Blackland GRASS Manual
Contents
1. Extracts digital terrain elevation data DTED produced by the Defense Mapping Agency DMA but supplied by the USGS in a different tape format on 1 2 inch magnetic tape m flip Flips the orientation of map data m gc2ll Converts geocentric to geographic coordinates m ll2u Converts geographic latitude longitude coordinates to Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinates 28 m lulc USGS Creates raster map layers from a Composite Theme Grid CTG file created by m lulc read m lulc read extracts the CTG data from an ASCII landuse landcover lulc CTG format file supplied by the USGS m lulc read Extracts Landuse Landcover data in the ASCII Composite Theme Grid CTG data format distributed by the USGS in to a working file for m lulc USGS m proj Calculates conversion coordinates for geographic positions proj geographic p m region ll Converts Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinates falling within the current geographic region from UTM coordinates to geographic latitude longitude coordinates m rot90 Rotates elevation data extracted by either m dted extract or m dmaUSGSread m tiger region Module to extract the boundaries of a geographic region sufficient to encompass all data in a user specified TIGER file m u2ll Converts Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinates to geographic latitude longitude coordinates GRASS raster modules r average Finds the average of values in a cover map bina2. GRASS vector format conversion module v in transects import transect data to a GRASS vector map 31 v mkgrid Creates a binary GRASS vector map of a user defined grid v mkquads Creates a GRASS vector map layer and or sites list and or geographic region definition file for a USGS 7 5 minute quadrangle v out arc Converts data in GRASS format to ARC INFO vector format and stores output in the user s current GRASS mapset subdirecory arc v out ascil Converts binary vector map layers into ASCII vector map layers v out dlg Converts binary GRASS vector data to binary DLG 3 Optional format v out dxf GRASS vector format to DXF format conversion module v out moss Converts GRASS site line or area data into MOSS import format v patch Creates a new binary vector map layer by combining other binary vector map layers v prune Prunes points from binary GRASS vector data files v stats Displays information about a user specified GRASS vector file v support Creates GRASS support files for binary GRASS vector data v to rast Converts a map layer in binary GRASS vector format to GRASS raster format v to sites Converts a GRASS vector file to a GRASS site_lists file v trim Trims small spurs and removes excessive nodes from a GRASS vector digit file GRASS Image processing commands i cca Canonical components analysis cca module for image processing i cluster An imagery function that gener
3. Group at Baylor University or the Blackland GRASS web sites In general the answers to many frequently asked questions are in the GRASS 4 2 Reference Manual Section 2 Installing Blackland GRASS Hardware requirements A Pentium processor 16 MB RAM or better 50 MB disk space not including data sets Windows 95 or NT Operating System File and Directory Sizes Blackland GRASS software by disks blgdisk1 zip blgdisk2 zip blgdisk9 zip 1 4 MB each file blgrass exe self extracting 11 MB Blackland GRASS Software blgrass zip zipped 11 MB Blackland GRASS Software unzipped 32 MB Windows NT driver ckntdvr exe 680 KB Spearfish GRASS Location zipped 6 MB Spearfish GRASS Location unzipped 13 MB NOTE Spearfish is a GRASS Location which contains a mapset that has GRASS vector raster and site maps Ifthe user does not have a GRASS Location Spearfish can be used in testing the Blackland GRASS program Blackland GRASS Installation Instructions Blackland GRASS runs on a standard Pentium PC with either Windows 95 or Windows NT operating systems installed The 30 day trial version will not work if installed on any network drive and is accessed that way On the other hand the licensed Blackland GRASS software can be installed on a network drive and accessed from Windows 95 or NT but you need to contact us for a License number For Windows 95 you can install Blackland GRASS for 30 days without any special setup For W
4. directory however these files contain bare vectors and need to be supported by other files in the dig_att attributes dig_cats categories and dig_plus topology support directories Cell maps are stored in the directories cell cell_ misc and cellhd The cell directory stores the main part of the maps the cell values these files are supported by the corresponding files in the cell_misc histogram range and cellhd header directories The cell_misc directory in fact contains a subdirectory for each map containing a file range Each cell map has a color table assigned to it in the directory colr with an optional secondary color table in colr2 20 Practice Data Spearfish Practice data are provided with Blackland GRASS or it is available from the GRASS Research Group FTP server keck baylor edu Data is located in the directory pub grass data The database spearfish contains numerous maps for the spearfish area Black Mountains USA the database imagery contains several raw satellite images of the same area The database global contains a number of lat lon maps Practice data are accessed by linking the practice mapsets to a practice location under your HOME directory You can then use the data without damaging them The process of linking is done as follows cd HOME Go to your Home directory pkunzip d spearfish zip The Winzip program will work instead of pkunzip Now you c
5. streams Ial x File Edit Colors Legends Options Clear List Analysis About Help a xt a Basic Colors streams a J M ais gt O mE REG E ESR EES EERE EEE E Custom Colors Fagan i L m m a Color Solid Hue s99 Red 138 Sat 18 Green 155 Lum 138 Blye 147 The color window is used to edit and change colors interactively It can be applied to raster vector and sites maps 13 Color Vector To change the color of the vector lines it is much like changing the raster map color You click on the vector and a color box comes up with the selection of colors Color Site To change the color of the site is much like changing the raster map color You click on the site and a color box comes up with the selection of colors There may be many site displays You can choose a color for each site map Also the Text color of the site can be changed by choosing the Text color option Color Legend To change the color legend is much like the changing of the vector color From the top right side you select the legend display to change then choose the color and then select the OK button Color Drawing To change the color of a drawing is like any other color choosing From the top right side you select the drawing to change color and then choose the color of your choice and click OK button The Options Menu Options Raster For any options to take effect most of the time you have to change
