DESIGNING A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING
Contents
1. Emission uniformity is the result of the following formula as specified by the ASAE EU Qnin 197 aA Ores vn and also Min Max Emitter Pressure Inlet Velocity Total Length Total Emitters Emitter Line Pressures with Head Pressure and End Pressure Emitter Distance and Emitter Line Pressure Figure 4 Results Report Sheet 424 Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41 1 2009 By pressing the Chart button it will be displayed the emitter line pressure results chart The chart shows the changes of the pressure and flow rate variation along the line ARROW DRIPPER Emitter Spacing 0 5 m Flow Rate 1 50 l h ARROW DRIPPER Emitter Spacing 0 5 m Flow Rate 1 50 l h Figure 5 Chart sheet CONCLUSIONS Drip Irrigation is an efficient method of water application in agriculture The drip irrigation system allows a constant application of water by drippers at specific locations on the lateral lines it allows favourable conditions for soil moisture in the root zone and optimal development of plant A well designed drip irrigation system can increase the crop yield due to efficient use of water improved microclimate around the root zone pest control and weed control agronomic and economic benefits HydroCalc by its characteristics represents a reliable tool in designing a drip irrigation system Due to its multiple advantages this program must be introduced in universities and research centres for facilitat2. line of heights is used to enter altitudes of the point whose distance from the end of line is set above them The values may represent elevation readings from a map or relative elevation to zero level at the end of the line Positive values mean the point is elevated above the end of the line while negative values mean the point is below the end of line elevation NETAFIM Emitter Line Data Input gl HE E Compute Topography Emitter Flushing Fixed Slope Drip Line KA Emitter Spacing Velocity m s l Changing Type 2 gt DRIP LINE 12007 S 0 5 lt Pipe Material Pressure Rating Flow fete Pressure m z 3 Head Pipe Type Inside Diam KD Exponent Segment Length Pressure Loss Velocity mm m m m s Calculation Method Total emitters Total Length Cum Pressure Loss Eiter Line Lergh fo j Enajio s S Figure 2 HydroCalc working sheet before computation procedure HydroCalc uses for Emitters subprogram a number of 4 calculation methods each of them in concordance with the loaded data The first method is Emitter Line Length with which can be realized the computation for the entire designated length The second method is represented by Pressure range a calculation which will be executed in a way that makes sure the maximal pressure variation between maximum emitter s pressure to minimum emitter s pressure does not exceed the pressure range which was introduced by the user The computat
3. systems The cost of operation and maintenance is low The costs are high when the average row spacing is less than 3 meters It can be used in uneven terrains The water application efficiency is high Energy use per acre is reduced due to smaller diameter pipes and only 50 60 of water is used MATERIAL AND METHODS HydroCalc irrigation system planning software is designed to help the user to define the parameters of an irrigation system The user will be able to run the program with any suitable parameters review the output and change input data in order to match it to the appropriate irrigation system set up Some parameters may be selected from a system list whereas other are entered by the user according to their own needs so they do not conflict with the program s limitations The software package includes an opening main window five calculation programs one language setting window and a database that can be modified and updated by the user HydroCalc includes several sub programs as The Emitters program calculates the cumulative pressure loss the average flow rate the water flow velocity etc in the selected emitter It can be changed to suit the desired irrigation system parameters The SubMain program calculates the cumulative pressure loss and the water flow velocity in the submain distributing water pipe single or telescopic It changes to suit the required irrigation system parameters The Main Pipe program calcu
4. Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41 1 2009 DESIGNING A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING HYDROCALC IRRIGATION PLANNING PROIECTAREA UNUI SISTEM DE IRIGATII PRIN PICURARE UTILIZAND PROGRAMUL HYDROCALC Rares HALBAC COTOARA ZAMFIR Politehnica University of Timisoara 2 Victoriei Square 300006 Timisoara raresh_81 yahoo com Abstract The competitive demand of available Rezumat Cerinta pentru resursele de apa water is more and more acute now in most parts of the world The supplies of good water quality are declining every day It is therefore necessary to find methods to improve water use efficiency in agriculture The drip irrigation is one of the most efficient irrigation systems that are used in agriculture HydroCalc Irrigation Planning is software for the irrigation community It is a simple and easy calculation tool to perform some basic hydraulic computations The use of HydroCalc allows the designer dealer or end user to evaluate the performance of micro irrigation in field components such as Drip laterals and micro sprinklers Sub mains and manifolds Main lines PVC PE etc Valves Energy calculation disponibilile devine din ce in ce mai acuta in majoritatea tarilor Cantitatile existente de apa de o bun calitate sunt ntr o continu sc dere De aceea este necesar s fie g site metode de mbun t ire a eficien ei utiliz rii apei n sectorul agricol Irigatie prin picurare este una dint
5. er must introduce a value The end pressure represents the actual value for calculation of pressure at the furthest emitter There are some common values for this field around 10 m for drippers around 20 m for mini sprinklers between 20 30 m for sprinklers and around 2 m when using the flushing system There are 2 more options which can be filled before starting the computation options which can also be used with their default values The Flushing field can be used if the user intends to calculate a system that includes and lateral flushing Flushing option will work only in subsequently will be used the Emitter Line Length calculation method The second option is about topography Default value is 0 Topography field has 2 sub fields fixed slope and changing slope Usually the slopes values are not exceeding 10 In many cases the slope is not uniform The option Changing offers to the user the possibility to determine the altitude along the line from end line to submain up to 10 points each consisting of 2 cells one for distance one for height The line of distances is used to load the distance from the end of the line to the point of the altitude change These distances may be unequal The value of each cell is the net distance from the end of the line 422 Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41 1 2009 point The value in length in each cell is always greater than the value entered in previous cell The lower line
