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1. Suggest By Equation 11 Global Data If this option is selected the text size is defined in terms of X where X is the variable being shown In its simplest form the equation is size X however arbitrary expressions can also be built with the syntax described here Terms in the expression can consist of numeric constants variable names arithmetic operators pre defined functions The following binary arithmetic operators are supported addition E subtraction id multiplication i division remainder a exponentiation raise to power 59 Printed Documentation Variables and numeric values can be used and parentheses can also be used to any level of nesting Expressions can be sequenced and separated by semicolons with intermediate variables used Variable names are alphanumeric strings and are not case sensitive White space blank tab new line etc has no significance The following pre defined functions are supported These words are reserved and cannot be used as variable names abs n absolute value of n acos x arc cosine of x in radians asin x arc sine of x in radian atan x arc tangent of x in radians ceil x smallest integer gt x cos x cosine of x x in radians cosh x hyperbolic cosine of x x in radians E10 x 10 raised to the power x exp x exponential function of x floor x largest integer lt x log10 x base 10 logarithm of x log x
2. Always use this option OPT_DIRTYOBJ Use Value Description Memory Comments Optimize saving of network objects ON default OFF ON enables saving of dirty objects only Only saves the nodes amp links that have been altered this optimizes saving the network An internal flag is maintained for each object which indicates if the object s graphical attributes have altered from the time the database was opened None Always use this option 33 Printed Documentation lO BUF_SIZE Use Optimize database temporary buffer transfer times Value 0 32767 4096 by default Description The size of the temporary database file buffer in bytes This option allows the user to speed up database loads and saves by setting the size of the temporary file buffer There is an optimum size which depends on the local file system If insufficient memory is available a smaller buffer size will be used Memory The buffer size but allocated dynamically during the Load or Save operation Comments Always use this option as the memory requirements are transient The default buffer size should provide reasonable performance for most file systems OPT_PART_REC Use Optimize database record I O by accessing partial records Value ON default OFF ON enables accessing partial records Description Internally accessing a database field always required accessing the whole record first This optimization allows ac
3. Index AT Tankwater Use O F Infiltration Trench DE Cancel 199 12 PMP PMP Probable Maximum Precipitation PMP is defined as the greatest depth of precipitation for a given duration meteorologically possible for a given size storm area at a particular location at a particular time of year World Meteorological Organization 1986 PMP has been used to estimate the Probable Maximum Flood PMF for catchments which is essential for designing hydrological structures such as dam spillways etc Generalized methods for estimating PMPs have been developed and introduced for different parts of Australia from mid 1970s onwards The generalized methods available for Australia are GSDM Generalized Short Duration Method GSAM Generalized Southeast Australia Method GTSMR Generalized Tropical Storm Method Revised PMP Method Diagram PMP Method Zones PMP Method Table GSDM GSAM GTSMR PMP Method Diagram wire Transition 4 GSAM GSAM amp GTSMR GTSMR Southeast Fagor Tropical Dr IEE ri 1 Australia i m Aei Regions BI re EEE of Australia amp GSDM GSDM all Australia WCTas amp GSOM WCTas West coast Tasmania Source Guidebook to the Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation Generalised Southeast Australia Method Bureau of Meteorology Oct 2006 201 Printed Documentation PMP Method Table METHOD TEN s i West Coast
4. Use Value Description Memory Comments Set the maximum number of database records 0 200000 10 times MAX_LINKS by default Sets the maximum number of database records that XP may contain at any time 6k per 1000 database records or about 10k per 1000 nodes There is an additional work file requirement of 130k per 1000 database records or about 1 8Mb per 1000 nodes which is a disk file requirement normally but may be a direct memory requirement if OPT_DB_MEM is ON None DATE_FORMAT Use Used for defining a country specific format for date Value MM DD YY month day year format DD MM YY day month year format YY MM DD year month day format Two digit numbers must be supplied for days and months Years may be two or four digit If years are two digits the 20th century is assumed The separator between digits may be any non digit character so that the first format could be entered as mm dd yy which requires a forward slash character to be used as the separator in the actual date Description The definition is used to configure the program for various countries Any date entered in a dialog must conform to the format defined by this variable Memory None Comments Year 2000 compliance requires 4 digit year entry This variable is not usually modified CACHE_SIZE Use Set the size of a special database cache Value 0 32767 16 by default Description Sets the maximum number of database records in a
5. C Bs a T Oy ps Cancel Color Basic colors Custom colors E g E g Define Custom Colors gt gt Cancel 1 EENET 11 MENNEN 11 SHEED Y 11 TENENT e Dbase Filename This is the name of the database file that contains the attributes being encoded Encode Attributes This is a checkbox to turn on off the encoding of the selected attribute Encoding Field This combo box allows the user to select the attribute in the database file for encoding Color Windows Color palette shown below This is a column of colors assigned to the field value of the same row Selecting the on the cell brings up the Field Values This is a column of the selected attributes from the database file To the right is the color assigned to that shape file element 102 12 PMP Results THE RESULTS MENU Results Window Help Browse File FE Hesen Resulte rr Spatial Reports F11 Spatial Report Setting Graphical Encoding Fl AP Tables Fe Browse File Review Results Spatial Report Spatial Report Settings Graphical Encoding XP Tables Browse File This command allows the user to browse any text file on the system This command is intended to allow users to view their output files without leaving the XP environment but can be used for any ASCII text file Browse Output File EE Look in E p raftz EX RaftsE ng raftsE ng E Calant out Caljan01 2000 0ut File name Calan
6. Old catchments developed for over 20 years usually lack formalised overland flow paths When Old Urban is selected the storage delay factor B is modified depending on the Return Period event being analysed to reflect extra sub catchment storage Return Multiplication Period Factor 1 1 30 3 1 15 5 1 00 10 1 10 20 1 36 50 1 50 100 2 00 If old urban option not selected then B remains unmodified 139 Printed Documentation First sub catchment SubCatchment Data Node A1 Subcatchment 1 Rainfall Losses f Initial Continuing Soil 4 ARBM Loam Total Area 10 5 Impervious Yectored Slope 0 007 Mannings hn 0 025 Use 10 UnEqual Sub areas Use Direct Storage Coetticent Use non standard Storage Exponent Use Baseflow Cancel Rainfall Losses Ten unequal sub areas Direct Storage Coefficient Non Std Storage Exponent Local Storm Name Use Baseflow First Sub catchment It is usual to use the first sub catchment to determine dry weather Hydrographs and calculate either surface stormwater flows or sewage flows from both dry weather and wet weather sources STORMWATER MODELLING When rural stormwater flows are being considered only it is usual to only have one 1 sub catchment entering a node Catchment area is input in hectares When urban stormwater runoff is being analysed two sub catchments should be included to a node These should individually reflect the pervious and impervious
7. Pond Infiltration RAFTS provides for leakage from basins and reservoirs in addition to evaporation losses and conventional outflow Three strata situations are presently covered These include a Shallow Water Table Deep Water Table and Clogged Surface Layer The equations utilise the work of Bouwer 1978 Bear et al 1968 and Todd 1980 to define shallow water table situations The methods prescribed are similar to those utilised by Main Roads Western Australia PC SUMP C software Basin Infiltration Rate Discharge through basin floor infiltration expressed in m hr This value represents the hydraulic conductivity of the basin floor Clogged layer Thickness of clogged layer in metres The Permeability value or infiltration rate in m hr should now relate to this clogged layer Water table Depth of water table below the invert of the basin in metres This option is only required if the Shallow water table flag is turned ON Shallow Water table Select this option to model a shallow water table at the given depth If this flag is off then a deep water table is implied with no interaction with the infiltration flow 127 Printed Documentation Outlet Optimization Pipe Outlet Optimisation Node Retbas Pipe Optimization Criterion Maximum Storage O Note Upper Outlet is optimized if defined Objective Minimize Pipe Size Masimum Discharge O Cancel Optimisation Contains data
8. This allows you to specify the font in which you wish to display the window legend The normal Windows conventions regarding bitmap and true type fonts are supported Size Display When selected the size of the text is in inches mm regardless of scale Real World When selected the text size is displayed relative to the network scale Show Frame When selected a rectangular frame is drawn around the legend Show Heading If this option is selected the legend title is shown Opaque Legend If this option is selected a legend title will be shown Variable The variable list displayed when one of these buttons is selected shows the data and results that are available for graphical encoding If the variable selected has multiple instances ie Residential Commercial etc then a combination of Variable and Instances must be selected To show all instances of a selected variable all combinations of Variable Instance must be selected Yanable Selection EJ Conduit Data _ Routing General Data ESF Low Flow Pipe Data Cross sectional Data Lagging General Data 5d Hydrograph Lag Results 34 Channel Depth d Channel Outflow Peak 28 Pipe Outflow 34 Avg Channel Roughness SEF Avg Channel Yelocity OF Cancel Descritor Visual Entity Three graphical entities colour size and text height are available for each of the two object types Node Color Node Size Node Label Size Link Color
9. natural logarithm of x sin x sine of x x in radians sinh x hyperbolic sine of x sqrt x square root of x tan h tangent of x x in radians tanh h hyperbolic tangent of x x in radians jO x bessel function of first kind order O ji x bessel function of first kind order 1 yO x bessel function of second kind order O y1 x bessel function of second kind order 1 max x1 x2 larger of x1 and x2 min x1 x2 smaller of x1 and x2 Function arguments must be enclosed in parentheses e g sin y not siny or sin y The function names are not case sensitive There are no user defined functions as yet Examples 2 5 a42 b 1 2 c42 sin d By Linear Relationship The text size will be displayed in a stepwise linear function using the Data Value Node Size relationship entered in the following DLIST You can insert and delete rows using the Insert and Delete keys and you can scroll through the list using the arrow keys The data is presented in discrete stepped ranges Data is plotted in a selected colour provided it falls within the range Low Value lt Data Value lt High Value The Data Range shown in this dialog shows the maximum and minimum value of the selected variable currently contained within all objects in the database Size Display If this option is selected the size of the text will be in mm regardless of scale 60 11 Global Data Real World If this option is selected t
10. 15 39 6 39 49 53 49 53 48 52 45 46 108 105 22 87 71 68 42 22 92 103 14 38 97 68 22 104 104 108 219 22 7 8 99 Toolstrip Total Hydrograph Export File Transporting Hydrographs TRAVERSING THE NETWORK Treatmetn of Subareas Type Type U Unique Name Unit Units Units Menu Upper Outlet Use Baseflow Use Default Offset Use Hotstart File User Interface USING THE COPY BUFFER V Validity Checks Variable Variable Selection Velocity Vertex View Image View Menu Visual Entity W Warning Water Sensitive Urban Design Weir Wetted Perimeter Width Width Window Window Legend Window Legend Window Scaling World Rectangle X XP XP Metafile 10 176 213 13 221 48 49 52 49 11 48 52 105 107 126 116 143 46 177 26 10 47 51 57 104 82 43 10 13 39 110 13 39 57 109 150 198 39 162 50 54 49 4 56 56 14 13 14 23 18 20 21 XP Metafile Output File 21 XP SYSTEM CAPABILITIES 205 XP Tables 9 103 104 193 XP RAFTS INI 31 XP RAFTS INI FILE 31 XP RatHGL 75 XP SWMM XP UDD Format Hydrograph Export File176 XPTMP 22 XPX Command Reference 84 XPX Data Command 85 XPX Format 75 84 XPX Format File XPX Format File XPX Global Database Command XPX Import XPX Link Command XPX Node Command XPX Table Command Z Zoom In39 Out Index 75 84 87 75 85 84 86 12 14 97 14 39 253
11. 162 219 42 49 50 54 10 39 44 10 63 68 160 66 61 64 231 55 55 46 176 143 Locate Interactively Location Offset from Attachment Point Real World Coordinates Lock Nodes Loss Models Low Flow Pipe Lower Soil Zone Drainage M Manhole Width Map Coordinates MAX_DBCARDS MAX_LINKS MAX_NODES MAX_PICTS MAX_TEXTS Menu Minimum Cover Mnemonic Moody Diagram Mouse Moving Objects Multi Run Menu N NAMING AN ELEMENT NETWORK MANIPULATION Network Overview New Database New Menu New Project Menu No Of Parallel Conduits Node Label Name Node Colour Node Data Node Label Size Node Name Node Size Nodes Non std storage exponent Normal Sillway 46 45 45 45 98 211 164 237 162 17 35 35 34 34 34 4 43 162 48 52 164 4 6 13 38 95 96 11 205 99 12 75 94 72 93 162 10 39 89 91 57 58 111 61 91 58 55 141 154 Index Normal Spillway 129 Notation 39 Notes Menu 91 O Object 10 Icon 6 Oriented 4 Sizes 15 Object Filter 55 Object Filter Links 55 Object Filter Nodes 55 Object Selection 55 Object Selection 55 82 OK 22 Onsite Detention Retention 144 OnsiteDetention Retention Dialog 145 195 Opaque 49 Open Database 13 Open Menu 73 OPT_DB_KEY 32 OPT_DB_MEM 33 OPT_DIRTYOBJ 33 OPT_IDX_ACCESS 33 OPT_PART_REC 34 OPT_RAF_NODE_ADV_BTN 32 OPT_RAF_OSD_ADVANCED 33 OPT_RAF_SIMPLE_OSD_ADV_BTN 32 OPT_REDRAW 33 Orifice 39 Origin 13 OSD Details 151 196
12. 400 000000 600 000000 600 000000 600 000000 Red I 1000 000000 IO E Data Range Mim 0 000000 Max 1000 000000 Cancel The data is presented in discrete stepped ranges Data is plotted in a selected colour provided it falls within the range Low Value lt Data Value lt High Value 63 Printed Documentation The Data Range shown in this dialog shows the maximum and minimum value of the selected variable currently contained within all objects in the database Suggest The Suggest button will break the minimum and maximum data range into 5 equal partitions and allocate a pre determined colour to each Graph The graph button will display the data entered in the value size DLIST as an XY graph Link Width The Link width can be used to represent the value of the data variable in one of two ways either by an equation or by a stepwise linear function Link Width Total Link Length Sas 0 000000 2 000000 1000 000000 10 000000 By Equation By Linear Relationship Graph Size Interpretation Suggest By Equation If this option is selected the link width is defined in terms of X where X is the variable being shown In its simplest form the equation is size X however arbitrary expressions can also be built with the syntax described here Terms in the expression can consist of numeric constants variable names 64 11 Global Data e arithmetic operators pre defined funct
13. Cancel Edt Definition of hydsys gauged rainfall data HydSys Format File The name of the file which contains the rainfall intensity or stream flow information If the Select button is activated then a get file dialog presented allowing the user to choose the appropriate file You may create your own file by entering the name of a non existing file in this field HySys Station Name A number identifying the station for which data is held in the file defined above Typically the name of the field station of interest You may create a new station name by entering a non existing name in this field Run Duration The HydSys data must at least span this period with the first date and time being the same as or prior to the input start time and date in the Job Control dialog When the number of routing intervals multiplied by the routing increment is shorter than this Run Duration continuous modeling will be automatically instigated with the partition length equal to the number of routing intervals multiplied by the routing increment A typical partition can be set at one day when routing at 5 minutes by setting the number of increments to 288 Sort Button Use the sort button to sort the list chronologically HydSys Date This item specifies the end date for the value on the current row except for the first row and the start date for the value on the following row except for the last row HydSys Time This item specifies the en
14. Color Line Thickness Text Font I Red J hin J Arial Text Height Display Size C Real World Size Mode size Display Size C Real vorld Size ha metres a Picture File A bitmap image can be attached to a node by entering the name of a graphics file in the Picture File field The formats currently supported are BMP DXF EPS FAX IMG JPG PCD PCX PNG TGA TIF WMF WPG XBMP XDCX XEPS XJPG XPCX and XTIF CREATING A BACKGROUND Background pictures are special objects that can be created to act as passive backdrop on which the rest of the network may be overlaid Pictures are stored in an internal graphics format as files on disk These Picture files must be present for the background to be drawn There is neither a limit to the number of background pictures that may be loaded into the network nor to the size of an individual picture In general these objects can be manipulated in the same way as any other network object with the exception that the lt Ctrl gt key must be used in conjunction with any other action Thus pictures can be selected deleted moved hidden etc A picture may be re scaled isotropically by holding down the lt Shift gt and lt Ctrl gt keys Three background picture formats are supported DWG DXF and HPGL 1 DWG and DXF files are supported in their native format HPGL 1 files must be translated to a PIC format using the supplied converter CVTHPGL EXE See Also Impor
15. Environmental Protection Agency Athens Georgia Hromadka Il T V McCuen R H and Yen C C 1988 Effect of Watershed Subdivision on Prediction Accuracy of Hydrologic Models Hydrosoft Volume 1 No 1 Computational Mechanics Publications Southampton Institution of Engineers Australia 1987 Australian Rainfall and Runoff A Guide to Flood Estimation edited by D H Pilgrim and R P Canterford Volumes 1 and 2 Revised Edition November 1987 Canberra INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA Australian Rainfall and Runoff 1977 Izzard C F 1946 Hydraulics of runoff from developed surfaces US Highway Research Board Volume 26 pp 129 150 James W and Scheckenberger R 1983 Storm Dynamics Model for Urban Runoff International Symposium on Urban Hydrology Hydraulics and Sediment Control University of Kentucky Lexington Kidd C H R 1978 Rainfall runoff processes over urban surfaces Proceedings of an International Workshop Institute of Hydrology Wallingford April 242 Index Kidd C H R and Lowing M J 1979 The Wallingford Urban Sub catchment Model UK Institute of Hydrology Report No 60 November Knapp J W Schaake Jr J C and Viessman W 1963 Measuring rainfall and runoff at stormwater inlets Proceedings of ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics Division Volume 89 No HY5 pp 99 115 September Kuichling E 1889 The relationship between the rainfall and the discharge of sewers in populous a
16. Hide Arrows Hide Arrows Hide Link Labels Hide on Creation Hide Reports Highlight Hints on Background Picture Creation Histroical Events Hourglass Icon HPGL HPGL File Format Hydraulic Area Hydrodynamic Modelling Hydrograph Export Hydrograph Generation Hydrograph Generation Module Hydsys Hydrographs Hydsys Prophet Storm Name Hydsys Storms I Icon Icons IFD Coefficients Impervious Areas Loss Parameters Import Import Data Menu Import External Databases Importing Background Pictures Importing Data 248 203 204 213 164 162 148 150 162 150 8 49 50 54 55 49 49 46 55 55 55 46 54 11 98 19 223 6 17 18 20 20 162 214 115 209 222 183 118 182 4 22 6 7 8 188 238 83 75 76 17 216 Inference Engine Infiltration Infiltration Parameters Infrastructure Initial and Continuing Loss Model Initial Losses Insert Insert Before Insert Append Instance Integrity Checks Interconnected Basins Inter nodal Loss Invert Elevation Invert Level IO_BUF_SIZE J Job Control Job Control Menu K Keyboard Equivalent L Lagging Link Data Legend Legend Length Library Module LIBM Licence Details Line Type Link Frame Display Tool Link Colour Link Data Link Label Size Link Width Link Conduit Module Links Load Load Report Local Hydrograph Export File Local Storm Name 155 233 227 187 91 47 51 47 51 47 51 175 162 162 162 34 9 105 169 106 42 160 55 56
17. Hydrograph Export Simulation Details Title Alesh River Catchment Hunan Province Storm Tepe Results O Global Generate data echo Catchment Dependent Save All Results for Reviews Clear existing results Storage Coefficient Evaporation Multiplication Factor Interconnected basins Global Hydas filename RAFTS will automatically generate design storms from the IFD curves and temporal patterns It will calculate the probable maximum precipitation PMP for the short or long durations Global Storm Generator PMP 173 Printed Documentation Evaporation Yearly Evaporation Total Evag Sun Rise Sun Set an 5 50 8 00 eb 5 60 8 00 Mar 4 10 8 00 Apr 2 80 8 00 60 3 00 18 00 40 9 00 18 00 50 9 00 18 00 90 09 00 18 00 Des jeo oeoo 16 00 Cancel Evaporation data is optional and is usually used when applying the soil infiltration module ARBM Pan Evaporation Data is input as average mm day values for each month with appropriate mean monthly sunrise and sunset values in decimal hours Yearly Evaporation Evaporation data is only required when using the infiltration option for estimating excess rainfall and or including evaporation from reservoirs Data is entered in mm day averaged over a month Time of Sunrise and Sunset is also entered in hours and minutes in 24 hour format to limit evaporation to daylight hours Evaporation from Basins Whenever evaporation data is ente
18. Number of Pipes i Enter Pipe Capacity Directly 1 1 Lancel This group of data describes any pipe under the channel section If a pipe slope is provided greater than 0 0 with no diameter RAFTS will estimate using Manning s Equation a pipe diameter to just contain the total inflow hydrograph at the top of the link after basin routing if present Natural surface information may be entered for any reach in the system The offset x m ft and the elevation m ft is entered into the table shown These values are additional to the cover level entered for each pit which is assumed to be a design level Any number of values may be entered between each pit The Natural Surface profile is used when checking cover requirements following a Design run or prior to an Analysis run Any conflicts are reported to the error log and may be viewed as usual Note that if both a Design Surface and Natural Surface are defined then the Design Surface takes precedence in the checking that is performed 165 Printed Documentation DIVERSION LINK DATA Diversion Data Divert An overland diversion is a special type of link object shown in a network as a dashed line Primary Overflow Path The primary overflow path may be the next downstream pit in the network or it may be any other pit in the network This path represents the preferred or priority direction of flooded node flows Primary Overflow Characteristics These are the characteristics a
19. Outlet Optimization 128 Output 216 Output Control 114 Overview 209 Overwrite 72 P Palette 10 38 Panning 13 97 PANNING AROUND THE NETWORK 13 Paste 26 87 88 104 Paste Data Menu 88 249 Printed Documentation Pasting Pen Numbers Pervious Area Pervious Areas Loss Parameters Phillip s Infiltration Model PHILOSOPHY Physical Attributes Picture Attributes Colours Re Scaled Picture File Pipe Diameter Pipe Roughness PL_DEF PMP PMP Method Diagram PMP Method Table PMP Method Zones Point Pointer Tool POINTER Pointing Device Hand Polylink Pop up Menu POP UP MENUS Precision Preferences Previous Menu Primary Height to Spill Primary Overflow Characteristics Primary Overflow Path Primary Permissible Site Discharge Print Results Print Network Print Preview Print Setup 250 26 17 19 150 238 232 22 10 12 14 22 14 19 12 11 164 164 17 201 201 201 202 12 38 4 39 10 13 39 92 11 110 48 52 55 97 148 163 164 163 164 148 43 7 83 83 83 Program Organisation Project Details Project Icons PROJECTS Prophet Stage Data Prophet Storms Pump Q Quit Menu R Radio Button Rafts Cross Section Rafts Storm Name RAFTS Storms Rainfall Rainfall Loss Method Rainfall Loss Module Rainfall Loss Name Ram Disk Real World Units Real World Coordinates Reasonable Range Checking Reasoning System Recent Files Reconnecting Links RECONNECTING OBJEC
20. Roof Area Road Area Paved Area The three component percentages should added up to 100 Capture The capture values for each impervious component area is the that enters the OSD s Pervious Area Similarly the of the pervious area component that enters the OSD s is also required Average Allotment Density The average allotment density in number of lots per ha is required mainly for the rainwater tank component of any OSD systems Dev Area Ratio This ratio describes the area of controllable private land by OSD over the total sub catchment area For example if the total sub catchment contains a large urban residential component that requires OSD control however also contains say 20 of parkland and public road that is not controlled by OSD then the Dev Area Total Area ratio would be 0 8 150 13 XP System WSUD Onsite Detention Retention Water Sensitive Urban Design On site Detention Roof Rainwater Tanks 2 Diversion gt D C E A Tankwaker Use TE Subcatchment Land Use and OSO Capture Impervious Non D evelopment Land Use amp Area 4 Roof Area 45 Road trea jer jo fi A Paved rea 20 31 Infiltration Trench 100 53 Pervious Area Average Allotment Density E Noha OF Cancel OSD Details 151 Printed Documentation OSD Details Site Storage Requirements 55A Storage General Data Evaporation 75 me Y Permissible Site Discharge PSD Norm
21. Se sochmnes ob 4 Node Point defining locations of hydrographs Convergent and Divergent Links xprafts currently allow both convergent and divergent link networks The normal convergent system is displayed in the example shown in the figure above Divergent flows are handled by defining a link capacity for the sub catchment in question followed by a separate link number to which overflows are directed The overflow stored in the separate link can either be removed from the network completely or can rejoin at a lower junction by normal linking procedures In addition the user may set a fraction of the flow to be diverted once flow exceeds a threshold through the use of a diversion link in xprafts Development of Catchment Channel amp Network Data The main components of the catchment model are the sub catchments links and subareas defined in Definition of Link The arrangement sequencing and number of individual elements is made entirely flexible to appropriately represent watershed components Nodes representing the outlet of individual sub catchments and links are described graphically within the user environment 220 Index Catchment Area Representation In general the sub catchments are established by dividing the main catchment into areas defined by tributaries and ridges The link network connects these sub catchments In the xprafts context sub catchments are usually drawn to points where flows are requi
22. Slope Length Manning s n and Culvert Method fields are ignored Box Culvert Data required for box culverts height m and width m Culvert Method Std Rafts Culvert Stage Discharge calculations carried out using traditional RAFTS equations described in manual Culvert Method FHWA Culvert Stage Discharge calculations carried out using FHWA methods Not available at present Entrance loss Coefficient Culvert entrance loss coefficient default equal to 0 5 Culvert Slope Slope of normal outlet conduit under embankment Pipe Length Normal outlet pipe length under embankment m Manning s Roughness Manning s roughness of culvert conduit No of Conduits Number of conduit barrels or orifices All barrels are assumed equal Tank Detail Tanks DetailsDiversion Gutter Inflow First Flush Bypass Ayr Space hein Water Level Tanke Per Allotment 1 Roof Capture amp Cancel Reuse 158 13 XP System Resue Monthy Weekly Daily 7 Mon a wedaf o Cancel Help 159 9 Link Data LINK DATA To input or edit the attribute or model specific data associated with a link either double click on the link or select the link and choose the DATA command from the Edit Menu Three types of links are presently supported in xprafts a simple Lagging Link a Routing Link and a Diversion Link Diversion links are created with the Diversion Link LAGGING LINK DATA A solid link re
23. This is a string of value s which will be placed in the database field specified by the field_name string attached to the object specified by the object_name string There must be as many data items in the data string as is specified by the value of the count variable and they must be separated by at least 1 one space DATA VIL Link1 O 1 59 9 DATA LIL Link1 0 1 21 8 STABLE TABLE_END The data_command is used to assign data attributes to objects links and nodes which have been defined earlier in the XPX file It must begin with the word DATA and be followed by a field_name and object_name to attach the data to an instance a count and data_string the actual data being defined XPX format has been enhanced to allow the import of CSV files The format of the file is as below The first line signifies the beginning of the table format The second line contains all the XP variable names The remaining lines except the last contains the object name instance of data usually 0 index usually 1 and then the data for each variable SYNTAX VARIABLES Field_name_string Object_name String Instance Integer Count Integer Data_string String EXAMPLE TABLE 86 TABLE field_name_string object_name instance count data_string TABLE_END The field_name_string is any name pertinent to this type of object either link or node The name is not case sensitive Any number of variables ca
24. Vol 10 pp 143 150 Terstriep M L and Stall J B 1974 The Illinios Urban Drainage Area Simulator ILLUDAS Bulletin 58 Illinios State Water Survey Urbana Tholin A L and Keifer C J 1960 The hydrology of urban runoff Transactions ASCE Volume 125 pp 1308 1379 U K National Water Council 1981 Design and Analysis of Urban Storm Drainage The Wallingford Procedure 5 volumes London U S Army Corps of Engineers HEC 1990 HEC 1 Flood Hydrology Package User s Manual Sacramento U S Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service 1975 Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds Soil Conservation Service Technical Release SCS TR 55 Washington Van den Berg J A de Jong J and Schultz E 1977 Some qualitative and quantitative aspects of surface water in an urban area with separate storm water and waste water systems Proceedings of Symposium on the effects of urbanisation and industrialisation on the hydrological regime and on water quality Amsterdam AHS IAHS Publication No 123 Watkins L H 1962 The Design of Urban Sewer Systems Research into the Relation Between Rate of Rainfall and Rate of Flow in Sewers U K Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Road Research Laboratory Technical Paper No 55 Watson M D 1981 Time Area Method of Flood Estimation for Small Catchments Report 7 81 Hydrological Research Unit University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Wilkinson A 1995 Rainfall Vari
25. node The X value is the horizontal plane coordinate right is positive used to locate the node object on the screen This value may be a real world coordinate value or simply an arbitrary value to locate the node schematically This is a real number of up to 20 significant figures This number must be specified The Y value is the vertical plane coordinate up is positive used to locate the node object on the screen This value may be a real world coordinate value or simply an arbitrary value to locate the node schematically This is a real number of up to 20 significant figures This number must be specified command node_type node_name x Y NODE 134 mh a1 45634 945 120341 012 XPX Link Command COMMAND DESCRIPTION SYNTAX VARIABLES Link_type Integer Link_name String Node_from String Node to String EXAMPLE LINK The link command consists of the word LINK followed by the link_type which specifies its screen appearance the link_name the node_from and the node to LINK link_type node_ from node_to y The link_type is an integer value which specifies the type of line which will be used to represent the link on screen The link_type will determine whether this link link_name represents a sinkgle conduit solid line or multiple conduits or diversions dashed line The table below specifies the valid values for link_type and there meanings Link_type Line type Conduit type 0 Line Single Condui
26. scaled into a dimensionless temporal pattern entered under temporal pattern menu to represent the local instantaneous diurnal flow hydrograph to a node To conserve this input flow pattern without any further routing to the node it is necessary to input a 100 impervious percentage within the sub catchment data Wet weather sewage infiltration flows utilize normal storm intensity and temporal pattern data Catchment Dependent Storm Routing Control Routing Increment 60 Ho of Intervals 6000 Show simulation details Simulation Starts at 01705 1999 03 00 dee rom hh mm Simulation will rum for 250 days O hours minutes OR Cancel Stormwater Modeling Observed spatial and temporal variations in historical rainfall events may be simulated by applying different rainfall data for each subcatchment according to rainfall and pluviograph records Sewer Modeling To estimate dry weather sewage flows average intensity is input as 1 d 24 per EP This value is scaled into a dimensionless temporal pattern entered under temporal pattern menu to represent the local instantaneous diurnal flow hydrograph to a node To conserve this input flow pattern without any further routing to the node it is necessary to input a 100 impervious percentage within the sub catchment data Wet weather sewage infiltration flows utilize normal storm intensity and temporal pattern data 172 Index Automatic Storm Generator Job Control Job Definition
27. the user is asked to confirm that the data entered is correct and is not a typographical error These checks are applied to individual data items and are classed as low level consistency checks High level consistency checks are also made which generally involve placing constraints on relationships between data items Because these checks rely on the existence of independent data items often there is insufficient data for XP to perform these high level checks interactively These integrity checks are therefore performed off line at the point of generating the data file for the model to solve 23 5 Customizing xprafts 25 4 The Copy Paste Buffer USING THE COPY BUFFER The XP system uses an internal buffer to move or copy information between dialogs Data may be copied in which case the original data remains unchanged or it may be cut in which case the data is copied into the copy buffer and then data in the copied object is cleared and reset to its default value At present copying or cutting is restricted to either one item of a dialog or to the entire data structure of a node or link Data can only be pasted into similar objects ie node data cannot be pasted into any object except for the same type of node This is transparent to the user so you may select a multitude of different types of objects before pasting and the data will only be pasted into objects of the same type and mode as the parent Data
28. 57 Node Colour 58 A te a ee Gad Node Size 58 By Equation 59 By Linear Relationship 60 Size 60 Suggest 61 Graph 61 Node Label Size 61 By Equation 61 By Linear Relationship 62 Size 63 Suggest 63 Table of Contents Graph 63 Link Colour 63 SUGGESTE nase ontesves cep esosiei tes e al esse Graph 64 Link Width 64 By Equation 64 By Linear Relationship 65 Size 66 Suggest 66 Graph 66 Link Label Size 66 By Equation 67 By Linear Relationship 68 Size 68 Suggest 68 Graph 68 THE WINDOWS MENU 68 THE HELP MENU 68 File 71 Save AS Templates ae enlarge Ve O A a ne ee a IR Ran De sl de RAPE hen ee ee yes JR Mat APO D 1 FRSSERE EINE SNUERLISE NEE a TOR DEE PEDRDER TILNE ADEBE NEN SONDER DIE RODETESINICRTEPEBDEBEGNDORETEETSEDOESINELTELNDEBEDENDDEENDEEPOPDIRE Spreadsheet Imperia een Import External Palabasesa un n see een nr nee EXPO gt gt eR a ee ee e ld ee ere Object Selection 82 cie A Cae ne E ee ee en FEN aR TN E Pe E Re NE Edit 87 THE EBIFMENV ss clos e 0 trek idee cette ne Bie as e ate es Rai de da do dido So A O or ee a WE ee a a Re Io Table of Contents ODD adas Ga en na neta denna et Si 88 Paste Dal ee arc et ances at eget ee re are setae db ele Edita 88 Clear Dala iu ts A E 88 Delet Objects ee 89 ED ee er EN ne 89 ADOS series ans se 89 FON Eee ae a a rear Basar 91 Node Namen ee n a a a aa ana aaier 91 Notes nee nes nee seele 91 EL g A N E Re ee ee ee Eee a eee ee ehe 92 Pro
29. Catchment Channel amp Network Data oocoocccccccocccocccocncocnconccononononnnconnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonononononcnnnnonos 220 Catchment Area Representation ccccccccssecceeeeceeeccececeuecceeeceseceuecsseceseeeesueecueeseuessegeseeeesseeeseeeaueeesseesusssagessaeenes 221 Treatment Ol SUBD Al CAS sce an ee ad 221 Graphical amp e Tabular Outpul css eee ee te ene ee ee 222 Hydrograph Generation Module ainia tddi datan 222 GatehmentR ata ly li indias 223 Design Rainfall Bursts lt a ea 223 Histotical EV GINS SI A A Reden RER add 223 Continuous Rantal Data AP A E Om O po osnscuse ica nasi osteo escent 223 Sub catchment Rainfall Routing Processes ococooococonononccnocnnonorononanoncncrnn nono nono EEEE EE EEEEEEEEEEEE EEEE EEEE EEEE REEERE EEEE 223 ROUNNg Melodias aE A os 225 Storage Discharge RelatiONSHiP oooccconcncnoncncnonconnnorononnnnnnnoroncono nono eee nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnsnnnnnennnensnnnnnnnnnsnsnnsnennunssen sure 225 Goefficients B and Mis Bee enges 226 B MOdIN Cala ACOUS ee ne een 226 Ralntall Loss MOGE sonal dial 227 nitial and GCOnumuInG LOS MOS A E E 227 Retardind Bas Ml o deL da le 228 Routing o A a N ea yates net scale Ses ca aches de coe ay ated ue acetate vate 229 Basin Stage Storage Relationships rss 230 Basin Stage Discharge Relatons IIS atomica 230 BaS OUG een lenken 231 LAK CONAM MOQUE rn re A A A di 231 PRIS SIRIO Modules Eee det ed eee cede 232 Impervious and Pervious Areas L
30. Coordinates If this option is selected Rafts expects the normal spillway to be described by way of level discharge co ordinates Zero level in this case starts from the weir still level Discharges are in m43 s 129 Printed Documentation Fuseplug Spillway Fuseplug Spillway Mode Retbas Width Depth Sill Haze Weir C 4 2 Ye GY 7 Wy Val LG gt lt 2 Cancel Fuseplug Spillway Data for an erodible spillway Up to a 3 stage failure mode spillway system is allowed Fuseplug Spillway Width Length of fuseplug spillway in metres Surcharge Depth Surcharge depth to initiate failure in metres Sill Level of Spillway Sill Base Level of base of spillway This level is assumed to be the final failure level Weir Coefficient Weir Coefficient used in Weir equation The default value is 1 7 Decay Rate Lateral decay rate of failure in m hr The time to fail is interpreted linearly after failure commences Failure occurs laterally over full depth while water level above base RL Basin Tailwater Tailwater Contains data necessary when considering interconnected basins 130 13 XP System Tathwater Parameters Node Retbas Downstream Interconnected Basin Mode w Flap Gate Cancel Tailwater Initial Rating Tailwater_Initial_ Rating gt Main Downstream Connected Node Only required when the hydraulically interconnected basins option is applied It is the appropriate downstream node
31. Discharge HP Tables 5 calib Forecast Adjustment Farms LINK On site Detention Retentien OSD Details Tank Details Tankwater Use Water Sensitive Urban Design Cancel Toggle the box to expand collapse the list of global databases Use the vertical slider bar or resize the dialog window to view the complete list mad i Use the buttons in the right column create edit and delete Global Database records Units This Dialog allows you to select between Metric and U S Standard units for the model When a NEW database is created the units will be prompted for If units are changed after a database is created then data conversions are NOT done It is important to set the units expected to be used at the time a database is created 107 Printed Documentation Input Units O __ Caneel _ Tools THE TOOLS MENU The Tools menu lists commands that are not part of the generic XP interface but are specific to individual applications in this case XP Rafts2000 Palmae Modem NE T EET Settings Export To DXF Calibrate Model Encrypt for Viewer Analyze THE ANALYZE MENU a Solve Show Errors 108 12 PMP Solve This menu command is used to commence analysis of the network The data is first checked for consistency and if it is found to be sound the network can be analysed and the analysis engine is invoked Otherwise a window showing all the data inconsistency errors
32. Enter directly Long Section f Calculated K and ss da Cross section Long Section a Rafts HEC 2 Low low pipe details LoweFlow Pipe Hydrodynamic Modelling The hydrographs generated in xprafts may be directly transferred to the XP EXTRAN hydrodynamic simulation model as well as to the MIKE 11 unsteady flow open channel hydraulics model Hydrographs may also be read back into another xprafts model Storage Basins Any node in xprafts may be defined as a storage node This storage may be quite small a few cubic metres or quite large gigalitres or any size in between On line and off line storages may be simulated and the storages may be hydraulically interconnected Puls level pool routing technique is used to route the inflow hydrograph through the nominated storages A stage storage relationship is defined for each of the storages The outlet structures that may be handled include 214 Index UPSTREAM DOWNETREAM Stage zero for BASIN Upstream basin BASIN welt coordinates ir mormel tailwuter erg in lerm ol STAGES l Downstream basin tl 2 Spillway Sill Level ln Ad Aon pipo case onb iO f Non pipe casa only Stags Zero for norma outlet ELEVATION PELA Pipa Diameter or Width Facto When uang Sage Lischarge corordinates FDIA 1 For rorn Giredar quiets POD A is a width lact er mukiplar of tha Sage Discharge cura lage Storage amp
33. In this instance the Catchment area for wet weather infiltration is input in hectares Dry weather flow catchment area is HOWEVER NOT INPUT IN HECTARES To reflect an instantaneous diurnal dry weather flow pattern it is necessary to input as catchment area EP divided by 10 000 ie Catchment area input EP 10 000 Appropriate flow values per EP for the sub catchment together with an appropriate dimensionless diurnal temporal pattern is provided in the global storm database under Global Menu It is usual to use the first sub catchment to determine dry weather flow and the second sub catchment to estimate both direct and indirect infiltration flows 136 13 XP System Rainfall Losses Select Init Cont Losses Select Cancel E dit Clear Rename Delete Add fs and loam ARBM Losses Select Cancel E dit Clear Rename Delete Loss Reference A reference to the global database of ARBM losses or Initial Continuing losses The type of reference depends on the loss type selected in the previous dialog for the total subcatchment Rainfall Losses Rainfall loss data to be applied to this portion of the sub catchment The values can be edited here or under the Global Data menu 137 Printed Documentation Ten unequal sub areas 10 Unequal Sub areas Mode R E Subareaz 1 2 3 4 5 E BR ae a 10 Cancel Unequal Subareas Option to select ten unequal suba
34. Initial Water Level O Initial Basin Outtlow 1 Storage Routing Interval 200 Mon A outed Baseflow 0 Baseflorm Time Lag O cael Initial Basin Inflow Basin inflow m43 s at start of simulation Used only when assessing partially full basin Initial Water Level Initial Basin Water Level m at beginning of the simulation Initial Basin Outflow Initial Basin Outflow m 3 s at the beginning of the simulation to align with total level discharge relationship and assumed initial water level in basin Storage Routing Interval Volume routing increment m3 The default value is 200 m3 Consideration should be given to decreasing or increasing this volume to either maintain numerical stability in small basins or decrease computing time in bigger basins respectively A desirable volume routing increment should be less then 10 of expected Max Basin Storage for numerical stability and greater than 0 001 of the same to avoid time consuming basin routing simulations Non Routed Baseflow Non routed baseflow under basin usually in underground conduit The non routed discharge is optionally subtracted from the total inflow hydrograph to the basin so separate routing can occur The basin outflow hydrograph is the combination of the routed surface flow plus the non routed but lagged non routed flow It is possible to examine the separate outflows under the full text outflow option Baseflow Lag Time Lag time of non routed b