6. support v to rast v to sites v trim Section 7 Brief GRASS Command Descriptions GRASS file management modules g ask Prompts the user for the names of GRASS data base files g copy Copies available data files in the user s current mapset search path and location to the appropriate element directories under the user s current mapset g env Set gis user environment g filename Prints GRASS data base file names g findfile Searches for GRASS data base files and sets variables for the shell g gisenv Outputs the user s current GRASS variable settings g list Lists available GRASS data base files of the specified data type to standard output g manual Access GRASS reference manual entries g mapsets Modifies the user s current mapset search path affecting the user s access to data existing under the other GRASS mapsets in the current location g region Module to manage the boundary definitions for the geographic region g remove Remove data base element files from the user s current mapset g rename To rename data base element files in the user s current mapset g setproj Sets mapset projection g tempfile Creates a temporary file and prints the file name g version Outputs the GRASS version number and date GRASS data import processing modules m datum shift Datum shift module m dem extract Extracts USGS Digital Elevation Model DEM data from 1 2 inch magnetic tape m dmaUSGSread
7. up and down using PageUp or PageDown keyboard or scroll up or down one label at a time using arrows on the keyboard Vector Turns the vector legend on or off Site Turns the site legend on or off Note The size of the font in all the Legend boxes except the Text Window can be resized First select the Legend box using left mouse button and then simultaneously pressing Ctrl and F on the keyboard Compass Rose Displays a compass that can be resized There are 2 types of compasses 17 Scale Displays a map scale that can be resized There are 4 types of map scales that can be displayed in either Metric or English units Text Window This menu displays a small text box in which you can enter your own text into The size of the text is the height of the text window and the text display in the windows is as wide as the window If you have a long sentence and you use a small text box it will cut off the end of the sentence Users can resize the text window but the text size is controlled by the window size Bitmap Legend Allows you to display your own bitmaps logos on the map Note The size of the font in all the Legend boxes except the Text Window can be resized First select the Legend box using left mouse button and then simultaneously pressing Ctrl and F on the keyboard The Clear Menu This option will clear the display of all currently opened maps The List Menu This option allows the user to see what map layers and data are curre
8. Blackland GRASS Users Guide Version 1 317 Developed by Raghavan Srinivasan Greg Spanel and Abeer Alnaji Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Blackland Research Center Created by Bruce Byars and Steve Clamons GRASS Research Group Baylor University http orcsun15 tamu edu blgrass http www baylor edu grass GRASS and Blackland GRASS Overview Geographic Resource Analysis Support System GRASS is a powerful Geographic Information System GIS that can be used for data management spatial analysis and visualization of many types of data It was originally developed by the U S Army Construction Engineering Research Lab CERL to help in environmental planning and land management for the military but it can be applied to many areas of scientific research GRASS research and development is currently supported by the GRASS Research Group at Baylor University In addition to the traditional UNIX based versions of GRASS a version has also been developed by researchers at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station TAES that runs under the Windows 95 NT operating system This new version of the GRASS GIS system called Blackland GRASS utilizes a Graphical User Interface GUD that allows users to take advantage of the full functionality of the GIS tools on a PC In addition to the new Windows interface a standardized command line input is also retained There is an internal command language that allows users and programmers to create app
9. By default this location is c blgrass Blackland GRASS needs this location to access the binary executable files in the subdirectories bin and etc The Region Window Filename When you create a Location you are required to specify the coordinate system boundaries and resolution of that Location This information is stored in the file named DEFAULT_WINDOW and will bug you for the rest of your life under the slightly different name of default region Windows filename WIND holds a GRASS default window size Blackland GRASS assumes that all maps you are going to import or create under that Location have the same coordinate system and have boundaries that fall within its boundaries If you specify something else Blackland GRASS may not display your data GRASS will assign the same resolution to any new map unless you specify something else Window Resolution ES 4928000 0000 North 590000 0000 609000 0000 4914000 0000 Rows 700 Columns 950 Resolution Example of the window resolution and scale settings used by Blackland GRASS Information displayed is from the WIND file Users may change the resolution and scale of the data interactively You can change the region settings in a number of ways refer to the gregion tool in the Reference Manual for some of these options But whatever the current settings are Blackland GRASS implicitly resamples map data by Nearest Neighbor resampling to them when layers are cre
