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User Manual Chapter 14 - Chapter 17

1. eese eere nean nnn n nnn na nua u nua n uana a uuu uaR 14 34 Rebar Placement Window eterne tentent retiro rosario iori orari Rebar Placement Dawns au ee hinten nee oae ee noe Export drawings in DXF AutoCAD compatible Display Forces and Resistance Diagrams sess Editing Cables and Reinforcing Bars 4 eee e eene aenean nn nnn 14 38 Moving a Whole Cable Layout eese tetti tettntettntettnte tinte entente tenen 38 Displacement inthe Z direction o bad D Pes d ete epe teretes NR 38 Displacement in the Y directions idet te te ek 38 Deforming a Cable Layout Segment essent 38 Zi Deformation sa REIHE 38 X Deformation zitiert eee ettet lt spec Pig 39 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Modifying the Spacing between Cables nunnenenneennenennenennenennenennenennenenennenennenennenennen 39 Reminder Editing Keys nn 39 Editing Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars sse eene enn 39 Editing S ttups see pee tete RR 40 Editino Prestressing Cables va nen ae de etate ense ctl emo aan 40 Edi ng Ctoss sectons nene dat the pet dee ee ree et cte eget dede hung 41 Graphical Results uusuuu0nu00000nnnn0nnnnn nun nun nun uan nn nun nn aa nun nn nn anam a au uaa 14 42 Graphs Prestressed Concrete Results sse tentent 42 Legend and other graph functionalities eie tete titre ni
2. r IV Stage 9 Long term sooo Stage 10 Application of post tensioning for repairs 000 M IL Iv Stage 11 Long term repairs Bo E Cancel Apply Help Activate construction stages by ticking off the appropriate boxes Below the field Day enter the number of days which is cumulative where each stage will be applied Superposition of results will be automatically done according to construction stages The information will be used to calculate prestress losses in cables due to creep and shrinkage CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 3 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Stages 4 7 and 10 correspond to post tensioning stages Post tensioning can be sequential or not If sequential cables are not jacked at the same time Example a cable is made of three sheaths The first sheath is jacked It will not create any loss of prestress in the remaining cables When the second sheath is jacked the concrete will shrink and will cause losses of prestress in the already jacked cables The same thing will happen at the jacking of the third sheath Shrinkage and Creep Effects e Choose a shrinkage creep model in the drop down list box CEB FIP 1978 S6 00 ACI 203 or AFNOR 1999 e Enter percentage of relative humidity at this location e Choose a type of cure for the section and slab e Specify the integration constant Default value is 4 0 If you want more precision in the calculation of shrinkage a
3. Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the negative bending resistance according to strong axis due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the member shear capacity according to strong axis due to its deterioration Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the positive bending resistance according to weak due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the negative bending resistance according to weak axis due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the member shear capacity according to weak axis due to its deterioration Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the member capacity in compression due to its deterioration Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the member capacity in tension due to its deterioration Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the torsion resistance due to the deterioration of the member Category of element behaviour according to Code S6 00 for Bridge Evaluation Category of system behaviour according to Code S6 00 for Bridge Evaluation Evaluation spreadsheet This spreadsheet is part of the Member multi spreadsheets Use the spreadsheet to sort data or modify values using the contextual menu The Element and System columns correspond to behaviour categories and are part of this spreadsheet for sorting
4. The 2D CL Unit truck is composed of two unitary loads that are 7 2 m apart This configuration is used for the calculation of influence lines only 7 2 meters is the distance between axle no 4 175 kN and the centreline of axles 2 and 3 125 kN each VisualDesign will compute the distribution of moving loads through the backfill according to Code S6 00 The Dynamic Load Allowance DLA depends on the type of structure and position of axles as explained below Dynamic Load Allowance DLA Code provision 3 8 4 5 2 Arched Culverts DLA 0 4 1 0 0 5 De but not inferior to 0 1 De is the thickness of backfill above the culvert Box Culverts Code provision 3 8 4 5 3 b DLA 0 4 1 0 0 5De but gt 0 1 where only one axle of the CL W truck is used c DLA 0 3 1 0 0 5De but gt 0 1 where any two axles of the CL W truck or axles 1 2 and 3 are used d DLA 0 25 1 0 0 5De but gt 0 1 where three axles of the CL W truck except for axles First Set of Loadings Relatively to Axle 4 175 kN Case A One mobile One wheel without interference with other wheels thickness of backfill above the structure varies from 0 6m to 0 686m A wheel supporting a load of 175 KN 2 creates a pressure equal to P DLA 175 kN 2 Lp LD where DLA Dynamic Load Allowance Lp 0 6m 1 75h LI 0 25m 1 75h longitudinal width studied h Depth of load distribution 16 20 CivilDe
5. e Launch the moving load analysis See the Procedure for Analysing Moving Loads 10 Analysis and Design e Launch the analysis and design VisualDesign will verify prestressed concrete elements elements having cables and will design concrete elements that have no cables 14 32 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 11 Interpreting Results e Activate the Rebar Placement mode on Activation toolbar and double click on a continuous system to open the Rebar Placement window Forces and Resistances Diagrams In the Rebar Placement window select the View Options dialog box In the Rebar Placement tab check the boxes that correspond to the diagrams that you want to look at Check the Dimension and General roots Results Stresses in Cables and Concrete Select cables results in the Results menu of Rebar Placement window You will find the following results Prestress losses in cables Intermediate Results and Stresses in cables and in concrete spreadsheets In the Results menu also look at results in the form of graphs for Service and Construction Stage load combination by selecting Graphs Various Numerical Results Select the General Results spreadsheet under Results menu This spreadsheet includes many calculated parameters for Reinforced Concrete Design Yellow lines mean that there are parameters exceeding the code requirements See also Prestressed Conc
6. CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Post tensioning Mechanisms Define the post tensioning mechanisms that will be used in your prestressed concrete project Select Cables Post tensioning Mechanisms under Common menu Two types are available with sheath or through external deviator Group Shared Data VDBase mdb Column ID Number Distribution Type Wobble friction K Friction coefficient Mu Sheath diameter Length of deviator Deviator curvature See also Description Automatically calculated 12 alphanumerical characters Assign a Public or Private distribution to your personalized object A private object will not be merged into another database at the opening of the file The distribution of a pre defined object is Public and is not editable Choose a type of post tensioning mechanism Sheath or External deviator Enter the wobble friction coefficient per meter of strand length Enter friction coefficient Mu Enter the sheath diameter used for screen display only Enter the length Ld of external deviator This value is used to calculate prestress losses friction between cable and deviator Enter the deviator curvature Pd used for screen display only Prestressed Concrete Module Project Configuration Prestressing tab Strands spreadsheet Cable Group spreadsheet Cable Layout spreadsheet CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Editing No Single click D
7. Definition Dead Loads Standard Backfill min and Backfill max dead loads are included in the spreadsheet Backfill loads are created according to the maximum and minimum horizontal arching factors specified in the Culverts dialog box They are applied at the right and left side of the culvert If these factors are equal only one backfill load will be created Live Loads Live loads AW right and AW eff are corresponding to the overload due to the approaching wheel located over the backfill and close to the buried structure They are generated according to Code S6 00 except for the rigid frame model These overloads are defined in Code S6 00 chapter 7 code provision 7 8 5 3 3 for the design of buried structures Seismic Loads Finally seismic loads EQ min and EQ max are calculated from the value that is entered in the field Max Vertical Acceleration in the Culvert dialog box They are applied on the right and left side of the culvert 16 18 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Generated Moving Loads VisualDesign created the mobile 2D CL Unit as the moving load case which is specific for buried culverts If you selected the rigid frame on footings as the culvert model select another 2D moving load case and define 2D Axle factors because this structure is not buried Go to Loads Moving Load Cases Definition to consult the generated moving load case The mobile 2D CL Unit is selected and t
8. 0 5N1 Vl cot0 With MI aL 1 D ML same principle for NI and VI Mad Xa4M 4 XapMp The same applies to Nad and Vad Finally the F value for bending will becomes F R SP AD L R P L D 15 12 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Bridge Evaluation Results Steel Design The Steel Design Results spreadsheet available in the Results Structure Design menu of VisualDesign main window includes the Live Load Capacity factor F that governed the evaluation of each member Members can be composite steel concrete or standard Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design The General Results spreadsheet available in the Results menu of VisualDesign Rebar Placement window supplies the Live Load Capacity Factor F and reduction factor U Xi for each concrete member composing the analysed continuous system The calculated Live load Capacity Factor F and reduction factor U Xi are indicated in the Positive Bending Moment tab Negative Bending Moment tab and the Shear Force tab CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 15 13 CULVERT GENERATION AND CONCRETE DESIGN CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 16 Culvert Generation and Design General uusununnannnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnnnnnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnnnnnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnn 16 1 C lvert Generation Modulen ee retire reto ente eerta
9. 1 45m 1 75h studied longitudinal width h depth of load distribution Then P DLA 0 9 4 125 kN 1 35 9 8875h 3 0625h P DLA 450 kN 283 11 9875h 13 062569 16 26 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS e LI 12m 0 25m 1 75 tp 18m 12m 1 8m 0 6m 1 75 _________ The summary for this set of loadings is as follows Thickness of Backfill and Corresponding Pressure Axles 2 and 3 125 kN each N e e e un a e e 0 600 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600 Thickness of backfill m CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 27 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Load Combinations Automatic Generation of Load Combinations Call up the Load Combinations Generation Wizard in Loads Load Combinations menu e In the General Options page select Code S6 00 in the drop down list box Press the Next button e In the Specific Options page select load combinations to be generated In section Special loads to be included tick off the Moving load envelope Lm1 to include this envelope into the generation of load combinations Press the Next button e In the Selections page you will see load combinations that VisualDesign will be generating If it is OK for you click OK Otherwise uncheck load combinations that you do not want to include in the generation Press the Finish button e The Lo
10. A deformation can be applied on a cable in the Y and Z direction of continuous system by selecting points on a layout segment Z Deformation A Z deformation can be applied at the beginning and end of any segment composing a cable layout To do so press the Move icon and select a point on a segment Drag the mouse while you press down the left mouse button Release the mouse button 14 38 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Y Deformation A Y deformation can be applied at the beginning and end of any segment composing a cable layout and at the point of null derivative for parabolic segments In the latter case the derivative is preserved at the junction with other segments except when moving maximum or minimum points of the parabola within the segment When displacing straight or circular segments VisualDesign will not consider any continuity in the derivative with contiguous segments To move a point in the Y direction activate the Move function and press the Shift key while selecting a point on a segment Drag the mouse while you press down the left mouse button Release the mouse button Modifying the Spacing between Cables You are allowed to modify the spacing between cables in a cross section in the x ditection To do so activate the Cursor mode and click on the Stretch function Then click on a cable layer Drag the mouse while you press down the left mouse button Release the mo
11. Creep Shrinkage is also a virtual load VisualDesign recognizes this type of load and recovers the secondary prestress due to creep and shrinkage See also Project Configuration Prestressed Concrete Load Combinations Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Structures Groups of Cables spreadsheet Loads Definition spreadsheet Construction Stage Load Combinations Load combinations must be compatible with user defined construction stages in the project configuration otherwise warning messages will be displayed on screen Load Combinations with Construction Stages Define load combinations that will be applied to each construction stages For each load combination double click in the Stage cell and choose the stage where it will be applied Do not cumulate load cases at each construction stage The software automatically does it Ex The dead load at stage 1 will be automatically added to the dead load specified at stage 2 etc 14 24 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE The load combinations statuses for construction stages must be set to Construction stage Please refer to topic Load Combination Status Load Factors and Selected Load Cases Select the Load Factors tab and include all load cases that are part of a load combination in the right part of the dialog Double click in the Load Case cell and choose the type of load that will be applied to this load case Dead Cree
12. X Footing Interior Dimension Z Thickness of Footing Hs Width of Footing Ls mi 5 0 VA b 2611 250 2100 300 Ti 400 200 300 850 This model is also available with a slab This model is also available with pedestals or a slab 16 2 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Arch with 2 Diagonals Equal groins Arch with 2 diagonals Equal groins on Footings This model is also available with pedestals or a slab Arch with 3 Diagonals Equal groins Arch with 3 diagonals Equal groins on Footings This model is also available with pedestals or a slab CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 3 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Depressed Arch with Unequal Groins Depressed Arch with unequal groins on Footings This model is also available with pedestals or a slab Arch with 2 Ellipses with or without flanges Arch with 2 ellipses with or without flanges 16 4 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Ogival Arch with Slab Ogival Arch with Slab 118801 This model is also available with pedestals or a slab CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 5 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Rigid Frame on Footings Rigid Frame on Footings PARTICULARITIES Backfill cannot be modeled over this culvert model Therefore th
13. amp RETAINING WALLS Results for slabs or simple walls Activate the Rebar Placement mode and select a group of plates on Activation toolbar Open the View Options Select the FE Results tab and activate the layers of rebars you want to visualize Disable the display of plate surfaces and outline to have a better look Print the rebar placement and bar list Results for Beams and Columns Activate the Rebar Placement mode and double click on a continuous system Call up the View Options dialog box and display dimensions rebar details force and resistance diagrams Refer to the Reinforced Concrete Design chapter of On line Help See also Static Analysis Group of Plates Surfaces Design of 2 Way Slabs Foundation Design Module View Options Main menu Reinforced Concrete Design Module Rebar Placement window View Options Rebar Placement window 17 28 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software
14. 17 15 ecc 15 Shallow Foundation Models be e Eee ee ns 15 Specification for Shallow Foundation nasini iaiia ioari tiet ett cte ete teet e neatis 6 Piles Foundation Models intent tais te eite rd eie ira 16 Specification fot Deep Foundation ea eee eterne ce ee iet dari repetat 6 Assigning the Foundation Model to the Structute sss 17 The Foundation button Pte nere etie d e dope e e e etui 7 The hallow Deep and Profiles Buttons samen Lange dl 8 Generator ununuunuunnunnnnnnuun nun ann ann En nnn nun ann nnnEn nn n nn nn ann En ann ann Ennnn nun ann nnnun nun 17 19 Generation obthe Model ettet eti ee RI 19 quinmate for foundation walls net dette tete ette ran 20 Definition Of Supports sia sei petam tete d ee t an EIER 20 Active Pressure un eeu ie e EN e data ip qb dete tipp ati ee EE IR HP RAE 21 Gretierated Structure eee ute ER Ge e ee edP ete e HE ER Re Enna 21 Generated Concrete SpecifiCalloris ceo tee e RD qe RTI Le EUR 21 Bams and colunins iret ertet e tete i there hen sikeshalsnsgiel 22 Slabs Emite elements goyin ieissa crt ec edet eiecit iden iae etie e e o te Poeno ia roe ES 22 Generated Continuous Systems eise deep erecti niet dba eiia revocet abus 23 Generated Loads A 23 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Adding Todd Cases 2 2 2 8 22 22 Man neh dde neci tte
15. A and D loads IntAD IntF IntL Therefore the calculation of F will be F 1 0 IntAD IntL 15 10 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Calculation of F for Concrete Members The calculation of factor F will also be done that way for Vrx Vry and Mrx for a given continuous system Values R for columns interaction curves 2D and 3D will be replaced by XiUOR values For the moment no factor F is applied to column Calculation of F for Prestressed Concrete Members For prestressed concrete elements the factor F will be calculated for compression and tension stresses in concrete long term only pT ap OD X 104 aLor 1 ai Load factors are those specified for the load combination ULST no 1 OSLS value for concrete in tension is 0 4A c OSLS value for concrete in compression is 0 45f c Note Calculation of U for sections having passive and prestressing reinforcement Value op pp fps Pc which is used to determine U is replaced by Op pp fps fc pfy c p fy o Note Calculation of bw to be used in the calculation of p for steel For rectangular T and L shapes clause 9 6 8 5 1 of Code S6 88 is considered For composite NEBT and AASHTO sections VisualDesign uses the smallest compressed width that it found when calculating Mr Note Calculation of d used for the calculation of p for combined steel and prestressing reinforcement When calcu
16. Cable Steel Grades spreadsheet Oi 1848 ki 0 517 0 0065 A 098 See also Strands spreadsheet CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 9 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Strands Spreadsheet Define the type of strands that will be included in your prestressed concrete project Select Cables Strands under Common menu Group Shared Data VDBase mdb Column ID Number Distribution Type Diameter Area Material See also Description Automatically calculated 12 alphanumerical characters Editing No Single click Assign a Public or Private distribution to your Double click personalized object A private object will not be merged into another database at the opening of the file The distribution of a pre defined object is Public and is not editable Choose a type of strand among the drop down list Double click Low relaxation Smooth high strength bars Deformed high strength bars Normal relaxation Enter the strand diameter This value is used for Single click screen display only Enter the strand area Single click Choose the strand steel grade among the drop Double click down list To add or modify steel grades select the Steel Grades spreadsheet under Common Cables menu Prestressed Concrete Module Post tensioning Mechanisms Cable Groups Spreadsheet Cable Layouts spreadsheet Cable Steel Grades Spreadsheet 14 10 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software
17. DESIGN CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 17 Piers Abutments amp Retaining Walls Generation and Design Let 7 1 2 1 PPEPFRPERFFPEFPERFFRFFRFFRFEPFEFFRFFRFFPFRRFREFREFLFRPFERFREFRERPERRERFFRERRRRRFRERREFRERPERERR 17 1 Generation of Abutment Pier and Retaining Wall 1 Convention for Global Axes System entente nnne nennen 1 Modification of an Existing Project essei ttttteie estie tokio tek tarda etos 2 Procedure nn didus ec 2 Options Delete all and Delete all except supports uesnsensensenenennensunennensensnnennensenennennensannnn 3 Options New and New based on data een tentent ttententnten teniente tents 3 Option Consulting cec mode e a M RM eH sts o I E 3 Member with a Linear Behaviour sse tentent tenentes 3 Pier Models error eran naunnnan nana r ana naa RRRR ERR RRSARRRRRRRRRSRSRARRRRRRRARSARRARR 17 4 Closed Pier with or without Beam tete tetetntntntetntennnteentennnns 4 pensPIeE ascen d e DL tte LEE etes I eda ie UL E I I MUN 4 Combined Piet iie tete eet e nee eis Bl DER ki 5 Pier with a Variable Width tecti etia tteet cet aaa aan 5 Pier COMPONENTS ier ee ee ees E a Be ee aa 6 Closed i 6 Columns zc oto ene nene np aei ee n ete a dura idet 6 Beatin itid Rennen E ICI EUR ERR Pet ete 7 Abutment Models Le eene r nean enn u nana una nn annu nun un nun nun nnn 17