35. Interception Storage ae T et t yi yi E ER PS E Tt Depression Storage k nfiltration ee Upper Sail Lower Soil Moisture Redistrition y Groundwater Storage Capacities Infiltration etc Evapotranspiration Typical ARBM Parameters for Canberra Catchments 186 Index Initial Continuing Losses Irutial Continuing Losses Initial Loss f z Rainfall Hi de Excess rainfall Intensity Immhr Continuing Loss Proportional Absolute Time hr Cancel Initial continuing database is a database of the initial and continuing loss rates employed in the initial continuing loss model This loss model is the most commonly used rainfall loss abstraction procedure for rainfall runoff models It requires an initial loss estimate that seeks to simulate initial catchment wetting when no runoff is produced followed by a constant continuous loss rate expressed in mm h to account for infiltration once the catchment is saturated Initial Loss The initial loss estimate seeks to simulate initial catchment wetting when no runoff is produced followed by a constant continuing loss rate expressed in mm h to account for infiltration once the catchment is saturated Typically recommended initial and continuing loss rates for Australian conditions include Type of Catchment Surface Initial Loss mm Continuous Loss mm hr Impervious Areas Roots of howses factories and commercial build
36. Pumps etc then a combination of Variable and Instance must be selected To show all instances of a selected variable all combinations of Variable Instance must be selected 47 Printed Documentation Variable Selection a Mon Std Storage Sone Flia Catchment Mannings n Rg Percentage Impervious er Exponent a Catchment Slope a Local Storm Type G Direct Input 2 3 a nn Bas n Data Format This button takes you to a format dialog which allows you to select the format of the highlighted variable the format specification is always attached to the data variable even when that variable is removed from the list The description of the variable to be formatted is shown in the title bar of the dialog Format Text Formatting Text Attributes Text Formatting Precision This value specifies the number of places after the decimal point to display on the Spatial Report Accuracy This value specifies the tolerance of the displayed data 48 11 Global Data Mnemonic This allows you to add a mnemonic to the start of each line of data displayed in the Spatial Reports Unit This allows you to add a unit to the end of each line of data displayed in the Spatial Reports Text Attributes Font This allows you to specify the font in which you wish to display the currently selected variable of the Spatial Report The normal Windows conventions regarding bitmap and true type fonts are supported Apply to
37. Rafts Storm Gr Hudsvs Prophet Storm Multiplier i C Multiple Hydevs Storms Storm Mame wt Cancel Rafts Storm Reference This button allows you to select from or edit a list of Rafts Storms which have been set up in the Global Database Hydsys Prophet Storm Reference This button allows you to select from or edit a list of Hydsys Storms which have been set up in the Global Database Hydsys Prophet Storm Multiplier This factor is applied to all Hydsys Prophet storm entries and is used to vary the average intensity of the storm without having to alter each entry Storm Type One of two types of storm may be selected here If a Rafts Storm is selected the storm data comes from a design storm or an Historical storm depending on which has been selected in the Global Database If an Hydsys Prophet storm is chosen the data comes from a file chosen in the Hydsys Prophet Storm Global Database Use Baseflow This option indicates to Rafts if baseflow is to be added at this node Baseflow can be defined for either sub catchment portions 143 Printed Documentation Baseflow Node e7 Subcatchment 1 f Use Rating Curve Calculate Baseflow using ARBM Y B aseflow Baseflow multiplier cancel Baseflow by rating curve Use discharge time rating curve to define part sub catchment baseflow contribution Calc Baseflow using ARBM Flag to estimate sub catchment portion baseflow from
38. Retarding Basin Mode Retbas General Data Normal Spillway A mt Y Upper Outlet iw Fuseplug Spillway Talwater ve A A Infiltration Discharge Optimization OK Cancel Retarding Basin All the information describing the retarding basin or on site storage at this node is entered by entering the appropriate information behind the labelled buttons on this dialog Basin General Data Basin Storage Upper Outlet Floor Infiltration Outlet Optimization Normal Spillway Fuseplug Spillway Basin Tailwater Basin Invert Datum Level Level of outlet conduit invert at entrance This level is used to tie ALL interconnected basins together and is the datum level for levels in the basin level storage level discharge and level tailwater relations Spillway Depth Depth of water below the normal spillway sill in metres This value is only required if the Normal Spillway checkbox is on 123 Printed Documentation Basin General Data Includes data on Initial Basin conditions storage routing interval plus non routed baseflow lag General Basin Data Node Retbas PA Initial Basin Inflow O Initial Water Level o Initial Basin Quttlow 0 Storage Routing Interval 200 Non Fouted BaseFlaw 0 Bazeflow Time Lag n Car Initial Basin Inflow Basin inflow m43 s at start of simulation Used only when assessing partially full basin Initial Water Level Initial Basin Water Level m at begin
39. Tasmania Source Guidebook to the Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation Generalised Southeast Australia Method AREA KM l to 1000 1000 to 40 000 up to 150 000 up to 3 000 Bureau of Meteorology Oct 2006 GSAM 12 hour estimates are provided for catchments of area less than 1000 km by interpolating between the GSDM and GSAM estimates GTSMR 12 hour estimates are provided for all catchments by interpolating between zero and ZONE 3 Hour Intermediate 6 Hour 3 Hour Intermediate 6 Hour Coastal Inland Coastal LOCATION Inland and south coast West north and east coast south of 30 south of 30 S south of 30 S South Aust Victoria NSW Tasmania Victoria NSW South Aust Wictoria NSW Tasmania Victoria NSW Only issued on special request Inland Coastal minus SW WA SW WA Southwest Tasmania SEASON DURATION HOURS annual amal annual monthly monthly monthly annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annial annual annual annual annual shiner Winter Winter annual 24 to 72 24 to 72 s 24 to 96 249 to 72 74 to y 240 to 96 a an 24 to T2 a E 24 to 72 24 to 96 y E e 24 to 72 E 24 to 72 24 to 96 E Cine more or ome less duration available on special 24 to 96 24 to 120 24 to 96 249 to 96 J i 24 to the 24 hour GTSMR estimate or for catchments of
40. Water Level m The first water level must also be the lowest level in the reservoir basin Values in this column are interpreted as ABSOLUTE levels if the first stage equals the Basin Invert Datum Level Otherwise the first stage MUST equal zero and values are interpreted as stages RELATIVE to the Basin Invert Datum Level Storage Storage in 1000 cubic metres corresponding to adjacent left column Storages must be non negative The first storage MUST be zero 125 Printed Documentation Upper Outlet Upper Outlet Data Node Retbas Normal Outlet Stage Discharge Multipher for Upper Outlet cancel Upper Outlet Data Includes data on a orifice type outlet if required Allows up to 2 slots in a single tower structure Orifice type outlets presently are NOT tied to downstream interconnected basins Two tiered orifices are designed in two passes Level discharge is defined by co ordinates only The first run often for say a 5yr storm allows you to define the final width of the bottom orifice PDIA the pipe diameter variable used as a width factor and the max water level reached This allows the user to input the bottom width factor and the sill level for the second orifice equal to max water level The second run often for a 100yr storm will then allow the user to size the upper orifice by varying PDIA while holding the lower slot dimensions Both orifices are assumed equal height Upper Outlet Invert Level of upp
41. Water Level m at beginning of the simulation Initial Basin Outflow Initial Basin Outflow m43 s at the beginning of the simulation to align with total level discharge relationship and assumed initial water level in basin Storage Routing Interval Volume routing increment m3 The default value is 200 m3 Consideration should be given to decreasing or increasing this volume to either maintain numerical stability in small basins or decrease computing time in bigger basins respectively A desirable volume routing increment should be less than 10 of expected Max Basin Storage for numerical stability and greater than 0 001 of the same to avoid time consuming basin routing simulations Non Routed Baseflow Non routed baseflow under basin usually in underground conduit The non routed discharge is optionally subtracted from the total inflow hydrograph to the basin so separate routing can occur The basin outflow hydrograph is the combination of the routed surface flow plus the non routed but lagged non routed flow It is possible to examine the separate outflows under the full text outflow option Baseflow Lag Time Lag time of non routed baseflow through basin minutes Normal Spillway 154 13 XP System Normal Spillway Mode Retbas Use Coordinates Multiplication Factor i Coordinates 4 WIDTH Calculate Discharge ies Ls 1 7 WIDTH Hs Cancel Normal Spillway Contains all data for n
42. area less than 1000 km between the GSDM and GTSMR estimates Transition zones exist between the GTSMR and GSAM zones i on the NSW coast and ii west of the WA SA border to the end of the GSAM zone In these regions estimates made using both methods are provided the one generating the larger PMPDF PMF is recommended 202 Index PMP Method Zones GSAM GTSMR Coastal Transition Zone GSAM fi Coastal Zone West Coast Tasmania Method Zone Source Guidebook to the Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation Generalised Southeast Australia Method Bureau of Meteorology Oct 2006 GSDM Where S R areally weighted terrain factor for the catchment Smooth S Rough R 1 Ds Dr are initial rainfall depths for the smooth Ds and rough Dr terrain categories which are read from the DDA curves MAF EAF are Moisture Adjustment Factors and Elevation Adjustment Factors Terrain Category Depth Duration Area Curves of Short Duration Rainfall DDA Curves Elevation Adjustment Factor for Catchments Moisture Adjustment Factor for catchments GSAM The revised GSAM Generalized Southeast Australia Method to estimate PMP 1 Choosing the Correct Zone 2 Obtaining Raw Depths 3 Catchment Adjustment Factors 4 Preliminary GSAM PMP Depths 5 Final GSAM PMP Depths 203 Printed Documentation Choosing the Correct Zone Obtaining Raw Depths Catchment Adjustment Factors Preliminary GSAM PMP Depths Final GS
43. data and should be used with caution If you want to continue with the import simply hit return or the OK button If you wish to save the current version of the database before import or change the import parameters hit the Escape key or the Cancel button to be returned to the import parameters dialog Recent Files Select from the 4 most recently opened files 83 Printed Documentation XPX XPX Format File Select this option to import a file in XPX format XPX format is designed to facilitate import of external databases into XP databases The file format is described in detail in a separate documentation file Basically a simple command line syntax is implemented to allow the creation of network elements and associated data The name of XPX format file may be entered manually or selected using the Select button See Also XPX Command Reference and Spreadsheet Import XPX Command Reference The format is described in pseudo EBNF notation Note that the file format is pure token stream tokens are separated by white_ space Keywords shown uppercase are not case sensitive xpx_file command The XPX file consists of a series of commands with various parameters assigned to them to operate on There are five types of XPX commands They are 1 The node command 2 The link command 3 The data command 4 The table command 5 The global database command CONTEXT SENSITIVE RULES Any references to objects must already
44. ee 30 Wied 12PM Jan 1 En Spatial Report This command allows you to specify the display format of the Spatial Reports by selecting the physical attributes of the reports and the data to display in each report This dialog specifies data for all the reports 44 11 Global Data Report Attributes Data Warablez OO a ae er nt Data Variables Su Frame Display Text Sizes Display Size Location C Real World Coordinates Display Offset fram Attachment Point Real World Size Creation Redrawing Minimize Memory C Locate Interactively Masimize Speed Hide Inactive Fields M Hide Blank Reports OF Cancel Save Load Display Frame Display Nodes f Use default offset W Hide on Creation Frame Display Links Data Variables Nodes Data Variables Links Location Text Sizes Creation Redrawing Save Load Display Location These two radio buttons define the location of the spatial report data Real World Coordinates When you select this option the location for each report box is fixed in the coordinate space of the network This means that a change of scale affects the position of each report on the screen but not on the coordinate plane Display Offset from Attachment Point When you select this option the location for each report box is a given offset from the attachment point to the relevant object The offset is independent of the
45. exponential function of x largest integer lt x base 10 logarithm of x natural logarithm of x sine of x x in radians hyperbolic sine of x square root of x tangent of x x in radians hyperbolic tangent of x x in radians bessel function of first kind order O bessel function of first kind order 1 bessel function of second kind order 0 bessel function of second kind order 1 larger of x1 and x2 67 Printed Documentation min x1 x2 smaller of x1 and x2 Function arguments must be enclosed in parentheses e g sin y not siny or sin y The function names are not case sensitive There are no user defined functions as yet Examples 2 5 a42 b 1 2 c42 sin d By Linear Relationship The node size will be displayed in a stepwise linear function using the Data Value Node Size relationship entered in the following DLIST You can insert and delete rows using the Insert and Delete keys and you can scroll through the list using the arrow keys The data is presented in discrete stepped ranges Data is plotted in a selected colour provided it falls within the range Low Value lt Data Value lt High Value The Data Range shown in this dialog shows the maximum and minimum value of the selected variable currently contained within all objects in the database Size Display If this option is selected the size of the text will be in mm regardless of scale Real World If this option is selected the text size w
46. generated groundwater algorithms in ARBM module see manual This option will only be available if ARBM loss method is selected in the LRRM Hydrograph dialog Baseflow Multiplier This option allows the baseflow to be scaled up or down Simple On site Detention Retention Onsite Detention Retention 144 13 XP System Select On site Detention A etentior Select Cancel Edit Clear Rename Delete Select Water Sensitive Urban Design Select Cancel E dit Clear Rename Delete Add Green Use one of these dialogs to manage a Onsite Detention Retention Global Database record for the Simple or Water Sensitive Urban Design procedure Onsite Detention Retention Dialog 145 Printed Documentation On site Detention Retention On site Detention Roof Rainwater Tanks Site Storage Requirements SSR Available Ar Space Primary Permissible Site Discharge Available Water Space Secondary Permissible Site Discharge Roof Capture Tank Disch Primary Height To Spill ank Discharge l l Height Outlet to Spill Secondary Height To Spill Spill width Spill width Surface Depth shape Rectangular Triangular W HED Subcatchment Land Use amp and OSO Capture amp Land Use amp Capture Roof Area 4 Road rea amp 139 Paved Area 4 20 100 Pervious Area Average Allotment Density Dey Area Total Area Advanced Cancel Data for rain
47. in p rafts e a GF 5 El RafteE ng raftsE ngia File name Calant haw Files of type Hotstar output her Cancel Open as read only Z Flag to create a new hotstart file Hotstart files allow you to run a length of data say for a month before an event and save the end conditions for use as starting conditions for other events All conditions including basin levels soil stores etc are stored in the file 178 11 Global Data GLOBAL DATA This command allows the management of databases of information that may be referenced from individual nodes or links This reduces data redundancy dramatically and associated problems of updating at many places when changes are made A full description of the parameters used by RAFTS follows Each global database type relates to a grouping of related data items There can be any number of database records for each database type Each database record has a name which will be referenced from a node or link dialog or Job Control and a description Hitting the Edit button causes the dialog containing the data for the highlighted Database Type and database Record Name to be displayed Ten types of database records are available The database type is displayed in the left hand side scrollable list below this heading As each database type is selected the list of available records in that database is displayed in the list to the right This list is created and main
48. increments input under the storm type dialog Sub catchment Rainfall Routing Processes xprafts makes use of Laurenson s 1964 runoff routing procedure which was primarily aimed at rural catchments but modified by Aitken 1975 for use on urban catchments Laurenson s method was directed at single catchments or more particularly the derivation of a single hydrograph at the outlet of a catchment In the case of xprafts however the sub catchments are further divided into 10 subareas by constructing isochrones lines of equal travel time from the sub catchment boundary to the sub catchment outlet The model storage delay parameters have been calibrated based on 10 isochronal areas as indicated in Figure below making up a sub catchment In many instances the division of a sub catchment into 10 equal subareas provides very similar results 223 Printed Documentation LEGEND eee Catchment Boundary a Subuwca numbor sochrane AY Subarea concentruitd slorage a Pluvio graph Pe Subarea total rainfall This is particularly true in urban areas where isochrones vary with storm frequency and are often impossible to determine due to the complexity of the pipe and overflow network As previously mentioned the current workbench version also allows for a single sub area xprafts uses Laurenson s method to derive separate sub catchment outflow hydrographs The hydrographs so derived are manipulated through the link network to the outlet of
49. model results and data to GIS spreadsheets or other databases PHILOSOPHY An expert system is a knowledge based reasoning system that captures and replicates the problem solving ability of human experts Boose 1986 and typically has three basic components a knowledge base 7 an inference engine and 7 a working memory The knowledge base is the repository for information that is static and domain wide Baffaut et al 1987 The knowledge base may contain not only static data that will not change from one problem to the next but may also contain empirical and theoretical rules and provide advice on models that may be employed as part of the solution The inference engine is the reasoning mechanism containing all the procedures for manipulating searching and exercising the knowledge base Baffaut et al 1987 The working memory is used to solve a specific problem using the expert system It consists of the user interface to the expert system and the storage of specific problem information The working memory also serves as the explanation device for the expert system indicating legal and illegal data and suggesting parameters A computer based expert system has advantages over a human expert that include An expert may retire and knowledge is lost There may be better uses of an expert s time than answering user questions 7 Expertise may be expensive to deliver m An expert may not be available when needed 7 An expert
50. of routing period hr x m s Substituting s2 and s1 in Equation 2 from Equation 1 gives dy to CAQ where Al PARA Pc 1O T 2K A a 2K Al Q lt L t 2K Al 5 An iterative solution to Equation 3 is required due to the interrelation between CO C1 C2 K2 and q2 in xprafts K1and K2 are the computed subarea storage delay times as a function of q at the beginning and end of the iteration respectively Storage Discharge Relationship Each sub area is treated as a concentrated conceptual storage Each storage has a storage delay time Kig Bq 6 where K q subarea storage delay time hours as a function of q q discharge m s storage delay time coefficient 225 Printed Documentation n storage non linearity exponent Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 1 gives ge A eo 7 The default value for the non linearity exponent xprafts is 0 285 xprafts provides the mechanisms to alter this value usually in respect to rare events involving significant sub catchment overbank flood routing by e directly entering an amended value of n A value of zero would indicate linear catchment response and equate with unit hydrograph theory or e entering an n f Q rating curve for each sub catchment In this manner xprafts can simulate either a linear or non linear response Coefficients B and n B is either directly input for each sub catchment or estimated from Equation 8 whi
51. of validity checks to verify a legal network is being created and if the connection satisfies all of the rules the link is created An additional feature of the link tool is the provision of a default end node If the link tool is selected and you attempt to create a link in free space ie you do not click on an existing node a default node will be created In this manner it is not necessary to first create nodes and then join them with links but rather perform both operations simultaneously NAMING AN ELEMENT Every object in the network must have a unique name No node may have a name already used by another node or link in the database The names are limited to 10 characters Three methods are available to name a network object the last two of which invoke the Attributes dialog box i Highlight the node or link then click just below the name and modify the name directly on the screen Follow the editing with an enter keystroke to terminate editing ii Highlight the node with the right mouse button and click This will bring up a pop up menu Select Attributes to enter the object name in the dialog iii Highlight the node or link then select Attributes from the Edit menu If method ii or iii above is chosen a dialog box similar to that shown below is then displayed If the object selected is a link the coordinate boxes are not shown 11 Printed Documentation Node Attributes El Node Mame nodes e 41 525 y 144 375
52. positions and vertical elevations The station positions of the left and right overbanks must also be entered The model computes channel hydraulic properties in a manner compatible with the default behaviour of Hec 2 All parts of the cross section below the water level are assumed to be conveying flow The ends of the cross section are assumed to be extended vertically with frictionless walls If data for the channel already exists in Hec 2 format this data can simply be read in from the Hec 2 file DIVERSION LINK DATA Diversion Data Diver Fa Fraction of overflow above threshold to be diverted il m Divetted _ _ 7 gt Threshold Flow at head of link before diversion occurs jo Cancel 163 Printed Documentation An overland diversion is a special type of link object shown in a network as a dashed line Primary Overflow Path The primary overflow path may be the next downstream pit in the network or it may be any other pit in the network This path represents the preferred or priority direction of flooded node flows Primary Overflow Characteristics These are the characteristics applying to the designated primary overflow path Flow Threshold Flow m s ft s reached in primary path before any diversion occurs of Surcharge above Threshold Fraction of flow above threshold that continues to flow down the primary flow path 164 Low Flow Pipe Low Flow Pipe Channel 791 Pipe flow lag n 4 E
53. presently not included Additionally submergence or reverse flow in the normal pipe routine is restricted to inflow heads above pipe obvert only To date this facility has not been utilised in the workbench modelling Basin Outlets Normal Outlets With Optimization Weir Type Spillways Fuseplug Erodible Spillways Low Flow Pipes Under Basins Multiple Orifice Type Outlets With or Without Optimization Link Conduit Module Flood channels encountered in small urbanised and semi urbanised catchments offer a number of problems not normally associated with river type flood routing computations The conduits are usually of short length and have very marked differences in roughness shape and slope Lateral inflow can also form a considerable input to the channel section As some of the channels are extremely short sometimes down to 100 m or less acceptable algorithms not requiring infinitely small routing increments are required A review of routing procedures Price 1973 suggested the use of a method developed by Cunge based on the Muskingum method now commonly known as the Muskingum Cunge procedure The method overcomes most of the 231 Printed Documentation analytical problems associated with other methods in so much as it accepts lateral inflow and converges with realistic time increments of the same order as the major routing increment used for the xprafts run The routing solution provides similar response to the diffusion portion of th
54. rate in m hr should now relate to this clogged layer Water table Depth of water table below the invert of the basin in meters This option is only required if the Shallow water table flag is turned ON Shallow Water table Select this option to model a shallow water table at the given depth If this flag is off then a deep water table is implied with no interaction with the infiltration flow Discharge 156 13 XP System Discharge Characteristic OSDDET 1 Stage Discharge Coordinates Stage Discharge Multiplier f Dimensions C Culvert Outlet Eee O C Orifice Diameter 0 1 Entrance Loss Ke 05 C Bos Culvert Width 0 2 Height 0 5 Length 05 No of Conduits i Mannings n 0 01 1 Cancel Level Discharge Rating SDDET 1 US Level Discharge m mss Mm EI IS E E A 1 Stage Discharge When this button is selected xprafts expects level discharge co ordinates to define normal outflow discharge relationships Level vs Discharge data is only required if the Stage Discharge option is selected Click on the Coordinates button to open the data dialog 157 Printed Documentation Stage Discharge Factor Fractional multiplier of stage discharge values Conduit When the culvert outlet radio button is selected outflows calculated by appropriate equations Dimensions Select the outlet geometry Pipe Diameter Pipe diameter m Orifice Diameter Orifice diameter m Entrance loss
55. rename edit delete and copy records to this list using the appropriate buttons This list can be navigated in the same way as the database type list ie arrow keys lt page up gt lt page down gt etc The edit item immediately below the Record Name List contains the name of the currently highlighted database record Edit this item before adding or renaming a database record This name will be used when the database record is referenced from a node New Hit this button to add a database record of the currently highlighted type with the name and description entered below Note that this action is not committed until OK is hit or another database type is selected Delete Hit this button to delete the currently highlighted database record The action is performed when OK is hit or another database type is selected Edit Hit this button to edit the data required for the currently highlighted database record Rename Hit this button to rename the currently highlighted database record To change the name of a database record that is displayed in the list box shown above you must The data for the original name will now be attached to the new name and the old name will no longer appear in the list box The command is executed when OK is hit or another database type is selected Duplicate Hit this button to duplicate the highlighted database record The new Record Name will have a 1 2 etc extension appended to the original name Cop
56. response linear and act similarly to a unit hydrograph approach At present a value of zero is not acceptable to the program The default value is usually appropriate for inbank flows with the SRE moving towards 0 001 when large floodplain overflows occur This means more frequent storm events say below 100yr return period can usually use the default value Values MUST be non zero Three methods are presently available for the definition of this exponent 1 Use default value of 0 285 2 Enter a constant value of your choice 3 Enter a rating curve relating SRE to sub catchment flow Rainfall Loss Method Rainfall Loss Method This option allows the selection of either ARBM Infiltration equations or an initial continuing loss rate approach to estimating sub catchment excess rainfall The method chosen applies to both the first and optional second sub catchments 141 Printed Documentation Second sub catchment SubCatchment Data Node A1 Subcatchment 2 Rainfall Losses f Initial Continuing ARBM Total Area 0 001 Impervious 0 Es Vectored Slope 0 001 E Mannings n 0 025 Use 10 UnEqual Sub areas Use Direct Storage Coetficent Use non standard Storage Exponent Use Baseflow OF Cancel Rainfall Losses Ten unequal sub areas Direct Storage Coefficient Non Std Storage Exponent Local Storm Name Use Baseflow Second Sub catchment Hydrographs can calculate either surface stormwater f
57. scale of the displayed network Note These items can be used to modify the relative offsets of the Spatial Reports To do this i Set the location to real world coordinates then hit OK ii Zoom in or zoom out your network view until the attachment lines are an acceptable length 45 Printed Documentation iii Open the Spatial Reports dialog and set the location to display offset iv Return to the network window and the Spatial Reports should be correctly displayed If not then repeat this procedure Text Size Display Size With this option selected the text size is shown in a constant size mm or inches regardless of the scale selected Real World Coordinates When this option is selected the text will be shown relative to the scale of the drawing As you zoom in the text will get larger Creation When new nodes or links are created the location of the Spatial Reports is controlled using the options described below Locate Interactively When this option is on the user defines the location of the Report Boxes interactively when the Nodes or Links are created Use Default Offset When this option is invoked the reports are created in a default location as opposed to you explicitly placing them Hide on Creation When you select this option the Reports are hidden when a Link or Node object is created Otherwise the Reports are displayed as they are created Redraw Redraws the current screen This co
58. similar frequency of occurrence to the rainfall itself This procedure is by far the most commonly applied with runoff routing techniques in a design mode to estimate frequency based design hydrographs Runoff frequency is however a function of a number of input parameters including rainfall soil antecedent moisture and infiltration characteristics amongst others Historical Events To simulate historical events it is necessary to firstly separate excess rainfall from the total rainfall recorded and then route this excess to produce the simulated runoff hydrograph Data is inputted directly or via the HYDSYS dialogs and can also be read directly from a HYDSYS output file The format of this file structure is further described in Appendix B xprafts allows for the input of recorded runoff hydrographs at any node within a catchment This may be graphically outputted together with the simulated runoff hydrograph to help calibrate appropriate loss rates and routing parameters Continuous Rainfall Data Continuous runs using lengthy rainfall data sets lasting from days to years can be accommodated using the water balance module to produce excess rainfall The Australian Representative Basins Model ARBM as described by Goyen 1981 has been adopted as the appropriate water balance model xprafts presently performs continuous modelling automatically when the simulation period expressed as the storm duration exceeds the number of routing
59. technique is by far the most commonly used rainfall loss abstraction procedure for models of this nature It demands an initial loss estimate that purports to simulate initial catchment wetting when no runoff is produced followed by a constant continuing loss rate expressed in mm h to account for infiltration once the catchment is saturated This procedure is at the very best crude and can in many instances cause greater errors in runoff estimates than all the other modeling considerations combined Although it is a commonly adopted procedure considerable caution should be exercised with its application The below table gives a guide to the variations in recommended loss rates generally stated in the literature however this data should be used with caution 227 Printed Documentation Type of Catchment Surface Initial Loss mm Continuous Loss mm hr Impervious Areas Pervious Areas Roots of houses factories and 1 Sandy open saturated soils 0 207 2 Loam soils 5 0 20 3 0 10 3 Clays dense structured soils 0 20 0 5 3 0 A Clay subjectto high shrinkage and in a cracked state state atthe start of rain 25 35 5 ARR 1977 0 50 Values taken from an unpublished report by Aitken 1974 based on various textbook walas commercial buildings road surfaces etc infor on o 4 The problem of loss estimation is complicated by the fact that the design storm approach in urban drainage design infers th
60. the current Windows Icons Menus and Pointing device technology as the state of the art intuitive user environment The user interface can also be described as object oriented A user first selects an object or range of objects using the pointing device and then performs an operation on the selection by giving a menu command For example to delete a group of objects they are first selected with the mouse and the Delete Objects command is selected from the Edit Menu The XP interface may be used to create a new infrastructure network as well as to edit an existing one The XP user interface is object oriented which means the user selects the object then selects the operation to perform on it The XP environment consists of A window with a series of menus along the top of the screen used for controlling operation of the program 7 Several tool strips of icons for file operation object creation manipulation and short cuts to menu commands The elements of the interface and the method of manipulation of objects are described in the text below The Window The Icons The Toolbar The Menus The Pointing Device The Window The Window provides the frame of reference for user interaction The large display area provides a current view of the created network of links and nodes A Network Overview dialog provides a means of changing the position of the 1 An Overview current view of the network The title of the current database model
61. the total catchment via the conduit routing module The routing method is summarised and displayed in Figure below Aiuwingrapn A Subarsa Excess Instantaneous Routing through Gutflaw from gt gt 9 Hainfall subarea in subarea storaye sukaa E uw AN g 3 a i hr tf as A E E WwW id z m lt 7 5 z4 fh ct O u Le E we gt S 11999 el EL CL TIME Fluviograph A Subarsa Excess Instantanrzous Routing lirouah Sutflow from Rainfall subarea inig w subarea storage subarea 2 tir 1 2 P plug outil a 3 3 2 E Wr i m z 5 z c Lu S klal LL 913 E dl a A T pia ES T gt 7 2s a i as lt lt o un pi TIME Sequence of compuiaions is repeated for aif subareas 224 Routing Method Index Routing for a particular sub catchment is carried out using the Muskingum Cunge method The storage is considered to be a non linear function of the discharge ie s K q xq 1 where S volume of storage hr x m s q instantaneous rate of runoff m s K q storage delay time as a function of q hours The storage function is used in the continuity equation in finite difference form q 0 1 2 1 A AL 14 I lA 5 8 2 2 where i1 i2 Inflow at beginning and end of routing period m s delta t routing interval hr q1 q2 outflow from the storage at beginning and end of routing period m s s1 s2 storage volume at beginning and end
62. to create a spreadsheet for data entry and manipulation in the model The XP Tables view is used to generate and manipulate data quickly and easily in the model This format can be used to view results and create networks XP Tables can be launched by the following ways Global database From the main window by selecting the XP Tables tool from the Results e Pressing F2 button of the keyboard e Pressing XP Tables tool in the main window Index Stage vs discharge curves can be added to this global database and can be assigned to the nodes as gauged hydrographs 193 Printed Documentation Variable Selection EJ Display Object Node Link Variable Type Node Available Yarnables Selected Yarablez ARBH Rainfall Loss Total rea 24 Rainfall Loss Method sane si 24 Non Std Storage Constant Be Imbervionas a Non Std Storage Exponen Catchment Slope 24 Catchment Mannings n ea Percentage Impervious E Catchment Slope 4 Local Storm Type cos New Press this button to add a new table Delete This button is to delete the existing table Edit To edit the newly added or existing table Rename To rename the existing newly added table Duplicate To duplicate any table Display Object Display object can be either node or link Insert To insert the selected variable Append To append the selected variable Delete To delete the selected appended variable 194 Onsite Detention Retent
63. to either optimise the storage in the basin or to limit the discharge during the current storm event Pipe Outlet Optimisation Optimisation can be performed either on the maximum storage in the basin or the maximum discharge Maximum Storage Set this option ON to optimise the Outlet Pipe by maximum storage Maximum Discharge Set this option ON to optimise the Outlet Pipe by maximum discharge Pipe Optimisation Optimisation can be performed either on the maximum storage in the basin or the maximum discharge Target Storage Maximum target storage in basin in cubic metres This value is only required if the Maximum Storage option is selected Target Discharge Maximum target discharge from basin in cumecs This value is only required if the Maximum Discharge option is selected Upper Outlet If an upper outlet is defined then that outlet is optimised otherwise the normal lower outlet is optimised 128 13 XP System Normal Spillway Mormal Spillway Node Retbas f Use Coordinates Multiplication Factor i Coordinates Calculate Discharge 15 WIDTH Hs Normal Spillway Contains all data for normal non erodible spillway Spillway Length Effective spillway length metres Calculated spillway flows are then added to normal outlet level discharge co ordinate flows Multiplication Factor Discharge values entered in the coordinates dialog will be multiplied by the value entered in this item Use
64. two levels Data is checked to ensure it is within a reasonable range eg Subcatchment slope has a reasonable range of 0 5 to 30 percent If data is outside the reasonable range a warning message is issued with the reasonable range indicated but the data is accepted Data is checked to ensure it is within an absolute limit eg Subcatchment slope cannot be lt 0 If data is outside the absolute range an error message is issued with the valid range indicated and the data not accepted Execution cannot continue unless a valid value is entered or Cancel is selected 205 Printed Documentation RELATIONAL CONSISTENCY CHECKING After all the data has been entered and the user attempts to solve the networks the inter relationship of all data is checked for consistency again at two levels e Warning messages are generated for data outside reasonable constraints but the network can still be solved and e Error messages are generated for data outside the absolute range and the network can not be solved until these are corrected The following list includes some of the relational checks made 1 Nodes at top of branches must have catchment data 2 Warning level checks for reasonable pipe slopes The reasonable range is set to between 0 3 and 30 3 Relative inlet outlet invert levels at the outlet node Invert levels should decrease downstream 4 Relative inlet outlet pipe diameter warning level checks at node Pipe sizes should increas
65. user specifies the length of travel time from one node to the next and the hydrograph is translated on the time base by this length of time with no attenuation of peak flow Appropriate values may be arrived at by estimating the velocity of flow and consequently the wave celerity and knowing the length of travel e Pipe Flow A pipe may be specified or sized to carry some or part of the flow with any flow in excess of pipe capacity travelling via the surface to either of two destination nodes The travel time in this pipe may be computed or set to a fixed number of minutes e Channel Routing A Channel Stream may be defined using either compound trapezoidal channel or HEC 2 style arbitrary sections HEC 2 is the widely used water surface profile computational program developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the US Army Corps of Engineers The cross section shape may be imported directly from an existing HEC 2 file The Muskingum Cunge method is used to route the flow through the channel with the consequent attenuation of the peak flow and delay of the hydrograph peak e Diversion Link Any node may have a diversion link defined in addition to the normal link which will divert some or all of the flow to an alternate destination node elsewhere in the drainage system e Pipe Design Manning s equation is used to size the pipes to carry the peak discharge in the reach 213 Printed Documentation Channel Routing Channel L1 a
66. view of the network MEN Configuration Tools An Fit Window Redrany r R Set Scale Grid Lock Modes Find Objects Ctri F Background Images pl HEN Properties Toolbars d FERRET vw Standard e Drawing v Navigation vw Global v Background Global Storm Previous Fit Window Redraw Set Scale Grid Lock Nodes Find Objects Background Images New Properties ESRI Shape File Attributes Tool Bar Status Bar Network Overview 97 Printed Documentation Previous This command returns the display to the previous scale and location It performs an Undo operation for viewing This is a convenience method of toggling between a large scale and small scale view of the network Fit Window Select Fit to automatically rescale the network display to fit within the current window The extremities of the network elements the network s world are defined by a dotted outline which will be seen in full when a Fit Window is performed Redraw Redraws the current screen This command is useful for cleaning up a messy display following some object movements such as Pasting objects and when calculating areas and lengths using the polygon tool Set Scale Allows the user to input a new scale via a dialog box The scale value is an Engineering scale and can be considered an absolute value Rescaling is done about the centre of the window Set Scale Scale a Ze Grid The Grid command allows the us
67. width Height Detination Rectangle Real World Extents Top Bottorn OF Cancel DXF or DWG format To load a DWG or DXF file select XP Metafile as the file type and then hit the Select button for Input File The coordinates of the DWG DMF file will be automatically used To create a picture file a format conversion utility supplied with XP is invoked This utility converts graphics from HPGL into the internal format used by XP Note that Backgrounds created from DXF or DWG files cannot be moved or re sized HPGL 1 format The background may also be imported from an HPGL 1 plot file that may be created via most CAD packages or via numerous design packages that provide output to Hewlett Packard plotters To create a background an HPGL 1 plot file must be generated from a CAD package for example This HPGL 1 file is then converted to the picture format via the CVTHPGL utility supplied with XP CVTHPGL is invoked from the Get Background Menu The procedure involved in creating a picture from a CAD package is as follows i Create the drawing in the CAD package ii Ensure your CAD package is configured with a Hewlett Packard plotter for output This must be in HPGL 1 format such as used for HP7580 HP7586 Draftsmaster etc Newer Inkjet plotters like the HP650C 700 series 17 Printed Documentation etc can be configured to accept input in HPGL 2 format the default or HPGL 1 format This converter can
