An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on
Contents
1. AICIT vol 7 no 1 pp 41 49 2013 2 Christ of Ruhl BP Statistical Review of World Energy BP http www bp com 2012 3 K M Im C S Kim J H Lim Standby Power Control System based on User s Location for Energy Saving in Smart Home Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing Springer vol 125 no 1 pp 213 220 2012 4 Z H Ye Y D Ji S Y Yang Home Automation Network Supporting Plug and Play IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics IEEE vol 50 no 1 pp 173 179 2003 5 J Heo C S Hong S B Kang S J Sang Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics IEEE vol 54 no 1 pp 179 185 2008 6 IEA TOWARD A CLEAN CLEVER amp COMPETITIVE ENERGY FUTURE TEA http www iea org 2007 7 Ju Yong Kim June Whan Choi Yong Sul Kim Design of the Low Energy Consuming SMPS Switched Mode Power Supply System using the Solar Cell International Journal of Engineering and Industries AICIT vol 2 no 4 pp 106 113 2011 8 IEA ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVES 2006 IEA http www iea org 2007 9 KERI An actual survey of standby power all over the country in 2011 KERI Newsletter http www keri re kr 2012 10 IEA Energy Policies of IEA CountriesSTHE REPUBLIC OF KOREA 2006 Review IEA Country Review http www iea org 2006 11 IEA Progress Implementing the2. Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim Table 6 shows the IDs of appliances installed in each space average standby power consumption and list of users of each appliance registered in the database The set top box in Section A consumes active standby power as much as 16 82W even if it is switched off while connected to the network This is recognized and managed as standby power not firm power The refrigerator in Section B is a device where power must be supplied to consistently regardless of a user s presence thus standby power blockage packets are not transmitted while the power consumption data is received in the experiment Out of the house a a D a E a E A i i i i i i i i i 1 praaspaasaj c l I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 l l 1 1 l l 1 1 1 I f 1 1 l Section User B lt Eating gt A I l 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 l I 1 1 1 Activity l lt Sleeping gt I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 l l 1 1 1 Cnt Aptis asfi Used Appliance D xixix l l A 4 S itg 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 Iolo il 1 1 i I 1 1 1 xI Bixi XI Xr XE XE XE XE KI Disp ey 1 I 1 l 1 1 1 l I 1 1 c 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ee a f i i 1 i i i 1 1 I i 1 1 i i i i 1 I i i 1 j I i 1 1 i J A PENE I i 1 i i i 1 1 i i 1 1 ji i 1 j I mea Gw O i guip i ee E E i 1 i 1 i i 1 i I I I I A j i i i i l i L L i i 1 L I i i i L i i i i i i f 1 I i i 1 1 I i 1 1 i i j f
3. i 1 I 1 i i 1 j I f 1 1 i i i i 1 12 1 I Used Appliance D 16 16 16 16 16 16 kapap o opopo To beta B16 16 ae a E E ee 0 00 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 8 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 19 00 20 00 21 00 22 00 23 00 AM PM Figure 8 Scenario for experiment Figure 8 shows the movement of users A and B and use of appliances for each time section of the 24 hours The system supplies standby power to appliances listed in the database once it recognizes the entrance of the user If the entrance of both A and B is recognized in the same section the system supplies standby power to appliances in the list applied for both If no presence is recognized in every section the standby power and current power consumption are blocked except for items subject to consistent power supply However the washing machine dishwasher and electric rice cooker in Section B are regarded as exceptions and their power supply is not blocked even if the user s exit is recognized from every section If the device is turned from use mode to standby power mode this is recognized and standby power is blocked If user is staying in the same section for more than 1 hour standby power of appliances that user does not use is blocked Table 7 shows the result of analyzing the consumption of standby power during the day according to the scenario in Figure 8 System A simulates the standby power consum
