e single screw tractor or rear drive axle TIRE VEHICLE Check for worn or damaged components and axle misalignment OPERATIONS Review tire maintenance practices and tread design selection 126 Brake Skid Flat Spot Wear Flat spot on tread surface Surface texture may show abrasion marks from tread sliding on road surface but surface may have since worn smooth Often exhibited on more than one tire position on an axle APPEARANCE Aggravated by new brakes high friction not worn in unbalanced brake system aggressive use of brakes and driver abuse Sometimes seen on new vehicle drive aways EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE PROBABLE CAUSE S SHULL T IXV AARIA ACTION If condition is not excessive duals can be rematched to position flat spots 180 from each other If more severe the tire can be repaired or retreaded 1f damage is not into the belts If skid damage is into the tire belts it may be possible to remove the top belt and or rebelt and then retread the tire Consult your retreader If damage is excessive scrap tire VEHICLE Check brake material and brake balance OPERATIONS Review driver training program 127 Overall Fast Wear APPEARANCE Uniform wear pattern but fast rate of wear PROBABLE CAUSE S Can be caused
8. retread if possible 134 Rapid Shoulder Wear Both Shoulders APPEARANCE Full rib wear on both shoulders PROBABLE CAUSE S Frequently found on spread axles as a result of normal service condi tions Also found on dolly axles as a result of the push pull action of that operation EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE SS gt SS So Fo gt a T es gt es p ACTION If shoulder wear is severe remove and retread VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review tire application with tire manufacturer 135 Erratic Depression Wear APPEARANCE Random erratic wear around tire circumference PROBABLE CAUSE S Lack of shock absorber control in some suspension types mismatched tire sizes and or inflation pressures between duals loose or worn wheel bearings assembly non uniformity such as improper bead seating and out of balance condition aggravated by high speed empty hauls EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e fa nl s lt e lt z ACTION TIRE If not worn excessively continue to run If wear is excessive retread VEHICLE Diagnose mechanical problem and correct OPERATIONS None 136 One Sided Wear APPEARANCE Excessive wear on one side of tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Excessive toe excessive axle camber non parallel axles non uniform tire and wheel assembly caused by improper bead seating or a bent wheel EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE gt gt
9. rubber caused by oil and grease weather checking cuts and penetrations Then examine both sides of the interior looking for wrinkling or corrugations in the inner liner caused by running flat or underinflated blisters or lumps cracks and looseness Mark all damage punctures and separations with a paint stick as you find them Rotate the tire as necessary for thorough inspections Use a probe to determine the origin and extent of damage Inspect the complete tire prior to determining the cause of failure 1 e often a separation in a tire sidewall may be caused by a nail hole puncture in the tread or a failed repair that would only be noticed by inspecting the interior of the tire Itis possible for a tire to have more than one out of service condition On the exterior of the tire mark the final disposition based on your inspection for example repair retread scrap etc The following is a radial tire section with definitions of its various components Understanding the construction of the tire will make failure analysis easier X Typical Radial Tire Cross Section BEAD WIDTH Cross Sectional View of Typical Tire 1 fread This rubber provides the interface between the tire structure and the road Primar p y purpose is to provide traction and wear 2 Belt Belt plies especially steel provide strength to the tire stabilize the tread and protect the air chamber from punctures 3 Radial Ply The radial ply together w
10. seating and out of balance condition aggra vated by high speed empty hauls EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE GRU RIC De CICA ACTION If not worn excessively continue to run If wear is excessive retread TIRE VEHICLE Diagnose mechanical problem and correct OPERATIONS None Erratic Depression Wear APPEARANCE Random erratic wear around tire circumference PROBABLE CAUSE S Lack of shock absorber control in sae suspension types Loose or worn wheel bearings assembly non uniformity such as improper bead seating and out of balance condition aggravated by high speed empty hauls EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE SF ae a ca a L lt 2a pa w ACTION TIRE If not worn excessively continue to run If wear is excessive retread VEHICLE Diagnose mechanical problem and correct OPERATIONS None 122 RADIAL TIRE WEAR CONDITIONS AND CAUSES B Drive Axle Tires D DB ed an ae a r T en an _ m T p m APPEARANCE Tire worn on edge of shoulder This is confined to the outer portion of the shoulder Can be wider on one shoulder than the other This condi tion usually appears first on the inside shoulder of the inside dual of the front drive axle PROBABLE CAUSE S Typical of radial tire construction and slow rates of tread wear May vary with tread design and service application Can
11. worn spot in the tread APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Adhesion loss within the tire at the edge of the belt package May be associated with a penetration or other damage Can be aggravated by spread axle use or dragging tire sideways EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Remove from service and consult your tire manufacturer VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Use largest radius turns possible to avoid tire scrubbing Bulge on shoulder or tread face area may be accompanied by split AT REARRANGE through the bottom of the tread groove Usually localized wear in the tread above the separated area will occur May result in a loss of a section of tread Belt package is intact PROBABLE CAUSE S Adhesion loss between the tread rubber and the tire casing Can be caused by tread penetration EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Remove tire from service Consult your tire manufacturer 38 rake Skid Damage APPEARANCE Localized spot of excessive wear across the tread face showing abrasion marks from the tread sliding on the road surface damage may extend into the casing Brake skid usually occurs on trailer and drive tires Aggravated by new PROBABLE CAUSE S brakes high friction not worn in unbalanced brake system aggressive use of brakes driver abuse and unloaded vehicles EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If condition does not extend below 2 32 of tread duals can be
12. DEOS RADIAL TIRE CONDITIONS ANALYSIS GUIDE A Compr enensive Review OF read Wear and Hre Conditions J RADIAL TIRE CONDITIONS ANALYSIS GUIDE A Comprehensive Review of Tread Wear And Tire Conditions The procedures contained herein reflect the consensus of the members of The Maintenance Council TMC on those items and methods that have delivered the best performance record based on the experience of those present at the meetings of the Council The procedures contained herein are not exclusive TMC cannot possibly know evaluate or advise the transportation industry of all conceivable ways in which a procedure may be undertaken or of the pos sible consequences of each such practice Other practices or methods may be as good or better depending upon the particular circumstances involved Every carrier who uses the procedures contained herein must first satisfy itself thoroughly that neither the safety of its employees or agents nor the safety or usefulness of any products will be jeopardized by any method selected The following procedures are not intended nor should they be construed as an endorsement of any particular person organization or product For information on obtaining additional copies of this guide contact The Maintenance Council 2200 Mill Road Alexandria VA 22314 703 838 1763 Or Call American Trucking Associations Customer Service 800 ATA LINE Order Item T0121 TMC ATA Mem
13. IGURE ACTION TIRE If cracking is superficial continue tire in service If cracks are greater than 2 32 or more past the bottom of the groove contact your tire manufacturer VEHICLE Review exhaust routing OPERATIONS Review driving procedures in tight turns Spin Damage Circumferential cuts or lines around tire APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Spinning drive tires on ice sand gravel etc EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Place the tire back into service 1f the damage does not extend beyond the base of the TIRE tread groove If damage is deeper retread or rebelt if possible If the condition is more severe scrap tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review driving procedures and or drive tire selection CASING CONDITIONS D Tire Interior er c gt p er p md tar p D Ta C CH T Ta Penetrating Objects APPEARANCE Foreign object protruding through the interior surface of the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Impact with road hazard aa Q Z EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Remove foreign object Inspect degree of damage Repair if permissible according to repair limit standards and restore moisture seal and air retention integrity If damage is excessive scrap tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS None Open Inner Liner Splice Split in the rubber of the tire inner l