68. within the buffer remains active until the program is ended or another copy command is executed whereupon the buffer data is overwritten Data may be copied between databases by closing the current database opening the new one and then Pasting from the Copy buffer Edit Project View Configure Erle Weta EIN Copy Data Ctrl E Baste Wata trl esr Wate Delete Objects Del Edit Data Ctrl D Attributes Notes Edit Yertices COPY DATA FROM A SINGLE OBJECT COPY MULTIPLE OBJECTS COPY A SINGLE ITEM COPYING GLOBAL DATA Using the Copy Paste Buffer COPY DATA FROM A SINGLE OBJECT To copy all of the data associated with a node or link to one or more other similar items in one operation first select the node or link to be copied and then select Copy or Cut from the Edit menu If the copy operation is successful XP then reports how many records have been copied into the buffer For example 6 Database Records Copied To paste the copied data select one or more objects by holding down the lt Shift gt key and clicking on multiple objects or by dragging a dotted rectangle around the selected objects and select Paste from the Edit XP will now report to the screen the number of objects data has been pasted into and the number of records pasted For example 3 Nodes or Links pasted into 18 Database Records Modified No Data COPY A SINGLE ITEM To copy an individual item open up the Dialog Box select the
69. 0 THEIPOR UPMENU Sei 110 BEIN OA Da ee ee ee ee ee een 111 NODE DATA 111 Direct Input 113 File Input 114 Output Control 114 Hydrograph Export 115 Use Baseflow 116 Tailwater Initial Rating 117 Rafts Storm Name 118 Hydsys Prophet Storm Name 118 Basin General Data 118 Gauged Hydrograph 120 GAME IY GIOG LAIN ans een 120 CGauged Rans Vd nc dadas 121 Galged Friya Prophet Hydro ee ee nsbanrabeettvananu tain idedslmedipaauneiodmeneds 122 Gauged StagesDisch tge 2 2 da td 122 Retarding Basin 123 FRE TAMING ASI Ise csr E E E a 123 Basin General Data 124 Bas Storage a as RE re 125 Md Ye of ge OUE Sen a na eee Pre er Peer mE eee te eee ee EEE eer tor eer eer ee 126 ESO THAT aS Fee ee ee a ed eaten clases een 127 OB 1Uh isi oid alas 11 6 q meee meer cere A eee eee 128 Normal SpllWay ionene a e dilatan 129 F seplUg SP WAY a a osas 130 Basin TalWat aaa 130 SPUWaYy Raung CUINA A AA A 132 Conduit Discharge a ae AA sa 132 Basil Stage dischatge rest es 134 Sub Catchment Data 134 SUB CAT CHIMEN TG DATA a ee a ee len ee ee ee 134 Rainfall LOSSES un an see ee ee ee 137 Tenunequal SUB areas ans ee et Sa se det as le 138 Direct Storage Cosme tanta aid dabas diles 139 vii Table of Contents catchment operie Ss sis e o As Bates Ss 139 EirstS b Satehment as A idad 140 Nonstad storage exponen run es 141 Ramal Loss A EEE RENTEN DEE 141 Second SUD CACA MEN a ee een Dee era caes 142 Local Sion Namens a nina ein 143 Use Baseflow 143
70. 100 2 0 For regression purpose only this value is extrapolated from the original data limited of 50 impervious area B Modification Factors Where gauged rainfall runoff data is available for a range of events it should be used in preference to the above regression equation with modifying factors PERN 226 Index The original regression equation Equation 8 does not differentiate between catchments with the same degree of urbanisation but different roughnesses An additional empirical parameter has therefore been added to take pervious sub catchment roughness into account The parameter PERN is inputted as a Mannings n representation of the average sub catchment roughness B is then modified in accordance with the following table If PERN is left blank then B is unchanged Manning n Multiplication Factor 0 010 0 4 0 015 0 5 0 025 1 0 0 100 3 0 Note In urban catchments it is recommended that individual sub catchments be split into separate impervious and pervious components This is achieved by utilising both the first and second area dialogs The first can relate to either the impervious or pervious however you need to be consistent to arrive at proper component totals in the output If OSD is being applied it is necessary to associate the first area dialog with the impervious component of the sub catchment It is common for a split sub catchment analysis to estimate a lower sub catchment peak than a peak using only a l
71. 100 YEARS alain q7 3 53 1 38 1 104 126 155 173 fitdins 441 33 8 51 9 37 0 117 144 166 19Min 35 5 47 6 65 9 17 3 91 3 115 142 OMS 274 8 44 2 47 0 55 3 66 0 80 9 92 9 30Mins 20 8 27 5 37 8 441 525 64 1 13 5 1Hr 135 18 1 24 5 28 5 34 0 41 3 47 2 JHre B T4 11 5 15 4 17 9 21 1 15 6 25 1 JHrs 6 62 9 66 11 6 134 14 3 19 1 71 8 BHre 4 09 5 35 7 10 6 20 8 63 11 6 13 1 12Hr5 3 53 3 531 435 5 00 A BE T 7 44 J4Hrs 1 37 2 05 2 66 3 04 3 59 4 23 4 77 daHra gag 1 23 1 58 1 79 2 09 14T LT 2Hrs 630 ABA 1 13 1 23 1 47 174 1 95 Raw data 18 47 2 35 0 99 10 48 6 92 198 iver0 18 F2 4 32 F90 13 18 S Austallan Gayemmerdt Bureau of Metearalagy Copy Table 190 Index Address hkta ea bomgar au hpdrotheas cdirsveboyicdrsmebe shkmd q Australian Crverament Aurea of Meteoro IFO Table hat Coemiclerte PrintiFO chat Helo IFO thart 600 300 DESIGH RAINFALL INTENSITY CHART 400 Location 36 005 146 000E issued 15912009 AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERWAL 100 Yearslupper Cure 50 Years 20 Years 10 Years 5 vaars 2 Years 1 YearliWer CURRY 5 E Ras data ed 5 35 059 40 15 0 5z 1 60 00 15 Pee F90 15 18 Acetialian Sovemma mi Burana op ihr Ahr hr hr i2 DURATION IN HOURS OR MINUTES 191 Printed Documentation Address la hp away bom gov an hediofhasiedrsmebxfodrauebx shem A Australian Loorvernment IFO Table IFO Chart coeficients Fini c
72. AM PMP Depths GTSMR The revised GSTMR Generalized Tropical Storm Method to estimate PMP Choosing the Correct Zone N Obtaining Raw Depths KR O Preliminary GTSMR PMP Depths Final GTSMR PMP Depths Choosing the Correct Zone for GTSMR Obtaining Raw Depths for GTSMR Catchment Adjustment Factors for GTSMR Preliminary GTSMR PMP Depths Final GTSMR PMP Depths Catchment Adjustment Factors al 204 13 XP System XP SYSTEM CAPABILITIES The user is given continual guidance and assistance during data entry For parameters that are difficult to estimate the user may be advised of literature to aid in selecting a value or an explanation of a parameter and some proposed values may be shown on the screen through the use of on line help If there are other ways to pick the value typically if the parameter is a function of other variables the equation is shown to the user The user interface is intelligent and offers expert system capabilities based on the knowledge of the software developers and experienced users For example as various graphical elements are connected to form a network EXPERT filters the user s actions so that a network that is beyond the scope of the model is not created The general philosophy is to trap any data problems at the highest possible level at the point the users create the data In addition to the well known and accepted benefits of input and output graphics the EXPERT environm
73. AP Metalle CUP a esse 21 3 Database CONCEDIS iaa aeg ln essen 22 DATABASE CONCEPTS 22 Database Concepts 22 O apne neo ARCO 22 THE PERMANENT DATABASE cad A A ES 22 TRE WORKINS DATABASE si A A AA A A 22 DATABASE INTEGRE lia Ra 23 As Mie COpyiraste Bultaco 26 USING THE COPY BUFFER 26 Using the Copy Paste Buffer 26 COPY DATA FROM SINGLE OBJECT kn a 26 COPANO INGEE ITEM Sata tedio tio 26 copy a DialOgiList DESTA Seta 27 COPYING GLOBAL DATA Eee een enden Dean esses adi heen henna gie 27 9 E amp Ustomizing XPrallsn an eee he here axles A ias 31 CUSTOMIZING xprafts 31 The ini File 31 A P RAFTS IN FLE ass er ee en Rai ehe 31 A A AA ee sn ehe nes ren A 32 OPTZRAFZNODEZABY BIN nes ee ara 32 OPT RAF SIMPLE OSADY BIN a A ee ae 32 OPT DB WEM Eee ee see 33 RTZREBRAW san Renee seen sii 33 OPT MDX AC CESS an ae est era renden een 33 OPT ADR TY OB 24 4 Eee ee a nen aa aa 33 SNS A es one E E estas E eiananescuaata seats sci ia tvatacs 34 OPT RART RE ee a ee rane ae a Tete enter etn creme ney 34 MAX NODES lado lt 34 MAX TEX Sil A A A E RR 34 MARSPIETS di idos 34 MANS SS Ad 35 De AEN FS ets sd ee nee i ts grain reelle 35 DATE FORMAT sn A A A A aii 30 CACHE SIZE a een nissen re a 35 APP FLAG Sos senken Ntheesleitbihehiesttisi ee 35 PROJECTS e er SEE RSS OTRBER 36 EDITOR E A AE E E een R 36 TEMP DIR aa ea a ON 36 ENGINE a a e EEES 36 DIRECTOR re a Ea 36 File Extenstions 37 EIEEFEXTENSIONS esse ol cee erie eee 37 Table of C
74. Addendum Environmental Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U S Environmental Protection Agency Athens Georgia EPA 600 3 88 001b August Sangster W M Wood H W Smerdon E T And Bassy H G Pressure Changes at Storm Drain Junctions Bulletin 41 Engineering Experimental Station University of Missouri 1959 Singh K P 1962 A non linear approach to the instantaneous unit hydrograph Ph D Thesis directed by V T Chow University of Illinois Urbana Illinois Smith G F 1975 Adaptation of the EPA Storm Water Management Model for Use in Preliminary Planning for Control of Urban Runoff Master of Engineering Thesis University of Florida Sobinoff P Pola J P and O Loughlin G G 1983 Runoff Routing Parameters for the Newcastle Sydney Wollongong Region Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Institution of Engineers Australia Melbourne Stall J B and Terstriep M L 1972 Storm Sewer Design An evaluation of the RRL Method US Environmental Protection Agency Technical Series EPA R2 72 068 October Stephenson D 1981 Kinematic Flow Theory and Application Report No 2 81 Urban Hydrology Series Hydrological Research Unit University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Talsma T 1969 In Situ Measurement of Sorptivity Australian Journal of Soil Research Vol 10 pp 143 150 Talsma T and Parlange J Y 1972 One Dimensional Vertical Infiltration Australian Journal of Soil Research
75. All If this checkbox is enabled then this font style will be applied to all the spatial report data for nodes Size The height of the text in mm in the report line is entered here Apply to All If this checkbox is enabled then this font size will be applied to all the spatial report data for nodes Text Colour These buttons allow you to set the colour of the report text Apply to All If this checkbox is enabled then this font colour will be applied to all the spatial report data for nodes Frame Display Links This button loads the attributes dialog and allows you to specify such things as box colour and attachment line colour for Spatial Reports for Links The type of frame used by the link data and the form of the attachment line may be modified from within the following dialog Frame Display LINKS Frame Attachment Line Color Black y Linetype Linetype Mean Ha Width Type f Automatic Box inch Opaque e gt Inc au C Brackect Lancel Frame Attachment Line 49 Printed Documentation Frame Colour These buttons allow you to change the colour of the box surrounding the reports attached to nodes Line Type These buttons allow you to change the line type of the box surrounding the reports attached to nodes Width These options control the size of the box surrounding the Spatial Reports Automatic When you select this option the size of the surrounding b
76. Axie_river3 tot ae CAMPS EP Ratte ork SAAFT SAiversie rivers tot le P S WM 8P S torn Format Hydrograph Esport File Asie_river3 ext B CAMPS EP Ratte or RAFTSAiverude_ rivera ext Summary Export File II Cancel Help Use this dialog to manage the node Hydrograph Export during a model solve Local Hydrograph Export File Total Hydrograph Export File xpswmm xpstorm Format Hydrograph Export File Summary Export File Simulation Details 170 Index Job Control E Job Definition Hydrograph Export Simulation Details Start Date 01 70571999 dmg Start Time 03 00 hh mm e Create Hotstart C AXPS ERP Rate Mork RAFT SA merse iversPAAFT Shaw jw Use Hotstart C AXPS EP hatte Mork SAP T SAiveraie iversPRAFT Sher Cancel Help Start Date Start Time Create Hotstart File Use Hotstart File Job Definition Global Storm Stacked Storms x m tz IE Sn Al ai m4 ao si 0 Al Sy LO 4 C C Al ti z Lo Zu 32 1A T Z jr La La Al 4 171 Printed Documentation Stormwater Modeling A global storm is a representative storm which is applied uniformly over the complete catchment Typically a global storm is a design storm which is input as a dimensionless temporal pattern combined with an average rainfall intensity Sewer Modeling To estimate dry weather sewage flows average intensity is input as 1 d 24 per EP This value is
77. B NLKS NVAL DT 3i5 g12 5 Repeat Repeat next two lines for NLKS links for each Linkno Linklab g10 2 a10 stacked storm Q k 1 nval 5912 5 End of File JOB Storm event number NLKS No of tagged links in file NVAL No of routing increments in minutes DT Length of routing increment in minutes Linkno Link number of tagged hydrographs Linklab Hydrograph ordinates in m3 s Note All hydrographs refer to input to the top of the link before basin routing Output Control Full Output The Full Output option provides extensive results in the text output file created during the execution of RAFTS This option provides more detail than is generally required however if a particularly complex simulation is being performed this option may be useful to monitor the intermediate results Not recommended for general use as level of detail is more than required Partial Output The Partial Output option provides a useful level of detail without an excessively large output file This option is recommended for nodes which are defined as retarding basins or storages Summary Output The Summary Output option provides a reasonable level of detail for most situations which do not have storages defined This option is recommended for nodes without basins Hydrograph Plot This option provides a text hydrograph plot for this node in the output file This option has been superseded by the Review Results feature of the RAFTS XP environment and i
78. BAL DATA 27 Create Hotstart File 178 CREATING A BACKGROUND 12 Creation 46 Cursor Shape 10 246 CUSTOMIZING XP RatHGL Cut Cut Data Menu CVTHPGL D Data Icons Data Menu Data Range DATA RANGE CHECKING DATA TYPE Data Variables Link Data Variables Node DATABASE CONCEPTS DATE_FORMAT Definition of Link Delete Delete Objects Menu DELETING OBJECTS Deselect Destination Rectangle Dev Area Ratio 31 26 88 17 19 89 68 205 205 46 50 22 35 219 91 94 89 13 38 18 150 Development of Catchment Cahnnel amp Network Data220 Dialog Box Dialog Icons Diameter Digitizer Dimmed Direct Input Direct Storage Coefficient DIRECTORY Directory Tree Discharge Display Offset from Attachment Point Display Size Diversion Travel Time DLIST Double Precision Double click Dragging DWG DXF DXF Export 5 23 8 162 6 42 113 139 36 73 156 45 46 163 164 27 58 13 17 6 6 12 14 17 17 19 43 E Edit Background Edit Data Edit Project Menu Edit Vertices EDITOR Empty State Encode Encrypt for Viewer Engineering Scale Enter Error Log Recovery ESRI Shape File Attributes Evaporation Excel Export Data Menu Export To DXF Extend a Selection F File Description FILE EXTENSIONS File Icons File Input File Type File Type of Background Picture Fill Nodes Fill Nodes Find Find Object First sub catchment Fit Window Flag Flood Estimation Floor Infiltration Flow Flow
79. BlageDiecharge ordinates must begin with 0 0 te E tl G m in E FOIA PLAN e circular pipe culverts e rectangular box culverts e broad crested weirs e sharp crested weirs e ogee weirs e erodible weirs e multi level weirs e high level outlets e rating curve outlets e evaporation e infiltration Optimisation methods are available to help design the basin You may optimise the basin for a maximum discharge or for a maximum allowable storage 215 Printed Documentation Importing Data Importing Data Data may be imported from an ASCII text file in the XPX file format This format allows the user to create new data and objects as well as update and add to existing XPRAFTS networks This facility may be used to import information from GlSs FISs CAD packages and other databases Plan drawings may be imported from virtually any CAD package or GIS to be used as a scaled base map Output Output xprafts provides results and data in various forms All graphical displays may be outputted to printers plotters or to DXF files Graphical Output xprafts provides graphs of rainfall rainfall excess hydrographs including total and local components of the hydrographs Stage history and storage history are also available for any pond or basin in the drainage system The graphs for up to 16 locations may be displayed and printed or results exported to a comma delimited ASCII text file for use in spreadshe
80. Close operation Unless merging files the active database must be closed before opening another one When the database is closed the temporary work file is copied to the original database Until close is selected you may revert to your original unchanged database by selecting the Revert command from this menu A file may also be closed by clicking on the small rectangular close box in the left hand corner of the title bar Save XP maintains an internal working copy of the database for editing sessions Changes made while editing are not committed to the permanent database unless explicitly instructed by using the Save command The Save command commits all changes made to the working database to the permanent database whose file name is the window title The current view is also saved so that when re opened the display will be in the same state as when the database was saved Save As Template The easiest way to create a new job is from a Template Select this command to save the current XP file as a Template The new Template contain all of the parameter used by XP including settings such as fonts XP Table Settings Spatial Report and Graphical Encoding settings Job Control parameters rainfall data When selected this command will prompt for an XPT file name See Also New File From Template 74 12 PMP Save As Copies of the working database see Save command can be saved under different names by issuing this command A
81. DELLING When sewage flows are being analysed the split catchment option should be utilised to separately estimate the dry weather and wet weather infiltration contributions to the node In this instance the Catchment area for wet weather infiltration is input in hectares Dry weather flow catchment area is HOWEVER NOT INPUT IN HECTARES To reflect an instantaneous diurnal dry weather flow pattern it is necessary to input as catchment area EP divided by 10 000 ie Catchment area input EP 10 000 Appropriate flow values per EP for the sub catchment together with an appropriate dimensionless diurnal temporal pattern is provided in the global storm database under Global Menu Sub catchment Input Hydrographs can calculate either surface stormwater flows or sewage flows from both dry weather and wet weather sources STORMWATER MODELLING 135 Printed Documentation When rural stormwater flows are being considered only it is usual to only have one 1 sub catchment entering a node Catchment area is input in hectares When urban stormwater runoff is being analysed two sub catchments should be included to a node These should individually reflect the pervious and impervious contributions respectively Both catchment areas are input in hectares SEWER MODELLING When sewage flows are being analysed the split catchment option should be utilised to separately estimate the dry weather and wet weather infiltration contributions to the node
82. LS See Also Icons POINTER At the network level the Pointer tool is used specifically to manipulate the current selection move the current selection around reconnect links and for re scaling At the dialog level it is used to select a data item or to position the cursor for editing text The current selection is the set of objects which many menu commands operate upon Objects that are members of a selection are indicated in inverse video bright magenta To make a single object the current selection just point to it and click To select a group of objects in a single operation the mouse button is held down and the dotted outline of a box is dragged around the desired group To deselect everything the mouse is clicked in open space All the objects in a path between two nodes can be selected by first clicking on one node then with the lt Ctrl gt key held down clicking on the other end node To extend a selection the lt Shift gt key is held down in conjunction with the selection operation The lt Shift gt key causes new selections to be toggled The only exception is Background Picture Objects which must be modified while holding down the lt Ctrl gt key Moving Objects Reconnecting Links Moving Objects To move a group of objects they are first selected using one of the methods described above The pointer is then positioned on one of the items and the mouse is dragged to a new position with the mouse button held down
83. Link Width 57 Printed Documentation Link Label Size Node Colour Node colour is defined in ranges using an open ended dialog list DLIST A colour is selected by clicking in the appropriate field and selecting a colour from the dialog that appears The list follows the standard rules for a DLIST Node Color Peak Inflow Storm 1 E3 Color TE 2458 04518 57374 09832 209 532 62 290 bJ NEE __ Ed Data Range Min O Q00000 Max 262 290000 Suggest Cancel You can insert and delete rows using the Insert and Delete keys and you can scroll through the list using the arrow keys Any number of rows can be included in the list but only 16 colours are supported The data is presented in discrete stepped ranges Data is plotted in a selected colour provided it falls within the range Low Value lt Data Value lt High Value The Data Range shown in this dialog shows the maximum and minimum value of the selected variable currently contained within all objects in the database Suggest The Suggest button will break the minimum and maximum data range into 5 equal partitions and allocate a pre determined colour to each Node Size The node size can be used to represent the value of the data variable in one of two ways either by an equation or by a stepwise linear function 58 Node Size Inflow Yolume Storm 1 By Equation By Linear Relationship Graph Size Interpretation
84. Node This button loads the Data Variables dialog which allows you to select the data fields you wish to display in the Spatial Report for nodes The list displayed in the following dialog contains the full names of all data items that will be included in your spatial report for nodes Variable List HODES x Sub area Subcatchment 1 Total 4rea Subcatchment 2 4 Catchment Mannings nT5ubcatchment 1 Catchment Mannings nTSubcatchment 2 Insert Format Delete ace Insert Append Delete Format Delete The delete button removes a report data variable from the list Insert Append These buttons allow you to insert a report data variable before the highlighted field in the list or at the end of the list respectively When you select either of these buttons the following dialog showing all available data is displayed When OK is selected the highlighted field is added to the list shown in the preceding parent dialog If the variable selected has multiple instances ie Conduits Pumps etc then a combination of Variable and Instance must be selected To show all instances of a selected variable all combinations of Variable Instance must be selected 51 Printed Documentation Variable Selection a Mon Std Storage Sone Flia Catchment Mannings n Rg Percentage Impervious er Exponent a Catchment Slope a Local Storm Type G Direct Input 2 3 a nn Bas n Data Format This button takes you to a f
85. Recent Documents xie_riverMPRAFTS xp TE xie_riverxPSWMM xp Desktop My D ocuments as May Computer File name New file nance Mu Network Files of type ap Database xp Cancel Places Open as read only The program then displays the name of the new empty database in the window title and proceeds to enable and disable appropriate menu commands Only one database can be active at any one time Although not mandatory it is good practice to give the new file a XP extension This makes retrieval of the file more straightforward when using the Open command Every xprafts file is based on a template A template determines the basic structure for a file and may contain settings such as fonts XP Table Settings Spatial Report and Graphical Encoding settings Job Control parameters rainfall data and almost any other parameter used by xprafts Select the Create From Template option and after the New File is created the flowing dialog appears 72 12 PMP Select Template File FR Look ir E Templates Pp Developed xpt Hiistorical xpt My Recent Western Aus xpt Documents Desktop My Documents My Computer a File name wester Aus spit My Network Files of type KP Templates xpt Cancel Places Open as read only Navigate to the location of the template and click on Open Open Open Document Look in Eaj work e 1Opolute pp Testext2 xp
86. Redraw Regenerates the network without changing the current location or scale Fit Window Re scales the network to fit the current window Et Window Pan Move your view of the network by a user defined offset which is set by selecting this icon and dragging the network from the old location to the new location Zoom In Magnify your view of the network by a user defined factor which is set by selecting this icon Window and dragging a box around the area you wish to see Zoom Out Shrink your view of the network by a user defined factor which is set by selecting this icon and Window dragging a box inside which the current view of the network will fit See Also Network Overview and Scaling Tools Dialog Icons These Icons are present on the right hand side of each dialog They are used to get information on and to copy individual fields including check boxes radio buttons and editable text in a dialog Copy Data Help Field Information Data Icons 1 An Overview Used to copy one field within a dialog so that it may be pasted into multiple nodes or links See also COPY A SINGLE ITEM Select the item by dragging a box around a text item radio button or checkbox then select the Copy Icon Click this button to get help on the current dialog Used to get information on one field within a dialog so that it may be used in the creation of an XPX file Select the item by dragging a box around a text item radio button or checkbox then
87. Reports If the Select radio button is pressed you will be asked to enter the variable names you wish to export otherwise All variables will be exported Variable List HODES x Sub area Subcatchment 1 Total Srea Subcatchment 2 4 Catchment Mannings nT5ubcatchment 1 Catchment Mannings nTSubcatchment 2 Insert Format Delete ee OF Cancel 82 12 PMP Yarnable Selection E SubCatchment Direct Input Optimization Data Normal Spillway Data Fuseplug Spillway Data J Tailwater Data d DS Interconnected Node ed Tee Eg DS Level OF Cancel Pescipiarn Print Print the current view of the network Print Preview Preview how the current view of the network will appear when printed Print Setup Set the printer page size etc Exit The Exit menu option ends the current session and returns to the operating system XP will give you the option to save any opened database whose changes have not been saved or to cancel the Exit command and remain in the XP environment Note that changes to the database are not restricted to just data Any change in scale location or highlighting of an object will also cause the Save Changes dialog to be invoked Import Use this button to perform the import when the desired parameters have been entered When you select Import you will be given an Import Warning This warning dialog is simply to remind you that import can overwrite existing
88. S SONG eroarea ee a a Ende Re 181 Hydsys Prophet SIONS isses ee 182 TemporalPalternsz sa se a O R 183 HYaSYschVArOgT ADS aena eeeneeeie 183 ARBMLOSS OS a ne era die 184 AAA LOSSES nn 187 EDC OCMICIGNIS ea ee 188 Prophet Stage Dalai na Russen 192 Sta98 DischHarge Data nn en ee he nalen een ee ieiki nanai 193 A O endende 193 A o A O O ore eee 201 PMP 201 PMP Method Diagram 201 PMP Method Table 202 PMP Method Zones 203 GSDM 203 GSAM 203 GTSMR 204 A A A ieee anatempnses 205 XP SYSTEM CAPABILITIES 205 NETWORK MANIPULATION 205 DATA TYPE 205 DATA RANGE CHECKING 205 RELATIONAL CONSISTENCY CHECKING 206 ILERAFTS TNEOWN era A A A d 209 Overview 209 Hydrology 209 Fy GhOG rap Generator erben een 209 Raa 10 POPE RE TN 210 HAS A AO 211 SOMS o lla e e ls e edo 212 Gatged data catalan 213 Hydraulics 213 Transporting MA Og ADS r a a adn 213 Hydrodynamic Model arcoiris 214 Storage Ba SNS POP OO rar ee eer ii 214 Importing Data 216 APON Dalaran een east 216 Output 216 A A 216 Grabhical OPU Las e e rel een Base 216 al A A A OO o mee ee ce ne mR Cen ee E 216 Table of Contents Detailed Description of xprafts 217 General Model Struc fe m ee ee nieht E EE E AEE 217 Program OPTA IS AMO a A A E E E 217 General Da REINOS aa anaes ee ae a Co a 219 bra Mode LIB MI a ee reale 219 Time Ste Py COMPULANIONS sent ensure 219 Bi AAA sete er sarees asa ee anew coe E A 219 Convergent and Divergent EhKSuas san 220 Development of
89. Simple On site DetentiO Retener ea un ee layers 144 WSUD Onsite Detenton Retos a leinnileran 151 A ee se A Serta ade Dect ttt 160 LINK DATA 160 LAGGING LINK DATA 160 ROUTING LINK DATA 160 Rafts Cross Section 162 Hec2 Cross Section 162 DIVERSION LINK DATA 163 Low Flow Pipe 165 DIVERSION LINK DATA 166 A 010 ee ee ee ee es PE me re Tere reese ee 169 JOB CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS 169 Job Definition 171 El a ee liessen 171 tchment Dependent SO erteilen 172 Automate Stormi Generalo zn nee een 173 EV ADO A OT O EEE EIER 174 interconnected Basis ee A A Al da 175 STORIES Ba o COP eE ee eT ee re Rn rte ey COS rem eee a ance ene cr ree enero ee ee eres 175 Global HYasys Fiend eins aaa aphoplaceiatacves ancy lsatnaumonsduneptadunetioentet 175 FRO SUES vr Eee en 175 Generate Data ECNO a O A ae suntan ands Su ee RU EEE Te ER 175 Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor un 175 Hydrograph Export 176 Local AY drodrapn EXPO FI uno daa 176 Total Hyarograph EXPO File needs 176 xpswmm xpstorm Format Hydrograph Export File cooocccoccccccnccoccononconcnnocononccnnncnonnroonnnnnnnnnncnnoncnnnnrnnnnconannnnns 176 Summary EXPO Fileas Re 177 Simulation Details 177 STIL en Be en E IERE ern ur user See ee een 177 Start Hear sun E SISTERS 177 Use Hotstar Bes an Enger 177 Create Holstatt Fleece ee 178 MGSO Dal Dia neu ra tere ee een een ie seien 179 GLOBAL DATA 179 viii Table of Contents Global Database Records 181 RAFT
90. T SMM n xp CATEST SMM AZ 1 cal xp CATEST S WMMl4 2 1er xp CATES NS YMMivecwestLxp CAXPSPAORF testext x lt p CATEST SWMMipsia xp Cancel Fore Eek File Description 2000 node Erim Wastewater Example 600 pumps File Description Enter a one line description relating to the highlighted file Add Select this button to show a list of XP files that may be added to the project You can navigate your way through directories using the normal file selection process Delete Select this button to delete the currently highlighted file Details Close Choose this option if you are finished with this project database and want to open another existing project or create a new one If no changes have been made to the current project it will be closed immediately otherwise a Save Project prompt will appear allowing you the option of closing without saving changes or cancelling the Close operation Save XP maintains an internal working copy of the database for editing sessions Changes made while editing are not committed to the permanent database unless explicitly instructed by using the Save command The Save command commits all changes made to the working database to the permanent database whose file name is the window title The current view is also saved so that when re opened the display will be in the same state as when the database was saved Save As Copies of the working database see Save command can be save
91. TS Redraw Menu Redrawing REFERENCES RELATIONAL CONSISTENCY CHECKING Re scale RE SCALING THE NETWORK WINDOW Re size Picture RE SIZING NETWORK OBJECTS RE SIZING THE BACKGROUND Resolution Restore Results Categories Retarding Basin 217 96 36 192 182 39 83 26 161 117 181 210 141 227 137 22 13 63 15 45 46 23 3 83 38 13 46 98 46 241 206 12 97 98 13 14 15 14 19 55 43 123 Retarding Basin Module Reuse Revert Revert Menu Review Results Review Results Menu Reynolds Number Roof Capture Roughness Routing Details Routing Link Data Routing Method Runoff S Save Changes Save All Results for Review Save As Template Save Menu Save Report Scale Factors Scaling Icons Scaling Tools Second sub catchment Secondary Height to Spill Secondary Permissible Site Discharge Select a Group File Select All Links Select All Nodes Select Objects SELECTING AN OBJECT Selection Only Settings Shape Shift key Show Show Errors Show Errors Menu Show Frame Show Heading 228 158 74 75 43 103 43 164 150 162 229 160 225 106 55 74 175 74 74 94 46 12 19 39 39 142 148 148 6 12 38 73 42 42 99 12 55 82 42 148 12 55 108 110 56 56 Index Show Reports 55 Single Conduit 110 Site Storage Requirements 147 Size 49 53 65 Size 60 63 66 68 Soil Moisture Redistribution 236 Solve amp Review Icons 8 Solve M
92. Testexts xp Testrep xp Files of type PDE p a Cancel Open as read only This command is used to open an existing database and make it active When this option is selected the Get File dialog box below will be shown with a default mask xp To select a file double click on the name or type the complete name instead of the mask If the PROJECTS option is enabled the Get File dialog box will only display files that are part of the current project as shown below 73 Printed Documentation Files in Project CATESTSW MM xp Select CATEST iS Y7MM421 cal oxp MOM CATES TS WWMM I verxg CATES NSW MhHiw cwest x CIAPSYAWORKitestext2 xp CATESTiSY MMipsba xp Cancel Ad _ Camel om Delete o Pati Details File Description 2000 node Exim Wastewater Example 600 pumps When a database is successfully opened a backup file with the extension BAK is created and appropriate menu commands are enabled and disabled The backup is not updated until the database is closed and reopened Only one database can be opened at any one time and its name is displayed in the window title Close Choose this option if you are finished with this database and want to open another existing file or create a new one If no changes have been made to the current file it will be closed immediately otherwise a Save Changes prompt will appear allowing you the option of closing without saving changes or cancelling the
93. This displays a dotted outline of all affected objects while tracking the mouse s movements When the mouse button is released all affected objects assume their new positions Note that if a link is moved both its end nodes are affected Reconnecting Links To reconnect one end of a link to another node first select the link then pick a point on the link near the end to be moved and drag it to the new node 38 9 Link Data No Data NODE The node tool represents an object located at a point and is the point of connectivity between links in the network Selecting the node tool changes the cursor to the cross hair shape shown above and places you in a mode for creating node objects Clicking anywhere inside the window will create a new node at that point with display attributes identical to those of the node tool shown in the toolstrip XP uses a node tool to represent a junction of links and also as the point of input for the local catchment within the drainage network LINK A link is defined as a connection between two nodes Links cannot exist without nodes at the end points and have a sense of direction indicated by an arrow When a link tool is selected the cursor changes to a cross hair and the user is in a mode for creating links between nodes The first click in the window defines the node from which the link emanates The next and subsequent mouse clicks identify the node to which the link joins A straight line is then d
94. Threshold Font Format Conversion Frame Frame 18 89 94 92 36 88 55 104 43 98 22 109 17 22 101 174 193 81 43 38 94 37 114 18 18 55 55 13 98 140 14 22 127 43 163 164 49 53 56 91 47 48 51 52 53 17 49 53 49 Frame Display Links Frame Display Nodes Fuseplug Spillway G Gauged Hyd Prophet Hydro Gauged Hydrograph Gauged Rafts Hydro Gauged Stage Discharge General Data General Data Requirements General Model Structure Generate Data Echo Generic WIMP User Interface Global Data9 105 106 179 181 182 183 184 187 188 192 193 ARBM Losses Continuing Losses Hydsys Hydrographs Hydsys Storms IFD Coefficients Initial Losses Menu Prophet Stage Data Prophet Storms RAFTS Storms Stage Discharge Data Temporal Patterns Global Storm Go To Go To Menu Graph Graph Graphical XP environment Graphical 8 Tabular Output GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS Graphical Encoding Graphical Output Graphics Format Tablet Grid Menu Groundwater Runoff GSAM Index 49 49 53 130 122 120 121 122 153 219 217 175 4 184 187 183 182 188 187 106 192 182 181 193 183 171 13 98 61 63 66 68 61 63 64 66 68 3 4 222 10 9 103 104 216 4 12 6 98 237 203 247 Printed Documentation GSDM GTSMR Guaged data H Head Loss Hec2 Cross Section HED Height Height Outlet to Spill Help Icon Hide Attachment Line Frame on Creation
95. Variable names are alphanumeric strings and are not case sensitive White space blank tab new line etc has no significance The following pre defined functions are supported These words are reserved and cannot be used as variable names abs n absolute value of n acos x arc cosine of x in radians asin x arc sine of x in radian atan x arc tangent of x in radians ceil x smallest integer gt x cos x cosine of x x in radians cosh x hyperbolic cosine of x x in radians E10 x 10 raised to the power x exp x exponential function of x floor x largest integer lt x log10 x base 10 logarithm of x log x natural logarithm of x sin x sine of x x in radians sinh x hyperbolic sine of x sqrt x square root of x tan h tangent of x x in radians tanh h hyperbolic tangent of x x in radians jO x bessel function of first kind order O ji x bessel function of first kind order 1 yO x bessel function of second kind order O y1 x bessel function of second kind order 1 max x1 x2 larger of x1 and x2 min x1 x2 smaller of x1 and x2 Function arguments must be enclosed in parentheses e g sin y not siny or sin y The function names are not case sensitive There are no user defined functions as yet Examples 2 5 a42 b 1 2 c42 sin d By Linear Relationship The text size will be displayed in a stepwise linear function using the Data Value Node Size relationsh
96. YDSYS data archiving system as a report file In this manner any time series data storage and retrieval system that can output formatted ASCII files can be used to export rainfall or streamflow data to XP RAFTS Rainfall Streamflow File Station Variable Year Month Day Hr Min Value A8 f7 0 14 12 12 12 12 112 0 183 Printed Documentation The variable defines whether the value is rainfall mm or runoff m3 s Variable 10 Rainfall Variable 140 Runoff The XP RAFTS simulation period must occur after the start of the first file date time record If the simulation period extends past the date in the record zero values are assumed for the remainder of the simulation One file can contain all of the rainfall and streamflow stations likely to be utilized in the simulation or separate files for each station and variable type can be utilized if preferred Current HydSys File Size Restrictions XP RAFTS currently allows editing of up to 10 000 data points Using the Protected Mode version of XP RAFTS run durations that use up to 5 000 variable time step values may be solved Limits for the Real Mode version are memory dependent but will be considerably less than these values ARBM Losses The Australian Representative Basins Model ARBM originally developed by Chapman 1968 to describe catchment infiltration and subsequent rainfall excess for a particular rainfall sequence plus catchment antecedent condition To utilize this module additional d
97. ability Investigations at Hewitt Penrith 1994 95 B E Thesis School of Civil Engineering University of Technology Sydney Willing and Partners Pty Ltd 1993 Drainage Design Practice Part Il Final Report for Department of Urban Services ACT Willing amp Partners 1992 Drainage Design Practice for Land Development in the ACT Part Il Hydrograph Estimation prepared for the Dept of Urban Services Stormwater Section ACT Government August 244 Index lt lt Ctrl gt lt P gt lt Print Screen gt lt Shift gt Cancel Key Mouse Click OK lt Esc gt lt Shift Tab gt lt Tab gt A Absolute Range Checking Validity Accuracy Action Button Add Advanced Parameters All Objects Analysis Analytical Model Annotation APP_FLAGS Apply to All ARBM Losses ARBM Process Summary Arrange Items Arrange Items Arrow Arrow Tool Attachment Line Attachment Line Colour Attachment Line Type Attribute Box Line Type Attributes AutoCAD Automatic Automatic Box Width 12 43 43 12 22 26 110 22 22 22 22 23 23 48 52 22 91 94 148 55 82 109 35 49 53 184 237 56 56 38 38 50 54 49 50 54 49 15 110 17 19 49 49 Automatic Storm Generator Available Air Space Available Water Space Average Allotment Density B B Modification Factors Background Picture Picture Objects Background Image Properties Background Images Background Picture Background Picture Icons Backup File Basin G
98. ach sub catchment is divided into 10 sub areas Each of the sub areas is treated as a cascading non linear storage obeying the relationship S BavQ n 1 where n by default is set to 0 285 and B is computed from observed catchment event data or specified in terms of the catchment parameters The rainfall is applied to each sub area an excess computed and the excess converted into an instantaneous inflow This instantaneous flow is then routed through the sub area storages to develop an individual sub catchment outlet hydrograph Rainfall Any local Intensity Frequency Duration information may be used to generate the hydrographs Rainfall input can be of two types either Design Rainfall or Historic Events Design rainfall may be entered as a dimensionless temporal pattern with an average rainfall intensity or in Australia may be extracted directly from Australian Rainfall and Runoff Institution of Engineers Australia 1987 Historical events may be entered by the user in either fixed or variable time steps allowing long lengths of record to be defined relatively easily Alternatively the rainfall data may be read from an external rainfall file in either of two ASCII text formats They are the HYDSYS file format or the XPX file format Details of the HYDSYS format are provided in Appendix B together with the gauged flow and rainfall data collected as part of this study 210 Index Storm Data JUNK a Design Storm Average Recurrence Interv
99. al 0 Years Average Intensity Temporal Pattern Pia o Reference a IFO Calculation APR Standard gg Rainfall Distribution mE ME E Yariable Time Step Loss Models The rainfall excess may be computed using either of the following methods e Initial Continuing The initial depth of rainfall which is lost is specified along with a continuing rate of loss For example 15 mm initial loss plus 2 5 mm h of any further rainfall e Initial Proportional The initial depth of rainfall that is lost is specified along with a proportion of any further rain that will be lost For example 15 mm initial loss and 0 6 times any further rainfall 211 Printed Documentation ARBM Losses loss1 ARBM Loss Process Storage Capacities Infiltration etc Evapo transpiration Routing Time Step E Evapotransplration Ha e ae ea Tritt ELA E Interception Storage i epee a Es mi ni mi ed oe me mi aus AAA yt ee eee a Fi ee f t e y k j os wt t a Wet ur i Depression Storage Evaporation Infiltration Upper sail Lower Sail Moisture Redistrition f Groundwater coca rn e Australian Representative Basins Model ARBM Loss method Infiltration parameters to suit Philip s infiltration equation using comprehensive ARBM algorithms are used to simulate catchment infiltration and subsequent rainfall excess for a pa
100. al Spillway B5 o sha y es 17 82 None C Calculated Area 15 le Infiltration Le Roof Area E E Discharge Road Area 20 39 Faved Area E 41 30 100 u Pervious Area 160 137 Cancel Land Use Capture Site Storage Requirement Permissible Site Discharge Storage General Data Normal Spillway Evaporation Infiltration Discharge Landuse Storage 152 13 XP System Storage Characteristic Mode Retbas Eg A Level Storage 7 im mg E 0 E Jasmo ezom C 3 ENEE INN EE IT o CIEN INIA EE CE EE E a C FETO IS E Graph Cancel Level Basin Water Level m The first water level must also be the lowest level in the reservoir basin Values in this column are interpreted as ABSOLUTE levels if the first stage equals the Basin Invert Datum Level Otherwise the first stage MUST equal zero and values are interpreted as stages RELATIVE to the Basin Invert Datum Level Storage Storage in 1000 cubic metres corresponding to adjacent left column Storages must be non negative The first storage MUST be zero General Data 153 Printed Documentation OSD Details General OSDDET 1 N Initial Basin a Initial Water o Y Initial Basin Outflow Storage Routing Mon A outed Baseflow Time E Cancel Initial Basin Inflow Basin inflow m43 s at start of simulation Used only when assessing partially full basin Initial Water Level Initial Basin
