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1. 0 0 119 ENDM End Macro Definition varenr vern 120 ENDSEC End Section ssx i cae da ee sehe Ferske 121 EQU Equate Symbol to Value 0 0 00 02 eee 121 EXEEM gt Exit Macro os earth il EM 122 FAIL Issue Programmer Error Message 2 00 eee eee 122 FALIGN Align with Fetch Set oooooocococcoocococooooo 123 GLOBAL Declare Global Section Symbol 124 GSET Set Global Symbol to Value oooooooccoocooooo less 125 HIMEM Set High Memory BoundS ooocooccoccccococoo 125 IF Start Conditional Assembly 00 00 0000 000 126 INCLUDE Include Secondary File ooo ooooocmoooo oo 127 LIST Last Assembly cor e wee eee eae 128 LOMEM Set Low Memory Bounds 0 129 MACLIB Specify Macro Library 0 00 eese 129 MACRO Define Macro 0 0 eee 130 MSG Issue Programmer Message 0000000 e eee 131 7 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com E T T eo e i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S SA e C Assem book Page 8 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Contents NOLIST Stop Assembly Listing oooocooococoocorooooo 132 NOTE Include Note gt son ck EE Re a ERE E 132 OPT Set Assembler Options 00 00 00 eee eee 133 ORG Initialize Memory Space and Location Counters 139 PAGE AdvancePageorSizePage
2. lesse eee eee 140 PMACRO Purge Macro Definition eese 141 PRCTL Send Control String to Printer o oo o ooooooooooo 142 RADIX Set Constant Radix 00 0 eee eese 143 SECFLAGS Set ELF Section FlagS oooooocoocoocommmo o 143 SECTION Start Section ies reee i t eee eee eee 144 SECTYPE Set ELF Section Type 0004 147 SET Set Symbol to Value 00 0 0 eee eee eee ees 148 SIZE Set Symbol Size 0 0 eee 149 STITLE Initialize Program Subtitle o ooo oooooooooo o 149 TITLE Initialize Program Title o ooo oooocooooooooooo 150 TYPE Set Symbol Type 2 i4 inara Dass be Taken kar pe eee 151 UNDEF Undefine DEFINE Symbol 0004 151 WARN Issue Programmer Warning 2 00002 152 XDEF Define External Symbol 00 153 XREF Reference External Symbol 00 0 0 154 6 Macros and Conditional Assembly 155 Defining a Macros 2 is Vase ti ee ae Lee eee EE 155 Calling a Macro isa DR VE a E EP ME 156 Macro Expansions sese es 157 Macro Libr ries i sc eg sx pre a 157 Dummy Argument Operators lese eee 157 Macro Directives cceli ere Ire PERIERE e EN de 158 Conditional Assembly 2 0 0 0 0 eee e 158 A ASCII Character Codes 161 B Assembler Messages 163 Index 189 8 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com Freescale Se
3. Message Explanation Memory bounds greater than Invalid bounds argument in a LOMEM or HIMEM directive maximum address Memory counter designator value ORG directive integer counter designator value exceeded too large 65535 Memory space must be P or NONE The assembler encountered an END directive when the runtime memory space was neither P nor N Missing for function An assembler built function lacked any argument enclosed in parentheses all such functions need at least one Missing in expression Unbalanced parentheses in an expression Missing argument The assembler could not find the argument for a DUPA or DUPC directive Missing definition string DEFINE directive lacked its substitution string Missing delimiter in substring A substring construct lacked its closing bracket Missing directive name RDIRECT directive lacked a directive argument Missing expression An expression should have followed a comma Missing filename INCLUDE directive lacked a filename argument Missing directive name RDIRECT directive lacked a directive argument Missing label name TYPE directive lacked a label argument Missing macro name MACRO directive lacked a label or a PMACRO directive lacked the macro name Missing option OPT directive lacked an argument Missing or mismatched quote Parsing routines did not find the appropriate single or double quote character Miss
4. SET symbol names cannot be used with GLOBAL Attempt to use GLOBAL to export a symbol from a section when the SET directive had defined the symbol SIZE directive should be used after defining symbol type SIZE directive did not use a defined symbol type SP cannot be used as an operand in DECEQA DECGEA SP cannot be used as an operand of IMCA DECA Violation of specific processor restriction Start argument greater than machine word size FLD function start parameter value did not fit in the target machine word Start position greater than source string size POS function start parameter value exceeded the total length of the source string argument Storage block size must be greater than zero Size was too small for a buffer associated with the DSM DSR BSM BSB or other buffer directive Storage block size out of range SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Informatio Size was too large to be allocated for a buffer associated with the DSM DSR BSM BSB or other buffer directive 181 www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 182 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Explanation Storage block too large As the assembler attempted to allocate storage via a DSR directive the runtime location counter overflowed The assembler automatical
5. b objfile Generates an object file assigning the specified name Generating an Object File dsymbol string Defines substitution strings to be used on all source lines equivalent to the DEFINE directive Defining Substitution Strings ea errfile Appends the standard error output stream to the specified file A space is mandatory before the file name Controlling Assembler Messages ew errfile Writes the standard error output stream to the specified file overwriting any previous contents A space is mandatory before the file name Controlling Assembler Messages fargfile Reads options and file names from the specified file appending them to the command line g Adds debug information to the object file valid Modifying Object File only with the b option SC100 Assembler User Guide Contents For More V www freescale com T hy L Pa NN SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 16 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Table 2 1 SC100 Assembler Options continued Option ipathname Description Adds the specified directory to the standard search paths repeatable multiple times The assembler searches directories in their command line order See Section Searching Additional Directories k conv_file Enables data analysis conv_file is the name
6. L C 3 No conditional branch is allowed in the VLES before the SA or a short loop L C 5 No conditional branches allowed at LA 3 of a long loop L C 7 Destination address of SKIP BREAK CONT cannot be in the same loop LC9 L C 9 SKIPS BREAK CONT target cannot be followed by 2 consecutive VLESs that are both last addresses of loops LC10 L C 10 JSR D BSR D to LA 2 of long loop or SA of short loop LC11 L C 11 For long loops in is not allowed to have a delayed COF instruction in LA 3 LC12 L C 12 For short loops it is not allowed to have a delayed COF instruction at SA 1 L D 1 SKIPLS instruction not allowed immediately after DOEN SH or MOVE like instruction to any active LCn L D 2 For a long loop 3 or 4 VLESs are required between DOEN or MOVE like instructions L D 3 For a short loop 2 or 1 VLESs are required between DOENSH or MOVE like instructions SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy L Pa NN Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 27 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 4 Programming Rule Error Messages continued ID Error Message LD5 L D 5 1 2 or more VLESs required between instruction updating any active LCn and CONT D instruction L
7. Parameters string Source string any valid string combination including another substring offset Substring starting position within the source string beginning at 0 may not exceed the length of the source string length Length of the substring may not exceed the length of the source string 98 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 99 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example DEFINE ID abcdefg 1 3 ID bed Group Instructions Group instructions The opening bracket cannot appear in the label field If the first instruction is on the same line a space must separate the bracket and the instruction Alternate role Delimit substrings instruction Example MAC DO D1 D2 MAC D3 D4 D5 operands ADD DO D1 D3 ADD D3 D4 D6 MOVE F RO DO MOVE W R1 D1 operands multiply add operands load new lt Force Short Addressing Forces the assembler to use short absolute addressing overriding default long addressing Remarks Many DSP instructions permit a short form of addressing If the assembler knows the absolute address during pass one the assembler uses the shortest addressing mode consistent with the instruction format But if an address is a forward or external reference the assembler cannot know the absolute address du
8. Relational lt Less Than Returns integer 1 if the expression is true integer 0 if the expression is false The result s memory space attribute is N Example fD 3andE 5 D lt E 1 gt Greater Than Returns integer 1 if the expression is true integer 0 if the expression is false The result s memory space attribute is N Example If D 3 andE 5 D gt E 0 lt Less Than or Equal Returns integer 1 if the expression is true integer 0 if the expression is false The result s memory space attribute is N gt Greater Than or Equal Returns integer 1 if the expression is true integer 0 if the expression is false The result s memory space attribute is N Equal Returns integer 1 if the expression is true integer 0 if the expression is false The results memory space attribute is N l Not Equal Returns integer 1 if the expression is false integer 0 if the expression is true The results memory space attribute is N Bitwise amp AND For integers only Yields the bitwise AND function of its operands OR For integers only Yields the bitwise OR function of its operands Exclusive OR For integers only Yields the bitwise exclusive OR function of its operands SC100 Assembler User Guide 49 For More V www freescale com A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 50 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Op
9. Symbol is not properly aligned SIZE directive specifies a symbol and specifies alignment for that symbol But the address of the symbol s definition does not match the alignment of the SIZE directive Unresolved external reference Source file did not include the definition of the specified symbol Valid options for arch Invalid argument for command line arch option Sc110 sc120 sc140 sc140e msc810 1 msc8102 pog rainbow starlite sc1200 sc1400 Valid s arguments Invalid argument for command line s option all strict none or individual restriction list Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages Message Explanation Align size must be a power of 2 Section alignment value must be greater than zero and a Align size must be greater than power of 2 Zero An empty packet can t be Attempt to falign a VLES that did not contain any FALIGNed instructions Argument outside function domain Inappropriate argument to a transcendental built in function Assembler directive or mnemonic Assembler did not recognize an RDIRECT directive not found argument as directive or mnemonic At least two instructions have Command line k option enabled data analysis but two the same pc or more instructions from different sections had the same PC value This prevents the assembler from determining a jmp destination Base argument larger than Base parameter value for a FLD function cannot fit machine
10. savnuvavaravr vea ee 57 COH Hyperbolic Cosine avavvvvnvrv varaner eee eee 57 COS Cosine mios a da E RUR 58 CTR Location Counter Number 0 0 0 00000020 58 CVF Convert Integer to Floating Point 0 000 59 CVI Convert Floating Point to Integer esee ess 59 CVS Convert Memory Space ee eee 59 DEF Defined Symbol 2 5 iege i eder 9p RR arses sunt 60 EXP Expression Check seereis tne cecar metia mi co 60 FLD Shift and Mask 3 0 36 0 e cess ar a EI 61 FER Eloot ug hed adda rye ERU eee e IET eis Gage etl 62 FRC Convert Floating Point to Fractional o o oooooooooo 62 4 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S SA em C Assem book Page 5 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Contents INT Integer Check ovinos vied tes bb jg RU di Reb E 62 L10 Log Base 10 ke Re ER ELE EVER DERI SE I ose 63 LCV Location Counter Value eee 63 LEN String Length uice Ee e ene REM A a PER ERA 64 LFR Convert Floating Point to Long Fractional 64 LNG Concatenate to Double Word 000000000005 65 LOG Natural Logarithm sio renea a e RE Red 65 LST LIST Directive Flag Value 66 LUN Convert Long Fractional to Floating PoiMt 66 MAC Macro Definition 00 0 0 eee e 66 MAX Maximum Value 0 cece eee tenes 67 MIN Minimum Value 0 eee eee ne 67
11. MOVE SYM1 R0 MOVE SYM2 R1 ENDSEC MOVE SYM1 R2 SC100 Assembler User Guide 77 For More uu www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 78 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Sections and Relocation Macros and DEFINE Symbols within Sections Macros and DEFINE directive symbols you define within a section are local Global access never is possible for such macros and symbols To make macros or DEFINE symbols accessible globally you must define them outside any section Sections and Relocation Sections are the basic groups for relocating code and data blocks With respect to relocation code or data inside a section is an indivisible block bound to a memory space Within this memory space such a code or data block is independently relocatable The assembler allocates a set of P memory space location counters for each section the source code defines The assembler uses these counters to maintain data and instruction offsets from the beginning of the section At link time the linker can relocate sections to absolute addresses load them in a particular order or link them contiguously as the programer specifies If sections are split into parts or dispersed among files the linker can recombine them logically permitting relocation as a unit for each section Sections may be relocatable or absolute If the assembler runs in absolute
12. NOOVLDB For files containing an overlay section renames debug sections G debug info lt overlay scn gt In this format multiple overlay sections in the same module corrupt the debug information OVLDBG Default setting Assembler generates overlay section debug information using local addresses instead of run addresses This mode permits debugging of modules that contain multiple overlay sections PS Packs strings for the DC directive packs individual string bytes into consecutive target words NOPS option Does not pack strings stores one string byte per word SC110 Sets target architecture for the SC110 DSP core one MAC unit SC120 Sets target architecture for the SC120 DSP core two MAC units C1200 Sets target architecture for the SC1200 DSP core two MAC units SC140 Sets target architecture for the SC140 DSP core four MAC units Default setting SC140E Sets target architecture for the SC140E DSP core four MAC units 138 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 139 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 3 OPT Options continued Type Option Control Action SC1400 Sets target architecture for the SC1400 DSP core four MAC units SRB Specifies registers BO B7 instead of R8 R15 for PUS POP and M
13. Parameter delimiter Any non space character Remarks The two delimiter characters define comment text The line that contains the second delimiter character is the last line of the comment Comment text can include any printable characters the assembler does reproduce this text in the source listing SC100 Assembler User Guide 107 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com NN E Freescale Semiconductor Inc eo SC Assem book Page 108 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions You may not use a label with this directive Examples COMMENT This is a one line comment COMMENT This is a multiple line comment Any number of lines can be placed between the two delimiters DC 108 Define Constant Allocates and initializes two bytes of memory for each argument label DC arg arg Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the location counter at the start of directive processing arg An integer constant fractional constant symbol or expression Commas without spaces must separate multiple arg values Remarks The assembler stores multiple arguments in successive address locations If this directive has multiple arguments one or more can be null two adjacent commas this fills the corresponding address location with zeros If you use the DC directive in L memory the assembler evaluates and stores ar
14. Using the checksumming instruction CHK with the EQU directive could be the problem Forward referencing could leave instruction coding incomplete after the first pass so that the checksum value changes between passes To correct this problem use the SET directive to assign the checksum value to a symbol A phasing error without any other errors may represent an internal error that you should report to StarCore Possible invalid white space Fields that should not contain operands or values were between operands or arguments not empty Problem installing label Incorrect symbol name RDIRECT directive not allowed in RDIRECT directive was inside a section declared with a section SECTION directive This is inappropriate as RDIRECT S effect is global Move RDIRECT outside the section Redefinition would overflow line Substitution according to the DEFINE directive substitution string would cause an overflow of the current source line Reference outside of current Assembler encountered a reference to an underscore buffer block local label that fell outside the current buffer or overlay Reference outside of current definition overlay block Relative equate must be in same Definition of an EQU directive with a relative expression section operand was not in the section associated with the operand expression Relative equate must share the Invalid operation between two symbols as their same
15. start comment directive 92 start unreported comment directive 92 lt force short addressing directive 99 100 gt force long addressing directive 100 substitute macro value directive 94 95 start function directive 97 98 delimit substring directive 98 99 group instructions directive 99 concatenate macro argument directive 93 94 continue line directive 93 A override macro local label directive 96 A ABS absolute value function 53 absolute expressions 45 absolute mode multi programmer environment 85 absolute value ABS function 53 ACS arc cosine function 53 54 additional directories searching 20 21 address assignment 78 79 advance size page PAGE directive 140 141 ALIGN align location counter directive 102 align location counter ALIGN directive 102 align with fetch set FALIGN directive 123 124 allocate bit reverse buffer BSB directive 103 104 allocate block storage for modulo BSM directive 105 106 SC100 Assembler User Guide allocate constant storage block BSC directive 104 105 analysis data 28 32 arc cosine ACS function 53 54 arc sine ASN function 54 arc tangent AT2 function 55 arc tangent ATN function 55 ARG macro argument function 54 argument file reading from 17 18 ASCII character codes 161 162 ASN arc sine function 54 assembler error messages 169 185 fatal error messages 186 187 processing 35 36 SC100 13 44 s
16. Ki C_Assem book Page 41 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM TN Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S SC100 Assembler Source Listing According to its default setting the assembler sends the source listing to the standard output Options are Sending the source listing to a printer file null device or other such arbitrary destination For this option use the I O redirection facilities of the host operating system Sending the source listing to an argument file of the 1 command line option If the 1 option lacks an argument file the assembler creates a source listing To name this listing the assembler adds the 1st extension to the name of the first source file in the command line Inhibiting the source listing by using the IL inhibit listing option Note that the b and 1 command line options allow a hyphen as an argument this directs the corresponding output to the standard output stream But unpredictable results may occur if your settings send both the object file and the source listing to the same output stream The assembler always sends error messages to the standard output regardless of option settings Source Listing Example Figure 2 2 shows an example source listing Text immediately after the figure explains areas of interest SC100 Assembler User Guide 41 T hy For More V www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc AW GN SC Assem book Page 42 Thursday September 23
17. 2004 10 44 AM N G SC100 Assembler Source Listing Figure 2 2 Assembler Source Listing Banner J StarCore 100 Assembler Version 6 5 1 spec 0 63 01 05 02 15 31 59 vittbak asm Page 1 Title gt Subtitle gt Viterbi Traceback 1 opt cex mex mu svo set assembler options 2 page 132 42 0 0 0 set listing dimensions 4 9 SIMSETUP macro args 6 m org p args 7 m DEC STOR dcb 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 8 m dcb 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 17 m ds 100 18 m ENDM 19 25 SIMSETUP 150 26 P 00000150 org p 150 27 d P 00000150 00 DEC STOR dcb 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 d 01 d 02 d 03 d 04 d 05 d 06 d 07 28 d P 00000158 08 dcb 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f d 09 0 1 Line 2 Indicator 3 Address 4 Location Counter 51 P 00000212 6D deceq do adjust value for loop count 64 Error gt 52 vittbak asm 40 ERROR Duplicate destinations in paired instructions 52 P 00000214 63 asrr 43 d0 tfr d0 dl move w 45 d0 3C DO Message 1 Errors Counts o Warnings Areas of interest are Banner The first line of each page The banner consists of the assembler and version number the date and time of assembly the source file name and the listing page number Titles Line 2 displays the title and line 3 displays the subtitle provided that you have defined these titles Use the TITLE and STITLE directives If you have not defined titles these lines ar
18. 61 3D 84 54 T 107 6B k 62 3E gt 85 55 U 108 6C l 63 3F 2 86 56 V 109 6D m 64 40 e 87 57 Ww 110 6E n 65 41 A 88 58 X 111 6F o 66 42 B 89 59 Y 112 70 p 67 43 C 90 5A Z 113 71 q 68 44 D 91 5B 114 72 r 69 45 E 92 5C 115 73 S 70 46 F 93 5D 116 74 t 71 47 G 94 5E A 117 75 u 72 48 H 95 5F a 118 76 V 73 49 l 96 60 119 77 w 74 4A J 97 61 a 120 78 x 75 4B K 98 62 b 121 79 y 76 4C L 99 63 C 122 7A Zz 77 4D M 100 64 d 123 7B 78 4E N 101 65 e 124 7C l 79 4F O 102 66 f 125 7D 80 50 P 103 67 g 126 7E 81 51 Q 104 68 h 127 7F DEL 82 52 R 105 69 i 162 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T e ND IN Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC Assem book Page 163 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages The tables of this appendix explain assembler messages Table B 1 explains command line warnings Table B 2 explains command line error messages Table B 3 explains assembler warnings Table B 4 explains assembler error messages Table B 5 explains assembler fatal error messages If possible the assembler indicates the source field location of an error If the assembler produces a listing file messages usually appear immediately before the line that contains the error One exception is an error due to the relationship between the first and last instructions of a DO loop For such a case the error message text appears
19. Architecture Defines Endianness SC110 SC100 SC100 SC110 SC110 SC120 SC100 SC100 SC120 SC120 sc1200 SC100_ __SC100__ _SC1200_ __SC1200 sc140 SC100_ __SC100__ _SC140_ __SC140 SC1400 SC100_ __SC100__ _SC1400_ __SC1400 SC140E SC100_ __SC100__ _SC140_ __SC140 SC100_ __SC100__ _SC140E_ __SC140E Little LITTLE ENDIAN __LITTLE_ENDIAN Big BIG ENDIAN BIG ENDIAN This first example uses the c command line option to invoke the assembler for the SC140V1 DSP core asmsc100 b 1 osc140e obe dBIG END 1 main asm fft asm vit asm This second example uses the OPT directive to specify the SC140v1 core architecture opt sc140 cex mex page 132 42 0 0 0 LAB1 macro args Specifying Endian Mode To specify the endian mode use the 1e or be arguments for the o command line option or the OPT directive 22 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com P Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 23 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options le Specifies little endian object files the least significant byte occupies the lower word address This is the default be Specifies big endian object files the most significant byte occupies the lower word address This first example uses the o command line option to specify big endian mode asmsc100 b 1 obe vit asm This second example uses the OPT directive placed at the beginnin
20. For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc lt SC_Assem book Page 160 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Macros and Conditional Assembly Conditional Assembly 160 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com m Freescale Semiconductor Inc S C_Assem book Page 161 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM ASCII Character Codes Table A 1 ASCII Character Codes Decimal Decimal Decimal 2 02 STX 22 16 SYN 42 2A 3 03 ETX 23 17 ETB 43 2B 4 04 EOT 24 18 CAN 44 2C 5 05 ENQ 25 19 EM 45 2D 6 06 ACK 26 1A SUB 46 2E 7 07 BEL 27 1B ESC 47 2F 8 08 BS 28 1C FS 48 30 0 9 09 HT 29 1D GS 49 31 1 10 0A LF 30 1E RS 50 32 2 11 0B VT 31 1F US 51 33 3 12 oc FF 32 20 SP 52 34 4 13 0D CR 33 21 53 35 5 14 OE SO 34 22 54 36 6 15 OF S1 35 23 55 37 7 16 10 DLW 36 24 56 38 8 17 11 DC1 37 25 57 39 9 18 12 DC2 38 26 amp 58 3A 19 13 DC3 39 27 59 3B SC100 Assembler User Guide 161 Z For More Information www freescale com qp S S Freescale Semiconductor Inc C Assem book Page 162 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM ASCII Character Codes Table A 1 ASCII Character Codes continued Decimal Hex ASCII Decimal Hex ASCII Decimal Hex ASCII 60 3C 83 53 S 106 6A j
21. Listing 2 1 C Example for 00 Compilation volatile extern int bcr volatile extern int psdmr void initialize ber 0x10000000 EBM 0 psdmr 0x90000000 EAMUX 1 void main initialize SIU13 violation Listing 2 2 C Example for O3 Compilation h file define BRO 0x100 define MAR 0x20 c file void initialize int br br int BRO 32 SC100 Assembler User Guide 2 MD For More nu G www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 33 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options br 0x280000 PS DECC 0 void initialize read from UPM int addr int mar mar int MAR mar addr void main initialize UPM initialize read from UPM 4 ADDRESS 4 SIU 8 violation Listing 2 3 Assembly Language Code move l 6260 r0 si2cmr move l 1900 d0 rfsd tfsd 0 ce fe 1 dsc 1 move d0 r0 CPM36 violation Data Analysis Terms These terms apply to the assembler s data analyzer Calling convention convention the restriction checker uses for external calls This convention specifies the registers and memory addresses that the called routine affects Call tree list of calling routines and called routines from a source file depicted in tree form Constant propagation algorithm that propagates constant res
22. Multi Programmer Environment Example Segment roinit rom_init Multi Programmer Environment Example Developers often split multi programmer projects into tasks that represent functional units For example suppose that a project has three task divisions i o filter and main An individual programmer writes each task as a separate section The T O task yields file io asm Listing 4 6 The filter task yields file filter asm Listing 4 7 The main task yields file main asm Listing 4 8 Listing 4 6 io asm Source File section i_o secflags alloc write noexecinstr global I_PORT I_PORT source statements endsec Listing 4 7 filter asm Source File section filter secflags alloc write noexecinstr source statements endsec Listing 4 8 main asm Source File section main secflags alloc write noexecinstr global ENTRY ENTRY 84 SC100 Assembler User Guide WY o 6 For More Information www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 85 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Multi Programmer Environment Example source statements endsec The next two subsections explain the methods for combining these three source files e Invoking a final assembly step to assign absolute addresses Assembling the modules separately then linking Method 1 Absolute Mode To assemble all project source code and assign a
23. Parameters Label Any label symbol of the program typeid Any of these values FILE for the file name of the compilation unit FUNC for a symbol associated with a function or other executable code INITIALIZER for a symbol associated with an initializer OBJECT for a symbol is associated with a variable array structure or other such object VARIABLE for a symbol associated with a variable Remarks The assembler stores INITIALIZER and VARIABLE type information in the mw_info section The linker uses this information for data dead stripping The linker stripping support document gives additional information about these initializers and variables Related Directive SIZE Example Afunc TYPE FUNC Symbol Afunc is type STT_FUNC UNDEF Undefine DEFINE Symbol Cancels the substitution string for the specified DEFINE symbol UNDEF symbol SC100 Assembler User Guide 151 T DB For More ka www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 152 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Parameter symbol Any symbol that a previous DEFINE directive specified Remarks A previous DEFINE directive specified a substitution string for the symbol This directive releases that substitution string symbol no longer represents a valid DEFINE substitution You may not use a label with this directive Related Directive DEF
24. Symbol Names mesi ies quen Frase rete Xu wr ERE RH des e quere 39 Symbol Labels ic pci enn pP gene M SUR basanby tacos Te 39 SITES vic ppp dad ERE ERBEN e Seg 40 Source List Loser e PPP Hee eT dame CEPI DURO ES 40 SC100 Assembler User Guide 3 E e For More onis www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S SA em C Assem book Page 4 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Contents Source Listing Example secprv D A A et 41 Final Information 0 0 000 c cee eect Ih 43 3 Expressions 45 Absolute and Relative Expressions 0 0 0 0 eese 45 Expression Memory Space Attributes 00 0 0 0000000002 eee 45 Internal Expression Representation eee eee eee eee 46 COSES iio di cad 46 Numeric Constants ss sep ces a a BS Se de 46 String Constants eae eves A ee ETE 47 Operators sessi sages say s e re WR peed eee se ERES bd Pate t 48 Operator Precedence riiet ooe eee 50 A RN 50 ABS Absolute Val e iorum ia ir a Geach Sa 53 ACS Ate COSMO vitamina HEL ogee eee ee es 53 ARG Macro Argument esos esa ceana ekinen a eee eee eee 54 ASN Are SING used ta A Aes SUR E ER er 54 AI2 Are Tangent ce PEE EE E RE eb 55 ATN Are langent c a id 55 BIGENDIAN Endian Mode Check 0 00 eese 55 CCC Cumulative Cycle Count 0 0 00 eee eee 56 CEL Ceiling aiii Het ee Ea tie whey 56 CHK Instruction Data Checksum 0 0 0 0 000 2 57 CNT Macro Argument Count
25. This first example ORG P 1000 Sets the memory space to P selects the P space default counter and initializes that counter to 1000 This second example ORG PH Sets the memory space to P and selects the P space H location counter counter 2 This example does not initialize the counter so the assembler uses the last H counter value PAGE Advance Page or Size Page Without argument values advances the source listing to the top of the next page With argument values sets the size and margins of source listing pages PAGE pagewidth pagelength blanktop blankbtm blankleft Parameters pagewidth Number of columns per line 1 through 255 The default is 80 pagelength Number of lines per page 10 through 255 The default is 66 The special value 0 turns off all headers titles subtitles and page breaks blanktop Number of blank lines at the top of the page The minimum and default value is 0 The value must maintain the relationship blanktop blankbtm pagelength 10 140 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 141 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions blankbtm Number of blank lines at the bottom of the page The minimum and default value is 0 The value must maintain the relationship blanktop blankbtm pagelength 10 blankleft Number of blank columns at the left
26. and H counters Apart from this there is no inherent relationship among numbered counters Location counter names default L and H are symbolic the assembler does not verify that an H counter value is greater than an L counter value Counters are useful for providing mnemonic links among individual memory blocks You can use separate counters for blocks in one section that get mapped to separate physical memories Overlays When you use the SECTION directive you define a regular section you may use the SECFLAGS or SECTYPE directives to modify the section To define an overlay section use the OVERLAY operand of the SECTYPE directive Use the SECTYPE UNION directive to define a data overlay as this example shows section ovl_star local section ovl_pure_data secflags nowrite alloc execinstr secflags alloc sectype overlay sectype union Each overlay section has two starting addresses Load address address where the linker links the section Run address address where the section begins during execution of its code All symbol references symbols in an overlay section refer to the run address To refer to a global symbol s load address prefix the name with LoadAddr as Listing 4 2 shows You cannot make local symbols refer to load addresses Listing 4 2 Referencing a Global Symbol s Load Address section text local global main main push r0 move l fLoadAddr star r0 jsr _ overlay manager pop r0 SC1
27. and a MOVE or AGU arithmetic instruction that uses the same register for modulo calculation A3 A 3 A valid group must follow a group containing JT JF BT BF or TRAP A4 A 4 Updates an AGU register by an AGU A 4 Updates an AGU register by an AGU arithmetic instruction or an address calculation with a MOVE like instruction that uses this register as a source A DOENn DOENSHn CONT or CONTD that writes the LCN cannot be grouped with a MOVE like instruction that reads the same register A7 A 7 RTSTK RTSTKD cannot be grouped in a VLES with a MOVE like instruction that reads the EMR register D1 D 1 Illegal instruction in delay slot D2 D 2 Instruction which uses the SR is not allowed in RTED delay slot 24 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com L Pa NN Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 25 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 4 Programming Rule Error Messages continued ID Error Message D3 D 3 RTE D and instruction which changes SR not permitted in same group D4 D 4 Instruction is not allowed in RTSD RTED STKD delay slot D5 D 5 MOVE like instructions to SR are not allowed to be grouped with JSR JSRD BSR BSRD D5a D 5a Instruction is not allowed in BSRD JSRD delay slot D6 D 6 Instructions in the delay slot of delayed return inst
