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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step

1. Default Nimbus SansL 7 14 7 Bi U La ee Sea 2 OD SN 8 OC p POS EPS COSY Ce 2 P 8 pie H You can even add images to your documents z A Take a look see a oO 4 La Creating documents is easy with OpenOffice org Writer 3 4 sf Page 1 1 Default 100 INSRT STD HYP Figure 7 2 Adding an Image to Your Document Once you have created your document you can save it in any format that you wish Consult Table 7 1 for available file formats Note that you can also export your document to HTML or PDF format formats which can be read by almost every computer with a Web browser such as Mozilla or PDF viewer application such as xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader 7 1 3 OpenOffice org Calc From large enterprises to home offices professionals in every industry use spreadsheets for keeping records creating business charts and manipulating data OpenOffice org Calc is a software spread sheet application that allows you to enter and manipulate data cells organized in columns and rows A cell is a container for individual pieces of data such as a quantity label or mathematical formula You can perform calculations on groups of cells such as adding or subtracting a column of cells or create charts based on the quantities contained in a group of cells You can even incorporate spreadsheet data into your documents for a professional touch To start OpenO
2. Shell prompt A command line interface between the user and the operating system Figure 1 9 The shell interprets commands entered by the user and passes them on to the operating system 6 Chapter 1 Getting Started File Edit View Terminal Go Help john dhcps9 229 john ls 1 al total 152 rw rw r 1 john john 2584 Aug 12 15 11 borderonly docs NEW tar gz IW 1 john john 45301 Aug 12 15 15 docs cd png rw 1 john john 55215 Aug 12 15 04 file roller png drwxrwxr x 78 root root 4096 Aug 12 2002 mnt drwxr xr x 25 root root 4096 Aug 12 16 00 nfs rw 1 john john 32593 Aug 12 10 40 userconfig png john dhcp59 229 john 1s borderonly docs NEW tar gz file roller png nfs docs cd png mnt userconfig png john dhcp59 229 john Figure 1 9 A Shell Prompt su and su The command su gives you access to the root account or other accounts on your system When you type su to switch to your root account while still inside your user account shell you have access to important system files that you can change or damage if you are not careful Logging in with the su command makes you root within the root account shell Use caution when you are logged in as root X or X Window System These terms refer to the graphical user interface environments If you are in X or running X you are working in a GUI rather than a console environment Although the emphasis throughout this book is on navigat
3. Used by fsck to place orphaned files files without names e lib Contains many device modules and library files used by programs in bin and sbin The directory usr 1ib contains library files for user applications dev Stores device files etc Contains configuration files and directories e var For variable or constantly changing files such as log files and the printer spool e usr Contains files and directories directly relating to users of the system such as programs and supporting library files e proc A virtual file system not actually stored on the disk that contains system information used by certain programs e initrda A directory that is used to mount the initrd img image file and load needed device modules during bootup A waming Do not delete the initra directory You will be unable to boot your computer if you delete the directory and then reboot your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system t tpboot Contains files and applications needed for Preboot Execution Environment PXE a service that allows client machines and machines without hard drives to boot an operating system from an image on a central PXE server tmp The temporary directory for users and programs tmp allows all users on a system read and write access home Default location of user home directories opt Directory where optional files and programs are stored This
4. Identities u the user who owns the file that is the owner g the group to which the user belongs o others not the owner or the owner s group a everyone or all u g and o Permissions r read access w write access x execute access Actions adds the permission removes the permission makes it the only permission 44 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics Want to test your permissions skills Remove all permissions from sneakers txt for everyone chmod a rwx sneakers txt Now see if you can read the file with the command cat sneakers txt which should return the following cat sneakers txt Permission denied Removing all permissions including your own successfully locked the file But since the file belongs to you you can always change its permissions back with the following command chmod utrw sneakers txt Use the command cat sneakers txt to verify that you the file owner can read the file again Here are some common examples of settings that can be used with chmod g w adds write access for the group o rwx removes all permissions for others u x allows the file owner to execute the file a rw allows everyone to read and write to the file ug r allows the owner and group to read the file g rx allows only the group to read and execute not write By adding the R option you can change permissions for entire directory trees
5. 1 3 2 Virtual Console Login During installation if you selected an installation type other than Workstation or Personal Desktop and chose text as your login type you will see a login prompt similar to the following after booting your system Red Hat Enterprise Linux release 3 Kernel 2 4 21 3 EL on an i686 localhost login 8 Chapter 1 Getting Started Unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname which is primarily used in a network setting your machine will probably be called Localhost localdomain To log in as root from the console type root at the login prompt press Enter then type the root password that you chose during installation at the password prompt and press Enter To log in as a normal user type your username at the login prompt press Enter type your password that you selected when creating the user at the password prompt and press Enter After logging in you can type the command start to start the graphical desktop 1 4 Graphical Interface When you installed Red Hat Enterprise Linux you had the opportunity to install a graphical environ ment Once you start the X Window System you will find a graphical interface known as a desktop similar to Figure 1 11 SSS Raeam o ee Figure 1 11 The Graphical Desktop 1 5 Opening a Shell Prompt The desktop offers access to a shell prompt an application that allows you to type commands instead of using a graphical interface for all c
6. A accounts creating 9 appending standard output 34 applets adding to KDE panel 122 adding to the panel 18 on the desktop panel 16 panel in KDE 119 applications and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 139 starting from shell prompt 107 archiving files 50 B bunzip2 52 burning CDs 100 additional resources 104 with CD Creator 101 with cdrecord 102 with mkisofs 102 bzip2 52 Cc cat 32 cd 26 CD rewritable CD RW 100 additional resources 104 and CD Creator 101 and cdrecord 102 and mkisofs 102 CD writable CD R 100 additional resources 104 and CD Creator 101 and cdrecord 102 and mkisofs 102 cdrecord 103 CDs playing 83 chmod 41 numerical settings 45 clear 31 command history 39 tips 111 commands See shell prompt cat 37 cat using 32 cd 26 change directories 26 chmod 41 numerical settings 45 clear 31 cron 31 DOS 141 finding 110 grep 37 head 37 history 110 locate 30 ls 29 keeping output from scrolling 111 Is a 29 Is al 29 ls common options with 30 multiple 40 print working directory pwd 26 pwd 26 reset 31 rm See files deleting rm r See directories deleting stringing together 40 su 28 tail 37 common user questions 107 compressing files 50 conventions document ii copying and pasting text when using X v creating graphics with OpenOffice org Draw 79 creating user accounts 9 D decryption wit
7. Figure 11 3 gfloppy Status Box 11 1 3 2 Using mke2fs The mke2fs command is used to create a Linux ext2 file system on a device such as a hard drive partition or in this case a diskette mke2fs essentially formats the device and creates an empty Linux compatible device which can then be used for storing files and data Insert your diskette into the drive and issue the following command at a shell prompt sbin mke2fs dev fqd0 On Linux systems dev fd0 refers to the first diskette drive If your computer has more than one diskette drive your primary diskette drive is dev f d0 your second dev fd1 and so on The mke2fs utility has a number of options The c option makes the mke2 s command check the device for bad blocks before creating the file system The other options are covered in the mke2fs man page Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette it is ready to be used with your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system 100 Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs 11 2 CD ROMs The CD ROM format is a popular medium to deliver typically large software applications as well as multimedia games and presentations Most of the software that can be purchased from retail outlets come in the form of CD ROMs This section shows you how to use CD ROMs on your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system 11 2 1 Using CD ROMs with Your File Manager By default CDs are automatically mounted and the file manager is displayed allowing you to ex
8. To determine the exact location of the current directory at a shell prompt and type the command pwd The output should look similar to home sam This example shows that you are in the user sam s directory which is in the home directory The command pwd stands for print working directory When you typed pwd you asked your Linux system to display your current location Your system responded by printing the full path of the current directory in the shell prompt window When the system responds to requests for information the response is called standard output and can be printed to the shell prompt or redirected to other programs or to other output devices such as printers Using pwd is very helpful as you learn to navigate your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system 3 4 Changing Directories with ca Changing directories is easy as long as you know where you are your current directory and how that relates to where you want to go To change directories use the cd command Typing this command by itself returns you to your home directory moving to any other directory requires a pathname Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 27 You can use absolute or relative pathnames Absolute paths start at the top of the file system with referred to as root and then look down for the requested directory relative paths look down from your current directory wherever that may be The following directory tree illustrates how cd operates directo
9. for addition multiplication quotient for division and subtotal for preparing receipts For detailed information about creating functions for calcu lating your numerical data in OpenOffice org Calc refer to the documentation by selecting Help gt Contents If you need to create charts or graphs for class or business presentations OpenOffice org has several chart and graph templates available Highlight the areas you would like to chart then click Insert gt Chart In the Chart window the data ranges you choose is shown in the text box for you to customize further if desired Click Next to display the many different charts and graphs you can create using your data Choose the style you want and click Create The graph is displayed anchored within the spreadsheet window You can move it anywhere on the screen for printing or you can save the graph as an object that you can then embed in OpenOffice org Writer documents or OpenOffice org Impress presentations Chapter 7 Working with Documents 77 Bile Edit View Insert Format Tools Window Help ou S m A B c D E F G H T Foo Industries Inc SIE Expense Report w 3 4 4 Office Suppies 125 47 EE 5 internet Service 49 95 6 Electricity Bil 75 68 Foo Industries Inc U 7 Computer Hardware 385 75 E 8 650 Bh A 600 a
10. jUSERNAME l export USERNAME BASH_ENV PATH Ln 14 Col 1 INS Figure 7 8 gedit Once gedit is running you are presented with a blank editing area You can begin using gedit imme diately or click the Open button to locate the plain text file you want to edit The file loads into the main editing area as shown in Figure 7 8 You can navigate the text file by clicking and holding the scroll bar on the right edge of the window and moving your mouse cursor up and down or use the arrow keys to navigate through the text file line by line Press the Page Up and Page Down keys to advance the document a page at a time o gedit allows you to open multiple text files in one window using separate tabs for each file If you have a file already open and want to copy text from another file click Open choose the file you want to access and the file opens in a new tab within the gedit window You can navigate between each file by clicking on the the tab associated with the particular filename Once you have modified or written your text file you can save it by pressing the Save button in the toolbar or by choosing File gt Save from the file menus If you are writing a new text file a pop up Chapter 7 Working with Documents 81 window prompts you to name the file and save it in the directory of your choice If you are editing an existing file then any changes you make automatically appears in the file the nex
11. 55 creating touch 55 deleting 57 deleting at a shell prompt 55 formats 48 managing from shell prompt 25 moving 57 moving at a shell prompt 55 renaming at a shell prompt 55 types of 48 Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 48 floppy disks See diskettes formatting diskettes 98 G games and amusements 87 finding more online 87 getting started logging in 6 Setup Agent 1 GIMP 92 opening a file 93 saving a file 93 GNOME desktop See graphical desktop Gnu Privacy Guard See GnuPG GnuPG additional resources 136 digital signatures 136 exporting public key 133 to keyserver 133 generating a keypair 130 generating a revocation certificate 132 importing a public key 135 insecure memory warning 130 introduction 129 129 warning messages 130 GPG See GnuPG graphical desktop 15 applets 18 background changing 20 customizing 20 logging out of 22 main menu 16 Nautilus 19 panel 16 Start Here 19 using 15 workspace 15 graphical login changing to 112 graphics GIMP 92 gtKam 89 gunzip 52 gzip 52 H Hardware Browser 109 help with KDE finding 117 hidden files 29 history finding commands using 110 149 images additional resources 95 manipulation 91 GIMP 92 viewing 91 91 Konqueror 125 Nautilus 91 introduction i K KDE 117 applets adding 122 multiple desktops 120 customizing 128 desktop 117 desktop icons 118 desktops multiple 120 switching
12. A Larger Picture of the File System 47 4 2 Identifying and Working with File Types ccsesesesceseseeseteeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeaeees 48 4 3 File Compression and Archiving 00 eeceeseeeeeeeesesesetetetseseseeeteseeseneees 49 4 4 Manipulating Files at the Shell Prompt 0 cece ceesssseececseeeeeeseseseeeneees 55 IL Using Your System ccssssssssssssssssssssscsesssssssscsessssssseesesssssssessesesssssessesssssseesesessssssssesesesessesesens 59 5 Web Browsing 3 saci sesuss taaie RAT A eA AEA A T EER 61 SV Moma EE E E EEE EEE AE 61 5 2 Web Browser Keyboard Shortcuts 63 6 Email Applications 0 0 cee 65 6 1 Evolution 6 2 Mozilla Mail 6 3 Plain Text Email Clients 7 Working with Document 0 ccceceecsseeseseesceeseneeseeseseceesecaceecsenecaeeseseeseeaeaeeaeseeaceeeaeeeeseeaeets 73 HAS The OpenOffice org S ile iieii inn ii a Ea 73 T2 Editing Text Files scsi scence enr lh Wvaveesgccuauaasriseseaecadibeennal teens 79 T3 Viewing PDFS ieie tanisi i EEE ERE AAEE ORRE 81 8 Audio Video and General Amusement cccccccccsseesscesseeseceseccsseceecesecsseceseceseeesseeseees 83 8 1 Playing Audio CDs 83 8 2 Playing Digital Audio Files 2 83 8 3 Troubleshooting Your Sound Card 8 4 Troubleshooting Your Video Card 85 GaMes innia ai 87 SiO Finding Games Online sisses si E EEA EE OAIR 87 9 Working with Digital Cameras c cccccecesceccseesee
13. Red Hat Network G4 Support E4Shop C Products G Training Sidebar Tabs x gt What s Related red hat Saa gt Search Wet Bookmarks Add Manage Search Step 1 Welcome to 1 24 Personal Toolbar Fol arene T Activate your Red Hat L Red Hat Network G4 Support i product A G4 Shop i Thank you for installing Red Hat Hi 4 Products Product activation is the Enterprise Linux 3 HE Training i gateway to receiving the benets ot Red tat Get the most out of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux including Enterprise Linux subscription make technical support and Red sure to activate your product and Hat Network register your system with Red Hat Network Click here to get started now gt History j gt w D Z done za Figure 5 1 Mozilla Main Browser Window 5 1 1 Using Mozilla Mozilla functions like any Web browser that you may have used before It has the standard naviga tional toolbars buttons and menus 62 Chapter 5 Web Browsing The navigation bar has an address field with which you can type a Uniform Resource Locator URL the name or address of a website into the address field at the top of the browser window Mozilla supports keyword searching via the address field as well Type a keyword or phrase into the address field and click the Search button The search results appears in the main browsing area e2 232 dB npm
14. a pop up Tip is displayed with a brief explanation of the button s functionality You can display more detailed Tips by clicking the Help menu and choosing Extended Tips You can immediately begin typing text into the document editing area at any time using the default settings To save your text click the Save button M which opens the pop up file browser You can choose the file format from the File type drop down menu at the bottom of the browser window The default file type is appropriate for files that you are working on exclusively with OpenOffice org applications However for files that you need to distribute to Microsoft Office users or if you are Chapter 7 Working with Documents 75 editing a file that was sent as an email attachment with the doc extension you can save the file as a Microsoft Word file type that others are able to open in Microsoft Word While OpenOffice org Writer is useful for general document editing you can also add objects such as images illustrations charts and tables to your document to complement your text or give impact to your documents To add an image to the document select Insert gt Graphics gt From File and choose the image from the pop up file browser The image appears where you placed your cursor and can be made larger or smaller by clicking on the resizing borders around the image Figure 7 2 shows an image added to a document File Edit View Insert Format Tools Window Help