101. ale of a picture changes so that the text becomes unreadable it is displayed as a black box showing the location of the text but not the actual characters The size of the viewed window can be changed in four ways The Scale Menu Command The Scaling Tools Window Scaling Fit Window 13 Printed Documentation The Scale Menu Command The scale factor is a mapping or engineering form of scale with real world units in metres or feet The default scale at which the network of a new database is initially created is 1 1000 This type of absolute zooming is done about the centre of the display window The Scaling Tools Zooming can be performed relative to the current scale factor using the scaling tools from the toolstrip The tools are tied to fixed scaling of 2X for zoom in and 0 5X for zoom out Window Scaling The size and location of a new window can be defined by zooming in to a rectangle proportioned to the shape of the display window A rectangle similar to a selection rectangle is created by first selecting the Window Area In Tool from the toolstrip and using the mouse button and dragging a rectangle around the area of interest When the mouse button is released the window maps exactly to the proportioned rectangle Both the size and position of the zoom box can be manipulated in this way A zoom out action may be performed in a similar manner by selecting the Window Area Out tool from the toolstrip and following the above instruct
102. aph coordinates in the table displayed when the Direct Input button is selected or 2 By specifying a disk file from which the hydrograph coordinates are read This option is chosen by selecting the File Input button The following indicates the format specifications of the ASCII text file for both local and total upstream hydrographs This file is also generated when the RAFTS Local Hydrograph or RAFTS Total Hydrograph options are chosen under Hydrograph Export at a node Start of File JOB NLKS NVAL DT 3i5 g12 5 Repeat Repeat next two lines for NLKS links for each Linkno Linklab g10 2 a10 stacked storm Q k 1 nval 5912 5 End of File JOB Storm event number NLKS No of tagged links in file NVAL No of routing increments in minutes DT Length of routing increment in minutes Linkno Link number of tagged hydrographs Linklab Hydrograph ordinates in m3 s Note All hydrographs refer to input to the top of the link before basin routing Runoff Hydrograph Runoff Hydrograph Options Retarding Basin All the information describing the retarding basin or on site storage at this node is entered by selecting this button Gauged Hydrograph A gauged hydrograph may optionally be entered for comparative display against a computed hydrograph when undertaking calibration or verification Full Output The Full Output option provides extensive results in the text output file created during the execution of RAFTS This
103. ariable in one of two ways either by an equation or by a stepwise linear function Link Label Size Channel 5lope plain 17 435 8 42 0 By Equation By Linear Relationship 66 Graph Size Suggest By Equation 11 Global Data If this option is selected the text size is defined in terms of X where X is the variable being shown In its simplest form the equation is size X however arbitrary expressions can also be built with the syntax described here Terms in the expression can consist of numeric constants variable names arithmetic operators pre defined functions The following binary arithmetic operators are supported addition subtraction multiplication division remainder A exponentiation raise to power Variables and numeric values can be used and parentheses can also be used to any level of nesting Expressions can be sequenced and separated by semicolons with intermediate variables used Variable names are alphanumeric strings and are not case sensitive White space blank tab new line etc has no significance The following pre defined functions are supported These words are reserved and cannot be used as variable names absolute value of n arc cosine of x in radians arc sine of x in radian arc tangent of x in radians smallest integer gt x cosine of x x in radians hyperbolic cosine of x x in radians 10 raised to the power x
104. aseflow through basin minutes 119 Printed Documentation Gauged Hydrograph Gauged Hydrograph Gauged Hydrograph A gauged hydrograph may optionally be entered for comparative display against a computed hydrograph when undertaking calibration or verification There are four available file formats to choose from Select Hydrograph Node Retbas Hydrograph Type f Ratte Hydrograph f Aydsys Hydrograph pO f Prophet Stage Data pO Stage Discharge Rating Cancel Gauged Rafts Hydrograph Gauged Hydsys Hydrograph Gauged Prophet Hydrograph Gauged Stage Discharge Rating 120 13 XP System Gauged Rafts Hydro Gauged Hydrograph Node Retbas Graph Cancel Time Time from start of simulation in minutes Discharge Flow in m3 s at corresponding time 121 Printed Documentation Gauged Hyd Prophet Hydro Select HidSys Hydrographs Select Cancel E dit Clear Rename Delete Select Hydsys Prophet Reference name File usually defined in Global database definitions Gauged Stage Discharge Stage Discharge Select Cancel E dit Clear Rename Delete Select Gauged Stage Discharge Reference name File usually defined in Global database definitions 122 13 XP System Retarding Basin Retarding Basin A time of concentration must be defined for the impervious and pervious portions of the catchment separately These may be defined in one of three ways
105. at times 1 amp 2 m 01 O2 outflows at times 1 amp 2 m s delta t routing interval s Subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the beginning and end of the routing interval respectively 229 Printed Documentation Basin Stage Storage Relationships A stage storage curve must be derived for the site for use in flood routing computations Where investigations are undertaken using xprafts stage storage co ordinates would have to be nominated for say up to 10 or 15 points along the curve based on accurate ground survey with intermediate points being calculated in the program by linear interpolation Basin Stage Discharge Relationships Stage discharge data must be compiled for the normal outlets and emergency spillways Stage discharge data may be entered directly in coordinate form or an option is available to use standard hydraulic equations for preliminary runs only Default equations presently used are Normal pipe outlet with h lt 1 0 x diameter A x AR x g Op 28 where h height of water in basin over invert of outlet pipe d pipe diameter m Qp discharge through pipe at stage h m s Ap area of flow in pipe at stage h m R hydraulic radius at stage h m S pipe slope n Manning s roughness empirically set internally to 0 021 to take into account additional entrance and exit losses Normal pipe outlet with h gt 1 0d 2 IP A j 4 fk k ale A FI K ey 20 p where Qp discharge through pipe a
106. ata describing such things as sorptivity hydraulic conductivity upper and lower soil storage capacities soil moisture redistribution groundwater runoff and catchment drying are required The sensitivity of various parameters to the derived watershed runoff varies widely Thus a sensitivity analysis should almost always be performed to assess the critical parameters involved in the catchment calibration In using this loss module in an event mode it is still necessary to provide soil moisture starting conditions prior to a design event To achieve this some knowledge of appropriate antecedent conditions before the typical design event is required If this information is not readily available then several values should be chosen and a sensitivity analysis carried out A diagrammatic representation of the LOSS Module is shown in the figure below 184 Evaporation o E Rain Interception storage Depression storage Infiltration Upper soil zone storage Soil moisture redistribution funcion Lower sgil zone storage Index Evapotranspiration _ Impervious or pervious surface runoff Evapotranspirabon Laurerson s non linear runoff routing model Evapotranspirabon Groundwater discharge function Streamflow 185 Printed Documentation ARBM Losses ARBM Loss Process Storage Capacities Infiltration etc Evapo transpiration Routing Time Step l 0 Evapotranspiratior ee tae ae
107. ated in this way The reverse procedure ie scaling down or zooming out can only be performed by using the Scaling Icons The dotted rectangle shown on the screen indicates the size the current window will be shrunk to when the mouse is released See Also Scaling Icons and Network Overview 40 10 Job Control 41 7 Menus THE MENU BAR The menu bar displays the titles of eight menus Four of the menus File Edit Project View Special Window and Help are common to all systems utilising XP The Tools menu is specific to the application in this case XP Rafts Whenever you work with XP you enter commands by pointing to a menu then dragging down to highlight the command you want Any commands in the menu that are disabled are displayed as greyed out A disabled menu item indicates that the command is not available in the current context and that some other action is required before it can be invoked File Edit Project View Configuration Tools Analze Results Window Help As a short cut keyboard equivalents are available for the most frequently used commands The keyboard equivalent is indicated by an underlining _ of the letter appropriate to this command To invoke commands from a menu use the lt Alt gt key in conjunction with the character for example lt Alt F gt to invoke the File menu Once the menu is displayed press the underlined character of the menu to select the command for example X to Exit Some commonly use
108. ation work was described by Talsma and Parlange 1972 and Parlange 1971 1975 and 1977 where the following equations were developed X Y 1l 0 11 where X and Y were related to time t and accumulative infiltration i by the series expansion of Equation 9 and the substitution of Equation 12 and 13 in the result with rearrangement and truncation after the t1 5 term The relationships were j X Kr 12 and a The new equation termed the Talsma Parlange Equation was therefore as follows 2415 j spi Ae yA 14 where j cumulative infiltration S sorptivity at a specified antecedent soil moisture content Ko hydraulic conductivity at water saturation Equation 14 was subsequently adopted in place of Equations 9 and 10 and is currently used in the xprafts loss module The method of measurement adopted for Ko follows a similar procedure to measuring sorptivity only on this occasion the undisturbed core sample held by the infiltrometer ring is removed from the surrounding soil and placed on a wire grid raised above ground level A 100 mm length of core is adopted for all Ko and S measurements In this way zero moisture potential at the base of the core is assured Water is then ponded on top of the soil until a steady outflow is observed This flow is then measured at constant head and the saturated hydraulic conductivity calculated as follows L Ky ar en 15 RA 19 where Ko Saturated hydra
109. b_name_string The gldb_type_name_string is the type of global database to be imported The string must be enclosed in double quotes The instance is an integer value which allows for multiple instances of the same data type for the one object For example multiple database records The first instance of a data type is assigned a value of O zero the second instance is 1 one and so on The gldb_name_string is the record name of global database to be imported The string must be enclosed in double quotes Inlet Ratings 0 IRC 1 Inlet Ratings 1 IRC 2 RATEX 0 2 10 000 RATEX 1 3 4 000 RATEY 0 3 3 000 RATEY 1 3 2 000 30 000 5 000 15 000 2 200 70 000 12 000 18 000 3 000 Flow Captured Flow The Edit menu lists commands for undoing re doing and standard editing plus some additional commands for copying and pasting selected node and link data This menu deals with management of both the graphical attributes and data associated with the network This data comprises the attributes of network objects required by the specific model For example pipe diameters catchment areas plus text fonts sizes colours etc 87 Printed Documentation Edit Project View Contiquratic Copy Data Crile Delete Objects Del Edit Data Ctrl D Attributes Motes Cut Data Copy Data Paste Data Clear Data Delete Objects Edit Data Attributes Background Col
110. be defined ie NODE commands must appear before LINK commands which reference them and similarly DATA commands must appear after the object references are defined An un named global object is defined by an empty string Notes 1 Object names are not case sensitive 2 Strings with embedded white space can be enclosed in double quotes 3 Data can be commented out using C style comments i e This is a comment XPX Node Command COMMAND NODE DESCRIPTION The node command defining a particular node must appear in the XPX file before any reference can be made to data or links associated with it There is no rigid structure to the order that these command appear in provided the above rule is complied with The node_command consists of the word NODE followed by a node_type a node_name and an X and Y value which represent it coordinates SYNTAX NODE node_type Node_name X y VARIABLES Node_type The node_type is an integer value which specifies the shape the node will appear in its screen Integer representation when the XPX file is imported The various values and shapes for node_type are listed below Node Type Shape 0 Circle 130 Arrow 132 Square 133 Triangle 134 Circle Node_name The node_name must be enclosed in double quotation marks It is an alphanumeric string String representing the name of this node and will appear adjacent to the screen representation of the 84 X Real Y Real EXAMPLE 12 PMP
111. by configuring your CAD program or other drawing programs to send the HPGL output to a file instead of directly to the plotter The CVTHPGL utility will create a new XP Metafile Plotter Defaults x Pen Color Mapping Color Plotter Limits P1 P2 xo 50000 SO000 wo 50000 SO000 Cancel Pen Number HP Plotter pen number that is mapped to a particular color of your choice Double click on the color to choose different color mapping Pen Color Color that is mapped to a particular HP plotter pen number Plotter Limits Plotter pen limits in the X and Y directions These coordinates are in plotter units The P1 and P2 units should be equal or greater than the plotter units settings of your HP Plotter To obtain a higher resolution picture it is recommended that the plot be sent to fit the page and the page size be large If the P1 and P2 limits specified are less than the P1 and P2 settings on your plotter than the background picture will be clipped 20 3 Database Concepts Load Plotter Defaults This will load the plotter settings pen mappings and limits from a file that was earlier saved by the corresponding Save button Save Plotter Defaults This will save the existing settings pen mappings and limits to a file XP Metafile Internal XP file format This is the file format used by XP to store its background pictures XP Metafile Output File Name of the XP Metafile to create in a PICT f
112. cessing any field within the database record directly saving the amount of data transfer required Memory None Comments Always use this option MAX_NODES Use Set the maximum number of nodes for the network Value 0 32767 10 by default Description Sets the maximum number of nodes that the XP network can contain Memory Approx 250k per 1000 nodes Comments This value if set beyond the licensed value will be reset automatically MAX_TEXTS Use Set the maximum number of text strings for the network Value 0 32767 20 by default Description Sets the maximum number of text annotation objects that the XP network can contain Memory 250k per 1000 texts for the extended version 150k per 1000 texts for the standard version Comments None MAX_PICTS Use Set the maximum number of background pictures for the network Value 0 32767 20 by default Description Sets the maximum number of background picture objects that the XP network can contain Memory 130k per 1000 pictures for the extended version 110k per 1000 pictures for the standard version Comments None 34 MAX_LINKS Use Value Description Memory Comments Set the maximum number of links for the network 0 32767 10 by default Sets the maximum number of links that the XP network can contain Approx 250k per 1000 links for the extended version This value if set beyond the licensed value will be reset automatically MAX_DBCARDS
113. ch was derived by Aitken 1975 The value of B for each sub area is assumed to equal the average value of B for the sub catchment By 0 205 A 1 Uy so 8 where B mean value of coefficient B for sub catchment A sub catchment area km2 U fraction of catchment that is urbanised Where U 1 0 the catchment is fully urbanised and when U 0 0 the catchment is completely rural Sc main drainage slope of sub catchment The longest path of the sub catchment starting at sub catchment outlet running up the main channel then if necessary branching off at the furthest tributary to the top of the sub catchment This equation was initially derived from six urban catchments in Australia with the following ranges applying A varied from 0 8 km to 56 km U varied from 0 0 to 1 00 Sc varied from 0 22 to 2 90 However over the last fourteen years a wide range of areas slopes and urbanisation outside these ranges have been tested with a high degree of success See Sobinoff et al 1983 For gauged catchments deduced B values evaluated as the average value from recorded rainfall runoff events should be used in preference to generalised regression estimates As U in certain instances can be rather vague data input in this respect has been amended to include a impervious parameter for each sub catchment in place of the U term The model interprets U in terms of l based on the following ratios Lo U 0 0 30 07 50 1 0
114. colour will be applied to all the spatial report data for nodes Frame Display Nodes This button loads the attributes dialog and allows you to specify such things as box colour and attachment line colour for Spatial Reports for Nodes The type of frame used by the link data and the form of the attachment line may be modified from within the following dialog Frame Display NODES Frame Attachment Line Color Black y Linetype Linetype Mex Ha Width Type f Automatic Box inch Opaque e gt Inc au C Brackect Lancel Frame AttachmentLine Format This button takes you to a format dialog that allows you to select the format of the highlighted variable the format specification is always attached to the data variable even when that variable is removed from the list 53 Printed Documentation The description of the variable to be formatted is shown in the title bar of the dialog Format Font m Bo M _ E Text Formatting Text Attributes Attachment Line Colour These buttons allow you to change the colour of the line attaching node reports to nodes Line Type These buttons allow you to change the line type of the line attaching node reports to nodes Hide When you select this option the line from the Spatial Report to the node is not drawn Display Report This command controls the hidden or shown status of Spatial Reports in much the same way as other network ob
115. contributions respectively Both catchment areas are input in hectares SEWER MODELLING When sewage flows are being analysed the split catchment option should be utilised to separately estimate the dry weather and wet weather infiltration contributions to the node In this instance the Catchment area for wet weather infiltration is input in hectares Dry weather flow catchment area is HOWEVER NOT INPUT IN HECTARES To reflect an instantaneous diurnal dry weather flow pattern it is necessary to input as catchment area EP divided by 10 000 ie Catchment area input EP 10 000 Appropriate flow values per EP for the sub catchment together with an appropriate dimensionless diurnal temporal pattern is provided in the global storm database under Global Menu 140 13 XP System Non std storage exponent Non standard Storage Exponent With this option the catchment storage exponent is entered directly or as a function of runoff and will override the default value Normally this option can be ignored It may be applicable on large river basins during extreme events You could use this option for example to define a linear relationship between catcment storage and runoff or to develop variations to the standard storage equation to match gauged results Routing Exponent Storage Routing Exponent value This exponent defines the non linearity of the catchments response The default is 0 285 A value of 0 001 will make the catchment
116. cription a Node Used to represent physical objects such as manholes inlets ponds outfalls or junctions of various links such as natural channels or closed conduits 7 Link Connections between nodes they may be physical elements or only indicative of a connection eg pipes channels overland flow paths pumps etc T Text Lines of text used for labelling purposes genen Picture Bounded by a dashed rectangle a network backdrop is a pre defined drawing created via a CAD package such as AutoCAD each background graphic is a single object Be i Current background graphic types supported include HPGL DXF and DWG Each element of the network has certain editable spatial and display attributes and a unique name Display attributes include the colour and line thickness of the object Five standard colours are supported Black Red Green Blue and Yellow Three line thicknesses are provided Thin Medium and Thick Spatial attributes include the position and dimensions of the object Digit images and text notes can also be attached to nodes through the attribute dialog CREATING A NETWORK The network is created on the screen using the palette of tools icons contained in the tool strip in the window To create a network select a node tool from the toolstrip by clicking it The cursor shape now changes to a node object symbol indicating a node is being created Clicking in the window now defines the position of the node and creates it and gi
117. d commands use the lt Ctrl gt key in conjunction with the appropriate menu command as an additional shortcut for example lt Clrl O gt to open a new file Menu commands that are followed by a dialog box are indicated by an ellipsis after the menu item name POP UP MENUS THE FILE MENU THE EDIT MENU THE PROJECT MENU THE VIEW MENU THE CONFIGURATION MENU THE TOOLS MENU THE ANALYZE MENU THE RESULTS MENU THE WINDOWS MENU THE HELP MENU All Nodes All Links 42 11 Global Data Settings Profe Plotting Stole Export To DXF Calibrate Model Encrypt for Viewer Review Results This function provides graphical post processing of the XP Rafts2000 analysis A display of data and hydraulic results on a reach and node is provided To use this feature select all of the links and or nodes you wish to examine if necessary using the lt Shift gt key to extend the selection then select Review Results from the menu 43 Printed Documentation XP XP RAFTS 2000 Ealjand1 xp 2 File lelx 14 4 p gt I Storm 1 Node Per Page JEJE P1 STORM 1 Maz Basia hapef 0 410 Basia Svarape 139057 Local Coca 1 70 000 Toal Local Flaw E gt 631 Total Flaw l2b 07 TeulRsk f lsch l Prol c Cet I ual aug ual erg LecaliCamk Ij Teul oal FR Teul Fk ual Cok da Ml e t Es Fip i 500 250 i E m en 12 E ca oe u m m 0d 125 100 T E 75 D T 50 A 25 O E
118. d clicking on an existing highlighted link To re shape a link drag the vertex of the highlighted link to the new location and release the mouse button To delete a vertex hold down the lt Ctrl gt and lt Shift gt keys and click on the vertex you wish to delete Note that the network may be re scaled or panned without the need of re selecting the pointer tool See PANNING AROUND THE NETWORK and RE SCALING THE NETWORK WINDOW for more details SCALING TOOLS The scaling tools are used in addition to the View menu commands to zoom in or out They are commands in disguise rather than real drawing tools Scaling may be accomplished by clicking on the tool with the mouse button to pop up the menu shown below and then directly selecting the desired scale factor Unlike the View menu these scale factors are all relative to the current screen scale Larger scale factors will zoom in to the network smaller scale factors zoom out Zooming is done about the centre of the display window To zoom in to a small rectangular region hold down the lt Shift gt key and the right mouse button and drag a dotted rectangle around the area to be enlarged or alternatively use the Scaling Icons 39 Printed Documentation The shape of the box is proportional to that of the current window so that the region zoomed in to will map exactly up to the size of the display window when the mouse is released Both the size and position of the zoom box can be manipul
119. d point in the sub catchment along the flow path to the outlet Laurenson s 1964 procedure for estimating isochrones is summarized as follows a A large number of points uniformly distributed over a sub catchment are marked on a contour map of the sub catchment b For each point the distances between adjacent contours along the flow path to the outlet are tabulated c These individual distances are raised to the 1 5 power since time of flow through any reach is assumed proportional to 221 Printed Documentation d e A t x 2 SRE IL le tr amp u WH Where H contour interval Since H is constant the time of flow is proportional to L A correction has to be made for the lowest reach since the outlet of the catchment is not in general on a contour This correction involves multiplying the length of the lowest reach by H H where H is the fall through the lowest reach The lengths to the power of 1 5 are then summed for each point The sums obtained in c are each divided by the gratest sum to give relative travel times for all points Isochrones are then drawn through the points of relative travel time to give the lines of equal travel times to the outlet These are designated as the 1 2 3 10 isochrones The areas between adjacent isochrones are referred to as the subareas It is recommended unless very large sub catchments are being considered or flow paths and times through sub catc
120. d time for the value on the current row except for the first row and the start time for the value on the following row except the last row HydSys Rainfall This item specifies the rainfall for the period starting at the date and time of the previous row and ending at the date and time of the current row The rainfall value for the first row is ignored HydSys Discharge This item specifies the discharge for the period starting at the date and time of the previous row and ending at the date and time of the current row The discharge value for the first row is ignored Rainfall Streamflow File Format Station Variable Year Month Day Hr Min Value A8 f7 0 14 12 12 12 12 112 0 The variable defines whether the value is rainfall mm or runoff m3 s Variable 10 Rainfall Variable 140 Runoff 182 Index Temporal Patterns Rainfall Temporal Pattern O22 053 051 049 USE 052 Co O21 O22 34 019 o jojojolojojojo SO OO O ff oo oo on Ro oo Oo RI oo oo oo i a PPPEPEEEPPEPEE ET Definition of temporal pattern either dimensionless or in mm to be used in conjunction with Rafts Storm data Hydsys Hydrographs Definition of hydsys gauged hydrograph data HYDSYS type Rainfall and Streamflow Data Importation Version 2 70 and later read HYDSYS rainfall and streamflow data from disk The file format is explained below It is a simple ASCII file which has been generated by the H
121. d under different names by issuing this command A dialog box prompts for the new database name the copy is then made and the new name becomes the current database 94 12 PMP The Save As and Save commands give you flexible control over the timing and permanence of data changes Multi Run Files in Project EJ CATEST S M Mi n xp CATEST iS Y7MM421 caloxp CITESTSWHHNAFT Ver xg CATES OS YH Huy cwestoxp CIAPSYWORKitestext2 xp CATEST iS YP7MMipsba xp Cancel Fore kl File Description 2000 node Exim Wastewater Example 600 pumps Multi run allows you to solve any or all of the files in the project in a single batch run A highlighted file may be tagged or untagged by clicking on the file name When Run is selected each tagged highlighted file is opened and solved ie the data file generated in the sequence shown in the Project files list If an error is encountered in generating the DAT file the Multi run is terminated and an error log describing the problem is created If no errors are found the SWMM engine begins execution and each of the files is solved 95 Printed Documentation Multi Run Files in Project CATESTSWHRNT n lt p CATES TS Y7MM421 caloxp CHWHESNSWHMHY AZ veri CATES TS wW MMw cwest xp CIAPSYWORKitestext2 xp CATESTiSYP MMipsba xp Cancel Fre Eek File Description 2000 node Exim Wastewater Example 600 pumps Multi run allows you to solve any or all of the file
122. dialog box prompts for the new database name the copy is then made and the new name becomes the current database The Save As and Save commands give you flexible control over the timing and permanence of data changes Revert By choosing Revert the working database will revert to the last Saved version There is an additional dialog asking confirmation of this action to ensure there is no unintentional change Import Data Although every attempt has been made to implement the undocumented features implemented in a variety of customized programs we offer no guarantee that data will be imported exactly as originally coded Import is offered as a tool to assist in creating your database All imported data MUST be verified to ensure it is a true representation of the original information before any attempt is made to use the generated results Look im E workshop EA ex 8 ALLRUN Pa Ba FILS P E conduits pa SCS Typell sps E coordinates spr E EUME KOM E drweatherflovs spx gis pa 8 hillsdale xP File name uis px Files of type xo Format ps Cancel 2 XPX Format File Import Spreadsheet Import Spreadsheet information may be imported by adding the TABLE keyword to the spreadsheet file then creating a CSV comma separated variable file and importing this file using the XPX import feature The format comprizes a set of commands keywords followed by parameters The commands allo
123. e even in soils with high saturated hydraulic conductivity relative to sorptivity Talsma also concluded that neither the diameter nor shape of the ring affected the results In the work carried out on the Giralang catchment by Goyen 1981 perspex rings were used where possible in preference to steel ones This permitted a visual check on the wall soil interface as well as allowing direct head drop measurements through the wall Sorptivities were measured at random sites over the Giralang catchment to add data to the work performed by Talsma in the Canberra region Hydraulic Conductivity Hydraulic conductivity a measurement of the ability of a section of soil profile to conduct water is reflected in the second term in the infiltration equation by Philip 1957 i SPP Ai Talsma 1969 showed that for a wide range of soils A could be expressed as follows A a 10 234 Index where Ko saturated hydraulic conductivity Ko therefore represents the ability of a soil profile to transmit water when the soil is fully saturated Ko is therefore only a special case of general hydraulic conductivity To apply Philip s infiltration equation it is therefore necessary to obtain measurements of Ko as well as sorptivity for each of the land domains Subsequent to reviewing the above Equations 9 and 10 a modified equation eliminating the need for Equation 10 was cited in a paper by Chong and Green 1979 In this public
124. e loaded Project files can also be loaded from the command line when project mode is on If project management is enabled the Open command under the File Menu will only list the files contained in the current project as shown in the following dialog Files in Project E4 CATEST SMI n xp Salert CATESTISYW HMM1421 caloxp CITESTSWHHNAFT Ver xT CATES NSW kikiiw cwestsp CAXPSPAORFtestext lt p CATESTSY MMipsba xp Cancel Ad E Er be File Description 000 node Exim Wastewater Example 600 pumps New Open Edit Close Save Save As Multi Run Multi Review New This menu command is used to create a new project database Upon selecting this command a dialog box requesting the name of the new database appears If the name of an existing project is entered confirmation to overwrite it is requested and if granted the existing project is destroyed The program then proceeds to enable and disable appropriate menu commands Only one project can be active at any one time Although not mandatory it is good practice to give the new file a XPP extension This makes retrieval of the file more straightforward when using the Open command 93 Printed Documentation Edit Use this item to add delete or modify the files associated with the project There are no limitations on the make up of the project files They can have any network configuration and can be located in any directory Files in Project CATES
125. e Saint Venant momentum equation De Saint Venant 1871 The partitioning of the momentum equation into its diffusion and kinematic components is described by Havlik 1996 The Muskingum Cunge procedure also allows for various factors such as channel roughness shape and slope to be included in the deduction of suitable Muskingum routing parameters thus incorporating physical attributes that were previously not included in the Muskingum method The procedure described by Price was specifically oriented towards routing in British rivers and hence had to undergo minor amendment to meet the requirements of xprafts to also include minor channels and streams As an alternative to channel routing where physical data is lacking xprafts allows a simple channel lagging procedure whereby the flood hydrograph is simply lagged by an appropriate time with zero attenuation Lag times can be evaluated using Manning s equation to estimate a flow velocity For preliminary studies particularly urban catchments with either steep or lined channels and pipes it is usually sufficient to only run the lag routine It only becomes necessary to run the Muskingum Cunge module if the system has a significantly large channel storage component or has many branches with lateral inflow Muskingum Cunge Channel Routing Model Urban Drainage and Minor Flow Pipe Routing Phillip s Infiltration Module Overview The separate loss module LOSS included in RAFTS employs a major
126. e definition for SWMM interface file FILE WRITE NOUT TITLE 1 TITLE 2 HEADER WRITE NOUT IDATEZ TZERO WRITE NOUT TITLE 3 TITLE 4 WRITE NOUT SOURCE LOCATS NPOLL TRIBA IF JCE EQ 0 WRITE NOUT NLOC K K 1 LOCATS IF JCE EQ 1 WRITE NOUT KLOC K K 1 LOCATS IF NPOLL GT 0 WRITE NOUT PNAMEL L J L 1 2 J 1 NPOLL IF NPOLL GT 0 WRITE NOUT PUNIT L J L 1 2 J 1 NPOLL IF NPOLL GT 0 WRITE NOUT NDIM J J 1 NPOLL 176 Index WRITE NOUT QCONV NOUT is the interface file or logical unit Number for output e g NOUT JOUT 1 for first computational block REPEAT FOR WRITE NOUT JULDAY TIMDAY DELTA EACH TIME STEP Q K K 1 LOCATS NOTE The interface file in binary format is complier dependant XP files utilise the Microsoft complier Summary Export File Click on the ellipses to navigate to the location of the file Check the box to enable export Simulation Details Start Date Simulation start date Start Time Simulation start time Use Hotstart File Select Hotstart Input File EE akin rots aa aaa RafteE ng raftsE ngia File name Calant her Files of type Hotstar input her Lancel Open as read only 2 Check box to use a hotstart file containing initial conditions In Windows Explorer navigate to file location 177 Printed Documentation Create Hotstart File Select Hotstart Output File Look
127. e downstream 5 Maximum water surface levels must decrease downstream This is trapped as an error 206 Index 207 14 RAFTS Theory Overview xprafts is a non linear runoff routing model used extensively throughout Australasia and South East Asia xprafts is has been shown to work well on catchments ranging in size from a few square metres to thousands of square kilometres urban or rural xprafts can model up to 2000 different nodes and each node can have a sub catchment attached as well as a storage basin xprafts uses the Laurenson non linear runoff routing procedure to develop a stormwater runoff hydrograph from either an actual event a recorded rainfall time series or a design storm utilising Intensity Frequency Duration data together with dimensionless storm temporal patterns as well as standard AR amp R 1937 data Institution of Engineers Australia 1987 Three loss models may be employed to generate excess rainfall They are 1 the initial continuing 2 the initial proportional loss model and 3 the ARBM water balance model A reservoir pond routing model allows routing of inflow hydrographs through a user defined storage using the level pool routing procedure Modelling of hydraulically interconnected basins and on site detention facilities can also be performed Three levels of hydraulic routing are possible 1 simple Manning s based lagging in pipes and channels 2 the Muskingum Cunge procedure to route hydr
128. e flow from upstream nodes The export options are None No local hydrograph is generated for this node Rafts ASCII format file is generated for this node xpswmm Binary file is generated for this node Summary A summary of results at all nodes in generated in ASCII format The following indicates the format specifications of the ASCII text file for both local loc and total tot hydrographs Start of File Sample 1 3 600 0 20000 Description Stacked Storm No of tagged nodes No of routing Length of routing No increments increments mon For each tagged node Sample 1 0020 286 Description Job Node ID Data is reported in rows of 5 columns Sample 0 0420 Hydrograph Description ordinates in m s The 2 and 3 rows are repeated for each tagged node All 3 rows are repeated for each stacked storm 115 Printed Documentation Use Baseflow This option indicates to Rafts if baseflow is to be added at this node Baseflow can be defined for either sub catchment portions Baseflow Node e7 Subcatchment 1 f Use Rating Curve Calculate Baseflow using ARBM Y B aseflow Baseflow multiplier Cancel Baseflow by rating curve Use discharge time rating curve to define part sub catchment baseflow contribution Calc Baseflow using ARBM Flag to estimate sub catchment portion baseflow from generated groundwater algorithms in ARBM module see manual This option will only be available if ARBM l
129. e four rectangular line segments A dotted rectangle tracks the mouse s movements and indicates the final size of the picture Alternatively the picture attributes ie its bounding rectangle can be modified by highlighting the picture and then selecting the Picture Properties from the toolstrip This will cause the dialog box below to be displayed and new coordinates may be entered This dialog also contains a flag to show or alternatively hide the background drawing Edit Background x AP Metafile eT SAMPLES AVAIL Yarra dot select File 0 Boundary Rectangle Top 601509 Left 20732 Bottom 6001 92 Right 210319 El show Picture 14 2 Building the Network Note that Backgrounds created from DXF or DWG files cannot be moved or re sized RE SIZING NETWORK OBJECTS When a large network is displayed on the screen it can appear extremely cluttered To allow the total network to be viewed and comprehended the size of the text and objects may be tied to the scale of the displayed window When a group of objects is selected the following dialog boxes are displayed and the attributes such as colour node and text size etc may be changed for the selected group of objects When OK is selected a dialog similar to the following is displayed the dialog box shown is for a node selected above Node Attributes nm puro If Real World Size is selected the text and object sizes are in real world units When a scale too small t
130. e processes are modelled for the pervious areas catchment wetting catchment drying and soil moisture redistribution Five levels of storage are used These are interception depression upper and lower soil zone and groundwater stores In the catchment wetting phase rain falling on the pervious areas goes simultaneously to the interception and depression storages Once the interception store is full it also overflows into the depression storage The infiltration process begins as soon as there is any moisture in the depression storage and continues until the depression store is empty The infiltrating water enters the upper soil zone Catchment drying is by evapotranspiration which occurs from the interception depression and upper and lower soil zone stores The full potential evapotranspiration based on pan readings is applied first to the interception store If it is depleted before the evapotranspiration requirements are met then the residual evapotranspiration capacity is applied to the depression store If the depression store is unable to meet the requirements then the remainder is applied to the upper and lower soil zones Soil moisture is redistributed between the upper and lower soil zones concurrently with the catchment wetting and drying phases Moisture may flow either to or from the upper soil zone A certain proportion of the moisture in the lower soil zone drains to groundwater storage which gives rise to groundwater runoff One stora
131. e use of rainfall bursts rather than complete storm events Consequently design storm loss rates need to reflect the possibilities of pre burst catchment wetting Depending on historical sequences of storms and the statistical interpretation of catchment parameters the design storm loss rates could vary greatly from those associated with complete storm analyses Retarding Basin Module Attenuation of stormwater flow peaks can be achieved by temporary storage of flood waves thus reducing the risk of downstream flooding This can be achieved by either dynamic channel storage or temporary reservoir storage This section discusses reservoir type storage generally associated with retarding basins Reservoir storage can be achieved using retarding basins or retention basins Retarding basins temporarily store part of the storm flow whereas retention basins permanently store the flow until release by pumping or infiltration at a later time The main components of a retarding basin are an embankment a normal outlet generally a pipe or box culvert and an emergency spillway It is usual to design an uncontrolled normal outlet for a certain return period flood and allow floods greater than this to discharge over an emergency spillway Emergency spillways can take many forms including weir crests glory holes and multi level orifices and erodible embankments to name but a few Retention ponds are generally man made or natural depressions Flood gate
132. eneral Data Basin Outlets Basin Stage discharge Basin Stage Discharge Relationships Basin Stage Storage Relationships Basin Storage Basin Tailwater Bounding Rectangle Box Box Size Box Width Bracket Bracketed Browse and Help Icons Browse File Browse File Menu BUILDING THE NETWORK By Equation By Equation By Linear Relationship By Linear Relationship C CACHE_SIZE CAD Calibrate Model 173 149 150 150 226 99 12 19 38 100 99 18 20 21 8 73 118 124 231 134 230 230 125 130 17 49 49 49 49 42 36 8 103 103 10 61 66 59 61 64 67 59 67 60 62 65 68 35 17 19 43 245 Printed Documentation Cancel 22 55 Case Sensitive 13 98 Catchment Dependent Storm 172 Catchment Rainfall 223 Catchment Type 139 Cathcment Area Representation 221 Change 91 Change Disk Drives 73 Checkbox 22 Choice Button 22 Choose 6 Circular Conduit 162 Class 162 Clear Data Menu 88 Click 6 Close Menu 74 Close Project Menu 94 Coefficients B and n 226 Colour 17 49 50 54 Thickness 110 Conduit Discharge 132 CONDUIT SECTION SHAPE 162 Conduit Shape 162 Configuration Menu 105 Consistency 109 Continuing Losses 187 Continuous Rainfall Data 223 Contour Maps 17 Convergent and Divergent Links 220 Convert Graphics 17 Coordinates 17 Copy 26 87 104 and Paste 88 Buffer 26 88 COPY A SINGLE ITEM 26 COPY DATA FROM A SINGLE OBJECT 26 Copy Data Menu 88 COPY MULTIPLE OBJECTS 26 COPYING GLO
133. ent of Environment Transport and Road Research Laboratory U K Report No LR554 Goyen A G and Aitken A P 1976 A Regional Stormwater Drainage Model Hydrology Symposium Institution of Engineers Australia Sydney National Conference Goyen A G 1981 Determination of Rainfall Runoff Model Parameters M Eng Thesis NSW Institute of Technology Sydney Goyen A G 1983 A Model to Statistically Derive Design Rainfall Losses Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Institution of Engineers Australia 8 10 November Hobart Goyen A G Phillips B C and Black D C 1991 Recent Advances in Flood Estimation using RAFTS XP International Symposium on Hydrology and Water Resources Institution of Engineers Australia 2 4 October Perth Goyen A G and O Loughlin G G 1993 Experiences in Recent Urban Intra Catchment Monitoring Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Institution of Engineers Australia Newcastle Goyen A G Dickinson R and Thompson G 1993 XP EXTRAN the next generation unsteady flow routing system 6th International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage Niagara Falls Canada Goyen A G and O Loughlin G G 1999a The Effects of Infiltration Spatial and Temporal Patterns on Urban Runoff Water 99 Joint Congress The 25th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Brisbane July Goyen A G and O Loughlin G G 1999b Examining the Basic Building Blocks of Urban Runoff 8th International Conference Urban Sto