28. comment An optional comment These rules apply to macro arguments Arguments must correspond one to one with the dummy arguments of the macro definition If the call does not have the same number of arguments as the definition the assembler issues a warning 156 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc AW GN SC Assem book Page 157 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM N G Macros and Conditional Assembly Defining a Macro Arguments can be quoted strings although the assembler does not require single quotes around macro argument strings However single quotes must surround any embedded comma or space in an argument string To declare a null argument for a macro call enter two commas without any intervening spaces declare a null string for the argument or terminate the argument list with a comma omitting the rest of the argument list The assembler does not substitute any characters in generated statements that reference a null argument Macro Expansions The assembler generates source statements in response to a macro call These source statements are a macro expansion Macro expansions may contain substitutable arguments and their types are relatively unrestricted They can include any processor instruction almost any assembler directive or any previously defined macro Macro expansion source statements must conform to the same conditions a
29. directive 111 112 define storage for modulo DSM directive 112 113 define substitution string DEFINE directive 110 111 define symbols in sections 78 defined symbol DEF function 60 defining macros 155 156 substitution strings 21 delimit macro string directive 96 97 delimit substring directive 98 99 development flow 9 11 directive list 88 91 directives 87 154 delimit macro string 96 97 expand define quoted string 97 use immediate addressing 100 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More TES www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc AIA ssem 0o00 age ursday september p E SC Assem book Page 191 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM lt force immediate short addressing 101 gt force immediate long addressing 101 102 substitute macro hex value 95 substitute location counter 98 concatenate strings 98 start comment 92 5 start unreported comment 92 lt force short addressing 99 100 gt force long addressing 100 substitute macro value 94 95 start function 97 98 delimit substring 98 99 group instructions 99 Y concatenate macro argument 93 94 continue line 93 A override macro local label 96 ALIGN align location counter 102 assembly control 89 BADDR set buffer address 102 103 BSB allocate bit reverse buffer 103 104 BSC allocate constant storage block 104 105 BSM a
30. 32 DC 34 SC100 Assembler User Guide 115 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc Va gt SC_Assem book Page 116 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions DUPC Duplicate Sequence with Characters Duplicates the following source statements for each character of the string argument substituting successive string characters for the dummy argument The ENDM directive marks the last statement to be duplicated To immediately halt source line duplication for example upon detection of an error use the EXITM directive and conditional assembly directives label DUPC dummy string ENDM Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the runtime location counter at the start of directive processing dummy Valid expression that appears in the source lines String Valid string expression Argument string Single quotes must enclose an embedded space or other character significant to the assembler If a null string the assembler skips the block of statements Related Directives DUP DUPA DUPF ENDM EXITM MACRO Example If MD and MEX options are enabled and if input includes these lines DUPC VALUE 123 DC VALUE ENDM The source listing shows successive lines DC 1 DC 2 DC 3 116 SC100 Assembler User Guide V For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Ass
31. ALIGN Align Location Counter 102 BADDR Set Buffer Address ele eel esses 102 BSB Allocate Bit Reverse Buffer o oo oooooooooommoo 103 6 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com 2 i 1 E Freescale Semiconductor Inc C Assem book Page 7 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Contents BSC Allocate Constant Storage Block oooooooooooo o 104 BSM Allocate Block Storage for Modulo 105 BUFFER Start Buffer o ooococoococococcoccrco rare 106 COMMENT Start Comment Lines 0004 107 DC Define Constant 4e RERO ant el cbr Sed 108 DCB Define Constant Byte 00 02 22 eee 109 DCL Define Constant Long 0 000 110 DEFINE Define Substitution StriN8 o ooooooooooocooooo 110 DS Define Storage coin aii 111 DSM Define Storage for Modul0 o ooooococcoococoooooo 112 DSR Define Reverse Carry Storage lle eese 113 DUP Duplicate Source LineS oooooooococoocococ oo oooo 114 DUPA Duplicate Sequence with Arguments 115 DUPC Duplicate Sequence with Characters o ooo oooooooo o 116 DUPF Duplicate Sequence in Loop 0 0 117 ELSE Start Alternative Conditional Assembly 118 END End of Source Program eene 118 ENDBUF End Buffer 00 0 0 00 eee ees 119 ENDIF End Conditional Assembly
32. MSP Memory Space 0 0 00 eee 67 MXP Macro Expansion 2 0 0 0c eee eee 68 POS Position of Substring 2 0 0 0 0 00 cece ee ee eee 68 POW Raise t0 a POWeE areas sp Aae Shae eee esis 69 REL Relative Mode e E eee ences 69 RND Random Value 20 0 eee e 69 RVB Reverse Bits in Field 70 SCP Compare Strings 0 0 0 rava rea eee nee 70 SGN Return Sign oec ke ee i 70 SIN ISE IE 71 SNH Hyperbolic Sine 0 0 2 eee ee ee eee nee 71 SOT Square Root sa rareste ARES 72 TAN Tangent oee ew et Gand beige da drikk 72 TNH Hyperbolic Tangent 0 cece eee eee 72 UNF Convert Fractional to Floating Point 0 73 XPN Exponential Function 0 0 00 eee eee eee 73 4 Software Project Management 75 SECUONS Gol ea ORO ae Ree ae 75 Section Names ssuhsesm aa ek Prasat eee hacked keen anes eed 75 Nested and Fragmented Sections avvuvvnvvrvvnvv rare renne 76 Sections and Symbols 0 0 0 0 cece eee TI Macros and DEFINE Symbols within Sections 78 SC100 Assembler User Guide 5 E For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S SA e C Assem book Page 6 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Contents Sections and Relocation 0 0 cece eee ne 78 Address Assignment s soies eadi sai SEE ERE mabe eae 78 Overlays sec se AAA ee A it ees 79 Overlay Manager medi ie sa ans Sa
33. MSW Issues a memory space warning if incompatibilities exist Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOMSW option Suppresses memory space incompatibility warnings UR Warns about each unresolved reference at assembly time valid only in relocatable mode NOUR option Does not warn about unresolved references Ww Prints all warnings Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOW option Does not print warnings Symbol DEX Expands DEFINE symbols in quoted strings To expand individual symbols use double quoted strings NODEX option Does not expand DEFINE symbols in quoted strings Default setting reset setting at end of pass one IC Ignores case for symbols section names and macro names must appear before any definitions of symbols sections and macros SO Writes symbol information to the object file Assembler AEC Permits standard C language escape characters in DC directives Operation changes DC directive default setting NOAEC option do not allow C escape characters Default setting BE Generates output for a big endian target The default setting is little endian 136 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 137 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 3 OPT Options continued Type Option Control Action CC Ena
34. RR e wwe G 80 Overlay Example osse t id de ek en 81 Multi Programmer Environment Example 000 0005 84 Method 1 Absolute Mode 1 0 0 0 c cee eee eee eee 85 Method 2 Relative Mode 0 0 cece eee eee eens 86 5 Assembler Directives 87 Significant Characters 0 0 cee ete 87 Directive List sc iii AA Rx ee on ee yee Ee qe 88 Descriptions ois a te Geet Aa ae bee Ak sees 91 gt Start Comment sunt a NNI RU NE RES 92 Start Unreported Comment 0 0 eee eee eee eee 92 A Continue Limes 23s wae eet aker ewe een dees 93 V Concatenate Macro Argument 0 00 00 02 eee eee 93 Substitute Macro Value 0 cece eect eee 94 Substitute Macro Hex Value 95 Override Macro Local Label 0 0 0 cece eee ee 96 Delimit Macro String 0 0 eee eee 96 Expand DEFINE Quoted String lees eese 97 StarEunctonas oves ble ee EY RR EA RI UR 97 Substitute Location Counter 0 0 0 0 0 cee eee eee eens 98 Concatenate Strings llle 98 J Delimit Substring ise x XD eR ete ea FEST 98 Group Instructions 0 0 RIA 99 lt Force Short Addressing 0 0 00 eese 99 gt Force Long Addressing llle e eese 100 Use Immediate Addressing 0 0000000000 100 lt Force Immediate Short Addressing 0 101 gt Force Immediate Long Addressing 0 101
35. Specifier for the runtime location counter Example CNUM CTR R Runtime counter number 58 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc s C_Assem book Page 59 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions CVF Convert Integer to Floating Point Converts the value of the specified expression to a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N CVF expr Parameter expr Any valid integer expression Example FLOAT SET CVF 5 FLOAT 5 0 CVI Convert Floating Point to Integer Converts the value of the specified expression to an integer value The result s memory space attribute is N Such conversions can be inexact possibly truncating floating point values CVI expr Parameter expr Any valid floating point expression Example INT SET CVI 1 05 INT 1 CVS Convert Memory Space Assigns the specified memory space attribute to the specified expression returning the same expression CVS P N expr SC100 Assembler User Guide 59 V eD For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 60 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Parameters P Specifier for memory space attribute P Specifier for memory space attribute N expr Any valid relative or absolute expression Example LOADDR EQU
36. String constants delimiter Directive List Table 5 2 briefly identifies the assembler directives of each type Assembly control Symbol definition Data definition storage allocation Listing control and options Macros and conditional assembly 88 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com di Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 89 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Directive List Table 5 2 Assembler Directive Summary Type Directive Description Assembly Control COMMENT Start comment lines DEFINE Define substitution string END End of source program FAIL Programmer generated error message HIMEM Set high memory bounds INCLUDE Include secondary file LOMEM Set low memory bounds MSG Programmer generated message ORG Initialize memory space and location counters RADIX Change input radix for constants UNDEF Undefine the DEFINE symbol WARN Programmer generated warning Symbol Definition ENDSEC End section EQU Equate symbol to a value GLOBAL Global section symbol declaration GSET Set global symbol to a value SECFLAGS Set ELF section flags SECTION Start section SECTYPE Set ELF section type SET Set symbol to a value SIZE Set size of symbol in the ELF symbol table TYPE Set symbol type in the ELF symbol table XDEF Define external symbol COFF only XREF Re
37. The assembler issues an error message if numwords contains symbols not yet defined the numwords value is zero or less the numwords value exceeds the target DSP maximum address or there is insufficient memory to establish a valid base address Related Directives DS DSR 112 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 113 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example ORG P 100 M_BUF DSM 24 Circular buffer mod 24 DSR Define Reverse Carry Storage Reserves a block of bytes in memory for a reverse carry buffer but does not initialize the block label DSR numbytes Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the location counter once the assembler establishes a valid base address numbytes Number of bytes an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer greater than zero This expression should be a power of two and must not contain any forward references Remarks This directive advances the location counter from a valid base address Ifthe location counter value is not zero the assembler advances the location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 gt numbytes The assembler issues an error message if there is insufficient memory Then the assembler advances the location counter by the value of numbytes The
38. The command sc100 1d Map ovl map c ovl cmd ovl eln then links the resulting object file using the linker command file that Listing 4 5 shows Listing 4 5 ovl cmd Linker Command File exkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkkkkxkxkkxkkxkxkxkkkkxkxkkkkkxkkkkkxkxkkkkkxkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkxk 1 ex 7 This memory control file defines the memory layout used with the sc100 simulator This file assumes small memory model i e all globals and static data fit in lower 64k e je 0 Ox1ff Interrupt vectors and handlers DataStart DataStart DataSize 1 Global and static data CodeStart StackStart 1 Application code StackStart TopOfStack stack heap ROMStart TopOfMemory ROM e kk ckckckck ckck ck ck ck ok ck ok ck ok ck ok kck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck k ck ck ck k ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ck ok ck kk kc k k k k kk i Define configuration specific values provide DataStart 0x0200 Start of global and static data provide _DataSize 0x10000 provide _CodeStart 0x100000 Sets the code start address provide _StackStart 0x200000 Sets the stack start address The stack grows upwards provide _TopOfStack Ox2fff00 The highest address to be used 82 SC100 Assembler User Guide 2 MD For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S ND GN C Assem book Page 83 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Ma
39. an error message Instructions and most data definition directives may appear between the BUFFER and ENDBUF directive pair But you must not nest BUFFER directives The directives that may not appear between BUFFER and ENDBUF are MODE ORG SECTION Other buffer allocation directives 106 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 107 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions The BUFFER directive sets the location counter to the address of a buffer of the given type If the location counter is not zero this directive advances the location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 gt length There must be sufficient remaining memory to establish a valid base address or the assembler issues an error message Unlike other buffer allocation directives the BUFFER directive does not advance the location counter the location counter continues to point to the buffer base address You may not use a label with this directive The assembler issues a warning if the length value is not a power of two Related Directives BADDR BSB DSR ENDBUF Example ORG P 100 BUFFER R 28 Reverse buffer 28 R_BUF DE 0 55 0 5 0 5 0 5 DS 20 Remainder uninitialized ENDBUF COMMENT Start Comment Lines Defines one or more lines as comments COMMENT delimiter delimiter
40. any local label LOC option did not appear before local labels this option enables the assembler to synchronize local label lists LOCAL directive not valid in global section LOCAL not allowed in global section A local directive was not specified inside a section Local symbol names cannot be used with GLOBAL The directive does not allow labels directive LOCAL without preceding SECTION A local directive was not specified inside a section Loopend without loopstart Loopend directive lacked the beginning loopstart directive Loop stack error possible loopstart loopend mismatch Invalid combinations of loopstart loopend directives Loopstart without loopend Loopstart directive lacked the concluding loopend directive Macro cannot be redefined Attempt to use a macro name as the label for a second macro definition in the same source file This would be possible only if the macro were defined and used within a declared section Macro not defined The assembler could not find the macro name in the macro lookup table SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Informatio Macro value substitution failed The evaluation of a macro argument expression failed 177 www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 178 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued
41. base Original positive integer expression may not exceed the target word size value Positive integer expression shifted and masked into base may not exceed the target word size width Number of bits to shift a positive integer expression that may not exceed the target word size start Optional Starting bit for the operation a positive integer expression that may not exceed the target word size Example SWITCH EQU FLD TOG 1 1 7 Turn eighth bit on SC100 Assembler User Guide 61 T hy For More V www freescale com EN Freescale Semiconductor Inc S C Assem book Page 62 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions FLR Floor Returns the floor of the specified expression a floating point value that represents the largest integer less than or equal to the expression The result s memory space attribute is N GFLR expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example FLOOR SET FLR 2 5 FLOOR 2 0 FRC Convert Floating Point to Fractional Scales and convergent rounds a floating point expression returning its fractional representation as an integer The result s memory space attribute is N FRC expr Parameter expr Any valid floating point expression Example FRAC EQU FRC FLT 1 Compute saturation INT Integer Check Returns an integer 1 if the specified expression evaluates to an integer otherwise returns a 0 The
42. com SC_Assem book Page 56 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Freescale Semiconductor Inc Sa Expressions Functions Example IF BIGENDIAN DCB BIG ENDIAN ELSE DCB LITTLE ENDIAN ENDIF NOTE Another way to check for big endian compiling of an asm file is to use 9 DEF IF GDEF BIG ENDIAN DCB 1 ELSE DCB 0 ENDIF CCC Cumulative Cycle Count Returns the cumulative cycle count as an integer useful with the CC NOCC and CONTC assembler options The result s memory space attribute is N CCC Example IF eccc gt 200 Check if cycle count gt 200 CEL Ceiling Returns the ceiling of the specified expression a floating point value that represents the smallest integer greater than or equal to the expression The result s memory space attribute is N CEL expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example CEIL SET CEL 1 05 CEIL 1 0 56 SC100 Assembler User Guide 2 MD For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 57 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions CHK Instruction Data Checksum Returns the current instruction data checksum value as an integer The result s memory space attribute is N CHK Remarks Useful in conjunction with the CK NOCK and CONTCK assembler options Note that using directives other than SET to assign the checksum value could
43. converts a symbol to the ASCII string that represents the symbol s hexadecimal value Remarks There must not be any spaces between the character and the symbol the value of symbol must be an integer You may use the character with the backslash Y concatenation operator The character also can indicate a binary constant If you need a binary constant inside a macro enclose the constant in parentheses Alternatively follow the percent sign with a backslash to escape the constant Example This macro definition generates a label the label prefix argument concatenated to a hexadecimal argument GEN_LAB MACRO LAB VAL STMT LABNSVAL STMT ENDM Suppose this SET statement and this macro call NUM SET 10 GEN LAB HEX NUM NOP The macro processor would Substitute the characters HEX for LAB Replace VAL with the character A the hexadecimal equivalent of decimal 10 Apply the concatenation operator V Substitute the string NOP for the STMT argument producing this expansion HEXA NOP SC100 Assembler User Guide 95 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 96 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions A Override Macro Local Label If a unary expression operator in a macro expansion specifies normal scope not macro scope evaluation for local labels in its associated term
44. expression An expression that consists of a relative term by itself or a relative term in combination with absolute terms Only these types of expressions retain meaningful values after program relocation For example if your program pairs relative terms with opposing signs the result is the difference between the two relative terms an absolute value But if code adds together two positive relative terms the result is unpredictable it depends on the terms computed values at relocation time Expression Memory Space Attributes As the assembler evaluates an expression it uses the associated integer or floating point value in place of each expression symbol Each symbol also includes a memory space attribute P program or N none The result of an expression always has an associated memory space attribute SC100 Assembler User Guide 45 WY UY For More onis www freescale com C_Assem book Page 46 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM a Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S Expressions Internal Expression Representation Label constant and floating point expressions associated with the SET directive always have the memory space attribute N The unary logical negate operator relational operators logical operators and some functions return values that have the memory space attribute N The result of an expression that has only one operand and possibly the unary negate or unary minus operator alwa
45. function name Assembler did not recognize the name after the O character Invalid label field width specified SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Informatio LSTCOL directive argument did not allow enough room on the listing line for the remaining fields 175 www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 176 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Explanation Invalid macro name Macro name was a local symbol possibly beginning with the 6 character Invalid memory space attribute Memory space attribute was not the letter P Invalid mode MODE directive specified a mode that was not RELATIVE or ABSOLUTE Invalid opcode field width LSTCOL directive argument did not allow enough room Specified on the listing line for the remaining fields Invalid opcode 2 field width specified Invalid operand field width specified Invalid page length specified PAGE directive specified fewer than 10 lines or more than 255 lines Invalid page width specified PAGE directive specified fewer than 1 column or more than 255 columns Invalid radix expression RADIX directive expression did not evaluate to 2 8 10 or 16 Invalid relative expression Code specified an operation other than addition or subtraction for relative expression terms or the terms had the same sign Inv
46. ignores the current or specified directory searching only in the directories that the i command line option specifies You may not use a label with this directive Related Directive MACLIB Example INCLUDE headers io asm Include file io asm in directory headers INCLUDE lt data gt Include file data asm but do not search in the current directory LIST List Assembly Prints the source listing all lines that follow the LIST directive LIST Remarks The printed source listing begins with the line after the LIST directive A special list counter initialized to 1 affects list printing as long as the counter value remains above zero the assembler prints the source listing in response to any LIST directive Each LIST directive increments the list counter but each NOLIST directive decrements the counter If the counter value drops to zero or below the assembler does not print a listing in response to the LIST directive If the command line includes the oIL option the assembler ignores the LIST directive regardless of the counter value You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives NOLIST OPT Example IF LISTON 128 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 129 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions LIST Turn the listin
47. in the initialization file write as the first character of each comment line These directives may appear in the initialization file address register name mem address Assigns the specified hexadecimal address to the specified register the register must be a memory mapped register Neither argument is case sensitive The mem address value has the format p xxxxxxxx Example address Br0 p ff801801 call conv call conv id deleted list of deleted regs and mem addresses Defines a calling convention The call conv id name may be any ASCII string except that the restriction checker ignores duplicate names The list in brackets consists of registers and hexadecimal memory intervals separated by commas Register names must have r reg prefixes such as r reg_r0 or r reg_n3 Memory intervals must follow the format p 100 300 To specify a single address follow the format p 200 or p 200 200 Example call conv 1 deleted r reg_d0 r reg_sp p ffff deleted r reg rl r reg r2 funcName call conv id Specifies the calling convention for a function 34 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 35 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Assembler Processing Example func fibonacci 1 If the restriction checker finds a call to an external routine the checker searches the initialization file s list of f
48. integer operand cannot be used with floating point operands Logical Negate Returns an integer 1 if the value of its operand is 0 otherwise returns a 0 The result s memory space attribute is N Example If symbol BUF has the value 0 BUF has the value 1 If BUF has the value 1000 BUF has the value 0 Arithmetic Addition Yields the sum of its operands Subtraction Yields the difference between its operands E Multiplication Yields the product of its operands Division Yields the quotient the first operand divided by the second For integer operands the result is a truncated integer Mod Yields the remainder of the first operand divided by the second If both operands are floating point values and the divisor is 0 0 the result is the dividend 48 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc lt SC_Assem book Page 49 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Operators Table 3 2 Assembler Operators continued Type Operator Description Shift lt lt Shift Left For integer operands only Shifts and zero fills the left operand to the left the right operand specifies the number of bits to shift gt gt Shift Right For integer operands only Shifts the left operand to the right the right operand specifies the number of bits to shift Extends the sign bit
49. lead to phasing errors due to different generated instruction values between passes Example CHKSUM SET QCHK Reserve checksum value CNT Macro Argument Count Returns the count of the current macro expansion arguments as an integer If you use this function when no macro expansion is active the assembler issues a warning The result s memory space attribute is N CNT Example ARGCNT SET CNT Reserve arg count COH Hyperbolic Cosine Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N COH expr Parameter expr Any valid expression SC100 Assembler User Guide 57 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc s C_Assem book Page 58 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Example HYCOS EQU COH VAL Compute hyperbolic cosine COS Cosine Returns the cosine of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N COS expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example DC COS CVF COUNT FRI ga 10 Compute cosine value CTR Location Counter Number Returns the counter number of the specified location counter The returned counter number is an integer value with memory space attribute N GCTR L R Parameters L Specifier for the load location counter R
50. read from a device with port size less than 64 bits from an address not aligned to 64 bits the parity bits for parity check are not taken from the correct location SIU13 SDAMUX signal is disabled when SDRAM machine handles the memory access and the chip is programmed to single MPC8260 mode BCR EBM 0 For maximum effectiveness the checker must propagate known values of registers To make this possible For compiled code you should either Compile using OO and defining a volatile extern symbol that is also provided by the linker command file or Compile using O3 SC100 Assembler User Guide 31 T hy For More V www freescale com SC_Assem book Page 32 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC100 Assembler Command Line Options For assembly language code you should use EQUs visible in the file submitted for checks for initializing special registers involved in accessing peripherals For variables whose values cannot be known until the linking stage you should use the value directive If you use the c or k options when you assemble do not begin start or basic block markers with the letters DW The assembler would treat such markers as debug labels that the compiler introduces Code Examples Listing 2 1 shows C code appropriate for O0 compilation Listing 2 2 shows C code appropriate for O3 compilation Listing 2 3 shows assembly code
51. result s memory space attribute is N GINT expr 62 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 63 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Parameter expr Any valid relative or absolute expression Example IF INT T d Insure integer value L10 Log Base 10 Returns the base 10 logarithm of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N L10 expr Parameter expr A numerical expression greater than zero Example LOG EQU L10 100 0 LOG 2 LCV Location Counter Value Returns the memory space attribute and value of the specified location counter The optional second argument indicates the Low High or numbered counter a comma must separate the two arguments If you omit the second argument the assembler uses the default counter counter 0 LCV L R L H expr Parameters L If the first argument specifier for the load location counter If the optional second argument specifier for the low counter R Specifier for the runtime location counter SC100 Assembler User Guide 63 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 64 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Specifier for the high counter expr Specifier for a number
52. sine function 71 software development flow 9 11 project management 75 86 source listing 40 44 example 41 43 final information 43 44 redirecting 19 source statements 36 40 comment field 38 label field 37 operand field 38 operation field 37 38 strings 40 symbol labels 39 40 symbol names 39 variable length execution sets 38 39 specify macro library MACLIB directive 129 130 specifying endian mode 22 23 specifying target architecture 21 22 SQT square root function 72 square root SQT function 72 start buffer BUFFER directive 106 107 start comment directive 92 start comment lines COMMENT directive 107 108 start conditional assembly ELSE directive 118 start conditional assembly IF directive 126 127 start function O directive 97 98 start section SECTION directive 144 147 start unreported comment directive 92 starting the assembler 13 14 196 STITLE initialize program subtitle directive 149 150 stop assembly listing NOLIST directive 132 storage allocation directives 90 string constants 47 string functions 52 string length LEN function 64 strings source statements 40 substitute location counter directive 98 substitute macro hex value directive 95 substitute macro value directive 94 95 substitution strings defining 21 symbol definition directives 89 symbol labels source statements 39 40 symbol names source statements 39 symbols and sections 77 T TAN t
53. that has program contents including code and data nobits Specifier for a section that has no contents and does not occupy file space The assembler discards anything in nobits sections overlay Specifier for an overlay section Remarks Standard sections text data rodata and bss have default type and flag values a section that has any other name receives the text default values Use this directive to change the default type value You may not use a label with this directive SC100 Assembler User Guide 147 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 148 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Related Directives SECFLAGS SECTION Example The SECTION directive starts new section data output The non standard name means that the section receives text default type and attributes PROGBITS ALLOC and EXECINSTR The SECFLAGS directive changes the attributes the SECTYPE directive changes the type to NOBITS SECTION data_output SECFLAGS write alloc noexecinstr SECTYPE nobits ENDSEC SET Set Symbol to Value Assigns the specified value to the specified symbol label SET value SET label value Parameters label A symbol value An absolute expression Must not contain any forward references Remarks If you use this directive to define a label another SET dir
54. undefined on pass 2 Source program never defined the symbol used as an operand or directive argument Symbols must start with Symbol name began with a or other inappropriate alphabetic character character First character must be a letter percent sign or underscore 182 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More TES www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 183 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Explanation SYMOBJ symbol must be a global A SYMOBJ directive argument begins with an symbol name underscore Syntax error expected ORG directive using numeric counter designations lacked the parenthesis colon pair that separates the load or runtime address from the memory space counter or mapping characters Syntax error expected ORG directive lacked the colon that separates the load or runtime address from the memory space counter or mapping characters Syntax error expected Argument of a non local INCLUDE directive lacked the closing angle bracket Syntax error expected comma Operand list of an instruction or directive lacked a separating comma Syntax error expected keyword FOR directive lacked its associated BY directive BY Syntax error expected keyword FOR directive lacked its associated Do directive DO Syntax error expected k
55. 00 Assembler User Guide 79 2 MD For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 80 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Overlays jsr _star rts section ovl_text local secflags alloc execinstr nowrite sectype overlay global _star _star rte An overlay manager must copy an overlay section from its load address to its run address In Listing 4 2 the code calls the overlay manager to load the overlay section ovl text to its run address The overlay manager must know the overlay section s load address which is unique many overlays could run at the same address After the overlay manager finishes it is safe to call code in the overlay section You must provide a symbol at the start of each overlay section the assembler does not create these symbols automatically Overlay Manager Listing 4 3 shows a basic C implementation of an overlay manager Listing 4 3 Basic Overlay Manager include lt stdlib h gt include lt stdio h gt include lt string h gt struct ovltab void ovl_run void ovl_load unsigned long int ovl_size unsigned long int ovl_checksum unsigned long int ovl_flags unsigned long int ovl_other unsigned short int ovl_parent unsigned short int ovl_sibling unsigned short int ovl_child extern struct ovltab _overlay_table extern unsigned long int overlay count void 80 SC100 Assembler User Guid