4. 72 W 26 08W 3 26W 18 120 minutes 55 66 W 20 24W 2 53W 19 73 68 W 30 7W 9 21W 20 24 W 10W 3W Total Standby Power 1451 615 W 321 705W 74 69 W 5 Conclusion As the usage of home appliances increases every year not only does total power consumption increase standby power consumption also rises while the devices are plugged in Recently appliances have been grouped in a network by such means as ubiquitous intelligent home net etc leading to drastic standby power consumption changes Devices such as the set top box XDSL modem TV PC etc consume standby power in the active standby mode more than before to serve the purpose of constant communication 24 hours a day As a result various devices and systems to save standby power have been introduced but most of them are operated by users manually which causes inconvenience and achieves no standby power saving without the user s voluntary intervention Thus this study suggests the standby power control system that blocks and supplies power automatically depending on the movement location and user pattern of appliances with no need for the user s manual intervention in order to reduce standby power consumption in households In particular this system recognizes the entrance and exit of multiple users by installing PIR sensors and an ultrasonic sensor in divided sections to control the blockage and supply of appliance standby power depending on the history of appliance use of those in pr
5. In addition one ultrasonic sensor is installed for sensing the user s key thus recognizing the user To verify the standby power saving effects of the suggested system scenarios were made for each user s pattern and the quantity of standby power saving was comparatively analyzed Keywords Standby Power Energy Saving ZigBee User Location Context Awareness 1 Introduction Throughout the world energy prices are increasing as energy resources are declining Climate change has become a global issue as greenhouse gas emissions increase Accordingly countries are actively promoting energy efficiency policies to reduce energy consumption 1 Korea for example is the 9th highest energy consuming country in the world in 2011 and it has been reported that the increase rate of carbon emission in this country was the highest in the year 2 NIA National Information Society Agency of Korea estimates that domestic CO2 emission increases about 2 2 on average every year and that in 2012 the amount will reach 688 million tons The CO2 emission in the IT sector is expected to account for 3 1 of the entire emission which is far higher than the global average emission of 2 0 This present state results from rapid changes in demands for electric power and in product market conditions including the emergence of products that consume a lot of energy in the application of IT This trend is expected to continue in the future as electronic products as
6. the system increases the number of recognized users at every signal reception and saves it in the database 3 2 2 Receiving User recognition Data The suggested system adopts an ultrasonic sensor to recognize users The sensor is installed at the top of the entrance as in Figure 6 and the result is delivered except on the area covering the ground up to the upper end of the user s height Table 3 shows the data packet structure of the ultrasonic sensor in a table The key information is received from packets 24 and 25 of the sensor data and the received values are compared with those in the user recognition table stored in the database to recognize certain users 1236 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim s s i sensing value cm sensing value em o o 3 o I Figure 6 Ultrasonic sensor to recognize certain users Table 3 Receiving packet information of ultrasonic sensor Packet Length No Description Header 10 bytes 0 1 2 3 4 STX Ox7E Receiving 0x45 0x00 Dest 5 6 7 8 9 Src Length Group ID Type Sensor Type 2 bytes 10 11 0x0069 Serial ID 6 bytes 12 17 Node ID 2 bytes 18 19 Count 2 bytes 20 21 Battery 2 bytes 22 23 Sensor Data 6 bytes 24 25 26 29 Height Dummy Footer 3 bytes 30 31 32 CRC ETX 0x7E 3 2 3 Data Transmission and Reception of the Powermeter Installed to g
7. well as IT become more advanced As the number of office devices such as copy machine fax machine computer and printer as well as always on devices like home network and set top boxes that work 24 hours a day increases the issue of energy efficiency among electric appliances in line with the advancement of energy saving technology is highlighted not only due to the electricity consumption generated in the use of these devices but also due to the power consumption they engender during standby mode 3 7 IEA International Energy Agency estimates that in OECD s 34 member countries each household consumes standby power as high as 60W which is about 10 of its total power consumption In the case of the U S the standby power consumption is 5 of the entire electric power consumption which is relatively small but this amounts to about 1 3 billion dollars every year which indicates that the issue of standby power consumption should not be overlooked anymore 8 According to KERI Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute in Korea in the year 2011 standby power as much as 209kWh per household was consumed during the year which accounts for 6 1 of the total electric power consumption 3400kWh of one household during the year According to one research if appliances not used were plugged off electric energy as much as 17 4kWh could be saved every month Journal of Convergence Information Technology JCIT 1231 Volume Number8