134. ent provides the user with expert data checking facilities In the case of XP RatHGL these checks include Network Manipulation Data Type Data Range Checking Relational Consistency Checking NETWORK MANIPULATION Knowledge based data filtering prevents the creation of an illegal network or modifications that would result in an illegal network The network is checked to meet the following constraints Number of incoming links not greater than 10 Number of outgoing links not greater than 1 e Number of outgoing diversions not greater than 1 Maximum number of all incoming links including diversions not greater than 10 Maximum number of all outgoing links including diversions not greater than 2 Loops are not allowed DATA TYPE Data entered via text items is checked against the data type expected for that item If a number is expected then the text string entered is interpreted to see it follows the rules for numerical strings For example if an integer whole number is expected then invalid characters such as non digits decimal points etc are trapped and the data is not accepted Pure text strings or comments are accepted as entered The syntax for numerical strings follows the usual rules Larger magnitude numbers can be entered via exponential notation EXPERT indicates floating point numerical items by adding a decimal point if you haven t already done so DATA RANGE CHECKING As data is entered it is filtered on
135. enu 109 Spatial Attributes 10 Data 22 Spatial Report Menu 44 Spatial Report Settings 103 Spatial Reports 9 103 Speed 36 Spill Width 148 150 Spillway Rating Curve 132 Splines 19 Spreadsheet Editing 193 Spreadsheet Export 104 Spreadsheet Import 75 84 104 Stage Discharge Data 193 Starage Basins 214 Start Date 177 Start Time 177 Static Text 22 Status Bar 99 Storage 152 Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor 175 Storage Discharge Relationship 225 Storm Type 175 Storms 212 SUB CATCHMENT DATA 134 Subcatchment Land Use 150 Sub catchment Rainfall Routing Processes 223 Subdivision Layout 17 Suggest 60 63 66 68 Suggest 58 61 63 66 68 Summary Export File 177 Surface Depth 148 T TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 251 Printed Documentation Tables Tabular Reports Tailwater Initial Rating Tank Detail Tank Discharge TEMPDIR Temporal Patterns Ten unequal sub areas Text Icon Tool Text Attributes Text Colour Text Formatting Text Size THE ANALYZE MENU THE CONFIGURATION MENU THE DIALOG BOX THE EDIT MENU THE FILE MENU THE HELP MENU THE MENU BAR The Menus THE MODEL STRUCTURE THE PERMANENT DATABASE The Pointing Device THE PROJECT MENU THE RESULTS MENU The Scale Menu Command THE TOOLSTRIP ICONS THE VIEW MENU The Window THE WINDOWS MENU THE WORKING DATABASE Thematic Plotting Viewing THETOOLS MENU Time Step Computations TMP Tool Icons Tool Strip Toolbar 252 216 116 158 197 150 36 183 138 10 12
136. er outlet invert This level is used in conjunction with two stage orifice optimisation for designing outlets for two return periods The level should ONLY be set on the second run equal to the maximum water level during the first run Discharge Factor This factor is a multiplier to the normal outlet level discharge relation defining a new level discharge relation for an upper outlet When designing a two level outlet this value and the upper outlet invert are frozen on the second run Width Factors Includes data on a orifice type outlet if required Allows up to 2 slots in a single tower structure Orifice type outlets presently are NOT tied to downstream interconnected basins Two tiered orifices are designed in two passes Level discharge is defined by co ordinates only The first run often for say a 5yr storm allows you to define the final width of the bottom orifice PDIA the pipe diameter variable used as a width factor and the max water level reached This allows the user to input the bottom width factor and the sill level for the second orifice equal to max water level The second run often for a 100yr storm will then allow the user to size the upper orifice by varying PDIA while holding the lower slot dimensions Both orifices are assumed equal height 126 13 XP System Floor Infiltration Pond Infiltration Node Retbas Clogged Base Thickness Infiltration on Hate Shallow water table Depth 01 1 men
137. er to specify a horizontal and vertical grid interval the origin of the grid whether objects should snap to the grid and whether the grid is visible The grid is shown as dashed lines and may be plotted using the Export Graphics menu command Horizontal interval Vertical interval Origin Snap to grid Show grid Lock Nodes Toggles the ability to move nodes either with the graphical user interface or with Attributes dialog 98 12 PMP Find Objects This command enables the user to go directly to any named object in the network The user types in the name to search for and specifies whether it is link node text or whether it is case sensitive or only part of a name Object Name Object Type Node M Link Options Case Sensitive M Partial Name Find Next Cancel When OK is clicked the named object is searched for and if found it is highlighted and displayed in the centre of the screen at the currently selected scale Select Objects Toolbar The toolbar can be turned on or off by selecting this menu option The toolbar can also be torn off the window and allowed to float or attached to one of the other window borders Status Bar The status bar at the bottom of the window can be turned on or off by selecting this menu option Network Overview Selecting the network overview brings up a thumbnail view of the entire network Superimposed on this is a red rectangle which indicat
138. erformance Some practical tips i When generating a plot file from a CAD package apply any plotting scale factors that minimize the plotted size of the drawing Remember that HPGL plotters have a resolution of 0 025mm so that very small plots can still provide reasonable resolution however the resolution is coarser with smaller size plots ii Transform splines to lines if possible Splines generate lots of plotted points Transforming spline vertices to Line Polygon vertices dramatically decreases the number of generated vectors while retaining acceptable resolution This transformation can usually be achieved by exporting the drawing in some text format editing it then importing again eg DXF format from AutoCAD iii Any number of individual files may be imported as background pictures and overlaid or tiled iv The mapping between plotter pen numbers and picture colours can be altered from the default by editing the plotter default file by default PL_DEF used by CVTHPGL This will avoid making any modifications to the CAD package configuration v Minimize the amount of unnecessary text or other drawn objects in the background file Since text takes more time to draw than most lines this will increase performance and drawing file size Input File A PICT filename if importing an XP Metafile file type or a HPGL filename if importing a HPGL file type HPGL File Format Hewlett Packard File format This file is usually created
139. es the view currently selected in the main window You can move around the network by dragging the red box around the overview window with the left mouse button held down You can change the scale of the main window by holding the right button down and moving the mouse to the left to make the box smaller and increase detail in the main window or to the right to show the network at a larger scale Background Image Add Background Images Pictures are stored as files on disk and only a reference to the file and the path is stored in the XP file These Picture files must be present for the background to be drawn There is neither a limit to the number of background pictures that may be loaded into the network nor to the size of an individual picture Pictures can be selected deleted moved hidden etc Background picture types that are supported include AutoCAD DWG and DXF files ESRI ArcView Shape files MapInfo MID MIF files digital photos such as BMP JPG TIFF and HPGL HPGL 1 files which must be translated to a PIC a native XP Software format using the supplied converter CVTHPGL EXE To launch the Add Background Image dialog either select Background Image gt New from the View menu or click on the New Background Image tool 99 Printed Documentation Add Background Image Image Details Filename CAMPS XxP Rafts Work RAFTSpond0 SD PLAN12 DWG El width Height Detination Rectangle Real World E stents To
140. et Dimensions Pipe Diameter 0 5 Entrance Loss Ke Drifice Diameter 0 0 5 Bos Culvert Width 0 2 Culvert Method Height 0 5 ag Ho of Conduits i Mannings n 00 1 OR Cancel Stage Discharge When this button is selected xprafts expects level discharge co ordinates to define normal outflow discharge relationships Level vs Discharge data is only required if the Stage Discharge option is selected Click on the Coordinates button to open the data dialog Stage Discharge Factor Fractional multiplier of stage discharge values Conduit When the culvert outlet radio button is selected outflows calculated by appropriate equations Dimensions Select the outlet geometry Pipe Diameter Pipe diameter m Orifice Diameter Orifice diameter m Entrance loss Slope Length Mannings n and Culvert Method fields are ignored Box Culvert Data required for box culverts height m and width m Culvert Method Std Rafts Culvert Stage Discharge calculations carried out using traditional RAFTS equations described in manual Culvert Method FHWA Culvert Stage Discharge calculations carried out using FHWA methods Not available at present Entrance loss Coefficient Culvert entrance loss coefficient default equal to 0 5 Culvert Slope Slope of normal outlet conduit under embankment 133 Printed Documentation Pipe Length Normal outlet pipe length under embankment m Manning s Roughness Manning s roug
141. ets or databases gt XP Rafts Ver 7 0 xie_riverXPRAFTS xp 2 Review Results C File 4 4 gt I Storm 1 y 1 Node Per Paa y Close SR Suoshi STORM 1 Max Local Catch 1 113 000 Total Local Flow 113 000 Total Flow 1836 349 m EEE mn De a Total Rainfall Catch 1 Rainfal Excess Catch 1 Baseflow Catch 1 Local Catch 1 Total Local Flow Total Baseflow Total Flow Surface Bottom of Link Surface amp Pipe Bottom Gauged Flow Rainfall mmihr w ie Nov Dec Jan 2000 Tabular Reports Comprehensive tabular reports may be generated for both the hydrology and the hydraulic results and data In addition to the formatted tabular reports an ASCII text output file is available with detailed information on both the hydrology and the hydraulic calculations 216 Index MM xie_riverXPRAFTS xp 2 XP Table LX Link type t Number Number Routing or L3 Suashi A5 L4 AB AB L5 AB AT LB AT Zaashi L7 MUM SWR Detailed Description of xprafts General Model Structure The following description is taken in part from the technical description manual for the xprafts software package co developed by Goyen 1976 1981 and 1991 The information provides a fairly detailed description of the various modules and procedures within that package that have been utilised in this research As the author was the developer of the xprafts software the complete source code wa
142. evice Throughout this manual various terms are used to describe functions performed using the mouse Listed below is a description of the basic mouse techniques used within this program Click Choose Drag Double click Point Select Position the pointer on something and then briefly press and release the mouse button Pick a command by positioning the pointer on the menu name moving the highlighted area down the menu to the command you want and then clicking the mouse button Position the pointer on or near something press and hold down the mouse button as you move the mouse to the desired position and then release the button You often do this to move something to a new location or to select something Position the pointer on something and then rapidly press and release the left mouse button twice Position the left pointing arrow on or just next to something you want to choose Move the cursor to an object then click or drag across the object The mouse pointer changes shape to indicate the type of action that is taking place The typical pointer icons are described below Arrow Icon Node Icon Link Icon Diversion Icon Text Icon Polygon Icon Window Icons Hourglass Icon Zoom In Icon Zoom out Icon You may select objects move re connect or re scale the network Nodes are being added to the network Links are being added to the network Overland flow diversion paths are being added to the networ
143. ge is used for the impervious areas It is filled by rainfall and depleted by evaporation Runoff is generated in three ways by overflow of the impervious area store overflow of the depression storage due to infiltration limitations and groundwater runoff The first two sources of runoff which are the surface runoff components are combined preparatory to routing The groundwater runoff is routed separately and is added to the routed surface runoff to give the total estimated runoff volume for each day Impervious and Pervious Areas Loss Parameters Impervious Areas Loss Parameters The impervious area of a catchment consists of those impervious surfaces which are directly connected to the catchment drainage system Typical impervious surfaces are roadways parking areas paths roofs and occasionally rock outcrops The volume of runoff from the impervious parts of the catchment is governed by one parameter That is the Capacity of the Impervious Area Storage CAPIMP CAPIMP represents the maximum volume of water that may be trapped in small depressions in the impervious areas Typical values are Gentle to steep slopes 0 6 to 1 2 mm Flat slopes 1 2 to 1 5 mm The value chosen will generally affect the runoff volume generated by small storms only The impervious areas are likely to be the only source of surface runoff for small storms and the predominant source of surface runoff for many larger storms as well Consequently these tw
144. gez a rafts Copyright XP Software 2009 XD rafts xpsoftware Head Office URBAN amp RURAL RUNOFF 8 10 Purdue Street Belconnen ACT 2617 ROUTING SOFTWARE Postal Address PO Box 3064 Belconnen ACT 2616 Phone 02 6253 1844 Fax 02 6253 1847 Reference Manual Table of Contents A ee A a eee ee ns ee 1 A as AN OVEIVIEW a ee ee A O Alia SEE eis nn 3 AN XP OVERVIEW 3 THE MODEL STRUCTURE 3 PHILOSOPHY 3 STRATEGY 4 Graphical User Interface 4 The Graphical User MAC a da 4 THeAV MAO tit A A AA bel 4 TS A a 5 ThesPOmtund DOI Baiona 6 OMS o e ses eee OO ceueets 6 2 BUlldINg Ihe NeWO Kaon circa RE 10 BUILDING THE NETWORK 10 GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS 10 CREATING A NETWORK 10 NAMING AN ELEMENT 11 CREATING A BACKGROUND 12 SELECTING AN OBJECT 12 MOVING OBJECTS 13 RECONNECTING OBJECTS 13 DELETING OBJECTS 13 THE COORDINATE SYSTEM 13 TRAVERSING THE NETWORK 13 PANNING AROUND THE NETWORK 13 RE SCALING THE NETWORK WINDOW 13 The Scale Menu Command 14 The Scaling Tools 14 Window Scaling 14 Fit Window 14 RE SIZING THE BACKGROUND 14 RE SIZING NETWORK OBJECTS 15 Background Images 17 Importing Background PICOS use A AA NAAA AR AAA 17 E o E a lee ESTER 18 Destinhalon Rectandlesnacin anal lio 18 Edit Background er see ee ee A A A de daa cd 18 Hints on Background Pieture Creati soea rE a A R EA a 19 A e no enable 20 PP GL FIG Format as 20 REIS AI arte cece ee cael ee een A A AAA 21 Table of Contents
145. he current attributes for re use in this or other projects Cancel This button cancels any changes to this dialog and restores the previous network view Preferences Hide Arrows This check box causes the network to be redrawn with arrowheads suppressed Fill Nodes This check box causes the network to be shown with nodes filled with a solid fill pattern of the selected Node Color 55 Printed Documentation Hide Link Labels This check box causes the link labels not to be shown Legend Legend This check box allows a legend showing the graphical attributes to be shown on the network Arrange Items Window Legend Network Legend Arrange Items The visual entities making up the graphical encoding may be arranged horizontally in a single row Vertically in a single column or Automatically in a table depending on width and height requirements of each entity depending on which radio button is selected Window Legend The window legend is shown in a fixed location on the screen independent of panning or Zooming Show When enabled a non printable legend is shown on the screen Display Size The text in the window legend will be shown at the size in mm or inches entered in this field Network Legend The network legend is shown in a fixed location on the network regardless of the current window view This legend is printed and plotted in the same manner as the network Font 56 11 Global Data
146. he lowest reach The lengths to the power of 1 5 are then summed for each point d The sums obtained in c are divided by the greatest sum to give relative travel times for all points 138 13 XP System e Isochrones are then drawn through the points of relative travel time to give lines of equal travel times to the outlet These are designated as the 1 2 3 10 isochrones The areas between adjacent isochrones are referred to as the subareas It is recommended unless very large sub catchments are being considered or flow paths and times through sub catchments are particularly variable that 10 equal subareas be considered to save data preparation The model in fact provides a default for this treatment if required Area 1 starts at the top of the sub catchment Area 10 is at the bottom at the outlet of the sub catchment Areas are in hectares The ten areas should add up to the total sub catchment area which is input separately Direct Storage Coefficient Storage Exponent Mode Retbas Subcatchment 1 E En Y Constant 0 288 O f Flow Dependent Direct Storage Coefficient With this option the catchment storage coefficient is entered directly and will override the computed coefficient from the catchment properties entered Normally this option can be ignored unless you wish to override the computed value with other theoretical value or for the purposes of special calibration Catchment Properties
147. he text size will be displayed relative to the network scale Suggest The Suggest button will break the minimum and maximum data range into either a linear relationship or a linear equation depending on the option selected Graph The graph button will display the data entered in the value size DLIST as an XY graph Node Label Size The size of the text used for the node name can be used to represent the value of the data variable in one of two ways either by an equation or by a stepwise linear function Node Label Size Total AreafSubcatchment 1 0 007000 2 000000 510 000000 10 000000 By Equation By Linear Relationship Graph Size Interpretation Suggest By Equation If this option is selected the text size is defined in terms of X where X is the variable being shown In its simplest form the equation is size X however arbitrary expressions can also be built with the syntax described here Terms in the expression can consist of numeric constants variable names 61 Printed Documentation arithmetic operators pre defined functions The following binary arithmetic operators are supported addition subtraction 7 multiplication division l remainder exponentiation raise to power Variables and numeric values can be used and parentheses can also be used to any level of nesting Expressions can be sequenced and separated by semicolons with intermediate variables used
148. henever a database is created or opened and a work file will be used instead Memory About 130k per 1000 database records or about 1 5Mb per 1000 nodes Comments Use this option if extended expanded memory is available OPT_REDRAW Use Optimizing network redraw by restoring screen image Value ON default OFF ON enables image restores Description Network display can now occur in two ways regeneration or restore Regeneration is the mode used up to now which causes every network object s display to be regenerated when the network window is redrawn Restore mode restores a saved bit mapped image of the network window which takes a constant amount of time and is much quicker than a regenerate but requires more memory Restore is used as much as possible when the network window needs to be updated The Redraw menu command now forces a regeneration to occur If insufficient memory is available a message will appear the first time a database is opened or created and the option will be disabled Memory 1 byte per screen pixel for VGA 640x480 300k Comments Use this option if extended expanded memory is available OPT_IDX_ACCESS Use Value Description Memory Comments Optimize internal access to network objects ON default OFF ON enables faster access This options uses a binary index to access objects internally speeding access times significantly No significant additional memory is required None
149. hments are particularly variable that 10 equal subareas be considered to save data preparation RAFTS provides a default for this treatment if required Graphical amp Tabular Output Output from the program may be specified in one of several ways e full output plus summary This consists of a very comprehensive print of data and results obtained from the various modules of the program for the particular link as well as a one page tabulated summary of data and flow results for each link of the drainage network e partial output plus summary This option prints a portion of the full output as well as the tabulated summary e summary output only e summary output plus hydrograph plot The graphical representation of the hydrograph for the particular link is included e partial output plus hydrograph plot plus summary The particular output option is specified for each link thus one link may have full output while another appears in the summary only All links are listed in the summary irrespective of the output option selected Hydrograph Generation Module This module estimates sub catchment runoff hydrographs Of the many estimating procedures available including unit hydrographs empirical formulae and other runoff routing algorithms Laurenson s non linear runoff routing method was adopted for xprafts for the following reasons It offers the most flexible model to simulate both rural and urban catchments It allows for non li
150. hness of culvert conduit No of Conduits Number of conduit barrels or orifices All barrels are assumed equal Basin Stage discharge Level Discharge Rating Mode Retbas US Level Discharge m mss WF Graph Cancel US Water Level Basin Water Level m The first water level must also be the lowest level in the reservoir basin Values in this column are interpreted as ABSOLUTE levels if the first level equals the Basin Invert Datum Level Otherwise the first level MUST equal zero and values are interpreted as levels RELATIVE to the Basin Invert Datum Level Outlet Discharge Discharge through normal conduit outlet or total discharge as defined It is possible to use the level discharge table to define the normal outlet discharge relationship then add a spillway discharge relationship by way of equations or rating table under spillway options Discharges must be non negative Sub Catchment Data SUB CATCHMENT DATA Laurenson s Runoff Routing Module LRRM Up to two sub areas may be defined at each node When a sub area is selected a local flow will be calculated using the Laurenson s runoff routing procedure Each sub area is treated independently and may have separately defined runoff characteristics The sum of the local flows at the node will be added to any upstream flows to provide the total input to the top of the link or the input to a storage basin 134 13 XP System The second sub area is activated b
151. ific application The data is global and not specific to any individual object Job Control Job Definition Hydrograph Esport Simulation Details Title leshu River Catchment Hunan Province Storm Type Results C Global f Catchment Dependent W Generate data echo i Save All Results for Review w Clear existing results Storage Coefficient vie Multiplication Factor i Interconnected basins i Global Hydsvs filename Cancel Help A full description of the parameters used by xprafts is provided in Section 10 Job Control A complete description of the solution technique is provided in Section 13 Rafts Theory Global Data Global databases are records of data which provide an environment for the whole network They allow the editing of databases which are global to the network and which can be referenced from any objects within the network This feature allows common data to be shared amongst many objects and thus reduces redundancy of data dramatically This dialog is used to manage the Global Databases 106 12 PMP Global Databases Rafts Storms New JUNE HydSys Prophet Storms Delete luoping nanping Edit nanzhen Nighi slosh We MinNchang zaoshl zhuslangk ou Rename o E Duplicate uA Temporal Patterns HydSys Hydrographs suoshi zacshi 6 ARBH Losses loss loss Init Cont Losses IFD Coefficients Prophet Stage Data Stage
152. ile format This is the file that is generated by the CVTHPGL utility 21 3 Database Concepts DATABASE CONCEPTS XP maintains an internal database that integrates the spatial data associated with an object with the attribute data required by the model engine The graphical network creation and manipulation can be considered as a specialised function dealing with the purely graphical attributes of objects such as display symbols spatial coordinates and connectivity The method of creating the model specific attribute data is through the Dialog Box THE DIALOG BOX THE PERMANENT DATABASE THE WORKING DATABASE DATABASE INTEGRITY Database Concepts THE DIALOG BOX The Dialog Box is to attribute data what the Window is to the network spatial data It is a graphical view of the attribute database The Dialog Box contains different types of items representing different types of data and is described below Static Text Caption for Editable Text Editable Text Text strings or numbers The insertion point for the text is contained in a rectangular field Check box A square check box is a flag for a particular option You may select none any or all options A check box with underlying data is located on an action button Check boxes are always optional Choice Button The circular choice buttons Radio Buttons indicate a choice of one item from a group of options Only one option may be selected A choice button located on an action but
153. ill be displayed relative to the network scale Suggest The Suggest button will break the minimum and maximum data range into either a linear relationship or a linear equation depending on the option selected Graph The graph button will display the data entered as an XY graph THE WINDOWS MENU window Help Cascade Tile w Calan l p Cascade Tile THE HELP MENU Help Contents Search Fl Soltis Homepage Licenze About Contents Search 68 11 Global Data License About 69 File THE FILE MENU 12 PMP The File menu lists commands that relate to your entire database You can create open merge and close a database While working on a database you can save your editing changes return to the last saved version or exit the application mpat erena Matanases A brief description of the available file menu commands is given below New Open Close Save Save As Revert Import Data Import External Databases Export Data Print Print Preview Print Setup Recent Files Exit Aral etn ety 71 Printed Documentation New This menu command is used to create a new database There are two options Blank Job or Create From Template Upon selecting Blank Job a dialog box requesting the name of the new database appears If the name of an existing file is entered confirmation to overwrite it is requested and if granted the existing file is destroyed Mu
154. in O f pm IL u hy Recent Documents My Documents EL My Computer File name Open Lancel Files of type Microsoft Access Database mdbj Y 4 ll Databases Microsoft Access Database mdb Microsoft Excel Worksheet xls k DB ase file db All Files hy Network Advanced Database Connection 17 Printed Documentation ES Data Link Properties Provider Connection Advanced All Select the data vou want to connect to OLE OB Prowider s Connectivity Service Provider Microsoft Jet 4 0 OLE DE Provider Microsoft Office 12 0 Access Database Engine OLE DE Provide Microsoft OLE DE Provider for Analysis Services 3 0 Microsoft OLE DE Provider For Data Mining Services Microsoft OLE DE Provider for Indexing Service Microsoft OLE DE Provider for Internet Publishing Microsoft OLE DE Provider for ODBC Drivers Microsoft OLE DE Provider for OLAF Services 8 0 Microsoft OLE DE Provider for Oracle Microsoft OLE DE Provider for SQL Server Microsoft OLE DE Simple Provider MSD ataShape OLE OB Provider for Microsoft Directory Services i 78 12 PMP ES Data Link Properties Provider Connection Advanced Specify the following to connect to ODBC data 1 Specity the source of data Use data source name 0 Use connection string Connection string 2 Enter information to log on to the server Blank pas
155. ineers Australia Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Canberra Crawford N H and Linsley R K 1966 Digital Simulation in Hydrology Stanford Watershed Model IV Stanford University Civil Engineering Technical Report No 39 Palo Alto California Delleur J W Dooge J C l and Gent K W 1956 Influence of Slope and Roughness on the Free Overfall Proceedings of ASCE Vol 82 No HY 4 Department of the Environment U K 1981 Design and Analysis of Urban Storm Drainage The Wallingford Procedure Volume 1 Principles Methods and Practice National Water Council Standing Technical Committee Reports No 28 De Saint Venant B 1871 Theory of unsteady water flow with application to river floods and to propagation of tides in river channels Academy of Science Paris Comptes rendus v 73 pp 148 154 237 240 Diskin M H 1962 A basic study of the linearity of the rainfall runoff process Ph D Thesis directed by V T Chow University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 241 Printed Documentation Diskin M H Ince S and Oben Nyarko K 1978 Parallel Cascades Model for Urban Watersheds Journal of the Hydraulics Div ASCE vol 104 no HY2 99 261 276 February Ferguson D and Ball J E 1994 Implementation of the Kinematic Wave in the Runoff Block of SWMM Research Report No 183 University of New South Wales Forsgate J A and Temiyabutra S 1971 Rainfall and runoff from an industrial area in Nairobi Kenya Departm
156. ings road surfaces etc Lo Pervious Areas 1 Sandy open saturated soils 2 Loam soils 3 Clays dense structured soils A Clay subjectto high shrinkage and in a cracked state state atthe start of rain 25 35 5 ARF 1977 o so FC Values taken from an unpublished report by Aitken 1974 based on various textbook values Excess Rainfall The excess rainfall is the net rainfall depth once all losses have been subtracted from the total rainfall Continuous Loss The initial loss estimate seeks to simulate initial catchment wetting when no runoff is produced followed by a constant continuing loss rate expressed in mm hr to account for infiltration once the catchment is saturated Alternatively a proportional continuing loss rate ranging between 0 and 1 of instantaneous rainfall may be input 187 Printed Documentation IFD Coefficients 1987 AREA IFD Coefficients The user needs to specify the IFD Intensity Frequency Duration coefficients for 1 12 and 72 hr intensities for 2 and 50 year return periods These coefficients can be obtained from the Australian Rainfall and Runoff ARR 1987 The location Skew and Geographic Factors also need to be specified Instead of Geographic Factors the user can specify the Latitude and Longitude in that case RAFTS will estimate the Geographic Factors The following web link from BOM will be very useful to get IFD tables values charts http www bom gov au hydro has cdirsweb
157. inted Documentation Link Attributes Link Name E a 326 466 ae 361 203 Color 1 335 295 a 263 882 E Hz Black Text Attributes 1 905 mm I Apply All Font Name Arial 7 Link Size Display Size Width 0 25 mm C Real world Size lt j a cos Font Node Name If multiple nodes links or combinations of both are selected the dialog box will also allow graphical attributes to be altered 90 12 PMP Edit Multiple Object Attributes Object Attributes Node Color Gre gt Node Line Thickness Thin ow Link Color Mies gt y Label Test Height Node 305000 rm Link 05000 mm mm Object Size Node width 2000000 Node Height 2 000000 T Link width 0 250000 Display Aleal World Size Size Font The normal Windows conventions regarding bitmap and true type fonts are supported Select any available font Node Name The node name must be unique and also different from the conduit names The name is currently limited to 10 alpha numeric characters Notes A notepad is attached to each node and link This notepad can be activated by selecting Notes from the Edit Menu or Notes from the Pop up menu When Notes are selected a dialog similar to that shown below will be displayed 91 Printed Documentation Hotes for ReC10 This le a note attached to a node This iz a note attached to a node A note is edited or added to the current list using the Ed
158. ion Dialog On site Detention Retention gt On site Detention Site Storage Requirements 55A Primary Permissible Site Discharge Secondary Permissible Site Discharge Primary Height To Spill Secondary Height To Spill Spill width Surface Depth shape Rectangular Triangular Ww HED Subcatchment Land Use amp and OSD Capture amp Land Use amp Capture Roof Area E Road Area amp 3 Paved Area 4 20 100 Pervious Area Average Allotment Density Dey Area Total Area Advanced Roof Rainwater Tanks Available Ar Space Available Water Space Roof Capture Tank Discharge Height Outlet to Spill Spill width Cancel Index Data for rainwater tanks when used as an OSD device are required on a per lot basis The accumulative water tank affect on the total sub catchment discharge is derived by multiplying the single allotment device s by the total sub catchment area x the dev Area Total Area ratio x the Average Allotment Density 195 Printed Documentation Lots in isochronal Slice A 2 Single Development Lot with OSD Facilities Subcatchment Outlet Descriptions of the field contents are given in the table below Onsite detention Roof Rainwater Tanks Site Storage Requirements Available Air Space Primary Permissible Site Discharge Available Water Space Secondary Permissible Site Discharge Roof Capture Primary Height to Spill Tank Di
159. ions The following binary arithmetic operators are supported addition subtraction gt multiplication division remainder i exponentiation raise to power Variables and numeric values can be used and parentheses can also be used to any level of nesting Expressions can be sequenced and separated by semicolons with intermediate variables used Variable names are alphanumeric strings and are not case sensitive White space blank tab new line etc has no significance The following pre defined functions are supported These words are reserved and cannot be used as variable names abs n absolute value of n acos x arc cosine of x in radians asin x arc sine of x in radian atan x arc tangent of x in radians ceil x smallest integer gt x cos x cosine of x x in radians cosh x hyperbolic cosine of x x in radians E10 x 10 raised to the power x exp x exponential function of x floor x largest integer lt x logi10 x base 10 logarithm of x log x natural logarithm of x sin x sine of x x in radians sinh x hyperbolic sine of x sqrt x square root of x tan h tangent of x x in radians tanh h hyperbolic tangent of x x in radians jO x bessel function of first kind order O ji x bessel function of first kind order 1 yO x bessel function of second kind order O y1 x bessel function of second kind order 1 max x1 x2 larger of
160. ions Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Institution of Engineers Australia National Conference Boyd M J 1985 Effect of catchment sub division on runoff routing models Civil Engineering Transactions Institution of Engineers Australia Vol CE27 pp 403 410 Boyd M J Bufill M C and Knee R M 1993 Pervious and Impervious Runoff in Urban Catchments Hydrological Sciences Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques 38 6 Bufill M C 1989 Effects of Urbanisation on Floods PhD Thesis University of Wollongong Chapman T G 1968 Catchment Parameters for a Deterministic Rainfall Runoff Model in Land Evaluation ed G A Stewart Macmillan Melbourne pp 312 323 Chocat B Seguin D and Thibault S 1984 Storm Drainage System Design with Micro Computer Aid The Cedre System 3rd International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage Goteborg Chong S K and Green R E 1979 Application of Field Measured Sorptivity for Simplified Infiltration Prediction Proceedings of the Hydrologic Transport Modelling Symposium December Louisiana USA ASAE Publ 4 80 Chow V T 1964 Handbook of Applied Hydrology McGraw Hill New York Chow V T Maidment D R and Mays L W 1988 Applied Hydrology McGraw Hill New York Clark C O 1945 Storage and the Unit Hydrograph Transactions ASCE Vol 110 pp 1419 1446 Codner G P Laurenson E M and Mein R G 1988 Hydrologic Effects of Urbanisation A Case Study Institution of Eng
161. ions The dotted rectangle shown on the screen will indicate by how much the current full window will be reduced and where the current window will be shown Fit Window A world rectangle is defined as the minimum size rectangle enclosing all objects including background pictures and text objects The view window can be made to automatically fit the display by giving the Fit Window menu command from the View Menu This function is also embedded in the toolstrip by selecting the Fit to Window tool button When the window is zoomed in or out the size of Nodes and Text may remain fixed relative to the screen or may be scaled proportionally depending on whether the Real World size or Display size option is chosen as the display attribute By default the nodes are symbols of fixed screen size representing the centre point of an object or the junction of links RE SIZING THE BACKGROUND To select a picture click on the Select Picture Tool from the toolstrip and click anywhere on the picture The picture will then be highlighted with a hatched pattern to indicate it has been selected To move a picture first select it then continue to hold down the left mouse button and drag the picture to its new location The location where you first clicked is the hot spot of the picture To resize a picture first select the picture With the mouse drag any of the picture handles located in the corner of the picture or in the middle of each of th
162. ip entered in the following DLIST 62 11 Global Data You can insert and delete rows using the Insert and Delete keys and you can scroll through the list using the arrow keys The data is presented in discrete stepped ranges Data is plotted in a selected colour provided it falls within the range Low Value lt Data Value lt High Value The Data Range shown in this dialog shows the maximum and minimum value of the selected variable currently contained within all objects in the database Size Display When selected the size of the text is in inches or mm regardless of scale Real World When selected the text size is displayed relative to the network scale Suggest The Suggest button will break the minimum and maximum data range into either a linear relationship or a linear equation depending on the option selected Graph The graph button will display the data entered as an XY graph Link Colour Link colour is defined in ranges using an open ended dialog list DLIST A colour is selected by clicking in the appropriate field and selecting a colour from the dialog that appears The list follows the standard rules for a DLIST You can insert and delete rows using the Insert and Delete keys and you can scroll through the list using the arrow keys Any number of rows can be included in the list but only 16 colours are supported Link Color Total Link Length 0 000000 200 000000 Light Blue 200 000000 400 000000
163. is displayed The errors and warnings shown may be re displayed by selecting the Show Errors menu command The mandatory consistency checks performed at this stage generally concern relationships between data items and are outlined in more detail in Section 13 If no errors or warnings are detected no error log is generated The user is next prompted for the name of a text based output file The default name will be the database file name with a out extension When Solve is clicked the analysis engine is loaded and when the analysis is complete any errors or warnings encountered are reported Solve Output file CadeviapiupraftstCaljan 1 Out 7 Cancel Starting RAFTS LINK Rec 1 000 LINK Reca gt 000 LINK Reca 3 000 LINK ReCa 4 000 LINK Res 5 000 LINK ReCEs7 6 000 LINK Res 7 000 LINK ReCa 8 000 LINK BeC10 3 000 LINK F1 1 001 LINK Ad 10 000 LINK H1 11 000 LINK AS 10 001 El Exit on End of simulation Show Status Messages Catchment 1 Catchment 2 Rainfall 167 1 0 0 Rainfall Excess 125 8 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 E Multiplier 1 00 0 0 Pervious n BU 0 0 LINE Pa 1 004 Leomplete Start Continue Stop Seil 109 Printed Documentation Show Errors Show Errors will re display the error log file that is created when a network is solved This enables the user to systematically correct any errors encountered without the need to print the error log or to re solve the network Po
164. is displayed in the window title bar and status messages describing current program activity such as a description of the function and mouse position are displayed across the bottom of the window 7 XP Rafts Ver 7 0 xie_riverXPRAFTS xp Network _ A amp X File Edit Project View Configuration Tools Analyze Results Window Help E Sle TOA PL SERLE MAH RYSQAQ Be A 19 61 7 Y 600 443 116040 9040 The Menus The pull down menu titles appear on a menu bar displayed underneath the window title Each menu title represents a group of related commands If certain commands do not make sense in the current context of what the user is doing they are disabled and indicated by less prominent and shaded light gray The most frequently used commands also have keyboard equivalents indicated by a keyboard combination such as Ctri N New listed in the menu Commands that require more information typically entered via a Dialog Box are indicated with three trailing dots after the menu item name File Edit Project View Configuration Tools Analze Results Window Help POP UP MENUS THE FILE MENU THE EDIT MENU THE PROJECT MENU THE VIEW MENU Printed Documentation THE CONFIGURATION MENU THE TOOLS MENU THE ANALYZE MENU THE RESULTS MENU THE WINDOWS MENU THE HELP MENU The Pointing Device The pointing device may be a digitizer graphics tablet or a mouse For the sake of consistency we use the term mouse to indicate a generic pointing d
165. is not always consistent Printed Documentation In any particular application these reasons or others may be important in deciding to use an expert system Expert systems development has created the need for a specialist called a knowledge engineer Knowledge engineering is the extraction articulation and computerisation of expert knowledge Knowledge consists of descriptions relationships and procedures in the domain of interest Boose 1986 The knowledge engineer provides the interface between the human expert and the computer It is generally agreed that one of the largest if not the largest problem in expert systems development is knowledge acquisition and knowledge engineering XP diverges from the traditional expert system by allowing the continuous accumulation of localised expertise to be used within its shell with little assistance necessary from the software developer The coupling of the Storm Water Management Model to the XP interface with all of its graphical tolls has created a Decision Support System DSS for storm and wastewater management STRATEGY The graphical XP environment is in essence a shell that acts as an interpreter between the user and a model The XP graphical interface provides the user with a very high level interface to various numerical simulation programs oriented towards solving problems that may be represented as some form of link node structure The main theme of this interface is Decision Suppor
166. is the infiltration rate m hr hcon Advpram5 This parameter is the clogged base thickness m clog Advpram6 This parameter is the shallow water table depth m wtdep Roof Rainwater Tanks 149 Printed Documentation Available Air Space The available air space is the volume of allotment tank space between the orifice outlet and the spillway sill m lot Available Water Space The available water space is the volume of allotment tank space below the orifice outlet invert m lot Roof Capture This represents the percentage of allotment roof area directed into the watertank Tank Discharge This is the discharge from the orifice in the side of the water tank with a driving head equal to TWHT m Height Outlet to Spill This is the height between the invert of the orifice outlet and the sill of the spillway at the top of the tank m Spill Width This is the spillway width represented in terms of metres per area of sub catchment x development ratio m HA HED Check if the outlet orifice can be controlled by a high early discharge Subcatchment Land Use Subcatchment Land Use Land Use The subarea breakup of the sub catchment is described in the adjacent dialogs in terms of firstly the pervious area and in the second dialog the total impervious area The following roof road and paved area percentages provide a description of the further breakup of the impervious surfaces within the sub catchment