56. 3 FALIGN align with fetch set directive 123 124 fatal error messages assembler 186 187 final information source listing 43 44 FLD shift and mask function 61 floor FLR function 62 FLR floor function 62 force immediate long addressing gt directive 101 102 force immediate short addressing lt directive 101 force long addressing gt directive 100 force short addressing lt directive 99 100 fragmented sections 76 77 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc NA GN SC Assem book Page 193 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM FRC convert floating point to fractional function 62 functions 50 73 ABS absolute value 53 ACS arc cosine 53 54 ARG macro argument 54 ASN arc sine 54 assembler mode 52 53 AT2 arc tangent 55 ATN arc tangent 55 BIGENDIAN endian mode check 55 56 CCC cumulative cycle count 56 CEL ceiling 56 CHK instruction data checksum 57 CNT macro argument count 57 COH hyperbolic cosine 57 58 conversion 52 COS cosine 58 CTR location counter number 58 CVF convert integer to floating point 59 CVI convert floating point to integer 59 CVS convert memory space 59 60 DEF defined symbol 60 EXP expression check 60 61 FLD shift and mask 61 FLR floor 62 FRC convert floating point to fractional 62 INT integer check 62 63 L10 log base 10 63 LCV location count
57. 4 R1 Substitute Macro Value In macro definitions converts a symbol to the ASCII string that represents the symbol s decimal value There must not be any spaces between the character and the symbol the value of symbol must be an integer You may use the character with the backslash concatenation operator Example Consider this macro definition SWAP SYM MACRO REG1 REG2 Swap REG1 REG2 D4 is temp MOVE R REG1 D4 MOVE R REG2 R REGL MOVE D4 R REG2 Then suppose these SET statements and this macro call AR BRI G SET 0 G SET 1 SWAP SYM AREG BREG LH LJ The macro processor would Substitute the characters AREG for each occurrence of REG1 and BREG for each occurrence of REG2 as if producing this intermediate macro expansion MOVE R AREG D4 MOVE R BREG R AREG MOVE D4 R BREG Replace AREG with the character 0 and BREG with the character 1 as if producing this second intermediate expansion MOVE RNO0 D4 MOVE R 1 R 0 MOVE D4 R 1 Apply the concatenation operator V producing the expansion that appears in the source listing MOVE RO D4 94 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 95 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions MOVE R1 R0 MOVE D4 R1 Substitute Macro Hex Value In macro definitions
58. 44 AM Software Project Management Sections arrange source statements arbitrarily for example grouping all statements that reserve P space storage locations Sections and Symbols The default arrangement is that symbols defined within a section are local symbols Any reference to a local symbol can be satisfied in the file in which it is defined Defining symbols outside a section makes them global Such symbols can satisfy an outstanding current file reference at assembly time or an outstanding reference in any file at link time Code inside or outside any section may reference global symbols freely as long as the global symbol does not conflict with another symbol of the same name To declare a section s local symbols global Use the GLOBAL directive for an individual symbol Use the GLOBAL qualifier of the SECTION directive for all symbols in a section In Listing 4 1 SYM1 and SYM2 are global symbols initially defined outside any section But section EXAMPLE defines SYM1 locally with a different value This interior redefinition means that the first MOVE instruction moves the value 3 to RO SYM2 remains a global symbol so the second MOVE instruction moves the value 2 to RI The final MOVE instruction is outside any section so it uses the global SYM1 definition moving the value 1 to R2 Listing 4 1 Sections and Data Hiding SYM1 EQU 1 SYM2 EQU 2 SECTION EXAMPLE SYM1 EQU 3
59. Arguments that are expressions must be absolute expressions except where noted Arguments must not contain external references 50 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 51 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions There must not be intervening spaces between the function name and the open parenthesis or between comma separated arguments Table 3 3 lists the assembler functions of each type Table 3 3 Assembler Function List Type Function Mathematical ABS Absolute value ACS Arc cosine ASN Arc sine AT2 Arc tangent ATN Arc tangent CEL Ceiling COH Hyperbolic cosine COS Cosine FLR Floor L10 Log base 10 LOG Natural logarithm MAX Maximum value MIN Minimum value POW Raise to power RND Random value SGN Return sign SIN Sine SNH Hyperbolic sine SQT Square root TAN Tangent TNH Hyperbolic tangent XPN Exponential function SC100 Assembler User Guide 51 T hy For More uu www freescale com A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 52 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Table 3 3 Assembler Function List continued Type Function Con
60. Assem book Page 24 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options s all Enables checking for all static rules s none Disables checking for all static rules including G G 1 G G 2 G G 3 G P 1 and L G 5 This first example enables checking for all rules in source file myprog asm asmsc100 b s all myprog asm This second example specifies checking for violations of the A 1 A 2 and G G 1 rules in source file myprog asm asmsc100 b s al a2 ggl myprog asm Table 2 4 Programming Rule Error Messages ID Error Message Al A 1 At least two cycles required between MCTL modification and address pointer usage A 1 At least two VLES required between MCTL modification and address pointer usage A 1 violation of A 1 restriction within short long loop A2 A 2 AGU register contents are not available for an additional cycle A 2 AGU register contents may be affected by register write in previous cycle A 2 violation of A 2 restriction within short long loop Rule A 2 does not apply if a MOVE like instruction writes the Bn or Mn used for modulo calculation on Rn This rule does apply to using Bn 8 representation when writing to Rn A2a A 2a AGU register contents may be affected by register write in previous cycle A 2a violation of A 2a restriction within short long group At least one cycle is required between a MOVE like instruction that writes the Bn or Mn register as a data operand
61. Assembler Directives Descriptions Parameter startaddr Optional starting execution address of the program Only valid for absolute mode must have memory space attribute P program or N none Remarks You cannot use this directive in a macro expansion You may not use a label with this directive Example END BEGIN BEGIN is the starting execution address ENDBUF End Buffer Marks the end of a buffer block ENDBUF Remarks When the assembler encounters this directive the location counter points just beyond the end of the buffer You may not use a label with this directive Related Directive BUFFER Example ORG P 100 BUFFER R 64 Uninitialized reverse carry buffer ENDBUF ENDIF End Conditional Assembly Ends conditional assembly that the preceding IF directive began ENDIF SC100 Assembler User Guide 119 T hy For More V www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 120 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Remarks The directive pair IF and ENDIF delimit source lines for conditional assembly You can nest conditional assembly directives to any level The ENDIF directive like the optional ELSE directive always pairs with the closest previous IF directive You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives ELSE IF Example IF REL SAVEPCSET Save current program counter E
62. C LNG HI LO Build long word LOG Natural Logarithm Returns the natural logarithm of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N LOG expr Parameter expr Any valid expression greater than zero Example LOG EQU LOG 100 0 LOG 4 605170 SC100 Assembler User Guide 65 T DB For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc s C_Assem book Page 66 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions LST LIST Directive Flag Value Returns the value of the LIST directive flag as an integer with memory space attribute N Each time the assembler encounters the LIST directive in source code it increments the flag each time it encounters the NOLIST directive it decrements the flag LST Example DUP QCVI ABS LST List unconditionally LUN Convert Long Fractional to Floating Point Converts a double word long fractional to a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N LUN expr Parameter expr A binary fraction expression Example DBLFRC EQU LUN 3FE0000000000000 DBLFRC 0 5 MAC Macro Definition Returns integer 1 if the specified symbol is defined as a macro name otherwise returns 0 The results memory space attribute is N GMAC symbol Parameter symbol Any valid symbol 66 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www frees
63. C Assem book Page 195 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM NOTE include note directive 132 133 numeric constants 46 47 O object file generating 18 modifying 18 19 operand field source statements 38 operation field source statements 37 38 operator precedence 50 operators 48 50 OPT set assembler options directive 133 139 OPT options 21 options directives 90 options command line 14 35 options OPT 21 ORG initialize memory space directive 139 140 overlay example 81 84 manager 80 81 overlays 79 84 override macro local label directive 96 P PAGE advance size page directive 140 141 PMACRO purge macro definition directive 141 142 POS position of substring function 68 POS raise to a power function 69 position of substring POS function 68 PRCTL send control string to printer directive 142 precedence operator 50 processing assembler 35 36 programming rules checking 23 28 project management software 75 86 purge macro definition PMACRO directive 141 142 R RADIX set constant radix directive 143 raise to a power POS function 69 SC100 Assembler User Guide random value RND function 69 reading from argument file 17 18 redirecting source listing 19 reference external symbol XREF directive 154 references 11 REL relative mode function 69 relative expressions 45 relative mode REL function 69 relative mode multi programmer environment 86 relocation and section
64. CVS P TARGET Set LOADDR to P TARGET DEF Defined Symbol Returns an integer 1 if the specified symbol is defined otherwise returns a O The result s memory space attribute is N GDEF symbol Parameter symbol Any label not associated with a MACRO or SECTION directive Quotes tell the assembler to look for a DEFINE symbol if symbol is not in quotes the assembler looks for an ordinary label Example IF DEF ANGLE Assemble if ANGLE is defined EXP Expression Check Returns an integer 1 if evaluating the specified expression would result in errors otherwise returns 0 The result s memory space attribute is N The assembler does not issue an error message if the expression contains an error the assembler does not test for warnings QEXP expr 60 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More an www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 61 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Parameter expr Any valid relative or absolute expression Example IF EXP FRC VAL Skip on error FLD Shift and Mask Shifts and masks the value expression into the base expression for width bits beginning at the start bit If you omit the start bit value the assembler uses zero the least significant bit Returns the shifted and masked value with memory space attribute N AFLD base value width start Parameters
65. D6 L D 6 At least 3 VLESs required between instruction updating the active SAn register and LA LD7 L D 7 At least 1 VLES required between CONT D and modification of any active SAn LD8 L D 8 At least 3 VLESs required between read of the active LCn and the last VLES of loop LD9 L D 9 At least 1 VLES required between read of the active LCn and the first VLES of short loop LG3 L G 3 Less than 3 VLESs between MOVE PUSH SR and end of long loop LG4 L G 4 Short loop SA follows MOVE PUSH SR LG5 L G 5 DOEN and loop type mismatch LL1 L L 1 Illegal delay slot instruction in last 2 VLESs of a loop LL2 L L 2 DOEN SH or write to any active LCn not allowed in last 3 VLESs of a loop LL3 L L 3 Illegal instruction in short loop LL4 L L 4 Nested short LOOPEND cannot occur in last 2 VLESs of outer loop LL5 L L 5 MOVE like instruction updating SR is not allowed at LA 4 and LA 3 for long loop LL6 L L 6 MOVE like instruction updating SR is not allowed at SA 2 and SA 1 for short loop LL7 L L 7 DOEN SH and MOVE like instruction referencing SR LC register as a whole register is restricted within short loop LN1 L N 1 Nested loops can t end in same address LN2 L N 2 A loop may only be nested inside a loop of a smaller DOEN number LN3 L N 3 A DOEN SH instruction or a LOOPENDx pseudo instruction cannot come between a DOEN SH instruction and its LOOPSTARTn assembler directive SR2 SR 2 Instruction may be affected by previous SR change SR 2 Instruction
66. Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOMC option Does not print macro calls MD Prints macro definitions Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOMD option Does not print macro definitions MEX Prints macro expansions NOMEX option Does not print macro expansions Default setting reset setting at end of pass one MU Includes a memory utilization report in the source listing This option must appear before any code or data generation NL Prints nesting levels in listing conditional assembly and section nesting NONL option Does not print nesting levels Default setting reset setting at end of pass one WEX Counts warnings as error messages Warnings block creation of an object file unless osvo is in the command line SC100 Assembler User Guide 135 T DB For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 136 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 3 OPT Options continued Type Option Control Action U Prints unassembled lines of conditional assembly code NOU option Does not print unassembled conditional assembly lines Default setting reset setting at end of pass one Message AE Checks address expressions validates arithmetic operations Control Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOAE option Do not check address expressions
67. E and ENDIF condition FALSE zero ELSE directive preset ignores lines between IF and ELSE assembles lines between ELSE and ENDIF You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives ELSE ENDIF Example If the mode is big endian and the assembler encounters this code IF DEF BIG_ENDIAN MOVE W r0 d1 Start traceback from ELSE state zero MOVE W r0 d1 ENDIF I The assembler assembles the line MOVE W r0 d1 and ignores the line MOVE W r0 dl INCLUDE Include Secondary File Tells the assembler to read source statements from the secondary file that the string argument identifies INCLUDE file lt file gt Parameters file or lt file gt A file name compatible with the operating system may include a pathname The default extension is asm Remarks The assembler s search path depends on the file name syntax For the file syntax the assembler first searches in the current file or in the specified directory SC100 Assembler User Guide 127 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 128 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions if the file value includes a pathname If it does not fine the file it next searches in all directories that the i command line option specifies For the lt file gt syntax the assembler
68. INE Example UNDEF DEBUG Undefine the debug substitution string WARN Issue Programmer Warning Outputs a warning incrementing the warning count WARN str exp str exp Parameters str Any valid string appropriate as part of a warning Commas without spaces must separate multiple str values exp Any expression appropriate as part of a warning Commas without spaces must separate multiple exp values Remarks Use this directive with conditional assembly directives for exceptional condition checking The assembly proceeds normally after the assembler displays the warning You may not use a label with this directive 152 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 153 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Related Directives FAIL MSG Example WARN Parameter value too large XDEF Define External Symbol For COFF mode only makes symbols defined in the current section accessible to sections that have the corresponding XREF directive XDEF symbol symbol Parameter symbol Symbol defined in the current section to be made accessible to other sections Commas without spaces must separate multiple symbol values Remarks This directive pertains to COFF mode only ELF mode does not support this directive This directive must appear between SECTION and ENDSEC direct
69. MU in a source line has the same effect as o in the command line Table 5 3 lists available options by type The table shows the options in capital letters but the options are not case sensitive Many options have logical opposites that begin with NO table explanations include these opposites SC100 Assembler User Guide 133 T DB For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 134 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 3 OPT Options Type Option Control Action Listing Format FC Folds trailing comments under the source line aligning them with the Control opcode field aligns lines that start with the character with the label field NOFC option Does not fold trailing comments Default setting reset setting at end of pass one FF Uses form feeds for page ejects in the source listing NOFF option Uses multiple line feeds for page ejects Default setting reset setting at end of pass one FM Formats messages aligns text breaks at word boundaries NOFM option Does not format messages Default setting reset setting at end of pass one PP Pretty prints aligns values in consistent columns without regard to source file formatting Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOPP option Does not pretty print preserves source line formatting but expands tabs to spaces and concatenates continuation l
70. N Sine Returns the sine of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N SIN expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example DC SIN CVF COUNT FRI E 10 Compute sine value SNH Hyperbolic Sine Returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N SNH expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example HSINE EQU SNH VAL Hyperbolic sine SC100 Assembler User Guide 71 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc s C_Assem book Page 72 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions SQT Square Root Returns the square root of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N SQT expr Parameter expr Any valid positive expression Example SORT EQU SQT 3 5 SORT 1 870829 TAN Tangent Returns the tangent of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N TAN expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example MOVE TAN 1 0 D1 S Load tangent TNH Hyperbolic Tangent Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N TNH expr 72 SC100 Assembler User Guide
71. NDIF ENDM End Macro Definition Ends a macro definition or marks the end of duplicated lines terminates assembly actions of the MACRO DUP DUPA DUPC or DUPF directives You may not use a label with this directive ENDM Related Directives DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF MACRO Example SWAP_SYM MACRO REG1 REG Swap REG1 REG2 D4 L is temp MOVE R REG1 D4 L MOVE R REG2 R REG1 MOVE D4 L R REG2 ENDM 120 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 121 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions ENDSEC End Section Marks the end of a section the previous SECTION directive began the section You may not use a label with this directive ENDSEC Related Directive SECTION Example SECTION data VALUES BSC 100 Initialize to zero ENDSEC EQU Equate Symbol to Value Assigns an expression value to a label symbol label EQU L N P lexpression Parameters label Label that receives the expression value L N P Optional specifier that forces the memory space attribute valid only if the expression memory space attribute is N none expression Any absolute or relative expression must not include any forward references Remarks Many directives assign the program counter value to a label this directive gives an expression
72. OVE instructions SVO Preserves object file if errors overrides default setting to delete object files in case of errors Must appear before any code or data generation Example OPT CEX MEX Enable DC and macro expansions OPT CRE MU Print cross reference memory utilization ORG Initialize Memory Space and Location Counters Sets absolute addresses sets the memory space and specifies and initializes the location counter ORG P l1c ce initval Parameters P P memory specifier Location counter specifier L counter 1 or H counter 2 Omitting both values specifies the default counter counter 0 Counters are useful for providing mnemonic links among individual memory blocks ce The counter number a non negative absolute integer expression Must be in parentheses must not exceed 65535 initval Optional initial value for the location counter If you omit this value the assembler uses the last value of the counter SC100 Assembler User Guide 139 T DB For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 140 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Remarks Counters provide mnemonic links among individual memory blocks The H L and default counter names are symbolic the assembler does not verify that the H counter value is greater than the L counter value You may not use a label with this directive Examples
73. P Macro expansion active POS Position of Substring Returns the position of substring st r2 in source string st r1 as an integer Begins search at position start If you omit the start value the search begins at the beginning of st r1 The result s memory space attribute is N POS str1 str2 start Parameters stri Source string str2 Substring must not exceed the length of stri start A positive integer expression that does not exceed the length of stri Example ID EQU POS Star Core 140 Core 1 IDS 5 68 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 69 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions POW Raise to a Power Returns the first expression raised to the power of the second expression as a floating point value A comma must separate the two expressions The result s memory space attribute is N GPOW exprl expr2 Parameters expri The expression whose value is to be raised expr2 The power value expression Example BUF EQU GCVI APOW 2 0 3 0 BUF 8 REL Relative Mode Returns an integer 1 if the assembler is operating in relative mode otherwise returns a 0 The result s memory space attribute is N GREL Example IF REL Check if in relative mode RND Random Value Returns a random value in the range 0 0 to 1 0 The result s memory space at
74. P 3 Only one doen doensh cont conta skipls or break permitted within a VLES G P 3 Only one mark instruction permitted within a VLES G P 3 Only one stop wait or COF permitted within a VLES SC100 Assembler User Guide 25 For More V www freescale com L Pa NN Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 26 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 4 Programming Rule Error Messages continued ID Error Message G P 4 RTE D or RTERI D and AGU or IFT F A combination not permitted in same group G P 5 N or M used as source reg of MOVE like instruction more than once within a VLES G P 6 In a set that includes two subsets each subset can include maximum of 1 AGU and 2 DALU instructions G P 7 The IFA subset if used must be the last subset G P 7 The IFT IFF IFFA subgroups cannot all be present in a VLES G S Pairing of non pairable instructions G S 1 Only one instruction of type 2 can appear in a VLES G S 1 type 2 instruction can only be grouped with instructions of type 1 G S 1 Only one instruction of type 3 can appear in a VLES G S 1 type 3 instruction can only be grouped with instructions of type 1 G S 3 Instruction of type 4 cannot be grouped with any instruction L C 1 Branch to last two VLESs in a loop not allowed L C 2 Change of flow WAIT and STOP instructions are not allowed at LA 2 of a long loop
75. Remarks If the circumflex character precedes an expression term the assembler does not search the macro local label list for any labels in the expression term This operator has no effect on normal labels it has no effect at all outside a macro expansion The circumflex operator lets you pass local labels as macro arguments for use as referents in the macro Note that the circumflex also is the binary exclusive OR operator Example Consider this macro definition LOAD MACRO ADDR MOVE P ADDR RO ENDM And this macro call SLOCAL LOAD LOCAL The override operator tells the assembler to recognize the LOCAL symbol outside the macro expansion and to use that value in the MOVE instruction If the override operator were not present the assembler would issue an error message that LOCAL was not defined in the macro Delimit Macro String In a macro definition tells the macro processor to use a single quote This transforms any enclosed dummy arguments into literal strings Alternate role In a DEFINE directive character sequence specifies expansion within the string 96 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More ER www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 97 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example For this macro definition CSTR MACRO STRING DC STRING ENDM And this macro call CSTR ABCD The macro expans
76. SVD SC Assem book Page 1 Thursday Sept Freescale Semiconductor Inc ember 23 2004 10 44 AM CodeWarrior Development Studio for StarCore DSP Architectures v2 6 SC100 Assembler User Guide metrowerks For More onis www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 2 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Metrowerks and the Metrowerks logo are registered trademarks of Metrowerks Corporation in the United States and or other countries CodeWarrior is a trademark or registered trademark of Metrowerks Corporation in the United States and or other countries All other trade names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners Copyright O 2003 2004 Metrowerks Corporation ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No portion of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or me chanical without prior written permission from Metrowerks Use of this document and related materials are governed by the license agreement that accompanied the product to which this manual pertains This document may be printed for non commercial personal use only in accordance with the aforementioned license agreement If you do not have a copy of the license agreement contact your Metrowerks representative or call 1 800 377 5416 if outside the U S call 1 512 996 5300 Metrowerks reserves the right to make changes to any product described or referred to in this document without furt
77. T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc s C_Assem book Page 73 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Parameter expr Any valid expression Example HTAN TNH VAL Hyperbolic tangent UNF Convert Fractional to Floating Point Converts a fractional to a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N UNF expr Parameter expr A binary fraction expression Example FRC EQU GUNF 400000 FRC 0 5 XPN Exponential Function Returns the exponential function base e raised to the power of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N XPN expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example EXP EQU XPN 1 0 EXP 2 718282 SC100 Assembler User Guide 73 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc lt SC_Assem book Page 74 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Expressions Functions 74 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com dis Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 75 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Complex software projects often consist smaller program units A team of programmers may write these subprograms in parallel or they may reuse subprograms of a previous development effort This chapter expl
78. Valid only with Contents the a and b options Has no effect in ELF mode 16 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy a Freescale Semiconductor Inc lt SC_Assem book Page 17 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Using an Environment Variable If you use command line options regularly you may assign them to the environment variable DSPASMOPT Before processing any options the assembler adds this variable s text to the existing command line To define DSPASMOPT 1 In Table 2 2 find the command line and environment file appropriate for your operating system The environment file is in the directory that SC100_HOME defines 2 Enter the command line in the environment file a Any option of Table 2 1 is a valid option parameter value b Separate multiple option values with spaces c Start each option value with a hyphen 3 When you are done re execute the environment file Table 2 2 DSPASMOPT Command Lines Operating System Command Line Environment File UNIX Bourne shell sh DSPASMOPT option env sh ksh bash export DSPASMOPT UNIX C shell csh tcsh setenv DSPASMOPT option env csh Windows set DSPASMOPT option env bat For example if the DSPASMOPT definition in the env sh file is DSPASMOPT b 1 export DSPASMOPT Then each time you invoke the assembler it adds the b
79. _abbrev debug_pubname rel_line Section Contents Type Attributes bss Uninitialized data NOBITS ALLOC Write data Initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC WRITE mw_info Assembler generated contents that SHT_MW_INFO no sh_flags 0 the linker consumes during dead SHT_LOPROC 3 data stripping note User comments as ABI 2 0 defines SHT_NOTE 7 no sh_flags 0 rodata Read only initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC text Program code PROGBITS ALLOG EXECINSTR debug macinfo rel sc100 delay slots debug macro rel debug loc debug aranges default rel line debug info Sc100 delay slots hash rel text debug info ine shstrtab debug line mw info strtab debug loc note symtab Nested and Fragmented Sections You can nest sections to any level When the assembler encounters a nested section it stacks the current section and uses the new child section When the assembler reaches the ENDSEC directive of the nested section the assembler restores and resumes using the parent section The ENDSEC directive always pertains to the most recent SECTION directive You also can split sections into separate parts by using the same section name with multiple SECTION and ENDSEC directive pairs Reusing a section name lets you SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 77 Thursday September 23 2004 10
80. a symbol name that does not start with a option letter and a substitution string that lacks single quotes 164 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 165 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM L Pa NN Assembler Messages Table B 2 Command Line Error Messages continued Message Explanation Illegal command line E option Command line e option parameter was not a Or w Invalid syntax for command line included spaces or was missing E option Missing argument for command line E option Illegal command line I option Problem occurred when the assembler tried to save the argument include file path string Illegal command line INCLUDE option Illegal command line M option Problem occurred when the assembler tried to save the argument MACLIB file path string Illegal command line MACLIB option Illegal command line P option Command line included obsolete p option instead of argument current arch option Illegal command line R option Command line included obsolete r option instead of argument current arch option Illegal command line REVISION option Illegal command line option Command line o option was invalid Interrupted Keyboard break control C interrupted the assembler Missing command line option Command line lacked appropriate arguments after an argument option Missing opti
81. after the loop s last instruction The assembler always routes messages to the standard output Table B 1 Command Line Warnings Warning Explanation arch appears more than once Assembler found arch option more than once on the Using the last one command line Assembler used the architecture that the last arch option specified Duplicate listing file specified Assembler found 1 or b option more than once on the ignored command line Assembler used only the first option Duplicate object file specified ignored LDB option with no listing file Command line included an LDB option without a Specified using source file corresponding 1 listing file option Without a listing file the assembler used the default assembly language file for source tracking Options for both absolute and C Command line inappropriately had both a and c mode specified C mode ignored options Assembler ignored the c option Options for both debug and strip Command line inappropriately had both g and z specified strip ignored options Assembler ignored the z option SC100 Assembler User Guide 163 For More omis www freescale com WY UY Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 164 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM L Pa NN Assembler Messages Table B 1 Command Line Warnings continued Warning Explanation Strip not valid in relocatable Command line s z option
82. ains the assembler directives that help manage complex software projects Sections The SECTION and ENDSEC directives encapsulate program units This defines relocatable blocks of code and data postponing concerns about memory placement until after the assembly process A SECTION directive defines the start of a section giving it the name that Section name specifies The ENDSEC directive specifies the end of the section The format is SECTION section name GLOBAL STATIC LOCAL core id source statements ENDSEC Section Names Although you may give any name to a section the assembler recognizes the names of conventional ELF sections text data rodata and bss Table 4 1 lists the default types and flags for these section names The assembler treats sections with other names as code text sections setting types and flags accordingly If such a section is not a code section you must use the SECTYPE and SECFLAGS directives to override the default settings SC100 Assembler User Guide 75 WY Kiss For More omis www freescale com L Pa NN Software Project Management Sections Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 76 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Table 4 1 Conventional ELF Sections Table 4 2 lists the reserved names for specialized ELF sections you should not used any of these names Table 4 2 Reserved Section Names debug