15. l Q Help Defaults Figure A 6 Desktop Background Configuration X Cancel After you make any adjustments to your desktop configuration click Apply to save the changes Click OK to close the desktop configuration tool Buttons for your desktops appear on the panel in the Desktop Pager Click on a tile to move to a different desktop 0 You can use the keyboard combination of the Ctrl and Function keys to switch desktops For exam ple Ctrl F2 switches to desktop two Ctrl F3 takes you to desktop three and so on A 4 2 2 Viewing The Taskbar The taskbar displays all running applications both minimized and displayed on all desktops al file homejohn Konqueror Welcome to Red Hat Mozilla Figure A 7 Applications on the Taskbar You can maximize running applications or bring them to the front of your working windows by click ing on the associated item on the taskbar 0 Another way to bring minimized or background windows to the front is to use the Alt and Tab keys To pick an item from the taskbar hold down both the Alt Tab key To scroll through the tasks hold down the Alt key while tapping the Tab key When you have found the task you want to maximize and bring to the front release both keys and the application appears on the desktop 122 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment A 4 3 Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel To further customize the panel for your particular ne
16. other people must have a copy of your public key To send your key to correspondents or to a keyserver you must export the key To export your key so you can display it on a webpage or paste it in email type the following com mand gpg armor export you example com gt mykey asc You do not see any output because not only did you export your public key you redirected the output to a file called for example mykey asc Without the addition of gt mykey asc the key would have been displayed as the standard output on the monitor screen Now the file mykey asc can be inserted into email or exported to a keyserver To see the key type less mykey asc to open the file in a pager type q to quit the pager It should look like the following Version GnuPG v1 2 1 GNU Linux Comment For info see http www gnupg org mQGiBDkHP 3URBACkWGsYh4 3pkXU9wj X1G67K8 DSr185r7dNtHNfLL ewill0k2 q8saWJn2 6QZP sDVqdUJMOdHf J6kOTAt INzObgcVrxLYNfgeBsvkHF POtnYcZRgL tZ6syBBWs8JB4xt5V09iJSGAMPUQE8Jpdn2aRXPApdoDwl17 9LM8Rq6r gwCg5ZZa pGN1kgFu24WM5wC1zg4QTbMD 3MJCSxfL99Ek 5HXcB3yhj o0LmIrGAVBgoWdrRd BIGJQOFhV1NSwC8YhN 4nGHWpaTxgEtnb4CI1lw1I G3DK9O01LYMyRJinkGJ6XY P3b cCQmqATDF 5ugIAmdditnw7dexqn eavaMxRXJM ROSgJJyVpbA020qKe6L6Inb5H kjCZA 90bTm499dDMRO CNR92 fA5prO0zriy ziLUow cqI 5 9nt bEb9nY1mfmMUN6 SWO jJCH pIQH5lerV EookyOyq3o0cUdjeRYF d2j19xmeSyL2H3tDvnuE6vgqFU N sdvby4B21ku7S h0 6W6GPQAe pzdyX9vS Pnf 80su7W3 j 60WprOkUGF 1bCBHYWxs YWdoZXIgP
17. plore the contents of the CD Figure 11 4 shows the contents of a CD ROM within the Nautilus file manager Go Bookmarks Help va w A totes pl es e Sian pen wp wp w E Ngrep Nmap OpenssH a on Le d rei pein Se we g siasi m a ae ey p BS a is seat esa mat H Figure 11 4 Contents of a CD ROM in Nautilus A CD desktop icon also appears which you can use to unmount and eject your CD ROM after use Right click on the icon to view all of the available choices For example to unmount and eject the CD ROM choose Eject from the menu 11 2 2 Using CD ROMs From a Shell Prompt You can also manually mount and unmount your CD ROMs from a shell prompt Insert a CD into your CD ROM drive open a shell prompt and type the following command mount mnt cdrom The CD ROM should now be mounted and available for use with your file manager You can access your CD ROM by clicking the home icon on the desktop and typing mnt cdrom in the location bar After working with your CD you must unmount it before you can eject it from your CD ROM drive Close any applications or file managers that are using the CD ROM and type the following command at a shell prompt umount mnt cdrom You can now safely press the eject button on your CD ROM drive to retrieve your CD 11 3 CD Rs and CD RWs CD writable CD R drives have grown in popularity as an inexpensive way to backup and archive several megabytes o
18. t vfat dev hdal mnt windows You may then logout of root user mode and access your Windows data by changing into the mounted Windows partition cd mnt windows To automatically mount a Windows partition every time you boot your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system you must modify the etc fstab file which configures all file systems and disk device mounting options Ata shell prompt su to root following the above example Next open the etc fstab in a text editor by typing for example gedit etc fstab Add the following on a new line replacing dev hda1 with the Windows partition you found via Hardware Browser dev hdal mnt windows vfat auto umask 0 0 0 Save the file and exit your text editor The next time the system is rebooted the etc fstab file is read and the Windows partition is automatically mounted in the directory mnt windows To access the partition at a shell prompt type the command cd mnt windows To navigate through directories or files with spaces surround the name of the directory or file with quotation marks as in 1s Program Files 12 5 Finding Commands Quickly I was looking at a man page yesterday but I cannot remember the name of the command I was reading about and I did not write it down How do I get the man page back The command you used is stored in a file called bash_history By default this file records the last 500 commands you typed at the shell prompt You can glimpse the
19. which displays a password protected screensaver You can also run applications from a command line as well as logout of your KDE session A 4 2 Using Applets Applets are small applications that run on the panel There are several types of applets performing functions such as system monitoring time and date display and launching applications by typing commands in a text box There are some applets that run on the panel by default This section covers them in detail 120 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment A 4 2 1 Working with Multiple Desktops By default KDE provides four desktops that you can use to display multiple applications without having to crowd all of them onto one desktop Each desktop can hold icons open applications and be individually customized For example while you are writing a message in Evolution on desktop one you can have Mozilla browsing the Web on desktop two the OpenOffice org Writer word processor open on desktop three and so on You can change the number and names of desktops available in KDE by making these adjustments 1 Right click on the desktop a brief menu of actions is displayed 2 Select Configure Desktop the KDE desktop configuration tool is displayed 3 Click the Multiple Desktops icon see Figure A 5 You can configure how many virtual desktops there are lt Appearance Number of desktops a B nsns Desktop Names Desktop 1 Desktop 1 Deskto
20. you may see one of the following r file can be read w file can be written to e x file can be executed if it is a program e dash specific permission has not been assigned When you see a dash in owner group or others it means that particular permission has not been granted Look again at the first column of sneakers txt and identify its permissions ls 1 sneakers txt rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt The file s owner in this case sam has permission to read and write to the file The group sam has permission to read and write to sneakers txt as well It is not a program so neither the owner or the group has permission to execute it 3 13 1 The chmod Command Use the chmod command to change permissions This example shows how to change the permissions on sneakers txt with the chmod command The original file looks like this with its initial permissions settings rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt If you are the owner of the file or are logged into the root account you can change any permissions for the owner group and others Right now the owner and group can read and write to the file Anyone outside of the group can only read the file r O caution Remember that file permissions are a security feature Whenever you allow anyone else to read write to and execute files you are increasing the risk of files being tampered with altered or delete
21. 1497 Aug 29 2002 bashrc lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Mar 23 20 48 bg5ps conf gt bg5ps conf y Figure 3 4 Sample 1s Output for the etc Directory The following is a brief list of options commonly used with 1s Remember you can view the full list by reading the 1s man page man 1s a all Lists all files in the directory including hidden files filename The and at the top of your list refer to the parent directory and the current directory respectively e 1 long Lists details about contents including permissions modes owner group size cre ation date whether the file is a link to somewhere else on the system and where its link points F file type Adds a symbol to the end of each listing These symbols include to indicate a directory to indicate a symbolic link to another file and to indicate an executable file e r reverse Lists the contents of the directory in reverse sort order e R recursive Lists the contents of all directories below the current directory recursively s size Sorts files by their sizes 3 6 Locating Files and Directories There may be times when you know a file or directory exists but you do not know where to find it To search for a file or directory use the locate command With locate you can see every file or directory whose name contains the search criterion For ex ample to search for all files with the word finger in the name t
22. For example if you saved a key as a text file called newkey txt to import the file at a shell prompt type the following command gpg import newkey txt The output looks similar to the following 136 Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard gpg key F78FFE84 public key imported gpg Total number processed 1 gpg imported 1 To check that the process was successful use the gpg list keys command you should see your newly imported key listed on your keyring When you import a public key you add that key to your keyring a file in which public and secret keys are kept Then when you download a document or file from that entity you can check the validity of that document against the key you added to your keyring B 7 What Are Digital Signatures Digital signatures can be compared to your written signature Unlike traditional correspondence in which it might be possible to tamper with your written signature digital signatures can not be forged That is because the signature is created with your unique secret key and can be verified by your recipient using your public key A digital signature timestamps a document essentially that means that the time you signed the doc ument is part of that signature So if anyone tries to modify the document the verification of the signature fails Some email applications such as Exmh or KDE s KMail include the ability to sign documents with GnuPG within the application s
23. It is also referred to as GPG GnuPG is a tool for secure communication it is a complete and free replacement for the encryption technology of PGP Pretty Good Privacy a widely popular encryption application Using GnuPG you can encrypt your data and correspondence as well as authenticate your correspondence by digitally signing your work GnuPG is also capable of decrypting and verifying PGP 5 x Because GnuPG is compatible with other encryption standards your secure correspondence is proba bly compatible with email applications on other operating systems such as Windows and Macintosh GnuPG uses public key cryptography to provide users with a secure exchange of data In a public key cryptography scheme you generate two keys a public key and a private key You exchange your public key with correspondents or with a keyserver you should never reveal your private key Encryption depends upon the use of keys In conventional or symmetric cryptography both ends of the transaction have the same key which they use to decode each other s transmissions In public key cryptography two keys co exist a public key and a private key A person or an organization keeps their private key a secret and publishes their public key Data encoded with the public key can only be decoded with the private key data encoded with the private key can only be decoded with the public key noren Remember that your public key can be given to anyone with whom y
24. Rae ais sora aoe enclose coerce and acim a ese oa E ne epee aeons TAA Sear Model SB Live EMULOk1 macnn arr ey ee Figure 1 5 Sound Card To register your system with Red Hat Network and receive automatic updates of your Red Hat Enter prise Linux system choose Yes I would like to register my system with Red Hat Network This will start the Red Hat Update Agent a utility that guides you step by step through the registration of your machine with Red Hat Network Selecting No I do not want to register my system skips the registration For more information about Red Hat Network and registering your machine refer to the Red Hat Network documentation at http www redhat com docs manuals RHNetwork 4 Chapter 1 Getting Started Finish Setup Oes want register my 5y Stem wh ed ar Nee O Ne I do not want to register my system Figure 1 6 Red Hat Network Registration Client To install Red Hat Enterprise Linux RPM packages that you did not install during installation software from third party providers or documentation from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Documentation CD you can do so at the Additional CDs screen Insert the CD containing the software or documentation you want to install click the Install button and follow the instructions Note If you are installing a package from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Installation CDs you must insert CD 1 click the Install button choose the package
25. a list of options 3 Select Open to display the file browser 4 Select the PDF file you want to view and click Open Another popular PDF viewer is Adobe Acrobat Reader While it is not included with Red Hat En terprise Linux you can download it free of charge at http www adobe com redhat Chapter 8 Audio Video and General Amusement This chapter presents you with the lighter side of Red Hat Enterprise Linux From games and toys to multimedia applications Red Hat Enterprise Linux provides many packages to assist you in having some fun with your computer 8 1 Playing Audio CDs To play an audio CD place the CD in your CD ROM drive The CD Player application should appear automatically and begin playing the first audio track If the interface does not appear click Main Menu gt Sound amp Video gt CD Player to launch the CD Player application 8 Har cany gt e e Figure 8 1 CD Player Interface The CD Player interface acts similar to a standard CD player with play pause and stop functions There is even a sliding bar that allows you to adjust the volume Press the Next track and Previous Track buttons to skip forward or backward one track you can also use the Track List drop down menu to select a track from the available listing You can edit the track listings for your CDs by clicking the Open track editor button You can also change the way the application functions by clicking on
26. and archiving formats and has a simple interface and extensive help documentation if you need it It is also integrated into the desktop environment and graphical file manager to make working with archived files easier To start File Roller click Main Menu gt Accessories gt File Roller You can also start File Roller from a shell prompt by typing ile roller Figure 4 1 shows File Roller in action o If you are using a file manager such as Nautilus you can double click the file you wish to unar chive or decompress to start File Roller The File Roller browser window appears with the decom pressed unarchived file in a folder for you to extract or browse Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories 51 Archive Edt View Windows Help D BO New Open Add Extract View Stop amp Up Current Location Name Size Type Date modified Location I Gua Folder E pixmaps Fader Bsc Folder A acconfig h 150 bytes C source code header 27 Jun 1999 21 49 autogen sh 363 bytes shell script 19 Feb 1998 14 31 _ config guess 274K unknown type 18 Aug 1999 13 53 config h in 332 bytes unknown type 12 Apr 2000 13 36 _ config sub 19 8K unknown type 18 Aug 1999 13 53 Boo oa eae depcomp 11 8K unknown type 04 Oct 2001 18 12 j Janome hello desktop 113 bytes application launcher 15 Apr 2000 10 21 _ install sh 5 5K unknown type 04 Oct 2001 18 12 a 12 files
27. and help files that are included in the main menubar of graphical applications You can choose any method of accessing documenta tion that best suits your needs as all of these resources are either already installed on your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system or can be easily installed 1 7 1 Manual Pages Applications utilities and shell prompt commands usually have corresponding manual pages also called man pages that show the reader available options and values of file or executable Man Pages are structured in such a way that users can quickly scan the page for pertinent information which is important when dealing with commands that they have never previously encountered 1 7 1 1 Using man Man Pages can be accessed via shell prompt by typing the command man and the name of the exe cutable For example to access the man page for the 1s command type the following man 1s The NAME field shows the executable s name and a brief explanation of what function the executable performs The SYNOPSIS field shows the common usage of the executable such as what options are declared and what types of input such as files or values the executable supports The DESCRIPTION field shows available options and values associated with a file or executable See Also shows related terms files and programs Chapter 1 Getting Started 11 File Edit View Terminal Go Help LS 1 User Commands Ls 1 f NAME ls list directory contents SYNOPSIS
28. can change the appearance of buttons window and frame decorations and back grounds Configuration tools are also available which allow you to customize the way the desktop behaves at events such as single and double clicking mouse buttons and chording keystrokes to cre ate time saving shortcuts The default KDE desktop displays icons for the trash can your home directory the Start Here icon for applications and configuration tools and a diskette icon You can access any one of these resources by double clicking on the associated icon When you right click on these icons you see several options for working with these resources such as Delete Rename Move to Trash and Copy You can drag and drop unwanted items such as files you no longer need to the Trash icon Right click on the trash can and select Empty Trash Bin to delete the items from your system permanently A 4 Using The Panel The panel stretches across the bottom of the desktop By default it contains the main menu icon and quick launch icons for starting a Web browser email client word processor and other commonly used applications Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 119 e0eQueem a Ole Figure A 3 The Panel The panel is highly configurable You can add and remove buttons that launch applications easily Right click on the panel and select Configure Panel to open the panel Settings You can configure panel orientation and size set a pane
29. directions for installing the software which creates a subdirectory in your home directory called set i Now start the application using the full path to the executable file as shown below home joe seti setiathome The reason you may need to type the full pathnames in order to start an application is because the executable was not placed in a directory where your user shell environment knew it could be found such as usr local bin You can customize your settings so that you are not required to use the type the full path to the application each time To do this you must edit your PATH environment variable 12 3 1 Editing Your PATH If you frequently start programs that are not located in a directory that your user shell has been configured to search you must edit your user shell configuration file to add the directory containing the executable you wish to run You can do this by adding the directory to your PATH environment variable O caution These instructions are intended only for user accounts Avoid modifying files such as the root user s bash_profile because of the potential security risks Start a text editor such as gedit or vi at a shell prompt You can open the file called bash_profile by typing the following gedit bash_profile Look for a PATH statement similar to the one shown below PATH SPATH S HOME bin usr local bin To the end of this statement add SHOME seti as shown below PATH SPATH HOME bin