167. is the interval in years at which on average the storm will re occur Average Intensity The average Intensity is the average rainfall intensity which is obtained by dividing the total rainfall depth by the total storm duration The units of rainfall intensity are mm h SI Units Temporal Pattern Reference The Temporal Pattern Reference is the name of the associated storm temporal pattern from the Temporal Pattern database AR amp R Standard Zone This option allows for the eight standard temporal pattern zones defined in Volume 2 of Australian Rainfall amp Runoff 1987 Rainfall Distribution This option is used as an alternative to the Design Storm option when entering real historical storm data The unit of rainfall is millimeters Variable Time Step This option allows rainfall data to be entered in uneven time steps It is used when longer events of days weeks or months are being simulated and it is used in conjunction with the Rainfall Distribution option The time interval is in minutes and the rainfall amount is in millimeters 181 Printed Documentation Duration The duration is the total storm duration in minutes The duration is used to calculate the interval used in the temporal pattern of the design and also the interval for the Rainfall Distribution option if a variable time step is not selected Hydsys Prophet Storms Hydsys Storm HidSys format file I TE HidSys Station Name Run Duration
168. it field beneath the list of notes Add Appends a note to the end of the list Insert Inserts a note before the currently highlighted note Delete Removes the currently highlighted note Change Changes the currently highlighted note Edit Vertices Project THE PROJECT MENU The Project Menu will only be active if the parameter PROJECTS ON is present in the XP RAFTS INI file CIA MOI EEN Projects are composed of files that are grouped together The files are not interdependent in any way An XP file can be included in different project groups 92 12 PMP When in Project mode the opening of files is restricted to project files only Files can be added to and deleted from a project when the project is edited On creating a new XP file or saving an existing file under another name it is automatically added to the project Multi runs can be set up to solve a selection or all files in the project If a current file is open it will be closed first The selected files will then be loaded and the data checked for errors If there are errors in the data then that data set will not be solved After a multi run has completed the last XP file to be processed by the multi run is loaded The results from the run are loaded for this file only The results for the other XP files that were part of the multi run are not updated to the XP file straight after a multi run The next time the file is opened the results from the multi run ar
169. item by dragging a rectangle with the mouse around the field or button A rectangle surrounding the item indicates it has been selected Then select the copy icon Green multi page in the upper right hand corner of the dialog to copy the data to the copy buffer All text items radio buttons or checkboxes can be copied in this manner To paste the copied data select one or more objects by holding down the lt Shift gt key and clicking on multiple objects 26 6 Toolstrip Icons or by dragging a dotted rectangle around the selected objects and select Paste from the Edit Menu When copying a Text item the text is checked as if it were to be saved to the database before copying For Radio Button items only the active item in the group of buttons can be copied For both Radio Buttons and Checkboxes with underlying data only the flag itself and not the whole underlying data structure will be copied Only single data items can be copied structures including all underlying data cannot be copied as single items However when copying all of the data for an object the underlying data is copied to the copy buffer Copy a Dialog List DLIST Item Copy a Dialog List DLIST Item To copy a single cell in a dialog list DLIST first move the text insertion point to the cell you wish to copy Select the text or numerical string by double clicking or depressing the mouse and dragging over the entire string Right mouse click to get a Window s pop
170. ject 92 FRE PROJECTMENU Eee ee 92 NOW ansien ee dildo lc lado leete 93 Editada 94 A ee ial ee ee ice dt cen ot ae Beles Sancta RA 94 SP ee aloe sete ee ote A Be En ee ae tse eee ae Ge ue 94 O oer Ere ce E PORE Sr OE ETT re AE E E E ree ee eer E ee eee eee ere 94 O Be er a Re ee ee erh ue acai em 95 Mall Run A Dina een 96 BELI nr ee e O A O 96 View 97 THE VEW MENU ses AAA A AAA A A AA a 97 A tds o eel oi 98 FINIGON rs ro dE A E 98 Redraw98 o A tase EE AT ee E E Eee a Nes eda ees ates T near ee A EN E er teehee 98 5 NE REES arse a eee lag verre acura parr EN 98 E A hee hee hear En EEE E EEE ANEA eyes eee a anos 98 FICS ODS GS ae A a a 99 DOISCE ODICCUS sax cise a ee oat O O 99 TOODA AAA ee a a ea ee ee ee 99 status BAM cress settee O 99 INST ORK OV SIC Wade rect att alate dat dedo 99 Background Image eect ict Seance der ee Ue as 99 Results 103 TRE RESULTS MENU en sea ee Ad 103 POW Sp Ss Aa ee ee nes nes ss 103 ARMADE SRH NT 104 Graphleal ENCOdNg ansehen 104 Configuration 105 ThE CONFIGURATION MENU anne tee niente ae tet 105 A ae ee ee ee ee eer ere ee ee ee 106 Global Data za RS eee eer eee ere 106 vi Table of Contents Units euere sen Es Gah ccc aint i Dodie RER BS a Gor cet at 107 Tools 108 THE POOLE S MENO saw sla is ce eta nit gta dane sane tnt ula i alba ea eh al Re as tala 108 Analyze 108 THEANALTZE MENO a cars Se ee gen ne drang ee 108 SONO ee ac ee ee aut tera E ee Eee 109 SHOW ENOS EIER R Nee erst cases 110 Pop Ups 11
171. jects are controlled The command allows the Hiding or Showing of any selection of nodes links in the network Display Report Hide Show 54 11 Global Data Object Filter Object Selection Hide This button causes all selected Reports to be hidden Show This button causes all selected Reports to be shown made visible Object Filter Nodes Links or both may be included in the spatial reports At least one of these object types must be enabled for spatial reports to be displayed Nodes This flags causes node objects to be included in the selection for Spatial Report Links This flags causes link objects to be included in the selection for Spatial Report Object Selection All Objects All objects links and nodes in the network will be exported Selection Only Only the objects links and nodes in the currently highlighted selection will be exported Encode Encode causes the network to be redrawn with the currently selected Graphical Encoding Attributes A G will be displayed in the status bar area of the network window to the left of the bottom scroll bar indicating the current view in which the network is drawn includes graphically encoded attributes Restore This button will remove the graphical encoding attributes from the network window Load This button allows you to load a pre defined saved set of graphical encoding attributes Save This button allows you to save t
172. k Nodes are being added to the network Lengths or areas are being measured from the network A background is being selected or the window is being panned or zoomed in or out XP is busy performing a task The specific task is generally displayed in the status messages area of the window You are currently zooming in to an area of the network You are currently zooming out on an area of the network The Mouse allows the user to select objects to operate on by pointing and clicking and similarly to initiate system commands through Pull down menus Icons Icons A palette of object symbols Icons is provided for the creation and manipulation of objects comprising the network These toolbars may be turned on and off by selecting Toolbar from the View Menu 1 An Overview ES dy eu ln TOA fot B al al SA Re Mme Reto amp a These tools comprise Project Icons File and Print Icons Tool Icons Solve amp Review Icons Browse and Help Icons Background Picture Icons Scaling Icons Data Icons Dialog Icons Project Icons le This Toolbar is only enabled if Projects is enabled in the RAFTSXP INI file Se New Project This icon is used to create a new project database Open Project This icon is used to_open an existing project database See Also Project Menu File and Print Icons This Icons in this Toolbar have slightly different functions depending on whether Projects is enabled in the RAFTSXP INI fi
173. kground picture TRAVERSING THE NETWORK The network can be traversed by using the lt Tab gt key starting from any selected link or node The lt Shift Tab gt key or key moves to the previous upstream object Alternatively the user may select Go To from the View Menu and enter the name of the required node or link The user may specify whether the search is for a node link or text or whether the object name is case sensitive or a partial word search While employing the multi selection option successive searches will add to the selection set When the user clicks Find the requested object name is searched for If found it is highlighted and displayed in the centre of the screen at the currently selected scale PANNING AROUND THE NETWORK The user can pan by using the Pan tool from the toolstrip First select the tool and positioning the mouse on a position in the network to pan from Then drag the mouse while holding down left mouse button to the new location for that point This moves the entire screen image the distance between the two points in the dragged direction While the user is performing this panning function a dotted rubber line is displayed showing the distance the image will be moved and the direction RE SCALING THE NETWORK WINDOW When a network window is re scaled the size of nodes and labels remains fixed the nodes being symbols that represent the centre of the object or the junction of links When the sc
174. label containing the basin likely to affect the current basin outflow relationship Only required when the hydraulically interconnected basins option is applied Initial Rating Curve Hydraulically interconnected basin flag to indicate an initial tailwater rating curve for immediately downstream of current basin This is only required with the level discharge option for the normal outlet flow It is not required if the Culvert Outlet option is selected in the Discharge dialog Flap Gate Option If the flap gate flag is turned on then negative flows from a downstream basin are not allowed If the flap gate flag is not turned on then negative flows through normal outlet can occur from higher levels in downstream basins Flows are only assumed to occur through the normal outlet No allowance is presently made for spillway submergence or reverse spillway flows 131 Printed Documentation Spillway Rating Curve Spillway Level Discharge Node Infiltration Trench E Qu la q cn US Water Level level of water surface immediately upstream of spillway Discharge Discharge in m3 s over spillway corresponding to US Water Level Conduit Discharge Contains data on the retarding basin outlet may consists of one or more pipes or culverts an orifice or a user defined stage discharge relationship 132 13 XP System Discharge Characteristic Node A2 f Stage Discharge Stage Discharge Multiplier f Culvert Outl
175. lange J Y 1977 A Note on the Infiltration Equations Soil Science of America Journal 41 pp 654 655 Petthick R W 1982 Kinematic wave calculations of peak flow reductions in urban storm runoff Hydraulics Research Station Wallingford UK Report No IT 230 February Philip J R 1957 The Theory of Infiltration 4 Sorptivity and Algebraic Infiltration Equations Soil Science Volume 84 pp 257 264 Price R K 1973 Flood Routing for British Rivers Hydraulic Research Station Wallingford Report 111 Proctor and Redfern Ltd and James F MacLaren Ltd 1976 Stormwater Management Model Study Vol 1 Final Report Research Report No 47 Canada Ontario Research Program Environmental Protection Service Environment Canada Ottawa Ontario September Rao R A Delleur J W and Sarma B S 1972 Conceptual Hydrologic Models for Urbanizing Basins Journal of the Hydraulics Division Proceedings of the ASCE Volume 98 No HY7 July Ross C N 1921 The calculation of the flood discharge by the use of time contour plan Transactions Institution of Engineers Australia Volume 2 pp 85 92 243 Printed Documentation Rovey E W Woolhiser D A and Smith R E 1977 A Distributed Kinematic Model of Upland Watersheds Hydrology Papers 93 Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado Roesner L A Aldrich J A Dickinson R E and Barnwell Jr T O 1988 Storm Water Management Model User s Manual Version 4 EXTRAN
176. le ne New File This icon is used to create a new database Open File This icon is used to_open an existing database Save File This icon is used to_ save an existing database Print Network Prints the current view of the network to the default Windows printer See Also File Menu and Project Menu Tool Icons iy Toy yy Pointer Tool This tool is used to select objects move objects reconnect links re scale the window change object attributes and to enter data Text Tool This tool is used to annotate the network by placing text objects on the network Node Tool This tool is used to create nodes on the network These may physically represent a manhole or pit an inlet for a catchment The node shape changes to represent different physical structures Triangular nodes have storage properties in addition to the system defaults Basin Tool This tool is used to create nodes on the network These may physically represent a manhole or pit an inlet for a catchment plus a pond or retarding basin or a Best Management Practice BMP The node shape changes to represent different physical structures Triangular nodes have storage properties in addition to the system defaults Link tool This tool is used to create a lagging link that joins two nodes in a network This represents a travel time down a reach but not the physical characteristics of the pipe or channel Channel tool This tool is used to create a link that joins two nodes in a network Thi
177. link to the new node A dotted outline tracks the movement of the link in real time Note The cursor retains the arrow shape Creation of the new link is subject to the same connectivity rules applied during network creation ie An illegal network cannot be created through re connection DELETING OBJECTS A selected highlighted individual object or group of objects can be removed from the model by invoking the Delete Objects menu command from the Edit menu Note A link cannot exist without both end nodes thus when one end node is removed the link is also deleted To delete a vertex from a polylink hold down the lt Shift gt and lt Ctrl gt keys and click on the vertex to be deleted A background picture is deleted by first selecting the file with the Select Background tool from the toolstrip A selected background is connoted with a hatched pattern Invoking the delete background tool at this point will immediately delete the background THE COORDINATE SYSTEM The screen network is essentially open ended and unbounded in any direction The coordinate system has its origin 0 0 at the lower left corner of the opening window and increases to the right and up In the present implementation the coordinates are stored in double precision format with up to 20 significant figures to enable the retention of real world coordinates The coordinates are used in specifying the location of a node text item or the bounding rectangle of a bac
178. lows or sewage flows from both dry weather and wet weather sources STORMWATER MODELLING When rural stormwater flows are being considered only it is usual to only have one 1 sub catchment entering a node Catchment area is input in hectares When urban stormwater runoff is being analysed two sub catchments should be included to a node These should individually reflect the pervious and impervious contributions respectively Both catchment areas are input in hectares SEWER MODELLING When sewage flows are being analysed the split catchment option should be utilised to separately estimate the dry weather and wet weather infiltration contributions to the node In this instance the Catchment area for wet weather infiltration is input in hectares Dry weather flow catchment area is HOWEVER NOT INPUT IN HECTARES To reflect an instantaneous diurnal dry weather flow pattern it is necessary to input as catchment area EP divided by 10 000 ie Catchment area input EP 10 000 Appropriate flow values per EP for the sub catchment together with an appropriate dimensionless diurnal temporal pattern is provided in the global storm database under Global Menu 142 13 XP System Local Storm Name Local Storm Reference This allows the entry of storm data local to this sub catchment This button will not be available if the Global Storm option has been selected in Job Control Local Storm Mode y2 a Subcatchment 1 Ea Storm Type
179. mmand is useful for cleaning up a messy display following some object movements such as Pasting objects and when calculating areas and lengths using the polygon tool Save Report This button saves the report settings to a user specified file All the global attributes excluding the flags on this dialog are saved Load Report This button loads the report settings from a user specified file All the global attributes excluding the flags on this dialog are loaded Data Variables Link This button loads the Data Variables dialog which allows you to select the data fields you wish to display in the Spatial Report for Links The list displayed in the following dialog contains the names of all data items that will be included in your spatial report for links 46 11 Global Data Variable List LINKS x Total Link Length Channel Slope t Pipe Slope Insert Delete Format OF Cancel Insert Append Delete Format Delete The delete button removes a report data variable from the list Insert Append These buttons allow you to insert a report data variable before the highlighted field in the list or at the end of the list respectively When you select either of these buttons the following dialog showing all available data is displayed When OK is selected the highlighted field is added to the list shown in the preceding parent dialog If the variable selected has multiple instances ie Conduits
180. n Show Real Vvorld Extents E So Pe Peed pene nd cancel New This button will open the Add Background Image dialog Delete This button will delete the highlighted background picture from the XP database Up This button will move the selected background picture up one level in the list Down This button will move the selected background picture up one level in the list Properties If an ESRI Shape file is selected then this button will open the ESRI Shape File Attributes dialog to allow attribute encoding Show This button will toggle the display or hiding of the selected background picture Real World Extents The outer corners Top Left Bottom and Right where the background image file resides For non CAD or Shape files these coordinates determine the aspect ratio and scale of the imported background xprafts uses double precision coordinates with up to 20 significant figures This enables map coordinates to be retained Once a picture has been imported it is treated in the same manner as any other element of the network ESRI Shape File Attributes Use this dialog to define the color coding of attributes of an ESRI Shape File 101 Printed Documentation Shape Filename The name of the Shape file that is being Encoded ESRI Shape File Attributes shape Filename CAFS Aepawmm iw ork streets shp Encode Atmibutes Dbase Filename C PS xpswimmwiork streets dbf Encoding Field TYPE l E 5
181. n which is pertinent to this type of object either link or node The name is in quotation marks and is not case sensitive 85 Printed Documentation Object_name String Instance Integer Count Integer Data_string String EXAMPLE COMMAND DESCRIPTION XPX Table Command The appropriate field name may be found in this reference or by using the Get Field Info facility in XP using the Dialog Icon The object_name is any quoted string which has been previously defined as a link or node using the LINK or NODE command The data_string will be assigned to this object_name and placed in the database field called field_name If the field_name is a global value and not associated with an object then the object_name is defined as a pair of double quotes i e The instance is an integer value which allows for multiple instances of the same data type for the one object For example multiple conduits in one link The first instance of a data type is assigned a value of 0 zero the second instance is 1 one and so on For a data type which has only one instance the value will be O zero This value specifies how many data items to expect in the following data_string Normally this is 1 one except for list data For example user inflow hydrographs have more than 1 one data point If there were 25 points in the hydrograph you would specify a count of 25 and then follow with a data string containing 25 values
182. n be included in the string The appropriate field_name_string may be found by using the Get Field Info facility in XP SWMM using the Dialog Icon The object_name is any quoted string which has been previously defined as a link or node using the LINK or NODE command The instance is an integer value which allows for multiple instances of the same data type for the one object For example multiple conduits in one link The first instance of a data type is assigned a value of O zero the second instance is 1 one and so on This value specifies how many data items to expect in the following data_string Lists cannot be entered in a table so the Count is always 1 one This is a string of values which will be placed in the database field names specified by the field_name_string There must be as many data items in the data_string as are specified by the field_name_string They must be separated by at least 1 one space or comma 12 PMP DS Elev US Elev Length Depth Rougnness Width Side 1 Side 2 LIL UIL PLENG PDIA RMANN WIDE TTHETA TPHI LA5 0 1 102 0 102 5 300 9 0 015 0 0 3 0 3 0 LA6 0 1 101 5 103 0 300 9 0 015 0 0 3 0 3 0 TABLE_END XPX Global Database Command SYNTAX VARIABLES gldb_type_name_string Instance Integer gldb_name_string EXAMPLE GLDB GLDB DATA DATA DATA DATA Edit THE EDIT MENU GLDB gldb_type_name_ string instance gld
183. named DBxxx where xxx is the next number in a sequence of database files typically DB1 and is stored in the directory defined by the TMP or XPTMP system variable or if none is defined in the current working directory To recover this database rename it ie copy DB1 to FILENAME XP then open it as normal Note You are in big trouble if you need to reboot and the temporary directory is a RAM disk DATABASE INTEGRITY As far as possible data committed to the Working Database via the Dialog Box interface is checked and filtered to maintain the integrity and consistency of the database In general text strings entered by users are the most dangerous type of dialog item because they are a human readable encoding of some fundamental data type such as a number This encoding and decoding to and from text strings done by users and computers is a rich source of errors XP checks all strings at three levels to ensure they can be interpreted correctly i Absolute Validity A numerical string for example cannot contain invalid characters ii Absolute Range Checking Once a numerical string can be interpreted properly its value is checked for validity in the context of the model eg a negative pipe length would not be accepted iii Reasonable Range Checking If a data item is within the absolute range it is also compared to a reasonable range defined by the Expert Engineer If the data is between the absolute and reasonable range
184. near response from catchments over a large range of event magnitudes It considers time area and sub catchment shape It offers an efficient mathematical procedure A considerable work has been done to verify this model on Australian catchments and to date the results have been satisfactory over a varying range of catchments and rainfall events Data for Laurenson s model consists of catchment area slope degree of urbanization loss rates and observed or design rainfall information all of which are explained in detail below 222 Index A limited treatment only shall be given on the theory of Laurenson s model as a comprehensive review is given in by Aitken 1975 Catchment Rainfall Rainfall inputs can be either historic events or design storms Observed spatial and temporal variations in historic events can be catered for by entering different rainfall data for each sub catchment according to daily rainfall and pluviograph records Design storms are typically inputted as a dimensionless temporal pattern combined with average rainfall intensity for the particular duration storm Typical design storm temporal patterns can be taken from Australian Rainfall and Runoff Institution of Engineers Australia 1987 or similar references Design storms can be varied for each sub catchment Design Rainfall Bursts In its simplest form RAFTS can be used with design storm bursts as per ARR with appropriate loss rates to estimate runoff with a
185. ning of the simulation Initial Basin Outflow Initial Basin Outflow m 3 s at the beginning of the simulation to align with total level discharge relationship and assumed initial water level in basin Storage Routing Interval Volume routing increment m3 The default value is 200 m3 Consideration should be given to decreasing or increasing this volume to either maintain numerical stability in small basins or decrease computing time in bigger basins respectively A desirable volume routing increment should be less then 10 of expected Max Basin Storage for numerical stability and greater than 0 001 of the same to avoid time consuming basin routing simulations Non Routed Baseflow Non routed baseflow under basin usually in underground conduit The non routed discharge is optionally subtracted from the total inflow hydrograph to the basin so separate routing can occur The basin outflow hydrograph is the combination of the routed surface flow plus the non routed but lagged non routed flow It is possible to examine the separate outflows under the full text outflow option Baseflow Lag Time Lag time of non routed baseflow through basin minutes 124 13 XP System Basin Storage Defined by basin level storage data Storage Characteristic Node A1 Level Storage ITI 10004Mm 3 1 homo In C VE 7 DN A FE Lo A a 10 paa Y Ja L cn BEE BES a EEE EEE DEE EEE nn U OK Level Basin
186. not use the HPGL 2 format iii Plot the desired rectangle of interest noting the co ordinates of the boundaries If you wish to retain the scale of your drawing package then the XP destination coordinates must correspond to the top left and bottom right corner extreme points of the drawing in your drawing package It is also recommended to import your background picture before creating a database iv Select Get Background from the Special Menu and choose the HPGL format When you select OK the CVTHPGL program will convert the HPGL 1 file into the internal XP picture format PIC File Type HPGL XP Metafile Input File Background XP Metafile Destination Rectangle Notes 1 An error log is created which lists any HPGL commands the program has been unable to translate 2 The plotter defaults file PL_DEF defines the mapping of pen numbers to colours in a table at the head of the file The first line of the file contains the number of pens the following lines contain the mapping of pen number to colour name Pen number zero the null pen must also be mapped to a colour This pen colour transformation allows customization for particular CAD packages See the default file PL_DEF included with this program for details v Once the HPGL file has been converted to a picture file it is incorporated into the network as an XP Metafile The user is prompted for the picture file name and destination bounding rectangle via the Ge
187. ntricacies of a particular numerical model Its aim is to improve productivity by increasing the efficiency of data entry eliminating data errors through expert checking and the using decision support graphics and interpretation tools The entire suite of tools creates a decision support system for the numerical model The main components of the XP model are THE GENERIC GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE THE MODEL STRUCTURE PHILOSOPHY and the STRATEGY THE MODEL STRUCTURE The XP environment maintains a loose coupling to the analytical model and graphical and textual post processors via text and binary data files These data files are generated from the XP database when the Solve menu command is issued and from the analytical engine when the network is analysed When the Solve command is given XP first performs the high level database integrity checks as described in the documentation If these checks are passed successfully and the model data files are generated XP then performs the task of running the analytical engine to process the data files and generate output for the graphical post processors to use When the analytical engine has completed its run any errors or warnings encountered in running the model are reported and the user is placed back in the editing environment The model results for a selection of objects can then be viewed by using several graphical tools and reviewing text output files Several utilities also exist for the export of
188. o display is selected the text will be drawn as a box and will only appear after zooming in If display size is selected text and object sizes are set in decimal inches or millimetres independent of the scale selected The display font may be modified by selecting the corresponding font from a list A preview of the font is displayed in the Select Font dialog 15 3 Database Concepts Background Images Importing Background Pictures Background pictures are special objects that can be created to act as passive backdrop on which the rest of the network may be overlaid Pictures are stored as files on disk and only a reference to the file and the path is stored in the XP file These Picture files must be present for the background to be drawn There is neither a limit to the number of background pictures that may be loaded into the network nor to the size of an individual picture Pictures can be selected deleted moved hidden etc Five background picture types are supported These include AutoCAD DWG and DXF files ESRI ArcView Shape files MapInfo MID MIF files digital photos such as BMP JPG TIFF and HPGL HPGL 1 files which must be translated to a PIC a native XP Software format using the supplied converter CVTHPGL EXE To import a background select Background Image from the View Menu or click on the New Background Image tool Add Background Image Image Details Filename CAXPSXP RaftstworkRAFTSpondOSDAPLAN12 DWG a
189. o parameters are of crucial importance when calibrating the model for urban catchment Pervious Areas Loss Parameters Seventeen parameters govern the volume of runoff from pervious areas The parameters considered include IAR ISC DSC USC LSC UH LH ER 238 Index SO Ko AO A1 A2 A3 GN LDF KG The most important are S0 Ko ISC DSC USC and LSC LDF and KG are important in the determination of groundwater runoff but since this is usually a comparatively small part of the total runoff volume the overall importance of these two parameters is not generally very great The table below is taken from a Thesis by Goyen 1981 and lists typical values of ARBM parameters used in Canberra for residential lawns playing fields dry grass and Eucalyptus Forests Typical ARBM Parameters for Canberra Catchments a _ Playing Natural Field Forest 5 10 0 42 0 84 05mm hr domestic lawn watering was applied over the summer months 23mm hr domestic irrigation water was applied overthe summer months plus 115 m n hr over the winter period 239 15 References REFERENCES Aitken A P 1973 Hydrologic Investigation and Design in Urban Areas A Review AWRC Technical Paper No 5 Dept Canberra Aitken A P 1975 Hydrologic Investigation and Design of Urban Stormwater Drainage Systems AWRC Technical Paper No 10 Deptartment of the Environment and Conservation Research Projec
190. ographs through channel or river reaches or 3 the transfer of hydrographs to the XP EXTRAN HydroDynamic simulation model Hydrology Hydrograph Generation The Laurenson runoff routing procedure used in xprafts has the following advantages e It offers a model to simulate both rural and urban catchments e It allows for non linear response from catchments over a large range of event magnitudes e It considers time area and sub catchment shape e It offers an efficient mathematical procedure for developing both rural urban and mixed runoff hydrographs at any sub catchment outlet The hydrological data requirements for XPRAFTS are e catchment area e slope e degree of urbanisation e loss rates e observed or design rainfall 209 Printed Documentation SubCatchment Data Node A1 Subcatchment 1 Rainfall Losses f Initial Continuing Soil 4 ARBM Loam Total 4rea 0 5 Impervious Vectored Slope 0 001 Mannings n 0 025 Use 10 UnE qual Sub areas Use Direct Storage Coefficernt Use non standard Storage Exponent Use Baseflow Cancel These data are used to compute the storage delay coefficient for each of the sub catchments and hence to develop the non linear runoff hydrograph A default exponent is adopted although the user may override this value with either a different non linear exponent or a rating table of flow vs an exponent to define different degrees of catchment non linear response E
191. ometer rings pushed 100 mm into the soil Water was rapidly ponded in the rings to a depth of about 30 mm and the subsequent drop in water level was noted at regular time increments of 10 to 15 seconds after ponding Talsma 1969 proposed methods of measuring sorptivity in the field on undisturbed soil for subsequent use in analytical applications Sorptivities were calculated from the linear portions of initial inflow against the square root of time Samples of soil for initial and final moisture content were taken close to and inside the rings Based on the work by Talsma 1969 the method relied on the reasonable assumptions that e during the short time of measurement 1 2 minutes water flow would remain vertical within the ring infiltrometer and e that the first term of the infiltration equation Philip 1957 accounted for nearly all of the flow Allowing for the accuracy of experimental technique the first condition that water flow would remain vertical within the ring infiltrometer was easily verified but the second condition was dependent on the magnitude of A relative to S Talsma found that plots of against t0 5 remained essentially linear for at least 1 minute and found that for the wide range of differently textured and structured soils studied the drop in head during the measuring process was not significant Talsma concluded that the accuracy of the ring infiltrometer method of measuring S in situ was quite acceptabl
192. ontents 0 TOS ACASO ae ee 38 THE TOOLSTRIP ICONS 38 POINTER 38 Moving Objects 38 Reconnecting Links 38 NODE 39 LINK 39 Polylink39 SCALING TOOLS 39 A aes rece toe ee eee ee a En ren ee heeded dete tia ied tea ee 42 THE MENU BAR 42 All Nodes 42 All Links 42 Settings 43 Export To DXF 43 Calibrate Model 43 Encrypt for Viewer 43 Review Results 43 Spatial Report 44 Location 45 Text Size 46 Creation 46 Redraw46 Save Report 46 Load Report 46 Data Variables Link 46 Delete 47 Inser Append 47 Format 48 Text Formatting 48 Text Attributes 49 Frame Display Links 49 Frame 50 COOUR sans er ee nen E Rassen 50 PIMC TY DC RER O EASL ATE A A A EEATT ET EEEE ET IE 50 e 50 Aulomale O 50 BO MI EA 50 Pd ea ice ah eee anh Natacha ni Sao coal ae nage i ah shit 50 TIPS a ne a en as utepeaececssub ceator A ia 50 510 a spat ER E O O 50 6D of O Lo A o y O OO 50 A a aad 50 Table of Contents Attachment Line 50 Data Variables Node 51 Delete 51 Insert Append 51 Format 52 Text Formatting 52 Text Attributes 53 Frame Display Nodes 53 Format 53 Attachment Line 54 Display Report 54 Hide 55 Show 55 Object Filter 55 Object Selection 55 Encode55 Restore 55 Load 55 Save 55 Cancel 55 Preferences 55 Hide AAOS ee een ses Pu NOG SS asus 5 3 se a ee ee BR ah aa tl ee eee O es es E ee a an ea Legend 56 Arrange Items 56 Window Legend 56 Network Legend 56 Variable 57 Visual Entity
193. option provides more detail than is generally required however if a particularly complex simulation is being performed this option may be useful to monitor the intermediate results Not recommended for general use as level of detail is more than required Partial Output The Partial Output option provides a useful level of detail without an excessively large output file This option is recommended for nodes which are defined as retarding basins or storages Summary Output The Summary Output option provides a reasonable level of detail for most situations which do not have storages defined 112 13 XP System This option is recommended for nodes without basins Hydrograph Plot This option provides a text hydrograph plot for this node in the output file This option has been superseded by the Review Results feature of the xprafts environment and is not required for plotting hydrographs Not recommended for general use Hydrograph Plot Partial This option provides a text hydrograph plot and partial output for the current node in the output file This option has been superseded by the Review Results feature of the xprafts environment and is not required for plotting hydrographs Not recommended for general use Hydrograph Export Option to define estimated hydrographs file output Save Results for Review If this flag is on output from this node will be saved to a file to allow graphical post processing Post processing can be perf
194. or Notes Edit Vertices Cut Data Performs a Copy and then a Clear operation on the currently selected link or node data Data may be copied from one or multiple selected object s If multiple objects are selected restrictions are placed on the paste command See Section 4 for a more detailed description of this facility Copy Data Copies the current selection into an internal buffer This data is then available for pasting into a further selection of network objects This Copy Paste mechanism is an extremely effective way of generating data or making modifications to a large number of objects Paste Data Copies the data from the internal buffer to the currently selected objects For data to be successfully transferred between objects both source and destination must be of the same class and type Thus circular node data can only be pasted into circular node data After the Paste operation the number of objects and database records affected are reported Paste cannot be undone in this version The copy buffer may be pasted into multiple objects by holding down the lt Shift gt key to make a multiple selection and then selecting Paste from the Edit Menu Data can also be pasted between databases See Section 4 for a more detailed description of this facility Clear Data Deletes all the attribute data from the current selection The objects are left in an empty state as if just created The graphical attributes
195. orary files The name of any directory Used to locate the temporary files such as the DB XP ZZ etc files None None Change the engine used by XP Rafts2000 RATENGINE EXE default Including the full path to this file By default XP Rafts2000 uses RAFTSENGINE EXE as its engine invoked when solve is selected None Location of home directory or installation directory The name of any directory Used for files such as the XP BAK SYF SYT SYR OUT etc files used by the model None None File Extenstions FILE EXTENSIONS xprafts uses the following file naming conventions DB XP LOCK MSGBOX XP XPP E XPX OUT RPT RES PLT SYF SYB EPD PIC DXF SCR MOD SRP GEN RDF DEF 8 Node Data The working copy of the xprafts database This file is located in the directory pointed to by the TMP or XPTMP environment variable This file is normally deleted when you Quit from xprafts A snapshot of the current state of the working database DB file It is created when xprafts runs another program eg to Solve Review Results or Plot This file is normally deleted when XP xprafts is re opened A file used This file is deleted upon termination of the child process The message box used to transfer executions between modules This file is deleted upon termination of the child process The main database This file is updated whenever Save is selected The
196. ore appropriate results taking into account parameters such as gauged rainfall and runoff data soil infiltration data hydraulic characteristics retention basin parameters dynamic flood routing floodway and pipe systems separate impervious and pervious overland flow routing etc Library Module LIBM This module is responsible for all communication with the other modules and thereby controls the execution sequence of the project run Most data however is called directly from the module concerned at the time of execution to save storage Information is directed to the correct module in the program by a series of control records located near the beginning of the data file In addition to the LIBM s housekeeping and management role it also performs all hydrograph summations carries out basic data organization produces hydrograph plots and prints output summaries Time Step Computations All computations in xprafts are carried out in discrete time increments sequentially working from time zero through a rainfall event The time increment is designated the routing increment and is expressed in decimal minutes There are no absolute limits to its magnitude The selected routing increment should be the minimum needed to span enough of the expected runoff hydrograph to obtain the required information In many instances this may not require the whole hydrograph to be developed In some instances however such as loss rate calibration the full h
197. ormal non erodible spillway Spillway Length Effective spillway length meters Calculated spillway flows are then added to normal outlet level discharge co ordinate flows Multiplication Factor Discharge values entered in the coordinates dialog will be multiplied by the value entered in this item Use Coordinates If this option is selected Rafts expects the normal spillway to be described by way of level discharge co ordinates Zero level in this case starts from the weir still level Discharges are in m43 s Infiltration 155 Printed Documentation Pond Infiltration OSDDET 1 Clogged Base Thickness u f Infiltration on Aate pan Shallow water table Depth Dr 0 aree Pond Infiltration RAFTS provides for leakage from basins and reservoirs in addition to evaporation losses and conventional outflow Three strata situations are presently covered These include a Shallow Water Table Deep Water Table and Clogged Surface Layer The equations utilize the work of Bouwer 1978 Bear et al 1968 and Todd 1980 to define shallow water table situations The methods prescribed are similar to those utilized by Main Roads Western Australia PC SUMP C software Basin Infiltration Rate Discharge through basin floor infiltration expressed in m hr This value represents the hydraulic conductivity of the basin floor Clogged layer Thickness of clogged layer in meters The Permeability value or infiltration
198. ormat dialog which allows you to select the format of the highlighted variable the format specification is always attached to the data variable even when that variable is removed from the list The description of the variable to be formatted is shown in the title bar of the dialog Format Text Formatting Text Attributes Text Formatting Precision This value specifies the number of places after the decimal point to display on the Spatial Report Accuracy This value specifies the tolerance of the displayed data 52 11 Global Data Mnemonic This allows you to add a mnemonic to the start of each line of data displayed in the Spatial Reports Unit This allows you to add a unit to the end of each line of data displayed in the Spatial Reports Text Attributes Font This allows you to specify the font in which you wish to display the currently selected variable of the Spatial Report The normal Windows conventions regarding bitmap and true type fonts are supported Apply to All If this checkbox is enabled then this font style will be applied to all the spatial report data for nodes Size The height of the text in mm in the report line is entered here Apply to All If this checkbox is enabled then this font size will be applied to all the spatial report data for nodes Text Colour These buttons allow you to set the colour of the report text Apply to All If this checkbox is enabled then this font
199. ormed via the Review Results menu command after the network has solved This flag may be over ridden by a global flag in Job Control Output Control Output Control is used to set the level of detail for printing in the text output file In most cases Full Output is not necessary but may be useful in difficult situations Partial output is useful for nodes which have storages defined but in general summary output is of sufficient detail This is particularly the case when Review Results is utilised Direct Input Runoff Hydrograph Direct Input Mode e7 Inflow ms Direct Input Time Time in minutes corresponding to instantaneous inflow discharge value The first time MUST be zero Inflow 113 Printed Documentation Inflow discharge in m 3 s running off total sub catchment Inflows must be non negative File Input Direct Input Hydrographs may be input directly by the user in one of two ways 1 By directly specifying the hydrograph coordinates in the table displayed when the Direct Input button is selected OR 2 By specifying a disk file from which the hydrograph coordinates are read This option is chosen by selecting the File Input button The following indicates the format specifications of the ASCII text file for both local and total upstream hydrographs This file is also generated when the RAFTS Local Hydrograph or RAFTS Total Hydrograph options are chosen under Hydrograph Export at a node Start of File JO