83. alid section name Section name was a local symbol possibly beginning with the character Invalid shift amount A shift expression evaluated to less than zero or to more than the target DSP maximum address Invalid storage class Assembler did not know the storage class for a source level debug symbol declaration Invalid tab stops specified TAB directive argument was out of range Label specified does not exist Command line k option enabled data analysis but the Label specified in CONT D is assembler could not find the specified label not defined Label specified in SKIPLS is not defined 176 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 177 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message LB option must be used before any code or data generation LBX option must be used before any code or data generation LDB option must be used before any code or data generation Explanation Assembler encountered code or data before encountering the LB LBX or LDB option Left margin exceeds page width PAGE directive left margin value was blank exceeding the default or specified page width value Line too long Source statement was longer than 4000 characters possibly due to a continuation line LOC option must be used before
84. an underscore character appeared Syntax error in macro argument list In a macro call a non comma character separated arguments or extra characters appeared Syntax error in macro name list In a PMACRO directive name list a non comma character separated arguments Syntax error in symbol name list Comma missing where appropriate Tag name not found Assembler could not find a matching tag name for the current source level debug structure or union declaration The specified target does not exist Command line k option enabled data analysis but this module does not define the destination of the direct jump instruction This prevents data analysis The string should be surrounded by NOTE directive string operand lacks its enclosing double quote characters Too many fields specified for instruction An instruction field should have been empty but contained non comment data Two dummy arguments are the same In a macro definition two dummy arguments have the same name UNDEF symbol must be a global symbol name UNDEF directive argument was a local label Unexpected end of file missing COMMENT delimiter COMMENT directive lacked its second delimiter character Unexpected end of file missing ENDBUF Assembler encountered a BUFFER directive without the closing ENDBUF directive Unexpected end of file missing ENDIF Assembler encountered a
85. and 1 options to the command line The command asmsc100 corr asm becomes asmsc100 1 b corr asm Reading Input from an Argument File The fargfile option instructs the assembler to read command line input from the specified argument file This option is a method for passing command line input from such an argument file to the assembler The argfile parameter value can include an optional pathname You may repeat this option multiple times SC100 Assembler User Guide 17 For More TES www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 18 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options For example this command invokes the assembler telling it to read arguments from the file asmopts asmsc100 fasmopts q filter asm An argument file is a text file containing a list of options arguments file names even the option itself Within the argument file a space blank tab or newline character must separate each file or option Use semicolons to include comments Argument file contents can be as simple as this example b 1 s al gg4 Generating an Object File The assembler generates a relocatable object file only if the command line includes the b option If the command line includes both the a and b options the assembler instead generates an executable object file a With the b option generates an executable object file b file Generates an objec
86. angent function 72 tangent TAN function 72 target architecture specifying 21 22 terms data analysis 33 TITLE initialize program title directive 150 TNH hyperbolic tangent function 72 73 TYPE set symbol type directive 151 U UNDEF undefine define symbol directive 151 152 undefine define symbol UNDEF directive 151 152 UNF convert fractional to floating point function 73 use immediate addressing directive 100 W WARN issue programmer warning directive 152 153 warnings assembler 166 169 warnings command line 163 164 X XDEF define external symbol directive 153 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More TES www freescale com T hy di Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 197 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 XPN exponential function function 73 XREF reference external symbol directive 154 SC100 Assembler User Guide 197 E For More V www freescale com WZ is Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 198 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 198 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com
87. argument for PAGE or other such directive that does not allow negative arguments Expression contains forward references Undefined expression argument for IF EQU SET or other such directive that does not allow forward references Expression must be greater than zero Zero expression argument for BSC or other such directive that does not allow zero arguments Expression result must be absolute Non absolute argument or operand for a directive or usage that requires an absolute value Expression result must be integer Non integer argument or operand for a directive or usage that requires an integer value Expression result too large Expression evaluated to a value greater than the acceptable range possibly because the result exceeded the target DSP native word size SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 173 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Expression too long Explanation REL expression exceeded the 1024 character limit External reference not allowed in expression Reference to an external symbol in a byte or integer expression that does not allow such references External reference not allowed in function Reference to an external symbol in an argument to a built in function Extra c
88. assembler generates a warning if numbytes is not a power of two Related Directive DS Example ORG P 100 Set address to P 100 R BUF DSR 8 Reserve 8 bytes for R BUF SC100 Assembler User Guide 113 T hy For More V www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 114 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions DUP Duplicate Source Lines Duplicates the following source lines the specified number of times the ENDM directive marks the last line to be duplicated label DUP times ENDM Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the runtime location counter at the start of directive processing times Number of times to duplicate source lines an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer This expression can have any memory space attribute but must not contain any forward references If the times value is less than or equal to zero the assembler output does not include the sequence of lines Remarks You may nest the DUP directive to any level If the times value is less than or equal to zero the assembler output does not include the sequence of lines To immediately halt source line duplication for example upon detection of an error use the EXITM directive and conditional assembly directives Related Directives DUPA DUPC DUPF DUPA EXITM MACRO Example If MD and MEX options are enabled and if input includes thes
89. being assembled Operation Field The operation field follows the label field at least one space or tab must precede the operation field Operation field entries may be Opcodes Mnemonics that correspond directly to DSP machine instructions Directives Special assembler operation codes that control the assembly process Macro calls Invocations or macros already defined The assembler first searches for operation codes in an internal macro definition table If it does not find a match it searches the table of machine operation codes and assembler SC100 Assembler User Guide 37 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 38 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Source Statements directives If neither of the tables holds the specified operation code the assembler generates an error message To change this sequence you can use the MACLIB directive This means that macro names can replace standard machine operation codes and assembler directives although the assembler issues warnings about such replacements Operand Field The effect of the operand field depends on the contents of the operation field Any operand field value must follow the operation field at least one space or tab must precede the operand value Operand values may include symbols expressions or a combination of both commas without spaces must separate multiple symbol
90. bels You may use symbols as labels To make a label local start it with the percent character 96 This limits the labels scope to the area between any two non local labels The only source statements that can refer to or define such a local label are the statements between the source lines that contain the non local labels A local label is useful as the terminating SC100 Assembler User Guide 3 WY o e e For More Information www freescale com SD E Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 40 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Source Listing address of a DO loop or any such location that must have a unique label but is not significant for documenting the source file In a macro however the scope of local labels is the entire macro expansion without regard to non local labels Accordingly all local labels within a macro must be unique You can use such local labels freely within a macro definition without regard to the number of macro expansions The assembler treats non local labels within a macro expansion as normal labels This means that such labels cannot occur more than once unless you use them with the SET directive Strings Literal ASCII strings can be operands for some assembler directives they also have limited use in expressions Such a string is one or more ASCII characters enclosed by single quotes To specify an apostrophe within a lite
91. bler prints the source listing in response to any LIST directive Each LIST directive increments the list counter but each NOLIST directive decrements the counter If the counter value drops to zero or below the assembler does not print a listing in response to the LIST directive You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives LIST OPT Example IF LISTOFF NOLIST Turn the listing off NDIF E NOTE Include Note Tells the assembler to include the specified note in the note section of the listing file NOT 132 E lt comment gt SC100 Assembler User Guide For More onis www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 133 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Parameter lt comment gt User specified note or comment Example NOTE This is a note OPT Set Assembler Options Specifies options that control formats reporting and other aspects of assembler operation OPT option option comment Parameters option Any assembler control option valid either with the OPT directive or with the o command line option Table X lists these options comment Optional comment string Remarks Commas without spaces must separate multiple options You may not use a label with this directive The same options can be arguments for this directive or for the o command line option OPT
92. bler to use immediate addressing mode Example CNST EQU 5 MOVE B CNST DO 100 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More ER www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 101 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions lt Force Immediate Short Addressing Forces the assembler to use immediate short addressing overriding default immediate long addressing Remarks Many DSP instructions permit a short immediate form of addressing If the assembler knows the immediate data during pass one the assembler uses the shortest addressing mode consistent with the instruction format But if the immediate data is a forward or external reference the assembler cannot know the immediate data during pass one Accordingly the assembler uses the long form of immediate addressing this makes the instruction two words To override this default behavior start the immediate data symbol with the lt characters Example For this sample code MOVE B CNST DO CNST EQU 5 The assembler does not know the CNST symbol during pass one the assembler uses immediate long addressing two words To force immediate short addressing insert the lt characters E B lt CNST DO CNST EQU 5 gt Force Immediate Long Addressing Forces the assembler to use immediate long addressing Remarks Many DSP instructions permit a long immediate form of add
93. bles cycle counts clears the total cycle count The output listing shows cycle counts for each instruction as if there were a full instruction fetch pipeline and no wait states NOCC option Disables cycle counts does not clear the total cycle count Default setting reset setting at end of pass one CK Enables checksumming for instructions and data values clears cumulative checksum NOCK option Disables checksumming Default setting reset setting at end of pass one CM Preserves comment lines of macro definitions does not preserve comment lines that begin with characters NOCM option Does not preserve comment lines of macro definitions CONTCK Re enables checksumming for instructions and data values does not clear cumulative checksum CS Classifies carry update instructions as irrelevant letting the assembler re order instructions of a packet for minimum length DLD Does nat restrict DO loop directives suppresses error messages regarding directives in DO loops that do not make sense NODLD option Restricts DO loop directives Default setting reset setting at end of pass one GL Makes all symbols global must appear in the source file before any explicit section definitions INTR Checks interrupt locations lets the assembler screen interrupt vector locations of memory for inappropriate DSP instructions Default setting reset setting for absolute mode NOINTER option Does not check inte
94. bsolute addresses create a project file project asm that combines the three assembly source files Listing 4 9 shows this file Listing 4 9 project asm File org PL 1000 initialize entry point for program counter include main asm include io asm include filter asm end entry To assemble file project asm in absolute mode and generate executable object file project eld use this command asmsc100 a bproject eld project asm Upon reaching the end of file main asm the assembler returns to the next sequential statement in file project asm This statement directs the assembler to start taking input from file io asm The ORG statement in the project asm file tells the assembler to set current memory space to P program and to initialize the L low location counter to 1000 This specifies assembly of the io asm statements at the next available Low Program memory space Assembly of file filter asm happens in a similar manner The last line of file project asm tells the assembler that it is the last logical source statement The last line also tells the assembler that the starting address for the object module is label ENTRY In actual code the ENTRY label must be declared global in section main SC100 Assembler User Guide 85 For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 86 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Multi Programme
95. cale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 67 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Example IF MAC DOMUL Expand macro MAX Maximum Value Determines which input expression has the greatest value then returns that expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N MAX expri exprN Parameters exprl exprN Any valid expressions Example MAX DC MAX 1 0 5 5 3 25 MAX 5 5 MIN Minimum Value Determines which input expression has the least value then returns that expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N MIN expri exprN Parameters exprl exprN Any valid expressions Example MIN DC MIN 1 0 5 5 3 25 MIN 3 25 MSP Memory Space Returns the memory space attribute of the specified expression as integer value O for N or 4 for P MSP expr SC100 Assembler User Guide 67 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 68 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Parameter expr Any valid relative or absolute expression Example MEM SET MSP ORIGIN Save memory space MXP Macro Expansion Returns an integer 1 if the assembler is expanding a macro otherwise returns a 0 The result s memory space attribute is N MXP Example IF MX
96. concatenates the line to the next line processing the result as if it were a statement on one line The maximum length for such a concatenated line is 4000 characters Alternate role In a macro definition this character concatenates a dummy argument with adjacent characters Example The V character makes one comment span three lines This comment extends over three lines Concatenate Macro Argument In a macro definition concatenates a dummy argument with adjacent characters Remarks There must not be any spaces with the character which can precede or follow the adjoining characters To position an argument between two characters use the V character before and after the argument name Alternate role If the last character of a source line continues the statement to the next line Example The backslash V in the macro definition tells the macro processor to concatenate the dummy argument substitution characters with the character R SWAP REG MACRO REG1 REG2 Swap REG1 REG2 D4 is temp MOVE R REG1 D4 MOVE R REG2 R REG1 MOVE D4 R REG2 ENDM SC100 Assembler User Guide 93 T hy For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S ND GN C Assem book Page 94 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions The macro call SWAP REG 0 1 results in this expansion MOVE RO D4 MOVE R1 R0 MOVE D
97. constants in expressions 46 47 numeric 46 47 string 47 continue line directive 93 controlling assembler messages 20 conversion functions 52 convert floating point to fractional FRC function 62 convert floating point to integer CVD function 59 convert floating point to long fractional LFR function 64 65 convert fractional to floating point UNF function 73 convert integer to floating point CVF function 59 convert long fractional to floating point LUN function 66 convert memory space CVS function 59 60 COS cosine function 58 cosine COS function 58 CTR location counter number function 58 190 cumulative cycle count CCC function 56 CVF convert integer to floating point function 59 CVI convert floating point to integer function 59 CVS convert memory space function 59 60 D data analysis 28 32 limitations 33 34 terms 33 data definition directives 90 DC define constant directive 108 109 DCB define constant byte directive 109 110 DCL define constant long directive 110 declare global section symbol GLOBAL directive 124 125 DEF defined symbol function 60 DEFINE define substitution string directive 110 111 define constant DC directive 108 109 define constant byte DCB directive 109 110 define constant long DCL directive 110 define external symbol XDEF directive 153 define macro MACRO directive 130 131 define reverse carry storage DSR directive 113 define storage DS
98. counter definitions involved different counters Relative expression must be Context of a relative expression required an integer integer expression Relative expression not allowed A relative expression appeared as the argument to an assembler built in function 180 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 181 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Relative SET must be in same section Explanation Definition of a SET directive with a relative expression operand was not in the section associated with the operand expression Relative terms from different sections not allowed An expression contained relative terms defined in different sections Definitions must be in the same section as that section s location in memory determines the relationship between the terms Reserved name used for symbol name Proposed label operand or directive argument duplicated a reserved DSP register name Runtime space must be P In COFF mode instructions must appear in P memory space SCO option must be used before any label In COFF mode the sco option must appear before any label definition SET requires label SET directive lacked a label required to associate the directive argument with a symbol name
99. ctive 115 duplicate sequence with characters DUPC directive 116 duplicate source lines DUP directive 114 E ELSE start alternative conditional assembly directive 118 END end of source program directive 118 119 end buffer ENDBUF directive 119 end conditional assembly ENDIF directive 119 120 end macro definition ENDM directive 120 end of source program END directive 118 119 end section ENDSEC directive 121 ENDBUF end buffer directive 119 endian mode check BIGENDIAN function 55 56 endian mode specifying 22 23 ENDIF end conditional assembly directive 119 120 192 ENDM end macro definition directive 120 ENDSEC end section directive 121 environment variable using 17 EQU equate symbol to value directive 121 122 equate symbol to value EQU directive 121 122 error messages assembler 169 185 command line 164 165 example multi programmer environment 84 86 overlay 81 84 source listing 41 43 examples code 32 33 execution sets source statements 38 39 exit macro EXITM directive 122 EXITM exit macro directive 122 EXP expression check function 60 61 expand define quoted string directive 97 expansions macros 157 exponential function XPN function 73 expression check EXP function 60 61 expressions 45 73 absolute and relative 45 constants 46 47 internal representation 46 memory space attributes 45 46 F FAIL issue programmer error message directive 122 12
100. cution Numeric Constants Table 3 1 explains the possible numeric constants 46 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com di Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 47 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Constants Table 3 1 Numeric Constants Type Description Examples Binary Percent sign followed by string of binary digits 11010 0 1 Hexadecimal Dollar sign followed by string of hexadecimal 12FF digits 0 9 A F a f 12ff Decimal integer String of decimal digits 0 9 Optional grave accent 12345 C can start the string Decimal String of decimal digits that includes a decimal 6E10 floating point point or the letter E The digits after the letter E are 6 the exponent 2 7e2 The default radix is 10 so the assembler treats constants without leading radixes as decimal values If you wish you can use the RADIX directive to change the default input radix setting the input radix to 16 would let you omit the dollar sign indicator from hexadecimal constants String Constants The assembler converts expression string constants to right aligned concatenated sequences of ASCII bytes Null strings have the value 0 Examples are ABCD 41424344 KEPO 00273739 a 00000041 T 00000000 lt null string abcdef 61626364 abc de 61626364 The size limit for string expressions is the long w
101. d OPT SPEED the default the assembler inserts the appropriate number of NOPs inside packets before the loop that contains the FALIGN directive SC100 Assembler User Guide 123 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com NN x Freescale Semiconductor Inc e C Assem book Page 124 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions If you optimize the function for size OPT SIZE the assembler inserts the appropriate number of NOPs as a standalone packet Any time the assembler inserts NOPS it issues a remark For the SC110 core the FALIGN directive forces its entire section to an 8 bit alignment For the SC120 SC140 SC1200 or SC1400 cores the FALIGN directive forces its entire section to a 16 byte alignment The system preserves these alignments at link time even if the section starting location has moved Related Directive OPT LPA option Example ORG P 100 DOSETUP3 compute alpha DOEN3 5 NOP NOP NOP LOOPSTART3 FALIGN compute_alpha LOOPEND3 GLOBAL Declare Global Section Symbol Makes specified local section symbols global The default arrangements for such symbols is that they are local You may not use a label with this directive GLOBAL symbol symbol Parameter symbol Any symbol defined within the section that is between the SECTION and ENDSEC directives Commas without spaces must separate multiple symbol values Rela
102. d an ENDBUF directive ENDEF without associated DEF directive SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Informatio No DEF source level debug directive preceded an ENDEF directive 171 www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 172 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message ENDF without associated FOR statement Explanation No FOR directive preceded an ENDF directive ENDW without associated WHILE statement No WHILE directive preceded an ENDW directive ENDIF without associated IF directive No IF directive preceded an ENDIF directive ENDM without associated MACRO directive No MACRO directive preceded an ENDM directive ENDSEC without associated SECTION directive No SECTION directive preceded an ENDSEC directive EQU requires label EQU directive lacked a label to associate with the equated expression Error in mnemonic table No MACRO directive preceded an EXITM directive Errors detected Data analysis cannot be performed Command line k option enabled data analysis but the assembler encountered errors severe enough to prevent data analysis EXITM without associated MACRO directive No MACRO directive preceded an EXITM directive Expression cannot have a negative value Negative expression
103. day September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Remarks The default program subtitle at the top of source listing pages is blank This directive specifies the subtitle for subsequent pages of the source listing A subsequent STITLE directive changes the subtitle again An STITLE directive without any string argument makes the subtitle blank The source listing does not include this directive You may not use a label with this directive Related Directive TITLE Example STITLE COLLECT SAMPLES TITLE Initialize Program Title Makes the specified string the title of the program TITLE string Parameter string Optional string value Remarks The default program title at the top of source listing pages is blank This directive specifies the title for subsequent pages of the source listing A subsequent TITLE directive changes the title again A TITLE directive without any string argument makes the title blank The source listing does not include this directive You may not use a label with this directive Related Directive STITLE Example TITLE FIR FILTER 150 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 151 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions TYPE Set Symbol Type Sets the type for the specified symbol Label TYPE typeid
104. dentifier Error Message CPM76 When using an FCC in transparent mode the first bit of a frame is transmitted as zero every time RTS is asserted before CTS is asserted when CTS is sampled synchronously with data CPM82 Dynamic switching in SIRAM may not execute properly DMA1 Data transferred by the DMA on either the PPC Bus or Local Bus may be corrupted EFC1 When using normal dual DMA or fly by DMA transfers which have maximum transfer size greater than 32 bits with the EFCOP to perform IIR filtering with two or less IIR coefficients the output of the IIR filter will be lost The rest of the outputs will be shifted and inaccurate LE4 Write to PCTLO immediately freezes the core for 150 900 cycles If the system is busy the core may not exit the freeze state LE6 After writing data to the Trace Buffer the TB is disabled in order to read from it Reading the TB by software or from the JTAG may result in incorrect data QCPM1 Data may be lost on RETRY when global transactions are performed in 60x compatible mode OSIUA Using Extended mode on the local bus can generate incorrect transactions in certain combinations of consecutive reads and writes SIU3 Two consecutive UPM RAM words with REDO 0 does not execute correctly SIUA MCP due to data errors parity ECC is masked by the SWRI bit in SYPCR SIU7 GPCM produces a glitch on the BS lines when seta 1 and scy 0 are used SIU8 During a
105. ditions of the assembly environment You also can use conditional directives within a macro definition to make sure argument values are in appropriate ranges at expansion time In this way your macros can be self checking and can generate error messages to any appropriate level of detail Use the directive pair IF and ENDIF with the optional ELSE directive to delimit a section of program for conditional assembly Use this format IF condition source statements mo ELSE SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA em SC Assem book Page 159 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Macros and Conditional Assembly Conditional Assembly source statements ENDIF The assembler follows these rules for conditional assembly If condition TRUE non zero and there is no ELSE directive it assembles lines between the IF and ENDIF directives If condition FALSE zero and there is no ELSE directive it ignores lines between the IF and ENDIF directives If condition TRUE non zero and there is an ELSE directive it assembles lines between the IF and ELSE directives and ignores lines between the ELSE and ENDIF directives If condition FALSE zero and there is an ELSE directive it ignores lines between the IF and ELSE directives and assembles lines between the ELSE and ENDIF directives SC100 Assembler User Guide 159 T hy
106. e Counter value too large max is 99999 Counter value exceeded the 99999 maximum CRE option must be used before any label Label appeared in the source file before the CRE option This option enables the assembler to append cross reference data to all applicable symbol table entries Data allocation exceeds buffer size A BUFFER ENDBUF directive sequence enclosed a data allocation that exceeds the size BUFFER specified Decimal constant expected A character other than ASCII O through 9 followed the decimal constant delimiter or appeared in an expression where a decimal character should have been DEFINE symbol must be a global symbol name Attempt to use a local label a symbol beginning with an underscore as a symbol for the DEFINE directive Divide by zero Expression evaluator detected a dive by zero situation Dummy argument not found Assembler could not find the ARG function dummy argument name in the macro dummy argument list ELF buffer write failed ELF file update failed Operating system I O error ELF stack is empty Attempt to nest a section within itself ELF symbol table error ELF symbol table insert failed Assembler could not allocate memory ELSE without associated IF statement No IF directive preceded an ELSE directive ENDBUF without associated BUFFER directive Xi No BUF ER directive precede
107. e T hy For More V www freescale com a l Freescale Semiconductor Inc NN C Assem book Page 81 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Overlays overlay manager void load_addr unsigned long int i for i 0 i lt overlay count i if overlay table i ovl load load addr return memcpy overlay table i ovl run overlay table i ovl load overlay table i ovl size return NULL Overlay Example Listing 4 4 shows a sample assembly source file ov1 asm that defines overlay sections ovl_star1 and ovl comet1 To assemble this file use the command asmsc100 1 b ovl asm Listing 4 4 ovl asm Assembly Source File Main calling starl and comet1 section text local global _main main push r0 move l LoadAddr__star1 r0 jsr _ overlay manager pop r0 jsr _starl push r0 move l LoadAddr__comet1 r0 jsr overlay manager pop r0 jsr comet1 rts endsec section ovl starl local secflags alloc execinsr nowrite sectype overlay global _starl SC100 Assembler User Guide 81 T hy For More V www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc Ma Ss Zs C_Assem book Page 82 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Overlays _starl clr dl add f5 d1 rts endsec section ovl cometl local secflags alloc execinsr nowrite sectype overlay global cometi _cometl clr d2 add 5 d2 rts endsec
108. e Cannot write line number entries to object file Cannot write optional header to object file Cannot write relocation entries to object file Cannot write section headers to object file Cannot write string table to object file Cannot write symbols to object file 186 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 187 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 5 Assembler Fatal Error Messages continued Message Explanation Cannot write control string to Operating system I O error prevented the assembler listing file from writing data element to the output listing file Cannot write form feed to listing file Cannot write left margin to listing file Cannot write new line to listing file Cannot write new page to listing file Cannot write page header to listing file Cannot write string to listing file Can t find an unused source All registers have been used four times register for CLR Debug information for multiple Assembler can assemble only one file file assembling is inaccurate Expression operator failure Failure of the expression operator lookup You should report this serious internal error to StarCore Falign is not allowed in a VLES FALIGN directive appeared inside a VLES I O error writing data word to Operating system I O error prevented the assembler object f
109. e ELF Object Files eln Library Object Modules elb Executable ELF Object File eld The SC100 assembler architecture is compiler friendly so you can combine it with a compiler that generates exceptionally compact code In this manner you can write applications in C yet achieve code density and high performance comparable to that of hand coded assembly programs Compiler options let you specify appropriate settings development tools processing stages and processing options Then when you submit C source files to the compiler its shell automatically advances the source files through compilation assembly and linking to produce an executable program 10 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA em SC Assem book Page 11 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Introduction References You submit hand coded assembly language files to the assembler which transforms the assembly code into ELF object code The assembler then submits this object code and any object modules to the linker which combines them into a single executable program You may load this executable program into the simulator for execution and evaluation References SC100 Application Binary Interface MNSC100ABI D SC100 C Compiler User s Manual MNSC100CC D SC100 Simulator Reference Manual MNSC100SIM D SC110 DSP Core Reference Manual MNSC110CORE D SC140 DSP Cor