30. directory is used mainly by third party developers for easy installation and uninstallation of their software packages 144 Appendix E System Directories O redhat Appendix F Keyboard Shortcuts Here are a few keyboard shortcuts you can use to perform common tasks quickly Many more are available in addition to what is listed here For more command line and keyboard shortcuts visit http sunsite dk linux newbie lnag_commands html shortcuts Ctrl Alt Backspace kills your current X session Kills your graphical desktop session and returns you to the login screen Use this if the normal exit procedure does not work Ctrl Alt Delete shutdown and reboots your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system at a non graphical shell prompt Use only when the normal shutdown procedure does not work In a graph ical desktop session this shortcut displays the desktop logout screen that allows you to logout reboot or shut down your system Ctrl Alt Fn switches screens Ctrl Alt one of the function keys displays an available screen By default F1 through F6 are text mode shell prompt screens and F7 is the graphical desktop screen Alt Tab switches tasks in a graphical desktop environment If you have more than one application open at a time you can use Alt Tab to switch among open tasks and applications Ctrl a moves cursor to the beginning of a line This works in most text editors an
31. documents place on websites or attach to emails To start OpenOffice org Draw from the desktop panel click Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOf fice org Draw To start OpenOffice org Draw from a shell prompt type oodraw Figure 7 7 Shows OpenOffice org Draw in action File Edit View Insert Format Tools Modify Window Help F ae 6 tire 0 xf zl 000cm Mm Black amp Color MBue7 a QP re aes ee B g Te Al BRE ri E7 Si e lo oR cae gle EI g CAN alo Hello World f ofr Slitei I ir E 8 49 1 87 90 Slide 1 1 Default Figure 7 7 OpenOffice org Draw If you are familiar with illustration and graphics applications such as The GIMP refer to Chapter 10 Working with Images for more information notice that OpenOffice org Draw has some of the same basic functions There are toolbars for creating straight and curved lines basic shapes such as squares and circles 3D objects such as cones and cubes and more You can create images and fill them with the color of your choice using the Area Style Filling drop down menu on the main toolbar You can additionally insert text into your illustrations OpenOffice org Draw also allows you to open and import images and modify them with the tools provided When you complete your illustration or image modifications you can save the file in one of several native file formats or export your work to several popular formats
32. floppy 98 Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs If you are using GNOME you can unmount the diskette by right clicking on the icon and choosing Unmount Volume from the menu You can now safely eject the diskette from the drive 11 1 2 Putting Linux Files on an MS DOS Diskette To copy files from a Linux machine to an MS DOS formatted diskette so that a Windows machine can read it you should format your diskette with an MS DOS FAT file system This can be done with the Windows OS or with gfloppy see Section 11 1 3 1 Using gfloppy Then mount it in Linux as described in Section 11 1 1 Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette Copy files using the following command substituting filename with the name of the file you wish to copy cp filename mnt floppy You can then unmount the diskette and eject it from the drive The new file on the diskette should now be accessible from your Windows machine 11 1 3 Formatting a Diskette To use a diskette specifically with Red Hat Enterprise Linux you need to format the diskette using the ext2 file system ext2 is one of the file systems supported by Red Hat Enterprise Linux and is the default method used for formatting diskettes A waming Formatting a diskette will erase all of its contents Be sure to backup any files that you need before performing any of the following operations on your diskettes Once you have created an ext2 file system on the diskette you can manipulate its contents in th
33. fstab 109 World Wide Web browsers 61 Mozilla 61 X X Configuration Tool 86 xpdf 81 redhat Colophon The manuals are written in DocBook SGML v4 1 format The HTML and PDF formats are produced using custom DSSSL stylesheets and custom jade wrapper scripts The DocBook SGML files are written in Emacs with the help of PSGML mode Garrett LeSage created the admonition graphics note tip important caution and warning They may be freely redistributed with the Red Hat documentation The Red Hat Product Documentation Team consists of the following people Sandra A Moore Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Installation Guide for the x86 Itanium and AMD64 Architectures Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Enter prise Linux Installation Guide for the IBM eServer iSeries and IBM eServer pSeries Architectures Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide Tammy Fox Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Installation Guide for the x86 Itanium and AMD64 Architectures Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security Guide Con tributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide Writer Maintainer of custom DocBook stylesheets and scripts Edward C Bailey Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Introduc
34. gt Distorts gt Newsprint Select the quantity of lines per inch using the sliders When a desired quantity is reached click OK to render the image with the new effect applied Figure 10 5 shows an example of an image after the Newsprint filter has been applied 27 20 Feroa 624 0 FOB 1 Figure 10 5 An Image Modified with the Newsprint Filter The Toolbox palette also has several easily accessible functions To bring the Toolbox palette right click on the image and select Tools gt Toolbox Using the Toolbox palette you can add text to images erase regions of an image or even fill selected regions with the color of your choice For example if you wish to add text to a file select the m button and click on your image This loads the Text Tool dialog box where you can choose a font and type some text in the provided text box Click OK and the text is displayed as a floating section on the image You can then move the text to the position you wish using the Move Layers tool available by selecting the button Figure 10 6 shows the photo with added text Cancel 250 247 291 pa 240 RGB 100 Figure 10 6 Using the Text Tool on an Image Chapter 10 Working with Images 95 The GIMP is a powerful image editing tool and it takes some time to master all of its functions Try exploring some of the options yourself If you make a mistake you can always
35. identical This appendix provides common commands used at the DOS prompt in Windows and their coun terparts in Linux Basic examples of how the command are used at the Linux shell prompt are also provided Note that these commands usually have a number of options To learn more about each command read its associated man page for example type man 1s at the shell prompt to read about the 1s command a a Purpose Closes shell exit exit exit prompt Displays or sets date date date date Echoes output to echo echo echo this message the screen Edits text files gedit a gedit thisfile txt Compares the fe diff diff filel file2 contents of files Finds a string of find grep grep word or phrase thisfile txt text in a file Formats a diskette format a mke2fs sbin mke2fs dev fd0 dev fdo is the if diskette Linux equivalent of A is in A Displays command command man or man command help info Creates a directory mkdir directory Views contents of a more less b less thisfile txt file 142 Appendix D A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands Command s Linux Basic Linux Example Purpose Displays your chdir pwd pwd location in the file system Changes directories cd cd directory directory with a specified pathname pathname path absolute path cd e DER em Changes directories with a relative path Displays the time time Shows amount of m RAM in use a Gedit is a graphical te
36. interface Two useful types of digital signatures are clearsigned documents and detached signatures Both types of signatures incorporate the same security of authenticity without requiring your recipient to decrypt your entire message In a clearsigned message your signature appears as a text block within the context of your letter a detached signature is sent as a separate file with your correspondence B 8 Additional Resources There is more to encryption technology than can be covered in one slim introduction to GnuPG Here are some resources where you can learn more B 8 1 Installed Documentation e man gpg and info gpg Quick Reference of GnuPG commands and options B 8 2 Useful Websites http www gnupg org The GnuPG website with links to the latest GnuPG releases a compre hensive user s guide and other cryptography resources http hotwired lycos com webmonkey backend security tutorials tutoriall html Visit the Encryption Tutorial from Webmonkey to learn more about encryption and how to apply encryption techniques http www eff org pub Privacy The Electronic Frontier Foundation Privacy Security Crypto amp Surveillance Archive Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard 137 B 8 3 Related Books The Official PGP User s Guide by Philip R Zimmerman MIT Press PGP Pretty Good Privacy by Simson Garfinkel O Reilly amp Associates Inc E Mail Security How to Ke
37. is a variety of ways to manipulate files and directories You can also use wildcards as explained in Section 3 10 5 Wildcards and Regular Expressions to make the process of copying moving or deleting multiple files and directories faster To copy a file type the following command cp lt source gt lt destination gt Replace lt source gt with the name of the file you want to copy and lt destination gt with the name of the directory where you want the file to go To copy the file sneakers txt to the directory tigger in your home directory move to your home directory and type cp sneakers txt tigger You can use both relative and absolute pathnames with cp Our home directory is the parent of the directory tigger tigger is one directory down from our home directory Qi To learn more about relative and absolute pathnames refer to Section 3 4 Changing Directories with cd Read the cp man page type man cp at the shell prompt for a full list of the options available with cp Among the options you can use with cp are the following i interactive Prompts you to confirm if the file is going to overwrite a file in your destination This is a handy option because it can help prevent you from making mistakes e r recursive Rather than just copying all the specified files and directories this copies the whole directory tree subdirectories and all v verbose Shows the progress of the files as they ar
38. keys are made and placed in the directory gnupg in your home directory To list your keys use the command gpg list keys You will see something similar to the following home username gnupg pubring gpg pub 1024D B7085C8A 2000 06 18 Your Name lt you example com gt sub 1024g E12AF9C4 2000 06 18 If you created a GnuPG key with version 1 0 6 or lower exported your private key and imported it into a new one you have to explicitly trust your own key to sign items with version 1 0 7 or higher To trust your key type the following command replace lt user id gt gpg edit key lt user id gt At the Command gt prompt type trust and select 5 I trust ultimately to trust your own key B 4 Generating a Revocation Certificate Once you have created your keypair you should create a revocation certificate for your public key If you forget your passphrase or if it has been compromised you can publish this certificate to inform users that your public key should no longer be used Note When you generate a revocation certificate you are not revoking the key you just created Instead you are giving yourself a safe way to revoke your key from public use in case you forget your passphrase switch ISPs addresses or suffer a hard drive crash The revocation certificate can then be used to disqualify your public key Your signature is valid to others who read your correspondence before your key is revoked and you are able
39. ki Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 includes a powerful office suite called OpenOffice org i which features the following applications o 5 Word Processing OpenOffice org Writer Spreadsheets OpenOffice org Calc x Presentations OpenOffice org Impress And much more Ls i Page 1 1 Default 100 INSRT STD HYP Figure 7 1 OpenOffice org Writer To start OpenOffice org Writer from your desktop panel choose Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOf fice org Writer to start it from a shell prompt type oowriter The main interface is the document editing area the white space in the middle of the window where you can add and edit text At the top of the window are various functions collected into toolbars that let you choose your fonts letter sizes justification aligning the text of your document to the left center or right margins and more There is also a text box that enables you to specify the exact location of a document on your machine and load the document into the editing area There are also buttons for opening saving and printing documents as well as buttons for creating new documents which opens up a new window with a blank document for you to add content Along the left side of the window there is a toolbar with buttons for checking your spelling toggling the automatic highlighting of misspelled words keyword and phrase searching and other convenient editing functions If you hover the mouse cursor over a toolbar button
40. ls OPTION FILE DESCRIPTION List information about the FILEs the current directory by default Sort entries alphabetically if none of cftuSUX nor sort Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too a all do not hide entries starting with A almost all do not list implied and author print the author of each file g Figure 1 13 Reading a Man Page with the Shell Prompt E To navigate the man page you can use the Page Down and Page Up keys or use the Spacebar to move down one page and B to move up To exit the man page type Q To search a man page for keywords type and then a keyword or phrase and press Enter All instances of the keyword will be highlighted throughout the man page allowing you to quickly read the keyword in context 1 7 1 2 Printing a Man Page Printing man pages is a useful way to archive commonly used commands perhaps in bound form for quick reference If you have a printer available and configured for use with Red Hat Enterprise Linux refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide for more information you can print a man page by typing the following command at a shell prompt man command col b lpr The example above combines separate commands into one unique function man command will output the contents of the command man page to col which formats the contents to fit within a printed pa
41. of files in the directory that start with that letter Introduction iii key combination A combination of keystrokes is represented in this way For example The Ctrl Alt Backspace key combination exits your graphical session and return you to the graphical login screen or the console text found on a GUI interface A title word or phrase found on a GUI interface screen or window is shown in this style Text shown in this style is being used to identify a particular GUI screen or an element on a GUI screen such as text associated with a checkbox or field Example Select the Require Password checkbox if you would like your screensaver to require a password before stopping top level of a menu on a GUI screen or window A word in this style indicates that the word is the top level of a pulldown menu If you click on the word on the GUI screen the rest of the menu should appear For example Under File on a GNOME terminal the New Tab option allows you to open multiple shell prompts in the same window If you need to type in a sequence of commands from a GUI menu they are shown like the following example Go to Main Menu Button on the Panel gt Programming gt Emacs to start the Emacs text editor button on a GUI screen or window This style indicates that the text can be found on a clickable button on a GUI screen For example Click on the Back button to return to the webpage you last viewed computer output
42. operating sys tems and with an open mind approach Red Hat Enterprise Linux as a new interesting and versatile alternative This manual is task oriented You will find useful tips hints warnings and screen shots interspersed throughout First you will learn the basics of using Red Hat Enterprise Linux such as customizing a desktop configuring a printer and getting online Once the basics are covered the tasks covered in this manual become progressively more advanced Most users choose to work within either the GNOME or KDE graphical desktop environments other desktop environments are also available The Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide focuses primarily on how to perform tasks in these two environments Topics discussed include e Using the graphical desktop environment Managing files and directories Working with documents Using the Web and email Working with a digital camera After conquering the basics of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system you may need information on more advanced topics You can find this information in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Reference Guide the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Introduction to System Administration and the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security Guide HTML PDF and RPM versions of the manuals are available on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Docu mentation CD and online at http www redhat com docs f Note Al
43. panel click on the images you want which you can then save to disk by choosing File gt Save Selected Photos If you want to save all of the stored images choose Select gt All then save the images to disk 90 Chapter 9 Working with Digital Cameras File Select Camera Help oje a Index Settings Z View Thumbnails m R ab dscf0007 jpg dscf0006 jpg dscf0002 jpg dscf0001 jpg dscf0004 jpg Figure 9 2 Viewing Images with gtKam For more information about using gtKam refer to the gtKam page at the gPhoto website http gphoto sourceforge net proj gtkam 3 redhat Chapter 10 Working with Images Digital images have grown in popularity with the development of the graphical Internet and the in creasing quality of digital cameras There are several types of image files some of which are created using sophisticated illustration software packages while others are made from digital sources such as a scanner or camera You may have downloaded some of these image files from the Web or receive them them as attachments to in an email message You may also want to create your own images to send to others You can view and modify the most common types of image files using applications included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 1 Viewing Images This section discusses some of the common tools for viewing image files Certain tools included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux are specialized a