18. Evaluation among the list box Specify other parameters to be used for the evaluation e Assign this specification to all members composing the bridge Concrete Specifications e Select the Concrete Specifications spreadsheet Structure Specifications Concrete and choose CAN CSA S6 00 as the code to be used for the evaluation Then in the Type of Analysis column select Bridge Evaluation among the list box Specify other parameters to be used for the evaluation e Assign this specification to all continuous systems through the Continuous Systems spreadsheet located in the Structure menu Don t forget to specify concrete covers in this spreadsheet because it is not automatically initialized when Code S6 00 is selected Refer to this Standard for appropriate concrete covers See also Load Factors for Bridge Evaluation Steel Specifications Concrete Specifications Continuous Systems Calculation of F Live load capacity factor CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 15 7 CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Load Combinations for Bridge Evaluation Load Combination Generator If you are evaluating a bridge according to code S6 00 the Load Combinations Generator generates required load combinations and appropriate load factors related to bridge evaluation e Goto Loads Load Combinations Automatic Generation e Select Code S6 00 in the first page General Options of the Generator and press the Next button e In the
19. PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Options Delete all and Delete all except supports A new structure will be generated and will be based on the name of the structure that is selected in the list box The data that were entered beforehand in the dialog boxes will remain and they can be modified Options New and New based on data Elements can be added to an existing model by selecting its name in the list box The data that were entered beforehand in the dialog boxes will remain and they can be modified The name of the model is specified in the Piles and Abutment dialog box when the generator is called up Option Consulting Consult an existing project by activating this option Modifications cannot be done to the model Member with a Linear Behaviour It is possible to define a member having a linear behaviour at all times even for a non linear analysis This functionality is useful to model the small members that are located between bridge supports and pier supports With a linear behaviour these members will not induce horizontal components during the non linear analysis such as a design Consequently only axial forces will be transferred and the convergence will be faster than before To assign a linear behaviour to these small members select them while working in the Structure mode and open the Member Characteristics dialog box by pressing the Properties icon Specify hinged end conditions and select th
20. Prefab Components N A Stage n a 10 Adding Load Cases Insert lines in this spreadsheet and define the load case titles and types N B The Load Combination Generator generates load combinations according to the types of load cases included in the Load Definition spreadsheet CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 23 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Applying Loads to Supports Activate the Load Case mode on Activation toolbar and select a load case title in the drop down list box Activate the Node icon on Elements toolbar and select supports Press the Properties icon to call up the Forces on Nodes spreadsheet Enter loads according to global axis system 17 24 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Load Combinations Load Combination Generator To call up the generator go to Loads Load Combinations Automatic Generation Select 56 00 Standard in the Code list box Press next In the Specific Options page select generation options and press the Next button The Selection dialog box includes the load combinations that VisualDesign plans to generate for you To remove load combinations from the list uncheck the appropriate boxes Press the Finish button The Load Combinations spreadsheet appears on screen To remove a load combination temporarily from analysis disable it through the Required option Press OK to save data and exit the
21. Select the General Method for the design of concrete elements Choose transverse and longitudinal reinforcement that will be used for the design of concrete elements if any 3 Slab e If beams are composite define a slab in the Composite Slabs spreadsheet of Structure menu 4 Member Characteristics Dialog box e Activate design criteria in the Member tab of Member Characteristics dialog box Choose a concrete section If the section is composite AASHTO or NEBT select Composite beam as composition and specify the construction stage number where the member should be effective Usually stage 2 e Then go to the Composite Beam tab Select the slab that you created before and choose the prestressed concrete elements end conditions according to strong axis for construction stages 1 to 5 e Define member rigid extensions in the Connection tab N B The ez rigid extension at node i will be positive and the one at node j will be negative Make sure that elements are aligned Example if gravity axis is y align elements by setting eccentricity ey Above the axis passing through nodes i and j CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 31 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 5 Continuous Systems Spreadsheet e Go to Structure Continuous Systems In the Specification column choose the concrete specification that will be used for design or verification Define the type of exposure and concrete cover Enter crack control para
22. Steel Grades Standard Reinforcing Bars PRP Reinforcing Bars Meshes Bending Shapes Cable Steel Grades Strands Post tensioning Mechanisms REBAR PLACEMENT Continuous System Concrete Specifications Main Reinforcement spreadsheet Transverse Reinforcement spreadsheet Cross sections Cable Groups Cable Layout Bar List Continuous System Automatic Generation of Cross sections RESULTS Loss of Prestress in Cables Stresses at each construction stage Graphs Intermediate Results General Results 3D Interaction Curves HELP Using Help Reminder Editing Keys About VisualDesign See also Rebar Placement window Legend CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 35 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Rebar Placement Drawing When activating the Rebar Placement window display rebars information through the Rebar Placement tab of View Options The description of main reinforcement and prestressed cables is as follows Description of longitudinal rebars 2x1 25M 159 27900 Number of bars L Length Number Bend Shape Type of rebar Description of cables Cable Span1 right Segmenti Cable Group Number UE 8 Segment Number Cable Layout Stirrups The description of stirrups is as follows 15 10M 300 15 bars no 10 Metric 300 mm centre to centre 21 25 MABT 14870 2105 Mi figo 2x1 25 M 188 14870 Cable Ti Segment 4 14x1 25 M 190 14870 ii iii M EL Jee ____
23. The selection tree will appear on your screen as shown below Expand the Concrete root the Round or Rectangular branches and activate the appropriate radio button Press OK 17 6 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS cn E Concrete Rectangular and Round H O Round H E Rectangular O I AASHTO O T NEBT OFS Timber Con600 500 Cancel Beam Beam width c Click the arrow to open the drop down list box and select the beam width If the dimension is not part of the list you will have to create a new section Go to VisualDesign Common Sections menu and select the Round or Rectangular Sections spreadsheet Insert a line at bottom of spreadsheet and enter new section dimension b and d Other section properties are automatically calculated Go back to your project and choose the appropriate width Beam mm Width c x Length Lc 6000 Tickness tc 000 Dimension a 200 Dimension b 200 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 7 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Abutment Models Closed U Abutment Type of Abutment Cl d U Abut t Closed U Abutment mar len b1 b2 KI 1 4 Column Section Closed Part Been V Walls VW Coping Wall HELLE Exterior Stratigraphical Profile N 7 Location of Supports a 40
24. This option is activated if a specific series is selected Change the line colour style and weight for this specific series Look at the sample that is displayed in the dialog Choose a line colour for this specific series Choose a line style for this specific series Choose a line weight for this specific series Markers represent points on the series This option allows you to change the chart type Choose a marker shape such as cylinders or cones for a bar chart or cube chart Repetition of markers Markers size This option allows you to show hide point markers on the series This option allows you to show hide a particular series in the chart Look at the sample displayed in this box 14 47 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE The Axes tab This dialog allows manipulating axis settings including Major Interval Minor Intervals Scales Min Max and Gridlines amp Tickmarks Field Description Combo Box Choose the axis for which you want to look at parameters To change parameters press on the Details button posted in the bottom of the dialog Check the Visible box to show hide a particular axis including labels and tickmarks Major unit This option allows you to set the Major interval for the selected axis Check the Show gridlines box to show hide gridlines on the major interval Tick mark type Choose the tickmark type for the major interval Minor unit This option allows you to set th
25. To open this dialog box select any cell right click and select the Automatic Generation function in contextual menu CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 13 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Cable Layout Models e d CREE aT N 2 Nm int a oo N a 42 When layouts are defined the user can exit the dialog box The Layouts spreadsheet will still be open on screen Users can consult the spreadsheet and modify layouts as they wish Group Structural data Column ID Number Shape Beginning End zi y1 Description Automatically calculated Enter a number for this layout 12 alphanumerical characters Choose a layout shape among the drop down list Straight line Parabolic or Circular Specify the cable fastening at the beginning of this sequence Mobile Fixed or Continuous Specify the cable fastening at the end of this sequence Mobile Fixed or Continuous Position of the cable starting point relative to continuous system Vertical position of cable in z according to the continuous system axis See the note below Editing No Single click Double click Double click Double click Single click Single click 14 14 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing 22 Position of an intermediate point relative to Single click continuous system i
26. VisualDesign software or about the present documentation shall be sent to CivilDesign inc 61 St Charles St W Suite 50 Longueuil Qu bec J4H 1C5 Phone 450 674 0657 Tool Free Number 1 800 724 5678 Fax 450 674 0665 or E mail support civild com www civild com CivilDesign inc Engineering Software PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN CivilDesign Inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 14 Prestressed Concrete Design General uusununnunnnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnn 14 1 Prestressed Concrete Module unsere een Ie ete een 1 Basic Principles aee eee rudes mti ie atouts tied E Prfoject ContigutatiOn sese Deom teretes t eae ideni tie tee adde Initial End Conditions 5er tae kein Undetbracing eee ee debet eettedi e edet edi deett ik Example Post tensioning beam of variable inertia sse ee DesipmSpecitications ore t eme i p i EO HE nen A P fie e P d a 2 Position OE cables acr te Appui ir pend ede RE Br epe bre dete pe eaae ned 2 Project Configuration ec er eruere nnn nun u nun nnun unn u nuu uuu uana 14 3 The Prestressing tab sssssssccsscctasdessstasdbscsesedbasieassbasssedessatasdesssbasdbectusedbssddasdvasdsbeduseatiodesciesbectedusedbapecs 3 Shrinkage aind Gr ep E f ET ES 2 2 2 2 2 En ee ee doeet 4 Calculation of Alpha for Prestressed Concrete
27. Window To verify your design display the results in the form of graphs according to a chosen construction stage To do so open the Rebar Placement Window and go to Results Graphs For Service and Construction Stage Load Combinations available graphs are Stresses in concrete Sigma and Position within continuous system In the section Type of Graph activate the Ratio of Stresses in Concrete radio button This will activate the Ratio of Stresses in Concrete zone You can display the ratio of stresses in concrete for the following location in concrete element and according to a chosen construction stage Top of Section Sigma Ss Bottom of Section Sigma Si Top of Slab Sigma Ds Bottom of Slab Sigma Di On this graph you will also find other results The maximum tensile stress Ft max and maximum compressive stress Fc max in the slab and the maximum tension and compression forces in the whole element In the Stage drop down list box select a Service or Construction Stage load combination Ratio of Stresses in Cables Sigma fpu and Position within continuous system In the section Type of Graph activate the Ratio of Stresses in Cables radio button This will activate the Ratio of Stresses in Cables zone For a chosen construction stage you can display the ratio of stresses for the following types of cable Pre tensioned cables stage 3 Post tensioned cables stage 4
28. a member having a linear behaviour at all times even in a non linear analysis To do so select option Linear only among the Behaviour drop down list box of the Member tab This functionality is useful to model the small members that are located between bridge supports and pier supports With a linear behaviour these members will not create horizontal components usually created in a non linear analysis Consequently only axial forces will be transferred and the convergence will be faster than before See also Member Characteristics Dialog Box The Member tab 14 30 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Procedure Prestressed Concrete Analysis 1 Project Configuration e Select the Prestressing tab of Project Configuration dialog box Check the Prestressed Concrete Project box to activate the dialog box Check the appropriate construction stages corresponding to your project e Select the Analysis tab of Project Configuration dialog box In the zone Parameters for non linear analysis enter a number of iterations greater than 5 analysis of construction stage 3 sometimes takes more than 5 iterations e Select the Concrete tab of Project Configuration dialog box and modify parameters if required 2 Concrete Specification and Selection of reinforcement e Goto Structure Specifications Concrete Select the code or standard that will be used and modify default parameters if needed
29. axles 2 amp 3 125 kN each sss 24 Load Combinations uuuuuuuunu0nununnnnnnunnnnunun nun un nn un un nun un unnnnununnnnununnnnn 16 28 Automatic Generation of Load Combinations seen 28 Analysis and Procedure Leer eese e aenean nua u nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 16 29 A alysis and Desig EL E 29 Procedute instet ioter cente ite pete E in esie ei E 29 Culvert Design Results eere rer nn nn nn nn nun nn nn nn nn nn nnnnnnnnnnnn 16 30 Rebar Placement Wynd Owe 1a eet e NI sea inne 30 Design of Main Reinforeing Batsen ttt rote eee dero sinn an 31 The Position abi na en EIN EEE 31 Adda Main Rein torcinge B t tree terere rre eere e teret 32 General Results Spreadsheet eee iiie iiie ie oti ti iiio nitri esie cei ivo 33 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS General Culvert Generation Module This module is a culvert generator structural model To design culverts you need the Moving Load Analysis module and the Reinforced Concrete Design module You must be acquainted with VisualDesign To help you use the Online Help F1 key or Help menu or read appropriate chapters in the User s Manual such as Basic Principles Moving Load Analysis and Reinforced Concrete Design Use VisualDesign as a Generator VisualDesign generates the structure applies design criteria and creates specifications A 2D unitary moving load case
30. be effective e In the zone For moving load analysis check the Mobile axis box if the element is part of the moving load axis e Inthe Connection tab e Align the section according to eccentricity ey 14 22 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE e Define ez rigid extensions e Inthe Composite Beam tab e Choose the type of slab that you defined in the Slabs spreadsheet Enter an effective and real b Check the box Use composite beam inertia Ix Never tick off the box Add dead load of slab for a prestressed concrete project because it will be installed after construction e In the zone Composite beams choose the statically determinate beams end conditions according to strong axis for construction stages 1 to 5 VisualDesign will apply these end conditions when transferring to a statically indeterminate structure Calculation of inertia Values of inertia for composite concrete concrete sections are now represented with the usual transformed inertia For Canadian and American codes the calculation of inertia with interfacial slip is not considered for this type of composite section Rigid Floors and Bridge Design Warning Generally a diaphragm action is never used for bridges If the floors axis is different from beam axis it creates an inappropriate composite effect between these two types of elements Also the diaphragm action induces a resistance against temp
31. colours representing forces and resistances within each of the displayed diagrams See also Stresses at Construction Stages Graphical Results Loss of Prestress in Cables General Results Spreadsheet CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 37 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Moving a Whole Cable Layout The displacement of a cable in the X direction was already allowed through a cross section Now the displacement of a whole cable layout can be done in the Y and Z direction through the elevation view of a continuous system The Cursor mode must be activated before using the Move function and Stretch function Displacement in the Z direction To displace a cable layout in the Z direction press the Move icon and press the Ctrl key while selecting the cable Drag the mouse while you press down the left mouse button Release the mouse button Only cable layout ends can be displaced in the Z direction Displacement in the Y direction To displace a cable layout in the Y direction press the Move icon and press the Ctrl Shift keys while selecting the cable Drag the mouse while you press down the left mouse button Release the mouse button Only cable layout ends and points with a null derivative parabolic layout can be displaced in the Y direction See also Deforming a Cable Layout Segment Modifying the Spacing between Cables Properties Delete Activate Cursor mode Move Stretch Deforming a Cable Layout Segment
32. de aee ideas 44 Graphs Toolbar Chatt PX u ensure sn 44 Numerical Results uusununnanununnunnuunnunnunnnunnunnnnnnunnunnnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnn 14 51 Losses of Prestress in Cables siscsscccsscssssseassvaasessavoseasesenssvatiesensoteasasensovaasevssssvssstssstssodsnsneessetbensonds 51 Stresses under Serice Loads unse een intendi tote Den 52 Construction Stapes cec ette quidc dta dede EEEE RAEES deed sinne 52 Other Service Load Combinations cei een milies n erre irt eer ipa d amined 52 Intermediate Results eee ome Pe eet an ae a ede e e e Re ve ke ops va Tee 54 General Results spreadsheet iiieiceiei ierit ani irii iet piri hebes edd 56 Positive Bending Momientitab zone eaa 56 Negative Bending Mormenttab tne cher dee need tta dria aer de redo 59 Sheat Force tab eant 2 e tent iid tu en ati de eret te and 63 Axial Force tab iso omduet aee ebat 64 Position of Cables tab sts idt e dirti e ee gend 65 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software iii CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE General Prestressed Concrete Module Basic Principles This new module allows you to check your prestressed concrete design with or without post tensioning for a 2D structure The user must define and enter the exact position of cables in the elements VisualDesign will check the design Project Configuration You must complete the Prestressing tab of this dialog box if your structure has prestressed concrete elements semi continuous pr
33. is also defined and is specific to 2D culvert model The following types of culverts can be generated e Circular arch Elliptical arch e Arch with 2 diagonals equal groins e Arch with 3 diagonals equal groins e Depressed arch with unequal groins e Arch with 2 ellipses with or without flanges e Surbased arch with 3 radiuses e Ogival arch with a slab Rigid frame on footings e Rigid box culvert Rigid box culvert with haunches e Hlastic box culvert e Elastic box culvert with haunches e Open frame on footings e Open frame with haunches on footings What you have to do All you have to do is to select a type of culvert among a list enter dimensions and other data When the model is generated use the Load Combination Generator to generate the required load combinations as per CAN CSA S6 00 Standard Include moving load envelopes into the generation Launch the design Each of these steps will be detailed further in this document CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 1 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS VisualDesign Culvert Models Circular Arch Circular Arch on Footings Inner Width L Inner Height H Arch Thickness E Footing Exterior Dimension X Footing Interior Dimension Z Thickness of Footing Hs Width of Footing Ls Elliptical Arch Elliptical Arch on Footings Inner Width L Inner Height H Arch Thickness E Arch Radius Rv Comer Radius Re Footing Exterior Dimension
34. purpose only These categories of behaviour are defined in the Generation of Load Combinations for Bridge Evaluation dialog box CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 15 5 CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Group Structural Data Column ID Number Reduction Mrx pos Reduction Mrx neg Reduction Mry pos Reduction Mry neg Reduction Mrz Reduction Crz Reduction Trz Reduction Vrx Reduction Vry Element System Description Automatically calculated 12 alphanumerical characters Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the positive bending resistance on strong axis due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the negative bending resistance on strong axis due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the positive bending resistance on weak axis due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the negative bending resistance on weak axis due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the torsion resistance due to the deterioration of the member Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the member capacity in compression due to its deterioration Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the member capacity in tension due to its deterioration Enter a reduction factor or percentage to redu