10. This displays the points and the description of the points as the site map Also you can change the font of the description under the Site Description Font Note There is a limit of 10 sites at any one display 15 Options for Printing and Bitmap Creation The options available to you before printing the map are the following Transparent Legends This will allow you to turn the box around the legend off or on when printing the map This makes the outline of the legends transparent on the printer Show Region This allows you to see exactly where the print area is and what will be printed Print Region Border This turn on a border to display the printable area Other Options Display Diagonal Distances When turned on this will display the distance in kilometers across the diagonal of any box drawn using the mouse Draw Allows a user to draw arrow lines lines circles and boxes on a display and save them to a drw file Doing so will create directory in the user s current mapset called Draw where all drw files will be stored Drawing line widths and styles Allows a user to choose the line along with the thickness and styles to draw on the display Grid Displays a map grid on you screen and on your maps The current unit for the grid display is in 100 s of Kilometers Start Shell Window Starts an MS DOS shell titled Blackland GRASS Shell to run command line and the interactive GRASS programs This shell will s
11. an be saved or edited Some commands such as rrclass can be started from a pulldown menu but will also call a shell window for data input Note In cases where more than one variable may be required i e distance zones for rbuffer enter the numbers in the blank separated by commas 18 The About Menu Message about Blackland GRASS which also includes the Site Code number This number is needed in order to obtain a Permanent License number for Blackland GRASS Transfer and License are found under this menu too The Transfer is a help file that gives detailed steps on how to go about transferring a license from one directory to another or from one PC to another The License is a license agreement to be read and understood before purchasing the Blackland GRASS software The Help Menu Accesses the Windows based on line help for Blackland GRASS 19 Section 4 Notes on GRASS Datasets for New Users The GRASS Data Directory Tree lt locations gt One or more locations defined by the user lt mapsets gt One or more mapsets defined by the user plus the mapset PERMANENT which is created automatically by GRASS cell dig site_lists etc All maps of the same type for instance all binary vector maps are put together in a number of directories created automatically by GRASS lt maps gt User created maps are stored in this directory Mapset directory structure The mapset level is the most im
12. an start Blackland GRASS and fill in the starting screen as follows Location spearfish Mapset practice or any other name except PERMANENT Database the path to your home directory Additional Documentation If you do not have access to the full set of GRASS manuals or somebody pinched them there is an on line help facility in Blackland GRASS This means that without leaving GRASS you can consult a file that contains the very same text as the GRASS Command Descriptions do Of course you do have the disadvantage of seeing only one screen half a page of text at a time To ask for help type ghelp Blackland GRASS will ask you what subject you are interested in and will display a list of possible subjects By following Blackland GRASS s directions you will obtain information about the tools and options that are available and a little background Additional help may be obtained from the Official Users Guides for GRASS 4 2 They are available free of charge in Adobe PDF format from the GRASS Research Group web site and FTP server http www baylor edu grass 21 Section 5 Examples of Blackland GRASS Blackland GRASS WIND streams streams roads railroads t powerlines Blackland GRASS is an ideal platform for working with vector based data In this example vector maps for roads streams railroads and major power lines are shown Interactive tools let users plot legends and scale in
13. ap layer r poly Extracts area edges from a raster map layer and converts data to vector format r profile Plots profiles of a GRASS raster map layer r reclass Creates a new map layer whose category values are based upon the user s reclassification of categories in an existing raster map layer r report Reports statistics for raster map layers r resample GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability nearest neighbour algorithm r rescale Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer r slope aspect Generate raster map layers of slope and aspect from a raster map layer of true elevation values r stats Generates area statistics for raster map layers 30 r support Allows the user to create and or modify raster map layer support files r surf contour Surface generation module from rasterized vector contour maps r surf idw Surface generation module from raster data for latitude logitude databases with weighted average r surf idw2 Surface generation module using raster data for projections like UTM etc with weighted average r thin Thins non zero cells that denote linear features in a raster file r transect Outputs raster map layer category values lying along user defined transect line s r volume Sums cell values within clumps and calculates volumes and centroids of patches or clumps r watershed Watershed basin analysis module calculates watershed boundaries from DEM draina
14. ated combined or displayed This can be most clearly seen when linear features are displayed in low resolution After all the database defaults are set click ok Now you are ready to test Blackland GRASS you can start with displaying a raster or a vector File menu select open Menus in Blackland GRASS Blackland GRASS is different from the standard UNIX version of GRASS in that it does not use any of the d command syntax instead all display functions are handled by intuitive pull down menus Blackland GRASS WIND roads File Open Vector Example of Blackland GRASS Main Screen showing pull down menu system used to display map layers and data Pictured is a vector map showing roads in the Spearfich dataset The location of the user is tracked at the bottom left of the display along with raster categories if used Menu Commands Here is a brief list of the menu commands Descriptions of the commands are in the following section File Menu Open Save Load Chart Save Current Color Rule Save Current Region Save Load Legend Save Load Drawings 10 Page Setup Print Screen Dump Create Bitmap Transfer License Exit Edit Menu Database Defaults Region Resolution Colors Menu Raster Vector Site Legend Drawing Legends Raster Vector Site Compass Rose Scale Create Text Window Bitmap Legend Options Menu Raster Vector Show region border Site Printing amp Bitmap Displa