200. ort Vol Il Verification and Testing Vol Ill User s Manual and Vol IV Programme Listing Water Pollution Control Research Series 11024D0C07 71 EPA July Mulvaney T J 1850 On the use of self registering rain and flood gauges in making observations of the relations of rainfall and of flood discharges in a given catchment Proceedings Institution of Civil Engineers Ireland Vol 4 pp 18 31 Nash J E 1960 A unit hydrograph study with particular reference to British catchments Proceedings Institution of Civil Engineers Vol 17 pp 249 282 National Capital Development Commission 1980 Monitoring Stormwater Flow and Water Quality in Paired Rural and Urban Catchments in the ACT Technical Paper No 29 Canberra O Loughlin E M Short D L and Dawes W R 1989 Modelling the hydrologic response of catchments to land use change Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Institution of Engineers Australia Christchurch NZ O Loughlin G G 1986 The ILSAX Program for Urban Stormwater Drainage Design and Analysis New South Wales Institute of Technology Civil Engineering Monograph No 86 3 O Loughlin G Huber W and Chocat B 1996 Rainfall Runoff Processes and Modelling Journal of Hydraulic Research Volume 34 No 6 Parlange J Y 1971 Theory of Water Movement in Soils Part 2 Soil Science Volume 111 pp 170 174 Parlange J Y 1975 A Note on the Green and Ampt Equation Soil Science Volume 119 pp 466 467 Par
201. oss Paramete s cccccccssecceecceeecseeeecae cece eeeseceeueesueeceuessaneesaeesseeesseeegueeseneseegs 238 eS SHS NCS terse tases apc at ee Dyce tear a tea ti es aarti ae ee Leuk gla ee EEE 241 REFERENCES 241 o AAE E E PEA AE EIER NEIL HE EOFTEERE ER cmt tide teiranine EA AA A ea eeea edie an E N E AEA 245 xprafts No Data 1 An Overview AN XP OVERVIEW The practical implementation of any project involving storm and wastewater management is not a trivial task Depending on the degree of complexity it may require an expert hydrologist knowledgeable in modelling techniques and a hydraulic expert knowledgeable in the modelling of free surface and pressure flow networks It may also require the expertise of an environmental engineer to assess pollutant buildup wash off and diffusion and a computer specialist to prepare the data files and coordinate the execution of various modules of the computer program It requires the coordinated efforts of all these experts to select the appropriate modelling options to select appropriate values for input parameters and to evaluate and interpret model output and to diagnose possible malfunctions of the drainage system and suggest remedies In actual projects depending on the complexity of the problem the calibration work can take several weeks or more The XP environment is designed to minimise but not eliminate the need for human experts and to guide the Engineer or Scientist through the i
202. oss method is selected in the LRRM Hydrograph dialog Baseflow Multiplier This option allows the baseflow to be scaled up or down 116 13 XP System Tailwater Initial Rating Tailwater Rating Node e7 US Level OS Level ITI ITI rr E PIE IS E O O BEE Graph Cancel Headwater Level Level at conduit inlet corresponding to levels in level discharge table After level discharge data is input the required levels will automatically appear in this dialog Values in this column are interpreted as ABSOLUTE levels if the first level equals the Basin Invert Datum Level Otherwise the first level MUST equal zero and values are interpreted as levels RELATIVE to the Basin Invert Datum Level Tailwater Level Tailwater level immediately downstream of conduit 117 Printed Documentation Rafts Storm Name Select Rafts Storms Select Cancel E dit Clear Rename Delete Add Select Rafts Storm Reference name File usually defined in Global database definitions Hydsys Prophet Storm Name Select HrdSys FProphet Storms Select Hydsys Prophet Storm Reference name File usually defined in Global database definitions Basin General Data Select Cancel E dit Clear Rename Delete Add Includes data on Initial Basin conditions storage routing interval plus non routed baseflow lag 118 13 XP System General Basin Data Node Retbas T Initial Basin Inflow O
203. osts MET Polynomial Coefficients Table Location 36 0005 146 00E Bauer 15 920089 List of coetficients to equations of the form logell B x flog Ti C x los T f D x loga TP E x log Tht F x loga Tp G x loge T T Time inhoure ad hean millimetres per hour YEARS la la Ic in IE IF ls 1 26215906143 6 201738781 4 3837443E 7 8283159TE 3 1 29285F2E 9 2 91 022664 197048506 5 T 2 0971168095 63945657E 1 43254580 2 88720201 E 3 1 1483899E 3 359810770 4 13907T8074E 5 5 3 J00056076 6472E3S60E 1 4 210967067 9 4072965E 3 2 0134340E 4 4 09416160E 4 2 RS T410E 6 10 3 3536436558 6 559062E 1 4 0850401E 2 1 0230470E 2 5 9376650E 4 4 8616515E 4 2 3629851E 5 70 35250587063 6 6103179E 1 4 120364E 2 9 9359038E 3 7 49J6010E 4 4 4396641E 4 9 07789780E 5 50 3 7200559513 6 6732746E5 1 4 0755350 2 9 69126265 3 7 0989840E 4 4 0937107E 4 3 8494500E 5 100 3 853733778 6 7171180E 1 4 0171079E 2 9 7090720E6 3 5 9575570E 4 4 061311BE 4 T 2932610E 6 Ron dala 1847 335 080 40 15 8 62 180 dee 0 15 fisd 32 F50 043 181 cop Table Prophet Stage Data Hydys Stage Data 192 Auslraliar amp owemrment Bursan af fdelsormlopme Stage Discharge Data Stage Discharge Ratings Be oca Sorc snc mill Soe ae bl a a a TEATAN SS ee EEE EEE BE po ee EEE BE EEE SSS EEE BE EEE XP Tables XP Tables allow the user
204. ows from both dry weather and wet weather sources STORMWATER MODELLING When rural stormwater flows are being considered only it is usual to only have one 1 sub catchment entering a node Catchment area is input in hectares When urban stormwater runoff is being analysed two sub catchments should be included to a node These should individually reflect the pervious and impervious contributions respectively Both catchment areas are input in hectares SEWER MODELLING When sewage flows are being analysed the split catchment option should be utilised to separately estimate the dry weather and wet weather infiltration contributions to the node In this instance the Catchment area for wet weather infiltration is input in hectares Dry weather flow catchment area is HOWEVER NOT INPUT IN HECTARES To reflect an instantaneous diurnal dry weather flow pattern it is necessary to input as catchment area EP divided by 10 000 ie Catchment area input EP 10 000 111 Printed Documentation Appropriate flow values per EP for the sub catchment together with an appropriate dimensionless diurnal temporal pattern is provided in the global storm database under Global Menu It is usual to use the first sub catchment to determine dry weather flow and the second sub catchment to estimate both direct and infiltration wet weather flow Direct Input Hydrographs may be input directly by the user in one of two ways 1 By directly specifying the hydrogr
205. ox is calculated automatically by maintaining a border around the text The size of the box is calculated assuming DXF MONOTXT font will be used for hard copy output Box Width If you turn Automatic off then a value entered here will specify the minimum width in mm of the box A boundary is still maintained around the box but the height depends on the number and size of variables displayed Hide When you select this option the frame surrounding the spatial report is not displayed Type The form of the grouping of the spatial reports data is controlled by these options Box A rectangular box will be drawn around the data with an attachment line drawn to the centre of the box Opaque If this checkbox is not enabled the spatial reports will be transparent with the background and network able to be seen through the reports Bracket A square bracket or will be drawn at the beginning or end of the group of spatial report data depending on the location of the data relative to the link The attachment line will be drawn to the centre of the front or end of the bracket Attachment Line Colour These buttons allow you to change the colour of the line attaching node reports to nodes Line Type These buttons allow you to change the line type of the line attaching node reports to nodes Hide When you select this option the line from the Spatial Report to the node is not drawn 50 11 Global Data Data Variables
206. p Lett Bottom Right OR Cancel Click on the ellipses to open a Windows Explore dialog and navigate to the background image file Real World Extents The outer corners Top Left Bottom and Right where the background image file resides For non CAD or Shape files these coordinates determine the aspect ratio and scale of the imported background XP uses double precision coordinates with up to 20 significant figures This enables map coordinates to be retained Once a picture has been imported it is treated in the same manner as any other element of the network If an ESRI Shape file is selected then this button will open the ESRI Shape File Attributes dialog to allow attribute encoding In general background pictures can be manipulated in the same way as any other network object with the exception that the lt Ctrl gt key must be used in conjunction with any other action Thus pictures can be selected deleted moved hidden etc A picture may be re scaled isotropically by holding down the lt Shift gt and lt Ctrl gt keys See Sections 2 4 and 2 13 for further information Background Image Properties To edit existing background images select Background Images gt Properties from the View menu or choose the Image Properties icon from the toolstrip 100 12 PMP Background Image Properties L12P591 lt P Hatts Work RAFT SRrvervhunan bhr LA PS xp ratts Work RAFT Spond0OS04 PLAN 2 DW ew Delete Lip Dow
207. p Ups THE POP UP MENUS Pop up menus provide shortcuts to some of the more commonly used menu commands To use the pop up menu commands click the right mouse button on the object node link or diversion to be altered The content of the pop up menu will depend on the type of object selected The appropriate menu item is then selected in the normal way To cancel the pop up menu click outside the region of the menu Properties Properties Properties Edit Data Edit Data Edit Data Notes Notes Potes Copy Copy Copy Paste Paste Paste Delete Delete Delete Copy All Selected Copy All Selected Copy All Selected Paste All Selected Paste All Selected Paste All Selected Delete All Selected Delete All Selected Delete All Selected Basin Edit vertices Edit vertices View Results Export Time Series Results v redding Routing View Image Select Downstream Objects Select Upstream Objects Node Pop up Menu Link Pop up Menu Diversion Pop up Menu When a display attribute for a single object is modified the change is local to that object When the display attributes for a tool are modified any subsequently created objects of that type inherit the tool s characteristics but previously created objects do not Notes can be added or altered from the pop up menu and a bitmap image attached to the node as a Picture File can be displayed using the View Image command A link type may be changed from a Single Conduit to a Multiple Conduit or vice versa b
208. peration and safety factor In this regard a stage discharge curve is derived taking into account tailwater effects flow transitions in the normal outlet flow regime the operation of the spillways plus realistic maintenance and blockage considerations An adopted stage discharge curve is then inputted as a series of coordinate points It is possible to put in separate series of coordinates for the normal outlet and spillway provisions Types of Basins Hydraulically Discrete Retention amp Retarding Basins Discrete retention and retarding basins are considered those which operate independently In this case the stage outflow relationship is treated as a unique function Hydraulically Interconnected Basins Hydraulically interconnected basins can be analysed using xprafts They are defined as basins that are potentially operationally dependent on the time stage relationships of any downstream basin or basins xprafts uses an iterative approach to solve this type of situation and can analyse as many interconnected basins as there are links in a catchment Interconnected basins or basins outletting into a river have the option through variable IFLAP to have free two way draining outlets or a flap gate control outlet that prevents flows back into the basin from downstream Reduced and possible reverse flow is presently limited to the normal piped outlet or the stage discharge rating curve Submergence effects or reverse flow over spillways are
209. petre am f o eatch ment to current link i i En ne RETARDING BASIN Does link ea l i contain a HZ data U Platin graphical basin form infan and C alculats basin outflow outfloyy l hydrographs for A i the currert link l I l l channel Print outflow I inflow ta be ma hydrograph storage l routed wing staga A flow duration I MCCA data l I l DER PR NE A A A NN A CHANNEL C aleulate outlay MODULE hydrograph at Read Read lag LEGEND designated MICCR time i LER Laurenson s Runoff Bee Hane along cia ff Routing Module channel Rainfall Loss Module LOS Retarding Basin a ne y Lag infow G Routing Module hydr ogra ph j da Summen ae i RBF Muskingum Cunge i R Channel Routing A EE A A E E A AA Mi ogule M CE F 218 Index General Data Requirements Data requirements for RAFTS are commensurate with the data availability and output requirements The model is particularly flexible in its requirements and able to produce satisfactory results with minimum data input It would be prudent to state that provided access to a suitable micro computer was favorable then it would be appropriate to employ RAFTS even for the most straight forward runoff estimate The input data requirements and run time would be no more intensive than hand computations applying say the Rational Formula As more data is collected or becomes available on a catchment input data can be upgraded to produce m
210. pplying to the designated primary overflow path Flow Threshold Flow m s ft s reached in primary path before any diversion occurs of Surcharge above Threshold Fraction of flow above threshold that continues to flow down the primary flow path 166 Index 167 10 Job Control JOB CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS The job control instructions are managed with three dialogs Use the tabs to navigate Job Definition Job Control Job Definition Hydrograph Esport Simulation Details Title Seshu Awer Catchment Hunan Province Storm Type Results C Global f Catchment Dependent i Generate data echo iW Save All Results for Review w Clear existing results Storage Coefficient v EEE Multiplication Factor i We Interconnected basins iw Global Hydsvs flename Cancel Help Title The title of the simulation or run should be entered This title should be descriptive and distinguish this run for other similar runs The Storm Type is either Global Catchment Dependent Automatic Storm Generator Evaporation Generate Data Echo Save All Results for Review Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor Interconnected Basins Global Hydsys Filename Hydrograph Export 169 Printed Documentation Job Control Job Definition Hydrograph Export Simulation Details W Local Hydrograph Export File Axie_tiver3 loc a CAMPS EP Rate or SAP T SAiverie rivera loc If Total Hodragraph Export File
211. presents a simple lagging link Link Lagging 222 Hydrograph Lagging Cancel The only data required for this element type is the travel time in minutes for the peak flow to travel the length of this reach ROUTING LINK DATA A dashed link representing a link with explicit flow routing applied 160 14 RAFTS Theory Channel Routing Channel 330 The channel cross section can be described in Rafts format or in Hec 2 format If Hec 2 format is selected it is possible to read data from existing Hec 2 data files 161 Printed Documentation Rafts Cross Section Channel Section Detail Channel 291 Lett Manning s n Central Manning s r Right Manning s n 7 0 025 3 0 015 0 025 o 1 6 395 Cancel Rafts Cross Section If the Rafts Cross Section option is selected you will be required to enter the channel shape as a list of channel slopes and widths as an extended trapezoidal cross section Hec2 Cross Section The conduit may be defined as a Circular conduit non circular conduit or a Box culvert 162 14 RAFTS Theory HEC Cross Section Channel 291 Right Overbank Main Channel Lett Overbank n 0 025 n 0 015 n 0 025 HEL 2 Input Horizontal Distortion Factor Sect Coordinates Cancel Hec 2 Cross Section If the Hec 2 cross section option is selected you will be required to enter the channel shape as a table of horizontal station
212. projects database This file is updated whenever Save is selected A text file in the XP eXchange format for import and export The text output file generated when a database is solved An optional condensed output file generated when a database is solved An intermediate results file used by xprafts An intermediate results file used for plotting An intermediate results file used for plotting and for reviewing results Hydraulics An intermediate results file used for reviewing results Hydraulics An plot definitions file Background pictures or a file generated by Export Graphics An AutoCAD drawing file An AutoCAD Script file generated by the Export Graphics menu command Mode setup file Spatial Report Setup file Graphical Encoding Setup file Report Setup file Profile Plotting Setup file 37 6 Toolstrip Icons THE TOOLSTRIP ICONS lel Seel TOA B al A SAAR we MAN RE ABQ ws oe 3 dy tee la TO AZ Bf all al met E A Read Br A palette of drawing tools icons is provided for the creation and manipulation of objects of various types When the mouse is clicked inside one of the tools a number of things happen e any selected objects are de selected the tool beneath the mouse becomes current and is highlighted e the mouse cursor changes to reflect the current tool This section of the manual describes the function and use of each of the available tools POINTER TEXT NODE LINK SCALING TOO
213. rameters 148 13 XP System Advanced Parameters EEE E a Adwprarm E Advprama E Acvprams 4 Acvpramd Sr Ad pram E Acvpramb we Cancel There are currently six advanced options available for use with the OSD module Each value entered on appropriate line 1 6 top to bottom Advpram1 If set to 1 then the upper orifice outlet will be set at the base level along side the lower primary outlet The upper secondary outlet will be within a glory hole type vertical pit so entry will occur around perimeter of pittop opening At a stage equal to OWHT The primary outlet will discharge proportional to driving head while the secondary outlet will commence discharging at full FOSDSPSD during stages above OWHT as if it is operating with HED If Advpram1 set to 0 the default then the upper orifice will be assumed to be positioned normally OWHT above the OSD base In this case the lower orifice and upper orifice will discharge proportionally to the driving head above each Advpram2 OSD depth at start of simulation as percentage and relates to O2WHT Advpram3 This is the assumed water depth in the water storage portion of the water tank at the commencement of a simulation run The value is expressed as a percentage of the total water storage portion Advpram4 Advprams 4 5 and 6 are the parameters associated with the base infiltration component of the normal RAFTS retarding basin discharge This parameter
214. rawn between these two nodes with an arrow indicating direction If the mouse is not clicked on an existing node then a default node is created at that point for the new link Following each mouse click in the drawing area a dotted line tracks the mouse s movements indicating how the new link will appear This is the most effective way of creating a new network The successful creation of a link depends on certain network validity checks made by the XP shell described in Section 12 EXPERT SYSTEM CAPABILITIES XP RAFTS uses three types of links Conduit Link Diversion Link The conduit link represents a drainage path between nodes such as a circular pipe rectangular pipes or open channels of any cross section The multiple conduit diversion link represents either an alternative flow path between nodes such as a weir an orifice or a pump or allows you to have a number of conduits between the same two nodes without the need for dummy nodes Polylink Polylink A polylink is a special type of link that has vertices between the two end nodes It may be used to define the path of a river or to indicate a curved pipe or in any situation where the end nodes are not connected in a straight path To create a polylink select the link tool as normal and hold the lt Ctrl gt key down while clicking at the location at which you want a vertex An existing link may be converted to a polylink by holding down the lt Ctrl gt key an
215. re established by dividing each of the sub catchments into ten areas defined between lines of equal travel time or isochrones xprafts uses Laurenson s model to derive separate sub catchment inlet hydrographs These hydrographs are then manipulated through the link system to the outlet of the total catchment via the channel routing module Sub areas are established by constructing lines of equal travel time from the sub catchment boundary to its outlet These are referred to as isochrones The model storage delay parameters have been calibrated based on 10 isochronal areas making up a sub catchment In many instances the simple division of a sub catchment into ten equal sub areas provides very similar results This is particularly true in urban areas where isochrones vary with storm frequency and can sometimes be difficult to determine due to the complexity of the pipe and overflow network The ten equal sub areas are calculated automatically by xprafts However if a user wishes to define ten isochronal areas these must be inputted as data Within the workbench environment the facility for including a single sub area rather than the ten in xprafts has been added The procedure for computing the isochrones is based on the assumption that travel for any element of area is proportional to 02 Where t travel time L length along a reach of the major flow path S average slope of the reach The summation is carried out for each selecte
216. reas Transactions ASCE Vol 10 No 1 pp 1 60 Kulandaiswamy V C 1964 A basic study of the rainfall excess surface runoff relationship in a basin system Ph D Thesis directed by V T Chow University of Illinois Urbana Illinois Laurenson E M 1964 A Catchment Storage Model for Runoff Routing Journal of Hydrology Volume 2 pp 141 163 Laurenson E M and Mein R G 1985 RORB Version 3 Runoff Routing Program User Manual Monash University Department of Civil Engineering March Lloyd Davies D E 1906 The elimination of stormwater from sewerage systems Proceedings Institution of Civil Engineers Volume 164 No 2 pp 41 67 plate Mclilwraith J F 1945 The Determination of Stormwater Run offs Institution of Engineers Australia The Journal Vol 17 Mein R G and Goyen A G 1988 Urban Runoff Civil Engineering Transactions Australian Hydrology A Bicentennial Review Institution of Engineers Volume CE30 No 4 Mein R G Laurenson E M and McMahon T A 1974 Simple Nonlinear Method for Flood Estimation Journal of the Hydraulics Division ASCE Volume 100 HY11 p 1507 1518 November Messner M J and Goyen A G 1985 The Interaction of Hydrology and Hydraulics in Urban Stormwater Modelling Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Institution of Engineers Australia Sydney Australia Metcalf and Eddy Inc University of Florida and Water Resources Inc 1971 Stormwater Management Model Vol Il Final rep
217. reas The ten subareas must add up to the total sub catchment area This option is usually only used on rural sub catchments Urban sub catchments unless of unusual definable shape utilise ten equal subareas for hydrograph generation Isochronal Areas The ten subareas are provided as input data to the program The procedure for computing the isochrones is based on the assumption that travel time for any element of area is proportional to tt u L S 0 5 where tt travel time L length along a reach of the major flow path S average slope of the reach The summation is carried out for each selected point in the sub catchment along the flow path to the outlet Laurenson s 1964 procedure for estimating isochrones is summarised as follows a A large number of points uniformly distributed over a sub catchment are marked on a contour map of the sub catchment b For each point the distances between adjacent contours along the flow path to the outlet are tabulated c These individual distances are raised to the 1 5 power since time of flow through any reach is assumed proportional to tt u L S40 5 ie tt u L41 5 H40 5 where H contour interval Since H is constant the time of flow is proportional to L 1 5 A correction has to be made for the lowest reach since the outlet of the catchment is not in general on a contour This correction involves multiplying the length of the lowes reach by H H1 0 5 where H1 is the fall through t
218. red changes in topography occur retarding basins are proposed or at other locations where hydrographs are needed Links are then constructed to join the sub catchments The runoff from a sub catchment flows into the top of a link The minimum number of sub catchments is not important as the outflow from each single sub catchment should be correct in itself The division of the catchment should reflect the individual analysis of homogeneous sub catchments The degree of urbanisation slope ground cover and type etc should be reasonably uniform within each sub catchment If distinct changes in urbanisation or other characteristics occur within sub catchments then further subdivision should be considered to define differences in catchment storages and flow times The figure above shows the links joining the tributaries to the main stream as having real lengths They can also have zero length i e a dummy link The lag down such a link would be zero Dummy links with dummy sub catchment areas say 0 01 ha can be included to allow the generation of hydrographs at additional nodes in a network particularly at junctions Treatment of Subareas xprafts uses Laurenson s 1964 method to generate its hydrographs Laurenson s model was directed at single catchments or more particularly the derivation of a single hydrograph at the outlet of a catchment However in the case of XPRAFTS the sub catchments are divided into ten sub areas Sub areas a
219. red within the job control dialog evaporation loss from basins reservoirs is included The amount is aligned to the simulation date and time Evaporation overflows are lost from the system and directly affect the draw down in the basin in conjunction with the normal outlet works Surface areas are back computed from the level storage rating curve and actual evaporation is estimated as the potential evaporation defined in Jobs Control data over the time step multiplied by an actual potential adjustment factor The hardcoded default adjustment factor is 0 9 This factor can be adjusted by employing the ARBM infiltration module on the subcatchment outletting to the basin In this manner the input actual potential evaporation ratio will be used If split sub catchments are utilized the second subcatchment actual potential factor will be used Evaporation and surface areas are output in basin output table under full output option When large reservoirs are being considered use of split sub catchments may be necessary to maintain the catchment reservoir surfacewater balance 174 Index Interconnected Basins Convergence Criteria Relative Tolerance Maximum terations This option should be flagged in the check box when it is expected that a downstream basin may affect the outlet hydraulics of upstream basins Tolerance tolerance of convergence criteria when comparing successive interconnected basin runs The default difference bet
220. rm Drainage Sydney 30 August 3 September Hare C M Energy Losses and Pressure Head Changes at Storm Drain Junctions Thesis M Eng NSW Institute of Technology 1980 Havlik V 1996 Computational hydraulic modelling NATO Advanced Study Institute Hydroinformatics Tools for Planning Design Operation and Rehabilitation of Sewer Systems Harrachov Czech Republic June 16 29 Hawken R W H 1921 An analysis of maximum runoff and rainfall intensity Transactions Institution of Engineers Australia Volume 2 pp 193 215 Heeps D P and Mein R G 1974 Independent Comparison of Three Urban Runoff Models Journal of the Hydraulics Division ASCE Vol 100 pp 995 1009 Hicks W I 1944 A method of computing urban runoff Transactions ASCE Volume 109 pp 1217 1253 Horner W W and Flynt F L 1936 Relation between rainfall and runoff from small urban areas Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers Volume 101 pp 140 183 Horton R E 1932 Drainage Basin Characteristics Transactions American Geophysical Union Volume 13 pp 350 361 Huber W C Heaney J P Medina M A Peltz W A Sheikh H and Smith G F 1975 Storm Water Management Model User s Manual Version Il EPA 670 2 75 017 NTIS PB 257809 Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati OH March Huber W C and Dickinson R E 1993 Storm Water Management Model Version 4 User s Manual Environmental Research Laboratory U S
221. roperties tool 18 3 Database Concepts Backeround Image Properties LoaPolar Ratts work RAF TSRwver hunan BMF LAPS zp rats i Work RAF T Spond S0OPLANI E OA New Delete Lip Down vr Show Real vvorld Extents Top 262 214 905 709 O pare nd conce Show Picture This check box will enable disable the background picture Previous Picture This button will show the attributes of the previous background picture Next Picture This button will show the attributes of the next background picture Boundary Rectangle The outer corners Top Left Bottom and Right where the PICT file will be imported If importing a HPGL format file then the rectangle corresponds to the edges of your drawing in the drawing package These coordinates determine the aspect ratio and scale of the imported background XP uses double precision coordinates with up to 20 significant figures This enables map coordinates to be retained Once a picture has been imported it is treated in the same manner as any other element of the network see Also CREATING A BACKGROUND Hints on Background Picture Creation The coordinates of a DXF or DWG file will be reset to those of the original file any time the edit background dialog is entered 19 Printed Documentation When using a HPGL 1 file the prime objective in creating a background picture is to maximise the detail while minimising the size of the HPGL plotter file and hence re draw p
222. rticular rainfall sequence and catchment antecedent conditions Data describing such things as the sorptivity hydraulic conductivity upper and lower soil storage capacities soil moisture redistribution groundwater runoff and catchment drying are required Many of these data may be found from field measurements and this model allows for more realistic modelling of catchment response to storms especially those with multiple bursts A proportion of the outflow from the ARBM loss method may be redirected as base flow in a given reach Storms Up to 10 storm events may be analysed in the same run and the results displayed on screen to determine quickly the critical duration for each location in the drainage system Simulation runs of any length from minutes to years may be accommodated 212 Index uw to S F Routing Stor Storm Type Ho of Intervals Storm Name m we re am ft afis afis at afis at afis afis o O se 0 0 O O AO AO AO AO 70 Ao un pat 0 w aaa A dd SS el Gauged data Gauged data may be entered by the user or read directly from an external file and compared to the computed hydrograph to assist in the calibration and verification of the drainage network simulation Hydraulics Transporting Hydrographs The hydrographs that have been developed at the individual nodes may be transported through the drainage system in three ways e Translation Lagging The
223. rval The expression used is RD US ALLS A2 17 RQ y 1 Al where RD Soil moisture redistribution between lower and upper soil Zone US current volume in upper soil zone store mm LS current volume in lower soil zone store mm A1 soil moisture redistribution constant A2 soil moisture redistribution constant RQ redistribution factor RQ is evaluated within the program by the equation RO Tix Anti Aa RO lt 200 18 RU 200 ROx200 19 where TI time interval min AO soil moisture redistribution constant Al soil moisture redistribution constant A3 soil moisture redistribution constant The four soil moisture constants must be supplied as data A value for AO may be obtained from continuity considerations when LS 0 as follows 236 Index 1440 A A Tr 20 where A hydraulic conductivity parameter typically equal to Ko 2 8 A1 may be evaluated as the ratio of the capacities of the upper and lower soil zones that is USC Al LSC 21 where LSC maximum moisture content of lower soil zone mm A2 and A3 are usually set to zero If the result obtained by evaluating Equation 17 is negative then the flow is from the lower soil zone to the upper soil zone If the result is positive then the flow direction is from the upper soil zone to the lower zone Lower Soil Zone Drainage The groundwater store is replenished by water draining from the lower soil zone store The percen
224. ry PSD These runs will also provide the maximum water level in the detention unit This level will then be used to set the height of the secondary outlet whereby its size can be adjusted to meet downstream maximum peak requirements in the 100 year return period event Note it will be necessary to run a range of ARR storm durations to locate the one that produces the maximum water level in the detention unit Primary Height to Spill This height is a vertical measure in m between invert of the OSD s lower outlet and the invert of the secondary upper orifice outlet OWHT Secondary Height to Spill This height is a vertical measure in m between the lower outlet invert and the spill level of the OSD spillway This is a flag to indicate if a high early discharge HED pit is in operation If it is then the maximum discharge rate is reached almost immediately after a relatively small volume inlet pit is filled prior to water discharging into the main OSD If no HED is utilized the discharge rate for the outlet s is progressively increased to the Permissible Site Discharge PSD at a stage equal to the Primary Height to Spill LWHT This will be equal to the invert of the secondary upper outlet if there is one Spill Width Width of spillway m Surface Depth Distance lower orifice invert to bottom of pit m Shape Select the appropriate shape HED Check if the outlet orifice can be controlled by a high early discharge Advanced Pa
225. s VARIABLE is not case sensitive VALUE is a string of characters relevant to the variable and is also not case sensitive see descriptions below Comments may be included in the file by inserting a pound character anywhere on a line Any characters on a line following the pound are ignored Example MAIN VERSION 6 0 Sentinel EDITOR notepad exe TEMPDIR C XPS XP Rafts2000 temp DIRECTORY C XPS XP Rafts2000 ENGINE C XPS XP Rafts2000 RAFTSENGW EXE CNF C XPS XP Rafts2000 XP RAFTS2000 CNF CVTHPGL C XPS XP Rafts2000 CVTHPGL BAT HELP C XPS XP Rafts2000 XP RAFTS2000 HLP WORKDIRECTORY C XPS XP Rafts2000 WORK DBDEF C XPS XP Rafts2000 XPDBDEFN MDB MSGBOX C XPS XP Rafts2000 MSGBOX APP RAFXP PAR MAXNODES 1000 MAXCATCH 750 MAXUSERPIPE 20 MAXRETPER 7 MAXINLETPOINTS 30 MAXOVERFLOWS 5 CONFIG OPT DB KEY ON OPT DB MEM ON OPT IDX ACCESS ON OPT DIRTYOBJ ON OPT PART REC ON IO BUF SIZE 4096 31 Printed Documentation MAX NODES 500 MAX LINKS 500 MAX TEXTS 50 MAX PICTS 10 MAX DBCARDS 20000 CACHE SIZE 16 PROJECTS ON DATE FORMAT dd mm yy COLOUR SYSTEM OPT RAF NODE ADV BTN OFF OPT RAF SIMPLE OSD ADV BTN OFF OPT RAF OSD ADVANCED OFF STATUS FILEl C dev xp xp rafts Caljan0l xp FILE2 C dev xp xp rafts data xp TEMP ENGINE WEB MAIN http www xpsoftware com PRODUCT http www xpsoftware com products OPT_DB_KEY Use Used for optimizing database
226. s in the project in a single batch run A highlighted file may be tagged or untagged by clicking on the file name When Run is selected each tagged highlighted file is opened and solved ie the data file generated in the sequence shown in the Project files list If an error is encountered in generating the DAT file the Multi run is terminated and an error log describing the problem is created If no errors are found the SWMM engine begins execution and each of the files is solved Details Project Details E4 File COPS AP SAMM wy gtest project xpp Description Officer Modeller Po Cieni gt S A Date Created ova ras Last Modified 07078 The Description Client Officer and Modeler are alphanumeric strings used to describe the project Date Created and Last Modified are set by the program and cannot be modified by the user 96 12 PMP View THE VIEW MENU The View menu enables rescaling and zooming of the displayed graph Panning is handled by means of the scroll bars located at the bottom and right hand side of the screen or by other methods described in PANNING AROUND THE NETWORK Zooming is handled via the zooming tools the Scale menu command or one of the methods described in RE SCALING THE NETWORK WINDOW These menu commands in conjunction with other mechanisms described in BUILDING THE NETWORK control your view of the network through the window shown on the screen They help you change your
227. s link represents a Printed Documentation closed conduit such as a pipe or an open conduit such as a river or man made channel Diversion tool This tool is used to create a link that defines an overland flow path between two nodes in a network Polygon tool Used to measure the length of a polyline or the circumference and area of a polygon Select all Selects all nodes in the model Click on the white space to deselect nodes Select all links Selects all links in the model Click on the white space to deselect See Also BUILDING THE NETWORK Solve amp Review Icons These Icons provide shortcuts to the more commonly used menu commands es Solve Shortcut to the Solve command under the Tools Menu Review Results Shortcut to the Review Results command under the Tools Menu Browse and Help Icons HF Browse File This icon provides a shortcut to the Browse File command under the Results Menu Print Network Prints the current view of the network to the default Windows printer Help Load the xprafts chm on line help this file Background Picture Icons The Icons in this Toolbar are used to manipulate any background pictures that may be present a m Get Picture A shortcut to the Background Images command in the View Menu Picture Edit the currently selected background picture Properties Scaling Icons The Icons in this Toolbar are used to change the scale or location of the current view of the network R 18 QA
228. s not required for plotting hydrographs Not recommended for general use Hydrograph Plot Partial 114 13 XP System This option provides a text hydrograph plot and partial output for the current node in the output file This option has been superseded by the Review Results feature of the RAFTS XP environment and is not required for plotting hydrographs Not recommended for general use Hydrograph Export Option to define estimated hydrographs file output Save Results for Review If this flag is on output from this node will be saved to a file to allow graphical post processing Post processing can be performed via the Review Results menu command after the network has solved This flag may be over ridden by a global flag in Job Control Hydrograph Export Define options exporting hydrographs for the selected node Local and or Total hydrographs may be exported at any node in an xprafts ASCII format or in the xoswmm binary format Use the Hydrograph Export tab in the Job Control settings to enable the creation of the output file s and to set the locations of the exported files Files are exported when the model is solved Hydrograph Export Node A1 Local Hydrograph Export None Rafts f PSM C Summary Total Hrdrograph E sport Aone Rafts P S Mhd CO Summary Cancel The Local Hydrograph Export includes all runoff entering the node The Total Hydrograph Export is the sum of the Local Hydrograph and th
229. s obviously available to utilise modify and build on throughout the current research In particular the sub catchment hydrograph development module was modified significantly to introduce the types of approaches proposed in Chapters 3 6 and 7 The existing overall structure of the xprafts software provided a very flexible workbench to test an array of process tree type procedures and to view their results Within the xprafts framework the workbench allowed the consideration of linear and non linear responses and a mixture of concentrated and distributed storages The node link structure also allowed the consideration of separately contributing surfaces with distinctly different infiltration and runoff responses Program Organisation xprafts is organised as a series of discrete modules each addressing a particular component of the rainfall runoff routing process The separate modules are called in a particular sequence according to the way that input data is coded The program currently consists of five modules 1 a library module which manages the overall operation of the program and controls data computation and output sequences 2 ahydrograph generation module which estimates a runoff hydrograph from either an actual rainfall event or a design storm using Laurenson s non linear runoff routing method 3 a loss model employing Philip s infiltration equations and the Australian Representative Basins Model ARBM to simulate both r
230. s or pumping arrangements may be necessary for eventual water release xprafts allows for two basic retarding basin arrangements These are discrete basins and hydraulically connected basins Both retarding basins and retention basins have been used extensively throughout Australia as well as overseas to provide economical and practical solutions to a range of drainage problems Details of specific parameters used to describe the basin characteristics as well as details pertinent to the basin s general operation are shown diagrammatically in the figure below 228 Index UPSTREAM DOWNETREAM Stage zero for BASIN Upstream basin BASIN welt coordinates ir mormel tailwuter erg in lerm ol STAGES Downstream basin tl z Snillway Sill Level epee Ad Aon pipo case onb Up Hon Fipe casa only Stage Zero for norma outlet FLEYATION PELA Pipa Diameter or Width Facto When uang Sage Lischarge corordinates POA 1 For nan citeuar quiets POD A is a width lact er mukiplsr of tha Sage Discharge CLIMA slaga Storage amp BlageDiecharge coordinates must begin with 0 0 a E i G m in m E FOIA PLAN Routing Details Puls level pool routing procedure is used in the retarding basin module The inflow hydrograph is routed through the basin using the storage routing described below i are a A AELA where i1 i2 inflows at times 1 amp 2 m s s1 s2 total storage
231. scharge Secondary Height to Spill Height Outlet to Spill Spill Width Spill Width HED HED Subcatchment Land Use and OSD Capture Previous Area Average Allotment Density Dev Area Total Area Advanced Onsite Detention Retention General Detention Retention Storage Classification Typical OSD Storage Facilities OSD Details 196 Index OSD Details Site Storage Requirements 55A Storage General Data Evaporation 75 me Y Permissible Site Discharge PSD Normal Spillway 25 sfha W a 17 82 ENE C Calculated Area 15 W Infiltration Wr Land Use Capture Roof Area E E Discharge Road Area 20 39 Faved Area E 41 30 100 u Pervious Area 160 137 Cancel Site Storage Requirement Permissible Site Discharge Storage General Data Normal Spillway Evaporation Infiltration Discharge Landuse Tank Detail 197 Printed Documentation Tanks DetailsDiversion auner Inflow First Flush Bypass 7 Area Stage A Ayr Space hein Water Level Tanks Per Allotment fi Roof Capture Cancel Water Sensitive Urban Design 198 On site Detention Roof Rainwater Tanks Mame Outlet Infiltration Trench inal Outlet 2 Diversion Tank Pond Subcatchment Land Use amp and OSD Capture amp Impervious Non D evelopment Land Use Area amp Roof Area jo Road rea 27 fi 5 Paved Area 28 ja 100 ie Pervious Area Average Allotment Density E Noha
232. searches Value ON default OFF ON enables access optimizations Description This optimization creates a binary tree index of database keys which significantly decreases the time in searching for database records The index requires extra memory to operate If insufficient memory is available a message will appear whenever a database is created or opened and the index will not be created Memory About 4k per 1000 database records or 50k per 1000 nodes Comments Use this option as memory requirement is small OPT_RAF_NODE ADV_BTN Use Value ON default OFF ON enables faster access Description This options uses a binary index to access objects internally speeding access times significantly No significant additional memory is required Memory None Comments OPT_RAF_ SIMPLE OSD_ADV_BTN Use Value ON default OFF ON enables faster access Description Memory None 32 8 Node Data Comments No Data OPT_DB_MEM Use Used for optimizing database I O Value ON default OFF ON enables a memory load Description The entire database is maintained in memory generally in expanded or extended memory where available This option will improve any database access substantially but requires a large amount of memory However the option removes the need for a ram drive to store the database work file as it is now directly in memory If insufficient memory is available a message will appear w