14. Loose or separated bead or body wires EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION 42 Impact Breaks APPEARANCE Localized break through the tread rubber and the casing PROBABLE CAUSE S Severe concentrated impact with a foreign object or a chuck hole Aggravated by overinflation and high speed ACTION Rough abraded tread surface with numerous small flakes or chunks of tread removed Operation of tires with over the road tread rubber compounds on gravel sur faces and haul roads misapplication of the tire to service conditions Aggra vated by high torque over inflation and short turns especially on drive tires Tires with minor chipping and flaking can be returned to service If damage extends below 2 32 retread the tire If steel 1s visible consult your retreader for the possibility of repair and retread VEHICLE None Review tire selection Stone Drilling Damage caused by stones trapped in the tread which penetrate the tread base and extend into the belts APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Tread design and or misapplication of the tire to service conditions gravel roads quarry operation EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Remove remaining stones and return to service If penetrations are into the belts con sult the retreader or your tire manufacturer If unable to retread or rebelt scrap the tire VEHICLE None Review tire selection Regrooving Damage APPEA
15. O amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair if possible otherwise scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review repair techniques with your repair person Unfilled Nail Hole Repair APPEARANCE Interior The repair unit is dimpled or cracked Exterior Rust is evident in the unfilled hole PROBABLE CAUSE S The injury was not filled with a plug or rubber fill material EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair if possible otherwise scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review repair requirements with road service vendors and monitor on the road tire service Bridged Repair APPEARANCE Interior The repair unit is loose split or torn in the tire s shoulder area A bulge polished or gooey area caused by excessive heat may be evident under the repair unit The fill material may also be cracked Exterior A sidewall bulge may be evident and the fill material may be cracked Tire components may be separated PROBABLE CAUSE S Improper placement of the repair unit during installation which resulted in trapped air under the repair unit The tire beads were probably spread during installation of the repair unit EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair if TIRE p
16. OBABLE CAUSE S Poor workmanship Not all the injury was removed A full rein forced section repair should have been made EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair TIRE if possible or scrap the tire if it is unrepairable VEHICLE None Improper Nail Hole Repair Interior A crack or split extends from the repair unit The repair unit TE NOE may be dimpled cracked or loose Some signs of heat build up may be evident such as powdery or sticky rubber Exterior Separation of tire components may be evident in advanced stages PROBABLE CAUSE S Nail hole repair procedures were used instead of section repair procedures resulting in inadequate injury removal An improper size and type of repair unit was used EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair if possible otherwise scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review repair techniques with your repair person Improperly Aligned Repair APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Interior The repair unit may be dimpled lifted or cracked The repair unit alignment arrows do not point in the proper direction Exterior Tire components may be separated Improperly installed repair unit In this case the bead arrows do not point to the beads Improperly trained repair personnel EXAMPLE PHOT
17. PERATIONS Review the tire manufacturer s branding recommendations 23 Diagonal Cracking APPEARANCE Diagonal crack or cracks in the upper sidewall area of tires on drive and trailer axles PROBABLE CAUSE S Frequently can be a result of torque transfer Aggravated by underflation This condition should not be confused with cut s from sharp curb edges road hazards etc ea m MQ EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Remove from service and consult your tire manufacturer 24 Petroleum Product Damage Sidewalls appear swollen soft and spongy In extreme cases sidewalls may be undulated or distorted Petroleum odor may be evident APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Oil diesel fuel antifreeze or chemical contamination TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If contamination is slight return tire to service If there is a difference in stiff TIRE ness or distortion in one sidewall when compared with the other scrap tire VEHICLE Check vehicle for fluid leaks OPERATIONS Take special precautions during fueling to avoid spills Forklift Damage PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused during shipping and handling by lift truck forks SIDEWALL EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE OPERATIONS Inspect tire upon receipt 26 Circumferential Fatigue Rupture Zipper A circumferential break in the mid to upper sidewall exposing an even line of broken cords A
18. PPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Severe underinflation which produces casing cord fatigue often a result of a puncture TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE is Scrap tire TIRE None VEHICLE Routinely inspect all tires with inflation pressures 20 lower than your fleet s inflation OPERATIONS standard thoroughly inspect all tires prior to repair and retreading always use a safety cage during inflation Consult your tire or retread supplier for proper inspection procedures 27 Open Sidewall Splice Regular smooth opening of the top layer of sidewall rubber that may appear APPEARANCE l l o i radially or diagonally Appearance is similar to a cut however the opening extends at a sharp angle into the sidewall rubber No cords are exposed PROBABLE CAUSE S Manufacturing process a gt ea m DQ EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Remove the tire from service Consult your tire manufacturer VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Sidewall Bumps Blisters Small raised scattered areas in the upper sidewall that can be felt when rubbing the casing In later stages the sidewall may appear blistered and can lead to a sidewall rupture APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Deterioration of internal components over time Fatigue of casing Accelerated by overload underinflation TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Remove the tire fro
19. RANCE Exposed belts at the base of the regroove PROBABLE CAUSE S Regrooving too deep EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader for the possibility of retreading OPERATIONS Review the cost effectiveness of regrooving 46 Dynamometer Type Damage Swollen spongy area hidden inside the center rib lug extending up to 360 around the tire Can cause a flat wear spot or may surface as a localized cavity APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Excessive heat buildup on a dynamometer also on high speed lightly loaded overinflated applications using deep lug tires EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION O Chemical Damage APPEARANCE Localized spot of blistered spongy or deteriorated rubber in tread area PROBABLE CAUSE S Exposure to chemicals usually solvent in nature which attack tread rubber EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Depending upon extent of chemical damage return to trailer service or retread tire 48 Tire worn to point of exposing casing reinforcement material APPEARANCE Run too long in service or brake skid PROBABLE CAUSE S EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE iui i i i We sh Dis acinar we Se te F er a z ok AR AE EEEE A ot i LETI ue 4 hat Lee m hT 1 aier fads ACTION oO _ or an Q N Oo N a 3 D amp _ O D re e N N Q om cD