15. ates spectral signatures for land cover types in an image using a clustering algorithm The resulting signature file is used as input for i maxlik The algorithm is minimum distance i composite An imagery function that creates a color composite image from three band files specified by the user i fft Fast Fourier Transform FFT for image processing i gensig An imagery function that generates spectral signatures for an image based on a trainging map of already classified areas pixels The resulting signature file can be used as input for i maxlik or as a seed signature file for i cluster i grey scale An imagery function that assigns a histogram contrast stretch grey scale color table to a raster map layer linear stretch To stretch the cell values use r mapcalc i group An imagery function that creates and edits groups and subgroups of raster imagery files i ifft Inverse Fast Fourier Transform ifft for image processing 32 i maxlik An imagery function that classifies the cell spectral reflectance in imagery data based on the spectral signature information generated in i cluster The classification is the maximum likelihood algorithm i pca Principal components analysis pca module for image processing i points An imagery function that enables the user to mark coordinate system points on an image to be rectified and then input the coordinates of each point for creation of a coordinate transformation matrix The tra
16. base from which Blackland GRASS is developed Blackland GRASS can be used for preparing geographical data that are eventually used in some other systems or for processing and analyzing geographical data including displaying the results In the former case geographical data are imported or digitized converted edited analyzed and processed in Blackland GRASS and then exported to some other system for instance a modeling or decision support system or an expert system where they are used to build a geographical information database For analysis GRASS offers a number of analytical tools and functions for problem oriented displays With the release comes many different computer programs that implement a broad range of operations Most analysis functions are based on raster data i e grid cell files but many vector based tools are also included Documentation The Grass Reference Manual This version of the Blackland GRASS Manual does not list the complete command syntax of the GRASS 4 2 Users Reference Manual Instead short descriptions are given of each tool indicating its use For complete documentation users are referred to the latest user s manual available from the GRASS Research Group or Blackland GRASS web sites Explanations of all the commands used in the main and alpha distribution of GRASS which will be called tools in the remainder of this text are provided by the GRASS 4 2 Users Reference Manual This consists of ten secti
17. for the GIS Dbase Location Mapset Location The Location is the overall name top directory for all the work you are going to do in GRASS within one specific geographic area This often coincides with the subject of your project e g MARS BELGIUM or INNERCITY Besides being the directory that contains all the files of that project the location also stores the map coordinate system projection and the minimum and maximum map coordinates that you are going to use If you don t have a GRASS Location and Mapset you can download the spearfish dataset from the Blackland GRASS homepage and use it for testing Mapset Within the location you must define at least one Mapset This is the name of a subdirectory in which you will store all the files relating to one subject e g within the location BELGIUM you may want to define a Mapset ECO for all maps with an ecological subject and a Mapset INFRA for all maps with an infrastructural subject GRASS always defines a mapset PERMANENT which is designed to be used as a kind of archive you will work in a mapset defined by yourself while making use when necessary of base maps stored in PERMANENT The mapsets are transparent to reading operations but if you want to write rename or delete maps in another mapset you must exit GRASS first and re enter into the correct mapset GIS base This is the directory where the Blackland GRASS program files are located
18. formation 22 a landuse a slope a owner a slope 7 a quads a soil br depth a stbuffer elevation dted a railroads a soils streams erode index roads soils kfactor strm dist fields rstrct areas fa soils ph fa texture al a IT jelevationdem ooo Raster Fies M l Cancel p e E Opening and displaying files is easy in Blackland GRASS Users only need to go to the File Open Raster option in the toolbar to list available maps 23 Blackland GRASS WIND spot image SPOT satellite image from the spearfish dataset 24 Blackland GRASS WIND soils soils File Edit Colors Legends Options Clear List Analysis About Help Se a a08504 7029 e775 len LE Raster soils layer with vector soil boundaries used to highlight the map layer 25 Section 6 Blackland GRASS Commands versus GRASS 4 2 Commands General File Management Commands Blackland GRASS command Gask Gcopy gcopy_c Genv Gfilename Gfindfile Ggisenv Glist glist_c Gmanual Management Commands Blackland GRASS command Mdatumshift Mdemextract Mdmausgsread Mflip mgc2ll mll2u MlulcUSGS GRASS 4 2 command g ask g copy g copy g env g filename g findfile g gisenv g list g list g manual GRASS 4 2 command m datumshift m dem extract m dmausgsread m flip m gc2ll m ll2u m lulc USGS Blackland GRASS command gmanual c gmapsets gmapsets_c gregion gremove grem