110. e so tries to open main for reading If main instead is an argument for the b option you must clearly identify it by doing one of these actions Deleting the space before main asmsc100 1 bmain io Replacing the space with an equal sign asmsc100 1 b main io Repositioning another option before the list of source file names asmsc100 1 b main v io 14 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com L Pa NN Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 15 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Table 2 1 SC100 Assembler Options SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Option a Description Specifies absolute mode instead of the default relative mode With the b option generates an executable object file See Section Generating an Object File arch arch Specifies the assembly architecture for the file The arch parameter values include sc110 sc120 sc1200 sc140 sc140e sc1400 msc8101 msc8102 and pog Follow the same scxxx pattern for later architecture variants This option is synonymous with the command osc1101sc120lsc1200lsc140lsc140elsc1400 Another valid parameter value is rainbow with the s all option it activates specific restriction checking Still another valid parameter value is starlite but this architecture is not compatible with any BMTSET W instructions in your code Specifying a Target Architecture
111. e ENDM directive If you nest macro definitions the assembler does not define the nested macro until it expands the primary macro Related Directives DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF ENDM Example SWAP_SYM MACRO REG1 REG2 Swap REG1 REG2 MOVE R REG1 D0 use DO as temp MOVE R REG2 R REG1 MOVE DO R REG2 NDM EH MSG Issue Programmer Message Outputs a message without incrementing the error or warning counts MSG str exp str exp Parameters str Any valid string appropriate as part of a message Commas without spaces must separate multiple str values exp Any expression appropriate as part of a message Commas without spaces must separate multiple exp values Remarks Use this directive with conditional assembly directives to convey information The assembly proceeds normally after the assembler displays the message SC100 Assembler User Guide 131 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc Va gt SC_Assem book Page 132 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives FAIL WARN Example MSG Generating sine tables NOLIST Stop Assembly Listing Stops printing of the assembly listing NOLIST Remarks A special list counter initialized to 1 affects list printing as long as the counter value remains above zero the assem
112. e Reference Manual MNSC140CORE D SC100 Assembler User Guide 11 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc lt SC_Assem book Page 12 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Introduction Heferences 12 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com C_Assem book Page 13 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM s Freescale Semiconductor Inc E s SC100 Assembler The SC100 Assembler translates hand written or compiler generated SC100 assembly language programs into machine language The assembler uses executable and linking format ELF for object files It supports these features Expression evaluation using numeric constants string constants operators and built in functions Modular programming using sections Macros that allow variable arguments Conditional assembly Starting the Assembler Use this command to start the assembler asmsc100 option file where option One or more of the options Table 2 1 lists file One or more assembly source files separated by spaces The assembler processes these files in the order listed assembling them into a single object file If a file s name does not include an extension the assembler tries to open the file without an extension If that is not successful the assembler appends asm to the name and again tries to open the file If the asmsc100 command does not have any options the a
113. e assembler issues an error message upon restoring and processing the source line However the processed file is not limited to macro definitions it can include any valid source code statements If multiple MACLIB directives specify several directories the assembler searches the directories in their order in the MACLIB directives You may not use a label with this directive Related Directive INCLUDE Example MACLIB macros mymacs MACRO Define Macro Defines a new macro label MACRO dumarg dumarg Source statements ENDM Parameters label Name for the new macro should not duplicate any existing assembler directives or mnemonics dumarg Symbolic name to be replaced by an argument value when a statement calls the macro Must follow the rules for symbol names may not begin with the character Commas without spaces must separate multiple dumarg values 130 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc Va gt SC_Assem book Page 131 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Remarks Each macro definition consists of three parts Header the name and dummy arguments This is the MACRO directive with its label and dumarg values The assembler issues a warning if the label value duplicates an assembler directive or mnemonic Body the sequence of standard source statements Terminator th
114. e blank Line number The first field of source listing lines shows the line number 42 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA em SC Assem book Page 43 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Source Listing ndicator The second field of source listing lines is the macro definition expansion column Possible values are Indicator m Meaning Macro definition in progress The assembler does not assemble these lines but retains them for macro expansion Macro expansion in progress Data expansion occurring The oCEX option requested this expansion Line skipped due to an IF THEN ELSE directive sequence Line automatically generated by the assembler for a pipeline delay Address The third field of source listing lines contains the memory space value Location Counter The fourth field of source listing lines contains the location counter value Statement Fields 5 and beyond of source listing lines contain the source statement This statement contains one or more instructions depending on usage of instruction groups Error Message The listing shows an error message above the line that contains the error The message consists of the source file name the source line number the severity level remark warning error or fatal and the message text The m
115. e inhibits the source listing by specifying IL inhibit listing as an argument for the o option Another way to inhibit the source listing is specifying IL as an argument to the OPT directive in the assembly source file asmsc100 b oil filter asm gaus asm SC100 Assembler User Guide 19 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 20 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Controlling Assembler Messages To redirect the standard error output stream to a file and to control the level of messages the assembler displays use the ea ew q or v options ea file Appends the standard error output stream stderr to the specified file A space is required between ea and the file name ew file Writes the standard error output stream stderr to the specified file overwriting the file if it already exists A space is required between ew and the file name Specifies quiet mode suppressing the assembler banner Specifies verbose mode reporting assembly progress such as beginning of passes and opening and closing of input files to the standard error output stream This helps make sure that assembly is proceeding normally This example Assembles the files ilter asmand gaus asm into the relocatable object file filter eln Redirects the standard error output stream to the file errors and Redirects the so
116. e lines COUNT SET 3 DUP COUNT ASR BY COUNT ASR DO ENDM The source listing includes the line ASR DO three times 114 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 115 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions DUPA Duplicate Sequence with Arguments Duplicates the following source statements for each argument substituting successive arg values for the dummy argument The ENDM directive marks the last statement to be duplicated To immediately halt source line duplication for example upon detection of an error use the EXITM directive and conditional assembly directives label DUPA dummy argl arg ENDM Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the runtime location counter at the start of directive processing dummy Valid expression that appears in the source lines arg Argument string Single quotes must enclose an embedded space or other character significant to the assembler If a null string the assembler removes dummy values as it repeats the statements Commas without spaces must separate multiple arg values Related Directives DUP DUPC DUPF ENDM EXITM MACRO Example If MD and MEX options are enabled and if input includes these lines DUPA VALUE 12 32 34 DC VALUE ENDM The source listing shows successive lines DC 12 DC
117. e memory space ORG directive 139 140 193 For More V www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc NA GN SC Assem book Page 194 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM initialize program subtitle STITLE directive 149 150 initialize program title TITLE directive 150 instruction data checksum CHK function 57 INT integer check function 62 63 integer check INT function 62 63 internal expression representation 46 introduction 9 11 issue programmer error message FAIL directive 122 123 issue programmer message MSG directive 131 132 issue programmer warning WARN directive 152 153 L L10 log base 10 function 63 label field source statements 37 LCV location counter value function 63 64 LEN string length function 64 LFR convert floating point to long fractional function 64 65 libraries macros 157 limitations data analysis 33 34 LIST list assembly directive 128 129 list assembly LIST directive 128 129 LIST directive flag value LST function 66 list directive 88 91 listing control directives 90 listing source 40 44 LNG concatenate to double word function 65 location counter number CTR function 58 location counter value LCV function 63 64 LOG natural logarithm function 65 log base 10 L10 function 63 LOMEM set low memory bounds directive 129 LST LIST directive flag value function 66 LUN convert long fractional to floati
118. e note 132 133 OPT set assembler options 133 139 options 90 ORG initialize memory space 139 140 PAGE advance size page 140 141 PMACRO purge macro definition 141 142 PRCTL send control string to printer 142 RADIX set constant radix 143 SECFLAGS set ELF section flags 143 144 SECTION start section 144 147 SECTYPE set ELF section type 147 148 SET set symbol to value 148 significant characters 87 88 SIZE set symbol size 149 STITLE initialize program subtitle 149 150 191 For More V www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc NA GN SC Assem book Page 192 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM storage allocation 90 symbol definition 89 TITLE initialize program title 150 TYPE set symbol type 151 UNDEF undefine define symbol 151 152 WARN issue programmer warning 152 153 XDEF define external symbol 153 XREF reference external symbol 154 directories additional searching 20 21 DS define storage directive 111 112 DSM define storage for modulo directive 112 113 DSR define reverse carry storage directive 113 dummy argument operators in macros 157 158 DUP duplicate source lines directive 114 DUPA duplicate sequence with arguments directive 115 DUPC duplicate sequence with characters directive 116 DUPF duplicate sequence in loop directive 117 duplicate sequence in loop DUPF directive 117 duplicate sequence with arguments DUPA dire
119. e of the location counter at the start of directive processing numbytes Number of bytes an expression that evaluates to an integer greater than zero This expression must not contain any forward references The location counter advances by this number of bytes Related Directive DSR SC100 Assembler User Guide 111 T hy For More V www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 112 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example If the current loader address is 9e align16 Align on next 16 byte boundary R_BUF DS 8 Reserve 8 bytes for R_BUF S_BUF DS 12 Reserve 12 bytes for S_BUF DSM Define Storage for Modulo For COFF mode only reserves a block of words for modulo storage does not initialize the word values label DSM numwords Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the location counter after establishment of a valid base address numwords Block length in words an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer greater than zero Must not contain any forward references Can have any memory space attribute Remarks This directive pertains to COFF mode only ELF mode does not support this directive If the value of the runtime location counter is not zero this directive advances the runtime location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2K where 2 equals or exceeds the numwords value
120. e or in parallel to non delayed COF or in delay slot or in parallel to delayed COF instruction NOTE The s all pattern does not include the Xn items of Table 2 4 because they are programming guidelines instead of restrictions To check for violations of these guidelines you must list them individually as in the pattern s X1 X3 X4 If the command line includes the arch rainbow and s all options the assembler checks for reads and writes to the same address checks whether accessed memory bandwidth exceeds 64 bits and checks for writes on 128 bits Data Analysis The k conv_file command line option activates the 8101 restriction checker which is appropriate only for the SC140 architecture All the checked restrictions are part of the 1K42A silicon errata If the restriction checker finds violations of these restrictions it issues corresponding error messages If the k option does not specify an initialization 28 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 29 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options file the restriction checker cannot check for restriction violations that involve special register addresses The directory that contains the assembler also contains a template for the convention file If the file you are assembling modifies board dependent registers you should 1 De comm
121. ective elsewhere in the program can redefine the label Use this directive to establish temporary or reusable counters within a macro Related Directives DEFINE EQU GSET Example COUNT SET 0 Initialize count 148 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 149 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions SIZE Set Symbol Size Sets the size of the specified symbol to the value of the expression parameter May be anywhere in the source file unless the symbol is a function name If you define an INITIALIZER or VARIABLE symbol the SIZE directive should appear after the symbol definition SIZE symbol expression alignment Parameters symbol Any valid symbol If a function name the function definition must precede the SIZE directive expression Any valid expression alignment Optional alignment value for the symbol in the mw info section The linker uses this section s information for dead stripping Related Directive TYPE Example main RTS SIZE main main STITLE Initialize Program Subtitle Makes the specified string a subtitle of the program STITLE string Parameter string Optional string value SC100 Assembler User Guide 149 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 150 Thurs
122. ed counter must evaluate to an integer value Remarks This function does not work correctly if you use it to specify the runtime counter value of a relocatable overlay This is because the resulting value is an overlay expression and you may not use overlay expressions to set the runtime counter for a subsequent overlay Example ADDR LCV R Save runtime address LEN String Length Returns the length of the specified string as an integer The result s memory space attribute is N GLEN string Parameter string Any valid string Example SLEN SET LEN string SLEN 6 LFR Convert Floating Point to Long Fractional Scales and convergent rounds a floating point expression returning its fractional representation as a long integer The result s memory space attribute is N LFR expr Parameter expr Any valid floating point expression 64 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc s C_Assem book Page 65 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Example LFRAC EQU LFR LFLT Store binary form LNG Concatenate to Double Word Concatenates single words into a double word expr1 becomes the high word expr2 becomes the low word The result s memory space attribute is N LNG exprl expr2 Parameters exprl expr2 Any valid single word expressions Example LWORD D
123. eive the necessary assistance in time Because of an internal connection error the FCC3 request for service is issued with a much lower priority than intended CPM48 Disabling TDMx may interfere with the operation of TDMy if TDMy uses the SI RAM clocks directly above those used by TDMx CPM49 External CAM address recognition in Fast Ethernet controller does not function CPM50 When the MCC is configured to work in Transparent super channel first sync slot synchronization loss of alignment may occur when the first data idles on the Tx data line matches the value of the RCVSYNC parameter CPM54 Switch may not occur properly when the last entry in either normal or shadow RAM is either one or two bits CPM55 The ATM Transmit command does not execute correctly when used on APC priority above 4 CPM57 The second part of a second cell may overwrite the second part of the first cell in an AAL5 frame CPM71 When the MCC performs a DMA read or write of the buffer descriptor GBL is not asserted and TC2 is always driven low CPM74 When running an FCC in HDLC nibble mode with the multi frame per FIFO bit off the CPM may lose synchronization with the FCC HDLC controller 30 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 31 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 5 SC140 k Restrictions continued I
124. elimits alternative conditional assembly ends or begins source lines to be assembled according to the value of the assembly condition ELSE Remarks An optional directive valid only with a pair of IF and ENDIF directives Ifthe IF directive s condition value is TRUE non zero the assembler assembles source lines between the IF and ELSE directives ignores lines between the ELSE and ENDIF directives If the IF directive s condition value is FALSE zero the assembler ignores source lines between the IF and ELSE directives assembles lines between the ELSE and ENDIF directives You can nest conditional directives to any level The ELSE directive like the ENDIF directive always pairs with the closest previous IF directive You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives ENDIF IF Example If the mode is little endian and the assembler encounters this code IF DEF BIG ENDIAN MOVE W r0 d1 Start traceback from ELSE state zero MOVE W r0 dl ENDIF The assembler ignores the line MOVE W r0 d1 and assembles the line MOVE W r0 dl END End of Source Program Marks that the logical end of the source program the assembler ignores any statements following this directive END startaddr 118 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 119 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM
125. em book Page 117 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions DUPF Duplicate Sequence in Loop Duplicates the following source statements the values of start end and increment arguments determine the number of duplications The ENDM directive marks the last statement to be duplicated To immediately halt source line duplication for example upon detection of an error use the EXITM directive and conditional assembly directives label DUPF dummy start end increment ENDM Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the runtime location counter at the start of directive processing dummy A parameter that holds the loop index value may appear in instruction statements start Optional starting value for the loop index defaults to 1 end Ending value for the loop index increment Optional increment value for the loop index defaults to 1 Related Directives DUP DUPA DUPC ENDM EXITM MACRO Example If MD and MEX options are enabled and if input includes these lines DUPF NUM 0 7 MOVE B 0 R NUM ENDM The source listing includes eight copies of the line MOVE B 0 R NUM SC100 Assembler User Guide 117 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 118 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions ELSE Start Alternative Conditional Assembly D
126. ent the lines that contain information about these registers 2 Add the addresses of these registers Table 2 5 lists the restrictions that the k option checks Table 2 5 SC140 k Restrictions Identifier Error Message CPM6 Spurious overrun indications on the FCC may occur after the stop transmit command is issued CPM8 The TODR mechanism may freeze serial channels CPM9 Under certain conditions an ATM receiver may receive cells of PHYs which were not addressed for it CPM10 In ATM a Transmit internal rate underrun error is not reported correctly in the TIRU field of the FCCE register CPM14 Corruption of ATM cells may occur when the following combination in used AAL1 with UDC in which the user defined header size is 9 to 12 octets and PM is not used CPM15 The PDATA PDATB PDATC and PDATD registers can only be written with a 32 bit write instruction CPM27 The heartbeat checking in FCC transmit ethernet 10 Mbps does not work properly CPM28 In the SCC Rx in HDLC mode RFTHR does not work CPM29 In SCC Rx ethernet the option of transferring only part of a frame into memory does not work CPM30 The graceful stop command does not work in SCC Tx in Ethernet HDLC and Transparent modes CPM35 When SCC transparent envelope mode is used and the received frame size is 4 n 1 the last byte us corrupted When GSMR H RFW rx FIFO width is used the received data is completely corrupted no
127. er of long loops greater than number of dosetup instructions Possible missing DOSETUP instruction the number of DOSETUP instructions must match the number of long loops Opening bracket following another opening bracket or there is an unclosed bracket Opening bracket unclosed at end of file SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Informatio Missing closing bracket 167 www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 168 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 3 Assembler Warnings continued Warning Explanation Options for both absolute and C Command line inappropriately had both a and c mode specified C mode ignored options Assembler ignored the c option Options for both debug and strip Command line inappropriately had both g and z Specified strip ignored options Assembler ignored the z option Option not implemented ELF mode implementation does not include AL CONST CRE DBL EM GS LB LBX NDE NS RP SCL SCO S XLL Or XROPT options Page directive with no arguments Previous PAGE directive specified page length zero so ignored with page length of zero the assembler ignored this PAGE directive with no arguments Otherwise the PAGE directive with no arguments is a listing output form feed PRCTL directive ignored no Command line lacked the 1 option which is essential explicit listing fi
128. er value 63 64 LEN string length 64 LFR convert floating point to long fractional 64 65 LNG concatenate to double word 65 LOG natural logarithm 65 LST LIST directive flag value 66 LUN convert long fractional to floating point 66 MAC macro definition 66 67 macro 52 mathematical 51 MAX maximum value 67 MIN minimum value 67 MSP memory space 67 68 SC100 Assembler User Guide MXP memory expansion 68 POS position of substring 68 POW raise to a power 69 REL relative mode 69 RND random value 69 RVB reverse bits in field 70 SCP compare strings 70 SGN return sign 70 71 SIN sine 71 SNH hyperbolic sine 71 SQT square root 72 string 52 TAN tangent 72 TNH hyperbolic tangent 72 73 UNF convert fractional to floating point 73 XPN exponential function 73 G generating an object file 18 GLOBAL declare global section symbol directive 124 125 group instructions directive 99 GSET set global symbol to value directive 125 H HIMEM set high memory bounds directive 125 126 hyperbolic cosine COH function 57 58 hyperbolic sine SNH function 71 hyperbolic tangent TNH function 72 73 I IF start conditional assembly directive 126 127 INCLUDE include secondary file directive 127 128 include note NOTE directive 132 133 include secondary file INCLUDE directive 127 128 initialization file 34 35 initialization file directives 34 35 initializ
129. erator Precedence Table 3 2 Assembler Operators continued Type Operator Description Logical amp amp Logical AND Returns integer 1 if both operands are nonzero otherwise returns integer O I Logical OR Returns integer 1 if either operand is nonzero otherwise returns integer O Operator Precedence The assembler evaluates expressions from left to right following these rules of operator precedence Parenthetical expression innermost first Unary plus unary minus one s complement logical negation Multiplication division mod Addition subtraction Shift Relational operators less less or equal greater greater or equal Relational operators equal not equal Bitwise AND OR exclusive OR Logical AND OR SOE OO TN JON JTD Valid operands include numeric constants literal ASCII strings and symbols You cannot apply the one s complement shift or bitwise operators to floating point operands That is if an expression evaluation results in a floating point value on either side of any such operator the assembler generates an error message Functions The assembler s built in functions support data conversion string comparison and transcendental math computations You may use functions as terms in any arbitrary expression functions may have no arguments one argument or multiple arguments These rules apply Open and close parentheses must always follow functions
130. ers label Optional label that receives the value of the location counter at the start of directive processing arg A byte integer constant string constant symbol or byte expression Integer constants must be byte values in the range 0 255 Commas without spaces must separate multiple arg values Remarks The assembler stores multiple arguments in successive byte locations If this directive has multiple arguments one or more can be null two adjacent commas this fills the corresponding byte location with zeros The assembler stores integer arguments as integers you may not use floating point arguments String storage is Single character strings a byte whose lower seven bits represent the ASCII character value For example the assembler stores the string R as 52 Multiple character strings consecutive bytes each of which contains an ASCII value For example the assembler stores the arguments AB CD as 41 42 00 43 and 44 Related Directives DC DCL SC100 Assembler User Guide 109 For More omis www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 110 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example TABLE DCB two 0 strings 0 CHARS DEB At BN ES MD DCL Define Constant Long Allocates and initializes four bytes of memory for each argument label DCL arg arg Parameters label Optional label
131. essage may also include information about incorrect symbols or fields Message Counts The listing ends with counts of the assembler errors and warnings Final Information The end of a source listing includes additional information that the Assembler records such as Alistof macros including the definition line numbers This list includes any sections declared in the program as well as defined symbols and their substitution strings Asymbol table including symbol types integer or floating point values definition sections and attributes local global or set Anoptional table of non local symbols with their defined values Use the S option to have the assembler create this table This table appears after the end of source input or after the END directive whichever is first SC100 Assembler User Guide For More TES www freescale com T hy a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 44 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Source Listing An optional cross reference table of non local symbols with line numbers of source lines that refer to these symbols Asterisk characters indicate lines that define symbols Use the CRE option to have the assembler create this table This table appears after the end of source input or after the END directive whichever is first An optional memory utilization report a memory map showing data allocation code ge
132. expr An absolute integer value within the processor address range Related Directive LOMEM Example HIMEM P 7FFF Set P run high mem limit to 7fff IF Start Conditional Assembly Starts conditional assembly of source lines the assembler assembles the following lines if the condition value is true non zero The ENDIF directive indicates the last source line to be assembled conditionally IF condition EH NDIF Parameter condition An absolute integer expression A non zero value means that the condition is true a zero value means that the condition is false Must not contain any forward references Remarks The directive pair IF and ENDIF delimit source lines for conditional assembly You can nest conditional assembly directives to any level The ENDIF directive like the optional ELSE directive always pairs with the closest previous IF directive The assembler follows these rules 126 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 127 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions condition TRUE non zero no ELSE directive assembles lines between IF and ENDIF condition FALSE zero no ELSE directive ignores lines between IF and ENDIF condition TRUE non zero ELSE directive present assembles lines between IF and ELSE ignores lines between ELS
133. eyword FOR directive lacked its associated TO or DOWNTO TO or DOWNTO directive Syntax error expected quote Start of a quoted string should have appeared at the location in code Syntax error extra characters Extra characters appeared after an instruction or directive operand Syntax error missing address Unspecified instruction operand mode specifier Syntax error invalid FOR directive lacked its right term assignment operator Syntax error invalid compound Assembler did not find an AND OR THEN or DO operator operator where appropriate Syntax error invalid Assembler did not find the or operator where conditional operator appropriate Syntax error invalid Invalid optional BREAK expression expression format SC100 Assembler User Guide 183 For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 184 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Syntax error invalid statement terminator Explanation Assembler did not find the appropriate THEN ENDW Or UNTIL directive for the corresponding IF WHILE Or REPEAT directive Syntax error in directive name list RDIRECT directive lacked its appropriate comma Syntax error in dummy argument list In a macro definition a non comma character separated dummy arguments or
134. ference external symbol COFF only SC100 Assembler User Guide 89 T hy For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 90 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Directive List Table 5 2 Assembler Directive Summary continued Type Directive Description Data Definition ALIGN Align location counter and Storage Allocation BADDR Set buffer address BSB Block storage bit reverse BSC Block storage of constant BSM Allocate storage block for modulo COFF only BUFFER Start buffer DC Define constant DCB Define constant byte DCL Define constant long DCW Define constant word DS Define storage DSM Define storage for modulo COFF only DSR Define reverse carry storage ENDBUF End buffer FALIGN Fetch set alignment Listing Controland LIST List the assembly Options NOLIST Stop assembly listing NOTE Include note OPT Set assembler options PAGE Top of page size page PRCTL Send control string to printer STITLE Initialize program subtitle TITLE Initialize program title 90 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 91 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 2 Assembler Directive Summary continued Type Directive Descripti
135. fore any local label In COFF mode the XLL option must precede all local label definitions XR option must be used before any label Assembler encountered a label when the xR option was not active This option lets the assembler make appropriate entries in the symbol table XREF without preceding SECTION directive Assembler encountered an XREF directive before encountering a SECTION directive Pertains only to COFF mode ELF mode does not support XREF SC100 Assembler User Guide 185 For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc ND e SC Assem book Page 186 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 5 Assembler Fatal Error Messages Message Explanation Attempt to store external Storing external reference data is valid only in COFF reference data in absolute mode mode not in absolute mode Cannot seek to start of line Operating system I O error prevented the assembler number entries from positioning the item correctly in the output object Cannot seek to start of object file data Cannot seek to start of object file Cannot seek to start of relocation entries Cannot seek to start of section headers Cannot seek to start of string table Cannot seek to start of symbol table Cannot write file header to Operating system I O error prevented the assembler object file from writing data element to the output object fil
136. g back on ENDIF LOMEM Set Low Memory Bounds Establishes an absolute low memory bound for code and data generation This directive is valid only for absolute mode you may not use a label with this directive LOMEM P expr Parameters P P memory specifier expr An absolute integer value within the processor address range Related Directive HIMEM Example HIMEM P 100 Set P run low mem limit to 100 MACLIB Specify Macro Library Specifies a directory that contains macro definitions MACLIB pathname Parameter pathname Pathname of a macro definition directory Remarks Each macro definition must be in a separate file the file must have the same name as the macro with extension asm So file blockmv asm would contain the definition of macro blockmv Upon encountering a directive that is not in the directive or mnemonic tables the assembler searches the directory that pathname specifies If it finds a matching SC100 Assembler User Guide 129 For More TES www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 130 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions file the assembler saves the current source line then opens the file for input as an INCLUDE file When the assembler reaches the end of the file it restores the source line and resumes processing If the processed file does not include a macro definition of the unknown directive th