20. SE es Ze gt a ee es gt Er M ACTION TIRE Change tire position on trailer If excessive retread 137 Erosion River Channel Wear APPEARANCE Localized wear along inside edges of tread ribs which may be wavy in appearance and vary in width around the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Characteristic of slow wear rate of radial tires on free rolling axles May vary with individual tire tread design and construction EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE E il k E 7 a BS aoe i TRAILER AXLE TIRES L Je B he ae ACTION 138 Rib Depression Punch Wear APPEARANCE One or more inner ribs worn below the level of the adjacent rib around the tire s circumference PROBABLE CAUSE S f Lack of shock absorber control in some suspension types mismatched tire sizes and or inflation pressures between duals loose or worn wheel bearings assembly non uniformity such as improper bead seating and out of balance condition aggravated by high speed empty hauls EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE So gt Ss gt gt a T es gt es MN ACTION TIRE If not worn excessively continue to run If wear is excessive retread VEHICLE Diagnose mechanical problem and correct OPERATIONS None 139 The Maintenance Council 2200 Mill Road Alexandria VA22314 703 838 1763
21. also be caused by dragging or distorted brake drums and drums with excessive wall thickness variation May be accompanied by or develop into a vibration complaint EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE NN eo ao gt T ZE p ao DN ACTION TIRE Tire may be rotated to the trailer dual If wear is excessive on worn side submit to retreader for further options VEHICLE Diagnose problem components parts Replace or correct as necessary OPERATIONS None 119 Overall Fast Wear APPEARANCE Good wear pattern but fast rate of wear PROBABLE CAUSE S Can be caused by service conditions such as mountainous terrain frequency and severity of turning abrasive road surfaces in combina tion with vehicle configurations and their attributes such as power steering heavy axle loads high wheel cuts setback axles short wheel base tractors long wheel base straight trucks EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e a a ca a L lt ea pa w ACTION TIRE None VEHICLE Consult vehicle and tire manufacturers when specing equipment or replacing tires OPERATIONS None 120 Rib Depression Punch Wear APPEARANCE One or more inner ribs worn below the level of the adjacent ribs circumferentally around the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Lack of shock absorber control in some suspension types improper inflation pressures loose or worn wheel bearings assembly non unifor mity such as improper bead
22. arry heavy loads Top Cap Only the top or tread area is buffed and a tread rubber with abrupt shoulders is applied Tread Grooves Space between two adjacent tread ribs and or lugs Tread Splice The junction of tread ends Undertread The rubber between the base of the tread groove and the top belt Weathering Fine hairline cracks in the sidewall surface of the tire caused by oxidation and other atmospheric effects Wicking A capillary action of air escapement from the tire casing through the use of a piece of cord XIV Section I New Tire Original Tread and Casing Conditions CASING CONDITIONS BEAD AREA A Bead Area tw a_i lt gt p p cS jC C oT DB jC Torn Beads Bead toe rubber is torn or cut exposing the wire or fabric APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Poor mounting demounting techniques with tire tools and or poor lubrication forklift damage and poor tire handling procedures EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE T ka mrad i i il z at ACTION If no rust on the wire is evident repair and return to service If wire is rusty gouged kinked or broken loose or separated contact your tire supplier retreader to determine repairability otherwise scrap tire VEHICLE None Review mounting demounting procedures and tire tools Ensure the tire beads are well OPERATIONS lubricated Also check new tire handling procedure
23. be aggravated by axle deflection road conditions and worn or damaged suspension parts EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE SF fa volo s lt sa gt ACTION TIRE Consider rotating tire among drive axles Does not adversely affect overall tread life VEHICLE Inspect for worn or damage suspension parts OPERATIONS None 124 Heel Toe Wear APPEARANCE Each lug around tire worn high to low from front to back edge PROBABLE CAUSE S Most often caused by mismatched inflation pressures or tire diameter in a dual assembly and certain conditions such as P amp D operations mountainous terrains etc EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE gt gt es gt 3 es gt lt p ACTION Run out on drive axle If severe change direction of rotation until tread is worn TIRE to point of retread VEHICLE Review tire maintenance practices and tread design selection OPERATIONS None 125 Alternate Lug Wear APPEARANCE Alternate lugs worn to different tread depths around tire circumference May be every second lug every third etc or a combination thereof PROBABLE CAUSE S Mismatched inflation pressures or tire diameters in a dual assembly and certain conditions such as pick up and delivery operations and variations in loads Is accentuated by slow rate of tire wear and by worn or poorly maintained suspension components or axle misalignment EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE
24. bers or T0126 Non members II We would like to thank the following companies who participated in the development of this guide by donating their expertise and photographs American Retreaders Association Bandag Inc Bridgestone Firestone Inc Cooper Tire and Rubber Co General Tire Inc Goodyear Tire amp Rubber Co Hankook Tire America Corp Hawkinson Companies Hercules Tire and Rubber Co KLLM Inc Kumho USA Inc Michelin Tire Corp Rema Tip Top North America Inc Roadway Tire Co Sumitomo Tire Tech International Toyo Tire U S A Corp Truflex Pang Rubber Co HI Introduction Glossary I New Tire Original Tread and Casing Conditions A Bead Area Torn Beads Kinked Distorted Beads Bead Deformation Burned Beads Reinforce Chafer Separation Petro Lubricant Damage Bead Damage From Curbing Bead Area Flow Crack Sidewall Area Spread Damaged Cord Cuts and Snags Sidewall Separation Chain Damage Vehicle Equipment Damage Damage Induced Sidewall Separation Sidewall Abrasion Scuff Damage Weathering Impact Break Branding Damage Diagonal Cracking Petroleum Product Damage Forklift Damage Circumferential Fatigue Rupture Zipper Open Sidewall Splice Sidewall Bumps Blisters Sidewall Penetration Radial Split Crown Area Penetrations and Road Hazards Vehicle Damage Forklift Damage Cuts and Snags Belt Lift Separation Tread Lift Separation Brake Skid Damage Tread Chunk
25. by service conditions such as mountainous terrain frequency and severity of turning abrasive road surfaces and equipment such as single axle drive long wheel base straight trucks heavy axle loads high horsepower engines or mismatched drive train components EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e fa vad L lt ca gt ACTION TIRE Continue to run and retread If condition continues consult tire manufacturer VEHICLE Review tire design selection Carefully match equipment with service requirements Consult vehicle and tire manufacturer when specing equipment or replacing tires OPERATIONS None 128 RADIAL TIRE WEAR CONDITIONS AND CAUSES C Trailer Axle Tires oT BD ead en p a r ead T m T en ea ead r 7 m T p T en Brake Skid Flat Spot Wear APPEARANCE Localized spot of excessive wear across the tread face Surface texture may show circumferential abrasion marks from tread sliding on road surface but surface may have since worn smooth Usually exhibited on both tires in a dual assembly Brake skid occurs most often on dolly trailer and drive tires Aggra PROBABLE CAUSE S vated by new brakes high friction not worn in unbalanced brake system aggressive use of brakes frozen brakes and driver abuse such as the use of only trailer brakes to stop a vehicle Sometimes seen on new vehicle drive awa
26. ch damage ply material INTERIOR EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Tearing Mount Dismount Damage APPEARANCE Tearing or loss of adhesion of the inner liner material inside the bead toe area PROBABLE CAUSE S Poor mounting demounting techniques or lack of lubricant ba LOD E KC RANI EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Repair the inner liner or scrap the tire if damage is too excessive VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review tire mounting dismounting procedures and the use of tire tools Foreign Object Inner Liner Damage In Tubeless Tire APPEARANCE A series of random cuts or abrasion marks around the circumference of the tire interior not otherwise explained PROBABLE CAUSE S Foreign object in tire as Q lt Zz EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Inspect for degree of damage repair if possible otherwise scrap the tire 62 Run Flat Discoloration blistering and or separations of the inner liner APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Continued operation after loss of inflation pressure ba LOD E EC RANI EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Pinch Shock A horizontal crescent shaped crease or break in the inner liner in the sidewall area A small bulge may also appear in the damaged area APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Severe impact INTERIOR EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Have the tire inspec