19. ge map streams etc r what Queries raster map layers on their category values and category labels swatgrass User interface tools to interface the Soil and Water Assessment Tool SWAT hydrology model with GRASS for developing basin scale inputs for comprehensive continuous time hydrologic modeling GRASS sites management modules s in ascii Converts a GRASS site_lists file in ASCII format to binary format s out ascii Converts a GRASS site_lists file in binary format to ASCII format s surf idw Surface generation module from sites data interpolation with weighted average s surf tps Topological analysis and interpolation tool for sites data spline interpolation with tension GRASS vector modules v alabel Bulk labels unlabeled area features in a binary GRASS vector file v cadlabel Attaches labels to vector contour lines that have been imported to GRASS from DXF format v clean Cleans out dead lines in GRASS vector files v import Converts ASCII Digital Line Graph DLG files binary DLG files and ASCII vector files into binary vector files and creates the needed vector support files v in are Converts data in ARC INFO format to GRASS s vector format and gets the input from the user data sored in the current GRASS mapset subdirecory arc v in ascii Converts ASCII vector map layers into binary vector map layers v in dlg Converts binary DLG BDLG file to binary vector dig file v in dxf DXF format to
20. ided the correct Site Code to get the License number for The best way to avoid a mis typed site code amp License is to Copy amp Paste instead of typing the Number Transferring the License to another computer Your license for Blackland GRASS can be transferred to any compatible computer of your choosing This is done by installing Blackland GRASS on the destination computer then running Blackland GRASS from the command line with authorize on the command line This will bring up the Enter your Authorization Code dialog box Click the Register transfer button This will bring up a dialog box Enter the path to your floppy If it is A just click OK Use a blank Floppy Clicking OK will register this machine on the floppy The next step is to transfer the license out from the machine that is currently licensed From the File menu of Blackland GRASS click Transfer License then click To a floppy Enter the path to the floppy then click OK This will transfer the license to the floppy and de authorize Blackland GRASS on this machine Blackland GRASS will terminate at this time This will not remove the Blackland GRASS files just its license From the Enter your Authorization Code dialog box on the receiving machine click Import License then enter the path to the floppy and press OK After a short wait Blackland GRASS will be authorized on this machine N
21. indows NT you need to download and install the Windows NT driver before installing the Blackland GRASS demo Installation Instructions for Windows NT To install Blackland GRASS for Windows NT you need to 1 Download Blackland GRASS trial version it becomes permanent with a license number 2 Download Windows NT driver executable file and save it to your local drive 3 Run the executable file ckntdvr exe and follow these steps first window displays the driver version and what it does click the ok button to continue the next window asks where to unzip this executable file Select a path then click the Unzip button to continue close the window after it is done running the setup exe from the directory where the driver was unzipped follow the setup steps when setup is complete you need to start the server from the Start menu button select Programs then select CrypKey Server V4 3 for NT a window will appear with a path displayed You need to Add the path where your Blackland GRASS is installed as an example C blgrass bin Close the window after it is done Now you are ready to run Blackland GRASS Licensing Blackland GRASS Blackland GRASS uses a license manager that allows us to distribute a fully functional trial copy that can be licensed with just an authorization code You must register Blackland GRASS to continue using it past the 30 day trial period Site Code In order to autho
22. is brings up a selection of many different color schemes The default color is the COLR file in your mapset The following color schemes are available COLR File A previously saved color file YGR Yellow Green Red YOB Yellow Orange Blue YR Yellow Red YG Yellow Green BC Blue Cyan Red Blue Green Cyan Magenta Grey Scale 16 color gray scale 12 Rainbow Colors of the rainbow spectrum Random Each category of the map layer is assigned a random color Wave All colors used are based on the sector numbers User Defined Color scale created by the user In the maps the colors displayed from left to right are values that decrease from left to right Ex Color Scheme YR the higher numbers will be yellow and lower numbers will be red User Defined create your own color scheme to make the map look the way you want to To create your own colors you have to select at least 2 ranges for the selection to work Then use the CHOOSE COLOR option box to change the colors Once you select the colors then you must press the MAKE CHANGES button to take effect You can also save your own color schemes and load using the SAVE CURRENT COLOR RULE option under the FILE menu Also in the program the user can save and load their own ranges for each raster map using the SAVE RANGE and LOAD RANGE option under the COLORS RASTER USER DEFINED menu Note the maximum number of ranges in this program is 10 ranges Blackland GRASS WIND
23. lication and demonstration models and to link GRASS with other software packages Users can input new data through digitization or scanning with a screen pointing device from a floppy drive or from tape and CD ROM New data can also be created by selecting data elements from existing files for analysis Outputs range from text files statistical tables or maps that can be displayed in color and printed Blackland GRASS allows scientists to analyze store update model and display data quickly and easily for use in the fields of engineering hydrology physics geology statistics remote sensing and business with the same functionality of UNIX GRASS but with a user friendly interface Contents of this manual Section Page 1 GRASS and Blackland GRASS 3 2 Installing Blackland GRASS 4 3 Running Blackland GRASS 7 4 Notes on GRASS Datasets for New Users 20 5 Examples of Blackland GRASS 22 6 Blackland GRASS Commands versus GRASS 4 2 Commands 26 7 Brief GRASS Command Descriptions 28 Section 1 GRASS and Blackland GRASS GRASS Geographic Resources Analysis Support System in its UNIX version is a public domain raster Geographic Information System GIS vector GIS image processing system and graphics production system The GRASS source code which may be modified or changed is provided to users GRASS comes free with three sample data bases Spearfish Imagery and Global Most of the GIS programs of UNIX GRASS form the