8. An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim Green Energy Technology Research Center Kongju National University omnibus kongju ac kr Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kongju National University defacto kongju ac kr Abstract The standby power controlling system that is currently used works by automatically blocking standby power upon sensing the use of electricity or by the user s manual on off controlling As this type of system however requires the voluntary participation of the user for resupply of electric power it causes inconvenience to the user and necessarily involves the user s intervention for power saving which is the significant disadvantage of this system In consideration of user convenience as well as standby power saving this study suggests a system that automatically blocks and resupplies standby power depending on the user s utilization pattern and movement within an appliance s sensing zone The system is a ZigBee structure based on IEEE 802 15 4 a low electric power wireless network and two narrow angle type PIR sensors are installed at the entrance and given an ID each so that they can recognize the entrance and exit of users in the order of ID sensing
9. April 2013 doi 10 4156 jcit vol8 issue8 146 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim 9 In addition it is estimated that each household in Korea owns 23 9 units of home appliances As the types of appliances become diversified the number of devices owned in each household is increasing as much as 1 5 every year and the number of network devices is increasing as well Thus it is expected that during the following 20 years the standby power consumption will increase about 5 8 every year 9 If things continue at this pace the standby power consumption by 2020 will account for about 25 of the entire household power consumption 3 However most home appliance users are not aware of the necessity of saving electric power and resources by minimizing standby power consumption thus a system to technically reduce the consumption must be developed In 2004 the Korean government issued a proclamation that it would introduce Standby Korea 2010 to manage the standby power of all electronic appliances under 1W In this effort to develop standby power saving technology it will provide purchasing distributing and promoting support for the technology 10 11 Accordingly the standard of standby power measuring 1W or less was applied to 30 kinds of electronic products released up to 2010 As a result 170kWh for each household and 2 550GWh natio
10. IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations TEA http www iea org 2012 12 Y Kim Negative Label Positive Step Standby Warning Label and Korea 1W Policy APEC Standby Power Conference Moving Towards Watt and Beyond 2010 13 Y Kim Perspective and Problems of Standby Power 1 Watt Policy The proceedings of KIEE vol 59 no 1 pp 35 40 2010 14 IEA Standby Power Use and the IEA 1 watt Plan IEA http www iea org 2012 15 NRCAN Natural Resources Canada Canada s Energy Efficiency Regulations http oee nrcan gc ca 2009 16 KEMCO Korea Energy Management Corporation Korea s 1 watt Plan Standby Korea 2010 http www kemco or kr 2010 17 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Standby power summary table http standby Ibl gov 2012 18 Ed Callaway Paul Gorday etc Home Networking with IEEE 802 15 4 A Developing Standard for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks IEEE Communications Magazine IEEE vol 40 no 8 pp 70 77 2002 19 J A Gutierrez E H Callaway and R L Barrett Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks IEEE Press New York 2003 20 Fashan Yu Mingjie Zong Research of Intelligent Illuminating Control System International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology AICIT vol 5 no 4 pp 483 490 2013 1241
11. Section A the system regards it as exit from the entire space ay Section B Section C gt gt X E Coffee Maker Ry Refrigerator By TV Ej3 Humidifier Ejs o L de lt Seat SI owaye D Dishwasher 25 l DYD VCR E33 Lamp Eye Washing Electric rice Charger Machine Es cooker BH Mobile Phone Pi U U P P P Pe Section A Section D 7 E a 4 z 7 wy 4 _Air Conditioner Ba Sates E Primer Laser Ej Set Top Box Ep Air cleaner Compier p A Display LED Ewa Air Conditioner Ez Audio System Ey PIR sensor GG Ukrasonio Sensor A ED Electric Powermeter Se Figure 7 Environment of test bed Table 6 Standby power of test bed Section Appliance ID Standby power User TV 1 4 33 W A B 16 82 W Active Set Top Box 2 0 7W Passive A B A Audio System 3 9 12 W A Air Conditioner Stand 4 5 81W Air Cleaner 5 0 7W B Coffee Maker 6 1 2W A B Microwave Oven 7 3 72W A B B Washing Machine 8 1 9W B Refrigerator 9 Consistent power supply A B Dishwasher 10 2W A Electric Rice Cooker 11 3 5W A B TV 12 1 3 W A DVD VCR 13 12 2W A C Charger Mobile Phone 14 0 86 W B Humidifier 15 3 72W B Lamp 16 3W A Computer Desktop 17 3 26W B Computer Display LCD 18 2 53W B D Printer Laser 19 3 07W B Air Conditioner Wall 20 1W A B 1238 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home