27. d conditions is located in the crown area of the tire and the tire conditions covered in this section are divided into categories that describe their appearance These categories are Holes and Injuries Missing Tread Cracks Bulges and Miscellaneous Holes and Injuries are normally caused by in service impacts and or penetrations Many are repair able Others due to the severity of the injury render the casing unfit for further use Many casings which are scrapped could be repaired and returned to service providing proper repair and or sectioning procedures are followed Other casings may be repaired and returned to restrictive Service Irregular wear can be caused by many factors usually related to vehicular irregularities rather than tire or retread anomalies The conditions cited in this guide will deal with retread problems rather than misalignment mismatching etc Separation of the tread from the casing can be caused by any number of factors and each of these must be diagnosed separately Some cracks require immediate attention while others can run out the life of the tread There are three major causes of cracks 1 operational abuse 2 retreading conditions and 3 new tire manufacturing conditions Bulges can be cause by trapped air between the internal components of the tire or between the tire and the retread In addition breaks in the body cords can permit a deformation of the casing Bulges in general are an indication
28. dent This appears as a sponge like surface that is APPEARANCE frequently tacky PROBABLE CAUSE S Lack of proper cure conditions 1 e time temperature and pressure EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment Retread and rerun 86 Tread Separation A portion of tread rubber only located in any area of the tire lifts and separates from the buffed surface of the tire body APPEARANCE Faulty retread workmanship and or material such as a scorched or contaminated buffed surface old cushion gum or tread rubber im proper cure conditions missed nail hole or a faulty repair PROBABLE CAUSE S EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment Retread the tire again APPEARANCE Portion s of tread are missing in the area of the tread splice in a pre cured retread PROBABLE CAUSE S Improper workmanship or contamination at the splice EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Run out the tread in the desired position or consult your retreader for a tread spot repair Retread again if possible 88 Tread Separation Repair Related APPEARANCE A portion of the tread is separated from the buffed surface A repair is evident in the area of the separated tread PROBABLE CAUSE S Faulty repair Air seeped through or was trapped in the injury and un
29. der the tread which eventually reduced adhesion between the tread and the tire and resulted in a separation EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader and or repairman for possible warranty adjustment or repair and retread the tire again VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Consult your repairman to correct repair problem 89 Belt Separation Repair Related Exterior The tread and one or more belts is loose or missing from a portion or from the whole tire A repair or skive is evident in the area of the separation Interior The repair unit may be sunk dimpled or cracked APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S A faulty repair or skive Air migrated through the injury causing separa tion between the belts EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your repairman and or retreader for possible warranty adjustment Scrap the tire 90 A portion of the tread is separated from the casing at the buff line in the area of the unrepaired puncture This usually occurs soon after retreading APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S An undetected and unrepaired penetration EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment Retread again if possible 91 Tread Edge Lifting APPEARANCE The tread is worn to excess on one shoulder of the tire the edge of the tread is loose and exhibits more wear in the area of s
30. empty hauls EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e fa sa L lt ea lt ACTION TIRE If not worn excessively run tires out If remaining tread at worn spots is 2 32 or less retread tire VEHICLE Diagnose cause and correct OPERATIONS Consult driver and review maintenance practices 132 Rapid Shoulder Wear One Shoulder APPEARANCE Tire worn on edge of one shoulder sometimes extending to inner ribs Can progress to diagonal wipeout PROBABLE CAUSE S Excessive toe excessive camber These conditions can be created by a misaligned or bent axle and can also be caused by loose or worn wheel bearings EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE SHULL T IXV da HVAL ACTION TIRE VEHICLE Diagnose misalignment and or mechanical condition and correct Change direction of rotation of tire If shoulder wear is severe remove and retread None OPERATIONS 133 Shoulder Scrubbing Scuffing APPEARANCE Abrasion on upper tire sidewall near tread edge Can be accompanied by cracks in tread shoulder area PROBABLE CAUSE S Excessive lateral scuffing of tread especially in tight turns when tire is hot Most common on heavily loaded spread axle trailers EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e fa ea s lt lt e lt lt ACTION Move affected shoulders to low scrub positions If severe tire removal may be required Inspect for serviceability on another axle or
31. eparation PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused by cure related problems retread processing problems the shoulder buffed lower on one side or possible belt edge separation EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment If the tire casing is sound TIRE retread the tire If the belt is separating from the casing consult the original tire manufacturer VEHICLE OPERATIONS RETREAD CONDITIONS C Cracks CH Ta a ar Ta CH o Fmi Ta m T md gt en Failed Inner Liner Repair Interior A crack extends from the repair rubber Buff marks may be visible around the repair rubber The repaired area may be coated with liner sealer Exterior Tire components may be separated APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S An attempt to repair liner blisters or an open liner splice failed to seal the air cavity of the tire and air migrated into the tire body causing separation EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE IT i i s E I P os 5 3 i a TN m E p p E of oo A F ai i n e s m E z 4 z g r p ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment Scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS None Lug Base Cracking APPEARANCE Cracking is evident at the base of the tread lugs Some lugs may be torn from the tread in severe cases PROBABLE CAUSE S The wrong tread design was used for the ope
32. er maintenance related causes of irregular wear patterns These represent the most common causes for irregular wear patterns and generally have the most severe impact on tire wear when compared with other causes Inadequate inflation maintenance is a continuous cause that is often overlooked while misalignment is probably the least understood and often the last to be corrected 110 RADIAL TIRE WEAR CONDITIONS AND CAUSES A Steer Axle Tires P BD gt an p p x gt a er l en gt en p ee p E p f en Shoulder Step Chamfer Wear Even tread wear in center with steps worn in shoulders This is confined APPEARANCE to the outer portion of the shoulder rib Can be wider on one shoulder than the other PROBABLE CAUSE S Typical of radial tires in slow wearing operations May vary with tread design and service application EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e ar Z ca a L lt 2a pa w ACTION TIRE Little or no loss in overall mileage will result provided tread depth differential is not excessive Tires can remain on the steer axle VEHICLE None OPERATIONS None 112 Full Shoulder Wear APPEARANCE Excessive wear extending across entire shoulder rib to a major tread groove usually on one side of tire only PROBABLE CAUSE S Result of side scrubbing and generally is caused by either improper toe condition or drive axle misalig