24. ll receiving PC s should have blgrass already installed before authorizing them Section 3 Running Blackland GRASS How to run Blackland GRASS After installing Blackland GRASS trial version you can start it from the Windows95 Start menu button select Programs then select Blacklandgrass Before you can do anything in Blackland GRASS you need to select a GRASS database which is the path to the GRASS maps Once in Blackland GRASS users must define five things the GIS Dbase Location Mapset GIS base and Window Name From the Edit menu select Database Defaults Extract the files in your local desired drive i e C bl grass directory using Winzip if you don t have winzip you can download blgrass exe self extracting The default directories that the files unzip to your database defaults are shown in the figure below Edit Database Defaults k1 blacklandgrass PERMANEN c Program_Files TAES blacklandgrass Example of setup for the spearfish location GIS Dbase In order to enable Blackland GRASS to find your data you must define a Database This is the directory that will be used to create the Location and Mapset s in You are free in the choice of data path Most likely the path would be something like c grass data or it could be a mapped network drive this is what you fill in when asked for the database A Browse button is available to help search
25. nsformation matrix is needed as input for the GRASS module i rectify irectify An imagery function that rectifies an image by computing a coordinate transformation for each cell pixel in the image using the transformation coefficient matrix created by the GRASS module i points irgb his Red green blue rgb to hue intensity saturation his function for image processing 33
26. ntly being displayed on the monitor Alternately users may uncheck displayed maps to remove them from the display This is especially helpful when working with numerous map layers at one The Analysis Menu This option allows the user to run some of the GRASS commands from the menu bar instead of typing commands in a shell window The General Purpose Data Conversion Map Conversion Analyzing Data Report Generation menus each contain sub menus with the following commands General Purpose Data Conversion Map Conversion Analyzing Data Report Generation Basic Help Extracting Elevation Data Raster Conversion Site Manipulation Customizing Reports Access Mapsets Importing to GRASS Vector Conversion Vector Manipulation Other Commands Setting Region Exporting from GRASS Site Conversion Raster Manipulation File Management Projection Conversions Single cell Reporting Shell Commands Ascii to Binary Multi cell Reporting Binary to Ascii Neighborhood Analysis Regional Analysis Proximity Analysis Overlay Functions Terrain Analysis Most of these commands bring up wndows where map layers are defined and variables are set for the each command Options marked by an asterisk are required to run the command the command can t function without that information Blanks without an astersik may be left empty Click the OK box to run the command If the command generates a text file it will place the text in the Windows notepad where it c
27. nverts an ASCII text file into a raster map layer r in ll Creates a raster file from data in latitude longitude coordinates r in poly Create raster maps from ascii polygon line data file r infer Outputs a raster map layer whose category values represent the application of user specified criteria rules statements to other raster map layers category values r info Outputs basic information about a user specified raster map layer r line Creates anew GRASS vector digit file by extracting linear features from a thinned raster file r los Line of sight raster analysis module r mapcalc Powerful raster map layer data calculation tool for overlays etc r mask Establish remove the current working mask r median Finds the median of values in a cover map within polygons of a user specified base map rmfilter Raster file matrix filter r mode Finds the mode of values in a cover map within polygons of a user specified base map r neighbors Makes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned to the cells around it and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer r out arc Converts GRASS to arc format r out ascii Converts a raster map layer into an ASCII text file r out tga Converts a raster map layer into a Targa format file r patch Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category values from one or more map layer s to fill in areas of no data in another m
28. ons and is thematically organized for example all raster tools are put together Within each theme the tools are presented in alphabetical order For each tool a short description of its purpose a synopsis of its parameters a description of its use notes explaining some of the background and a reference to related tools are provided The Grass File Server Users wishing to obtain more information about GRASS and access GRASS source codes etc may login to the official GRASS FTP server keck baylor edu via anonymous FTP From its main directory grass on down it has the following file and directory structure File Directory name Contents README An up to date overview of the contents of the file server grass4 1 GRASS 4 1 source binaries databases and documents dirs grass4 2 GRASS 4 2 source binaries databases and documents dirs grass5 0 GRASS 5 0 source binaries databases and documents dirs documents GRASS Documentation Users Guide Programmers Manual etc incoming Incoming GRASS related files outgoing Outgoing GRASS related files New users are urged to start by reading as much documentation as possible This manual provides information that is not included in documentation normally available in the standard Unix GRASS documentation If users can not find a particular subject in this manual they should first make sure that it is not already treated in the GRASS 4 2 documentation available from the GRASS Research