44. s or component you want to install and if prompted change the CD Additional CDs 1f you have any of the CDs listed below you can install packages from them by insering the CD and clicking the approprate button E Documentation co ERAT 6 A rons Cos pack Pua Figure 1 7 Installing Additional Software Now that your system is configured you are ready to log in and start using Red Hat Enterprise Linux Press Forward to exit the Setup Agent 1 2 Introductory Terms When you learn about a new operating system you should also learn new terminology This section defines a few basic terms you should learn You will see these terms often throughout all Red Hat Enterprise Linux documentation including the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide Chapter 1 Getting Started 5 Command An instruction given to the computer most often with the keyboard or mouse Command line The space at the shell prompt where commands are typed Graphical Desktop The most visible area of a GUI The desktop is where your user Home and Start Here icons are located You can customize your desktop to have special backgrounds colors and pictures to add a personal touch Graphical User Interface GUI A general term for interactive windows icons menus and panels which allow a user to initiate actions such as starting applications and opening files using a mouse and keyboard Icons are small images
45. some coffee E sam Halloween sam fj Figure 3 5 The cat Command To redirect the output of cat to a file type the following at a shell prompt pressing the Enter key takes you to the next blank line cat gt sneakers txt Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 33 Elle Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cat gt sneakers txt l buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee Figure 3 6 Redirecting Output to a File Press Enter to go to an empty line and use the Ctrl D key combination to quit cat Do you notice anything different in Figure 3 6 There are no repeated entries That is because the standard output from cat was redirected That redirection was to a brand new file you made called sneakers txt You can find the file in the directory you were in when you started cat type 1s if you want to see it listed As you learned earlier you can also use cat to read the file you have created At the prompt type cat sneakers txt CO eaution Be careful when you redirect the output to a file because you can easily overwrite an existing file Make sure the name of the file you are creating does not match the name of a pre existing file unless you want to replace it Use output redirection again for another file and call it home txt For this example type the com mand cat gt home txt then Enter followed by bring the coffee home take o
46. such as jpg or png Refer to Table 7 1 for the complete list of compatible image file formats For more information on using OpenOffice org Draw refer to the documentation located at Help gt Contents from the file menus 7 2 Editing Text Files Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes several text editors applications that allow you to view and modify plain text files Plain text files are files that contain text without any font or style formatting applied to it such as system logs and configuration files 80 Chapter 7 Working with Documents gedit is a graphical text editor It can open edit and save plain text files You can also cut and paste text to and from other graphical desktop applications create new text files and print files gedit has a clear and understandable interface that uses tabs so that you can open more than one file at the same time without opening more than one gedit window To start gedit click Main Menu gt Accessories gt Text Editor You can also start gedit by typing gedit ata shell prompt f Note gedit can only be used in a graphical desktop environment Eile Edit View Search Documents Help Bed 69 H Ba A New Open Saye Close Print Undo Redo Cut Copy Paste Find Replace bash_profile i bash_profile Get the aliases and functions if f bashre then bashre fi 4 User specific environment and startup programs PATH PATH HOME bin IBASH_ENV HOME bashrc
47. supports it gtKam is a graphical application that allows you to interface with your digital camera gtKam works directly with your digital camera allowing you to open view save and delete images directly You can also download the images to your computer and modify it with image manipulation programs such as The GIMP refer to Chapter 10 Working with Images for more information about image manipulation tools To start gtKam choose Main Menu gt Graphics gt Digital Camera Tool You can also start gtKam by typing gtkam at a shell prompt Before you begin using gtKam you need to configure it to work with your digital camera From the menu choose Camera gt Add Camera From the pop up dialog you can choose your camera from the drop down list or let gtKam automatically find your camera by clicking Detect Click Apply to accept the changes and OK to close the dialog box Detect Enhanced Ok Apply Cancel Figure 9 1 Adding a Camera in gtKam Once you have added your camera it will be shown as an icon on the left panel of the main gtKam window You only have to configure gtKam for your camera once the settings will be saved with each additional use Directories shown below the icon may differ depending on your brand of camera Select the directory that commonly stores your images and the stored images will immediately load as thumbnail images in the main panel From this
48. system administrator or have root superuser access you probably do not have per mission to write to the files and directories outside of your home directory Certain directories are reserved for specific purposes For example home is the default location for users home directo ries Users that do not have superuser access might find the following directories useful for finding their home directories reading documentation or storing temporary files e home Default location for users home directories For example a user with the username foo has the home directory home foo 48 Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories e usr share doc Location of documentation for installed packages For example the documentation for the redhat config date software package is located in the directory usr share doc redhat config date lt version number gt tmp The reserved directory for all users to store temporary files Files stored here are not permanent A system process removes old files from this directory on a periodic basis Do not write any files or directories that you want to keep permanently here Your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system is compatible with many other Linux distributions because of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard FHS The FHS guidelines help to standardize the way system programs and files are stored on all Linux systems To learn more about the FHS refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Refere
49. tadtP4vll ORb ib jll BMEc Laem END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK mykey asc END Figure B 1 Copying Your Public Key Note that if you are submitting your key to another Web based keyserver the above transaction is essentially the same That is all you need to do Regardless of whether you use the shell prompt or the Web you see a message that your key was successfully submitted either at the shell prompt or at the keyserver s website From now on users who want to communicate securely with you can import your public key and add it to their keyring B 6 Importing a Public Key The other end of key exchange is importing other people s public keys to your keyring is just as simple as exporting keys When you import someone s public key you can decrypt their email and check their digital signature against their public key on your keyring One of the easiest ways to import a key is to download the key or save it from a website After downloading a key and saving it to the file key asc use the following command to add it to your keyring gpg import key asc Another way to save a key is to use a browser s Save As feature If you are using a browser such as Mozilla and you locate a key at a keyserver you can save the page as a text file go to File gt Save Page As In the drop down box next to Files of Type choose Text Files txt Then you can import the key but remember the name of the file you saved
50. the Konqueror Web browser You can configure options such as cache sizes website cookies plugins proxy settings if available and enhanced brows ing using keyword shortcuts A 10 Logging Out of KDE There are two ways to log out of your KDE session From the Main Menu select Logout User where User is your account username To log out from the desktop right click on the desktop and from the menu select Logout User where User is your account username In either case click Logout and your session ends End Session for john Figure A 17 KDE Logout Screen O redhat Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard Have you ever wondered if your email can be read during its transmission from you to other people or from other people to you Unfortunately complete strangers could conceivably intercept or even tamper with your email In traditional also known as snail mail letters are usually sealed within envelopes stamped and delivered from post office branch to branch until they reach their destination But sending mail through the Internet is much less secure email is usually transmitted as unencrypted text from server to server No special steps are taken to protect your correspondence from being seen or tampered with by other people To help you protect your privacy Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 includes GnuPG the GNU Privacy Guard which is installed by default during a typical Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation
51. to decrypt messages received prior to its revocation To generate a revocation certificate use the gen revoke option gpg output revoke asc gen revoke you example com Note that if you omit the output revoke asc option from the above your revocation certificate is returned to the standard output which is your monitor screen While you can copy and paste the contents of the output into a file of your choice using a text editor it is probably easier to send the output to a file in your login directory That way you can keep the certificate for use later or move it to a diskette and store it someplace safe The output looks similar to the following sec 1024D 823D25A9 2000 04 26 Your Name lt you example com gt Create a revocation certificate for this key Press Y to create a revocation certificate for the listed key Next you are asked to select the reason for revocation and provide an optional description After confirming the reason enter the passphrase you used to generate the key Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard 133 Once your revocation certificate has been created revoke asc it is located in your login directory You should copy the certificate to a diskette and store it in a secure place If you do not know how to copy a file to a diskette in Red Hat Enterprise Linux see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide B 5 Exporting your Public Key Before you can use public key cryptography
52. to use the question mark symbol Like the asterisk using can help locate a file matching a search pattern In this case though is useful for matching a single character so if you were searching for sneaker txt you would get sneakers txt as a result and or sneakerz txt if there were such a file name Regular expressions are more complex than the straightforward asterisk or question mark When an asterisk for example just happens to be part of a file name as might be the case if the file sneakers txt was called sneak txt that is when regular expressions can be useful Using the backslash you can specify that you do not want to search out everything by using the asterisk but you are instead looking for a file with an asterisk in the name If the file is called sneak txt type sneak txt Here is a brief list of wildcards and regular expressions Matches all characters Matches one character Matches the character Matches the character Matches the character 3 11 Command History and Tab Completion It does not take long before the thought of typing the same command over and over becomes unap pealing One minor typing error can ruin lines of a series of commands One solution is to use the command line history By scrolling with the Up and Down arrow keys you can find plenty of your previously typed commands Try it by taking a look again at sneakers
53. used the command before and you think it might be in your history file At the shell prompt type history grep sneak Another time saving tool is known as command completion If you type part of a file command or pathname and then press the Tab key bash presents you with either the remaining portion of the file path or a beep if sound is enabled on your system If you hear a beep press Tab again to obtain a list of the files paths that match what has been typed so far For example if you forget the command updatedb but remember a portion of the command you can su to root and use the following instructions At the shell prompt type up and press the Tab key twice A list of possible completions is displayed including updatedb and uptime By typing the partial command upd and pressing Tab again your command is completed for you When you are done working as root type exit at the prompt you are returned to your user account 3 12 Using Multiple Commands Linux allows you to enter multiple commands at one time The only requirement is that you separate the commands with a semicolon Suppose you have downloaded a new file called foobar 1 3 2 1386 rpmand you want to put it in a new subdirectory within your home directory called rpms but the subdirectory has not been cre ated You can combine both the creation of the rpms directory and the moving of your downloaded file into the directory by typing the following at a she
54. usr local bin HOME seti Save the file and exit the text editor You can then make the changes to bash_profile take effect immediately by typing the following command source bash_profile By adding paths to your bash_profile you can place utilities and programs in your path and be able to execute them without having to type in front of the command Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions 109 Om For more information about using and configuring your shell prompt refer to Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 12 4 Accessing a Windows Partition I have a dual boot system with Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Windows 98 Is there a way to access my Windows partition while I am running Linux You can access another partition on your system for example a Windows partition in two different ways You should first determine where your Windows partition is located by determining what physical hard disk your Windows partition is located in such as the primary master IDE drive or the the first SCSI drive To find this information you can use the Hardware Browser which lists detailed information about the hardware in your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system To start the Hardware Browser choose Main Menu gt System Tools gt Hardware Browser Figure 12 1 shows Hardware Browser in action CD ROM Drives Floppy Disks PEMC PE Can devices Drive dev hda Geom 1950 240 63 Model TOSHIBA MK1S16GAP Pointing devices S
55. you are returned to your user account 3 5 View Directory Contents with Is Now that you know how to change directories it is time to learn how to view the contents of these directories Using the 1s command you can display the contents of your current directory Many options are available with the 1s command The 1s command by itself does not show all the files in the directory Some files are hidden files also called dot files and can only be seen with an additional option specified to the 1s command To view all 1s command options read the man page by typing man 1s ata shell prompt To print the man page at the prompt type man 1s col b lpr Type the command 1s a Now you can view files that begin with dots Ele Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam ls a a bash_history bash_profile canna gtkre kde sneakers txt bash_logout bashrc emacs home txt saturday txt xauth3rSVvU sam Halloween sam J Figure 3 3 1s with the a Option Hidden files are most often configuration files which set preferences in programs window managers shells and more The reason they are hidden is to help prevent any accidental tampering by the user When you are searching for something in a directory you are not usually looking for these configu ration files Keeping them hidden helps to avoid some screen clutter when viewing directories at the shell prompt Viewing all the files using the 1s a c
56. 121 documentation 117 Konqueror navigation panel 123 main menu 119 panel 118 applets 119 switching tasks 121 Taskbar 121 website 117 keyboard shortcuts 145 Web browser 63 KMail See email clients Konqueror See Web browsers KDE file manager 122 navigation panel 123 viewing images with 125 150 L less 36 linux commands See shell prompt listing directories See commands Is log in 6 logging in 6 graphical 112 graphical login 8 virtual console login 7 logging out 12 from the desktop 22 KDE 128 login problems using single user mode 112 ls 29 printing output 111 viewing output 111 main menu in KDE 119 on the desktop 16 mke2fs 99 mkisofs 102 mouse how to use v Mozilla See Web browsers Mozilla Mail See email clients music Ogg Vorbis 84 Wave 84 XMMS 84 using 84 mutt See email clients N Nautilus 19 disabling text icons 19 disabling thumbnails 19 viewing images with 91 new users creating accounts 9 Newsgroups See email clients 0 O Reilly amp Associates Inc 137 OpenOffice org 73 Draw 79 features 73 Impress 77 Writer 74 75 ownership and permissions 41 P pagers 36 less 36 panel configuring 18 configuring the 122 KDE 118 adding applications 119 customizing 119 hiding 119 on the graphical desktop 16 partitions accessing Windows 109 password forgotten 112 passwords secure 10 PATH 108 e
57. 20 Total BEB 550 11 n 500 Bi 450 fA 14 400 5 350 At ie 300 fae 17 250 8 200 al 150 21 100 22 50 23 Om T T T T T 4 Office Internet Elec Com Row8 Row9 25 Sup Service tridty puter 26 plies Hard 27 28 7 29 Ba sheets Sheet Sheets Wil X axis selected 2D Columns Normal ee Figure 7 4 Creating Charts with OpenOffice org Calc You can save spreadsheets created with OpenOffice org Calc in several file formats including the na tive sxc as well as Microsoft Office compatible x1s formats Additionally you can export rendered charts and graphs to several image file formats and integrate them with document files webpages and presentations For more information about using OpenOffice org Calc refer to the help page located in Help gt Contents from the file menus 7 1 4 OpenOffice org Impress Visual aids can give your presentations an added impact that catches your audience s attention and keeps them interested OpenOffice org Impress is a graphical tool that can help you make a more convincing presentation To start OpenOffice org Impress from the graphical desktop select Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOffice org Impress To start OpenOffice org Impress from a shell prompt type ooimpress OpenOffice org Impress features a step by step automated presentation wizard called AutoPilot that allows you to create presentations from a collection of default style templates You can make slid