33. f weathering is minor on dual positions if weathering is moderate Severe weathering may require removal from service VEHICLE None Weather protection materials compounded into the tire are more effective when the OPERATIONS tire is exercised Therefore minimize parked vehicle time Consult your tire manufacturer if long periods of parking are expected 21 Impact Break APPEARANCE Break in the sidewall through the casing This condition will usually deteriorate quickly to a radial runflat appearance PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused by a sudden impact with a road hazard or a chuck hole Aggravated by overinflation SIDEWALL EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your tire repair facility for the possibility of repair or scrap tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review driving and maintenance procedures APPEARANCE Stress cracks extending from the characters branded into the tire after manufacture PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused by branding too deep in the wrong location on the tire sidewall at too high a temperature or at a sharp angle TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE E See ia Ee Ey ae a 2 a ACTION Tires with hairline cracks can be returned to service Depending upon crack TIRE severity and location consult your tire manufacturer if cords are exposed scrap tire Otherwise consult your tire repair facility for the possibility of repair VEHICLE None O
34. gs through additional retreads However these attributes of the radial design can also result in the tire exhibiting more irregular wear patterns when vehicle and tire maintenance or tire construction is inadequate These wear patterns are not as evident in short haul high torque Operations since the tread wears away much faster and unusual wear patterns are often literally scrubbed off Some common causes of the various tire wear patterns which have been identified are as follows Maintenance and Operations e Misalignment on steer drive trailer and dolly axles e Improper inflation maintenance e Mismatching of tires especially in dual applications e Incorrect mounting of the tire on the rim and resulting improper bead seating e Non uniformity of the rotating assembly tire wheel rim brake drum hub e Excessive imbalance and or run out e Improper loads for the service application e Tire misapplication Use of an improper tire for the axle position or service condition e Poorly maintained suspensions with looseness in components or incorrect replacement parts e Improper use of chains or other traction assists e Poor driver practices Tires e Non uniformity in balance and or runout e Inadequate tire design or construction Wheels Rims Brake Drums Hubs e Non uniformity in balance and or runout stud circle concentricity Inflation maintenance and misalignment on steer drive trailer and dolly axles are highlighted und
35. his guide is not designed to be the sole basis on which to base tire or retread warranty claims This guide is divided into two sections The first deals with conditions found in tubeless radial tire casings and in original tires Casing conditions that may be exhibited by retreaded tires can also be found in this section The second section addresses conditions found in the tread area of retreaded and repaired tires Tubeless CROWN AREA SHOULDER CROWN PLIES INTERIOR SIDEWALL AIR TIGHT LINING CARCASS PLY BEAD AREA TURN UP REINFORCING a PLY BEAD WIRE 15 Tapered REEL Bead S Bead Seat XI Glossary Bead Chafing Functional wear of the bead against the rim Bead Reinforcement A fabric or wire ply laid over the radial ply turnup outside of the bead and under the rubber chafer that stabilizes the bead to sidewall transition zone Bead Seat Area where bead fits the rim Bead Seating Positioning of the bead on the rim Bead Toe That part of the bead which faces the inside portion of the tire Belt Package Belt plies which provide strength to the tire and stabilize the tread Bond Line See Buff Line Bonding Materials Cushion and cement used to bond tread or repair unit to the casing Buff Line The dividing line in the cross section of a tire between the buffed surface of the original tire and the new retread rubber Casing The tire structure excluding tread rubbe
36. iner at the juncture of the inner liner material APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Loss of adhesion at the splice due to excessive flexing from underinflation may also be manufacturing related AOINALNI EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ie OL A f ACTION Repair inner liner with rubber gum to ensure air retention integrity if ply cords TIRE o are not exposed If ply cords are visible contact your tire manufacturer 57 Inner Liner Bubbles Blisters And Separations APPEARANCE Bubble or blister in the tire interior PROBABLE CAUSE S Adhesion loss of inner liner material to the casing R ea T EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE a ga age e e ACTION Remove from service and contact your tire manufacturer If blisters are small and few TIRE the inner liner can be repaired and the tire can be placed back into service VEHICLE None OPERATIONS None Inner Liner Cracking One or more cracks in the inner liner at locations other than the inner liner splice APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Under inflation excessive heat buildup in the tire interior May also be manufacturing related ba LOD E EC INI EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE TIRE 59 Pulled Loose Cords Depression or elevation in the surface of the tire interior along the radial cord path APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Impacts penetrations poor repairs and under inflation whi
37. ing Lug Base Cracking Wild Wire Impact Breaks IV Table Of Contents VII XMI Re O VONDA U p fh Table Of Contents Chipping Flaking Chunking Tread Stone Drilling Regrooving Damage Dynamometer Type Damage Chemical Damage Excessive Wear Rib Tearing Defense Groove Tearing Groove Cracking Spin Damage Tire Interior Penetrating Objects Open Inner Liner Splice Inner Liner Bubbles Blisters amp Separations Inner Liner Cracking Pulled Loose Cords Tearing Mount Dismount Damage Foreign Object Inner Liner Damage in Tubeless Tire Run Flat Pinch Stock Impact Break Any Area Run Flat Electrical Discharge II Retread and Repair Conditions Introduction to Retread Conditions A Holes and Injuries Bad Spot Repair Spot Repair Should Be A Section Improper Nail Hole Repair Improperly Aligned Repair Unfilled Nail Hole Repair Bridged Repair On The Wheel Repair Bad Bead Repair Failed Repair Injury Not Removed Bias Repair in Radial Tire Table Of Contents II Retread and Repair Conditions Continued gt B Missing Loose Tread Bond Line Porosity Tread Separation Tread Chunking At Splice Tread Separation Repair Related Belt Separation Repair Related Missed Puncture Tread Edge Lifting Cracks Failed Inner Liner Repair Lug Base Cracking Improper Tread Width Open Tread Splice Bulges Depressions Skive Failure Repair Related Bulge Buckled Tread Miscellaneous
38. ith the belt plies contains the air pressure of the tire The ply transmits all load braking and steering forces between the wheel and the tire tread 4 Sidewall The sidewall rubber is specially compounded to withstand flexing and weathering while providing protection for the radial ply 5 Liner A layer of rubber in tubeless tires specially compounded for resistance to air diffusion The liner in the tubeless tire replaces the innertube of the tube type tire 6 Apexes Rubber pieces with selected characteristics are used to fill in the bead and lower sidewall area and provide a smooth transition from the stiff bead area to the flexible sidewall 7 Bead Reinforcement A ply laid over the radial ply turnup outside of the bead that reinforces and stabilizes the bead to sidewall transition zone 8 GG Ring Used as a reference for proper seating of the bead area on the rim 9 Bead Bundle Made of continuous high tensile wire wound to form a high strength unit the bead bundle is the anchor foundation of the casing which maintains the required tire diameter on the rim XI The following photographs and explanations depict common tire failures and their causes This guide is designed to be a reference source and a training aid and to assist users in tire grading It advises users when it may be necessary to consult with a specialist original manufacturer or retreader for final determination of a tire s cause of failure T
39. lity for possibility of repair If the damage is excessive and or a separation is evident scrap tire 34 Vehicle Damage APPEARANCE Cut in tread or shoulder area usually 360 around tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Contact with vehicle hardware such as mud flap brackets trailer wheel house molding bumpers etc EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE m a oo sie bee Faas Li B e a E nn u P F at ji m ETILE Es ie F ote i Upp E Er Hees x THT pip i ere i ACTION TIRE If cuts are not deeper than the base or the tread groove return to a dual position If the damage is deeper retread or rebelt if possible If the condition is more severe scrap tire VEHICLE Analyze the cause of the condition and correct OPERATIONS Review driving procedures APPEARANCE Individual or multiple cuts usually in the tread grooves in a localized area of the crown PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused by lift truck forks or similar equipment EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If the tire is new determine the responsibility for damage before placing it into service TIRE If the tire has been in service but no steel is exposed return to service If steel is exposed retread or rebelt VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Inspect new tires upon receipt Belt Lift Separation A bulge or split through the upper sidewall shoulder area Probing will reveal the belts sometimes accompanied by a