12. Sensor cre Powermter N SY E Intelligent Standby Power Control System Figure 3 Structure of intelligent standby power control system 1234 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim 3 1 Standby power saving devices Timer Module Standby Power Module Standby Power Control Power Time Over Power Control Management b Electric Powermeter Power Measurement Management Power On Power Off x E Context Module Service Reasoning Context Collector Sensors t PIR Sensor e Context Aggregation Ultrasonic Sensor e Context Interpretation Figure 4 System design 3 1 1 Context module Figure 4 shows the flow chart of the standby power control system developed in this study The system s context collector collects raw data from the PIR sensors and the ultrasonic sensor recognizes the users and their locations at certain intervals The collected raw data is processed by the context aggregation processor interpreted for information on the system condition and saved so that the context interpretation processor can recognize the situation The raw data received from the PIR sensors is compared with the sensor ID information stored in the database in order to recognize the entrance exit and location of the user The raw data received from the ultrasonic sensor is compared with the user information to recognize cert
13. ain users 3 1 2 Inference module The Inference Module infers the users appliances enlisted in the database based on the user location and recognition information stored in the context module When the user uses appliances other than those in the list stored in the database the history of using appliances in the database is updated and the list of appliances whose use frequency is reduced is changed accordingly Afterwards the service reasoning processor infers the user s appliances from the database of the history of appliance uses If more than one user is recognized in the same zone the system counts the number of users and supplies power to all appliances for them 3 1 3 Standby power module Once the users and their movements are recognized the Power Control Management checks the IDs of the appliances in a zone grasps the list of appliances for certain users from the database and sends signals of power on or power off to the actuator of the electric Powermeter Supplied with power the Powermeter sends the data on power consumption through the gateway by means of Power Measurement Management If the user wants to use an appliance not registered in the database power is supplied by manual controlling of the Powermeter in the system and the system saves the use history of the appliance and time of use in the database 3 1 4 Timer module If the user who is working in the zone leaves the area with a certain appliance on and does no
14. city supply 15 The Korea Energy Management Corporation defines standby power as power consumed while the device is connected to the power source and waiting for ON signals from outside with the major functions in an idle state including the consumption upon power off and during the warming up and booting of the device 16 It is difficult to apply a definition of standby power in all machines since the running and operating patterns of appliances and office devices are different Thus the term may be classified into no load off mode passive standby active standby and sleep mode depending on whether the running totally stops or remains minimized with the plug on as in Table 1 Power consumption with no operation at all is called the off mode standby power the consumption when the power is turned off by means of a remote controller passive standby the consumption when the power of a networked digital appliance is turned off active standby and the consumption in a standby state for normal operation of the device sleep mode standby power 15 16 Appliances distributed before mostly had only off mode passive standby and sleep mode but as network devices have become common recently standby power consumption at active standby mode has been increasing Introduced with the emergence of the set top box system active standby indicates a state that consumes a lot of standby power with the internal circuit operating in order to wait for wire wire