35. second page Specific Options click the Bridge Evaluation button to call up the Calculation of Load Factors dialog box Calculation of Load Factors Bridge Evaluation S6 00 Information about bridge Transitory loads Normal amp Level 1 z Inspection level INSP3 M Type of traffic PB Type of span te rt Calculation method Simpie yh System behaviour S2 Element behaviour E3 z IV Important structure Computed factors Beta reliability index 3 Alpha D fi 07 Alpha L fi 19 Cancel e Enter the required parameters in this specific dialog box The Beta reliability index will be calculated along with D and L load factors 15 8 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION The table below describes the parameters included in the dialog box Field Description Information on the bridge Transitory loads Specify the type of transitory loads applied to the bridge Alternative Level 1 Level 2 or Level 3 Inspection Level Choose among INSP1 INSP2 or INSP3 Traffic Type Choose among Normal PA PB PC or PS Type of span Specify the type of span Short or Other Calculation Method Choose a calculation method Statically determinate Sophisticated or Simplified System Behaviour Specify the category S1 S2 or S3 that describes the system behaviour Element Behaviour Specify the category E1 E2 or E3 that describes the element be
36. spreadsheet See also from Chapter 4 Load Combinations spreadsheet Load Factots tab CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 25 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Analysis and Design Step by Step Procedure e Create a new file by selecting New in File menu Foundation Model e Open one the Soils spreadsheet Common Soils and make sure that the parameters are corresponding to the geotechnical survey If not create a new soil by inserting a line and enter data The bearing capacity will be calculated according to the soil parameters q ult represents the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil if it is known e Define a stratigraphical profile and specify each layer of soil e Define a foundation model through dialog boxes OR use the Foundation Modeling Wizard Generation of the Model e Start the generator Go to Structure Generator Abutment Piers and Retaining Walls e Select a structure in the Piles and Abutments dialog box and specify other parameters Press the Parameters button and enter dimensions e Add other load titles in the Load Definition spreadsheet if needed and apply loads on the structure Generation of Load Combinations e Generate load combinations Loads Load Combinations Automatic Generation Static Analysis of Foundation e Launch a static analysis to compute the foundation bearing capacity Look at results through spreadsheets Results Foundations Footing
37. styles in the selected axis Set the minor gridline width in the selected axis Align labels with tickmarks and gridlines in the selected axis Set interlaced gridlines The interlaced colours are achieved with the major grid lines colour and the background of the chart Prestressed Concrete Results Graphs 14 50 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Numerical Results Losses of Prestress in Cables This results spreadsheet is part of the Results menu of Rebar Placement window VisualDesign calculates prestressing losses in cables at each construction stage and for all cable groups according to the prestressing stage defined in the Cable Groups spreadsheet You will notice that VisualDesign also calculates prestressing gains in cables These gains are represented by positive values in the spreadsheet Actually depending on construction stages some loads may add tension in the cables The types of prestressing losses calculated by VisualDesign are For example see Clause 18 6 of A23 3 94 Standard ES Elas tic shortening of concrete REL Relaxation of tendon stress CR Creep SH Shrinkage Api Sum of losses for this stage Ap Sum of losses for all construction stages last column of the spreadsheet Group Results Prestressed Concrete Column Description Editing ID Automatically calculated No Number Cable name or number 12 alphanum
38. 0 mm IV Spring Supports for w all s Cancel Exterior Stratigraphical Profile If there is a backfill located at the right side of the structure the corresponding stratigraphical profile must be specified in this list box Therefore a second stratigraphical profile must be defined beforehand in the Stratigraphical Profiles spreadsheet N B The backfill with or without side slope located at the left of the structure is always specified through the stratigraphical profile that is chosen in the Foundation Model Definition dialog box Spring Supports Activate this option to model spring supports along the backfilled wall See also Abutment Components 17 8 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Open U Abutment Type of Abutment Open U Abutment Open U Abutment Glosed Part Overhung Return Wall IV Column Section IV Beam c E E o o VW Walls ANN V Coping Wall Exterior Stratigraphical Profile Nul Location of Supports a 400 mm IV Spring Supports for wall s Cancel Exterior Stratigraphical Profile If there is a backfill located at the right side of the structure the corresponding stratigraphical profile must be specified in this list box Therefore a second stratigraphical profile must be defined beforehand in the Stratigraphical Profiles spreadsheet N B The backfill with or without side slope loc
39. 1 Composite SeCton aide ee ie t d i eee e eee aban eed at Sedna 21 Standard Shapes run ta cete ai vec tete ted e e bee ee eret 22 Composite Prestressed Concrete Beam 22 Calculation otf inertia E oe ee eee eben uu abet es 23 Rigid Floors and Bridge Design Warning nennen 23 Load Cases and Load Combinations 14 24 Prestressed Concrete Load Cases ii anne tette inte an 24 Construction Stage Load Combinations sss 24 Load Combinations with Construction Stages sse eene nennen 24 Load Factors and Selected Load Cases ote trate aes 25 The Prestressing and Creep Shrinkage Virtual Load Cases eee 25 Construction Stages and Serviceability Load Combinations sss 25 Usual Load Combtnations rte teens tee enit reposo vero eni hai 27 Load Combination Statuses General sse enne 27 Specie SEAEUSES eam uno eee e e a etui dat aita aderit 28 Analysis and Procedure Leer eese eese nun nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 14 29 Analysis Prestressed Conereten nun auskennen 29 Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Structures seen 29 Member with a Linear Behaviour cssscsssssscssssvssecsvonseveetesscaiesesssnoeieseassnvaieseseansedesvaesevedoseseevonves 30 Procedure Prestressed Concrete Analysis seen 31 Rebar Placement Window
40. 30 18 400R 20M 25M 30M 35M General method Weight G30 18 400R 20M 25M 30M 35M General method Constant s M amp M G30 18 400R 20M 25M 30M 35M General method Weight G30 18 400R 20M 25M General method Weight G30 18 400R 15M 20M General method Beams and columns Concrete Specifications Spreadsheet General Beam Column Joist Beam slab Slab FE Shear wall Maximum Maximum Optimization Transverse Selection Structure Supports for stirrups no of layers no of layers Transverse Reinforcement of Transverse in tension in compression reinforcement _ Material Reinforcement 4 Weight G30 18 400R 10M 15M Standard 15M 4 Weight G30 18 400R 10M 15M Standard 15M 4 None G30 18 400R 10M Standard 15M 4 G30 18 400R Standard 4 G30 18 400R Standard Slabs Finite elements Concrete Specifications Spreadsheet General Beam Column Joist Beam slab Slab FE Shear Wall ID Number Temperature reinforcement 22 Beam 15M 23 Column 15M 24 Footing 15M 25 Closed 26 Walls 17 22 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Generated Continuous Systems VisualDesign automatically creates continuous systems for abutment piles and retaining walls Concrete specifications are also initialized in the Continuous Systems spreadsheet You will find the Beam type and Column type of continuous systems Continuous Systems Sp
41. 309 52 190 00 1 15M 1 7894 35 190 00 69 30 kN m Design of Main Reinforcing Bars e Main rebars are displayed on screen The details are available in the Main Reinforcement spreadsheet Rebar Placement menu e To open this spreadsheet and edit rebars double click on a main rebar on the elevation view The rebar dimensions can be changed and resistances will be automatically recalculated and displayed on diagrams Longitudinal Reinforcement Spreadsheet Longitudinal Reinforcement Position 2 Number Reinforcement Deterioration Bending Shape Verti Flip No of Bars X beg Xend Spacing x mm mm The Position tab This second spreadsheet includes information on nodes that are part of the continuous non tectilinear reinforcement of the arch The main rebars are placed end to end forming a sole object CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 31 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Add a Main Reinforcing Bar The Add a main rebar icon of Edit toolbar Use this function available on Edit toolbar of Rebar Placement window to graphically add a main rebar right on the elevation view of any continuous system of the S ab type with a variable geometry Procedure e Activate the icon on Edit toolbar e Use your cursor and click on a first point beginning of the rebar and then on a second point end of rebar representing the length of the rebar that you want to add Then the following dialog box will appear on your screen Ad
42. 45m 1 75h studied longitudinal width h depth of load distribution P DLA 62 5 kN 3 0625h 3 5875h 0 87 P DLA 625 EN 08h 35875 08 16 24 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS E To S g 0 6m E 8 a 5 i t 0 6m nn ae P bic j lk Lp 0 6m 1 75n Case B One mobile Two transverse and two longitudinal wheels with interference with each other Thickness of backfill above the structure varies from 0 686m to 0 772m Four wheels supporting a load of 125 kN 2 each create a pressure equal to P DLA 125 kN 2 1 3 Lp LD where DLA Dynamic Load Allowance Lp 2 4m 1 75h LI 1 45m 1 75h studied longitudinal width h depth of load distribution P DLA 125 kN 2 1 3 3 48 6 7375h 3 0625h P DLA 325 kN 48 6 7375h 3 0625h3 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 25 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS 1 8m 0 25 1 2m 0 25m 1 75h je 1 2m 0 25 0 25 LI FA EEE Lp 1 8m 0 6m 1 75h 2 4m 1 751 Case C Two mobiles Eight transverse wheels with interference with each other Thickness of backfill above the structure is equal or greater to 0 772m Eight wheels supporting a load of 125 kN 2 each create a pressure equal to P DLA 0 9 125 EN 4 Lp LD Where DLA Dynamic Load Allowance Lp 5 4m 1 75h LI
43. 8 Glosed sAbutment iiis tete gotb ied Didi 8 Exterior Stra graphical Profile eS 8 Spting Supports nn zarten nee et ree P a t add 8 Open UA DU tn ents sav M 9 Exterior Stratigtaphical Profile i ire ie Be 9 Spino DUupDOFtS scs ecu denied ada udi seu dea c eL ss 9 Abutment COMP OREM tS xs repete ee ee inge nee 10 Closed Part nee set du ei e ient EEE E fon cd 10 Columns e SS aol eeu est eR 10 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software i CHAPTER 17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Beam a en ah catia sh ios See d Nani ts ebrei 10 Overhung Return Walls zus ete aeo re tere e SR pe nter dedans 11 Coping Wallis eme c t e rre tec s o treo d ue d p tede recedit 11 Retaining Wall Models cerne een n nnn nnn nnn ununi ununi un un un 17 12 Retaining Pl e 12 ExtetriorStratigtaphical Pfofiles 5 ccm uam 12 Ovetload i ice dete aer menie ap pa e t nente ee te hee e Ee tete mita 12 Sptifig SuppoOEts cece eee pa ede ve Uie dd eet vec tete Pee Pe eerie ee eed sen 12 Soils amp Stratigraphical Profiles eere eere eere nennen nnn 17 13 Vol M 13 Strauer phical Profiles et ns ern rn 13 Elevation ot Lopsoll 2 222222 orte eee aia dee ade 13 Definition of Eayets caeteri eerte ns eure 13 Definition of a Foundation Model 1 eere rennen nana nna
44. Composite post tensioned cables stage 7 14 42 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE External post tensioned cables stage 10 In the Stage drop down list box select a Service or Construction Stage load combination Deflection under service Deflection v and Position within continuous system For a chosen construction stage or service load combination you can display the deflection with or without moving loads Deflection at construction stage Deflection at construction stage plus max and min deflection due to moving loads if any N B The calculation of deflection due to creep and shrinkage is done according to the creep shrinkage model chosen by the user These effects are included into calculated results before and after each construction stage For the calculation of stresses and forces values are factored according to load factors defined in the load combination However the deflection that is displayed in this graph is obtained considering 100 of creep shrinkage effects Bending Moments Mx and Position within continuous system In the section Type of Graph activate the Bending and Shear Forces radio button This will activate the Bending and Shear Forces zone Tick off the box that corresponds to results that you want to visualize and for a given construction stage Mx due to shrinkage and creep effects Mx due to secondary prestressing I
45. Design inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Spring supports stiffness for lateral backfill on culverts In VisualDesign we use the following equation 2 RA 92000N Um EET Here is an extract of the document from B ton Provincial Lt e Homologation des conduits Mati re Rev O Novembre 2001 p26 27 on which we based our calculations of spring supports stiffness located laterally along the walls of a buried culvert 2 1 4 Lateral Backfill The nature of backfill materials used to cover a structure is defined by Standards from the Ministry of Transportation of Quebec MTQ In the present project the granular borrow material is of gage CG20 for the pad and coating The latter is installed using layers of a maximum of 150mm thick and compacted to a minimum density of 95 of the maximum dry density as defined with the modified Proctor test It is important to note that the studied concrete structure is deformable The distribution of lateral strains is variable with depth and the biggest value is located at mid height of the structure These conditions are similar to the distribution of stresses observed at the base of a footing that is lying over a granular material Then the approach would be to consider the foundation width H as the height of the structure J E Bowles 1996 formulation used previously could be applied as follows Ks FS 4 1000 where Ks is the coefficient of horizontal elas
46. NTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 15 Bridge Evaluation LeT 7 1 2 1 PPEPFRPEREFREFPFRRFRFFRFEPFEPFEFFRFFEEFPERRFREFREFLFRRFERFRFFRERPERRRRFFLEFRFRRFREFREFLERRERERR 15 1 VisualDesign Approach for Bridge Evaluation neesenessensenensenensenennenennenenne 1 Modification of UOR values x dade ende ees 1 Deterioration of rebars and prestressing cables uneennenseensesenesenensenenennenennnnenennenennonenenneennennns 1 Dead Load Categsoties m E tema ade dee tet d p ei A e n do 2 Dand ye Vae S a a A ei RER 2 Specitieations eM m 2 Deterioration uununnnnnunnunnunnnnnnunnunnnnnnnnnnnan nun ann ann nn nun nun ann nn nnn nun ann ann anannnnn 15 3 Deterioration of Rebars and Cables u uu 0u0siieibbsnibiielii 3 Detenoration of Presttessing Cables 5E ERR 3 Deterioration of Main Reinforcing Bars sse eene nennen nennen 3 Deterioration of Transverse Reinforcing Bats strong axis 3 Deterioration of Transverse Reinforcing Bars weak axis sse 3 Deteriotation of Members nenn 3 Members and Specifications auuu0u0nu000n0nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnen 15 4 QUO MN elbPINCh T 4 Evaluation spreadsheet u benannte Snaar ETN rE rias Eiai 5 Specifications for Bridge Evaluartion essent tenete 7 Steel Specifications eie an Rss Conctete Specifications Load Combinations for Bridge Evaluation ee eere ees 15 8 Load Co
47. See clause 9 6 8 5 1 of Code S6 88 wp represents the verification of steel and prestressing reinforcement ratio used in the calculation of the factored resistance of a rectangular section T T p y 4 0 3 amp c Where Qp Ratio of prestressing reinforcement fps Calculated stress in prestressing reinforcement for Ultimate Limit States MPa fy Yield strength of reinforcement steel MPa Pc Specified compressive strength of concrete at 28 days MPa Q Ratio of steel reinforcement in tension o Ratio of reinforcement steel in compression 14 62 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Shear Force tab For a Beam type of continuous system you will find the following results Group Concrete Results Column Member Number Vfy max Vfy min Design load for Shear ex dv Description The number of the member that is part of this continuous system Subdivisions of continuous system as specified in Project Configuration Envelope of maximum shear strong axis Vfy max minus the shear carried on by prestressing cables dpVp Envelope of minimum shear strong axis Vfy min minus the shear carried on by prestressing cables pVp Design load for shear at this location within continuous system Strain in longitudinal reinforcement for the calculation of shear resistance on strong axis Angle of inclination between diagona
48. Soci t Canadienne de G otechnique page 183 C o Bitech publishers Ltd Canada Bowles J E 1996 Foundation Analysis and Design fifth edition PP 501 506 The M Graw Hill companies inc new York Meyerhof G G 1956 Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cobesionless soils ASCE Journal of the soil Mechanics and Foundations Division vol 82 no SM1 pp 417 430 16 16 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Culvert Specification You can modify the culvert specification that was generated for the design of required reinforcement Select Specifications Concrete in Structure menu The generated concrete specifications are called Cu rerz one for design and the second for verification The General tab The selected code is CAN CSA S6 00 By default VisualDesign uses 10M 15M 20M 25M 30M or 35M for the design of culvert members and slab To add or withdraw type of bars from this list double click in the cell and choose rebars by checking boxes in the Rebars selection tree nn S The chosen optimization is Constant s M M to get a constant spacing for positive and negative bending moment or a multiple of this spacing such as 50mm 100mm 150mm The option Maximize Vr is automatically selected VisualDesign will not consider tensioned reinforcing bars at the top Therefore the distance d or dv will be greater and Mr will be smaller This design will maximiz
49. Volume CIVILDESIGN INC VisualDesign Software Version 5 9 April 2006 Complete User s Manual VISUALDESIGN SOFTWARE Disclaimer CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 1995 2006 All rights reserved VisualDesign is a trademark of CivilDesign inc Engineering Software All rights reserved Windows NT 2000 Xp and 95 98 Me are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of those agreements Although we have taken all precautionary steps to ensure the reliability of VisualDesign software as well as the accuracy of data given in this manual it must be understood that neither the authors nor CivilDesign nor distributors can be held responsible in any way whatsoever for inaccurate or improper use of the material Users must explicitly understand the assumptions of the program and must independently verify the results Information in this document is subject to change without notice No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording for any purpose other than the purchaser s personal use without the written permission of CivilDesign Inc CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Any comment about the use of
50. _____ ____ ___ CULL tt P I IT IN IN 2 Cable Trav1 drot Segment 1 A 8x1 25 M 164 37900 2x1 25 M 169 2060 4 21 23 1 160 27900 81 25 M 163 47900 25125 M166 2060 25125 M 161 A7900 2 1 25 M 167 206 321 25 M 165 208 2 125 M 168 20b soo 2120 30 3600 M05 o0 tos 2200 500 510 M 530 13 10 M 300 10 Mena 15 10 M 300 Export drawings in DXF AutoCAD compatible Rebar placement drawings can be exported to AutoCAD using the Export function of File menu 14 36 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Display Forces and Resistance Diagrams To verify the resistance of prestressed concrete elements and make sure that you ate conforming to the code display the beams forces and resistance diagrams through the Rebar Placement tab of the View Options dialog box The order of appearance of mostly used diagrams is as follows from top to bottom Proportioning of Longitudinal Reinforcement BAs Fy vs Mt dv according to General method See clause 11 4 9 1 A23 3 94 standard 1 2 Mcr vs Mrx where Mrx must be greater than 1 2Mcr If not so then 1 33Mfx must be greater than Mrx See below Vr vs Vf pVp where DpVp is the shear forces of prestressing cables You will notice that the stages within the diagram represent the part of shear forces taken by each cable group Merx vs 1 33Mfx amp Mfx must be verified with the 1 2Mcr vs Mrx diagram Remark Select the Colours tab View Options to know the
51. a general manner we call these reduction factors Xi and the new calculated resistance is called XiU R Reduction factors can be used in evaluating steel reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete bridges Pre tensioned members can also be reduced in capacity In the Evaluation spreadsheet the field System and Element allows identifying the system and element behaviours These fields will not be used when calculating factor F live load capacity factor but they are available for sorting into the spreadsheet for example if you have elements of different categories Deterioration of rebars and prestressing cables Cables main reinforcement and stirrups can have their capacity reduced by a deterioration factor See Deterioration of rebars and cables Deterioration of members CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 15 1 CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Dead Load Categories Many types of dead loads are already defined in VisualDesign for S6 00 standard Prefab Components equivalent to D1 Cast in place equivalent to D2 Wearing surface equivalent to D3 Etc VisualDesign will apply aD load factors according to these dead load categories aD and aL Values From the Specific Options page of the Load Combination Generation Wizard the user can generate load combinations for bridge evaluation by calling up a dialog box He has to define parameters that will be used by VisualDesign to calculate the B