58. 630 3 K Figure 4 1 File Roller in Action 4 3 1 1 Decompressing and Unarchiving with File Roller To unarchive and or decompress a file click the Open toolbar button A file menu pops up allowing you to choose the archive you wish to work with For example if you have a file called foo tar gz located in your home directory highlight the file and click OK The file appears in the main File Roller browser window as a folder which you can navigate by double clicking the folder icon File Roller preserves all directory and subdirectory structures which is convenient if you are looking for a particular file in the archive You can extract individual files or entire archives by clicking the Extract button choosing the directory you would like to save the unarchived files and clicking OK 4 3 1 2 Creating Archives with File Roller If you need to free some hard drive space or send multiple files or a directory of files to another user File Roller allows you to create archives of your files and directories To create a new archive click New on the toolbar A file browser pops up allowing you to specify an archive name and the compression technique For example you may choose a Tar Compressed with gzip tar gz format from the drop down menu and type the name of the archive file you want to create Click OK and your new archive is now ready to be filled with files and directories To add files to your new archive click Add which opens a br
59. Because you can not really execute a directory as you would an application when you add or remove the execute permission for a directory you are really allowing or denying permission to search through that directory For instance if you do not allow others to have the execute permission on the tigger directory it does not matter who has read or write access No one can access the directory unless they know the exact file name For example type chmod a x tigger to remove everyone s execute permissions Here is what happens when you try to change directories using the cd tigger command after re moving everyone s execute permissions bash tigger Permission denied Next restore your own and your group s access chmod ug x tigger If you check your work with 1s 1 you can see that only others are denied access to the tigger directory Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 45 3 13 2 Changing Permissions With Numbers Remember the reference to the shorthand method of chmod Here is another way to change permis sions although it may seem a little complex at first Go back to the original permissions for sneakers txt rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Each permission setting can be represented by a numerical value e r 4 w 2 x l e 0 When these values are added together the total is used to set specific permissions For example if you want read and write permissions you would have a value
60. Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop redhat Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 3 1 Why Use a Shell Prompt Graphical environments for Linux have come a long way in the past few years You can be perfectly productive in the X Window System and only have to open a shell prompt to complete a few tasks However many Red Hat Enterprise Linux functions can be completed faster from the shell prompt than from a graphical user interface GUD In less time than it takes to open a file manager locate a directory and then create delete or modify files from a GUI a task can be finished with just a few commands at a shell prompt A shell prompt looks similar to other command line interfaces with which you might be familiar Users type commands at a shell prompt the shell interprets these commands and then the shell tells the OS what to do Experienced users can write shell scripts to expand their capabilities even further Elle Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cd o sam Halloween home cd sam Halloween ff Figure 3 1 A Shell Prompt This chapter explains how to navigate the file system manipulate files perform simple administration tasks and other shell prompt basics 3 2 The History of the Shell When AT amp T software engineers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson were designing UNIX they wanted to create a way for people to interact with their new system Operating syst
61. EL ae sisi piratestip pre 2 0 Raa 100 SOE Trece of ayes a ar Teel pons us z Brush Seeon SA plateshpra EO REE 1086 Sanem Figure 10 3 The GIMP Chapter 10 Working with Images 93 10 2 2 Loading a File To load an existing file select File gt Open and the Load Image dialog appears as illustrated in Figure 10 4 Create Dir Delete File Rename File f fusr share pixmaps comps v Directories 4 Files 7 Ter cry pry smb server png sound and video png sql server png t system tools png text intemet png textapp png web server png L x software development png v Determine File Type sound and video png Automatic y g 2 Could not write thumbnail file Selection ust share pixmaps comps sound and video png OK Cancel Figure 10 4 The Load Image Dialog The Load Image dialog displays the working directory which is the directory you are in when the GIMP was launched You can navigate the file system tree by double clicking on the Directories list on the left then selecting a file to open from the Files list on the right File name completion is supported by the GIMP If you type the first few letters of a file name into the Selection field and press the Tab key the only subdirecto
62. HBhdWxnYWxsQHJ1ZGhhdC5 jb20 i FYEEXECABYFA jkHP 3UECWOEAWMV AwIDFgIBAheAAAOJEJECmvGCP SWpM jQAONF 2zVvRgdR 80r9pBhu95zeSnkb7AKCm uXVS0a5KON7J61 1vVEwx11poLkBDQQ5Bz MEAQA8 zt CWRJ jW8cHCgLaE402 jyqQ 37gDT n4VS66nU YIt zDFScVmgMuFRzhibLb1 f09TpZzxEbSF3T 6p 9hLLnHCQ1bD HRsKf h0eJYMMqB3 HyUpNeqCMEEd 9AnWD 9P 4rQtO7Pes38sV01X00SvsTyMG9IWEB vSNZk R1 phA55r1s8cAAWUEAJ jqazvk0bgFrwlOPG9m7 fEeD1VPSV6HSA0 fvz4w c7ckfpuxg URON 3TJA00Acprk8Gg8J2CtebAyR sP5IsrK5111luGdk 10M85FpT cen20dJt ToAF 6fGnIikeCeP105aWTbDgdAUHBRykpdWU3GJ7NS 6923 fVg5khOWg uwrAiEYEGBECAAYFAjkHP4wACgkOkQOKa8YI9JamliwCfXox HjlorMKnQRJkeBcZ iLyPH1QA01I33Ft 0HBqLt qdtP4vWYORbibjW BMEc B 5 1 Exporting to a Keyserver If you are only writing to a few correspondents you can export your public key and send it to them personally If you correspond with many people however distribution of your key can be time con suming Instead you can use a keyserver A keyserver is a repository on the Internet which can store and distribute your public key to anyone who requests it Many keyservers are available and most try to remain synchronized with each other 134 Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard sending your key to one keyserver is like distributing it to them all A correspondent can request your public key from a from a keyserver import that key to their keyring and they are ready for secure correspondence with you Because most keyservers are synchronized se
63. Managing Files and Directories 49 xpm an image file 4 2 3 System Files conf a configuration file configuration files sometimes use the cfg extension as well e lock a lock file determines whether a program or device is in use rpm a Red Hat Package Manager file used to install software 4 2 4 Programming and Scripting Files e c aC program language source code file cpp a C program language source code file e h aC or C program language header file o a program object file pl a Perl script py a Python script e so a library file sh a shell script e tcl aTCL script But file extensions are not always used or used consistently So what happens when a file does not have an extension or the file does not seem to be what the extension says it is supposed to be That is when the file command can be helpful For example you find a file called saturday without an extension Using the file command you can tell what type of file it is by typing file saturday In the example the command file saturday displays ASCII text telling you it is a text file Any file that is designated as a text file should be readable by using the cat more or less commands or by using a text editor such as gedit or vi Qi To learn more about file read the man page by typing man file For more information on helpful commands for reading files refer to Chapter 3 S
64. Panel A 5 Managing Files A 6 Browsing the Web with Konqueror cccsceccsseseeceseeceseeseeeceneeaseeeseeneeeees A 7 Using Konqueror to View Images cece ecsesecseseecseseeeeeseeseeseeeeeeaeaes 125 A B KMail oe eeceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenenes 126 A 9 Customizing KDE A 10 Logging Out of KDE B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard B 1 Configuration File B 2 Warning Messages B 3 Generating a Key paittescescatcccestasescaceecescusanevsaveeceseasvesosactevera viv cas TETO E ESTEEN B 4 Generating a Revocation Certificate BSeExporting your Public Keys sesioa r raTa RA RN EATE ESS B 6 Impor ns a Publie Keya eresas rna EASE AD EEES I OIEI B 7 What Are Digital Signatures B 8 Additional Resources Ci Applications satci nir e ys A D A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands 0 eects ee eeeeeeeeeee 141 E lt System Directories eera eaeveteae sient sere enna R ented 143 F Keyboard Short Uts viyo iietra i E EA A a RR 145 redhat Introduction Welcome to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide By now you should have read the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Installation Guide and successfully in stalled Red Hat Enterprise Linux This manual is designed to help new and intermediate Linux users navigate and perform common tasks Keep in mind that Linux looks feels and performs differently from other operating systems you may have used Forget about the conventions of other
65. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide 3 redhat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide Copyright 2003 by Red Hat Inc Red Hat Inc 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606 2072 USA Phone 1 919 754 3700 Phone 888 733 4281 Fax 1 919 754 3701 PO Box 13588 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA rhel sbs EN 3 Print RHI 2003 1 1 12T01 05 Copyright 2003 by Red Hat Inc This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License V1 0 or later the latest version is presently available at http www opencontent org openpub Distribution of substantively modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Distribution of the work or derivative of the work in any standard paper book form for commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder Red Hat Red Hat Network the Red Hat Shadow Man logo RPM Maximum RPM the RPM logo Linux Library PowerTools Linux Undercover RHmember RHmember More Rough Cuts Rawhide and all Red Hat based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat Inc in the United States and other countries Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Motif and UNIX are registered trademarks of The Open Group Intel and Pentium are registered trade
66. Text in this style indicates text displayed to a shell prompt such as error messages and responses to commands For example The 1s command displays the contents of a directory For example Desktop about html logs paulwesterberg png Mail backupfiles mail reports The output returned in response to the command in this case the contents of the directory is shown in this style prompt A prompt which is a computer s way of signifying that it is ready for you to input something is shown in this style Examples stephen maturin stephen leopard login user input Text that the user has to type either on the command line or into a text box on a GUI screen is displayed in this style In the following example text is displayed in this style To boot your system into the text based installation program you must type in the text com mand at the boot prompt iv Introduction replaceable Text used for examples which is meant to be replaced with data provided by the user is displayed in this style In the following example lt version number gt is displayed in this style The directory for the kernel source is usr src lt version number gt where lt version number gt is the version of the kernel installed on this system Additionally we use several different strategies to draw your attention to certain pieces of informa tion In order of how critical the information is to your system these items are marke
67. The long bar across the bottom of the desktop is the panel The panel contains application launcher icons a notification area for notification icons and small applications called applets that let you control sound volume switch workspaces and displays the status of your system The icons elsewhere on the desktop can be shortcuts to file folders application launchers and short cuts to removable devices such as CD ROM and diskettes when they have been mounted To open a folder or launch an application double click on its icon The menu systems can be found by clicking on the Main Menu button 8 They can also be found by double clicking on the Start Here icon on the desktop and then clicking the Applications icon The desktop works in the manner you might expect it to when working with other operating systems You can drag and drop files and application icons to areas that are easily accessible You can add new 16 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop icons for files and applications to the desktop panel and file manager You can change the appearance of most of the tools and applications and change system settings with provided configuration tools 2 2 Using the Panel The desktop panel is the bar that stretches across the bottom of the screen and holds icons and small applications which makes using your system easier The panel also holds the Main Menu which contains shortcuts for all of your applications Applets embedded on the p
68. ake the most of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux deployment Feo GO FDI eunG Raae amp BD Location g file ust share doc HTMLyindex html ai redhat Step 1 Welcome to Red Hat Activate your Thank you for installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 product i DS Get the most out of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscription make sure to Product activation is the activate your product and register your system with Red Hat Network Hat Network Click here to get started noy Red Hat Network Update Entitlements Activate All Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscriptions include an RHN Update Entitlement which provides a simple point and click interface to manage system updates and errata complete with dependency checking email errata notifications and automatic update options If you haven t already done so register your system at any time by clicking the Red Hat Network icon on your desktop k Figure A 10 Welcome to Konqueror To begin your Web session enter a URL in the Location field For example http www redhat com Press Enter to connect to the webpage You can navigate the webpage using your mouse and key board To scroll up and down a webpage click the the scroll bar on the right side of the browser window as you drag the mouse up and down You can also press the arrow keys on your keyboard to move up and down the webpage If you want to load any new content on the webpage click the Refresh butt
69. al mode meaning that you can view and run built in commands on the file but you cannot add text to it To add text press i for Insert mode which allows you to make any modifications you need to To exit insert mode press Esc and vi reverts to Normal mode To exit vi press which is the vi command mode and press q then Enter If you have made changes to the text file that you want to save press and type w then q to write your changes to the file and exit the application If you accidentally made changes to a file and you want to exit vi without saving the changes type and then type q followed by which exits without saving changes More information about using vi can be found by typing man vi at a shell prompt 7 3 Viewing PDFs A PDF Portable Document Format file is an electronic image of a document PDF captures format ting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications making it possible to send format ted documents and have them appear on the recipient s monitor or printer as they were intended To view a PDF you must have a PDF reader 82 Chapter 7 Working with Documents An open source application called xpdf is included with Red Hat Enterprise Linux The xpdf toolbar at the bottom has navigational tools that let you move backward and forward through the PDF document as well as standard zoom print and find tools The xpdf man page provides useful information on the xpdf option
70. ame for the new account you are creating at the command line for example useradd jsmith Press Enter Often usernames are variations on the user s name such as jsmith for John Smith User account names can be anything from the user s name initials or birthplace to something more creative 4 Type passwd followed by a space and the username again for example passwd jsmith 10 Chapter 1 Getting Started 5 At the New password prompt enter a password for the new user and press Enter 6 At the Retype new password prompt enter the same password to confirm your selection Broren You should take precautions when you choose a password The password is the key to your account so it should be both unique and easy for you to remember Your password should be at least six characters You can use both uppercase and lowercase letters as well as numbers and characters Avoid easy selections such as qwerty or password If you want to pick an easy to remember but somewhat unique password consider a variation of a word such as alrP14nE for airplane 1 7 Documentation and Help There are several resources available to get the information you need to use and configure your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system Along with the Red Hat Enterprise Linux documentation there are man ual pages documents that detail usage of important applications and files INFO pages which break information about an application down by context sensitive menus
71. anel allow you to run specific tasks or monitor your system or services while remaining out of your way The notification area holds alert icons such as the one for Red Hat Network so that you can be quickly alerted to critical messages SOSSkseai Qin Figure 2 2 The Panel 2 2 1 Using the Main Menu You can click on the Main Menu button amp to expand it into a large set of menus that allow you to access the applications on your system From here you can start most applications included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux Notice that in addition to the recommended applications you can also access additional applications within each sub menu These sub menus give you access to a full range of applications on your system From the Main Menu you can also log out run applications from a command line find files and lock your screen which runs a password protected screen saver 2 2 2 Using Applets Applets are small applications that run on the panel Applets let you monitor various aspects of your system Some applets perform useful tasks while others are designed to be entertaining There are a few applets that run on your panel by default These applets are fairly important and are covered in the following list Workspace Switcher The graphical desktop gives you the ability to use multiple workspaces so you do not have to have all of your running applications crowding one viewable desktop area The Workspace Switcher repres