15. em Off Air Conditioner Room Wall Off Microwave Ovens Ready Door Closed Coffee Maker Off Computer Display LCD Off Computer Desktop Off Computer Notebook Power Supply Only Printer Laser Off Copier Off Fax Laser Ready Scanner Flatbed Off Multifunction Device Inkjet Off Settop Box Satellite Off by Remote Charger Mobile Phone Power Supply Only TV Rear Projection Off by Remote VCR Off Figure 2 Standby power of products 3 Intelligent standby power control system The intelligent standby power control system suggested in this study is designed based on the IEEE 802 15 4 ZigBee technology which is one of the most common low power consumption communication technologies in the market 18 20 As shown in Figure 3 it includes two PIR sensors to recognize entrance and exit in several locations and an ultrasonic sensor to identify the persons At each section some appliances subject to standby power controlling are arranged and their standby power is controlled by the processor of the suggested Intelligent Standby Power Control System depending on the condition C ww Appliance Lh i Appliance n HC pE p n 9 Gam Appliance n kee l Appliance m KeS Section 1 Section 2 Section e Section G Pm Samer Utravnie
16. er 3 bytes 23 24 25 CRC ETX 0x7E 1237 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim Once the recognition of users and their entrance are completed signals triggering On Off modes are transmitted to the actuator to supply or block power in a zone The output values at GPIO General Purpose Input Output 0x0000 and 0x0001 indicate the blockage and supply of power respectively shown in packets 21 and 22 in Table 5 4 Simulation and evaluation To evaluate the amount of standby power saving through the suggested system this study simulates the four divided sections as in Figure 7 and installs at the entrance two PIR sensors and one ultrasonic sensor to recognize user identification and their entrance and exit In each section the electric powermeters are arranged from E1 to E20 to control the power consumption data transmission as well as standby power Two individuals A and B are involved in the simulation as users A is 165cm and B is 175cm Thus the range of identification values for users in the ultrasonic sensor is 39cm and 29cm respectively since the values are to be the height of the door which is 204Cm subtracted by each user s height In the case of Section A movement is recognized as entrance into Sections B C and D If no presence signals are recognized in Section B C or D and exit signals are recognized instead in
17. esence For intelligent controlling the system minimizes a user s manual control of standby power and updates the users appliance use pattern based on their history of use In the experiment the area was divided into several sections and scenarios were made in a way that involved different locations and use patterns of appliances depending on two users preferences The case where the suggested system applies and the other case where it does not are compared to evaluate the amount of standby power saved In future studies standby power control system that can predict user patterns depending on human traffic and that can block power supply on unused appliances accordingly are expected to be examined 6 Acknowledgement This work was supported by Priority Research Centers Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea NRF funded by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology 2012 0006682 It was also supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea NRF funded by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology 2012R1A1A4A01013068 1240 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim 7 References 1 Liping Fan Chong Li Xiaolin Shi Adaptive Fuzzy Control of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications
18. is recognized The system s PIR sensor transforms the infrared light in the 95 x90 range into a voltage for sensing as shown in Figure 5 a However when the two PIR sensors installed in the entrance of the zone maintain an existing wide angle as in Figure 5 a it frequently occurs that at the intersection of the two sensors exit is mistakenly recognized right after one s entrance The system therefore changed the sensing angle of the PIR sensors to a narrow angle as in Figure 5 b to correctly recognize entrance and exit sensing range sensing range N an U l L a wide angle b narrow angle Figure 5 Changes in the Sensing Angle of the PIR Sensors to Recognize One s Presence Correctly Table 2 Receiving packet information of PIR sensor Packet Length No Description Header 10 bytes 0 1 2 3 4 STX 0x7E Receiving 0x45 0x00 Dest 5 6 7 8 9 Src Length Group ID Type Sensor Type 2 bytes 10 11 0x0065 Serial ID 6 bytes 12 17 Node ID 2 bytes 18 19 Count 2 bytes 20 21 Battery 2 bytes 22 23 Sensor Data 6 bytes 24 25 26 29 Sensing Off 0x0000 On 0x0001 Dummy Footer 3 bytes 30 31 32 CRC ETX 0x7E The packet of each PIR sensor transmitted to the gateway is 33 bytes in total as shown in Table 2 Presence is sensed based on the received values of numbers 24 to 25 If more than one user enters the same zone the signals of entrance are delivered from the PIR sensors twice and then