40. m service If this condition arises during the warranty period TIRE consult your tire manufacturer Otherwise scrap tire 29 APPEARANCE Any damage caused by an object that goes through the sidewall of the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Road debris and occasionally vandalism with a sharp puncturing instrument a a DP EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Have the tire inspected by your tire repair supplier to determine repairability VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Avoid road hazards Radial Split A vertical break through the sidewall occuring between two body ply cables that does not break the cables APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Severe impact This situation can occur in overinflated and or overloaded conditions TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Have the tire inspected by your tire repair supplier to determine repairability VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review inflation maintenance program and review driver training 31 CASING CONDITIONS C Crown Area ag a a Z Ta T P qT jp lt jC ain pi T P ag T APPEARANCE Evidence of a puncture or damage by a foreign object through the crown area may result in a separation PROBABLE CAUSE S Road hazard or foreign object EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Determine casing integrity Consult your repair faci
41. ne 18 Damage Induced Sidewall Separation Irregular shaped bulge in the mid upper sidewall area may progress to complete separation of the sidewall rubber from the casing exposing the ply cords Breaks in the liner a puncture or damage to the casing is evident APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S A puncture impact inner liner damage or bead damage TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION OPERATIONS Determine the cause and take appropriate corrective action 19 Sidewall Abrasion Scuff Damage APPEARANCE Abrasion on large areas of the sidewall often 360 around the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Rubbing against curb or guide rails Most often seen in city delivery Service m MQ EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If the cords are exposed scrap tire Otherwise the tire can be returned to service If TIRE abrasion appearance is objectionable mount the scuffed side away from the curb VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review driving procedures Weathering APPEARANCE Numerous tiny cracks in the rubber surface most often 360 around the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Rubber surface exposure to environmental elements Aggravated by long periods of parking and high concentrations of ozone TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION All tires may eventually exhibit this condition in late service life stage Tires can TIRE be run out on the steer axle i
42. nment In case of toe in the outside shoulders of both steer tires will be worn while in the case of toe out the inside shoulders of both steers will be worn Drive axle misalignment wears the inside shoulder of one tire and the outside shoulder of the other steer tire Poorly maintained suspen sion components e g torque rods springs and spring bushings can produce the same results EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE Nn os ao gt T ZE ao ey DN ACTION TIRE If wear is severe tires can be rotated to another position or reversed on the wheel VEHICLE Diagnose misalignment check suspension components and correct as required OPERATIONS Nore 113 Feather Wear APPEARANCE Tread ribs worn so that one side of rib is higher than the other resulting in step offs across the tread face Generally all ribs exhibit this wear PROBABLE CAUSE S Excessive side force scrubbing resulting from severe conditions of misalignment such as excessive toe severe drive axle misalignment worn missing or damaged suspension components bent tie rod or other chassis misalignment EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE SF ae a ca a s lt 2a pa w ACTION If feather wear is severe tires can be rotated to another axle for maximum utilization of TIRE remaining tread Diagnose and correct misalignment condition as required If feather wear on both steer VEHICLE tires 1s in the same direction drive axle
43. of a weakness in the tire which may lead to a tire failure Upon discovery of a bulge in a tire the bulge should be outlined with a tire crayon removed from service and inspected for disposition The Miscellaneous category consists of other retread conditions which look severe yet may not affect the tread life They are cosmetic in nature and usually are the result of poor retread workmanship These discrepancies should have been caught during the retreader s final inspection The retreader should be made aware of your concern and then take corrective action 72 RETREAD CONDITIONS A Holes and Injuries CH gt H p j CH md o CH qD famn Z5 Cc Ta cA T md ar gt Bad Spot Repair APPEARANCE The repair fill rubber is missing or loose in the sidewall or tread area and sometimes exhibits cracks PROBABLE CAUSE S Poor workmanship Contaminated buffed area improper cementing contaminated fill material improper cure time or pressure improper injury removal etc EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE epf ee una 5 a ACTION Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair TIRE if possible or scrap the tire if it is unrepairable 74 APPEARANCE The repair fill rubber 1s missing or loose from a sidewall spot repair Ply cords may be exposed A distortion or separation is evident inside the tire PR
44. one OPERATIONS Review mounting demounting procedures to eliminate bead damage APPEARANCE Interior A split crack extends from under the repair unit The repair unit may also be torn loose or be missing Exterior Tire components may be separated leaving rusty loose cords PROBABLE CAUSE S All injury or separation was not detected and removed during the repair process poor workmanship EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review repair techniques with your repair person APPEARANCE Interior The repair unit is cracked or distorted Bias repair units may be round or X shaped and are not labeled Radial All radial reinforced tire repair units are marked Radial Exterior Tire components may be separated PROBABLE CAUSE S An incorrect repair unit was installed improperly trained personnel EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE SHA 6 0 ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair if possible otherwise scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review repair techniques with your repair person RETREAD CONDITIONS MISSING TREAD B Missing Loose Tread oT DB 7 j a Ta f ed as en Large sections if not all of tread has separated from the casing porosity is evi
45. or other chassis misalignment is indicated If Steer tire feathers are in opposite directions a toe condition is indicated OPERATIONS None 114 Erosion River Channel Wear APPEARANCE Circumferential wear along rib edges next to major tread grooves may be wavy in appearance and vary in width around tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Characteristic of slow wear rate of radial tires on free rolling axles May vary with individual tire tread design and construction Common in line haul operations in which loads are light and turning is frequent EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE GR TRC De CICA RS ACTION Erosion wear should not be of concern 115 Cupping Scallop Wear Localized dished out areas of fast wear creating a scalloped appearance ee around tire Appears around the tire on the shoulder ribs May progress to adjoining ribs PROBABLE CAUSE S Usually a result of moderate to severe assembly out of balance condition improper rim wheel mounting or other assembly non uniformity Can also be due to lack of shock absorber control on some suspension types EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e a f L lt pa pa w ACTION TIRE If ride complaints arise tires may be rotated to drive axle VEHICLE Diagnose imbalance condition i e wheel rim hub brake drum Correct as necessary OPERATIONS None 116 One Sided Wear APPEARANCE Excessive wear on one side of tire extending from the shoulder towards