72. ary to set up a Mail or Newsgroup account If you do not know the information requested please contact your System Administrator or Internet Service Provider Select the type of account you would like to set up Email account Newsgroup account lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 6 5 Account Setup 69 To open Mozilla Mail while in Mozilla click on the mail icon near the lower left corner of the Mozilla screen 2 7 Elle Edit View Go Message Tools Window Help gt Sin BW 3 2 Get Msgs Compose Reply Reply All Forward Next Junk Delete name Jef View All Subject or Sender contains 2 root redhat com a Drafts Templates Asen Y Trash 25 Local Folders A Welcome to Mozilla Mail amp Newsgroups We welcome bug reports and feature requests but please read the release notes and query Bugzilla first If you are looking for a stand alone version see Thunderbird Mail EE EAA E Unread 0 Total 0 p Figure 6 6 Mozilla Mail and News To create a new email message click the Compose button 70 Chapter 6 Email Applications fle Edit View Insert Format Options Tools Window Help we e a we Send Address Attach Security Save From root lt root redhat com gt Attachments k To Subject Body Text x Variable width HE S amp S BE 7U sgi Hb 2 E F
73. at view Go goskma s Tools Setmgs window Help 830 GO gt 3 RAAR Aviom Dreco F Desktop E itis amp WO Sao 4 9 D Location te us share backgrounds images space gal_moon_c3otp3 id Figure A 12 Viewing an Image in Konqueror 126 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment To zoom in and out of an image you first need to change the way Konqueror renders the image From the window menu choose View gt View Mode gt Image Viewer Part This re displays the image and allow you to rotate and zoom in on the image using the two magnifying glass icons or the magnification percentage drop down menu on the toolbar as shown in Figure A 13 65 0 GO FANG PAQim 9 E Figure A 13 Image viewing configuration on the Konqueror Toolbar You can also open the image with more advanced image viewers as well as with The GIMP Right click on the image choose Open With then Other A pop up menu appears allowing you to open the application you wish to use To launch the GIMP choose Graphics and scroll down the list of applications Click on the GIMP icon and click OK as seen in Figure A 14 Open with E gt gimp 8 Known Applications k J PDF Viewer a Scanning Screen Capture Program 2 The GIMP WaHelp iHome Internet Office Other Preferences a C Run in term
74. bdirectories of home mine in a new file called filename tar in the current directory To list the contents of a tar file type tar tvf filename tar To extract the contents of a tar file type tar xvf filename tar This command does not remove the tar file but it places copies of its unarchived contents in the current working directory preserving any directory structure that the archive file used For example if the tarfile contains a file called bar t xt within a directory called foo then extracting the archive file Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories 55 results in the creation of the directory foo in your current working directory with the file bar txt inside of it Remember the tar command does not compress the files by default To create a tarred and bzipped compressed file use the j option tar cjvf filename tbz file tar files compressed with bzip2 are conventionally given the extension tbz however sometimes users archive their files using the tar bz2 extension The above command creates an archive file and then compresses it as the file filename tbz If you uncompress the filename tbz file with the bunzip2 command the filename tbz file is removed and replaced with filename tar You can also expand and unarchive a bzip tar file in one command tar xjvf filename tbz To create a tarred and gzipped compressed file use the z option tar czvf filename tgz file tar files compressed with gzip are co
75. chronize its clock wih a remote nme server using the Networ Time Protocol ble Network Time Protocol Server clock redhat com iE Cama P Figure 1 3 Date and Time Configuration Next you should create a user account to use on a routine basis It is not recommended to log in to your root account for common computing tasks as you may damage your system or unintentionally delete a file The Setup Agent lets you enter a username an optional full name for the account and a password which you must enter twice This creates a user account that you can use to log into your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system and which has its own home directory on the system to store files Chapter 1 Getting Started 3 C i Gi User Account meee aami Sound Card Red Hat Network pisin Additional Cbs Full Name Finish Setup Basswort Conti Password If you need to use network authentication such as Kerberos or NIS please click the Use Network Login button Use Network Login acct Dect Figure 1 4 User Account The Setup Agent probes your system for sound cards and attempts to configure the correct settings for use with Red Hat Enterprise Linux You can then click the Play test sound button to play a sound sample If you can hear the sample select OK and your sound card configuration is complete xe amp Sound Card eed A sound card has been detected on your computer
76. ct Information KDE on the web Supporting KDE 1 Overview 2 Konqueror Basics Starting Konqueror The Parts of Konqueror Tooltips and What s This Left and Middle Mouse Button Actions Right Mouse Button Menus Viewing Help Man and Info Pages 3 Konqueror the File Manager Directories Folders and Paths View Modes File Tip Info File Previews Navigation Finding Files and Directories Floppy and CD ROM Drives Deleting Files and Directories Moving and Copying Using Drag n Drop Duplicate File Names Selecting Multiple Files Create New Changing Names and Permissions Copy and Rename Super User Mode At the Command Line 4 Konqueror the Web Browser a Connecting to the Internet gt 4 I Figure A 11 The Konqueror Handbook A 7 Using Konqueror to View Images 125 You can also use the Konqueror file manager to view images If you chose KDE as your default desk top environment click on your home directory desktop icon to access the Konqueror file manager ie Using Konqueror as an image browser works similarly to Nautilus see Chapter 10 Working with Images for more information Image files automatically generate thumbnail image icons for you to preview within the file browser window When you double click on a thumbnail icon the browser displays the image in its native size as shown in Figure A 12 Location g
77. ction explains some of the ways Konqueror can help you work with and enjoy your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system To start Konqueror for file management click on your home directory icon ir Konqueror opens up in a window on your desktop allowing you to navigate through your home directory and throughout your Red Hat Enterprise Linux file system After exploring you can return to your home directory by clicking the Home button on the toolbar Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help 4 N fa Cp 20 p GSO GO FBI anackHhek amp E 7 E gt Location 7 file homeyjohn x m Pong mail F Ry Desktop Mail fbi png fb2 png fb3 png O fb4 png fb5 png fb6 png fb7 png fb8 png Ss firstkdedesk png gdmlogoutconfirm kmail1 png kmail2 png png G 14 Items 12 Files 980 0 KB Total 2 Directories K Figure A 8 The Konqueror File Manager Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 123 You can navigate through the file system by clicking on folders within the main window frame or through the hierarchical file system viewer on the navigation panel as shown in Figure A 8 Files and folders in the main window frame can be moved or copied to another folder or sent to the trash You can also delete files and folders by right clicking on the item and choosing Delete Konqueror also displays thumbnail icons for text images PostScript PDF files and Web fi
78. d As a rule you should only grant read and write permissions to those who truly need them Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 43 In the following example you want to allow everyone to write to the file so they can read it write notes in it and save it That means you must change the others section of the file permissions Take a look at the file first At the shell prompt type ls 1 sneakers txt The previous command displays this file information rw rw r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Now type the following chmod o w sneakers txt The o w command tells the system you want to give others write permission to the file sneakers txt To check the results list the file s details again Now the file looks like this rw rw rw 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Now everyone can read and write to the file To remove read and write permissions from sneakers txt use the chmod command to take away both the read and write permissions chmod go rw sneakers txt By typing go rw you are telling the system to remove read and write permissions for the group and for others from the file sneakers txt The result looks like this rw 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Think of these settings as a kind of shorthand when you want to change permissions with chmod because all you really have to do is remember a few symbols and letters with the chmod command Here is a list of what the shorthand represents
79. d as note tip important caution or a warning For example Note Remember that Linux is case sensitive In other words a rose is not a ROSE is not a rOsE The directory usr share doc contains additional documentation for packages installed on your system Broren If you modify the DHCP configuration file the changes will not take effect until you restart the DHCP daemon QO caution Do not perform routine tasks as root use a regular user account unless you need to use the root account for system administration tasks A waming Be careful to remove only the necessary Red Hat Enterprise Linux partitions Removing other parti tions could result in data loss or a corrupted system environment Introduction v 3 Copying and Pasting Text With X Copying and pasting text is easy using your mouse and the X Window System To copy text simply click and drag your mouse over the text to highlight it To paste the text somewhere click the middle mouse button in the spot where the text should be placed 4 Using the Mouse Red Hat Enterprise Linux is designed to use a three button mouse If you have a two button mouse you should have selected three button emulation during the installation process If you re using three button emulation pressing both mouse buttons at the same time equates to pressing the missing third middle button In this document if you are instructed to click with the mouse on something tha
80. d in the URL field in Mozilla Ctrl d logout of and close shell prompt Use this quick shortcut instead of typing exit or logout Ctrl e moves cursor to end of a line This works in most text editors and in the URL field in Mozilla Ctrl 1 clears the terminal This shortcut does the same thing as typing clear at a command line Ctrl u clears the current line If you are working in a terminal use this shortcut to clear the current line from the cursor all the way to the beginning of the line Middle Mouse Button pastes highlighted text Use the left mouse button to highlight the text Point the cursor to the spot where you want it pasted Click the middle mouse button to paste it In a system with a two button mouse if you configured your mouse to emulate a third mouse button you can click both the left and right mouse buttons simultaneously to perform a paste Tab command autocomplete Use this command when using a shell prompt Type the first few characters of a command or filename and then press the Tab key It will automatically complete the command or show all commands that match the characters you typed Up and Down Arrow shows command history When using a shell prompt press the up or down arrow to scroll through a history of commands you have typed from the current directory When you see the command you want to use press Enter 146 Appendix F Keyboard Shortcuts Index
81. d is tail Using tail you can view the last ten lines of a file This can be useful for viewing the last 10 lines of a log file for important system messages You can also use tail to watch log files as they are updated Using the f option tail automatically prints new messages from an open file to the screen in real time For example to actively watch var log messages type the following at a shell prompt as the root user tail f var log messages 38 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 3 10 3 The grep Command The grep command is useful for finding specific character strings in a file For example if you want to find every reference made to coffee in the file sneakers txt you would type grep coffee sneakers txt Each line in that file where the word coffee is found is displayed Unless otherwise specified grep searches are case sensitive That means that searching for Coffee is different than searching for coffee Among grep s options is i which allows for a case insensitive search through a file Read the grep man page for more about this command 3 10 4 I O Redirection and Pipes You can use pipes and output redirection when you want to store and or print information to read at a later time You can for example use grep to search for particular contents of a file then have those results either saved as a file or sent to a printer To print information about references to coffee in sneakers txt for example
82. diting 107 pathnames relative and absolute 26 PDF viewing 81 xpdf 81 peripherals digital cameras 89 gtKam 89 permissions numerical settings 45 setting for new RPMs 107 permissions and ownership 41 pipes 36 plain text See text files presentations OpenOffice org Impress 77 pwd 26 R redirecting standard input 35 redirection 32 reset 31 root 47 and root login 47 logging in as 6 RPMs error message while installing 107 S Setup Agent 1 shell 25 history of 25 shell prompt 8 basic commands 25 chmod 42 single user mode 112 sound card configuring 85 Sound Card Configuration Tool 85 spreadsheets OpenOffice org Calc 75 standard input redirecting 35 standard output appending 34 redirecting 32 Start Here 19 changing desktop background with 20 startx 8 su 28 superuser See commands su switching desktops KDE 121 switching tasks KDE 121 system directories descriptions 143 T tab completion 39 Taskbar KDE 121 terminal See shell prompt terms introductory 4 text files 79 editing 79 from a shell prompt 81 151 The Graphical Desktop 8 Trash icon KDE 118 troubleshooting sound card 85 video card 86 U unzip 52 user account creating 9 importance of 7 utilities cat 32 less 36 V vi 81 Ww wallpaper changing 20 Web browsers 61 Konqueror 123 Mozilla 61 using 61 Windows accessing on a separate partition add line to etc
83. e button next to the Monitor Type entry A pop up window displays a list of monitor models Choose your model and click OK You can also let the X Configuration Tool probe your monitor for the correct model and vertical horizontal frequency settings To configure your video card manually click the Advanced tab then click the Configure button next to the Video Card entry A pop up window displays a list of video card models Choose your model and click OK You can also let the X Configuration Tool probe your video card for the correct model and settings by clicking the Probe Videocard button When you have finished reconfiguring your video card and monitor you should be able to start an X session and enjoy your graphical desktop environment 8 5 Games Playing games under Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a fun way to pass the time The games included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux appeal to quite a large number of video game enthusiasts Game availablity depends on the variant of Red Hat Enterprise Linux you installed You must have those game packages installed before they appear under the Main Menu gt Games menu Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide for details on installing additional packages To start a game click Main Menu gt Games and select the game of your choice Figure 8 7 shows a fun game for kids of all ages called Same GNOME In this game you point your mouse at matching marbles until they start t
84. e a CD player There are also buttons to stop pause and skip backward and forward your audio files To learn more about using XMMS and its many options refer to the man page by typing man xmms at a shell prompt 8 3 Troubleshooting Your Sound Card If for some reason you do not hear sound and know that you do have a sound card installed you can run the Sound Card Configuration Tool utility To use the Sound Card Configuration Tool choose Main Menu gt System Settings gt Soundcard Detection A small text box pops up prompting you for your root password Note Most sound cards are supported by Red Hat Enterprise Linux but there are some sound cards that are not completely compatible or may not work at all If you are having trouble configuring your sound card check the Hardware Compatibility List at http nhardware redhat com hcl to see if your card is supported The Sound Card Configuration Tool utility probes your system for sound cards If the utility detects a plug and play sound card it automatically tries to configure the correct settings for your card You can then click the Play test sound button to play a sound sample If you can hear the sample select OK and your sound card configuration is complete The following audio device was detected Vendor Intel Corp Model 82801CA CAM AC 97 Audio Module i810_audio Play test sound OK Figure 8 5 Sound Card Configuration Too
85. e being copied Now that you have the file sneakers txt in the tigger directory use cp i to copy the file again to the same location cp i sneakers txt tigger cp overwrite tigger sneakers txt To overwrite the file that is already there press Y and then Enter If you do not want to overwrite the file press N and Enter Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories 57 4 4 3 Moving Files To move files use the mv command For more about mv refer to the mv man page type man mv Common options for mv include the following i interactive Prompts you if the file you have selected overwrites an existing file in the destination directory This is a good option because like the i option for cp you are given the chance to make sure you want to replace an existing file force Overrides the interactive mode and moves without prompting Unless you know what you are doing this option is dangerous be very careful about using it until you become more comfortable with your system e v verbose Shows the progress of the files as they are being moved If you want to move a file out of your home directory and into another existing directory type the following you need to be in your home directory mv sneakers txt tigger Alternatively the same command using absolute pathnames looks like mv sneakers txt home newuser sneakers txt home newuser tigger 4 4 4 Deleting Files and Directories Y
86. e on screen instructions and fill in the infor mation you collected from your ISP or administrator in the text boxes provided When you are done click Finish to be presented with the Main Screen as shown in Figure 6 2 Chapter 6 Email Applications File View Actions Tools Help O new v PF Send Receive EG Print y Reload Shortcuts 4 gt Summary ay Friday November 7 2003 Summary a My Weather rey Q gt Mail summary Boston Inbox Overcast 48 2 F Appointments L3 Calendar E Aa Hat Errata Wotan ed RHBA 2003 248 13 Updated IBM Java 2 2 packages fix various issues Ag Tasks RHSA 2003 275 07 Updated CUPS packages Haai PS w Figure 6 2 Evolution Main Screen To view what is in your inbox or to send an email click on the Inbox icon File Edit View Actions Tools Search Help O New v Y Send Receive GA Reply BA reply to all ER Foward E 8 e gt Shortcuts gt Inbox 0 new 0 total dy Subject contains X Find Now Clear 4s ajj From Subject Date Summary Inbox Ir a Figure 6 3 Evolution Inbox Screen To compose a mail select New Message from the toolbar 68 Chapter 6 Email Applications File Edit Format View Insert Security Q send Hanc 9 E B D a vz a a L 3 e From root lt root sam