19. less communication signals from outside even if the consumer has turned the system off It has been estimated that standby power consumption could measure as much as 3 4W on average and 10W at most 17 If just one set top box system silently consumes 20 40W on standby power taking measures on this becomes of great urgency Table 1 Types of standby power Category Description Power Status Products No Load Power consumed with the plug on Switched off External Power Supply electric rice cooker Off Power consumed even with the power Switched off TV VCR audio DVD player turned off through the power on off microwave PC monitor button about 0 3W printer copier Passive Power consumed with power turned Switched off TV VCR audio DVD player Standby off through a remote controller air cleaner air conditioner Active As for digital devices connected to a Switched off Set top box home network Standby network standby power as much as system 20 40W is consumed for communication with the power on even if it is switched off Sleep Power consumed in a standby state Onandstandby PC monitor printer that would not be used while the facsimile copier scanner device is working multifunction device Every product with a power on off switch consumes a measure of standby power especially electronic products such as consumer electronics office equipment and white goods whose standby time is a lot longer than their operating time the
20. nwide were saved By 2020 it is estimated that 2 800kWh for each household and 42 000GWh nationwide will have been saved 12 13 Despite such efforts however a number of electronic products with more than 1W standby power still require manual control for standby power blocking and supply which indicates the necessity for the consumer s active participation for standby power saving Thus this study intends to design a system to intelligently and automatically control the on off modes standby power by grasping the location and usage patterns of users within a zone as well as reducing standby power consumption that is wasted with the user not noticing it The suggested system recognizes users to control or prevent the consumption of standby power of appliances that are not often used by the users with the power supplied for all devices in the zone as the system senses their presence Afterwards the system supplies electric power only to devices that the user in its presence would consistently use The data containing the user s entrance and exit are acquired by means of the two PIR sensors at the entrance of each zone and the data for user recognition are obtained through key sensing from the ultrasonic sensor at the entrance of each zone Furthermore the system changes the frequency of use of each device once it senses any change in the list of major appliances used which is reflected as it decides to block or supply standby power to certain device
21. ption in a system where there was no standby power blockage while System B simulates the standby power consumption in a system where the standby power blockage and supply were carried out for every appliance in the sections System C shows the standby power consumption when the system suggested in this study is adopted The standby power consumption in each case was 645 85W 182 5W and 120W respectively which indicates that the suggested system consumed the least amount of standby power Moreover the suggested system minimizes the manual intervention of users and intelligently controls the supply and blockage of standby power for user convenience Thus standby power consumption is reduced while the user does not even notice it 1239 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim Table 7 Comparison of standby power consumption ID Used time System A System B System C 1 90 minutes 97 425W 4 33W 4 33W 2 90 minutes 15 75 W 0 7W 0 7W 3 30 minutes 214 32 W 18 24W 4 56W 4 139 44 W 14 525W 11 6W 5 16 8 W 1 75W 1 05W 6 90 minutes 27 W 2 4W 1 8W 7 90 minutes 83 7 W 7 44W 5 58W 8 60 minutes 43 7 W 4 75W 1 9W 9 24 hours 10 60 minutes 46 W SW 4wW 11 120 minutes TIW 5 25W 4 67W 12 60 minutes 29 9 W 11 7W 1 3W 13 60 minutes 280 6 W 109 8W 12 2W 14 20 64 W 8 6W OW 15 89 28 W 37 2W OW 16 9 hours 45 W 3W 3W 17 120 minutes 71