52. activated the Landscape orientation in the Page Setup dialog box Print Preview function Zoom al Click on this icon and with your cursor draw a window around the elements that you wish to zoom in The icon will still be activated to let you zoom again To go back at a normal view click on the icon again Horizontal grid Click on this icon to display a horizontal grid Vertical grid Click on this icon to display a vertical grid Series Legend Click on this icon to mask or display the series legend of the diagram Properties Click on this icon to modify the diagrams view options through the Chart FX 98 Properties dialog box It is composed of the General Series Axes and 3D tabs Look at the tables below to learn more about cach tab CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 45 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE The General tab This dialog box allows setting the displayed chart such as Major Unit Gridlines and Colors Field Effects 3D Cluster Z Axis Stacked Axes styles Grid lines Colors Palette Scheme Background Chart box Title Description Check this box to switch from 2D 3D views When displaying a clustered chart each series will have its own position in the z axis This means if you have a 3 series chart each data series will occupy one tow of data and there will be 3 rows z axis clusters in the chart This function is not activated This option allows you
53. ad Combinations spreadsheet will appear on the screen The generated load combinations are listed in the spreadsheet You are allowed to modify load combination statuses before launching a design If you do not want to analyse a load combination disable the option Required by double clicking in the cell e VisualDesign has included load factor for each load included in load combinations that it generated Have a look at Load Factors tab 16 28 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Analysis and Procedure Analysis and Design e Click the Analysis and Design icon of Tools toolbar In the dialog box press the Analyse button to launch the design of culvert The moving load analysis will automatically be launch first Then VisualDesign will begin its cyclic design according to your specifications e Close the dialog box when the design is completed Procedure e Create a new file by selecting New in File menu e Go to Structure Generator Culverts e Select a culvert model and specify dimensions e Add other load titles in the Load Definition spreadsheet if needed e Generate load combinations Loads Load Combinations Automatic Generation e Launch a Reinforced Concrete Design with function Analysis and Design e Double click on any continuous system to open the Rebar Placement window and use the View Options to display force and resistance diagrams dimensions etc Look at design resu
54. ards direction x Modify spacing between selected cables x direction Move selected cable towards direction y Move selected cable towards direction z along continuous system ength Create a cable deformation towards y direction Create a cable deformation towards z direction Control Keys N a N a N a N a Control Keys N a N a Ctel Shift Ctrl Shift N a Select Function Move Stretch Move Stretch Select Function Move Stretch Move Move Move Move 14 40 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Editing Cross sections Location Cross section Line of cut on Elevation view Action Control Keys Selected the cross section N a outline and move it towards y or z direction The line of cut on elevation view will not move Move the line of cut N a along continuous system z direction The cross section will move along the line of cut See also Activate Cursor mode Move Stretch Editing Cross sections Save Rebar Placement As Copy Identical Continuous system Moving a Whole Cable Layout Deforming a Cable Segment Modifying Spacing between Cables CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Select Function Move Move 14 41 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Graphical Results Graphs Prestressed Concrete Results The Graphs Results icon of View Toolbar Rebar Placement
55. are CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS 0 25m 1 75 h 0 25 025 H eo 0 25 0 25 L a I u SS Se i Lp 1 8m 1 2m 1 8m 0 6m 1 75h 5 4m 1 75h Case D Three mobiles six transverse wheels interfering with each other N B This case is never critical Four wheels supporting a load of 175 kN 2 each create a pressure equal to P DLA 0 8 3 175 EN Lp LD Where DLA Dynamic Load Allowance Lp 8 4m 1 75h LI 0 25m 1 75h studied longitudinal width h depth of load distribution Then P DLA 0 8 3 175 EN 2 1 15 1375h 3 0625h P DLA 2 420 kN 2 1 15 1575h 3 0625h CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 23 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS The summary for this set of loadings is as follows Thickness of backfill and corresponding pressure Axle 4 175 kN gt a x co z 7 L co a 5 00 0 00 0 600 0 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600 1 800 2 000 Thickness of backfill m Second Set of Loadings Relatively to axles 2 amp 3 125 kN each Case A One mobile Two longitudinal wheels with no interference with other wheels Thickness of backfill above the structure varies from 0 6m to 0 686m Two longitudinal wheels supporting a load of 125 kN 2 each create a pressure equal to P DLA 125 kN 2 Lp LI where DLA Dynamic Load Allowance Lp 0 6m 1 75h LI 1 2m 0 25m 1 75h 1
56. ated at the left of the structure is always specified through the stratigraphical profile that is chosen in the Foundation Model Definition dialog box Spring Supports Activate this option to model spring supports along the backfilled wall See also Abutment Components CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 9 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Abutment Components Components for closed and open U abutments are defined with the help of specific dialog boxes which are accessible in the Abutment dialog box depending on the chosen model Below you will find a description of each dialog box Values are default ones Closed Part Closed Part Columns 17 10 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Overhung Return Walls Overhung Return Walls CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 11 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Retaining Wall Models Retaining Walls Walls Retaining Walls Height H Length L e000 Dimension b1 fi 000 Dimension b2 fo Dimension b3 fo Exterior Stratigraphical Profile Nut kPa Overload 1 MV with Spring Supports Edge Cancel Distance Distance Exterior Stratigraphical Profile If there is a backfill located at the right side of the structure the corresponding stratigraphical profile must be specified i
57. ation or Percentage Set the number of decimals for the selected axis Set logarithmic or linear scales Set the starting point at zero For example if you have a bar chart with a minimum value of 50 the starting point will be zero and you will have bars that go up and down depending on their value The Labels Tab This dialog allows you to manipulate labels displayed on the axis including Rotation Fonts and Axis Title Field Selected Axis Orientation Show labels 2 Levels Rotate with chart Title Description Use the Degrees arrows to set the rotated angle for labels in the selected axis Check this box to show the labels in the selected axis Check this box to show the selected axis labels on two levels Check this box to rotate labels with chart Set the title for the selected axis CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 49 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE The Grid lines Tab This dialog allows you to customize gridlines on both the major and minor intervals Field Selected axis Major gridlines Color Style Weight Minor gridlines Color Style Weight Align with labels Interlaced See also Description Choose the colours for major gridlines in the selected axis Set the major gridline styles in the selected axis Set the major gridline width in the selected axis Choose the colours for minor gridlines in the selected axis Set the minor gridline
58. ble once that the reinforced concrete design is completed It includes many results that you can display in a graphic form through the view options of Rebar Placement window Please verify that ratio c d does not exceed c d max clause10 5 2 of Code A23 3 95 which is given as a result in this spreadsheet If you used the Bridge Evaluation module you will also find results that are about this evaluation Please note that some results will be available in the spreadsheet only if they are displayed in the Rebar Placement window This is the case for results on cracking factors B2 or z and fatigue in longitudinal rebars Variation of stresses in rebars diagram Do not forget that if you want to obtain these results you must define load combinations with a Service or Fatigue status Lines that are marked with yellow mean that there are some parameters exceeding the limits permitted per code The General Results spreadsheet in split into five spreadsheets to make consultation easiet Positive Bending Moment tab Negative Bending Moment tab Shear Force tab Axial Force tab Position of Cables Positive Bending Moment tab Group Concrete Results Column Description Editing Member The number of the member that is part of this No Number continuous system z Subdivisions of continuous system as specified in No Project Configuration Mfx max Envelope of maximum bending moment for No strong axis R Factored resistance of tens
59. ce the member shear capacity on weak axis due to its deterioration Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the member shear capacity on strong axis due to its deterioration Category of the element behaviour according to Code S6 00 for Bridge Evaluation Category of the system behaviour according to Code S6 00 for Bridge Evaluation Editing No Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Double cl lick Double cl lick Note The Element and System correspond to behaviour categories and are part of this spreadsheet for sorting purpose only These categories of behaviour are defined in the Generation of Load Combinations for Bridge Evaluation dialog box 15 6 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Specifications for Bridge Evaluation Existing specifications in VisualDesign can be used or new ones can be created In the Type of analysis column of the Specifications spreadsheet the user will choose the Bridge Evaluation option This option will activate the reduction of capacities OR by U value and deterioration factors Steel Specifications e Select the Steel Specifications spreadsheet Structure Specifications Steel and choose CAN CSA S6 00 as the code to be used for the evaluation Then in the Type of Analysis column select Bridge
60. choose and define cable layouts When defining new cable layouts a dialog box will appear It includes five pre defined layouts 14 2 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Project Configuration The Prestressing tab You must complete this dialog box if your structure has prestressed concrete elements semi continuous pre tensioned and or post tensioned elements Call this dialog box by selecting Project Configuration under File menu You must check the box Prestressed Concrete Project in the upper part of the dialog box in order to activate the construction stages below Otherwise you will not be allowed to define cable groups y group Project Configuration x Foundation Seismic Steel Composite Beam ASCE 10 97 Concrete Design Prestressing 1 r Selection of construction stages ERBE IV Prestressed concrete project cee 1976 5600 il Stages Sequential post tensioning Day Relative humidity IV Stage 1 Pouring of concrete po mu IV Stage 2 End of cure 0 75 Cure for Section IV Stage 3 Transfer of prestress 0 75 Cure for Slab r Siege 3a Adon of deed nad EE Stage 3b Addition of dead loads 0 75 Integration Constant Stage 4 Application of post tensioning m 1075 4 M Stage 5 Addition of slab jpo Exposed surfaces M Stage 6 End of humid cure for slab Li Stage 7 Application of post tensioning al Ez L os x IV Stage 8 Addition of extra dead loads o
61. ction stage load combinations must have the same load factors as those included in serviceability load combinations because the stresses calculated during the analysis of construction stages are used for calculating stresses for serviceability load combinations CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 25 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE For example these load combinations are adequate Stage 3 0 8 Shrinkage Creep 1 0P 1 0 DL_beam Stage 5 0 8 Shrinkage Creep 1 0P 1 0 DL_slab Stage 6 0 8 Shrinkage Creep 1 0P Stage 8 0 8 Shrinkage Creep 1 0P 1 0 Ds 1 0DL_barrier Stage 9 0 8 Shrinkage Creep 1 0P Temperature loads and moving load envelopes must not be part of any construction stage load combinations For serviceability load combinations load cases must be AT LEAST the same as for construction stages and generally other effects are included as required by the building code such as temperature and moving load envelope SERVICE SLS NO1 A 0 8 Shrinkage Creep 1 0P 1 0 DL_beam DL_slab Ds DL_barrier 0 8Tma x 0 9Lm SERVICE SLS NO1 B 0 8 Shrinkage Creep 1 0P 1 0 DL_beam DL_slab Ds DL_barrier 0 8Tmi n 0 9Lm Other load combinations may be defined but load factors must be the same as construction stage load combinations otherwise they will be available for displaying forces in VisualDesign main window but not stresses in VisualDesign Rebar Placement window Stresses will not be avai
62. d Longitudinal Rebar x From outer side From inner side Longitudinal Rebars 15M X Concrete Cover p o mm Spacing 200 mm onea e Choose the location of the bar relatively to local axis system of continuous system outer or inner side Select a type of rebar concrete cover and spacing e Click OK e Check force and resistance diagrams displayed on your screen 16 32 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS General Results Spreadsheet Select this spreadsheet in the Results menu to consult numerical results about the concrete design If lines are marked with a yellow colour it means that the design at this location in the continuous system is not good Some parameters are exceeding the limits fixed in the building code that was selected in the Continuous Systems spreadsheet General Results Spreadsheet S 1 Positive Bending Moment Negative Bending Moment Shear Force Axial Force E 0 00 121 42 159 16 121 42 318 32 121 42 477 48 i 121 42 636 64 i 121 42 795 79 121 42 954 95 N d 121 42 1114 11 1 i 121 42 1273 27 I E 121 42 1432 43 Bj i 121 42 1591 59 121 42 1591 59 121 42 1600 75 121 42 1609 91 121 42 1619 08 A 121 42 1628 24 P 121 42 Cancel CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 33 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS GENERATION AND
63. e e Enter Ka values for a standard active pressure and dynamic one if required e Click OK to generate the model and apply loads Generated Structure Here is a 45 deg view of a combined pier along with shallow foundation model 1 Generated Concrete Specifications VisualDesign generated three concrete specifications that will be used for the design of the beam columns footing closed part and walls To modify default values for specifications go to Structure Specifications Concrete General Beam Column Joist Beam slab Slab FE Shear wa Type of analysis Maximum Calcul Method Calcul Method Capacity Factor Mr Vr Mr Vr Positive Negative CAN CSA SE 00 Design 100 00 Maximize Mr Maximize Mr CAN CS4 S6 00 Design 100 00 Maximize Mr Maximize Mr CAN CS4 S6 00 Design 100 00 Maximize Mr Maximize Mr CAN CS4 S6 00 Design 100 00 Maximize Mr Maximize Mr CAN CSA4 S6 00 Design Maximize Mr Maximize Mr CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 21 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS By default the design is done according to Standard CAN CSA S6 00 By default main rebars 20M 25M 30M and 35M and stirrups 10M and 15M can be selected for the design Concrete Specifications Spreadsheet General Beam Column Joist Beam slab Slab FE Shear Wal Epoxy Optimization Main Selection Design method Coated Main Reinforcement of Main reinforcement Material Reinforcement Weight G
64. e 14 15 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Composite Members Composite Slabs Spreadsheet This spreadsheet is used for composite beams only The defined slab will be selected in the Composite Beam tab of Member Characteristics Group Structural data Column ID Number Steel deck Direction tc hd to Rod top S top d top Rod bot S bot d bottom Rebar Material Concrete Material Description Automatically calculated Number description Double click in the cell and choose a steel deck Direction of steel deck rib relative to the beam perpendicular parallel Total slab thickness without the steel deck Thickness of the slab located above steel deck Total thickness tc hd Rebars located at top of slab Spacing between top rebars Distance between centre of gravity of top rebars and top of slab Rebars located at bottom of slab Spacing between rebars at the bottom Distance between centre of gravity of bottom rebars and top of slab Choose the rebar steel grade among the drop down list box Choose the slab concrete material Editing No Single click Double click Double click Single cl lick Single cl No lick Double click Single click Single click Double click Single click Single click Double click Double click CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE AASHTO Sections spreadsheet Thi
65. e Foundation Model dialog box which is accessible through Structure Foundation Model Shallow or Deep The Foundation Model dialog box is reached through the Foundation Model spreadsheet using the contextual menu Insert a line in the spreadsheet click any cell right click to open the contextual menu and choose the function Detail See also Shallow Foundation Model Deep Foundation Model Shallow Foundation Models Go to Structure Foundation Models Shallow or Deep When the spreadsheet is open click in a cell right click and select the command Details in the contextual menu The Shallow Foundation Models dialog box is composed of four tabs namely Definition of Models Footing Column and Design tabs Enter foundation parameters and dimensions Complete the tabs in the Shallow Foundation Models dialog box and press OK You will go back to the Shallow Foundation spreadsheet Press OK to exit Please refer to Chapter 6 Foundation Design to know more about the Shallow Foundation Models dialog box N B The direction of Z Axis is parallel to the road axis X Axis is transverse to the road and Y Axis represents the gravity axis CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 15 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Specification for Shallow Foundation A specification for the design or verification of the shallow foundation must be selected in the Design tab of Shallow Foundation Models dialog box T
66. e Minor interval for the selected axis Check the Show gridlines box to show hide gridlines on the minor interval Tick mark type Choose the tickmark type for the minor interval Details Button Press this button to access the Axis Properties dialog to change the selected axis properties See explanation below The Axis Properties dialog box includes the selected axis properties and is composed of the following tabs General Scale Labels and Grid lines The General Tab Field Description Selected Axis Major unit Choose the unit that will define the major interval of the selected axis Tick mark type Select the tickmark type and show hide gridlines of major interval Minor unit Choose the unit that will define the minor interval of the selected axis Tick mark type Select the tickmark type and show hide gridlines of minor interval 14 48 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE The Scale Tab This dialog allows you to manipulate axis scales including min max and logarithmic scales among others Field Selected Axis Minimum Maximum Scale unit Format Decimal places Logarithmic scale Zero line Description This option allows you to set the minimum for the selected axis This option allows you to set the maximum for the selected axis Set the scale unit for the selected axis Set the axis format None Number Currency Scientific not
67. e elevation of mobile will always be fixed to 0 0 in the Moving Load Cases spreadsheet meaning that it is located right at the top of culvert You must choose a moving load other than the initialized 2D CL Unit and define 2D axle factors Rigid Box Culvert Box Culvert without haunches 16 6 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Rigid Box Culvert with Haunches Elastic Box Culvert Elastic Box Culvert without haunches CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 7 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Elastic Box Culvert with Haunches Elastic Box Culvert with haunches Rigid Culvert without haunches on footings 16 8 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Open Frame on Footings with Haunches Rigid Culvert with haunches on footings CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 9 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Generation of Culvert Start a project e Create a new file by selecting New in the File menu Generator e Go to Structure Generator Culvert and select a culvert model The Culvert dialog box will appear on your screen Arch on Pedestals Jif nune i e Click on the arrow and select a culvert model among the drop down list box Select a concrete material and other parameters 16 10 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Description
68. e option Linear only among the Behaviour drop down list box of the Member tab CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 3 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Pier Models Closed Pier with or without Beam Type of Pier Closed Pier Closed Pier Iv Closed Part JE Column Section Open Pier Type of Pier Open Pier I Ciosed Fart IV Column Section IV Beam IV Spring Supports for walls Columns 17 4 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Combined Pier Type of Pier Combined Pier Combined Pier IV Closed Part m IV Column Section IV Beam ET IV Spring Supports for walls Pier with a Variable Width Type of Pier Pier with Variable Width Pier with Variable Width M Closed Part Le c Column Section P v Beam DEN IV Spring Supports for w all s Bearn Part CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 5 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Pier Components Components for a closed pier a pier with variable width an open pier and a combined pier are defined with the help of specific dialog boxes which are accessible in the Pier dialog box depending on the chosen model Closed Part Closed Part Columns Column section To choose a section press the button located next of field Section