46. ossible otherwise scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review repair techniques with your repair person APPEARANCE Interior A rubber coated cord or a cured rubber plug is used to fill the hole with no repair unit covering the injury Cracks or separation around the hole may be evident Further damage from penetrating objects may also be evident Exterior The tread or tire components may be separated The tire was not demounted and properly inspected and repaired This PROBABLE CAUSE S type of repair is not recommended EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair if possible otherwise scrap the tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review repair requirements with road service vendors and monitor on the road tire service APPEARANCE Interior The inner liner may be separated and the bead area may exhibit exposed fabric or steel cracking loose rubber and or improper bead contour Exterior Separation of the tire components may be evident PROBABLE CAUSE S The injury exceeds repair limitation poor workmanship improper cure incorrect fill material or poor mounting demounting techniques EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ee ea eae ai Pia Em el Pri Hr lad CE E i ACTION Consult your retreader repair person for possible warranty adjustment Re repair if possible otherwise scrap the tire TIRE VEHICLE N
47. r or design Casing Integrity The quality and soundness of the tire structure Casing Preparation Procedures performed to prepare the casing for retreading which include buffing skiving debelting rebelting cementing and build up Chassis Dynamomefter An instrument used to measure engine power involving rotating the vehicle tires on steel rollers Circumferential Direction 360 around the tire Cords The strands of wire or fabric that form the plies and belts in a tire Cure The process of vulcanization of rubber by applying heat and pressure over a period of time Cushion A tacky natural rubber compound used for adhesion undertread repair and build up Cushion Migration The shifting of the tread bonding material during vulcanization which results in a spot of tread uncured Delamination The separation of layers of rubber DOT Number U S Department of Transportation identification number Dual Position A wheel position on a vehicle where two tires and wheels are mated to carry the load Flow Crack The separation of rubber compound Full Cap Application of new tread rubber to include not only the tread area but also the shoulder area The finished retread will look like a new tire Inner Liner The layer or layers of rubber laminated to the inside of a tubeless tire to contain the inflation pressure XMI Glossary Inner Liner Splice The overlap of inner liner material inside the tire Liner
48. r the service application 2 Ifa large percentage of failed tires are of one brand when several makes of tires are used it may be that you have a problem with that manufacturer s tires While some deductions can be made simply by looking at an organized scrap pile more exact conclu sions can be derived regarding tire performance when tire records are maintained Accurate and simple records which include causes of failure cap numbers tread depths etc are extremely impor tant and helpful when purchasing decisions must be made IX Tire Inspections Remove all foreign objects and water from the tire and place on a spreader in a well lighted area For inspection purposes the tire can be divided into seven areas Tread or Crown Area Upper Sidewall and Shoulder Area on DOT side Upper Sidewall and Shoulder Area on non DOT side Lower Sidewall and Bead Area on DOT side Lower Sidewall and Bead Area on non DOT side Interior on DOT side Interior on non DOT side Se ae a For DOT explanation see TMC Recommended Practice 210A also see Glossary page XIII CROWN 7X Begin by inspecting the tread area Look for punctures cuts foreign objects and any distortion in the tread Move to the upper and lower sidewalls of the DOT side and then the non DOT side of the tire Inspect these areas for separation between casing components This is usually denoted by cracks or bulges damage to the bead and bead wires deterioration of
49. ration single axle high torque drive application with deep traction tread design may contribute to this condition rubber compound excessive or lack of undertread over curing EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment Retread if possible VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review tread design selection for application 95 APPEARANCE A crack appears at the tread edge which can extend into the belt The tread edge may lift off the casing PROBABLE CAUSE S Inadequate support of the belt package during operation which creates a new flex point in the tire The result is a breakdown of the belts or rubber at the bondline of the retread and the casing EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE pre ETERRA ET ERE Peet wedi LL on TIRE Consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment N 96 lm Eri i La man er a F ACTION Open Tread Splice APPEARANCE A space is evident between the tread ends PROBABLE CAUSE S Poor workmanship poor tread end adhesion or the tread was cut too EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE The tire may run out its tread life and be returned to service or consult your retreader for possible warranty adjustment and retread again 97 RETREAD CONDITIONS BULGES DEPRESSIONS D Bulges Depressions CH ja o Ta Z5 T md ar gt APPEARANCE
50. rematched to position flat spots 180 from each other If more severe the tire can be repaired or retreaded if damage TIRE is not into the belts If skid damage is into the tire belts it may be possible to remove the top belt and or rebelt the tire consult your retreader If damage is too excessive scrap tire VEHICLE Check brake materials and brake balance OPERATIONS Review driving procedures 39 APPEARANCE Sections of tread torn from the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Caused by tire running over curbs or rails or by severe localized impacts Aggravated by hot tires spread axles sharp turning and off road utilization EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Remove the tire from service Repair or retread VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review tire selection Review driving procedures Lug Base Cracking APPEARANCE One or more cracks in the tread rubber located between and at the base of lugs in the shoulder area PROBABLE CAUSE S This condition is caused by a combination of drive axle torque load and heat It also can be due to tire construction or started by stone drilling It is aggravated by underinflation EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If cracks do not extend into the retread buff line return to dual wheel service If cracks extend deeper consult your tire manufacturer APPEARANCE Wire protruding through the exterior or interior surface of the tire PROBABLE CAUSE S
51. repaired or the condition may arise somewhere along a body ply that has been damaged not necessarily in the repair area SIDEWALL EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Determine the cause of the bulge Repaired tires can often be returned to service on dual TIRE positions unless the bulge height exceeds 3 8 when inflated If the cause of the bulge is not a repair or damage contact the tire manufacturer VEHICLE None 14 Cuts And Snags Scrapes gouges or cuts 1n the sidewall APPEARANCE Road hazard curbing equipment damage wash rack rails pit rails vandalism etc PROBABLE CAUSE S TIVMAdIS EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION If damage has not exposed ply cords tire may be run out on dual positions If the cords TIRE are visible repair the tire if damage to the cords is within repair limits and return to Service otherwise scrap tire VEHICLE Ensure the tire does not come in contact with vehicle hardware If similar damage occurs on several tires investigate vehicle operations to determine the OPERATIONS cause of the damage 15 Sidewall Separation Irregular shaped bulge in mid upper sidewall area may progress to complete separation of sidewall rubber from the casing exposing the ply cords No repairs breaks or punctures in the casing are evident APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Loss of adhesion between the sidewall rubber and the body ply p gt m DQ
52. roper crown radius EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE 106 Failed Repair From Underinflation Cracks in the repair unit cracks emanating from the repair unit loose edges under the repair unit tacky surface around the repaired area or under the repair unit PROBABLE CAUSE S Running the tire underinflated due to a puncture cut bad valve stem lack of proper air pressure etc APPEARANCE EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE oa E j E E m E ACTION TIRE Repair again if permissible according to repair limit standards If the failure cannot be re repaired scrap tire VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Review tire inflation maintenance procedures and load conditions 107 Section Ill Radial Tire Wear Conditions and Causes Introduction to Radial Tire Wear Conditions and Causes To get maximum tread life from radial tires and reduce tire costs mile it is essential to minimize uneven tread wear and possible casing damage Section III of this manual provides a reference source and training aid which will assist the user in identifying radial tire wear patterns and determining causes which can then be corrected to minimize irregular wear The advantages of radial tires are that they are slow wearing which prolongs tread life and they provide a long footprint which reduces scrubbing and results in improved fuel economy Another advantage is improved casing durability which provides a potential cost savin