137. g of the source file to specify big endian mode opt sc140 be page 132 42 0 0 0 LAB1 macro args Checking Programming Rules The reference manual for each core explains the rules for grouping and sequencing instructions in a variable length execution set VLES The assembler enforces static programming rules marking violations at assembly time Assembly does not take place if such errors exist Table 2 4 lists rule identifiers and the text of associated error messages Rule identifiers begin actual error messages For example the identifier A 1 corresponds to Rule A 1 of the C140 Core Reference Manual NOTE The assembler s default setting for rule checking is OFF But even with this setting the assembler checks restrictions G G 1 G G 2 G G 3 G P 1 and L G 5 The default setting of previous assembler releases was that rule checking or restriction checking was ON you used the suppress option to disable rule checking The s option replaces the suppress option Use these s option patterns to control rule checking s id id Enables checking for violations of specified rules id values are rule identifiers without period or other characters Commas without spaces must separate multiple id arguments Neither the s option nor the id arguments are case sensitive Table 2 4 lists valid id values SC100 Assembler User Guide 23 h SD For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C
138. guments as long word quantities Otherwise the assembler issues an error message if the evaluated argument value is too large for a single DSP word The assembler stores integer arguments as integers it converts floating point arguments to binary values String storage is Single character strings a word whose lower seven bits represent the ASCII character value For example the assembler stores the string R as 000052 Multiple character strings words that are concatenated sequences of ASCII values If the number of string characters is not an even multiple of the number of bytes per DSP word the last word s remaining characters are left aligned and zeros fill the rest of the word For example the assembler stores the string ABCD as two words 414243 and 410000 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy Es Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC Assem book Page 109 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Exception The NOPS option tells the assembler to store each character of a string as it would store a single character string It would store the string ABCD as 000041 000042 000043 and 000044 Related Directives DCB DCL TABLE DC 1426 253 2662 ABCD CHARS DC A B C D DCB Define Constant Byte Allocates and initializes a byte of memory for each argument label DCB arg arg Paramet
139. h in bytes an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer greater than zero Must not contain any forward references should be a power of two Can have any memory space attribute SC100 Assembler User Guide 103 For More onis www freescale com e Freescale Semiconductor Inc Va gt SC_Assem book Page 104 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions value Optional value expression for the initial value of each array byte Can have any memory space attribute Omitting this value tells the assembler to use the value zero Remarks If the location counter is not zero this directive advances the location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 gt length The listing shows only one byte of object code regardless of how large the length expression is However the location counter advances by the number of bytes generated The assembler issues a warning if the length expression is not a power of two Related Directives BADDR BSC DC Example BUFFER BSB BUFSIZ Initialize buffer to zeros BSC Allocate Constant Storage Block Allocates and initializes a block of bytes label BSC length value Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the location counter at the start of directive processing length Block length in bytes an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer greater than zero Must not contain any forwa
140. haracters beyond expression Expression evaluator found extra characters after the end of a valid expression possibly due to unbalanced parentheses Extra characters following string In the source line unexpected characters followed the end of string delimiter Extra characters following symbol name Symbol name contained a non alphabetic character other that an underscore Extra characters in function argument or missing for function Mismatched parentheses or wrong number of parameters in a function call Extra characters in operand field Too many operands for a PAGE directive Extra fields ignored Assembler directive specified extra fields EXTRACT Offset width gt 40 bits Violation of the 40 bit limit specific only to the sc100 processor Floating point constant expected A character other than ASCII 0 through 9 e E or appeared in an expression where a floating point value should have been Floating point not allowed in relative expression Floating point value in a relative expression not appropriate as the assembler uses relative expressions for address computations Forcing not specified FORCE directive lacked the type of forcing operand Forward reference not allowed for expression Given context did not permit a forward or external reference Function result out of range SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Informa
141. her notice Metrowerks makes no warranty representation or guarantee regarding the merchantability or fitness of its prod ucts for any particular purpose nor does Metrowerks assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product described herein and specifically disclaims any and all liability Metrowerks software is not authorized for and has not been designed tested manufactured or intended for use in developing applications where the fail ure malfunction or any inaccuracy of the application carries a risk of death serious bodily injury or damage to tangible property including but not limited to use in factory control systems medical devices or facilities nuclear facilities aircraft navigation or communication emergency systems or other applications with a similar degree of potential hazard How to Contact Metrowerks Corporate Headquarters Metrowerks Corporation 7700 West Parmer Lane Austin TX 78729 U S A World Wide Web http www metrowerks com Sales United States Voice 800 377 5416 United States Fax 512 996 4910 International Voice 1 512 996 5300 E mail sales metrowerks com Technical Support United States Voice 800 377 5416 International Voice 1 512 996 5300 E mail support metrowerks com For More an www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 3 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Contents 1 Introduction 9 As
142. hin the section global Without this parameter all symbols defined within the section are local core_id Optional 8102 DSP core loading destination for the section Does not pertain to other processors Remarks Code or data inside a section is independently relocatable within the memory space to which it is bound You can nest sections to any level When the assembler encounters a nested section it stacks the parent section and uses the nested section Upon encountering the nested section s ENDSEC directive the assembler restores and uses the parent section The ENDSEC directive always pairs with the closest previous SECTION directive You can split a section into separate parts by using the same name for multiple SECTION and ENDSEC pairs This lets you arrange program source statements arbitrarily For example you can group all statements that reserve P space storage locations The assembler allocates a P memory space location counter for every section you define in source code This counter maintains data and instruction offsets from the beginning of the section At link time according to your specifications the linker relocates sections to an absolute address loads sections in a particular order or linked sections contiguously The linker logically recombines split sections making it possible to relocate each section as a unit You may give a section any name except for the reserved names of Table 5 4 Table 5 4 Rese
143. ied memory counter or memory map character was not compatible with P memory space Only P memory space is valid for StarCore Illegal memory space character Illegal memory space specified Specified memory space or memory space character was not compatible with P memory space Only P memory space is valid for StarCore Illegal local label ELF mode label did not start with Illegal operator for floating point element Source code specified a bitwise operator for a floating point value Illegal option Undefined o option Increment value cannot be zero DUPF directive increment parameter value must be greater than zero Initial debug directive must be FILE In a source file that contained debug directives being assembled withe the G option the FILE directive was not the first source level debug directive in the input stream INSERT Offset width gt 40 bits Violation of the 40 bit limit specific only to the sc100 processor Instruction cannot have ift iff ifa in one packet Violation of an sc100 processor restriction Instruction could not be reordered for MUX Violation of an sc100 processor restriction Invalid buffer type BADDR or BUFFER directive specified a type that was not M modulo or R reverse carry Invalid dummy argument name Macro dummy argument name was a local symbol possibly beginning with the character Invalid
144. ile from writing data to the output object file Loopend is not allowed in a VLES LOOPEND directive appeared inside a VLES Loopstart is not allowed in a LOOPSTART directive appeared inside a VLES VLES Nesting error possible endsec Assembler found an ENDSEC directive without its without its corresponding corresponding SECTION directive section Out of memory Assembler could not allocate memory Too many lines in source file A source file exceeded the maximum number of lines 2 to the 32nd power Too many sections in module A module exceeded the maximum number of sections 2 to the 16th power SC100 Assembler User Guide 187 For More Information www freescale com WZ is Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 188 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 1 Assembler Messages 188 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC Assem book Page 189 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Index Symbols delimit macro string directive 96 97 expand define quoted string directive 97 use immediate addressing directive 100 lt force immediate short addressing directive 101 gt force immediate long addressing directive 101 102 substitute macro hex value directive 95 substitute location counter directive 98 concatenate strings directive 98
145. include the c option to suppress assembly source level debug information But for a manually written assembly file your command line should not include the c option If the assembly file includes an overlay or union section the assembler appends that section s name to the names of debug sections For consistent debug information modules that contain debug information and an overlay union section must not include other text sections In COFF mode only strips symbol information from the executable object file This option is valid only with both the a and b options This option has no effect in ELF mode This example strips symbol information from the executable object file filter eld asmsc100 a bfilter eld z filter asm Redirecting the Source Listing Per the default setting the assembler sends a source listing to the standard output To save the source listing to a file use the 1 option l file Redirects the source listing to the specified file the file name may include an optional pathname This option overwrites any file that has the same name If this option does not include a name the assembler uses the name of the first source file in the command line with extension 1st This first example assembles files filter asm and gaus asm into the single relocatable object file filter eln then redirects the source listing to file filter lst asmsc100 b lfilter lst filter asm gaus asm The second exampl
146. ines RC Uses relative comment spacing lets comment starting column float according to presence absence of other field values NORC option Does not use relative spacing Default setting reset setting at end of pass one Output file COFF Specifies a COFF binary output file format ELF Specifies an ELF binary output file REL Specifies a rel relocation type RELA Specifies a rela relocation type Reporting CEX Prints DC expansions NOCEX option Does not print DC expansions Default setting reset setting at end of pass one 134 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 135 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 3 OPT Options continued Type Option Control Action CL Prints conditional assembly directives Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOCL option Does not print conditional assembly directives DXL Expands DEFINE directive strings in the source listing Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NODXL option Does not expand DEFINE directive strings HDR Generates listing header along with titles and subtitles Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NOHDR option Does not generate listing header turns off titles and subtitles IL Inhibits blocks a source listing MC Prints macro calls
147. ing pathname MACLIB directive lacked a pathname argument Missing quote String parsing routines did not find the appropriate single or double quote character Missing section name SECTION directive lacked a section name argument 178 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 179 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Missing string after concatenation operator Explanation A quoted string did not follow the operator Missing symbol name DEFINE directive first argument was not a symbol name Missing type definition TYPE directive did not refer to a label Mode not specified Neither RELATIVE nor ABSOLUTE followed the MODI directive Gl More than one pseudo on a line or pseudo mixed with instructions Only one pseudo may appear on a line the same list must not mix pseudos and instructions MU option must be used before any code or data generation Assembler encountered a data allocation directive BSC DC DS DSR or an instruction before encountering the MU option No instructions in enclosing blocks No instructions were inside a bracket set NOGS option must be used before any section Assembler encountered an explicit section before encountering the NOGS option if you u
148. ion would be DC ABCD A Expand DEFINE Quoted String In a DEFINE directive character sequence specifies expansion within the string Otherwise delimits a string just as single quotes Alternate role In a macro definition tells the macro processor to use a single quote Example For this macro definition DEFINE LONG short STR MAC MACRO STRING MSG This is a LONG STRING MSG This is a LONG STRING ENDM and this macro call STR MAC sentence the macro expansion would be MSG MSG This is a LONG STRING This is a short sentence e Start Function Mandatory start symbol for all assembler built in functions SC100 Assembler User Guide 97 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 98 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example SVAL EQU SQT FVAL Obtain square root Substitute Location Counter If an operand in an expression represents the current integer value of the location counter Example ORG P 100 PBASE EQU 20 PBASE 120 Concatenate Strings Concatenates any two strings Single or double quotes must enclose the strings there must not be intervening spaces Example ABC DEF ABCDEF Delimit Substring Delimit a substring operation Alternate role Group instructions string offset length
149. is www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S ND GN C_Assem book Page 156 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Macros and Conditional Assembly Defining a Macro dumarg Optional symbolic name to be replaced by an argument value when a statement calls the macro Each dumarg value must follow the rules for global symbol names and must not begin with the character Commas without spaces must separate multiple dumarg values comment An optional comment Note that a macro definition can call other macros Such other macros are nested The definition of a nested macro must precede its appearance in a source statement operation field The assembler does not process calls or definitions of nested macros until it expands the parent macro Calling a Macro Use a macro call to invoke a macro In response the assembler produces in line code from the macro s statements then inserts that code in the normal flow of the program For every macro call execution of the generated source statements takes place with execution of the rest of the program A macro call is a source statement that has this format label macro argl arg comment where label An optional label that corresponds to the location counter value at the start of the macro expansion macro The name of the macro must be in the operation field arg An optional substitutable argument Commas without spaces must separate multiple arguments
150. itive Example value StArT ffff Assembler Processing The SC100 assembler passes through code three times performing these operations 1 First Pass Gathers instruction sequence and ordering information As appropriate rearranges instructions generates error messages and warnings SC100 Assembler User Guide 35 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 36 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Source Statements 2 Second Pass Reads source program Builds symbol and macro tables 3 Third Pass Referring to the Pass 2 tables generates the object file Produces the source listing The assembler processes each source statement completely before reading the next statement As it reads each line the assembler applies all translations that DEFINE directives specify Then the assembler examines the label operation code and operand fields The assembler scans the macro definition table for matches with the operation code If there is no match the assembler scans the operation code and directive tables for matches with known opcode In case of an error the assembler displays the appropriate error message then the line that contains the error The assembler displays all error messages even if it does not generate a source listing At the end of the source listing the assembler prints error warning and remark totals When the assemble
151. ives it must precede the definitions of the specified symbols You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives SECTION XREF Example SECTION IO XDEF LOOPA LOOPA valid in sections with XREF ENDSEC SC100 Assembler User Guide 153 SYD For More omis www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 154 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions XREF Reference External Symbol For COFF mode only makes symbols defined elsewhere valid in the current section XREF symbol symbol Parameter symbol Symbol to be valid in the current section The symbol definition must be outside any section or must be declared global by an XDEF directive Commas without spaces must separate multiple symbol values Remarks This directive pertains to COFF mode only ELF mode does not support this directive This directive must appear between SECTION and ENDSEC directives it must precede any references to the specified symbols You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives SECTION XDEF Example SECTION FILTER XREF AA CC DD Symbols valid in this section ENDSEC 154 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com dis Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 155 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Macros and Conditional Assembly Macro
152. le for the PRCTL directive Redefinition of symbol DEFINE directive uses a symbol redefined without an intervening UNDEF directive The assembler replaces the previous definition with the new one Runtime location counter Runtime location counter value went outside its overflow maximum or minimum bound The assembler wrapped Runtime location counter the counter value around and continued underflow Storage block size not a power An expression in a DSR directive did not evaluate to a of 2 power of 2 As the assembler relies on the DSR directive to allocate FFT buffers for reverse carry operations such buffers may not have appropriate sizes String truncated in expression Assembler uses only the first four characters of string evaluation constants during expression evaluation DC directive arguments are exceptions Strip not valid in relocatable Command line include z option but lacked the mode ignored corresponding a option the assembler ignored z Symbol alignment greater than SIZE directive specifies a symbol but section that section alignment defines that symbol specifies smaller alignment than does the SIZE directive 168 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 169 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM L Pa NN Assembler Messages Table B 3 Assembler Warnings continued Warning Explanation
153. le instructions Remarks Commas without spaces must separate multiple flag arguments Conventional sections text data rodata or bss have specific type and flag values A section with any other name is a code section its default type and flag values are those of a text section But you can use the SECFLAGS and SECTYPE directives to redefine the default values You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives SECTYPE SECTION Example The SECTION directive begins a data section that has a non standard name Accordingly the assembler gives this section the default flag values of a text section nowrite alloc execinstr The SECFLAGS directive makes the flag values appropriate for a data section SECTION data_input2 SECFLAGS write alloc noexecinstr ENDSEC SECTION Start Section Starts a section a block of relocatable code or data SECTION symbol GLOBAL core id section source statements ENDSEC 144 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 145 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Parameters symbol Name for the section Standard names are text data rodata and bss Other names automatically invoke text type and attribute values other names must not duplicate a reserved name GLOBAL Optional qualifier that makes all symbols defined wit
154. llocate block storage for modulo 105 106 BUFFER start buffer 106 107 COMMENT start comment lines 107 108 conditional assembly 91 data definition 90 DC define constant 108 109 DCB define constant byte 109 110 DCL define constant long 110 DEFINE define substitution string 110 111 descriptions 91 154 DS define storage 111 112 DSM define storage for modulo 112 113 DSR define reverse carry storage 113 DUP duplicate source lines 114 DUPA duplicate sequence with arguments 115 DUPC duplicate sequence with characters 116 DUPF duplicate sequence in loop 117 SC100 Assembler User Guide ELSE start alternative conditional assembly 118 END end of source program 118 119 ENDBUF end buffer 119 ENDIF end conditional assembly 119 120 ENDM end macro definition 120 ENDSEC end section 121 EQU equate symbol to value 121 122 EXITM exit macro 122 FAIL issue programmer error message 122 123 FALIGN align with fetch set 123 124 GLOBAL declare global section symbol 124 125 GSET set global symbol to value 125 HIMEM set high memory bounds 125 126 IF start conditional assembly 126 127 INCLUDE include secondary file 127 128 LIST list assembly 128 129 listing control 90 LOMEM set low memory bounds 129 MACLIB specify macro library 129 130 MACRO define macro 130 131 macros 91 MSG issue programmer message 131 132 NOLIST stop assembly listing 132 NOTE includ
155. lthough these descriptions show functions in upper case the functions are not case sensitive ABS Absolute Value Returns the absolute value of the specified expression as a floating point value The result s memory space attribute is N GABS expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example MOVE QGABS VAL D4 S Load absolute value ACS Arc Cosine Returns the arc cosine of the specified expression as a floating point value in the range Zero to pi The result s memory space attribute is N GACS expr Parameter expr Any valid expression that evaluates to a value between 1 and 1 SC100 Assembler User Guide 53 T cD For More V www freescale com ap Freescale Semiconductor Inc NN C Assem book Page 54 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Example ACOS ACS 1 0 ACOS 3 141593 ARG Macro Argument Returns integer 1 if the specified macro argument is present otherwise returns 0 The result s memory space attribute is N ARG symbol expr Parameters symbol Any valid symbol that refers to a dummy argument name must be in quotes expr Any valid expression that refers to the argument s ordinal position in the macro dummy argument list Remarks If you use this function when no macro expansion is active the assembler issues a warning Example IF ARG TWIDDLI En Is twiddle factor provided ASN Arc Sine Returns the a
156. ly advances the program counter to the next valid base address given the size of the modulo or reverse carry buffer This overflow occurs if the sum of the DSR directive expression and the runtime location counter value exceeds available memory in the current memory space SVO option must be used before Assembler encountered a data allocation directive BSC any code or data generation DC DS DSM DSR or an instruction before encountering the Svo option Symbol already defined as GLOBAL GLOBAL directive defined a symbol that a previous GLOBAL directive already defined Symbol already used as SET SET directive already defined the label only another SET symbol directive can redefine that label Symbol cannot be set to new A directive other than SET defined the label such labels value cannot be redefined Symbol defined in current In a section the assembler encountered a symbol section before GLOBAL directive definition before the GLOBAL directive The GLOBAL directive should follow the SECTION directive immediately Symbol name too long The symbol name exceeded the 512 character limit Symbol not previously defined UNDEF directive specified a symbol not previously defined by a DEFINE directive Symbol redefined Code already used the symbol as a label in a previous context Symbol tag mismatch Assembler could not find a matching tag reference for a tagged symbol table entry Symbol
157. mbers and handle strings SC100 Assembler User Guide 157 For More Information www freescale com L Pa NN Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 158 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Macros and Conditional Assembly Conditional Assembly Table 6 1 Macro Dummy Argument Operators Operator Action Concatenates a macro dummy argument with adjacent alphanumeric characters 2 For the sequence symbol1 substitutes a character string that represents the symbol decimal value Converts the sequence symbol to a character string that represents the symbol hexadecimal value Lets you use macro arguments as literal strings A Evaluates local labels at normal not macro scope Macro Directives Directives DUP DUPA DUPC and DUPF duplicate subsequent source lines Each directive is a special macro that simultaneously defines and calls an unnamed macro Source statements you define with any of these directives must follow the same rules as macro definitions For the DUPA DUPC and DUPF directives such source statements can include macro dummy operator characters Conditional Assembly 158 Through conditional assembly a comprehensive source program can cover many conditions For macros arguments specify assembly conditions For the DEFINE SET and EQU directives symbol definitions specify assembly conditions Built in assembler functions can test many con
158. meters R Specifier for the reverse carry buffer type 102 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc Va gt SC_Assem book Page 103 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions length Buffer length in bytes an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer greater than zero Must not contain any forward references should be a power of two Remarks If the location counter value is not zero this directive advances the location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 gt length There must be sufficient remaining memory to establish a valid base address or the assembler issues an error message Unlike other buffer allocation directives the BADDR directive does not advance the location counter the location counter continues to point to the buffer base address You may not use a label with this directive The assembler issues a warning if the length value is not a power of two Related Directives BSB BUFFER DSR Example ORG P 100 BADDR R 24 Reverse buffer 24 BSB Allocate Bit Reverse Buffer Allocates and initializes a block of bytes for a reverse carry buffer label BSB length value Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the location counter once the assembler establishes a valid base address R Specifier for the reverse carry buffer type length Block lengt
159. miconductor Inc SA S SC Assem book Page 9 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Introduction The SC100 assembly language tools consist of an assembler a linker an archiver and several utilities This manual explains the assembly language tools for the StarCore SC100 generation of DSP cores SC110 and SC140 For information on the C compiler see the C 00 C Compiler User s Manual For information on the simulator see the SC100 Simulator Reference Manual Assembler The SC100 Assembler converts handwritten or compiler generated SC100 assembly code into ELF object files The assembler provides Expression evaluation involving numeric constants string constants operators and built in functions Modular programming involving sections Macros that allow variable arguments Conditional assembly Chapters 2 through 6 provide a complete explanation of the assembler Software Development Flow Figure 1 1 illustrates the software development flow showing the inputs and outputs of each stage SC100 Assembler User Guide 9 WY UY For More omis www freescale com A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 10 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Introduction Software Development Flow Figure 1 1 StarCore Development Tools C Source Files EN SC100 C Compiler it Optimized Assembly Source sl External SC100 Assembler Assembly Source asm sl Relocatabl
160. mode command line a option all sections are absolute If the assembler runs in relative mode the default all sections are relocatable initially To make a section or a part of a section absolute use an ORG directive that specifies an absolute runtime address If the assembler encounters such an ORG directive it switches to absolute mode generating absolute addresses The assembler continues generating absolute code until it encounters an ENDSEC directive Address Assignment 78 The SC100 assembler supports either Assigning absolute addresses at assembly time Generating relocatable program addresses to be resolved during linking The assembler allows two sets of program counters load counters and runtime counters This distinction lets the assembler support overlays runtime code data transfers from one address to another For example you might load code and data at addresses A and B but overlays could copy them to addresses F and N for execution SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc Ma Se Zs C_Assem book Page 79 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management Overlays Use the ORG directive to specify absolute address assignment This directive also can specify the location counter H L default or a section s numbered counter and assign initial values NOTE Counters 0 1 and 2 correspond to the default L
161. n IF directive without the closing ENDIF directive SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 185 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Unexpected end of file missing ENDM Explanation Assembler encountered a MACRO directive without the closing ENDM directive Unexpected end of file missing ENDSEC Assembler encountered a SECTION directive without the closing ENDSEC directive Unknown math error A transcendental math function returned an error that the assembler could not classify as out of range or outside the function domain Unrecognized mnemonic Assembler opcode field contained a symbol not a defined macro instruction mnemonic or a directive UNTIL without associated REPEAT statement Missing REPEAT directive Value argument larger than machine word size FLD function value parameter value too large to fit into the target machine word Width argument greater than machine word size FLD function width parameter value too large to fit into the target machine word XDEF without preceding SECTION directive Assembler encountered an XDEF directive before encountering a SECTION directive Pertains only to COFF mode ELF mode does not support XDEF p LL option must be used be
162. nagement Overlays by the C C run time By default this serves as the heap start address The heap grows downwards provide _ROMStart 0x300000 Sets the ROM start address provide TopOfMemory Ox3fffff The highest address in memory provide SR Setting 0xe4000c Value to set the SR after reset exception mode interrupt level 7 Saturation on rounding mode nearest even memory 0 TopOfMemory rwx Start execution at interrupt vector first entry RESET reserve _DataStart _DataSize 2 _DataStart _DataSize 1 Reserve the top of the data area to generate a linker error if data size does not fit 64k reserve _StackStart _TopOfStack Reserve for stack and heap space entry 0 IntVec org 0 overlay overlayl rwx ovl starl ovl star2 ovl star3 overlay overlay2 rwx ovl cometl ovl comet2 segment intvec intvec org DataStart segment data data ramsp_0 default bss segment ovltab ovltab org _CodeStart segment text text segment ovlstar ovl_star segment ovlcomet ovl_comet segment overlayl overlayl segment overlay2 overlay2 org _ROMStart Segment rotable init_table SC100 Assembler User Guide 83 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 84 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Software Project Management
163. ncrements the total error count FAIL str exp str exp 122 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 123 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Parameters str Any valid string appropriate as part of an error message Commas without spaces must separate multiple str values exp Any expression appropriate as part of an error message Commas without spaces must separate multiple exp values Remarks Use this directive with conditional assembly directives for exceptional condition checking The assembly proceeds normally after the assembler displays the error message You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives MSG WARN Example FAIL Parameter out of range FALIGN Align with Fetch Set Aligns the address of a hardware loop s first instruction or the address of a jump instruction target with the fetch set The fetch set boundary is 16 bytes for the SC140 core FALIGN Remarks You may apply the FALIGN directive on a per loop basis The assembler performs alignment if the size of the execution set overlaps the fetch set boundary If the execution set starts at a nonaligned address but fits into the current fetch set the assembler does not perform alignment The assembler implements alignment by padding If you optimize the function for spee