69. e post tensioned cables Ratio of minimum stresses in external post tensioned cables Ratio of maximum stresses in external post tensioned cables CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Editing No 14 53 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Deflection Stage Max Deflection Stage Trucks Min Deflection Stage Trucks See also Graphs Description Editing Deflection at this construction stage No Maximum deflection at this stage including No moving loads Minimum deflection at this stage including No moving loads Loss of Prestress in Cables Intermediate Results Intermediate results are available once that the Prestressed Concrete design is completed Open the Rebar Placement window and go to Results menu The spreadsheet includes the following columns Group Prestressed Concrete Results Column Stage Member number Shape f ci Section f ci Slab Eci Section Eci Slab Ix Section Ix Composite Description Editing Number of days for this construction stage No Number of this member 16 alphanumerical No characters Shape of this member No Compressive strength of concrete at time of No prestress transfer for the section Compressive strength of concrete at time of No prestress transfer for the slab Modulus of elasticity of concrete at time of No prestress transfer for the section Modulus of elasticity of concrete at time of No prestress
70. e tensioning or continuous post tensioning Call this dialog box by selecting Project Configuration under File menu Define construction stages by ticking off the appropriate boxes Information will be used to calculate prestress losses in cables due to creep and shrinkage Results at each construction stages will be added to the next stages Initial End Conditions You must define the initial end conditions of the structure Example considering a pre tensioning structure you must not consider the slab in the initial stage a gt AA ih ch Make sure that superior fibres are aligned for each member Otherwise the continuous system will be erroneous Underbracing If stage 3 is checked the underbracing will be considered up to this stage If stage 4 is checked but stage 3 is not the underbracing will be considered up to stage 4 Stage 5 may not exist if the chosen steel shape is already composed of a slab Example Post tensioning beam of variable inertia All members are aligned at top fibres To do so choose the option Above for eccentricity ey in the Connection tab of Member Characteristics dialog box CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 1 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE VisualDesign calculation method will modify end conditions for moving load analysis or for any load case according to the stages specified in the Load Combinations Definition spreadsheet It is of prime importance to model the str
71. e the shear resistance of the member The Beam slab tab The minimum spacing for main reinforcement is fixed to 150mm If the transverse reinforcement is composed of a welded mesh the default spacing is set to 200mm The option Buried Precast is selected as type of structure Therefore the design of culvert will be done according to code S6 00 chapter 7 Buried Structures clauses 7 8 8 to 7 8 12 Culvert Continuous Systems While you are working in Structure mode select the Continuous Systems spreadsheet in Structure menu and look at criteria that have been specified in the Culvert specification VisualDesign automatically defines continuous systems according to culvert model Usually one will be created for the arched structure and a second one ot two for foundations Culvert walls and footings are continuous systems of the Beam slab type with a variable geometry No stirrup design is done Concrete covers are fixed to 50mm as default To modify concrete covers click in cells and enter a new value Crack control parameters are fixed to a value of 70000 N mm See also Reinforced Concrete Design Chapter Continuous Systems spreadsheet Chapter 10 The Beam slab Type of Continuous System with Variable Height CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 17 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Generated Loads Generated Loads VisualDesign generates the required loads for each culvert To have a look or add new loads go to Loads Load Cases
72. erated model o cde iam ae mee cis 3 Calvert ou c 13 jose cM 14 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software i CHAPTER 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS Spring supports stiffness for lateral backfill on culverts sse 15 Culvert Specification iscaisisicsatssstscsssenssessscatoasssenssevesenbecstocssbvassevesenvasanvevenvauoevenstbacanbesenansessnnvasatio s 17 Th Grenetal tab ient tees otto ste m doa eer pe E a RA Pe Ib RA adea beue eri 17 The Beaunxslab tab i ri t en a eR eie e ipe DEI 17 Culvert Cont nuous Systerms o ede piede RR RIER Ha 17 Generated Loads unuununnnunnununnnnunnnnnnununn nn nn nun nn nn un nn nn nn nn un un nn EnunnnnnnEn 16 18 eara rp D 18 ID HEP TE 18 Eiye oads uet eret e e e e C ge ORE Ft d Ue OR RU Gades iod oa de Endo 18 Seismic LO AAS wis vitet todo idees ed at vec GO ta d e Itt OG DO ash 18 Moving Loads cocer erae n annu annu nn nn En nn nn nn nn aa 16 19 Generated Moving Loads rroan iniii as An An gni n nite Dern tne ee tota ert aee diras 19 Distribution of Moving Loads through Backfill seen 20 Mobile 21D CES n1 eei itt n ae sera RR lag 20 Dynamic Load Allowance DLA Code provision 3 8 4 5 2 sse 20 First Set of Loadings Relatively to Axle 4 175 kN unsnsnensensnenensennensenennensensnnennennen sans 20 Second Set of Loadings Relatively to
73. erature variation and finally the diaphragm absorbs prestressing effects which is not good See also AASHTO Sections NEBT Sections Procedure Prestressed Concrete Analysis Statically determinate and indeterminate structures Cable Groups Cable Layouts Load Cases Load Combinations Copying a Group of Cables along with Its Cable Layout CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 23 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Load Cases and Load Combinations Prestressed Concrete Load Cases It is of prime importance to properly define all load types that will be applied to the structure according to the construction stages that have been specified in the Project Configuration Prestressing tab Select the Loads Definition spreadsheet in the Loads Load Cases Definition menu Insert lines and define load cases that will be superimposed according to construction stages For example create an additional dead load case to account for the beam and a second one for the composite slab You can also add temperature loads Prestressing loads jacking and the pre tensioning or post tensioning stages are defined in the Cable Groups spreadsheet NOTES The Prestressing type of load is a virtual load that does not need to be defined in the Loads Definition spreadsheet It corresponds to the stresses added at all construction stages These stresses will be multiplied according to the load factor that you specify in the Load Factor tab
74. erical No characters Stage Prestressing Stage No ESi Elastic shortening of concrete at stage i No RELi Relaxation of tendon stress at stage i No CRi Creep of concrete at stage i No SHi Shrinkage of concrete at stage i No Api Sum of losses at stage i No Ap Sum of losses for all stages No CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 51 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Stresses under Service Loads This spreadsheet includes minimum and maximum stresses in the concrete ratios of stresses in prestressing cables and deflections results at each stage with and without moving loads Results are available through the Results Stresses menu of Rebar Placement window for Service load combinations and Construction Stage load combinations Construction Stages Select Results Stresses Stage X Other Service Load Combinations Select Results Stresses Serviceability Limits States Group Prestressed Concrete Results Column ID Number Position Section Top Oss min Section Top Oss max Section Bottom Osi min Section Bottom Osi max Slab Top ods min Slab Top Ods max Description Automatically calculated Cable number or name 12 alphanumerical characters Position within continuous system Minimum stress in concrete at the section superior fibre for a chosen construction stage Maximum stress in conctete at the section superior fibre for a chosen constructio
75. eza Reliability Index and load factors aD and aL Load factors aD and aL are applicable to all elements of the structure for database management and architectural reasons If categories of system behaviour and element behaviour vary the engineer will have to run extra analyses of the structure Specifications Existing specifications in VisualDesign can be used or new ones can be created In the Type of analysis column of the Specifications spreadsheet the user will choose the Bridge Evaluation option This option will activate the reduction of capacities OR by U value and deterioration factors Diaphragm action Rigid floors should not be used to model a bridge for the same reason explained above Furthermore the diaphragm effect will act opposite to temperature effects and finally prestressing effects will be absorbed within the diaphragm See also Specifications for Bridge Evaluation Live Load Capacity Factor Bridge Evaluation Results Load Factors for Bridge Evaluation The Member Dialog Box Steel Design Results General Results spreadsheet Reinforced Concrete Design Module 15 2 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Deteriorati Deterioration of Rebars and Cables According to Code S6 00 deterioration factors can be applied to prestressing cables main reinforcing bars and stirrups These factors are calculated as follows Deterioration of Prestressing Cables Cable area
76. f bottom flange Single click be Width of truncated part 45 deg of bottom Single click flange tb See the figure above Single click R1 Radius of curvature of bottom flange See the Single click figure above R2 Radius of curvature of bottom flange See the Single click figure above h1 See the figure above Single click w Web thickness of the section Single click hw Height of web having a thickness w Single click R3 Radius of curvature of top flange See the figure Single click above R4 Radius of curvature of top flange See the figure Single click above h2 See the figure above Single click bt Total width of top flange Single click tt See the figure above Single click Area Area of the section No yt Distance from bottom fibre to centre of gravity No Ix Section inertia strong axis No ly Section inertia weak axis No 14 20 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing J Torsional constant No Perimeter Perimeter of the section No See also About Shapes Prestressed Concrete Module Prestressed Concrete Composite Beams Prestressed Concrete T Sections Composite T Section T Sections are mostly used with post tensioning cables Model a Composite T Section using an AASHTO Section and Transform it into different shapes as shown below Transformation of an AASHTO Section Create the Following Sections h1 h2 hw h3 tb Ci
77. ftware Create a new file File New Define the foundation models that you need for your project Go to Structure Generator Abutments Piers and Retaining Walls The Abutments Piers and Retaining Walls dialog box will open on screen Select a type of structure among the Type of Structure list box Click the Parameters button Select a specific model abutment or pier in the Abutment dialog box Pier dialog box or Retaining Wall dialog box and enter the dimensions of selected model You will go back to the Abutments Piers and Retaining Walls dialog box Abutments Piers and Retaining Walls Type of Structure Pier Number Pier Material Con035 Foundation Foundations Null Elevation at Top of Footing foo mm Maximum Plate Dimension po mm q ultimate for walls 0 kPa Supports at Top of Structure Supports r Active Pressure Factor il Standard Dynamic Ka o3 Ka jos OK Cancel Give a number to this model If you call up the Project Modification dialog box afterwards this number allows consulting input data for this model or regenerating another model from this one Select a concrete material 17 19 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS e Select the foundation model among the drop down list box If the foundation is not yet defined press the Foundations button e In the Foundation dialog box use the Profiles Shallow
78. haviour Important Structure Check this option if the bridge is considered as an important structure according to code S6 00 Calculated Load Factors Beta Reliability Index According to the parameters that you entered VisualDesign calculates the beta reliability index and load factors alpha D and alpha L Alpha D Calculated load factor that will be applied to permanent loads Alpha L Calculated load factor that will be applied to live loads CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 15 9 CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Live Load Capacity Factors Calculation of Factor F All R values indicated in VisualDesign will be replaced by XiUQR which represents the resistance of a part that is modified by an adjusting factor U and by another factor Xi that reduces the capacity according to the engineer judgment factor Xi may be equal to 1 0 A limit state Live Load Capacity Factor F will be calculated clause 14 14 2 as follows Be XiU R avD aad i aLL 1 1I ai load factors are those specified for load combinations ULSL no 1 to 9 Calculation of F for Steel Members We use the following equation for considering interaction equations for steel members FL Xi UR gt er gt AA aiL We say XiUoR IntL Interaction due to factored live loads aLL 1 D CL CR aMLX MRX bMLY MRY IntF Interaction due to ELUL load combination CF CR aMFX MRX bMFY MRY IntAD Interaction due to types
79. he moving load envelope Lm01 the type of culvert and elevation of backfill above the culvert are also specified The moving load envelope will be available when the design will be completed Truck Elevation over the Backfill VisualDesign will convert punctual moving loads into surface loads from the specified backfill elevation Elevation column of Moving Load tab This elevation which is automatically calculated corresponds to the top of culvert plus the thickness of backfill above it Loads will be distributed through the backfill down to the culvert foundation Refer to topic Distribution of moving loads through backfill Description of specific fields used for this calculation Field Description Use Elevation Indicate if the structure is an arch or a box culvert rectangular for the calculation of moving loads distribution through backfill Elevation Y coordinate above backfill where moving loads will be applied Longitudinal Slope Longitudinal slope of moving load surface as specified in the Culvert dialog box This option is not yet activated 16 19 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Distribution of Moving Loads through Backfill This topic applies to the design of buried arched and box culverts according to Code S6 00 and for a span that does not exceed 15 meters Culvert type and backfill elevation are specified in the Moving Load Cases spreadsheet Mobile 2D CL Unit
80. his specification is accessible in Structure Specifications Shallow Foundations Shallow Foundation Specifications Spreadsheet 2 Number Code Type of analysis Bx max Bz max Optimize a Waf Rebars m m Dimension Material 1 Footing Design CAN CSA A23 3 95 6 00 Bx Bz 1 25 1 50 G30 18 400R 2 Found Check CAN CSAA23 3 935 Verification 6 00 n a 1 25 1 50 G30 18 400R Piles Foundation Models The Deep Foundation Models dialog box is composed of five tabs namely Definition of Models Footing Column Piles and Piles Layout tabs Complete the tabs in the Deep Foundation Models dialog box and press OK You will go back to the Deep Foundations spreadsheet Press OK to exit Please refer to Chapter 6 Foundation Design to know more about the Deep Foundation Models dialog box Specification for Deep Foundation A steel specification is required for the verification of the structural capacity of the steel piles It must be selected in the Deep Foundation Specifications as shown below The geotechnical capacity of piles will be checked according to the specified pile length and parameters entered in the Piles tab of Deep Foundation Model dialog box Deep Foundation Specifications Spreadsheet Number Type of analysis Max L Steel specification i m Verification 15 009 16 01 Verif 17 16 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Assigning the Founda
81. ill use the appropriate stiffness matrix for the calculation After the calculation it will combine the results obtained from the statically determinate and indeterminate structure CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 29 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Actually when calculating the load combinations VisualDesign first analyses the statically determinate structure using the dead loads additional dead loads and prestressing loads defined according to construction stages before considering this system as statically indeterminate structure composite effect of beam slab Then the program considers elements as continuous and fixes the beams end conditions to fix fix The system then becomes statically indeterminate VisualDesign does another analysis with appropriate loads such as Prestressing with additional loads due to composite effect and moving loads as you defined them in the load combinations When a Prestressing type of load is selected in the Load Factor tab it represents the cumulative stresses of all construction stages This load case is applied to a statically indeterminate structure Load combinations that have a Fatigue status are also applied to a statically indeterminate structure and VisualDesign automatically includes all stresses generated during all construction stages See also Load Cases Load Combinations Project Configuration Member with a Linear Behaviour It is possible to define
82. ination between diagonal stains in compression and the element longitudinal axis Factor that takes into account the shear resistance of cracked sections c d c d ratio of clause 10 1 4 Code A23 3 relative to the balanced condition Concrete Deformation and yield strength of steel Compare with c d max below c d max Maximum c d ratio For load combination with a Service status B2 S6 00 Cl 8 12 3 z A23 3 95 Cl 10 6 1 B2 or z Function modified by the proportioning and type of longitudinal rebars B2 max or zmax Value limiting the proportion of longitudinal rebars Fer S6 00 only Factor that controls cracking in buried structures as per clause 7 8 9 1 This column is present if a Buried type of structure was select in the concrete specification Mw S6 00 only Moment at a section where a tensile stress of 0 4 fcr is induced in the concrete CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Editing No No No No 14 61 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing Ms S6 00 only Flexural moment at a section under No consideration at the SLS load fs S6 00 only tensile stress in reinforcing bars No I eff Effective moment of inertia No Ict Moment of inertia of the cracked section No transformed to concrete See Also General Results spreadsheet Positive Bending Moment tab Shear Force tab Axial Force tab Cable Positions tab Explanatory Note on Variable wp
83. includes live loads only Deflection CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 27 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Status Description Long Term Long term deflection usually includes permanent loads only Deflection Mass This load combination is required for modal analysis and usually includes the structure dead loads and some percentage of snow loads among others Stage This status is specific to load combinations that correspond to a construction stage The Steel Design module is required for analyzing composite beams with construction stages and the Prestressed Concrete module is required for verifying prestressed composite beams with construction stages Specific Statuses Please refer to the following topics Chapter 4 CAN CSA S6 00 AASHTO LRFD 04 ASCE 7 02 SD ASCE 7 02 ASD See also Load Combinations spreadsheet Load Combination Generator Procedure Non linear Time History Analysis Load combinations for Composite Beams with Construction stages Load combinations for Prestressed Concrete Beams General Results spreadsheet Reinforced Concrete Design Generation of Resistance Deflection and Fatigue Envelopes 14 28 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Analysis and Procedure Analysis Prestressed Concrete To analyze prestressed concrete elements verification only press the Analysis and Design icon of Tools toolbar VisualDesign will design concrete element
84. ioned reinforcement No considering stresses that can be developed according to clause 11 4 9 1 of Code A23 3 FP Forces in tensioned reinforcement considering No stresses that can be developed according to equation 11 4 9 1 of Code A23 3 14 56 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing Mrx Factored moment resistance No Mnx Nominal moment Refer to Ch 21 of A23 3 95 No standard Mpx Probable moment Refer to Ch 21 of A23 3 95 No standard Design load Bending moment at this location within No continuous system Bridge Evaluation module only F Live load Capacity Factor Code S6 00 No U Xi Reduction factor applied to flexural resistance No Mcr Bending moment when a tensile stress of fcr is No induced in the concrete fcr Cracking strength of concrete No d Distance from extreme fibre in compression to No the centre of gravity of the tensioned reinforcement at this location within continuous system N B VisualDesign considers all tensioned rebars even those that have not attained the yield stress fy The value of d that appears here does not correspond to the value of d used in the code equations except at the beginning of continuous system dv Distance between tension and compression No resultant forces due to bending at this location within continuous system bw Width of concrete section web at this location No within con