87. e same ways that you manipulate directories and files on your hard drive 11 1 3 1 Using gfloppy To start gfloppy choose Main Menu gt System Tools gt Floppy Formatter From a shell prompt type usr bin gfloppy As shown in Figure 11 2 the gfloppy interface is small and has few op tions The default settings are sufficient for most users and needs however you can format your diskette with an MS DOS file system type if necessary You can also choose the density of your diskette if you are not using the usual high density 3 5 1 44MB diskette You can also elect to quick format the diskette if it was previously formatted as ext2 Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs 99 Physical settings Floppy device dev fdo Floppy density High Density 3 5 1 44MB g Filesystem settings File system type Linux Native ext2 d Volume name Formatting mode Quick only creates the filesystem Standard adds a low level format to the quick mode Thorough adds a bad blocks check to the standard mode T Help x Close O Eomat Figure 11 2 gfloppy Insert a diskette and change the settings in gfloppy to suit your needs then click Format The status box will appear on top of the main window showing you the status of formatting and verification see Figure 11 3 Once complete you can eject the diskette and close gfloppy Formatting the disk Cancel
88. e the look and behavior of the desktop The following list explains some of the configuration options in detail KDE Components This section lets you configure the Konqueror file manager and customize certain file operations You can also associate files to applications that you prefer for example assigning all digital music files to open in XMMS instead of the default player Appearance amp Themes This sections allows you to customize the visual aspect of your desktop environment You can customize background images and configure fonts themes icons panel elements screensavers and window border appearance You can also customize mouse and keyboard events which makes working with the desktop as efficient for your needs as possible Regional amp Accessibility This section allows you to set country and language options to your particular locale For users with sight or hearing impairments you can also configure accessibility features such as audible and visual cues and keyboard mouse customization System Administration This section is an advanced system configuration interface You need your root password to configure most of these options This section allows you to install new fonts configure login management set system paths and more It is strongly recommended that you leave these settings at their default values unless you understand the consequences of changing them Web Browsing This section allows you to configure
89. e your mouse pointer over the panel area called hovering Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 19 2 3 Using Nautilus The graphical desktop includes a file manager called Nautilus that gives you a graphical display of your system and personal files Nautilus is designed to be much more than a visual listing of files however It allows you to configure your desktop configure your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system browse your photo collection access your network resources and more all from one integrated interface In essence Nautilus becomes a shell for your entire desktop experience Working in Nautilus is efficient and provides an alternative to searching through the various sub menus connected to the Main Menu or using a shell prompt to navigate the file system The following sections explain how to use the Nautilus to enhance your desktop experience To start Nautilus as a file manager double click on your home directory icon ir Once Nautilus appears you can navigate through your home directory or the rest of the file system To return to your home directory click the Home button The browser window contains folders and files which you can drag with your mouse to move and copy into new locations You can open another Nautilus window by selecting File gt New Window Once you have another Nautilus window you can drag and drop files to different directories By default dragging a file from one directory to another moves the fi
90. e your system execute commands periodically with a frequency specified in days Unlike cron it does not assume that the machine is running continuously Hence it can be used on machines that are not running 24 hours a day to control daily weekly and monthly jobs that are usually controlled by cron Refer to the man page on anacron type man anacron at the command line and the Red Hat Enter prise Linux System Administration Guide for more information 3 7 Clearing and Resetting the Terminal After even one 1s command in a shell prompt the terminal window you are working in can begin to look crowded You can always exit from the terminal window and open a new one but there is a quicker and easier way to remove the contents displayed in the terminal Try typing the command clear at the shell prompt The clear command does just what it implies it clears the terminal window Qi A useful shortcut to typing clear at a shell prompt is to press Ctrl L which also clears terminal Refer to Appendix F Keyboard Shortcuts for more useful shortcuts Sometimes you may accidentally open a program file or some other non text file in a terminal window Once you close the file you could find that the text you are typing does not match the output on the monitor In such cases type reset to return the terminal window to its default values 32 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 3 8 Manipulating Files with cat Red Hat Enterprise Linux has a u
91. ed Hat Enterprise Linux installation QO caution Because your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system creates the root account during installation some new users are tempted to use only this account for all of their activities This is a dangerous idea because the root account is allowed to do anything on the system You can easily damage your system by accidentally deleting or modifying sensitive system files You may be tempted to forego creating and using a user account during or after installation but it is not recommended 1 3 1 Graphical Login When your system has booted a graphical login screen is displayed as shown in Figure 1 10 Again unless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname which is primarily used in a network setting your machine will probably be called localhost Username l Please enter your username gt Language gt Session Reboot gt Shutdown Fri Feb 28 03 04 PM Figure 1 10 The Graphical Login Screen To log in as root from the graphical login screen type root at the login prompt press Enter type the root password that you chose during installation at the password prompt and press Enter To log in as a normal user type your username at the login prompt press Enter type your password that you selected when creating the user at the password prompt and press Enter Logging in from the graphical login screen automatically starts the graphical desktop for you
92. eds you can include additional launcher icons to start applications without using the main menu or Start Here To add a new launcher to the panel right click the panel and choose Add gt Application Button and choose the application or resource you wish to add to the panel This automatically adds an icon on the panel You can move the icon anywhere you want on the panel by right clicking the icon and choosing Move Application Button where Applicat ionis the name of the application associated with the icon A 4 4 Configuring the KDE Panel You can hide the panel automatically or manually place it on any edge of your desktop change its size and color and change the way it behaves To alter the default panel settings right click the panel and choose Configure Panel The Settings window appears allowing you to adjust all panel settings or any one of the specific properties Arrangement Hiding Menus and so on Choose the Hiding tab click Hide automatically and adjust the number of seconds to elapse before the panel is hidden Click Apply then OK to close the Settings dialog The panel remains hidden until you hover over the panel area to make it reappear A 5 Managing Files Konqueror is the file manager and a Web browser for the KDE desktop Konqueror allows you to configure your KDE desktop configure your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system play multimedia files browse digital images surf the Web and more from one interface This se
93. eeseseeseeceseseneesceeeseeeeseeaesceaeeaeaeeeeseeaeeeeaeees 89 9 1 Using gtKam K 10 Workins with IMageSsss niao aa a RE r aE i oni 91 10 1 Viewing Tina ges x 25 30 oa aR R aT OE NaN 91 10 2 Manipulating Images with the GIM 92 10 3 Additional Resources a 9D 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs 11 1 Using Diskettes 11 2 CD ROMs 99 11 3 CD Rsiand CDRW Sioen ieioea nea coer a R vegas dst E Raat 100 11 4 Additional Resources ii sciscescisissacecessacesvacsaseieacasstossacssedscssacbesctasatanssaaviiaasacsses 103 ILL Troubleshooting Your System ssssssscssssssssssscssssssssscsesesssssssvasesssesessesessssssssesesssesesserers 12 Frequently Asked Questions ccccsccssesesseseeseseeseeeeseeeesseceseeseeceseeeeaeeaeeceaeeeeaeeeeeeeaereaee 12 1 Localhost Login and Password 12 2 Error Messages During Installation Of RPMS ee es eeeteeeeeeeeeeeeees 107 12 3 Starting Applications 00 0 ce eeeeeneeeeeee 12 4 Accessing a Windows Partition cccsscesesseeeseseeeeteeeceeeseeeeseeeeseeaeeeeaeeeeaeeees 12 5 Finding Commands Quickly cece ceecseeseeeesseseessseecscseseseeeseesesseeeesaeas 12 6 Tips on Using Command History 12 7 Keep 1s Output from Scrolling 12 8 Forgotten Password 12 9 Password Maintenance IV Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment A 1 Introducing KDE A 2 Finding Help A 3 Using The Desktop A 4 Using The
94. ems at that time came with command interpreters which could take commands from the user and interpret them into something computers could use But Ritchie and Thompson wanted something more something that offered better features than the command interpreters available at that time This lead to the development of the Bourne shell known as sh created by S R Bourne Since the creation of the Bourne shell other shells have been devel oped such as the C shell csh and the Korn shell ksh 26 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics When the Free Software Foundation sought a royalty free shell developers began to work on the language behind the Bourne shell as well as some of the popular features from other shells available at the time The result was the Bourne Again Shell or bash Although your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system includes several different shells bash is the default shell for interactive users You can learn more about bash by reading the bash man page type man bash at a shell prompt 3 3 Determining Your Current Directory with pwa Once you start looking through directories it is easy to get lost or forget the name of your current directory By default the Bash prompt in Red Hat Enterprise Linux shows just your current directory not the entire path Ele Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam pwd home sam sam Halloween sam Jf EI zj Figure 3 2 The Command pwd Shows You Where You Are
95. en shown in Figure 1 15 select Shutdown and click OK to confirm Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down Red Hat Enterprise Linux If your computer does not you can safely turn off the power to your computer after you see the message Power down 1 9 2 Virtual Console Shutdown To shutdown your computer at a shell prompt type the following command halt Some computers automatically turn the power off after shutting down Red Hat Enterprise Linux If your computer does not you can safely turn off the power to your computer after you see the message System halted 14 Chapter 1 Getting Started O redhat Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes a powerful graphical desktop environment where you can easily access your applications files and system resources Both new and experienced users can take full advantage of their Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems using the graphical desktop This chapter covers the fundamentals of the desktop and how you can configure it for your needs 2 1 Using the Desktop Your first view of the graphical desktop looks something like Figure 2 1 Lol john s Home OeSaeeaH oe Figure 2 1 The Graphical Desktop The graphical desktop gives you access to the applications and system settings on your computer Notice that it offers three main tools to make use of the applications on your system panel icons desktop icons and menus
96. ents each workspace or desktop in small squares and show the applications running on them Click on one of the squares with your mouse to move to that desktop You can also use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl Alt up arrow Ctrl Alt down arrow Ctrl Alt right arrow or Ctrl Alt left arrow to switch between desktops ci Dml Figure 2 3 Workspace Switcher Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 17 Taskbar Next to the Workspace Switcher is the Taskbar The Taskbar is an applet which shows you the titles of running applications on any one virtual desktop This is very helpful if you decide to minimize an application as it seems to disappear from the desktop Once it disappears you can bring it back by clicking on its title in the Taskbar J Welcome to Red Hat Mozilla lt GNOME Print Manager Q Untitled 1 gedit Figure 2 4 The Taskbar 2 2 3 Using the Notification Area Red Hat Network Alert Notification Tool Part of the Notification Area the Red Hat Network Alert Notification Tool provides you with an easy way to make sure your system is up to date with current errata and bug fixes from Red Hat The applet shows you different images that indicate whether your system is up to date or needs upgrades If you click on the icon a list of available updates is displayed To update your system click the button to launch the Red Hat Update Agent If you are not registered with Red Hat Network it la
97. ep Your Electronic Messages Private by Bruce Schneier John Wiley amp Sons 138 Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard redhat Appendix C Applications The following table shows some of the Red Hat Linux applications that are available to perform many common tasks This is not a complete list of all applications available Applications in between parentheses denotes the formal name of the application eee e Application Word Processors _ OpenOffice org Writer o Spreadsheets OpenOffice org Cale Presentations OpenOffice org Impress S Charts and Kchart Kivio XFig Diagrams The GIMP Icon Editor K Icon Editor Image Viewers Eye of Gnome Digital Cam Digital Camera Tool Scan and OCR Program Kooka The GIMP eras Scanners gtKam Scanning XSane CD Recording CD Creator carecora o Chat Instant Messaging Client GAIM IRC Client X Chat KSirc Messaging PDF PostScript xpdf GNOME Ghostviewer Viewers Project Project Management Management MrProject Fax Viewer KFax Sound Audio Player XMMS Kaboodle aumix KDE Sound Mixer KMid CD Player GNOME CD Sound Recorder GNOME Sound Volume Control GNOME Volume Control Table C 1 Applications 140 Appendix C Applications redhat A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands Appendix D Many Linux commands typed at a shell prompt are similar to the commands you would type in DOS In fact some commands are
98. er To launch XMMS from a shell prompt type the command xmms 8 2 1 Using XMMS To play an audio file with XMMS click the Open button E and choose a file from the Load File s window create Dir Delete Fie Rename File Awork Ogg Y Directories Files 7 baby s got bluecurves ogg 7 blastin off ogg club docs blues ogg dialicious ogg hullifier ogg playlist pls thl 8 0 theme ogg El a Add selected files Add all files in directory Selection work Ogg OK cose Figure 8 4 The Load File s Window In Figure 8 4 you see that there are several files to choose from The files that end in ogg are Ogg Vorbis files a popular new audio file format while the p1s file is an audio playlist file You can use XMMS to add audio files into a list and then save it as a playlist This can be convenient if you have Chapter 8 Audio Video and General Amusement 85 several audio files and you want to categorize them for example by genre or artist Highlight the file you wish to play if you have multiple files click and hold the mouse button and drag it over all of the files you want to open and click OK Notice that XMMS begins to play your audio files immediately To adjust the volume click and drag the volume slider the long slider above the Open button to the left to lower the volume or to the right to increase it lik
99. ervice DoS attacks thus it is a possible security problem For details refer to http www gnupg org en documentation faqs html q6 1 You might also see the following message gpg WARNING unsafe permissions on configuration file home username gnupg gpg conf This message is shown if the file permissions of your configuration file allows others to read it If you see this warning it is recommended that you execute the following command to change the file permissions chmod 600 gnupg gpg conf Another common warning messages is as follows gpg WARNING unsafe enclosing directory permissions on configuration file home username gnupg gpg conf This message is shown if the file permissions of the directory that contains the configuration file allows others to read its contents If you see this warning it is recommended that you execute the following command to change the file permissions chmod 700 gnupg If you upgraded from a previous version of GnuPG you might see the message gpg home username gnupg gpg conf 82 deprecated option honor http proxy gpg please use keyserver options honor http proxy instead This warning is because your gnupg gpg conf file contains the line honor http proxy Version 1 0 7 and higher prefers a different syntax Change the line to the following keyserver options honor http proxy B 3 Generating a Keypair To begin using GnuPG you must first generate a new keypair a pub
100. es Suppose you wish to backup a directory called home joeuser but exclude the subdirectory home joeuser junk because it contains unnecessary files You want to create an ISO image called backup iso and write it to CD R W so that you can use it on your Red Hat Enterprise Linux PC at work and your Windows laptop for trips This can be done with mkisofs by running the fol lowing command mkisofs o backup iso x home joeuser junk J R A V v home joeuser The image is created in the same directory that you ran the command Table 11 1 explains each command line option For more information on using mkisofs refer to the additional resources in Section 11 4 Additional Resources You can now use the ISO image file with cdrecord the command line based CD recording utility For more information about using cdrecord refer to Section 11 3 2 2 Using cdrecord Lee Specifies an output file name of the ISO image J Generates Joliet naming records useful if the CD is used in Windows environments Generates Rock Ridge RR naming records to preserve filename length and casing especially for UNIX Linux environments Sets an Application ID a text string that will be written into the volume header of the image which can be useful to determine what applications are on the CD Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs 103 Sets a Volume ID a name that is assigned to it if the image is burned and the disc is mounted in Solaris and Wi