6. ing the work of Romanian researches and also for a better understanding by students of the problems regarding drip irrigation BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 GILARY ELIEZER 2008 HydroCalc Irrigation Planning User Manual NETAFIM Corporation Israel 2 GOYAL MEGH R 2007 Management of drip micro or trickle irrigation University of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 3 HYDROCALC SOFTWARE 4 WWW NETAFIM COM 425
7. ion result will also show the maximum lateral length under the designated conditions Flow Rate Variation represents the third computation method which can be executed to achieve the requested flow variation and will generate the maximum lateral length under these conditions Flow variation units are in percents The common values for this field are between 10 15 The last computation method is Emission Uniformity which is similar to flow rate variation and will be executed to achieve the maximum lateral length Emission uniformity units are also in percents but the common value for this field is any value above 85 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS After were entered all the required values can be launched the Compute application The cells which are going to be calculated in the emitter window are Total Emitters Total Length Total Pressure Loss Pressure Loss Head Pressure and Velocity per segment The additional results report can be reached by pressing the Additional results button This report contains the following results Average Emitter Flow Rate Inlet Lateral Flow Rate Flow Rate 423 Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41 1 2009 Variation which is the difference in percentage between the maximum emitter s discharges to the minimum emitter s discharge using the formula FV Qyux Quin 100 Q ae 0 13 5 10 00 7 05 Figure 3 HydroCale results working sheet
8. ion to an exact root depth of crops It allows watering greater land area with a specific amount of water Reaction of the plant It increases the yield per unit hectare centimetre of applied water It improves the quality of crop and fruit It allows more uniform crop yield Environment of the root It improves ventilation or aeration It increases quantity of available nutrients The conditions are favourable for retention of water at low tension Control of pests and diseases It increases efficiency of sprayings of insecticides and pesticides It reduces development of insects and diseases Correction of problem of soil salinity The increase in salts happens at a distance away from the plant It reduces salinity problems A greater reduction is obtained by increasing the water flow Salts are limited to an outer periphery of a wetted zone Weed control It reduces the growth of weeds in the shaded humid space Agronomic practices The activities of the irrigation do not interfere with those of the crop the plant protection and the harvesting It reduces inter cultivation since there is less growth of weeds Helps to control the erosion It reduces soil compaction It allows applying fertilizers through the irrigation water called fertigation It increases work efficiency in fruit orchards because the space between the rows is maintained dry Economic benefits The cost is lower compared with overhead sprinkler and other permanent irrigation
9. lates the cumulative pressure loss and the water flow velocity in the main conducting water pipe single or telescopic It changes to suit the required irrigation system parameters 421 Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41 1 2009 The Shape Wizard program helps transfer the required system parameters Inlet Lateral Flow Rate Minimum Head Pressure from the Emitters program to the SubMain program The Valves program calculates the valve friction loss according to the given parameters The Shifts program calculates the irrigation rate and number of shifts needed according to the given parameters Emitters Shape Wizard SubMain c Main Pipe TF Collector Valves On Shifts Result Screen DB Update Settings Help About The Emitters program is the first application which can be used in the frame of HydroCalc software There are 4 basic type of emitters which can be used Drip Line On line Sprinklers and Micro Sprinklers According to the previous selection the user can opt for a specific emitter which can be a pressure compensated or a non pressure compensated Each emitter has its own set of nominal flow rate values available After the previous mentioned fields were completed the program automatically fills the following fields Inside Diameter KD and Exponent values which cannot be changes unless the change will be made in the database The segment length is next field in which the us
10. ns of emitters or drippers located at specific locations interval throughout the lateral lines The emitted water moves through soil mainly by unsaturated flow This allows favourable conditions for soil moisture in the root zone and optimal development of plant With this system the plant can efficiently use available natural resources such as soil water and air The drip irrigation is also known as daily irrigation trickle irrigation daily flow irrigation or micro irrigation The term trickle was originated in England drip in Israel daily flow in Australia and micro irrigation in 420 Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41 1 2009 USA The difference is only in the name and all these terms have the same meaning The water in a drip irrigation system flows in three forms It flows continuously throughout the lateral line It flows from an emitter or dripper connected to the lateral line It flows through orifices perforated in the lateral line A well designed drip irrigation system can increase the crop yield due to following factors Efficient use of the water It reduces the direct losses by evaporation It does not cause wetting of the leaves It does not cause movement of drops of water due to the effect of wind It reduces consumption of water by grass and weeds It eliminates surface drainage It allows watering the entire field until the edges It allows applying the irrigat
11. re metodele cele mai eficiente utilizate n agricultur Programul de calcul HydroCalc este un software din comunitatea celor implica i n activit ile de irigare Reprezint un instrument simplu pentru realizarea unor calcule din domeniul hidraulic al irigafiilor Utilizarea acestui program permite proiectantului furnizorului de ap dar si utilizatorului final s evalueze performan ele micro irigatiei referitor la componentele din c mp precum picur toarele laterale i micro aspersoarele conductele principale PVC PE etc Key words drip irrigation HydroCalc software water Cuvinte cheie iriga ie prin picurare HydroCalc program de calcul ap INTRODUCTION Drip irrigation also known as trickle irrigation or micro irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone through a network of valves pipes tubing and emitters The goal is to minimize water usage Drip irrigation may also use devices called micro spray heads which spray water in a small area instead of emitters These are generally used on tree and vine crops Subsurface drip irrigation or SDI uses permanently or temporarily buried dripper line or drip tape It is becoming more widely used for row crop irrigation especially in areas where water supplies are limited The drip irrigation is a slow and frequent application of water to the soil by mea
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