164. nd restrictions that apply to statements that a programmer writes Macro Libraries Macro libraries are directories of macro definitions Each definition must be in a separate file each file has the macro s name with the extension asm For example blockmv asm is the file that contains the definition of macro blockmv The MACLIB directive specifies a macro library directory Upon encountering an unknown directive the assembler first searches for the definition in the directive and mnemonic tables If source code includes a MACLIB directive the assembler also searches the specified directory If the assembler finds the asm definition file in the directory it saves the current source line and the opens the file for input as an INCLUDE file At the end of the file the assembler restores the source line and resumes processing If the processed file does not include a macro definition of the unknown directive the assembler issues an error message upon restoring and processing the source line However the processed file is not limited to macro definitions it can include any valid source code statements If multiple MACLIB directives specify several directories the assembler searches the directories in their order in the MACLIB directives Dummy Argument Operators Table 6 1 lists text operators that permit argument text substitution during macro expansions You can use these operators in macro definitions to concatenate text convert nu
165. neration and unused memory areas If the information is available this report also shows associated labels and section information Use the MU option to have the assembler create this table This table appears at the end of the source listing The Type column indicates the kind of generated code or data or indicates that a block is unused The type DATA denotes uninitialized data areas other types denote initialized data code and reverse carry buffers 44 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com dis Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 45 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions An expression represents a value that can be an operand of an assembler instruction or directive Expressions consist of symbols constants operators and parentheses Expressions may contain User defined labels with their integer or floating point values Integers Floating point numbers e ASCII literal strings In general you may not use space or tab characters between the terms and operators of assembler expressions Otherwise expressions follow the rules of algebra and boolean arithmetic Absolute and Relative Expressions If the assembler operates in relative mode all address expressions must follow these definitions Absolute expression An expression that consists only of absolute terms or is the result of two relative terms with opposing signs Relative
166. ng point function 66 M MAC macro definition function 66 67 MACLIB specify macro library directive 129 130 194 MACRO define macro directive 130 131 macro argument ARG function 54 macro argument count CNT function 57 macro definition MAC function 66 67 macro functions 52 macros 155 158 calling 156 157 defining 155 156 directives 91 dummy argument operators 157 158 expansions 157 in sections 78 libraries 157 manager overlay 80 81 mathematical functions 51 MAX maximum value function 67 maximum value MAX function 67 memory expansion MXP function 68 memory space MSP function 67 68 memory space attributes 45 46 messages assembler error messages 169 185 assembler fatal error messages 186 187 assembler warnings 166 169 command line error messages 164 165 command line warnings 163 164 controlling 20 MIN minimum value function 67 minimum value MIN function 67 modifying an object file 18 19 MSG issue programmer message directive 131 132 MSP memory space function 67 68 multi programmer environment absolute mode 85 example 84 86 relative mode 86 MXP memory expansion function 68 N names sections 75 76 natural logarithm LOG function 65 nested sections 76 77 NOLIST stop assembly listing directive 132 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc AIA Ssem boo age ursday september y p E S
167. not allowed within two VLESs of a SR change SR2 3 SR 2 3 violation of SR 2 or 3 restrictions within short long loop SR3 SR 3 Instruction not allowed after SR change SC100 Assembler User Guide 27 For More V www freescale com T hy a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 28 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 4 Programming Rule Error Messages continued ID Error Message SR4 SR 4 There should be two VLESs between a VLES that updates the DOVF in EMR witha MOVE like instruction to EMR SR4a SR 4a Instructions that affect DOVF bit can t be grouped with a MOVE like instruction to SR register that clears the OVE bit SR4 5 SR 4 5 violation of either SR 4 or SR 5 restriction within short long Loop SR5 SR 5 Cannot group an instruction that changes the DOVF in EMR with a MOVE like instruction to EMR SR7 SR 7 A MOVE like instruction that reads SR cannot be grouped TI T 1 IFc not allowed to follow a group containing a T bit modification T 1 IFc not allowed to follow a group containing a T bit modification within short long loop x1 X 1 RO 15 BO 7 NO 3 or MO 3 write in delay slot of COF instruction x2 X 2 MCTL write in parallel or delay slot of a COF instruction x3 X 3 T bit modification in parallel to a non delayed COF or in the delay slot of a COF instruction XA X 4 MOVE like that writes SR just befor
168. of the initialization file Data Analysis l lstfile Redirects the source listing to the specified file Redirecting the Source Listing mdirectory Specifies the directory that contains macro Searching Additional definitions repeatable multiple times The Directories assembler searches directories in their command line order Equivalent to the MACLIB directive oopt opt Designates assembler options commas without Using OPT Options on spaces must separate multiple options the Command Line Equivalent to the OPT directive valid arguments are any OPT directive options q Specifies quiet mode suppresses the Controlling Assembler assembler banner Messages s all id id 1 Enables checks of programming rules formerly called restriction checking Commas without spaces must separate multiple arguments This option replaces the suppress option of earlier releases With the arch rainbow option activates specific restriction checking Checking Programming Rules u all none restr restr Inhibits restriction checking for the specified restrictions as in u a1 a2 or u all If the command line includes both s and u options the order does matter regarding assembler behavior V Specifies verbose mode reporting assembly Controlling Assembler progress Messages Z In COFF mode only strips symbol information Modifying Object File from the executable object file
169. of the page must be less than the pagewidth value The minimum and default value is 0 Remarks If this directive has no arguments the assembler does not print the directive in the source listing If this directive does have argument values the assembler includes the directive in the source listing Arguments may be any non negative absolute integer expressions commas without spaces must separate multiple argument values Two adjacent commas tell the assembler to use the default value or the last set value You may not use a label with this directive Examples This first example PAGE 132 2 4 Sets the page width to 132 columns page length to 66 lines the default top margin to 2 lines and bottom margin to 4 lines This example specifies 0 blank columns the default at the left side of the page This second example PAGE merely advances the listing to the top of the next page PMACRO Purge Macro Definition Purges the specified macro definitions from the macro table reclaiming space from the table You may not use a label with this directive PMACRO symbol symbol Parameter symbol A macro name Commas without spaces must separate multiple symbol values SC100 Assembler User Guide 141 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 142 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Related Directive MACRO E
170. on Macros and DUP Duplicate sequence of source lines Conditional Assembly DUPA Duplicate sequence with arguments DUPC Duplicate sequence with characters DUPF Duplicate sequence in loop ENDIF End of conditional assembly ENDM End of macro definition EXITM Exit macro IF Conditional assembly directive MACLIB Macro library MACRO Macro definition PMARCRO Purge macro definition Descriptions The rest of this chapter consists of special character and directive descriptions including usage guidelines and examples Descriptions of special characters follow the order of Table 5 1 The and hexadecimal and string delimiter characters however are so simple that they do not require such descriptions Descriptions of directives are in alphabetic order without regard the type categories of Table 5 2 NOTE This chapter shows directives in upper case letters but the assembler recognizes either case for directives You may not use a label on the same line as a directive unless the prototype includes a label parameter SC100 Assembler User Guide 91 T DB For More V www freescale com EN Freescale Semiconductor Inc S C Assem book Page 92 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Start Comment Starts a comment any number of characters not part of a literal string Remarks For a comment in a source statement line shift the character right so that
171. on Command line o option lacked an argument Missing source filename Command line lacked the source filename that should have ended the line Source file name same as listing Command line specified the same filename for both file name source and listing files Source file name same as object Command line specified the same filename for both file name source and output files SC100 Assembler User Guide 165 For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 166 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 3 Assembler Warnings Warning Explanation arch appears more than once Assembler found arch option more than once on the Using the last one command line Assembler uses the architecture that the last arch option specified ADDA SUBA SP may not be a The ADDA or SUBA immediate value must be a multiple of multiple of 8 8 the specified SP value may not be such a multiple Alignment should be a power of 2 Asymbolalignment was not a power of 2 BMTSET W is not allowed on this Specified starlite architecture is not compatible with the architecture BMTSET W instruction Closing bracket without a Missing opening bracket or extra closing bracket preceding opening one Different doen doensh loopstart Last doen or doensh index value does not match the index or missing doen sh current loopstart index value Different loopstart loopend C
172. ord size of the target processor If a string exceeds this number of characters the assembler truncates the value and prints a warning This restriction also applies to string constants that involve the string concatenation operator except for the DC and DCB directives SC100 Assembler User Guide 47 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 48 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Operators Operators Most assembler operators pertain to both floating point and integer values The assembler follows these rules If both operands are integers the result is an integer value If both operands are floating point values the result is a floating point value If one operand is a floating point value and the other operand is an integer value the assembler converts the integer to a floating point value then applies the operator The result is a floating point value Table 3 2 explains assembler operators noting those restricted to integer operands The main use of the relational and logical operands is with the IF conditional assembly directive although you can use these operands in any expression Table 3 2 Assembler Operators Type Operator Description Unary Plus Returns the positive value of its operand Minus Returns the negative value of its operand One s Complement Return s the one s complement of its
173. orresponding loopstart and loopend directives do not index have the same index Directive not allowed in command Command line a option is active so assembler ignored line absolute mode a MOVE directive Directive not implemented in ELF mode implementation does not include BSM BSR this version DSM DSR XDEF Or XREF directives Duplicate listing file specified Assembler found 1 or b option more than once on the ignored command line Assembler used only the first option Duplicate object file specified ignored Explicit bottom margin ignored PAGE directive page length parameter value was zero so with page length of zero assembler ignored top margin or bottom margin Explicit top margin ignored with parameter value page length of zero Expression value outside Expected fractional value was outside the range 1 0 to fractional domain 41 0 Fetch set alignment results in FALIGN attempted to insert a VLES that contained NOPS lpmarkb corruption Ignoring at LA or LA 1 This would have destroyed LPMARKx FALIGN 166 SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 167 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 3 Assembler Warnings continued Warning Ignoring p option Please use arch Ignoring r option Please use arch Explanation Command line included obsolete p o
174. ources over a control flow graph Control flow graph CFG rooted directed graph that provides information about the flow of a routine Data Analysis Limitations Keep in mind these limitations for k restriction checking The stack content is not available to the checker nor can the checker know the initial values of the O SP registers SC100 Assembler User Guide 33 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 34 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options The checker treats PUSHN and POPN instructions the same way it treats regular PUSH POP instructions The checker always operates as if the processor is in the normal processing state SP is NSP and OSP is ESP Two code sections in the same asm file prevents restriction checking The assembler starts both such sections at p 0 letting the linker choose the real addresses This means that at least two instructions start at p 0 Peripherals must have the same endianness as the assembled file The checker cannot distinguish a call to address p 0 from a call to an external routine Initialization File The restriction checker relies on the initialization file for address definitions label values and calling conventions You also can use this file to specify the addresses of such special registers as Brx and ORx for memory controllers To include comments
175. r r option instead of current arch option Invalid lpmark due to empty packet s Attempt to set an LPMARKx on an empty packet possibly a loop body that contained only directives Label field ignored Label was not valid for the directive the assembler did not store the label value in the symbol table LDB option with no listing file specified using source file LDB option lacked a listing file the assembler used the source file Load location counter overflow Load location counter underflow Load location counter value went outside its maximum or minimum bound The assembler wrapped the counter value around and continued Macro expansion not active Attempt to use the ARG Or CNT function without a previous macro call Macro name is the same as existing assembler directive Macro name is the same as existing assembler mnemonic Proposed macro name duplicates a directive or mnemonic use a different name Alternatively use the RDIRECT directive to remove the directive mnemonic from the assembler lookup tables More than one overlay section in a module may result in corrupted debug information Multiple overlay sections in modules are not compatible with noovldbg mode Number of macro expansion arguments is greater than definition Number of macro expansion arguments is less than definition Argument number discrepancy between the macro definition and the macro call Numb
176. r Environment Example Method 2 Relative Mode Use the assembler default mode to assemble each source file separately Use these commands asmsc100 bmain eln main asm asmsc100 bio eln io asm asmsc100 bfilter eln filter asm In response the assembler generates relocatable object files main eln io eln and filter eln The assembler establishes a separate set of location counters for each input file section This means that all memory spaces for each section begin at relative address zero Use this command to invoke the linker sc100 1d M c link cmd o project eld main eln io eln filter eln In response the linker combines the relocatable object files reading each section s address and the program entry point from linker command file 1ink cmd The linker processes the three eln files in their command line order outputting executable file project eld 86 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 87 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives This chapter explains the special characters significant to the assembler as well as the directives that control assembler behavior In response to these directives the assembler carries out certain actions during assembly But it is not appropriate for the assembler to translate every directive into machine language Significant Characters Several one and two cha
177. r returns control to the host operating system it returns the number of errors as an exit status Source Statements Assembly language programs consist of two types of source statements Assembly language instructions and a comment field Anassembler directive and a comment field The SC140 and SC100 assembly language supports conditional assembly It also supports macros that replace a single program statement with the statements of the macro definition Figure 2 1 shows the four fields of the simplest source statement label operation operand and comment Later sections of this chapter explain each field Figure 2 1 Basic Source Statement TABLE DC 1426 253 This is a directive Label Operation Operand Comment 36 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com NN E Freescale Semiconductor Inc eo SC Assem book Page 37 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Source Statements Spaces or tabs must separate fields The label operation and operand fields must not include spaces except for spaces in quoted strings Only the first three fields are significant for the assembler it ignores the comment field The assembler treats anything beginning in column 1 as a label To extend a source statement to multiple lines end all but the last line with the continuation character Y Exception An instruction group can span multiple lines without continuation characters p
178. racter sequences have significance for the assembler their meanings sometimes depending on context Table 5 1 identifies these characters briefly full explanations appear at the start of this chapter s reference items Chapter 3 explains special characters for expression evaluation Table 5 1 Assembler Significant Characters Character Description i Comment delimiter Unreported comment delimiter Line continuation character macro dummy argument concatenation operator 2 Macro value substitution operator Macro hexadecimal value substitution operator UN Macro local label override operator Macro string delimiter quoted string DEFINE expansion character e Function delimiter Location counter substitution String concatenation operator Substring delimiters instruction grouping operators lt Short addressing mode force operator SC100 Assembler User Guide 87 For More Information www freescale com A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 88 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Directive List Table 5 1 Assembler Significant Characters continued Character Description gt Long addressing mode force operator Immediate addressing mode operator lt Immediate short addressing mode force operator gt Immediate long addressing mode force operator Hexadecimal constants indicator
179. ral string use two consecutive apostrophe characters The alternate string delimiter is the double quote character If you use double quotes to enclose a string the assembler expands any DEFINE directive symbols contained in the string NOTE Be careful about using the double quote character inside macros where this character is a dummy argument string operator You can use the macro concatenation operator to escape a double quoted string The concatenation operator tells the assembler to consider two strings to be one For example the strings ABC DEF and ABCDEF are identical to the assembler Use brackets to have the assembler extract a substring For example if the assembler encounters the expression abcdefg 1 3 it uses the string value bcd Substrings are valid wherever strings are and you can nest substrings The assembler includes functions for determining the length of a string and the position of one string within another Source Listing 40 The source listing consists of the original source statements formatted for easier reading as well as other information the assembler generates Most listing lines correspond directly to a source statement Listing lines that do not correspond directly to source statements are page headings error messages expansions of macro calls or expansions of directives such as DC SC100 Assembler User Guide For More V www freescale com
180. rc sine of the specified expression as a floating point value in the range pi 2 to pi 2 The result s memory space attribute is N GASN expr Parameter expr Any valid expression that evaluates to a value between 1 and 1 Example ARCSIN I Uu ET ASN 1 0 ARCSINE 1 570796 54 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 55 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions AT2 Arc Tangent Returns the arc tangent of the quotient of two expressions expr1 expr2 as a floating point value in the range pi to pi A comma must separate the expr1 and expr2 expressions The result s memory space attribute is N AT2 exprl expr2 Parameters exprl expr2 Any valid expressions Example ATAN EQU AT2 1 0 1 0 ATAN 0 7853982 ATN Arc Tangent Returns the arc tangent of the specified expression as a floating point value in the range pi 2 to pi 2 The result s memory space attribute is N GATN expr Parameter expr Any valid expression Example MOVE ATN 1 0 D0 S Load arc tangent BIGENDIAN Endian Mode Check Returns an integer 1 if big endian mode is enabled returns a O if the default little endian mode is enabled The result s memory space attribute is N BIGENDIAN SC100 Assembler User Guide 55 T DB For More V www freescale
181. rd references Can have any memory space attribute value Optional value expression for the initial value of each block byte in the range 128 255 Can have any memory space attribute Omitting this value tells the assembler to use the value zero 104 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 105 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Remarks The listing shows only one byte of object code regardless of how large the length expression is However the location counter advances by the number of bytes generated Related Directives BADDR BSB DC Example UNUSED BSC 2FFF QLCV R SFFFFFFFF Fill unused EPROM BSM Allocate Block Storage for Modulo For COFF mode only allocates and initializes a block of words for a modulo buffer label BSM numwords value Parameters label Optional label that receives the value of the location counter after establishment of a valid base address numwords Block length in words an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer greater than zero Must not contain any forward references Can have any memory space attribute value Optional value expression for the initial value of each block word Can have any memory space attribute Omitting this value tells the assembler to use the value zero Remarks This direc
182. reely from inside or outside any section as long as the global symbol name is unique Symbols defined within a section are local they can satisfy an outstanding reference only within that section But you can change this default arrangement The GLOBAL qualifier of the SECTION directive makes all symbols defined in that section global symbols The GLOBAL directive makes specified symbols global For the 8102 DSP the linker can generate four linked core files one for each processor one of which contains the L2 memory You must specify the core file 146 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc VAA 8 gt C_Assem book Page 147 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions into which the system will load the section One way is to include a core_id specifier in the SECTION directive The other method is to use the linker command file Y ou man not use a label with this directive Related Directives ORG GLOBAL Example This directive starts a new section TABLES SECTION TABLES GLOBAL As the section has a non standard name its type and attributes are those of a text section The GLOBAL specifier means that all symbol definitions in the section define global symbols SECTYPE Set ELF Section Type Defines the section type SECTYPE progbits nobits overlay Parameters progbits Specifier for a section
183. ressing But if the assembler knows the immediate data during pass one the assembler uses the shortest addressing mode consistent with the instruction format To override this behavior forcing immediate long addressing start the immediate data symbol with the gt characters SC100 Assembler User Guide 101 For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 102 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example For this code CNST EQU 5 MOVE B CNST DO The DATAST symbol is not a forward reference the assembler uses short absolute addressing To force long absolute addressing insert the gt character The assembler knows the CNST symbol during pass one the assembler uses immediate short addressing To force immediate long addressing insert the gt characters CNST EQU 5 MOVE B gt CNST DO ALIGN Align Location Counter Advances the location counter aligning it on the specified address boundary If the location counter already is aligned on this boundary this directive has no effect ALIGN boundary Parameter boundary Address boundary specifier must be a power of two Example ALIGN 4 Align location counter to next long word boundary BADDR Set Buffer Address Sets the location counter to the address of a reverse carry buffer Does not initialize the block of memory intended for the buffer BADDR R length Para
184. ring pass one Accordingly the assembler uses the long form of addressing this makes the instruction two words To override this default arrangement start the absolute address with the lt character Example In this sample code MOVE B DO P DATAST SC100 Assembler User Guide 99 T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 100 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions DATAST EQU P 23 The DATAST symbol is a forward reference the assembler uses long absolute addressing two words To force short absolute addressing insert the lt character MOVE B DO P lt DATAST DATAST EQU P 23 gt Force Long Addressing Forces the assembler to use long absolute addressing Remarks Many DSP instructions permit a long form of addressing But if the assembler knows the absolute address during pass one the assembler uses the shortest addressing mode consistent with the instruction format To override this behavior forcing long absolute addressing start the absolute address with the gt character Example In this sample code DATAST EQU P 23 MOVE B DO P DATAST The DATAST symbol is not a forward reference the assembler uses short absolute addressing To force long absolute addressing insert the gt character DATAST EQU P 23 MOVE B DO P gt DATAST Use Immediate Addressing Tells the assem
185. riptions RADIX Set Constant Radix Sets the specified number base radix for constants RADIX value Parameter value An absolute integer expression for the value 2 10 or 16 The default value is 10 Remarks This directive lets you specify the radix for constants that do not have a leading radix indicator The leading radix indicator for decimal numbers is the grave accent If you use a constant to change the radix it must have the appropriate number base when the assembler encounters the RADIX directive You may not use a label with this directive Example _RAD10 DC 10 Evaluates to hex A RADIX 2 _RAD2 Dc 10 Evaluates to hex 2 RADIX 16 _RAD16 DC 10 Evaluates to hex 10 RADIX 3 Bad radix expression SECFLAGS Set ELF Section Flags Sets flag bits for the current section SECFLAGS flag flag Parameter flag Any of these attribute values write section contains writable data when loaded alloc section occupies memory space when loaded execinstr section contains executable instructions SC100 Assembler User Guide 143 T DB For More V www freescale com EN Freescale Semiconductor Inc S C Assem book Page 144 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions nowrite section contains non writable data when loaded noalloc section does not occupy memory space when loaded noexecinstr section does not contain executab
186. rovided that brackets enclose the group The maximum length for a source statement including any continuation lines is 4000 characters Assembler mnemonics and directives are not case sensitive But case does matter for labels symbols directive arguments and literal strings If the source file contains horizontal tab characters ASCII 09 the assembler moves them to the next fixed tab stop The default stops are at eight character intervals columns 1 9 17 and so forth but you can use the TAB directive to change the stops Label Field Labels begin in column 1 of a source statement If a line s first character is a space or tab it probably means that the label field is empty Label rules are Label names must follow the same conventions as symbol names A label whose first character is an underscore _ is a global label To indent a label end it with a colon Only space or tab characters may precede such an indented label A label may occur only once in the label field of an individual source file unless it is a local label or is used with the SET directive If any non local label occurs more than once in a label field the assembler flags all references but the first as errors A line may consist of only a label Such a line assigns the value of the location counter to the label Except for some directives the assembler assigns a label the location counter value for the first word of the instruction or data
187. rrupt locations Reset setting for relative mode LDB Enables source listing debug using the source listing instead of the assembly language file as the debug source file Valid only if the command line includes the 1 option LE Enables little endian mode Default setting SC100 Assembler User Guide 137 T cD For More V www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 138 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 3 OPT Options continued Type Option Control Action LPA Enables hardware loop alignment for subsequent loops of the file aligns loop addresses on a fetch set boundary preventing additional pipeline stall cycles The assembler implements this alignment automatically by padding execution sets with NOPs However this padding does not take place in hardware loops that do not use LOOPSTART notation NOLPA option Disables hardware loop alignment Default setting MB Specifies the big memory model move instruction addresses use the a32 format instead of the default a16 format MI Expands scanning for macro include files to all MACLIB directories overrides directory restrictions of INCLUDE directive MACLIB directive and i command line option NOMI option Does not expand scanning Default setting reset setting at end of pass one NONMCHK Blocks checking for reserved symbol name violations
188. rsion number both are required Illegal directive in buffer declaration A BUFFER ENDBUF directive sequence enclosed a directive not valid in that context Examples include such buffer directives as DSM or DSR section directives and any directive such as MODE or ORG that changes the location counter designation Illegal directive inside DEF ENDEF declaration FILE or other directive that made no sense was inside a DEF ENDEF declaration Illegal directive inside DO loop A DO loop enclosed a directive not valid in that context Examples include such buffer directives as DSM or DSR section directives and any directive such as MODE or ORG that changes the location counter designation Illegal directive outside DEF ENDEF declaration VAL or other directive that made no sense was outside a DEF ENDEF declaration Illegal escape character specified Escape character was not Xn t f Na r NV NN or SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 175 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Illegal function argument Explanation LCV or another built in assembler function received an invalid argument Illegal memory counter specified Illegal memory map character Specif
189. ructions cannot use or change SP D8 D 8 A MOVE like instruction that reads the SR register is not allowed in the delay slot of a CONTD instruction D9 D 9 Instructions that read the EMR register in the delay slot of a RTED or RTSTK D are not allowed D9a D 9a Instructions that read the EMR register in parallel with a RTE D or RTSTK D are not allowed GG1 G G 1 Too many total instructions GG3 G G 3 Only one bit mask instruction permitted in a VLES G G 3 Too many total AGU ops G G 3 Too many total DALU ops plus BFU ops GG4 G G 4 Cannot group an instruction that changes bits in EMR with a MOVE like instruction to EMR G G 4 Cannot group and instruction that changes bits in SR with a MOVE like instruction to SR G G 4 Double pop may only include one register from eeeee or EEEEE G G 4 Double push may only include one register from eeeee or EEEEE G G 4 Duplicate destinations within the VLES G G 4 Only one address register update permitted within a VLES G G 4 Only one change of flow permitted within group G G 4 Only one SP update instruction permitted within a VLES G G 4 Only one T bit update instructions permitted within a VLES G G 4 Only one VFO 1 or VF2 3 update instruction permitted within a VLES GG5 G G 5 DALU register can only be used up to four times per VLES GP1 G P 1 No more than two extension words are possible in a VLES GP3 G P 3 Only one debug instruction permitted within a VLES G P 3 Only one di or ei permitted within a VLES G