53. s Kinked Distorted Beads APPEARANCE Local areas of distortion in the bead seat area PROBABLE CAUSE S Improper use of tools or incorrect techniques used when mounting the tire shipping handling damage EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE TIRE VEHICLE OPERATIONS Circumferential indentation of the bead area on the tire APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Rusty rims improper bead rim lubrication and bent or damaged rims which result in improper bead seating Excessive heat in the bead area EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE If wires are visible scrap the tire If only the rubber is distorted return to service on other than the steer axle VEHICLE None Review mounting demounting procedures and the use of tire tools Ensure the tire s OPERATIONS beads are well lubricated Burned Beads Rough brittle distorted and or discolored hard surface in the bead area APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Excessive heat exposure caused by frequent hard braking improperly adjusted brakes faulty braking system insufficient air flow around the brakes EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION OPERATIONS Determine the source of excessive heat and correct the braking condition Reinforce Chafer Separation APPEARANCE Circumferential cracks above bead flange area with cord material exposed PROBABLE CAUSE S Improper bead seating improper rim size overload condition
54. sible Retreading and repairing tires and placing them back into service Presenting tires for warranty credit when applicable Improving tire maintenance and tire selection if necessary oe i Tire grading should be done prior to the tire being placed in a scrap pile After a tire has been dismounted from the rim and before it is rolled out the tire shop door the tire should be inspected with the following questions in mind Is the tire serviceable Is it repairable or retreadable Could it be used in a limited service operation Should the tire be presented to the original manufacturer or retreader for warranty If none of the above apply is it strictly junk eo lS S These questions must be answered before the tire is placed in the scrap pile since the tire may lose its usefulness to rust while waiting in the pile to be graded Any usable tire should be stored in a dry covered area Once it is determined that a tire should be scrapped the scrap pile itself should be organized Instead of piling tires randomly arrange them in lines leaning one against the other One line should be designated for originals one for Ist caps one for 2nd caps etc Bias tires should be separated from radials An organized scrap pile will allow you to make generalized conclusions at a glance in regards to failed tires 1 e 1 Ifa large percentage of tires fail due to a certain operational condition it may be that the tire is not suitable fo
55. ted by your tire repair supplier to determine repairability VEHICLE Severe impacts can cause bent rim flanges Inspect wheels and recheck alignment OPERATIONS Review driving procedures and driver education Impact Break Crack or break in tire interior surface May be accompanied by pulled or loose cords APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Sudden and excessive force applied to the tire exterior which exceeds reinforcing material limits May be caused by road hazard or driver abuse AOINALNI EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION OPERATIONS Review driving procedures CASING CONDITIONS E Any Area T en lt T p oT P Ta an 7 T P lt gt APPEARANCE Advanced deterioration of radial tire affecting 360 of tire sidewall PROBABLE CAUSE S Loss of inflation pressure Diagnosis of cause of inflation loss becomes difficult or impossible as this condition progresses EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION 68 APPEARANCE Random oriented cracking on tire sometimes associated with holes or punctures not otherwise explained PROBABLE CAUSE S Vehicle contact with electrical cables or lightning gt Z gt lt gt EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION Section Il Retread and Repair Conditions Introduction to Retread Conditions The area involved in retrea
56. the center of the tread PROBABLE CAUSE S Improper alignment worn king pins loose front wheel bearings exces sive axle loads EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE Nn p lt gt gt T a p lt DN ACTION Depending on severity of wear tires may be rotated to drive axle or if worn to minimum tread depths on shoulder submit for possible retreading VEHICLE Diagnose mechanical problem and correct OPERATIONS None 117 Diagonal Wear APPEARANCE Localized flat spots worn diagonally across the tread often repeating around tread circumference PROBABLE CAUSE S Runout and or out of balance in conjunction with a slow rate of wear Can develop from a brake skid spot wear shoulder wear or other advanced wear conditions Can also be caused by loose wheel bearings and is aggravated by misalignment EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e ar a p E a L lt pa pa w CeCe ROSSON Oe OOE mm OX ACTION The tire may be rotated to the outside drive dual position with change in rotation of the tire If wear is excessive submit to retreader for further options 118 Eccentric Out Of Round Wear APPEARANCE Considerable difference in tread depth between 90 and 180 apart PROBABLE CAUSE S Usually a result of excessive radial runout or other non uniformity in the rotating assembly e g hub stud circle wheel rim tire and or improper bead seating of tire on rim May
57. underinflation impact or possible manufacturing condition EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE it rae ACTION TIRE Remove from service and consult tire manufacturer VEHICLE None OPERATIONS Ensure proper rim sizes mounting procedures and inflation pressures are utilized Petro Lubricant Damage Rubber exhibits blistering swelling or spongy condition in the bead area In later stages the bead may appear dry and brittle Petroleum odor may be evident APPEARANCE PROBABLE CAUSE S Use of petroleum based products such as a lubricant 1 e oil diesel fuel and antifreeze EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION OPERATIONS Use of proper non petroleum based tire lubricants Bead Damage from Curbing APPEARANCE Localized rippling or waviness in the bead flange area with no exposed cord PROBABLE CAUSE S Curbing EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION 10 Bead Area Flow Crack PROBABLE CAUSE S Improper rubber flow during the manufacturing process EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE ACTION TIRE Remove from service and contact the tire manufacturer VEHICLE None OPERATIONS None 11 CASING CONDITIONS B Sidewall Area a 7 2 2 S Spread Damaged Cord APPEARANCE Radial pencil shaped bulge in the sidewall of a radial tire PROBABLE CAUSE S Wider than normal wire spacing A tire with a repair may show this condi tion soon after being
58. ys EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE e fa va s lt lt ea lt ACTION If condition is not excessive duals can be rematched to position flat spots 180 from each other If more severe the tire can be repaired or retreaded if damage is not into the belts If skid damage is into the tire belts it may be possible to remove the top belt and or rebelt the tire Consult your retreader If damage is excessive scrap tire VEHICLE Check brake material and brake balance OPERATIONS Review driver training program 130 Diagonal Wear APPEARANCE Localized flat spots worn diagonally across the tread at approximately 25 35 angles often repeating around tread circumference PROBABLE CAUSE S Bad wheel bearings toe out mismounting of tire and wheel assembly to trailer mismatched duals for size and or inflation pressures may start as brake skid Aggravated by high speed empty or light load hauls EXAMPLE PHOTO amp FIGURE SSS POCOOOO SHALL TIXV CIARA AE OA OO Ce ACTION TIRE Reverse direction of rotation of the tire If wear is excessive true or retread 131 Multiple Flat Spotting Wear APPEARANCE Numerous areas worn flat around circumference or tread PROBABLE CAUSE S Uneven dual loading due to mismatched inflation pressures or tire sizes worn wheel bearings imbalance air suspensions with bad shocks driver abuse of trailer brakes aggravated by high speed

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