85. isplay forces that are located at each subdivision Subdivisions will be applied to pedestals and elastic box culvert vertical walls The program will calculate and display forces that are located at each subdivision Allowable bearing capacity for this soil According to Bowles theory the stiffness of a spring support modeling the soil will be equal to q allowable 40 SF tributary area of spring support where SF 3 This value g will be used to calculate seismic loads to be applied to the culvert 16 11 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Parameters e Press the Parameters button included in the Culverts dialog box You can modify default values before or after you pressed down the Parameters button e Enter the culvert dimensions and press OK Circular Arch on Pedestals e You will be back in the Culverts dialog box To exit and save data press OK VisualDesign will automatically generate the culvert according to the dimensions that you specified e Save the file 16 12 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Generated model Here is an example of a generated culvert model using the 3D Display option for members View Options dialog box e Use the Global Zoom function of View toolbar to centre the image To zoom in or out use Zoom or Zoom icons or use your keyboard key or Culvert Members To have a look at culvert member characteristics double click
86. l be applied at jacking Post tensioning only Indicate the cone penetration located left of continuous system after post tensioning Post tensioning only Indicate the cone penetration located right of continuous system after post tensioning Editing No Single click Double click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click 14 12 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing Stage Choose the construction stage where pre Double click tensioning or post tensioning will be applied to the structure Initial prestressing initial post tensioning composite post tensioning post tensioning for repairs Cable This factor multiplies the cable diameter to Single click development obtain the development length for cables length Cable Area 100 1 I 506 Dev length Deterioration For Bridge Evaluation module only Indicate Single click the percentage of the original surface that will be lost for the group of strands or one strand due to corrosion or other type of deterioration See also Cable Layout Spreadsheet The Bridge Evaluation module Copying a Group of Cables along with Its Cable Layout Cable Layouts Spreadsheet Access this spreadsheet through the Cable Groups and Layout spreadsheet Use the following tool to define a cable layout
87. l stains in compression and the element longitudinal axis Factor that takes into account the shear resistance of cracked sections Concrete shear resistance Shear resistance of steel reinforcement Shear resistance Vr of the section at this location within continuous system minus the shear carried on by prestressing cables pVp Distance from extreme fibre in compression to the centre of gravity of the tensioned reinforcement at this location within continuous system Distance between extreme fibre in compression and centre of gravity of bending reinforcement VisualDesign uses the smallest calculated value if it is relevant CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Editing No No 14 63 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing Prestressed Concrete only pVp Shear strength of prestressing cables No Bridge Evaluation only F Live load Capacity Factor Code S6 00 No U Xi Reduction factor applied to shear resistance No Axial Force tab Group Concrete Results Column Description Editing Member The number of the member that is part of this No Number continuous system z Subdivisions of continuous system as specified in No Project Configuration Nfz max Envelope of maximum axial force No Mfx max Envelope of maximum bending moment on No strong axis Nfz min Envelope of minimum axial force No Mfx min Envelope of minimum bending moment on No strong axis Maximu
88. lable in the Rebar Placement window because the load factors will not be compatible with those included in construction stages Explanation In VisualDesign the calculation of stresses is done at each construction stage and these stresses include effects of all load cases include in a stage Therefore stresses for shrinkage only or creep or dead load only are not available When the analysis is completed we cannot supply the stresses individually However forces are saved individually and diagrams can be displayed in VisualDesign main window for any load combination For example the results for these load combinations will be available in VisualDesign main window but will not in the Rebar Placement window because load factors are not compatible with the ones defined in construction stages Combin 101 1 0 Shrinkage Creep Combin 102 1 0P 1 0 Shrinkage Creep Combin 103 1 0 DL beam DL slab Ds DL barrier 14 26 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Usual Load Combinations When the construction stage load combinations are defined in the Load Combination Definition spreadsheet use the Load Combination Generator to usual load combinations as required by the building code All load combinations having a Construction Stage status will be available in the Stage list box of the Graphic Results dialog box The moving load envelope Lmi and temperature loads will be included in these l
89. lating the value of Mr for sections having steel and prestressing reinforcement VisualDesign calculated the value of di for each cable and rebar Simultaneously it calculates the sum of moments with terms di Ai fyi Ai and fyi wil have the appropriate value according to the associated deformation and type of material From this sum and simultaneously calculating the sum of terms Ai fyi we will calculate a d value that represent the presence of steel reinforcement and cables To get an accurate value for dv the same will be done for the calculation of the concrete element centre of gravity CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 15 11 CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Calculation of F considering the proportioning of longitudinal reinforcement Clause 8 9 3 10 1 concerns the proportioning of longitudinal reinforcement and replaced the former equation Mr gt Mf For the bend part of the element we suggest the following for the calculation of F dv dv theoretical dv calculated from stress strain compatibility dv dv according to Code minimum of 0 9d 0 72h or dv cot0 always a function of Mf Nf and Vf R XiU osAsfy pApsfps XiU Mrx dv F M dv 0 5N VE 0 5Vs pVp cotO F Mf dv 0 5NE Vf cot0 0 5Vs dpVp cot Clause 8 9 3 10 1 becomes R gt P Where P is FP AD L SP With SP 0 5Vs pVp cotO AD Mad dv 0 5Nad Vad cot0 L Ml dv
90. levation Topsoil Water Warning This information is important because you will specify the elevation of the top of footing in the Abutment Pier and Retaining Wall dialog box The top of footing must coincide with an elevation that is between ground elevation and the bottom of the deepest soil layer Definition of Layers e Select the Layer Definition tab e Insert as many lines as the number of soil layers included in the profile N B First rank is located just below natural ground e Enter the rank of each layer Double click in the Soil name column and choose one among the drop down list box CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 13 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Stratigraphical Profiles Spreadsheet i iul Thickness Soil Name m 17 00 Sand 2 Medium e Press OK to save data entries 17 14 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Definition of a Foundation Model General You can define the foundation model before generating the structural model A foundation model can be created in 2 ways Foundation Modeling Wizard The Foundation Modeling Wizard located in Structure Foundation Models allows a quick generation of a deep or shallow foundation model When the generation is completed data can be access through the Foundation Model spreadsheets Foundation Model Dialog Box The foundation model can be define in th
91. lts CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 29 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Culvert Design Results Rebar Placement window e To access the Rebar Placement window activate the Rebar Placement mode on Activation toolbar Then double click on any continuous system The elevation view of the selected continuous system will be displayed on screen e Open the View Options dialog box Check the Dimensions root and expand the Beam Diagrams roots Select the diagrams that you want to look at Yiew Options Ea Rebar Placement Dimensions Colours Beam Diagrams le Mfx Mrs vs 2 W Vfy Vry vs z O VfyM ax without stirrups vs Vfy O vfy vip max vs z O Mfy Mry vs z O Vix Vie vs z O Nfz Nrz vs z O Tfk Trz vs z Cracking 1 20 Mcr Mr vs z W 1 33 Mix Mrs vs z at Proportioning of Longitudinal Reinforcement O Stresses Variation in Rebars Icr le vsz O Column Diagrams Dimensions E Longitudinal Reinforcement Transverse Reinforcement Group of Cables v Cross sections dimensions Barcel Apply Help 16 30 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Note The diagram Design load vs z is for culvert design It shows the percentage of used capacity of the culvert for analysed load combinations The diagram must be within limits of 100 131 24 kN m Mrx vs 1 33 Mfx amp Mix 1 20M 2 8
92. lysis again or design This is an iterative process If the dimensions are OK save your file under another name to keep results for further consultation Jf you do not rename the file before you transform the foundation into plates bearing capacity results will be lost because VisualDesign will consider the project as a new one Transform the Foundation VisualDesign will transform the footing into plates and add elastic supports at foundation nodes For pile foundation the program will also transform the pile into members and create rigid links between pile head and footing To do all of this in one click activate the Structure mode select the foundation central support and click on the Foundation Transformation function in Structure Tools menu Calculation of Elastic Supports dialog box VisualDesign will display the average value of q ultimate that were calculated for different load combinations If no analysis has been carried on the value will be the one entered in the Soils spreadsheet If there is no value in this field enter a value different from 0 See Foundation Transformation Reinforced Concrete Design Press the Analysis and Design icon of Tools toolbar to launch the reinforced concrete design for beam columns and 2 way slabs Press the Analyse button in the Analysis and Design dialog box Close the dialog box when analysis is completed CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 27 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS
93. m Mf Nf Maximum design load due to combined bending No Design Load amp forces for a continuous system with variable geometry of the ab type Minimum Mf Nf Minimum design load due to combined bending No Design Load amp forces for a continuous system with variable geometry of the ab type 14 64 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Position of Cables tab Group Concrete Results Column Member Number Name of segment i y Name of segment i Slope Name of segment i Area Name of segment n y Name of segment n Slope Name of segment n Area See also Description The number of the member that is part of this continuous system Subdivisions of continuous system as specified in the Analysis tab of Project Configuration Position of cable segment i according to continuous system local y axis Slope of cable segment i continuous system at this position along Area of cables in segment i along continuous system at this position Position of cable segment n according to continuous system local y axis Slope of cable segment n at this position along continuous system Area of cables in segment n at this position along continuous system Cable Layouts spreadsheet CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Editing No No 14 65 BRIDGE EVALUATION CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 TABLE OF CO
94. mbination Generato oe ass 8 Live Load Capacity Factors eurer eren nnn n nnn n ununi uu un 15 10 Galeulation of SIr A EAE E 84er ur art de resa en rtr te aru be p oto 10 Calculation of F for Steel Members een sin e epe eta ann 10 Calculation o F for Concrete Mermb ts o a Deer te oe tue Incun cavo nung nern 11 Calculation of F for Prestressed Concrete Membets essere eere nnne 11 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software i CHAPTER 15 TABLE OF CONTENTS Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design Bridge Evaluation Results uuauuunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 15 13 Steel Desion un E 13 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION General VisualDesign Approach for Bridge Evaluation Modification of UdR values The engineer can specify up to nine factor of reduction that will be apply to the calculated value of UR for each member of his structure These nine factors have been defined to modify the following values m_fRedMrxPos UbMrx positive bending strong axis m_fRedMrxNeg UdMrx negative bending strong axis m_fRedMryPos UbMry positive bending weak axis m fRedMryNeg UbMry negative bending weak axis m_fRedMrz UdMrz torsion m_fRedCrz UdCrz compression m fRedTrz UdTrz tension m_fRedVrx UbVrx shear weak axis m_fRedVry UdVry shear strong axis In
95. meters 6 Strands and Post tensioning Mechanisms e Go to Cables heading of Common menu land define steel grades strands and post tensioning mechanisms 7 Definition of Cable Groups and Cable Layouts e Activate the Rebar Placement mode by double clicking on any continuous system in order to open the Rebar Placement window e Go to Rebar Placement Cable Groups and Layouts Insert the appropriate number of lines to define each cable group and complete the information requested Specify the jacking and the pre or post tensioning stage where it will be applied e Go to the Cable Layout tab For each group of cables define the cable layout using the Cable Layout Models dialog box To open it click any cell in the spreadsheet right click and select Automatic Generation in contextual menu 8 Load Cases Load Combinations and Envelopes e Go to Loads Load Cases Definition Enter load case titles and types according to appropriate code e Go to Loads Load Combinations Definition Define load combinations that will be applied to each construction stage For each one select a Construction Stage status and specify the stage number e Select the Load Factors tab For each load combination double click in the Load Case cell and select the right type of load in the list box Enter load factors e Use the Load Combination Generator to generate other required load combinations as per selected code 9 Moving Load Analysis
96. n modified by the proportioning and type No of longitudinal rebars B2 max or z max Value limiting the proportion of longitudinal No rebars Fer S6 00 only Factor that controls cracking in buried No structures as per clause 7 8 9 1 This column is present if a Buried type of structure was select in the concrete specification Mw S6 00 only Moment at a section where a tensile No stress of 0 4 fer is induced in the concrete Ms S6 00 only Flexural moment at a section under No consideration at the SLS load fs Tensile stress in reinforcing bars considering No stress strain compatibility I eff Effective moment of inertia No 14 58 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing Ict Moment of inertia of the cracked section No transformed to concrete Explanatory Note on Variable wp See clause 9 6 8 5 1 of Code S6 88 wp represents the verification of steel and prestressing reinforcement ratio used in the calculation of the factored resistance of a rectangular section bt bt pt f 80 3 f pO f Where Qp Ratio of prestressing reinforcement fps Calculated stress in prestressing reinforcement for Ultimate Limit States MPa fy Yield strength of reinforcement steel MPa Pc Specified compressive strength of concrete at 28 days MPa Q Ratio of steel reinforcement in tension Q Ratio of reinforcement steel in com
97. n of bw reduction of width grout Area by 100 of sheath diameter if necessary Internal with Yes 1 Strands Calculation of bw reduction of width grout Area by 50 of sheath diameter if necessary External Yes 2 None bw is not reduced NOTE 1 The calculation of friction loss is evaluated with usual equation fsj 1 exp K L ua taking into account the cone penetration Delta right and Delta left 14 6 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE NOTE 2 First we calculate loss due to Delta right and Delta left This loss is applied to initial tension so its value is reduced Then losses in deviators are considered in a punctual manner with usual equation fsj 1 exp K Ld uo where Ld is the deviator length and a the angular variation in the deviator which is calculated according to the cable orientation Therefore the calculated losses will create graphic discontinuities at each deviator location within continuous system Theory on Creep and Shrinkage Effects To know more about creep and shrinkage effects on prestressed concrete structures go to out web site www civild com under Learning Tools Papers and download the paper that is entitled Shrinkage and Creep Effects on Prestressed Concrete Structures CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 7 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Cable Steel Grades Spreadsheet Define the steel grade that you will use in
98. n order to draw the parabolic part of the layout y2 Vertical position of cable in z2 according to the Single click continuous system axis See the note below 23 End position of the layout parabolic curve or Single click straight line relative to continuous system y3 Vertical position of cable in z3 according to the Single click continuous system axis See the note below Deterioration Bridge Evaluation Module only Enter the Single click percentage of loss of the original area for the group of strands or strand that is due to corrosion or other deterioration 0 means no deterioration Note To measure this distance follow the convention used for rebar placement in the Reinforced Concrete Design module See the topic Main Reinforcement spreadsheet Copying a Group of Cables and Its Cable Layout Procedure e Open the Cable Groups spreadsheet in Rebar Placement menu e Select the line that corresponds to the group of cable you want to copy e Right click and choose function Duplicate available in the spreadsheet s contextual menu Or e Double click on a group of cables on elevation view or in an appropriate cross section The Cable Groups spreadsheet will include data on the select group only e Select the line right click and choose function Duplicate available in the spreadsheet s contextual menu See also Spreadsheets Contextual Menu Duplicate function CivilDesign inc Engineering Softwar
99. n stage Minimum stress in concrete at the section inferior fibre for a chosen construction stage Maximum stress in concrete at the section inferior fibre for a chosen construction stage Minimum stress in concrete at the top of the slab for a chosen construction stage Maximum stress in concrete at the top of the slab for a chosen construction stage Editing No No No 14 52 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Slab Bottom Odi min Slab Bottom Odi max Cable Initial Pre tension o fpu min Cable Initial Pre tension o fpu max Cable Initial Post tension o fpu min Cable Initial Post tension o fpu max Cable Composite Post tension o fpu min Cable Composite Post tension o fpu max Cable External Post tension o fpu min Cable External Post tension o fpu max Description Minimum stress in concrete at the bottom of the slab for a chosen construction stage Maximum stress in concrete at the bottom of the slab for a chosen construction stage Ratio of minimum stresses in initial pre tensioned cables Ratio of maximum stresses in initial pre tensioned cables Ratio of minimum stresses in initial post tensioned cables Ratio of maximum stresses in initial post tensioned cables Ratio of minimum stresses in composite post tensioned cables Ratio of maximum stresses in composit
100. n the Stage drop down list box select a Service or Construction Stage load combination Shear Forces Vy and Position within continuous system In the section Type of Graph activate the Bending and Shear Forces radio button This will activate the Bending and Shear Forces zone Tick off the box that corresponds to results that you want to visualize and for a given construction stage Vy due to shrinkage and creep effects Vy due to secondary prestressing CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 43 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE In the Stage drop down list box select a Service or Construction Stage load combination Stresses due to Fatigue Variation of stresses and Position within continuous system You must have defined at least one Fatigue load combination beforehand In the section Type of Graph activate the radio button corresponding to Stresses due to Fatigue and choose the construction stage in the drop down list box Legend and other graph functionalities Double click the legend box to move it outside the diagram box In a diagram point your cursor on the curve and right click to obtain the point coordinates They are displayed near your cursor Use the Graphs toolbar functions that are posted in every diagram box To learn about these functions see the topic Graphs toolbar See also Graphs Toolbar Cables Prestressing Losses Stresses at each Construction Stage Graphs Toolbar Char
101. n this list box Therefore a second stratigraphical profile must be defined beforehand in the Stratigraphical Profiles spreadsheet N B The backfill with or without side slope located at the left of the structure is always specified through the stratigraphical profile that is chosen in the Foundation Model Definition dialog box Overload Use this field to define an overload over the backfill that is located at the left side of the wall Spring Supports Activate this option to model spring supports along the backfilled wall 17 12 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Soils amp Stratigraphical Profiles Soils Make sure that soils properties in VisualDesign spreadsheets Common Soils are corresponding to the geotechnical study obtained for your project If not create your own soils in the following spreadsheets by adding a line at the bottom of the spreadsheet e Cohesive Soils spreadsheet e Granular Soils spreadsheet e Rocks spreadsheet For more details about required soil data refer to Online Help s Chapter 6 Foundation Design Stratigraphical Profiles e Open the Stratigraphical Profiles spreadsheet Structure menu Insert a line and give a name to this new profile Enter the ground and water table elevation Elevation of Topsoil Stratigraphical Profiles Spreadsheet Stratigraphic profiles Definition of layers Profile Elevation E