29. ote blgrass must already be installed on the receiving destination PC s Transferring the License to another directory In order to change the directory the Blackland GRASS program resides in you must first copy the executable and its DLLs to the destination directory Then from the licensed copy s File menu click Transfer License then click To another directory Type the destination directory in the dialog box and click OK the license will be transferred and the current copy deauthorized Multi copy and Multi user Licenses If you purchased a license for more than one machine 1 First install your license on the machine corresponding to the site code you provided to us 2 From the About box you can see the current status of your license 3 If you ordered a license for multiple copies this will be reflected in the Authorized copies field Ex if you ordered 5 it will show 5 copies 4 Ifyou ordered a network license this will be seen in the Authorized users field 5 Ifyou have a multi copy license you may transfer these licenses to other computers by following the instructions detailed above under Transferring the license to another computer 6 Ifyou have a network license the site code that you provide to us must be from a copy of Blackland GRASS that was installed on your network s server Just authorize this machine as detailed above under Authorization Note A
30. ove_c grename grename_c gsetproj gtempfile Blackland GRASS command mlulcread mproj mregionll mrot90 mtigerregion mu2ll Related Data Management Commands Specific to Blackland GRASS Blackland GRASS command grs2shp shp2grass PostScript Commands Blackland GRASS connand psmap Sites Commands Blackland GRASS command Shed Sinascil Soutascii Function GRASS 4 2 command g manual g mapsets g mapsets g region g remove g remove g rename g rename g setproj g tempfile GRASS 4 2 command m lulc read m proj m region ll m rot90 m tiger region m u2ll Convert GRASS vector and site layers into ESRI shape files Convert ESRI shape files into GRASS vector and site layers GRASS 4 2 command ps map GRASS 4 2 command Shed s in ascii s out ascii Blackland GRASS command psselect Blackland GRASS command sroff ssurfidw ssurftps 26 GRASS 4 2 command ps select GRASS 4 2 command s roff s surf idw s surf tps Raster Commands Blackland GRASS connand Raverage Raverage i Rbasinfill Rbuffer Reats Rclump Reoin Recolors Rcompress Rcompress_c Rcontour Rcost Rcovar Rcross Rdescribe Rdrain rdrain_pt Rgrow rgrow_c Rinarc Rinascii Rinfer Rinfo rinfo_c Rinll Rinpoly Rline Rlos Rmapcalc Rmask Rmaskpoints Vector Commands Blackland GRASS command Valabel Vcadlabel Vclean Vcutter import vin_tigbasic vin_transects Vinarc vinarc_c Vinascil Vindlg Vindxf Vmkgrid vmkg
31. portant one in the tree It will often be useful to know the directory structure created by Blackland GRASS in each mapset not only to understand more fully what the GIS does to your data but also if you want to edit and modify files Some general information is stored in directories with capital letters the default region is stored in DEFAULT_WIND the current imagery group is GROUP the current region in WIND the search path used for finding files is stored in SEARCH_PATH a one line description for the location is stored in MYNAME Other directories have lower case names such as windows and 3d view which contain unused region definitions and 3d view parameters respectively Some GRASS tools will when used for the first time create their own directory structure below the mapset level These directories include COMBINE created by the rcombine tool WEIGHT the rweight tool WATERSHED the rwatershed tool The main body of GRASS data consists of site vector and cell map layers Each of these is stored in a number of directories Information about the creation history for each data layer is contained in the directory hist Site files are stored in the directory site_lists Vector maps are stored in the directories dig dig ascii dig att dig cats and dig plus The dig ascii directory is used for the storing of ASCII type vector files during import and export procedures GRASS s own binary vector files are stored in the dig
32. rid c Vmkquads GRASS 4 2 command raverage raverage r basinfill r buffer r cats r clump r coin r colors r compress r compress r contour r cost r covar r cross r describe r drain r drain_pt rgrow r grow r in arc r in ascii r infer r info r info r in ll r inpoly r line r los r mapcalc r mask r maskpoints GRASS 4 2 command v alabel v cadlabel v clean v cutter v import v in tigbasic v in transects v in arc v in arc v in ascii v in dlg v in dxf v mkgrid v mkgrid v mkquads 27 Blackland GRASS connand rmedian rmfilter rmode rneighbors rneighbors _c routarc routascii routtga rpatch rpoly rprofile rreclass treclass i rreport resample rrescale rrescale_eq rslopeaspect rslopeaspect_c rstats rsupport rsurf_contour rsurfcontour rsurfidw rsurfidw2 rthin rtransect rvolume rwatershed rwhat Blackland GRASS command voutarc voutascil voutdlg voutdxf voutmoss vpatch vproj vprune vprune_c vstats vsupport vtorast vtosites vtrim GRASS 4 2 r median rmfilter r mode r neighbors r neighbors r out arc r out ascii r out tga r patch r poly r profile r reclass r reclass rreport r resample r rescale r rescale_eq r slope aspect r slope aspect r stats r support r surf contour r surfcontour r surf idw r surf idw2 r thin r transect r volume r watershed r what GRASS 4 2 v out arc v out ascil v out dlg v out dxf v out moss v patch V proj v prune v prune v stats v