190. rved Section Names debug_abbrev debug_pubname rel line debug_aranges default rel line debug info sc100 delay_slots hash rel text debug_info line shstrtab SC100 Assembler User Guide 145 For More TES www freescale com A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 146 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Table 5 4 Reserved Section Names debug line mw info strtab debug loc note symtab debug macinfo rel sc100 delay slots debug macro rel debug loc Table 5 5 explains the standard sections Table 5 5 Conventional ELF Sections Section Contents Type Attributes bss Unititialized data NOBITS ALLOC WRITE data Initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC WRITE mw info Assembler generated contents SHT MW INFO no sh flags 0 that the linker consumes during SHT_LOPROC 3 dead data stripping note User comments as ABI 2 0 SHT_NOTE 7 no sh_flags 0 defines rodata Read only initialized data PROGBITS ALLOC text Program code PROGBITS ALLOG EXECINSTR If you do not use a standard name the assembler assigns the text type and attributes To change these values use the SECTYPE or SECFLAGS directives Symbols defined outside any section are global they can satisfy an outstanding reference in the current file at assembly time or in any file at link time You may reference global symbols f
191. s 78 return sign SGN function 70 71 reverse bits in field RVB function 70 RND random value function 69 RVB reverse bits in field function 70 S SC100 assembler 13 44 SCP compare strings function 70 searching additional directories 20 21 SECFLAGS set ELF section flags directive 143 144 SECTION start section directive 144 147 sections 75 78 and define symbols 78 and macros 78 and relocation 78 and symbols 77 fragmented 76 77 names 75 76 nested 76 77 SECTYPE set ELF section type directive 147 148 send control string to printer PRCTL directive 142 SET set symbol to value directive 148 set assembler options OPT directive 133 139 set buffer address BADDR directive 102 103 set constant radix RADIX directive 143 set ELF section flags SECFLAGS directive 143 144 set ELF section type SECTYPE directive 147 148 set global symbol to value GSET directive 125 195 For More V www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc NA GN SC Assem book Page 196 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM set high memory bounds HIMEM directive 125 126 set low memory bounds LOMEM directive 129 set symbol size SIZE directive 149 set symbol to value SET directive 148 set symbol type TYPE directive 151 SGN return sign function 70 71 shift and mask FLD function 61 SIN sine function 71 sine SIN function 71 SIZE set symbol size directive 149 SNH hyperbolic
192. s or expressions As well as an operand value the operand field includes the addressing mode for the instruction For addressing mode definitions see the core reference manual for your processor Comment Field The assembler ignores comments but you should include them in your source files for internal documentation A comment field consists of a semicolon followed by any characters that are not part of a literal string If a comment starts in the first column of the source file the assembler aligns it with the label field Otherwise the assembler aligns comments the comment field To prevent comments reproduction in the source listing or to prevent them being saved in macro definitions start the comments with two successive semicolons Variable Length Execution Sets The SC100 architecture supports variable length execution sets VLESes grouping multiple instructions for parallel execution For VLES grouping and sequencing rules see the core reference manual for your processor The assembler interprets each line containing instructions as a VLES Tabs or spaces must separate instructions as this example shows move f r2 d0 move f r2 d8 clr d5 VLES 3 instructions To have a VLES span several lines use bracket delimiters as this example shows mac d0 d1 d2 mac d3 d4 d5 multiply operands add d0 d1 d3 add d3 d4 d6 add operands 38 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V w
193. s streamline repeated patterns of code or groups of instructions If you define such a pattern as a macro you can call the macro at appropriate program locations instead of repeating the pattern For some patterns variable values change for each pattern repetition Other patterns involve conditional assembly Macros accommodate either case they let you designate selected statement fields as variable You can call such a macro as many times as necessary substituting different parameters for the variable fields Defining a Macro Before you can use a macro you must define it either in the source file or in a macro library Figure 6 1 depicts a macro definition which consists of these parts Header the MACRO directive which assigns the name and defines dummy arguments Body the code and instructions the assembler uses for each macro call Terminator the ENDM directive Figure 6 1 Macro Definition Header gt label MACRO dumarg dumarg comment Body source statements Terminator gt ENDM The header or MACRO directive includes these parameters label Name for the new macro If this name duplicates any existing assembler directives or mnemonic opcodes the assembler substitutes the macro for the directive or mnemonic opcode and issues a warning This replacement does not happen if the label value duplicates a library macro name SC100 Assembler User Guide 155 WY UY For More on
194. se this option it must precede the SECTION directive One or more of the specified targets do not exist Command line k option enabled data analysis but at least one indirect jump Lint_info target did not exist Operation not allowed with address term An expression involving addresses or relative terms included an operation other than addition or subtraction Page length too small for specified top and bottom margins In a PAGE directive the top and bottom margin value sum exceeded the value page length 10 Page length too small to allow default bottom margin PAGE directive bottom margin value exceeded the page length value PC relative address too large to use short PC relative offset being forced short was too large to fit into the instruction word PC relative addressing mode not allowed SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Informatio The instruction does not allow PC relative addressing mode Bit manipulation instructions and some jump type instructions have this restriction 179 www freescale com T hy Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 180 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Explanation Phasing error Value associated with a symbol changed between assembly passes 1 and 2 this error can occur spontaneously in conjunction with other errors
195. sembl t ide dra tl PREGO ER ue RR Oe tae eka gs 9 Software Development Flow avavvavava rava vara e 9 References POD La eae near D Edere eg E han Jaya 11 2 SC100 Assembler 13 Starting the Assembler 13 Command Line Options avvvvv varar varenr e 14 Using an Environment Variable 0 00 0 00 cece eee ee 17 Reading Input from an Argument File 0 0 0 0 2c eee eee 17 Generating an Object File 2 0 2 eee eee 18 Modifying Object File Contents 00 00 0200 eee ee eee ee 18 Redirecting the Source Listing 0 0 00 eee eee eee eee 19 Controlling Assembler Messages 0 00 00 02 eese 20 Searching Additional Directories 0 0 00 000 eee eee eee ee 20 Defining Substitution Strings 2 0 00 0 02 eee eee ee eee 21 Using OPT Options on the Command Line 21 Specifying a Target Architecture 0 00 0 0 vervene reker 21 Specifying Endian Mode 0 0 0 eee eee eee 22 Checking Programming Rules 0 000 e eee eee eee 23 Data Analysis svi ker er dds bad Cee erm pre d cee 28 Assembler Processing lue eae cee a e RE d 35 Source Statements cisco cerea bees IEEE LEE T RR ee E 36 Label Fields 345 do d duda 37 Operation Field Joke eS oes pRHRP VERS REG ans 37 Operand Field 22st eek da pea 38 Comment Field esee aser eb de Rer RR ERE AR 38 Variable Length Execution Sets oooooocooocoorococoncoo eee 38
196. ssembler processes the source file outputting a source listing to the standard output NOTE The assembler does not generate an object file unless the command includes the b option This example command starts the assembler assembles source file corr asm outputs a source listing to the standard output and generates relocatable object file corr e1n Except for the b option this command tells the assembler to use all default settings SC100 Assembler User Guide 13 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 14 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options asmsc100 b corr asm Command Line Options Table 2 1 summarizes assembler options later sections of this chapter explain these option in more detail Note that Assembler options are not case sensitive Certain options may appear more than once on the command line as their descriptions explain Arguments can follow their option letter immediately a space can separate the option letter and an argument or an equal sign can separate the option letter and an argument Option descriptions indicate the exceptions to this rule However the 1 and b options are ambiguous if spaces separate them and they immediately precede source file names as in the command line asmsc100 1 b main io The assembler acts as though main were a source fil
197. t file assigning the specified name the file name may include an optional pathname Using a hyphen in place of a file name sends the object file to the standard output This option overwrites any file that has the same name If this option does not include a name the assembler uses the name of the first source file in the command line with extension eln relocatable file or e1d executable file This example assembles files main asm and fft asm into the executable object file filter eld asmsc100 a bfilter eld main asm fft asm Modifying Object File Contents To modify the contents of the option file use the g or z options 9 Adds these debugging sections to the object file debug_abbrev debug_aranges debug_delay_slots debug_info debug macinfo debug_loc and debug line Produces debug information for all global symbols including EQUs Wherever necessary for debugging inserts local symbols named F MemaAllocArea section name pc 18 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 19 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options This option is valid only with the b option Only the assembler can generate the sc100 delay slots section this section is not part of any assembly file that the compiler produces Accordingly for an assembly file from the compiler your command line should
198. t just the last byte CPM36 SI s sync signal may not change exactly on clock edge in the following cases fsd 00 ce 0 fe 0 dsc 1 fsd 00 ce 1 fe 1 dsc 1 SC100 Assembler User Guide 29 For More V www freescale com L Pa NN Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 30 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options Table 2 5 SC140 k Restrictions continued Identifier Error Message CPM40 There is a rare case when transmitting an ATM idle cell that the idle cell may be corrupted CPM41 There are some limitations in the ATM controller Only the first 8 PM tables can be used and the user must clear the 5 most significant bits of TBD_BASE or RBD_BASE CPM42 Data corruption may occur in the receive buffers if MCC channels when more than one TDM slot uses 7 bits of contiguous data CPM43 When the FCC transmitter is configured to work in UTOPIA single PHY master mode it ignores negation of the TxCLAV signal CPM44 When the MCC transmitter is used in HDLC super channel mode a zero insertion at the last bit before the flag fails to occur CPM45 In FCC ATM transmit master mode multiple PHY only the CLAV signal is sampled 5 clocks before the end of the cell CPM46 Each of the communication controllers issues request for service to the CPM with different priorities in order to rec
199. tarting 13 14 warnings 166 169 assembler mode functions 52 53 assembly control directives 89 assignment address 78 79 AT2 arc tangent function 55 ATN arc tangent function 55 attributes memory space 45 46 B BADDR set buffer address directive 102 103 BIGENDIAN endian mode check function 55 56 BSB allocate bit reverse buffer directive 103 104 BSC allocate constant storage block directive 104 105 BSM allocate block storage for modulo directive 105 106 BUFFER start buffer directive 106 107 C calling macros 156 157 CCC cumulative cycle count function 56 ceiling CEL function 56 189 For More onis www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc ND GN SC Assem book Page 190 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM CEL ceiling function 56 character codes ASCII 161 162 characters significant in directives 87 88 checking programming rules 23 28 CHK instruction data checksum function 57 CNT macro argument count function 57 code examples 32 33 COH hyperbolic cosine function 57 58 command line error messages 164 165 options 14 35 warnings 163 164 COMMENT start comment lines directive 107 108 comment field source statements 38 compare strings SCP function 70 concatenate macro argument V directive 93 94 concatenate strings directive 98 concatenate to double word LNG function 65 conditional assembly 158 159 conditional assembly directives 91
200. ted Directive SECTION 124 SC100 Assembler User Guide e po amp E For More Information www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc gt SC_Assem book Page 125 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Example SECTION IO GLOBAL LOOPA LOOPA now globally accessible by other files ENDSEC GSET Set Global Symbol to Value Assigns the specified value to the specified global symbol label GSET value GSET label value Parameters label A global symbol value An absolute expression Must not contain any forward references Remarks If you use this directive to define a label another GSET or SET directive elsewhere in the program can redefine the label Use this directive to reset a global SET symbol within a section where the SET symbol otherwise would be local Related Directives DEFINE EQU SET Example COUNT GS E H o Initialize count HIMEM Set High Memory Bounds Establishes an absolute high memory bound for code and data generation This directive is valid only for absolute mode you may not use a label with this directive HIMEM P expr SC100 Assembler User Guide 125 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com i Freescale Semiconductor Inc S C Assem book Page 126 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM 2 i Assembler Directives Descriptions Parameters P P memory specifier
201. that receives the value of the runtime location counter at the start of directive processing arg An integer constant fractional constant symbol or expression Commas without spaces must separate multiple arg values Related Directives DC DCB Example DCL 12345678 Assuming little endian mode 12345678 78 56 34 12 DEFINE Define Substitution String Defines substitution strings that the assembler uses in all following source lines DEFINE symbol string Parameters symbol Valid global or local symbol that appears in source lines 110 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 111 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions string Replacement string for the symbol Remarks Upon encountering a macro definition the assembler applies DEFINE directive translations Later when the assembler expands the macro it applies the appropriate DEFINE directive translations to the expansion You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives GSET SET UNDEF Example DEFINE ARRAYSIZ 16 SAMPLSIZ SAMPLSIZ EQU 16 DS ARRAYSIZ This line transformed to DS 16 SAMPLSIZ DS Define Storage Reserves a block of bytes in memory but does not initialize the block label DS numbytes Parameters label Optional label that receives the valu
202. the comment lines up with comments of other lines For a comment that takes up an entire line put the character at the first space of the line Use comments to document your source program although the assembler reproduces comments in the source listing comments are not significant to the assembler Macro definitions preserve comments but you can use the NOCM option to turn off this arrangement Example This comment begins in column 1 of the source file LOOP JSR COMPUTI D This is a trailing comment a source file tab precedes these two comments 5 Start Unreported Comment Starts an unreported comment any comment that the assembler does not reproduce in the source listing nor save in macro definitions Remarks Unreported comments follow the same position rules as normal comments you can use them to document your source program However such comments never appear in the assembler source listing nor does the assembler save them in macro definitions Example These lines will not be reproduced in the source listing 92 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com S EN Freescale Semiconductor Inc C_Assem book Page 93 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Y Continue Line Continues a source statement to the next line Remarks If the assembler encounters a backslash 1 as the last character of a source line it
203. tio Transcendental function computed a result too large for the host machine to represent 173 www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc SA e SC Assem book Page 174 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message GL option must be used before any section Explanation Assembler encountered an explicit section before encountering the GL option this option makes sure all section symbols are global GLOBAL without preceding SECTION directive Assembler encountered a GLOBAL directive outside any previously established section GS option must be used before any section Assembler encountered an explicit section before encountering the GS option this option lets the assembler use appropriate counters for section relocation GSET may not be used to redefine a local symbol In ELF mode the GSET directive cannot redefine local symbols Hex constant expected A character appeared without a hexadecimal value IC option must be used before any symbol section or macro definition IC option was not activated when the assembler encountered a symbol section or macro definition This option keeps the assembler consistent regarding label names in the symbol table IDENT directive must contain revision number IDENT directive must contain version number IDENT directive lacked the revision or ve
204. tive pertains to COFF mode only ELF mode does not support this directive If the value of the runtime location counter is not zero this directive advances the runtime location counter to a base address that is a multiple of 2 where 2 equals or exceeds the numwords value The assembler issues an error message if numwords contains symbols not yet defined SC100 Assembler User Guide 105 e po amp E For More Information www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc Va gt SC_Assem book Page 106 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions the numwords value is zero or less or the numwords value exceeds the target DSP maximum address Related Directives BSB BSC DC Example BUFFER BSM BUFSIZE SFFFFFFFF Initialize buffer to 1 BUFFER Start Buffer Indicates the beginning address of a reverse carry buffer does not initialize BUFFER R length Parameters R Specifier for the reverse carry buffer type length Buffer length in bytes an expression that evaluates to an absolute integer greater than zero Must not contain any forward references should be a power of two Remarks In response to this directive the assembler allocates data for the buffer until it encounters an ENDBUF directive If allocated data does not fill the buffer unfilled locations remain uninitialized if allocated data exceeds the specified buffer size the assembler issues
205. tribute is N RND Example SEED DC RND Save initial seed value SC100 Assembler User Guide 69 T hy For More V www freescale com EN Freescale Semiconductor Inc S C Assem book Page 70 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions RVB Reverse Bits in Field Reverses bits of the first expression in the field the second expression delimits Omitting the second expression makes the bit reverse field the target word size GRVB exprl expr2 1 Parameters exprl expr2 Single word integer expressions Example REV EQU GRVB VAL Reverse all bits in value SCP Compare Strings Returns an integer 1 if the specified strings are the same otherwise returns 0 A comma must separate the two strings The result s memory space attribute is N SCP str1 str2 Parameters stri str String expressions Example IF SCP STR MAIN Check if STR equals MAIN SGN Return Sign Returns the sign of the specified expression as an integer 1 negative 0 zero or I positive The result s memory space attribute is N SGN expr 70 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 71 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Parameter expr Any valid relative or absolute expression Example IF SGN INPUT Check if sign is positive SI
206. unction calling conventions If the list includes the function name the checker applies the specified calling convention e If the list does not include the function name the checker uses the default convention the called function changes all the core registers without affecting memory addresses As the constant propagation algorithm needs an existing CFG indirect change of flow instructions should have extra target specifications The compiler may provide this information But manually assembled files should pass this information to the checker in the form of a comment This comment should be either on the line of the COF instruction or the last line of the packet that contains the COF instruction In this sample code such a comment includes the symbols 11 and 12 the possible targets of the jump instruction move w 1234 d0 jsrd r0 bLint info targets 11 12 never return symbols list of symbols Tells assembler to not return to the current function if a conditional or unconditional jump instruction hits any external symbol of the input list Pertains to such instructions as bra break cont contd and jmp You can use this directive to make sure that the current basic block will not have any successors QCtxtRestore Example never return symbols _abort value label value Assigns the specified hexadecimal value to the label the label may be a symbol known during the linking stage The label is case sens
207. urce file vit asm asmsc100 b dB_END 1 obe vit asm Another way to define substitution strings is using the DEFINE directive in the source file Using OPT Options on the Command Line To use any OPT directive options on the command line use the o option oopt opt Directs the assembler to use the specified OPT directive options Commas without spaces must separate multiple options This example tells the assembler to include the MD and MEX options that is to include macro definitions and macro expansions in the source listing asmsc100 b 1 omd mex corr asm Specifying a Target Architecture There are two ways to specify a target architecture Make it an argument of the o command line option Make it an argument to the OPT directive placing it at the beginning of the source file The valid arguments are e scl10 e sc120 sc1200 scl40 default e scl40e SC100 Assembler User Guide 21 T hy For More V www freescale com A Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 22 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options e scl400 e msc8101 msc8102 Table 2 3 lists the special symbols the assembler automatically defines for an ELF object file These symbols relate to the architecture and endianness that command line specifies Table 2 3 Assembler Symbols
208. urce listing to the file filter 1st asmsc100 b ew errors lfilter lst filter asm gaus asm Searching Additional Directories To add directories to the assembler s standard search paths use the i or m options ipathname Adds the specified directory to the search path for INCLUDE files mpathname Adds the specified directory to the search path for macro definitions This option is equivalent to the MACLIB directive You may repeat either of these directives multiple times The assembler searches directories in their command line order These examples add directory sctools fftlib to the search path The first example is for a UNIX environment the second for a Windows environment asmsc100 m sctools fftlib trans asm 20 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com TN Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 21 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Command Line Options asmsc100 ic sctools fftlib filter asm Defining Substitution Strings To define substitution strings use the d option dsymbol string Directs the assembler to replace every occurrence of symbol in the source file with the specified string A space must precede the string If the string contains spaces single quotes must enclose the string You can repeat the d symbol string sequence multiple times This example substitutes the string 1 for all occurrences of BIG_ENDIAN in the so
209. value to the specified label You cannot redefine this label anywhere in the program or section The optional forcing memory space parameter lets you assign an attribute to a constants only expression that refers to a fixed address in a memory space However if the expression attribute is L or P and you specify an attribute that does not match the assembler issues an error message SC100 Assembler User Guide 121 T DB For More V www freescale com x Freescale Semiconductor Inc VAA 8 gt C_Assem book Page 122 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Descriptions Examples This first example assigns the value 4000 and memory space attribute P to the symbol A_D_PORT A D PORT EQU P 4000 This second example gives symbol COMPUTE the value and memory space attribute of the expression LCV L COMPUTE EQU QGLCV L EXITM Exit Macro Immediately terminates a macro expansion or a sequence of duplicated lines EXITM Remarks Use this directive with conditional assembly directives to terminate macro expansion or duplicated lines upon detection of an error condition You may not use a label with this directive Related Directives DUP DUPA DUPC DUPF MACRO Example CALC MACRO XVAL YVAL IF XVAL lt 0 FAIL Macro parameter value out of range EXITM Exit macro ENDIF ENDM FAIL Issue Programmer Error Message Issues the specified error messages and i
210. ve exceeded the operating system limit on open files Cannot parse address in org directive Assembler could not evaluate the address Cannot process indirect jumps with no special info Command line k option enabled data analysis but the assembler did not know the jump target This prevented CFG creation Cannot process indirect calls with no special info Command line k option enabled data analysis but the assembler did not know the subroutine call target This prevented data analysis Cannot terminate ELF Out of memory space out of disk space or an internal error Can t create node Assembler could not allocate memory Can t find an unused source register for CLR All D registers were used four times CMPHIA CMPGTA CMPEQA cannot compare the same register 170 Both sources were the same register for a compare instruction SC100 Assembler User Guide For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc SC_Assem book Page 171 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Messages Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message CONST option must be used before any label Explanation Label appeared in the source file before the CONST option This option prevents exporting EQU symbols to the object file Count must be an integer value DUP directive argument expression did not evaluate to an integer valu
211. version CVF Convert Integer to floating point CVI Convert floating point to integer CVS Convert Memory space FLD Shift and mask FRC Convert floating point to fractional LFR Convert floating point to long fractional LNG Concatenate to double word LUN Convert long fractional to floating point RVB Reverse bits in field UNF Convert fractional to floating point String LEN String length POS Position of substring SCP Compare strings Macro ARG Macro argument CNT Macro argument count MAC Macro definition MXP Macro expansion Assembler BIGENDIAN Endian mode check Mode CCC Cumulative cycle count CHK Instruction data checksum CTR Location counter number DEF Defined symbol EXP Expression check INT Integer check LCV Location counter value 52 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More uu www freescale com TN Freescale Semiconductor Inc S S C Assem book Page 53 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Expressions Functions Table 3 3 Assembler Function List continued Function LST LIST directive flag value MSP Memory space REL Relative mode Descriptions of the assembler functions complete this chapter These descriptions are in alphabetic order without regard to function types A
212. was inappropriate as the mode ignored command line did not also include the a option Assembler ignored the z option Valid options for arch Invalid argument for command line arch option sc110 sc120 sc140 sc140e msc8101 msc8102 pog rainbow starlite sc1200 sc1400 Valid s arguments Invalid argument for command line s option all strict none or individual restriction list Table B 2 Command Line Error Messages Message Explanation j command line option is not Assembler does not support the j option for StarCore supported derivatives Cannot open command file Assembler could not find file associated with the f 1 Cannot open listing file or b option Cannot open object file Cannot open error file Assembler could not find file associated with the e or Cannot open output file b option Cannot open source file Assembler could not find source input file Cannot open the calling Assembler could not find file that the k option specified convention file Data Analysis can be performed Command line k option enabled data analysis but only on 8101 arch option did not specify msc8101 architecture Illegal architecture specified Command line arch option had an invalid argument Illegal command line D option Assembler found an error when it tried to interpret argument DEFINE parameters Possibilities include a too long Illegal command line DEFINE symbol name
213. word size into the target machine word Binary constant expected A character other than ASCII 0 or 1 followed the binary constant delimiter or appeared in an expression where a binary character should have been SC100 Assembler User Guide 16 O For More Information www freescale com E do Freescale Semiconductor Inc Assembler Messages SC_Assem book Page 170 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Table B 4 Assembler Error Messages continued Message Cannot alloc data buffer for section Explanation Out of memory space out of disk space or an internal error Cannot create ELF bss section Cannot create ELF header Cannot create ELF section Out of memory space out of disk space or an internal error Cannot create ELF string table Cannot create ELF symbol table Cannot create ELF section header string table Out of memory space out of disk space or an internal error Cannot find loopstart for CONT D Command line k option enabled data analysis but the assembler could not find a loopstart connected to CONT D Cannot nest section inside itself A section included a SECTION directive that specified the section s own name Cannot nest symbol definitions DEF ENDEF directive pair included another DI directive E nj Cannot open include file Assembler could not find the specified INCLUDE file or you ha
214. ww freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 39 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM SC100 Assembler Source Statements move f r0 d0 move w r1 d1 load new operands NOTE Lines of this example include only two instructions and one comment This practice improves readability but it is not required You should separate DALU and AGU instructions in a VLES start with DALU instructions and end with AGU instructions Symbol Names Follow these conventions for symbol names Names can be from one to 4000 characters long Names cannot begin with number characters 0 9 Otherwise names can be any combination of alphanumeric characters A Z a z 0 9 and the underscore character _ Names and other identifiers containing a period are reserved for the system Names are case sensitive but you can use the oIC option to override the distinction between upper case and lower case letters Names regardless of case cannot duplicate the names of SC100 core registers The assembler reserves these register names Names must not duplicate the names of registers instructions or pseudo instructions The assembler reserves these names This table shows examples of symbol names Type Example Valid names loop_1 ENTRY alpha BRAVO charlie Invalid names 1st loop loop amp go value Reserved names loop elf loop Loop Go move dcl rO Symbol La
215. xample PMACRO MAC1 MAC2 PRCTL Send Control String to Printer Concatenates its arguments and sends them to the source listing provided that the command line included the 1 option PRCTL exp string Parameters exp A byte expression that encodes non printing control characters such as ESC string Any valid assembler control string Remarks You may use this directive anywhere in the source file the assembler outputs the control string at the corresponding place in the source listing If a PRCTL directive is the first line of the first input file the assembler outputs the control string before outputting page headings or titles If a PRCTL directive is the last line of the last input file the assembler makes sure that all error summaries symbol tables and cross references have been printed before it prints the control string In this manner you can use a PRCTL directive to restore the previous printer mode once printing is done If the command line did not include the 1 option the assembler ignores this directive The assembler does not print this directive unless there is an error The assembler does not allow a label with this directive Example PRCTL 1B I El Reset HP LaserJet printer 142 SC100 Assembler User Guide T hy For More V www freescale com a Freescale Semiconductor Inc ad SC_Assem book Page 143 Thursday September 23 2004 10 44 AM Assembler Directives Desc
216. ys has the memory attribute of that operand The results of expressions involving operands with different memory space attributes have the memory space attribute P The assembler treats the memory space attribute as a type as high level languages use type for variables Symbols that have the memory space attribute P should be addresses so their maximum values should not exceed the maximum address value of the DSP inclusive Only symbols that have the memory space attribute N can have values greater than the target processor s maximum address The memory space is implicitly P if you use an address as the operand of a LOOP branch or jump type instruction Immediate addressing expressions can have any memory space attribute Internal Expression Representation The assembler s internal representation of expression values depends on the target processor word size The assembler supports word and double word integer formats Although the actual storage size of an expression value depends on the result s magnitude the assembler can represent signed integers as long as 64 bits Internal floating point representation depends almost entirely on the host environment but the assembler s usual storage format for floating point values is double precision This format consists of 64 bits 53 bits for the mantissa 11 bits for the exponent and an implied binary point Constants Constants represent data values that do not vary during program exe

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