102. nd creep effects reduce this value The value may range from 1 0 to 10 0 However the more the value is small and the more time it will take for the calculation e In Exposed Surfaces section tick off boxes that represent surfaces that are exposed to air This information will be use for the calculation of shrinkage and creep effects Note For each construction stage you must create a corresponding load combination Each stage load combination must have a Construction Stage status If stage load combinations are not compatible with those defined in the Project Configuration warning messages will appear on your screen See also Prestressed Concrete Module Load Cases Construction Stage Load Combinations Other Load Combinations Calculation of Alpha for Prestressed Concrete Ref Edward G Nawy 2000 Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental Approach 3 Edition Prentice Hall p 39 Initial Compressive Strength and Modulus An appropriate value of f ci is recommended for prestressed concrete project Manufacturets use a concrete material that reaches a resistance of 40 MPa after 18 hours for a 50 MPa concrete after 28 days Factor alpha allows accurately evaluating fci for a long term period This factor alpha is specified in the Concrete Materials spreadsheet 14 4 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Here are equations that will help you calculating this value Pci can be eval
103. o deterioration Refer to the Evaluation tab See the Units tab of the Project Configuration dialog box Particular case for steel structure Deterioration factor cannot be applied to steel members The engineer will have to create new sections that may have different flanges or web thickness CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 15 3 CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION The Evaluation tab This tab is part of the Member Characteristics dialog box and includes reduction factors to be applied to members along with the definition of member category Element and System Member Characteristics Boole HE If members are deteriorated due to corrosion or other enter a deterioration factor or percentage for reducing the calculated resistances listed below Capacities are multiplied by these factors A factor of 1 0 or a percentage of 100 indicates that there is no deterioration of the member Field Description Reduction factor R Xi R Strong Axis Xi for Mrx positive Enter a reduction factor or percentage to reduce the positive bending resistance according to strong axis due to the deterioration of the member 15 4 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 15 BRIDGE EVALUATION Field Xi for Mrx negative Xi for Vry Weak Axis Xi for Mry positive Xi for Mry negative Xi for Vrx Axial Xi for Crz Xi for Trz Xi for Mrz Member Category Element System Description
104. oad combinations Load combinations that have a Fatigue status are applied to the statically indeterminate structure and VisualDesign M automatically includes all the stresses that ate cumulated at each construction stage See also Construction Stage Load Combinations Load Combination Generation Wizard Project Configuration Load Combination Statuses General Load combination statuses must be specified in the Load Combinations Definition spreadsheet through a selection tree when double clicking in the Status cell The roots that you will find in this selection tree correspond to a code or standard and they are composed of a list off available statuses Available Codes and Standards are CNBC 95 ULS CNBC 95 WSD CNBC 05 ULS CAN CSA S6 00 CAN CSA S37 01 AASHTO LRFD 04 ASCE 02 SD and ASCE 02 ASD Statuses are automatically initialized when the Load Combination Generator is used to generate required load combinations per selected code If a design is not required use the general statuses that are listed under the No code root namely Analysis only Ultimate Service Fatigue Instantaneous deflection Long term deflection and Mass The table below describes the statuses that ate common for all codes and standards Status Description Analysis only Management of analyses This load combination will be analysed and included in envelopes but will not be considered for a design Instantaneous Instantaneous deflection usually
105. of the Culverts Dialog Box Field Type of Structure Parameters Button Material Length to consider Backfill thickness above culvert He Longitudinal Slope Unit weight of soil Vertical Arching Factor Av Maximum horizontal arching factor Ah max Minimum horizontal arching factor Ah min Number of subdivisions for the foundation Number of vertical subdivisions q allowable Maximum vertical acceleration CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Description List box that includes all culvert models This button opens a specific culvert dialog box where dimensions can be specified List box that includes materials Click the arrow to open the list box and select a material Select the length of the culvert The list includes lengths varying from 250 mm to 1500 mm Specify the thickness of backfill above the culvert The backfill must be at least 600mm thick Specify the backfill longitudinal slope Enter the backfill unit weight Factor used to analyse soil structure interaction effects over vertical earth pressure for buried structures Factor used to analyse maximum soil structure interaction effects over horizontal earth pressure for buried structures Factor that is used to analyse minimum soil structure interaction effects over horizontal earth pressure for buried structures This number of subdivisions will be applied to footings and on culvert invert The software will calculate and d
106. ombination Generator Users must be acquainted with VisualDesign Use the Online Help F1 key or Help menu or read appropriate chapters in the User s Manual such as Basic Principle Foundation Design and Reinforced Concrete Design See also Axis System Convention Pier Components Abutment Components Definition of Shallow and Deep Foundation Generation of Structure Modification of an existing project Concrete Specifications Applying Loads on Supports Analysis Steps Step by step procedures Summary of procedures Convention for Global Axes System In this module the axis convention is as follows The global z axis is parallel to the road The global x axis is transverse to the road The global y axis is pointing up Gravity loads are acting in the negative direction CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 1 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Modification of an Existing Project To speed up the modeling of a structure or the editing of an existing one VisualDesign allows consulting editing or creating a new project from an existing one You can select existing elements that you wish to keep in the model Procedure Open the existing project Then call up the generator Structure Generator Abutment Piers and Retaining Walls The Project Modification dialog box will appear on screen Project Modification 17 2 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17
107. on any member or click once and press the Properties icon to open the Member Characteristics dialog box In the Member tab you will notice that all arched elements are part of the moving load axis The chosen member section is 1000x1000 You do not have to change this section because it is a fictitious one In the Connection tab VisualDesign automatically aligned the member axis at the top of the sections Therefore all nodes are located at the top of sections Hide member offsets through the Attributes tab of View Options dialog box In the Concrete Design tab section heights at node i and j are equal to the culvert wall thickness which was specified by the user This thickness is fictitious one Option Non rectilinear continuous reinforcement is automatically activated so VisualDesign will place main reinforcement along the walls of variable geometry The Prefabricated option is activated to consider the appropriate resistance factor CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 13 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS Member Characteristics At d or dv from face El For Mx Spring Supports Spring supports have been generated under the footing and slab The stiffness of spring supports is depending on the bearing capacity of soil specified in the field g allowable in the Culvert dialog box The tributary area of each support is also calculated Node Characteristics T racie released 16 14 Civil
108. or Deep buttons to define a stratigraphical profile and a shallow or deep foundation model Then select the model e Still in the Abutments Piers and Retaining Walls dialog box enter elevation at the top of footing This elevation must be compatible with elevations specified in the Stratigraphical Profiles spreadsheet e Specify a value for q ultimate q ultimate for foundation walls The value of 4 ultimate is used to generate elastic supports for the foundation wall when the foundation is transformed into finite elements of plates At this stage the value of q ultimate will be posted in a dialog box VisualDesign will display the average of g ultimate calculated values for different load combinations If no analysis has been carried on the value will be the one entered in the Soils spreadsheet If there is no value you must enter a value different from zero VisualDesign will create a mesh with plate elements of maximum dimensions that correspond to the value that is entered in the Maximum Plate Dimension Default value is 0 5 m Definition of Supports e Click the Supports button to specify the spacing of supports at the top of the beam Insert lines and enter the spacing between supports Specify the thickness of steel plate or grout Press OK Spacing between Supports 1 2000 00 2 2000 00 3 17 20 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Active Pressur
109. ouble click Double click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click 14 11 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Cable Groups and Layouts This spreadsheet is composed of two tabs Group of Cables and Cable Layout A cable layout must be defined for each group of cables This spreadsheet can be accessed through the Rebar Placement menu or by double clicking on a group of cables on screen Group Shared Data VDBase mdb Column ID Number Post tensioning mechanisms Number widthwise X start X end Nos of strand sheath Strand Layout Jacking Cone Left Cone Right Description Automatically calculated Enter a number for this group of cables 12 alphanumerical characters Choose a post tensioning mechanism sheath or external deviator Choose Nil for pre tensioning This value represents either the number of strands widthwise for pre tensioning or the number of sheathes for post tensioning Position of first strand or first sheath at the far left Position of first strand or first sheath at the far right Number of strands per sheath If there is no sheath or deviator the value equals 1 Choose the strand number that you wish to use Choose a strand layout among the drop down list box Internal with grout Internal without grout or External Indicate the percentage of tension fpu relative to maximum stress fpu that wil
110. p Shrinkage Prestressing see the notes below Formwork Additional Dead Load etc Enter the ULS load factors for each load case that is composing load combinations ULS load factors for load cases other than the Prestressing and Creep Shrinkage must be identical for construction stages If they are different the stresses for serviceability load combinations will not be available in the Graphic Results Refer to the topic Construction Stages and Serviceability Load Combinations The Prestressing and Creep Shrinkage Virtual Load Cases All load combinations representing construction stages must include at least these two virtual load cases Prestressing and Shrinkage Creep The Prestressing type of load is a virtual load that needs not to be defined in the Loads Definition spreadsheet It corresponds to the stresses added at all construction stages These stresses will be multiplied according to the load factor entered in the Load Factor tab Creep Shrinkage is also a virtual load VisualDesign recognizes this type of load and recovers the secondary prestress results due to creep and shrinkage See also Usual Load Combinations Project Configuration Prestressed Concrete Load Cases Groups of Cables spreadsheet Statically determinate and indeterminate structures Definition of Load Combinations spreadsheet Copying a Load Combination along with Load Factors Construction Stages and Serviceability Load Combinations Constru
111. pee een 1 Use VisualDesign as a Genetatot 2 diee eher ete eii etin det aai an da ada 1 What you have to donet e eerte o eret et eren tee ee pne keit eoe er iiie 1 VisualDesign Culvert Models eco e eroe nean nnne nn nn nn nn nnnn nn 16 2 Circulat Atcha sett ond ete ie T EU OPI da pads 2 Elliptical Atchi iu eei titi t te die ete ah 2 Arch with 2 Diagonals Equal proinsy uiii tet ee eap ade denas 3 Arch withs3 Diagonals Equal groirns et etit teet tette the tee d ede e 3 Depressed Arch with Unequal Groms tto et ette e e e eive 4 Arch with 2 Ellipses with or without flanges eeeeeeeee nennen tenentes 4 Optval Arch with Slab ai onere dob S Surbased Arch with 3 radiuses Rigid Frame on FOON Siss neen i iet ire tte idee ga 6 Rigid Box Gulvert ots adatta efte dt dens 6 Rigid Box Culvert with Haunches nasse T Elastic Box C lvett eer t aei e El 7 Elastic Box Culvert with Haunches ido eere en eec pit rend 8 Open Erame on Boolingsz certet eek ten e en ir datar deca read 8 Open Frame on Footings with Haunches esse eene nennen nennen 9 Culvert Generator uuunuunuunnunnannnunnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnnunnunnnunnnunnunnunnnunnunnnn 16 10 Generation OF Culverts sous eee inepte tpe gei ed pepe Rega 10 Starta project i de ue o Moe bee eds 0 Generator 0 Description of the Culverts Dialog Box sse eene nnne 1 P tatetetsu d eu mo ice E ata dm dedo s m ennt 2 Gen
112. pression See Also General Results spreadsheet Negative Bending Moment tab Shear Force tab Axial Force tab Cable Positions tab Negative Bending Moment tab Group Concrete Results Column Description Editing Member The number of the member that is part of this No Number continuous system Z Subdivisions of continuous system as specified in No Project Configuration Mfx min Envelope of minimum bending moment for No strong axis R Factored resistance of tensioned reinforcement No considering stresses that can be developed according to clause 11 4 9 1 of Code A23 3 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 59 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing P Forces in tensioned reinforcement considering No stresses that can be developed according to equation 11 4 9 1 of Code A23 3 Mrx Factored moment resistance No Design load Bending moment at this location within No continuous system Bridge Evaluation module only F Live load Capacity Factor Code S6 00 No U Xi Reduction factor applied to flexural resistance No Mcr Moment at a section where a tensile stress of fcr No is induced in the concrete fcr Cracking strength of concrete No Mn Nominal moment nominal Refer to Ch 21 of No A23 3 95 standard Mp Probable moment Refer to Ch 21 of A23 3 95 No standard d Distance from extreme fibre in compression to No the centre of gravity of the tensioned reinforcemen
113. readsheet Number Specification Type Interaction Exposure Top Exposure Bottom Exposure Top Cover Bottom Cover Left 1 Column Beam Column Bending Compression Manual Manual Manual Column 1 Column Beam Column Bending Compression Manual Manual Manual Column 1 Column Beam Column Bending Compression Manual Manual Manual Beam Beam Beam Column Bending Manual Manual Manual Please refer to Chapter on Reinforced Concrete Design to know more about continuous systems Generated Loads Go to Loads Load Cases Definition You will notice that VisualDesign has automatically created the Prefab Components Backfill Active and Hydrostatic loads and other in the Loads Definition spreadsheet The Hydrostatic load will be included if the elevation of water table is above natural ground The Active load case is the active earth pressure and earth pressure at rest acting on walls The Backfill load case is the backfill pressure on walls Loads Definition Load Case Dead Live Dynamic Ice Temperature g Number Type Family Stage A 1iMote 0 DT Prefab Components N Stage n a 2 Backfill D4 Backfill N A Stage n a 3 Slant Wall D4 Backfill N A Stage n a 4 Hydro E5 Hydrostatic pressure N Stage n a 5 Active E23 Pressure At rest active N Stage n a 6 Backfill Int D4 Backfill N A Stage n a 7 Backfill ext D4 Backfill N A Stage n a 8 Active dyn EQ Seismic N Stage n a 9 Coping Wall D1
114. rete Module Load Cases Load Combinations CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 33 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Rebar Placement Window Rebar Placement Window This window includes all functions useful to check modify and design the required reinforcement for concrete members including prestressed concrete that are part of any continuous systems The name of the project file is written in the upper part of the screen Activate the Rebar Placement mode and double click on any continuous system to open this window Then you will be allowed to look at the design or to create your own design by adding and placing main reinforcement and stirrups Once that the Rebar Placement mode is activated access the Rebar Placement window by doing one of the following procedure e Click on any continuous system and select the Properties function e Double click on any continuous system The Rebar Placement window is composed of the following menus FILE Close Save Rebar Placement Save Rebar Placement As DXF Out Project Configuration Print Print Preview Printer Configuration EDIT Undo Redo Properties Add a Longitudinal Rebar Translation Delete Activate Cursor Mode Move Stretch VIEW View Options Zoom Window Global Zoom 14 34 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Zoom Zoom Dynamic Pan Toolbars Status Bar COMMON Concrete Materials Rebar
115. s and the View Options dialog box If the foundation results are not good you must generate a new model with appropriate footing dimensions and thickness and launch another static analysis e If the foundation design is correct save your file under another name before transforming the foundation into plates Otherwise you will not have access to foundation results bearing capacity anymore 17 26 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Press the Static Analysis icon on Tools toolbar Then press the Analyse button in the Static Analysis dialog box VisualDesign will calculate the foundation bearing capacity Look at Footing Results Bearing Capacity Look at foundation results by selecting Results Foundations Footings If yellow marked lines are present in the spreadsheet look carefully at results Yellow lines mean that the design in not OK Use the graphic options Open the View Options dialog box In the View tab activate the Foundation option in the Foundation section Then select the Results tab View Options and activate the Structural Design Load option It is of no use to open the Reinforcement spreadsheet The design of the footing will be done during the analysis and design process If the footing dimensions bearing capacity are insufficient you must generate a new model with appropriate footing dimensions and or thickness and launch the static ana
116. s 23 Applying Loads to Supports nsistiet nissen 24 Load Combinations uuuuuuuu0u0nununnnnnnunnnnnnnn nun un nun un un nn un unnnnununnnnununnnnn 17 25 Load E mbinaticn Generator en e e tetra RR HIN e LE RH ce eR e RER 25 Analysis and Design eere esee n nana e annu nun u nn nn nn nn uuu nn nnnnnn nn 17 26 Step by Step Procedute Hussein 26 Poundation Mo del 2 tuned tato tie ere te Reborn tei e Rn E aaas 26 Generation of the Model eee sates dete oro ne eere E en Ted En eet 26 G ne ration of Load Combination iic tr eset eri sahne suinsbinihengien 26 Stauc Analysis of Foundation 2 re at e nOn o D re d t eb apte i Ee 26 Look at Footing Results Bearing Capacity irenste itsin siisii 27 Transformi the Poundattonz ao rin iin av aap idee g eee iet ea RIEN 27 Reinforced C nctete Design arena ete etie ne oe ee it rte e diede 27 Results for slabs or simple walls eene enne nenne 28 Results for Beams and Columns iei e eet RR EEE 28 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software iii CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS General Generation of Abutment Pier and Retaining Wall This module generates structural models for piers abutments and retaining walls It applies loads to the generated structure generates specifications and design criteria Users only have to define a foundation model and generate load combinations as per CAN CSA S6 00 Standard through the Load C
117. s having no prestressing cables and will analyze elements with cables in an iterative way The program considers strains and elastic losses in the cables when transferring prestress It calculates and iterates until it reaches convergence compatibility between prestress loss in cables and strains Furthermore VisualDesign uses the appropriate stiffness matrix for statically determinate and indeterminate structures IMPORTANT If you chose specification A23 3 94 for the design of a continuous system with prestressing cables having some elements without cables you MUST select the General method in the Concrete Specifications If you select the Simplified method results will be incorrect Date and Time VisualDesign now displays the date of analysis and design in the Design dialog box You will also find the time it was launched and the time it ended in the upper part and lower part of the dialog box See also Prestressed Concrete Module Procedure Prestressed Concrete analysis Statically determinate and indeterminate structures Load Cases Load Combinations Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Structures When analyzing prestressed concrete elements some load cases are applied to a statically determinate structure construction stages up to composite effects and some others are applied to a statically indeterminate structure VisualDesign recognizes types of loads that have to be applied to such systems the program w