233. segment of the Australian Representative Basins Model ARBM originally developed by Chapman 1968 to describe catchment infiltration and subsequent rainfall excess for a particular rainfall sequence plus catchment antecedent condition To utilize this module additional data describing such things as sorptivity hydraulic conductivity upper and lower soil storage capacities soil moisture redistribution groundwater runoff and catchment drying are required The sensitivity of various parameters to the derived watershed runoff varies widely Thus a sensitivity analysis should almost always be performed to assess the critical parameters involved in the catchment calibration In using this loss module in an event mode it is still necessary to provide soil moisture starting conditions prior to a design event To achieve this some knowledge of appropriate antecedent conditions before the typical design event is required If this information is not readily available then several values should be chosen and a sensitivity analysis carried out A diagrammatic representation of the LOSS Module is shown in the figure below 232 Index Evaporation Rain Interception storage Evapotranspiration Impervious or pervious surface runoff Depression storage Infiltration function Evapotranspiration Upper soil zone storage Laurerson s non linear runoff routing model Evapotranspirabon Lower soil zone storage Groundwa
234. select the Field Information Icon These icons provide shortcuts to the global and job control data and also to the data and results presentation options Ja EJ E g Global Data XP Tables Graphical Encoding Spatial Reports Job Control Shortcut to the Global Data command under the Configuration menu Shortcut to the XP Tables command under the Results menu Shortcut to the Graphical Encoding command under the Results menu Shortcut to the Spatial Reports command under the Results menu Shortcut to the Job Control command under the Configuration menu 2 Building the Network BUILDING THE NETWORK This section of the manual describes the general philosophy behind the graphical XP environment and outlines the basic design features of this package It is a good starting point for any new users of any of the XP series of programs GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS CREATING A NETWORK NAMING AN ELEMENT CREATING A BACKGROUND SELECTING AN OBJECT MOVING OBJECTS RECONNECTING OBJECTS DELETING OBJECTS THE COORDINATE SYSTEM TRAVERSING THE NETWORK PANNING AROUND THE NETWORK RE SCALING THE NETWORK WINDOW RE SIZING THE BACKGROUND RE SIZING NETWORK OBJECTS GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS The major graphical objects consist of a series of links and nodes The network of nodes is connected together by links with some additional elements provided for annotation and background reference The XP environment supports the following types of objects Symbol Name Des
235. special cache that XP may use The special cache optimizes database record access by reducing the number of file transfers required to the database work file Memory 130 bytes per cache record Comments None APP_FLAGS Use Change the configuration of XP SWMM Value default E EXTRAN Mode only M Malaysian Mode Int l only U UDD Only 8 Node Data 35 Printed Documentation Description Memory Comments PROJECTS Use Value Description Memory Comments EDITOR Use Value Description Memory Comments TEMPDIR Use Value Description Memory Comments ENGINE Use Value Description Memory Comments DIRECTORY Use Value Description Memory Comments 36 Restrict XP SWMM32 to EXTRAN UDD or enable the Malaysian Hydrology None None Allow grouping of XP files into projects of up to 100 files ON default OFF See THE PROJECT MENU None None Default Editor used by Browse and for reporting errors and warnings NOTEPAD EXE default or any text editor The editor used when the Browse menu command is used for viewing text files and for reporting errors and warnings EDITPAD EXE and NOTEPAD EXE Notepad postcard ware programs are automatically installed but must be selected by the user you can also used Wordpad Word Word Perfect etc Program dependent None Location of temp
236. such as name colour and line type are unaffected 88 12 PMP This operation can be undone When attribute data is deleted it is not permanently erased and recovery is possible Delete Objects Removes the current selection from the network and all associated database information Note that from the definition of a link it cannot exist without end nodes thus removing either of a link s end nodes will remove the link also Note that this operation cannot be undone in the current version of XP Edit Data Allows direct editing of the link or node attribute data for the selected object This is an alternative to double clicking on an object with the mouse Note that only a single object at a time can be edited this way The dialog that appears will depend on the current mode and whether a link or node has been selected See Sections 8 and 9 for a complete description of Node and Link data Attributes Allows editing of the name coordinates and display properties of the currently selected single object All objects created must be given unique names Depending on whether a node or link is selected one of the following dialogs will appear Node Attributes Node Name b E 253 402 Color Red Y 333 673 Line Thickness Thin 7 Text Attributes Apply All 1 905 mm Font Name Arial 7 Reset node label location to default Node Size Display Size Width 3 mm C Real World Size Height 3 mm m a cos 89 Pr
237. sword Allow saving password 3 Enter the initial catalog to use Test Connection 79 Printed Documentation ES Data Link Properties Provider Connection Advanced All Network settings Impersonation level Protection level Other Connect timeout seconds Access permissions Read Readwrite C Share Den None C Share Deny Read C Share Deny Write C Share Exclusive 80 12 PMP ES Data Link Properties Provider Connection Advanced These are the initialization properties for this type of data To edit a value select a property then choose Edit Value below Connect Timeout Data Source Extended Properties General Timeout Initial Catalog Locale Identifier Location Mode Password Persist Security Info False User ID Export Data Data may be written to a text file in an XPX format using this option Object Selection 81 Printed Documentation Variable Selection Object Selection All Objects All objects links and nodes in the network will be exported Selection Only Only the objects links and nodes in the currently highlighted selection will be exported Variable Selection Data variables may be exported for links and or nodes All variables may be exported or a subset may be chosen using the select button Variables are added to the list using the same selection procedure as for Spatial
238. t 136 Line Single Conduit 137 Boldline Single Conduit 138 Dashline Diversion Multi Conduit The link_name must be enclosed in double quotation marks It is an alphanumeric string representing the name of this link and will appear on the screen representation of the link The node from parameter must be enclosed in double quotation marks It is an alphanumeric string representing the name of the upstream connecting node for the link specified in link_name The node_to parameter must be enclosed in double quotation marks It is an alphanumeric string representing the name of the downstream connecting node for the link specified in link_name The node_from and node_to nodes must have been specified earlier in the XPX file using the NODE comand above A link must be specified before any dat may be defined which is associated with the link command node_type link_name node_from node_to LINK 136 Link 1 mh a1 mh b1 XPX Data Command COMMAND DESCRIPTION SYNTAX VARIABLES Field_name String DATA The data_command is used to assign data attributes to objects links and nodes which have been defined earlier in the XPX file It must begin with the word DATA and be followed by a field_name and object _name to attach the data to an instance a count and data_string the actual data being defined DATA field_name object_name instance count data_string The data field_name is any name selected from the list in Sectio
239. t out Files of type KP Output File out Cancel Open as read only 2 When you select a filename Notepad exe or the editor referred to in XP RAFTS INI will be loaded See the Help menu of your selected editor for more information 103 Printed Documentation XP Tables AP Table Options x Object Selection C Selected Objects Table Selection Load All Save All Cancel fee CaljanO1_xp 2 OF x Subcatchment Storm O Catchment Mannings sub area area Graphical Encoding Graphical Encoding often also called thematic viewing or plotting allows variables or themes to be displayed using graphical entities of objects Currently three entities are supported for both links and nodes These are Colour Size or Width and Text Label Size The variables or themes include all input data plus selected results of the RAFTS analysis 104 Graphical Encoding P a 1 c Alane See 12 PMP Visual Entity Three graphical entities color size and text height are available for each of the two object types Node Color Node Size Node Label Size Link Color Link Width Link Label Size Variable Preferences Encode Restore Load Save Cancel Configuration THE CONFIGURATION MENU Job Control Global Data 105 Printed Documentation Units Job Control The Job Control command allows the management of Control Data associated with the spec
240. t Background dialog box By default the bounding rectangle fills the display window at the currently selected scale To maintain the original proportion of the drawing the user must recall the co ordinates of the frame originally plotted and use these for the destination bounding rectangle File Type The two file formats that can be imported are a XP Metafile Internal XP picture file format This is the file format used by XP to store its background pictures b HPGL Hewlett Packard File format This file is usually created by configuring your CAD program or other drawing programs to send the HPGL output to a file instead of the COM port The CVTHPGL utility will create a new XP Metafile The filename of this new file will need to be specified Destination Rectangle The outer corners Top Left Bottom and Right where the PICT file will be imported If importing a HPGL format file then the rectangle corresponds to the edges of your drawing in the drawing package These coordinates determine the aspect ratio and scale of the imported background XP uses double precision coordinates with up to 20 significant figures This enables map coordinates to be retained Once a picture has been imported it is treated in the same manner as any other element of the network Edit Background The Background Image Properties dialog is invoked by selecting Background Image gt Properties from the View menu or clicking on the Background Image P
241. t Graphics At the front end of the interface the process of creating data for the model is made as visual as possible with the aim of emulating real world problems as closely as possible For example most dialogs contain graphics that visually link the data being entered to the physical system being modelled The user is given continual guidance and assistance during data entry For parameters that are difficult to estimate the user may be advised of literature to aid in selecting a value or an explanation of a parameter and some proposed values may be shown on the screen If there are other ways to pick the value typically if the parameter is a function of other variables the equation is shown to the user The user interface is intelligent and offers expert system capabilities based on the knowledge of the software developers and experienced users For example as various graphical elements are connected to form a network XP filters the user s actions so that a network that is beyond the scope of the model is not created The general philosophy is to trap any data problems at the highest possible level at the point the users create the data At the back end of the user interface the results of model analysis and design are presented graphically to maximize comprehension assist in the interpretation of results and support decision making Graphical User Interface The Graphical User Interface The generic graphical user interface utilizes
242. t No 71 22 Canberra Ackers P and Harrison A J M 1964 Attenuation of Flood Waves in Part Full Pipes Proceedings Institution of Civil Engineers UK Paper No 6777 ACTEW 1992 ACT Urban Catchment Flood Study A RORB Model of the Yarralumla Creek Catchment Area prepared for Willing amp Partners May Askew A J 1968 Lag time of natural catchments University of NSW Water Research Laboratory Report No 107 July Aron G Ball J E and Smith T A 1991 Fractal Concept Used in Time of Concentration Estimates Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Proceedings of the ASCE Vol 117 No 5 September October BAFFAU C BENABDALLAH S WOOD D DELLEUR J HOUCK M and WRIGHT J 1987 Development of An Expert System for the Analysis of Urban Drainage Using SWMM Water Resources Research Centre Purdue University West Lafayett Indiana Beecham S C and O Loughlin G G 1993 Hydraulics of Spatially Varied Flows in Box Gutters Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage Niagara Falls Ontario Canada September 12 17 Bock P and Viessman W 1956 Storm Drainage Research Project Progress Reports The Johns Hopkins University Dept of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources Boose J H 1985 Expertise Transfer for Expert System Design Elsevier New York Boyd M J Pilgrim D H and Cordery I 1979 An improved runoff routing model based on geomorphological relat
243. t stage h m s d pipe diameter m n Manning s roughness presently set to 0 011 L length of pipe m H total hydraulic head m g acceleration due to gravity ki entry loss coefficient ko exit loss coefficient N number of conduits Equation 29 assumes that the pipe flows under head when the headwater ratio h d exceeds 1 0 The conduit is then assumed to operate under outlet control Spillway 230 Index The spillway is treated as a normal weir with an equation of the form Q cwh4 30 where Qs discharge over spillway m s c coefficient of discharge default set at 1 7 for a broad crested weir w spillway width m hs height of water above spillway Under basin options the weir coefficient can be set to any specified value or a weir stage discharge curve may be used to replace the standard Equation 30 At present the program also has the ability to handle spillways orifice type normal outlets fuseplug spillways unrouted low flow pipes through the basins It can optimise the size of normal outlets for given basin storage volumes or maximum desirable outflow These aspects are further discussed below Equations 28 29 and 30 are generally only used for preliminary investigations For detailed design of retarding basins it is essential to carry out separate offline detailed hydraulic investigations to derive accurate outflow characteristics as this data is the mainstay in defining the basin s o
244. t value for the Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor is 1 0 Refer to Section 14 for more details Hydrograph Export Local Hydrograph Export File Click on the ellipses to navigate to the location of the file Check the box to enable export File definition for local hydrograph file Define full paths names Hydrographs are individually tagged within node dialogs The following indicates the format specifications of the ASCII text file for both and total hydrographs Start file JOB NLKS NVAL DT 315 912 5 Repeat next two lines for NLKS links Repeat linkno linklab 910 2 a10 for each q k I 1 nval 5g 12 5 stacked storm End of file JOB Strom event number NLKS No of tagged links in file NVAL No of routing increments in hydrograph DT Length of routing increment in minutes linkno Link number of tagged hydrographs linklab Link label of tagged hydrograph q i Hydrograph ordinates in m3 s Note All hydrographs refer to input to the top of the link before basin routing Total Hydrograph Export File Click on the ellipses to navigate to the location of the file Check the box to enable export File definition for total hydrograph file Define full path names The format specifications of the ASCII text file for both local and total hydrographs are the same xpswmm xpstorm Format Hydrograph Export File Click on the ellipses to navigate to the location of the file Check the box to enable export Fil
245. tage of the contents of the lower soil zone store that drain to groundwater is a function of how close to full the lower zone store is The quantity of water draining from the lower zone however is independent of the status of the groundwater store and is obtained as follows A S 22 where LDR lower soil zone drainage TF time interval days LDF lower soil drainage factor Groundwater Runoff The groundwater store is the only source of runoff in dry weather That is it provides the baseflow component of the streamflow The quantity of groundwater runoff in a time interval is determined by the recession equation GR SS VTF 1 2GN xKGxGS JTF 23 where GR groundwater runoff KG constant rate groundwater recession factor GN variable rate groundwater recession factor TF time interval days GS current value of groundwater storage mm Equation 23 expresses the groundwater runoff as a depth over the pervious part of the catchment It must be converted to a depth over the entire catchment The conversion is made as follows GA FPERxGR 24 where FPER pervious fraction ARBM Process Summary 237 Printed Documentation When applied to urban catchments the pervious and impervious areas are considered separately Only the pervious areas are considered when natural catchments are being modelled unless it is known that part of the natural catchment behaves like an impervious surface Thre
246. tained by the user The list to which keystrokes such as arrow keys lt page up gt lt page down gt lt home gt lt end gt lt insert gt lt delete gt etc will be directed is highlighted with a bounding rectangle Either list can be made the active list by clicking in it Global Databases Rafts Storms New JUNE 4 HydSys Prophet Storms Delete luoping nanping Edit nanzhen Nishi slosh WeMINcharng zao hl zhusiangkou Temporal Patterns HydSys Hydrographs suoshi zaoshi AREH Losses loss loss Init Cont Losses IFD Coefficients Prophet Stage Data Stage Discharge XP Tables calib Forecast Adjustment Farms LINK On site Detention Retentien OSD Details Tank Details Tankwater Use Water Sensitive Urban Design Rename Duplicate 179 Printed Documentation The ten available database types are RAFTS Storms Hydsys Prophet Storms Temporal Patterns Hydsys Hydrographs ARBM Losses Initial Continuing Losses IFD Coefficients Prophet Stage Data Stage Discharge Data XP Tables which may be used to examine or edit data in a spreadsheet type format On Site Detention Retention OSD Details Tank Details Tankwater Use Water Sensitive Urban Design Global Data Items This scrollable list displays the available records from the current Database Type The buttons on the right hand side of the list manipulates this list You can duplicate add
247. ter storage ania discharge function The following information gives details on the major algorithms affecting the development of excess runoff during storm events Streamflow Infiltration Parameters Soil Moisture Redistribution Groundwater Runoff Catchment Drying ARBM Process Summary Infiltration Parameters Sorptivity 233 Printed Documentation The main theoretical infiltration algorithms are based on the work carried out by Philip 1957 when he showed that cumulative absorption or desorption into or out of a horizontal column of soil of uniform properties and initial moisture content was proportional to the square root of time Philip also showed that for shorter times of t vertical one dimensional infiltration could be described by a rapidly converging power series in t0 5 The coefficient of the leading term of the series bracketed below was termed sorptivity j SM 4atear 9 where i cumulative infiltration cm t time minutes S sorptivity cm minute 0 5 A amp B parameters of the second and third terms cm minute cm minute 1 5 Philip 1957 and again Talsma 1969 pointed out that sorptivity depended on initial moisture content and on the depth of water over the soil Talsma varied these parameters in a series of field based experiments to test their effect on sorptivity values Measurements of sorptivity were made by Talsma on large samples enclosed with 300 mm diameter 150 mm high infiltr
248. ting Background Pictures SELECTING AN OBJECT Many menu commands operate on the set of currently selected objects An individual object is selected by choosing the pointer tool from the tool strip pointing at the object and clicking the mouse button A selected object is indicated by it being displayed with inverse highlighting Groups of objects can be selected by clicking in open space and with the mouse button held down dragging a dotted rectangle around the group If more than half the object is included in a rectangle the object is selected The selections can be extended to include or exclude objects by using the Shift key in conjunction with the mouse button It has the effect of toggling the state of the object between selected and unselected 12 2 Building the Network All the objects in the path between two end objects can be highlighted by clicking on the first node or link then with the Ctrl and Shift keys held down clicking on the second node or link MOVING OBJECTS A selected highlighted group of objects can be moved by dragging any object from the highlighted set the rest will follow A dotted outline of all affected objects tracks the mouse movements until the button is released indicating the final position of the moved objects in real time RECONNECTING OBJECTS A link can be reconnected to another node by first selecting it then positioning the pointer near one end of the link and dragging the end of the
249. ton indicates underlying data The selection of one of the choice buttons is mandatory Action Button A rectangular action button controls dialog traversal and therefore data structure The OK and Cancel Action buttons are usually mapped to the Enter and Esc keys A button item in a Job Control Dialog contains mandatory data Picture A picture data item is an icon or a symbol used to promote rapid comprehension It is nota dynamic item and is only representative of typical modeling scenarios Picture items are used extensively to symbolise physical attributes associated with the data Items are selected by using the mouse to position the pointer at an item then clicking or double clicking with the mouse button You may also optionally move through the editable text box items by using the lt Tab gt and lt Shift Tab gt keys Pressing the Enter key is the same as clicking the OK button Pressing the lt Esc gt key is the same as clicking the Cancel button Holding down the lt Shift gt key while clicking an action button that would normally cascade to an other dialog will only activate the Check Box or Choice Button and not cascade to underlying dialogs THE PERMANENT DATABASE The data managed by XP is permanently stored on disk in a database file an ordinary operating system file This file should normally have a XP extension The database stores both the graphical and non graphical attributes of all objects in the net
250. ulic conductivity cm minute Qw volume of water discharged in time t cm t time minutes L length of soil core cm H hydraulic head distance from base of core to pondage surface cm Ac cross sectional area of core cm 235 Printed Documentation Storage Capacity The same samples used for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity can be used to measure water storage capacity in the depth of the sample To achieve this the sample is first weighed then oven dried and re weighed to deduce moisture content In both the hydraulic conductivity and storage capacity sampling procedure two rings can be used one to obtain the sample and an additional ring containing an imported sample to reinstate the sampling area Upper Soil Storage Capacity USC as defined below is an important parameter in the infiltration process using the Australian Representative Basins Model ARBM to relate sorptivities of varying initial moisture contents The following relationship is used in the model as given by Black and Aitken 1977 SU 16 USC where S sorptivity S0 sorptivity at zero moisture content US init initial moisture content in upper soil store mm USC max moisture content of upper soil store mm Soil Moisture Redistribution The soil moisture redistribution function forms part of the catchment drying process It determines the quantity of water mm transferred between soil zones within a time inte
251. umber of allotments within a single xprafts sub catchment The developed portion of the sub catchment is the area enclosing all allotments that contain individual on site units For example if the sub catchment contains parkland that will not include a on site detention unit then the developed portion of the sub catchment will be less than the total sub catchment The SSR dictated by an authority will be in m3 ha and will only relate to the area of the allotment itself 147 Printed Documentation Primary Permissible Site Discharge PSD is the maximum Primary Permissible Site Discharge of the On Site Detention Unit defined in l s ha of developed area The outlet is usually at the invert of the unit Secondary Permissible Site Discharge This is the maximum permissible discharge for an optional second discharge point from an On Site Detention Unit at a higher elevation within the unit s outlet orifices The reason for an optional second higher outlet point with different diameter is to allow the optimizing of units to meet down stream maximum peak flow requirements for two different flow frequencies For example the 5year return period for piping requirements with only the lower outlet operating and then the 100 year flood flow requirements with both primary and secondary outlets operating Note by running simulations to limit the 5 year flow peak downstream to the pre developed level it is possible by iteration to determine appropriate SSR and prima
252. umped impervious plus pervious component sub catchment definition Based on a study calibrating urban catchments in Canberra the surface runoff routing parameters for PERN Manning s roughness for impervious and pervious areas were 0 015 and 0 040 respectively Willing and Partners 1993 BX During calibration of a gauged catchment an additional parameter BX in the header data is included to modify the calculated or input B by a further multiplication factor The parameter BX will then uniformly modify all sub catchment B values previously computed or set Equation 8 Note The BX value by default is set to 1 0 This value the Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor in the Job Control dialog can be varied to provide a lumped calibration for the outflow peak at the catchment outlet Rainfall Loss Module xprafts currently accepts either initial and continuing losses or infiltration parameters to suit Philip s infiltration equation using comprehensive ARBM algorithms to simulate excess runoff It is difficult to recommend average loss values as soils and vegetation vary considerably Initial losses can vary between 0 and 150 mm and continuing losses from 0 to 25 mm h Loss rates should be assessed separately for each sub catchment Significant improvements in loss rate estimates can be obtained by catchment inspection and soil moisture and infiltration measurements over even a limited period Initial and Continuing Loss Model This
253. up dialog and select copy from the list Alternatively using lt Ctrl gt lt C gt will copy the selected string Next move to the text insertion point to the cell where you wish to insert the data and paste the data from the buffer using the right mouse click pop up dialog or lt Ctrl gt lt V gt and repeat as many times as necessary Only single cells in DLISTS can be copied there is no facility to copy an individual column or row COPYING GLOBAL DATA Single records of a global database can be copied using the Copy button After opening up a new target database the record is pasted by selecting Paste from the Edit menu When pasting database records new records are always created in the current database If record names clash with existing names unique names based on the original name and a numerical extension will be generated 27 7 Menus 29 5 Customizing xprafts CUSTOMIZING xprafts The xprafts configuration file XP RAFTS INI provides control over the default behavior of the program covering aspects such as the memory requirements and optimization strategies This file is located in your program folder and may be edited with any text editor The ini File XP RAFTS INI FILE The file format consists of a number of lines of the form Block_name VARIABLE VALUE BLOCK_NAME is a header for the VARIABLE amp VALUE that follows it must be one of Main Config Par Settings Display Status Temp or Comment
254. ural and urban excess rainfall 4 a reservoir routing module which routes an inflow hydrograph through a retarding basin or storage using a level pool routing procedure The module also handles hydraulically interconnected basins 5 ariver channel routing module which routes a hydrograph along a channel using the Muskingum Cunge procedure 217 Printed Documentation The following sections describe the library hydrograph retarding basin loss and channel sections of xprafts in detail This Figure describes the various program modules and how they are linked E LOSS y MODULE i i le Read Arch Calculate excess Re ad pr oject loss data m rainfall data for headings and Clink yee i currentstarm ewent basic project S l data l Print loss and pa excess rainfall Read link ontd oards i data l type of link link no E joning link and link Start of tea E aca EAS Ria PEI EUR TET ey l hydiograph option nein AY ec AAA branch pes MODULE l a Estimata R aad Initial losses by _ e Corl loss q Repos tion l ER Bl data upstream outflow to E joining FES current link inflows l N link zera position EN Read LR RM sae i ii data lt lt i l l l e l Add tua Se pes Joining lirk LER Calculate local flors I E runoff amp add any Im JE upetraam cun I l l Read local runoff l Intlcww to current ee en Print local amp toal link amp add anw ma another inflow hydro gr ap be i U
255. ves it a unique name The display attributes of the new node colour and thickness are the same as those in the toolstrip Next create the links between nodes selecting the link tool and then clicking on the nodes you wish to connect The cursor shape again changes to link object symbol indicating a link is being created A link is directed from the first to the second nodes clicked upon indicating the direction of flow from upstream to downstream An arrow is placed on 10 2 Building the Network the downstream end of the link indicating the direction of positive flow The position of the second end of the link the end towards which flows are directed is indicated by a dotted outline which tracks the mouse movement A default unique name is automatically created for any object requiring a name You may create a polylink bent link by holding down the lt Ctrl gt key as you click with the mouse This will create a vertex at each point at which you click You may change an existing link to a polylink by holding the lt Ctrl gt key down and clicking at the locations where you want a vertex You may remove a vertex by holding down the lt Shift gt and lt Ctrl gt keys and clicking on the vertex you wish to delete XP Rat2000 data xp Mel E File Edit Miew Special Tools Window Help Delala e A alol r e ajaja e Ale al nodes link nodeg e Xx 89 375 Y 95 875 NUM OVR BE XP performs a series
256. w the creation of objects nodes links and assigning of data to these objects External data may be imported into all XP applications e g XP Rat2000 XP AQUALM XP SWMM XP EXTRAN etc via the Import Data command under the Special menu The command prompts the user for a text filename with a suggested XPX extension to indicate an XP Exchange format file Once a file is selected the data specifications in that file are imported into the XP network and database To obtain the Field Name and Instance for database fields you need to use the Get Field Info facility in XP To do this the database field is first selected by holding down the lt CTRL gt key and clicking in the dialog item linked to it with the mouse this is the same preamble as COPYing a data item prior to PASTEing Then press the lt ALT gt key and the lt I gt key simultaneously to Get Info on the selected data item A dialog window pops up displaying the info you need You can get help on this dialog in the usual way by holding down the lt ALT gt key and clicking on the item of interest with the mouse 15 Printed Documentation Import External Databases Import External Data Database Connection Select File Connection Info No data source curently selected Tables Database Connection Select File 76 2 Advanced Database Connection Setup Mapping 12 PMP Look
257. water tanks when used as an OSD device are required on a per lot basis The accumulative water tank affect on the total sub catchment discharge is derived by multiplying the single allotment device s by the total sub catchment area x the dev Area Total Area ratio x the Average Allotment Density 146 Lots in isochronal Slice Subcatchment Outlet Descriptions of the field contents are given in the table below Onsite detention Site Storage Requirements Primary Permissible Site Discharge Secondary Permissible Site Discharge Primary Height to Spill Secondary Height to Spill Spill Width HED Subcatchment Land Use and OSD Capture Previous Area Average Allotment Density Dev Area Total Area Advanced Onsite Detention Retention General Detention Retention Storage Classification Typical OSD Storage Facilities Site Storage Requirements 13 XP System Single Development Lot with OSD Facilities Roof Rainwater Tanks Available Air Space Available Water Space Roof Capture Tank Discharge Height Outlet to Spill Spill Width HED SSR is the Maximum storage of On Site Detention Unit defined in m HA of developed area It is common for an Authority to nominate a minimum SSR requirement for an on site detention unit within an individual allotment development xprafts can therefore simulate an individual allotment with a node at the outlet point of every allotment or simulate the accumulative effects of a n
258. ween any flow peaks is 0 05 cumecs Iterations Maximum number of iterations to compare successive interconnected basin runs If the tolerance criteria is met before the maximum the n RAFTS jumps out of the iterative loop If the tolerance criteria is not met within the maximum set the last values are adopted Normally it takes 2 to 4 iterations to solve Storm Type Whether RAFTS storm or Hydsys storm Global Hydsys Filename Global Hydsys File ES Global Hidsys Filename p po _ _ ib Cancel This is used to indicate single hydsys files containing all storm and hydrograph data The file name must have the correct and full path names This name will then be used by all Hydsys storms and hydrographs overriding any existing selections Be Results Check the boxes next to the desired results options Generate data echo Save All Results for Review Clear Existing Results Generate Data Echo When this option is selected an echo of input data is produced at the beginning of the output file Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor During calibration of a gauged catchment the Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor BX may be used to modify the calculated storage time delay coefficient B The Storage Coefficient Multiplication Factor uniformly modifies all 175 Printed Documentation subcatchment Storage Time Delay Coefficient values previously computed or determined from the default equation The defaul
259. work and also the non specific or general control data associated with a network such as job title and time steps for the solution procedure mode of analysis links to external interface files etc THE WORKING DATABASE To increase the size of networks able to be created and manipulated by XP the program utilises a combination of memory and disk space to manage data In editing sessions the Permanent Database is not interacted with directly All changes made are done to an internal working copy of the Permanent Database known as the Working Database 22 4 The Copy Paste Buffer The Working Database is established when the Permanent Database is opened The Permanent Database is updated only when the Working Database is saved Copies of the Working Database can be saved under different names at any time the default name being the name of the Permanent Database when originally opened The Working Database is the active database to which all data editing changes are made There can only be one active database at any time Using the working database provides an error recovery procedure Since almost all changes to the database are immediately recorded on disk in the working database catastrophic failures can be recovered from with a minimum of agony Additionally if you would like to revert to the permanent database and disregard changes made since the last save choose Revert from the File pull down menu The working database is
260. x cdirswebx shtml 188 Index Address 8 http bom ges aulhydroshesJodrswebsycdrswabe shtml Anstralian Government Basen dad Macro Home create an IFO BboutlFDe Feedback viewimnputHei ResetInput Navigate using mouse or Tab key and use RETURN SPACEBAR or mouse button to select agrees Minutes Seconds 3 Easting Worthing Zone Deg Pin Sec Easting O aud a Latitude OR Latitude OR Northing iz Longitude E naa OS Longitude E E oe U Step B Enter Location name Optional t influence the Location l a oor inati Maxin n z0 characters Step View and Acknowledge the Conditions of Use Conditions of Use Coordinatles Caveat Step D Submit Only accessible after accepting conditions in Step C Tr BE Please tick the acknowledge a button above before submitting The user can specify the Latitude and Longitude of the area and can obtain the IFD details 189 Printed Documentation Address E hik pi lea bom gos alilhid rovhesiiodirsraabariodirs webo shtri A E Au ECEE a pr m y 7 A Home IFO Table FD Ghar Coeficients ARI Print IFD table Help IFD table Intensity Frequency Duration Table Location 36 0008 146 000E Issued 15 092009 Rafal nens io in mh for varios dination and Ave age Rec ence IMermw l Average Recurrence Interval O Duration 1 YEAR 2 YEARS f WEARS 10 YEARS Al YEARS fll WEARS
261. x1 and x2 min x1 x2 smaller of x1 and x2 Function arguments must be enclosed in parentheses e g sin y not siny or sin y The function names are not case sensitive There are no user defined functions as yet Examples 2 5 a42 b 1 2 c42 sin d By Linear Relationship The link width will be displayed in a stepwise linear function using the Data Value Node Size relationship entered in the following DLIST 65 Printed Documentation You can insert and delete rows using the Insert and Delete keys and you can scroll through the list using the arrow keys The data is presented in discrete stepped ranges Data is plotted in a selected colour provided it falls within the range Low Value lt Data Value lt High Value The Data Range shown in this dialog shows the maximum and minimum value of the selected variable currently contained within all objects in the database Size Display When selected the width of the link is in inches or mm regardless of scale Real World If this option is selected the link width will be displayed relative to the network scale Suggest The Suggest button will break the minimum and maximum data range into either a linear relationship or a linear equation depending on the option selected Graph The graph button will display the data entered in the value size DLIST as a XY graph Link Label Size The size of the text used for the link name can be used to represent the value of the data v
262. y Hit this button to copy the currently highlighted database record to the copy buffer for pasting into another project data file To paste these records go to the network and select Paste or Alt V Every time you select paste a new 180 Index database record will be created with its contents those of the copy buffer created above If the paste operation should result in conflicting record names new names based on the original name with a numerical extension will be created for those records See Section 4 for a complete description on Copy amp Paste Description Description of the database record This item may be any meaningful description of the current database record of the current database type This field is for annotation the model does not use it Global Database Records RAFTS Storms f Design Storm Average Recurrence Interval 50 Years Average Intensity Temporal Pattern B l Direct 16 65 Reference TP 1 C FO Calculation ARA Standard Zone f de Rainfall Distribution Variable Time Step OF Cancel For normal stormwater flow modeling the RAFTS Storms database is a database of average recurrence interval storm duration and rainfall data Design Storm This option accepts an average intensity in conjunction with a dimensionless temporal pattern usually in the form provided in ARR 1987 for design storm events Average Recurrence Interval The Average Recurrence Interval ARI
263. y clicking in the check box adjacent to the second sub catchment button Data may then be entered for this sub area When you exit from the sub area dialog an X in the check box will indicate that this sub area is active If you wish to turn the sub area off you may click in the check box to disable that sub area Note that none of the underlying data is lost when doing this it is simply not used in the analysis This data may be re activated by clicking again in the check box Catchment Data Node Al Catchment Properties i Old Urban Onsite DetentionRetention C More f Simple Residential Sal FIRST sub catchment SECOND sub catchment OF Cancel When a sub area is activated the following dialog is presented Catchment Properties Onsite Detention Retention First sub catchment Second sub catchment Sub Catchment Data It is usual to use the first sub catchment to determine dry weather Hydrographs and calculate either surface stormwater flows or sewage flows from both dry weather and wet weather sources STORMWATER MODELLING When rural stormwater flows are being considered only it is usual to only have one 1 sub catchment entering a node Catchment area is input in hectares When urban stormwater runoff is being analysed two sub catchments should be included to a node These should individually reflect the pervious and impervious contributions respectively Both catchment areas are input in hectares SEWER MO
264. y selecting the appropriate item from the pop up menu Note Ifa link is already selected and the lt Ctrl gt key is held down and the link clicked on with the mouse the link will change to a Polylink and a vertex will be inserted at the location where the mouse was clicked Ensure the link is not highlighted before attempting to pop up a menu 110 8 Node Data NODE DATA To input or edit the attribute or model specific data associated with a node either double click on the node select the node and choose the Edit Data command from the Edit Menu The hierarchy of the dialog boxes is navigated by clicking on various button items within dialogs The layout below indicates the layout for any node of the network Mode Control Data Node e7 Runoff Hydrograph f Sub Catchment Data f Direct Input File Input Retarding Basin Gauged Hydrograph Output Control Full Partial f Summary Hydragraph Plot Hydrograph Plot Partial Hudrograph Export Save Results for Review Advanced Cancel Sub Catchment Data Direct Input File Input Retarding Basin Gauged Hydrograph Hydrograph Export Node Data A node in xprafts represents a junction of two or more links and the drainage point of a sub catchment in the drainage system Links and diversions are connected to these objects to create a drainage network Computed LRRM Hydrographs can calculate either surface stormwater flows or sewage fl
265. ydrograph recession may be required The current workbench software is limited to 2000 routing increments in any one pass An additional requirement is that a routing increment should be wholly divisible into a partition of a rainfall temporal pattern to prevent the loss of a fraction of a rainfall in each increment If this is neglected an appropriate warning message is generated Additionally the routing increment should be no longer than the shortest link lag time Definition of Link In its most basic form a drainage network can consist of a single conduit with or without a retarding basin at its head This situation is defined as a single link An input hydrograph is derived from a single sub catchment immediately above each link The drainage system is usually made up of many such links combined to form a complete network where the individual catchments links become sub catchments of the overall watershed The Figure describes diagrammatically a link and the way in which individual links are joined to form a network 219 Printed Documentation For clarity iscchrones are shown In this subcatthment only A Ea nala CTT E bay R A 3 Retarding Basin armen mi He 00 A ji dl E o EE Pp Ka er a a N bl a ER a E dei a a a f ar e ee a gr us LEGEND ta A g Subara thy 2 att Ya u f mas Bubcatchmond Boundary Pr x ere f A Watercourse vr A va quo 192 Link Number gt

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