33. rize your copy of Blackland GRASS you must include the Site Code of your machine with your payment The site code can found by clicking the About menu option General info and Version It will be found in about the top third of the box just after the copyright notice Note If you have already installed Blackland GRASS but the 30 day trial period has expired you still can get the Site Code number When running the program the display box asking for the authorization number also has the Site Code listed in it Authorization If you need to authorize a copy of the program that has not yet used up its trial period you need to place the word authorize buy a License with a permanent authorization on the command line from a DOS shell window The easiest way to do this is it to start a DOS prompt window change directory to the directory that contains the blgrass exe executable then type blgrass authorize on the command line Note This is done after you buy the program and get the License This will bring up the Enter your Authorization Code dialog box Type in your authorization code in the Authorization code edit box exactly as it is written in your email or fax that you received from us Click OK after a short wait Blackland GRASS will be authorized If you receive a message other than Success double check if 1 the License number has been entered correctly or 2 you have prov
34. ry map within polygons of a user specified base map r basins fill Generates a raster map layer showing watershed subbasins r buffer Creates a raster map layer showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non zero category values r cats Prints category values and labels associated with user specified raster map layers r clump Recategorizes data in a raster map layer by grouping cells that form physically discrete areas into unique categories r coin Tabulates the mutual occurrence coincidence of categories for two raster map layers r colors Creates Modifies the color table associated with a raster map layer r compress Compresses and decompresses raster files r contour Produces a GRASS binary vector map of specified contours from GRASS raster map layer r cost Outputs a raster map layer showing the cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map layer whose cell category values represent cost r covar Outputs a covariance correlation matrix for user specified raster map layer s r cross Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map layers r describe Prints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer r drain Traces a flow through an elevation model on a raster map layer r grow Generates an output raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by one cell pixel r in arc Converts arc to GRASS 29 r in ascii Co
35. tart in the directory that you specify in the GIS BASE under the DATABASE DEFAULTS Type exit to close the shell window A list of GRASS program that are available can be found here When user quits Blackland GRASS program and if the Blackland GRASS Shell still exists it will be closed automatically For any reason if this is not done user can use task manager to close the Blackland GRASS Shell process Disable Legend Coordinate Tracking Turns on off the legend tracking 16 g File Edit Colors Legends Options Clear Ll F Py PA LJ Lk ee LJ a bi of x af Auto J OPTION Name of an existing raster map key input required YES Enter the name of an existing raster file Enter list for a list of existing raster files Hit RETURN to cancel request 2 ils OPTION Name of a new vector map key required YES Enter a new tor file name Enter list Hit RETURN to c gt il SoHE S723 4916174 4681 3 coniferous forest The Blackland GRASS shell menu is similar to the Unix GRASS shell Most raster and vector analysis commands are run interactively in this window The Legends Menu Raster Box Bars displays the Raster legends as either a square box or as a long bar The raster colors are displayed along with the raster number category label The Box Bar can be stretched to any shape or size If the number of categories exceed the Box size the categories can be viewed by scrolling
36. the options first before you load the raster vector or site maps The MASK if your mapset has MASK in place you can select this option to display only MASKED areas The OVERLAY function will OVERLAY other displays as well Options Vector For any options to take effect most of the time you have to change the options first before you load the raster vector or site LINE WIDTH will display a numerical value for the thickness of the lines drawn The higher the number the thicker the line User could turn off a vector map by selecting a LINE WIDTH of 0 Line Style will let you choose between a solid dash or dotted line However the LINE WIDTH for all the Line Style except Solid will be 1 pixel wide There is a limit of 10 vector layers at any one display 14 Dot Dash Dot Example of vector options Note the roads are solid while streams are shown as dashed lines Options Site For any options to take effect most of the time you have to change the options first before you load the raster vector or site You can resize the site icons by selecting the Site Name then Size and selecting the size you want the higher the number the larger the icon will be You can also select what the icon will be by selecting Site then Icon and you can choose from different shapes to display the points You can display your own icons using your own BMP image You can add a description to points on the map by clicking on Site Description Yes
37. y diagonal zoom distance Draw Drawing Line Widths amp Styles Grid Start Shell Window Clear This will clear the screen allowing you to load new maps or reset the region List Menu A list of all the raster vector and site layers that are displayed on the screen can be found One can turn on and off a layer by turning on and off the check mark next to that layer For raster layer that will be only one layer visible for vector and sites up to 10 layers can be loaded and turned on or off using this menu 11 Analysis General Purpose Data Conversion Map Conversion Analyzing Data Report Generation About General Info amp Version License Purchase Help Other display controls Zooming To Zoom in and out use the and keys on the numeric keypad respectively You can also zoom by using the left mouse button and drag a box around the area you wish to enlarge To restore to the default region click the right mouse button Also you can get to previous display by using the Escape key each press of the Escape key will take you back one step Panning To Pan across the maps use the up down left right keys to move the map The Edit Menu The Edit menu contains information about the directory structure database locations and data resolution See Section 3 of this manual for details about the Edit Menu and its options The Colors Menu Color Raster To change the color of the raster map you select COLORS then RASTER menu Th
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