118. s spreadsheet is located in the Common Shapes menu It is mostly used for prestressed concrete structure composite or not with pre tensioning cables A T section can be modeled from an AASHTO section using appropriate dimensions in the AASHTO spreadsheet To learn more refer to the topic Prestressed Concrete T Section AASHTO Section Group Shared Data VDBase mdb Column Description Editing ID Automatically calculated No Metric The metric designation for this section 12 Single click Designation alphanumeric characters CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 17 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Imperial Designation Material Distribution bt tt bfl h1 h2 h3 bb tb hw Area yt Ix Iy J Perimeter See also About Shapes Description The imperial designation for this section 12 alphanumeric characters Choose the shape material among the list box Assign a Public or Private distribution to your personalized shape A private shape will not be merged into another database at the opening of the file The distribution of pre defined shapes is not editable Total height of the section Thickness of the web Total width of top flange Thickness of top flange See the figure above See the figure above See the figure above See the figure above Total width of bottom flange Thickness of bottom flange Height of the web having a thickness w Area of the section Di
119. sign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS P DLA 875 kN 3 0625h 1 4875h 015 I 0 6 m le LI 0 25m 1 75 hoe Ln N x I Lp 0 6m 1 75 n Case B One mobile Two Transverse wheels with interference between the two Thickness of backfill above the structure varying from 0 686m to 0 772m Two wheels ate supporting a load of 175 kKN 2 each and are creating a pressure that is equal to P DLA 175 kN Lp L Where DLA Dynamic Load Allowance Lp 2 4m 1 75h LI 0 25m 1 75h studied longitudinal width h depth of load distribution Then P DLA 175 kN 0 6 d 4 6375h t 3 0625h CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 21 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS ET EN 0 6 m 0 6 m 0 25 m l LI 025m 1 75 n 4 PEE WO Lp 1 8m 0 6m 1 75h 2 4m 1 75h Case C Two mobiles Four transverse wheels interfering with each other Thickness of backfill above the structure is of 0 772m or more Four wheels support a load of 175 kN 2 each and create a pressure equal to P DLA 0 9 2 175 kN Lp LD Where DLA Dynamic Load Allowance Lp 5 4m 1 75h LI 0 25m 1 75h studied longitudinal width h depth of load distribution Then P DLA 0 9 2 175 kN 1 35 9 8875h 3 0625h3 P DLA T 315 kN 1 35 9 8875h 3 0625h 16 22 CivilDesign inc Engineering Softw
120. sss 4 Calculation of Strand Relaxation according to Steel Grade sss 6 Relaxation according to Steel Grade deae dede tte ttr rettet 6 Relaxation according to Strand Layout teen nennen nennen nnne 6 Theory on Creep and Shrinkage Effects eesesensesenseenensensenensnensnnensunensnnensnnensnsenenensensnsonsnsenensen 7 Prestressing Elements erue eren unn nnn nu nunu nun annua n uana u nuu ua ua 14 8 Cable Steel Grades Spreadsheet eint tire Ea tees et tontos tette etd 8 Strands Spreadsheets sai us RE BREI 10 Post tensioning Mechanisms unssenensenennenennenenennenennenennenennenennenennenennenennenenenennenennenennenne 11 Cable Groups and Layouts iiie tte itin ttt orat etti reor IEE lei esie a iRise 12 Cable Layouts Spreadsheet eet e Rh RR EA E a N RB RE en 13 Copying a Group of Cables and Its Cable Layout 15 Procedtite M M 15 Composite Members LL e rirerrlrir uenenum aaa a nra Ran auam r ana 14 16 Composite Slabs Spreadsheet eese esie cite rirttetitirteotti tones toi sitse ote ttei eed n 16 AASHTO Sections spreadsheet ede iier tpe ir i eb e tbe Me eh EN 17 NEB T Sections spreds hect ierste rareta HERO I INE CEE ETETEA 19 CivilDesign Inc Engineering Software i CHAPTER 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Prestressed Concrete T Sections sissccsssecasssssesocsavesesnsesnioneissniavetesssvsnsevednsrinvedetesedeiodedesedeiodedesbonssies 2
121. stance from bottom to centre of gravity Section inertia strong axis Section inertia weak axis Torsional constant Perimeter of the section Prestressed Concrete Composite Beams Editing Single click Double click Double click Single click Double click Sing Sing Sing Sing Sing Sing Sing e click e click 14 18 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE NEBT Sections spreadsheet This spreadsheet is located in the Common Shapes menu It is mostly used for prestressed concrete structure composite or not with pre tensioning cables NEBT Section REBT ees o ie Group Shared Data VDBase mdb Column Description Editing ID Automatically calculated No Metric The metric designation for this section 12 Single click Designation alphanumeric characters CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 19 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing Imperial The imperial designation for this section 12 Single click Designation alphanumeric characters Material Choose the shape material among the list box Double click Distribution Assign a Public or Private distribution to your Double click personalized shape A private shape will not be merged into another database at the opening of the file The distribution of pre defined shapes is not editable d Total height of section Single click bb Total width o
122. t at this location within continuous system N B VisualDesign considers all tensioned rebars even those that have not attained the yield stress fy The value of d that appears here does not correspond to the value of d used in the code equations except at the beginning of continuous system dv Distance between tension and compression No resultant forces due to bending at this location within continuous system bw Width of concrete section web at this location No within continuous system For prestressed concrete elements this width is reduced by total sheath diameter if there is no grout or 1 2 sheath diameter if it is grouted 14 60 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description As Area of reinforcing steel in tension VisualDesign considers all rebars in tension even those that have not reached fy However when considering the strain deformation compatibility in calculations the useful area of each bar in tension is factored with this ratio fs fy e Percentage of steel reinforcement at this location within continuous system For a Prestressed Concrete Project wp Ratio of reinforcing bars and prestressing reinforcement according to clause 9 6 8 5 1 of Code S6 88 See the note below Pp fps Aps Factored tensile strength of prestressing cables ex Strain in longitudinal reinforcement for the calculation of shear resistance on strong axis 0 Angle of incl
123. tFX Toolbar s B amp Q Ez Ell LU A toolbar is provided in all the graphic results to help you managing diagrams copy print view options etc You will find below a desctiption of functions represented by icons and also a description of dialog boxes that can be called up through icons Copy to clipboard Click on this icon to copy the diagram as a Bitmap as a Metafile as Text data only or as OLE Object Print Preview Click on this icon to call up the Page setup dialog box Complete the dialog box and look at the diagram The table below explains the parameters included in the dialog box 14 44 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Field Description Options Separate Legend Check this box to move the legend outside the diagram box Use Printer Resolution Check this box to use the printer resolution Force Colors If your printer is black and white the printer driver will match the chart colors to a specific grayscale pattern Margins inches Define the left top right and bottom margins in inches Orientation Portrait Check this box to look at the diagram in the vertical way Landscape Check this box to look at the diagram in the horizontal way Use by default Check this box to use the above parameters by default Print Press this icon to print the diagram In the Layout tab choose the Landscape orientation This option must be selected even if you
124. tic reaction kN m The method that is mostly used in Quebec for the calculation of net allowable beating capacity q is the one proposed by G G Meyerhof 1956 and explained in the Canadian Manual of Foundation Engineering 1994 ca Hrou 0 3 2 xdi Hrotal CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 16 15 CHAPTER 16 CULVERTS The granular material CG20 is compacted at 95 of PM and thus considered in a compact state vertically Laterally we are considering a value of 8 for ratio N which is smaller that the one that is usually held in the vertical direction It represents secure conditions Lateral settlement Ah is considered in the form of a fraction of H as recommended in literature namely Ah H m a value increases with the height increase limiting the settlement and allowing a good structural behaviour The variation of a goes as follows Hy m a 1 0 to lt 3 0 180 3 1 to lt 5 0 220 5 1 to lt 7 0 245 7 1 to lt 9 0 280 291 310 The Ksh formulation becomes 2 Q Hroar 0 3 mus ds HrTotal HrTotal I i REFERENCES Terzaghi K 1995 Evaluation of coefficients of subgrade reaction G otechnique vol 5 no 4 pp 297 326 Discussion in vol 6 no 2 bp 94 98 Terzaghi K et Peck R B 1948 Soil Mechanics in engineering practice John Wiley and Sons inc New York Manuel Canadien _d Ing niereie des Fondations seconde edition 1994
125. tinuous system For prestressed concrete elements this width is reduced by total sheath diameter if there is no grout or 1 2 sheath diameter if it is grouted As Area of reinforcing steel in tension VisualDesign No considers all rebars in tension even those that have not reached fy However when considering the strain deformation compatibility in calculations the useful area of each bar in tension is factored with this ratio fs fy CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 57 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing e Percentage of steel reinforcement at this location No within continuous system For a Prestressed Concrete Project wp Ratio of reinforcing bars and prestressing No reinforcement according to clause 9 6 8 5 1 of Code S6 88 See the note below Dp fps Aps Factored tensile strength of prestressing cables No ex Strain in longitudinal reinforcement used for No calculating the shear resistance on strong axis 0 Angle of inclination between diagonal stains in No compression and the element longitudinal axis Factor that considers the shear resistance of No cracked sections c d c d ratio of clause 10 1 4 Code A23 3 relative to No the balanced condition Concrete Deformation and yield strength of steel Compare with c d max below c d max Maximum c d ratio No For load combinations with a Service status B2 S6 00 Cl 8 12 3 z A23 3 95 Cl 10 6 1 B2 or z Functio
126. tion Model to the Structure The foundation model is assigned to the structure through the Abutments Piers and Retaining Walls dialog box Click the arrow to open the Foundation list box and select a model The Foundation button If no model has been defined click the Foundation button as shown below Abutments Piers and Retaining Walls CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 17 17 CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS The Shallow Deep and Profiles Buttons These buttons opens respectively the Shallow Foundations Models spreadsheet the Deep Foundations Models spreadsheet and the Stratigraphical Profiles spreadsheet e Click the Profiles button first because a profile must be assigned to a foundation model shallow or deep When the stratigraphical profile will be defined you will go back to the Foundation dialog box e Click the Shallow or Deep button to open the Shallow Foundations Models spreadsheet or the Deep Foundations Models spreadsheet When the foundation model will be defined you will go back to the Foundation dialog box e Select the name of the foundation model through the Foundation list box Footing dimensions and thickness will be indicated See also Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation 17 18 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 17 PIERS ABUTMENTS amp RETAINING WALLS Generator Generation of the Model CivilDesign inc Engineering So
127. to change the axis drawing style This option allows you to draw vertical and or horizontal gridlines This option allows you to change the entire chart palette This will affect all elements in the chart This option allows you to change the colour scheme for markers This option allows you to set a colour for the background This background is the box where the chart is enclosed This option allows you to set a colour for the chart box This is the background where the markers are enclosed This option allows you to set a Top Title for the chart 14 46 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE The Series tab This dialog box allows you to set specific settings including visual attributes for series in the chart Field Combo Box Marker fill Lines Same color as markers Custom Color Style Weight Markers Gallery Shape Show every Size Show point labels Visible Sample CivilDesign inc Engineering Software Description When All series is selected in the Combo Box settings will apply to all series in the chart and the property set is different if a specific series is selected Therefore 2 different screen shots are included for this particular dialog This option allows the user to change colours for series This option is activated if a specific series is selected It will match the colour of lines to the one used for markers
128. transfer for the slab Section inertia for strong axis No Transformed inertia of composite section for No strong axis 14 54 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Column Description Editing Area Section Area No Section Area Area of transformed section No Composite ybi Distance from bottom to centre of gravity of No composite section yhi Distance from top to centre of gravity of No composite section Compression Compressive strength limit for the slab No Limit Slab Compression Compressive strength limit for the section No Limit Section Tension Tension strength limit for the slab No Limit Slab Tension Tension strength limit for the section No Limit Section Creep Shrinkage differential factor for the slab between No Slab current and previous construction stage Creep Shrinkage differential factor for the section No Section between current and previous construction stage Shrinkage Differential of concrete shrinkage for the slab No Slab between current and previous construction stage Shrinkage Differential of concrete shrinkage for the section No Section between current and previous construction stage See also Graphs Results General Results Loss of Prestress Ratio of stresses in concrete and cables CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 55 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE General Results spreadsheet This spreadsheet is availa
129. uated from this equation Ac f Where fci Concrete compressive strength at the prestressing stage Pc 28 days compressive strength t Time in days a Factor depending on type of cement and curing conditions 4 0 for moist cured type I cement and 2 30 for moist cured type II cement 1 0 for steam cured type I cement and 0 70 for steam cured type I cement B Factor depending on the same parameters for a giving corresponding values of 0 85 0 92 0 95 and 0 98 respectively This equation can be modified knowing that Pci fc after 28 days oe rorya Then A 28 B 28 And a The initial equation becomes as follows i Ey CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 5 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Therefore we can find a value for a when fci Pc and t ate known gall Sa 2 f rr oy 22 Concrete Materials Spreadsheet See also Calculation of Strand Relaxation according to Steel Grade Relaxation according to Steel Grade Type fpy Relaxation Low telaxation 0 90 Fu Log10 24 0 t 45 0 fsj fpy 0 55 fsj Smooth High 0 85 Fu Log10 24 0 ft 10 0 fsj fpy 0 55 sj strength Bars Deformed High 0 80 Fu Log10 24 0 ft 10 0 fsj fpy 0 55 sj strength Bars Normal 0 85 Fu Log10 24 0 ft 45 0 fsj fpy 0 55 sj Relaxation Relaxation according to Strand Layout Layout With Friction Used Area Relaxation Internal without Yes 1 Sheath Calculatio
130. ucture in an accurate way as it is going to be built Use more than one support instead of one because beams will not act the same This will influence the calculation of forces and displacements in the supports and beams Design Specifications Concrete specifications are required for design or verification The construction code is specify in this spreadsheet and will be used for the calculation and also parameters relative to the design of stirrups concrete cover and rebars among others For a pre tensioning or post tensioning structure the user must choose the option None in column Type of optimization for main reinforcement IMPORTANT If you chose specification A23 3 for the design of a continuous system that is composed of prestressed concrete elements and concrete elements without cables you MUST use the General Method for Reinforced Concrete Design The method is selected in the Concrete Design spreadsheet Position of cables To accurately define cables characteristics some basic information is required such as steel grades strands and post tensioning mechanisms You will find these three spreadsheets in the Common Cables menu Two spreadsheets are used to define cable layouts the Group of Cables and the Cable Layouts spreadsheets The first one allows you to specify the number of cables in a group It may be a single cable it depends on the type of tensioning with sheath or not The second spreadsheet helps you to
131. use button Reminder Editing Keys Look at tables below to learn how to edit elements in the Rebar Placement window Some editing is done with function Stretch or Move but some others must be done by pressing down a control key such as Ctrl or Shift and by clicking on either Stretch or Move function Editing Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars Location Action Control Keys Select Function Cross section Move the selected bar N a Move layer towards direction x Cross section Modify the spacing N a Stretch between selected bars towards x axis Cross section Move selected bars Shift Optional to Move towards direction y move towards y without moving the x coordinate Elevation view Stretch selected bars N a Stretch towards direction z Elevation view Move selected bars N a Move towards direction z CivilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 39 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Editing Stirrups Location Cross section Cross section Elevation view Elevation view Action Move selected stirrup towards direction x or y Stretch selected stirrup leg towards direction x or y Move the whole selected stirrup sequence along continuous system z direction Modify the spacing of stirrup in the selected sequence z direction Editing Prestressing Cables Location Cross section Cross section Elevation view Elevation view Elevation view Elevation view Action Move selected cable tow
132. vilDesign inc Engineering Software 14 21 CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Procedure e Select the AASHTO Sections spreadsheet in the Common menu Shapes e Insert a line at the end of the spreadsheet Give a name to this section and enter the required parameters to create a new section e Define a slab in the Composite Slabs spreadsheet Structure menu e Define a member as Composite Beam in the Composition field in the Member Characteristics dialog box Standard T Shape Use the T Shapes spreadsheet for a T section that is not composite Procedure e Select the T Shapes spreadsheet in the Common menu Shapes e Insert a line at the end of the spreadsheet Give a name to this section and enter the required parameters b d w and t VisualDesign will automatically calculate other properties e Define a member as S andard in the Composition field in the Member Characteristics dialog box See also AASHTO Sections spreadsheet Composite Prestressed Concrete Beam Composite Prestressed Concrete Beam Follow the procedure to properly define a composite prestressed concrete member e Define a slab in the Composite Slabs spreadsheet Structure menu e Inthe Member tab of Member Characteristics dialog box e Choose an AASHTO or NEBT section and specify the material as concrete e Activate the design criteria and choose a Composite beam composition e Select the construction stage number where the member will
133. will be reduced according to the specified percentage of deterioration specified in the Cable Layout spreadsheet This deterioration will be applied on a composite section on a long term period and on a statically indeterminate structure according to the end conditions that have been specified by the user Deterioration of Main Reinforcing Bars The calculation of capacities Crz Mrx and Mry will be done with reduced effective area of rebars according to the specified deterioration in the Longitudinal Rebars spreadsheet Deterioration of Transverse Reinforcing Bars strong axis When calculating Av the calculation of capacity Vry will be modified by considering a number of planes that will be reduced by the deterioration factor Av Nos Plane 1 deterioration Area of rebar specified in the Transverse Rebars spreadsheet Deterioration of Transverse Reinforcing Bars weak axis When calculating Av the calculation of capacity Vrx will be modified by considering a number of planes that will be reduced by the deterioration factor Av Nos Plane 1 deterioration Area of rebar specified in the Transverse Rebars spreadsheet Deterioration of Members If members ate deteriorated due to corrosion or other enter a deterioration factor or percentage in the Evaluation tab of Member Characteristics dialog box The calculated capacities will be multiplied by these factors A factor of 1 0 or a percentage of 100 indicates that there is n
134. your prestressed concrete project Select Cables Steel Grades under Common menu Group Shared Data VDBase mdb Column ID Number Distribution Fu ea ol el k1 o4 Description Automatically calculated Grade number 12 alphanumerical characters Assign a Public or Private distribution to your personalized object A private object will not be merged into another database at the opening of the file The distribution of a pre defined object is Public and is not editable Tensile strength for this grade 0 008 See the note below See the note below See the note below See the note below 0 98 See the note below Prestressing Elements Editing No Single click Double click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click Single click According to commentary C 8 4 3 2 Stress strain relationship of S6 00 Code concerning strands For a low relaxation 7 wire prestressing strand amp 20 008 We can say that Trei gt 0 008 ip Er For a Grade 1760 Strand f cem 0 433 Dooa OOS pu 14 8 CivilDesign inc Engineering Software CHAPTER 14 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE In VisualDesign _ k TOU mu p So O 1 1749 k 0 433 Ei 0 00614 A 098 N B Be careful with units MPa are used in formulas For a Grade 1860 Strand 1848 0 317 9 9g F 7 90065 099 f You will find the following values in the

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