22. rasp the power consumption of appliances and control standby power the Powermeter is a power consumption measuring module designed to collect data on power consumption through a gateway by means of a power consumption measuring chip Table 4 shows the packet information received from the Powermeter The values of current active power apparent power and peak are obtained from numbers 24 to 35 of the sensor data Table 4 Receiving packet information of electric powermeter Packet Length No Description Header 10 bytes 0 1 2 3 4 STX 0x7E Receiving 0x45 0x00 Dest 5 6 7 8 9 Src Length Group ID Type Sensor Type 2 bytes 10 11 0x006D Serial ID 6 bytes 12 17 Node ID 2 bytes 18 19 Count 2 bytes 20 21 Battery 2 bytes 22 23 Sensor Data 12 bytes 24 26 Current 27 29 RawEnergy for Active Power W 30 32 RawVAEnergy for Apparent Power VA 33 35 Peak Footer 3 bytes 36 37 38 CRC ETX 0x7E Table 5 Sending packet information of electric powermeter Packet Length No Description Header 11 bytes 0 1 2 3 STX 0x7E Sending 0x44 Sequence 0x00 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dest Src Length Group ID 10 MSG Type 0x88 Source ID 2 bytes 11 12 Destination ID 2 bytes 13 14 Sensor Type 2 bytes 15 16 Command Type 2 bytes 17 18 LED_Toggle 0x0001 Reboot 0x0002 GPIO_Control 0x0003 Ping 0x0004 RSS 0x0005 NET_Info 0x0006 Action 4 bytes 19 20 21 22 Port Number 0x0051 Control Off 0x0000 On 0x0001 Foot
23. reby consuming a large amount of standby power Figure 2 shows the minimum average and maximum standby power measured from each electronic product as well as the number of products measured at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory It indicates that office devices and digital appliances connected to a network consume a particularly high level of standby power 17 The best way to block standby power is to plug it off completely Standby power saving devices developed so far focus on user convenience by such means as remote controller or timer that blocks power supply automatically after a certain time period Some methods induce users to check power consumption and control power supply for themselves Most of the methods above however require the voluntary participation of the device users and even auto plug off methods require the user s manual intervention for resupply of power which causes inconvenience In the case of active standby especially standby power consumption continues for at least 20 hours a day thus it is necessary to 1233 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim develop a device and system that can automatically block and resupply power without the user s intervention 20 Number of Product Measured Minimum Average Maximum Standby Power 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 w DVD VCR Off Audio Minisyst
24. s upon the user s entrance This study consists of the following sections Chapter 2 presents existing studies on standby power Chapter 3 states the intelligent standby power control system suggested in this study Chapter 4 evaluates it by comparing the system with existing standby power devices based on the scenarios Chapter 5 presents the conclusion and issues for future study 2 Related work Standby power is the electricity consumed by appliances while switched off or not performing their primary functions 14 In other words standby power means the electric power consumed while the devices are plugged in and with the major functions in an idle state as in Figure 1 Standby Power Power W ih No power consumption i T 1 i 1 1 Disconnected No Some On Function Function OFF or No load Figure 1 Standby power 1232 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEA the U S Japan Australia etc have their definitions of standby power and there has been no unified international terminology in this regard The IEC defines standby power is the lowest level of electricity consumed by appliances which cannot be switched off influenced by the user and may persist for an indefinite time when an appliance is connected the main electri
25. t come back for a period of time the Power Time Over processor blocks the power supply automatically which saves standby power and thus reduces the general waste of electric power 1235 An Intelligent Standby Power Control System Design based on User Location and Appliance Usage Pattern in Smart Home Kyoung Mi Im Jae Hyun Lim 3 2 Transmission and reception of data 3 2 1 Checking of a Certain User s Entrance and Exit To grasp a user s entrance or exit into a zone and count the number of people present the suggested system adopts PIR sensors PIR sensors recognize the infrared light from human bodies and movements in a zone to grasp a user s presence These PIR sensors however may not recognize any presence if the user is located at a blinded area in the zone or the movement is too insignificant to be sensed Multiple sensors may be necessary depending on the size of the zone and the number of users in presence may not be recognized Hence the system suggested in this study uses the two PIR sensors with an ID each at the entrance to count the number of users in the zone and check their entrance or exit as in Figure 5 b The system recognizes a user by means of the first PIR sensor in the order of IDs saved in the PIR sensor and then the entrance is recognized when the second PIR sensor recognizes the user Likewise when the second PIR sensor recognizes movement and the user s movement is sensed by the first PIR sensor an exit
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