101. es with itemized lists outlines or images You can even import charts and graphs created by OpenOf fice org Calc into a slide Figure 7 5 shows OpenOffice org Impress in action 78 Chapter 7 Working with Documents Ele Edit View Insert Format Tools Slide Show Window Help Hea amp z o a E iaf z 0 00m E Biak 7 amp Color v Bue7 7 aR h t43 21 123 45 6 7 8 9 100 1213 4 15 161718192021 222324 2526 47 28 29303132 JD B i G ae tis Insert Side m Modify Slide Layout 2 Els Side Desan OpenOffice org a air Duplicate Slide rele opin mg Jie alre ie foi smaen w E 26 82 3 76 7 0 00 x 0 00 54 Slide 1 1 Default Figure 7 5 OpenOffice org Impress When you first start OpenOffice org Impress you are presented with the AutoPilot You can choose the style of your slides the medium with which you present your slides plain paper transparent paper for overhead projectors slides or a display monitor and any animated visual effects you want to apply to the slides if you run presentations from your computer 4 L Type Empty presentation C From template Open existing presentation M Preview F Do not show this dialog again Help Cancel Create Figure 7 6 OpenOffice org Impress AutoPilot Wizard Once you have chosen your preferences with AutoPilot tool you can choose
102. f data including applications personal files and even multimedia audio video Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs 101 and still image presentations Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes several tools for using CD Rs and CD rewritable CD RW drives 11 3 1 Using CD Creator If you want to perform a quick file or directory backup to a CD R or CD RW there is a tool included in the Nautilus file manager called CD Creator CD Creator allows you to drag and drop files from a Nautilus window to the CD Creator interface To access the CD Creator feature in Nautilus insert a blank CD R W into your drive and the CD Creator window will automatically display You can also double click your home directory icon from the desktop and choose Go gt CD Creator from the window menus You can also type burn in the Location bar to start CD Creator books 33items Figure 11 5 The CD Creator Interface in Nautilus Open a new Nautilus window and select the files or directories you want to write to CD R W To select multiple files press and hold the Ctrl key and click on the files and folders Then release the Ctrl key press and hold the left mouse button and drag the files and folders to the CD Creator window When you are ready to write the files to your CD R W click the Write to CD button in the CD Creator window which displays a dialog box where you can select the writing speed name the CD and choose other optio
103. ff shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax Now on an empty line use the Ctrl D key combination again to quit cat Next use cat to join home t xt with sneakers txt and redirect the output of both files to a brand new file called saturday txt as seen in Figure 3 7 Type the following cat sneakers txt home txt gt saturday txt 34 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics Ele Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cat sneakers txt home txt gt saturday txt a sam Halloween sam cat saturday txt buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax sam Halloween san J Figure 3 7 Joining Files and Redirecting Output You can see that cat has added home t xt where sneakers txt ended 3 8 2 Appending Standard Output You can use output redirection to add new information to the end of an existing file Similar to when you used the gt symbol you tell your shell to send the information somewhere other than standard output However when you use gt gt you are adding information to a file rather than replacing the contents of a file entirely The best explanation is a demonstration Take two files which have already been created sneakers txt and home txt and join them by using the append output symbol To add the information in home txt to the information already in sneakers txt ty
104. ffice org Calc from the desktop panel select Main Menu gt Office gt OpenOf fice org Calc To start OpenOffice org Calc from a shell prompt type oocalc Figure 7 3 shows OpenOffice org Calc in action 76 Chapter 7 Working with Documents File Edit View Inset Format Tools Data Window Help zB Heh S 4aS S tee A LuxiSans 10 Bi um ee OR Se D10 z suMo4D7 2 af D oll F a Eaj i Foo Industries Inc Bi gt Expense Report C AE p 4 Office Suppies 125 47 Ee internet Service 49 95 6 Electricity Bill 75 68 7 Computer Hardware 385 75 8 h 3 S 10 Total 636 85 we u wl B Of fs ae Sz 17 Za 18 l E 21 22 23 24 25 gt g PLN sheet sree 7sneets WL Sheet 1 3 Default 100 sto Sum 636 85 Figure 7 3 OpenOffice org Calc OpenOffice org Calc allows you to enter and manipulate personal or business data For example you can create a personal budget by entering data descriptions such as rent groceries and utilities into column A and the quantities of those data descriptions in column B OpenOf fice org Calc allows you to enter the data either in the cell itself by double clicking the cell and typing your information or by using the Input Line the text box on the toolbar Then you can run a formula on column B to come up with a total OpenOffice org Calc has several preset func tions and calculations such as SUM
105. figuration Tool backs up your system s original video configuration file to etc X11 XF86Config backup in case you need it to switch back to a previous configuration To run the X Configuration Tool click Main Menu gt System Settings gt Display A pop up window prompts you for your root password You can also start from a shell prompt by typing the command redhat config xfree86 which then prompts you to enter your root password If you are working from a shell prompt and X is not working redhat config xfree86 attempts to start a minimal X session to allow you to continue your configuration Follow the instructions that ap pear on the screen The X Configuration Tool attempts to automatically configure your video card and monitor settings for you Figure 8 6 shows the Advanced tab for configuring your video device manually Display Advanced Monitor A Monitor Type DDC Probed Monitor Dell M781p ae Horizontal Refresh Rates kHz 30 0 85 0 Vertical Refresh Rates Hz 50 0 160 0 DPI physical resolution 87 by 85 dots per inch Set DPI Video Card Video Card Type S3 VIRGE generic Configure EF be niesie fond 3i pP Memory Size 4 megabytes Driver s3virge Enable Hardware 3D Acceleration Cancel OK Figure 8 6 X Configuration Tool Chapter 8 Audio Video and General Amusement 87 To configure your monitor manually click the Advanced tab then click the Configur
106. fore it can be used To mount a diskette insert it into the diskette drive and type mount mnt floppy at a shell prompt The diskette drive activity light should blink as the diskette s file system is mounted to the mnt floppy directory You can access the contents of the diskette by changing into that directory with the ca mnt floppy command Alternatively you can also mount a diskette by right clicking on the desktop and choosing Disks gt Floppy This mounts the diskette and adds a desktop icon which you can double click to explore the diskette contents Now that the diskette has been mounted it is available to be copied from or written to You can open save and copy files to from it as you would normally do to your hard drive You can even explore the diskette s contents in Nautilus as shown in Figure 11 1 or Konqueror Ble gdt View Go Bookmarks Help we eS OCS Back Forward Sop Reload Home Location mntifloppy 500 Viewas Icons 7 modinfo modules cg 4 6K 45 8K rhdd 6 1 29 bytes Figure 11 1 Viewing files on a Diskette with Nautilus When you are done using the diskette you should unmount it before ejecting it from the drive To do this close any applications that may be using files on the diskette or exploring the diskette s contents such as Nautilus or Konqueror and at a shell prompt type the following command umount mnt
107. ge The lpr command sends the formatted content to the printer 1 7 1 3 The man Man Page Just like other commands man has its own man page Type man man at the shell prompt for more information 1 7 2 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Documentation If you have the Red Hat Enterprise Linux boxed set remember to take a look at the Red Hat En terprise Linux Documentation CD All of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux manuals are on this CD Individual downloads of our documentation in HTML RPM PDF and compressed tarball format tar gz are also available at http www redhat com docs Once you have logged in to your user account inserting the Documentation CD in your CD ROM drive should automatically start the Pack age Management Tool and allow you to install any of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux documentation Follow the instructions and choose the documentation you would like to install 12 Chapter 1 Getting Started Add or Remove Packages A Red Hat Linux x86 installation Guide toa Red Hat Linux from gathering information about your system to booting Red Hat Linux for the first time I Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide wy Leam what to do after installing Red Hat Linux including amp how to manage files and directories configure an email client play audio CDs and more Red Hat Linux Customization Guide w Read about how to customize your Red Hat Linux system to fit your needs Step by step guides designed for a J begin
108. ges from a mail client to a mail server This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your email application If you have any questions regarding what information you need contact your ISP or network admin istrator Unless properly configured you cannot make full use of the email clients discussed in this chapter 66 Chapter 6 Email Applications 6 1 Evolution Evolution is more than just an email client It provides all of the standard email client features includ ing powerful mailbox management user defined filters and quick searches It additionally features a flexible calendar scheduler which allows users to create and confirm group meetings and special events online Evolution is a full featured personal and workgroup information management tool for Linux and UNIX based systems and is the default email client for Red Hat Enterprise Linux To launch Evolution from the desktop panel go to Main Menu gt Internet gt Evolution Email Welcome to Evolution The next few screens will allow Evolution to connect to your email accounts and to import files from other applications Please click the Forward button to continue 3 Cancel Back D Forward l Figure 6 1 Evolution Welcome Screen The first time you start Evolution you are presented with the Welcome Screen Figure 6 1 which allows you to configure your email connection Follow th
109. gotten passwords to trou bleshooting package installation problems this chapter guides you step by step through some com mon tasks to get you on your way 12 1 Localhost Login and Password I have installed Red Hat Enterprise Linux After rebooting I get a message telling me it needs a localhost login and password What are these Unless you specified a hostname for your computer or received that information from a network con nection your Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation names your machine localhost localdomain by default When you get to that initial prompt it is asking you to log in to your system If you created a user account with the Setup Agent you can log in using that username and password If you did not create a user account then you can log in as the super user also known as root The root password is the system password you assigned during installation It is highly recommended that you create at least one user account for regular use of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system You can create a new user after logging in as root with the User Manager graphical tool or the useradd shell prompt utility For more information refer to Section 1 6 Creating a User Account 12 2 Error Messages During Installation of RPMs How do I install an RPM from a CD or the Internet I keep getting an error message when I use RPM If you are getting an error message similar to failed to open var lib rpm packages rpm it is because yo
110. h GnuPG 129 desktop See graphical desktop applets 16 background changing 20 KDE 117 desktops multiple KDE 120 devices digital cameras 89 gtKam 89 digital cameras 89 gtKam 89 148 directories changing 26 copying 56 deleting 57 descriptions 143 listing contents 29 managing from shell prompt 25 moving 57 diskettes 97 formatting 98 mke2fs 99 mounting 97 unmounting 97 using 97 documents 73 OpenOffice org 73 OpenOffice org Writer 74 PDF 81 text files 79 dot files See hidden files drag and drop v drawing OpenOffice org Draw 79 E email clients 65 Evolution 66 KMail 126 Mozilla Mail 68 Newsgroups 70 mutt 71 plain text 71 mutt 71 encryption with GnuPG 129 environment variables PATH 108 Evolution See email clients ext2 file system and floppy disks 98 F FAQ 107 accessing a Windows partition 109 finding previous used commands 110 history tips and tricks 111 keeping Is output from scrolling 111 login problems 112 permissions for installing RPMs 107 starting applications 107 feedback contact information for this manual v FHS See Filesystem Hierarchy Standard file 49 file manager for KDE 122 Nautilus 19 file managers 47 File Roller 50 file system understanding 47 file types 48 files archived 48 archiving 50 with File Roller 50 compressed 48 compressing 50 with File Roller 50 copying 56 copying at a shell prompt
111. hased such as technical support and Red Hat Network To register your product go to http www redhat com apps activate Note You must activate your product before attempting to connect to Red Hat Network If your product has not been activated Red Hat Network rejects registration to channels to which the system is not entitled vi Introduction Good luck and thank you for choosing Red Hat Enterprise Linux The Red Hat Documentation Team l Starting Out To begin the journey of using your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system you need to learn the basics This part introduces the concepts and terms that help you get the most out of Red Hat Enterprise Linux and learn some of its exciting features From configuring your system with Setup Agent to using your graphical desktop and the shell prompt this part helps you get acquainted with your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system Table of Contents 1 Getting Started 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 3 Shell Prompt Basics aia 4 Managing Files and Directories sssssssssssssssssssscssssssssssesssssssessssesesssesnssssessseesssasesssseesseseseee 47 3 redhat Chapter 1 Getting Started From booting up to shutting down whether you are working or playing Red Hat Enterprise Linux provides tools and applications to help you get the most out of your computing environment This chapter guides you through some basic tasks that you can perform on your Red Hat Enterprise L
112. he Software is a Additional cos colecive work under U S Copyright Law Subject 10 the following a Finish Setup terms Red Hat Inc Fed Hat grarts to the user Customer a Ticense 10s Collective work pursuant to the GNU General Public License AL The Sofware Red Hat Emterpnse Linu the Sofware 15 a modular peranng system consisting of hundreds of sofware components The end user icense agreement for each component s located inthe component s source code wah the exception of agree 10 the License Agreement O Ne I do not agree Lame p ne Figure 1 2 License Agreement The Setup Agent allows you to manually set your machine s date and time which adjusts the clock on your computer s BIOS Basic Input Output System To set the day month and year on your system use the calendar interface To set your time in hours minutes and seconds use the provided text boxes You may also synchronize your date and time automatically with a network time server a computer that sends accurate date and time settings to your system through a network connection Check the box labeled Enable Network Time Protocol and use the drop down menu to select the time server you want to use Once you have set your time and date click Next to continue Date and Time Please set the date and ume for the system Red Hat Network Addit Finish Setup Network Time Protocol Your computer can syn
113. he desktop right click on the desktop and select the Help gt K Desktop Handbook The opening screen of the HelpCenter browser appears like Figure A 1 From this main page you can view help documentation on topics such as using and configuring the desktop working with the many applications included with KDE and working with the Konquerer file manager A 3 Using The Desktop Once you start KDE your default desktop looks similar to Figure A 2 118 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment OOS888 2 nH Figure A 2 A Typical KDE Desktop The KDE desktop displays application launchers document windows file folders and so on You can also access the main menu and configure the desktop to suit your needs The long bar across the bottom of the desktop is the panel The panel contains application launchers status indicators and the desktop manager You can have up to 16 desktops running at the same time in KDE The panel taskbar shows your currently running applications Icons located on the desktop can be files folders device links or application launchers Click on an icon to open the associated resource The KDE desktop works similarly to other graphical desktop environments You can drag and drop files and application icons to any location on the desktop You can also add new icons for all types of applications and resources to the desktop panel or file manager The desktop itself is also highly customizable You
114. hell Prompt Basics 50 Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories 4 3 File Compression and Archiving Sometimes it is useful to store a group of files in one file so that they can be backed up easily transferred to another directory or even transferred to a different computer It is also sometimes useful to compress files into one file so that they use less disk space and download faster via the Internet It is important to understand the distinction between an archive file and a compressed file An archive file is a collection of files and directories that are stored in one file The archive file is not compressed it uses the same amount of disk space as all the individual files and directories combined A compressed file is a collection of files and directories that are stored in one file and stored in a way that uses less disk space than all the individual files and directories combined If you do not have enough disk space on your computer you can compress files that you do not use very often or files that you want to save but do not use anymore You can even create an archive file and then compress it to save disk space Note An archive file is not compressed but a compressed file can be an archive file 4 3 1 Using File Roller Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes a graphical utility called File Roller that can compress decom press and archive files and directories File Roller supports common UNIX and Linux file compres sion
115. hen on Help Contents 5 1 2 Mozilla Composer You can use Mozilla Composer to create webpages You do not need to know HTML to use this tool To open Composer click on Window gt Composer from the Mozilla main menu or click on the Composer icon in the lower left part of the screen a The Mozilla help files provide information on creating webpages with Composer Go to Help on the main menu and select Help Contents When the help screen opens click on the Contents tab and expand the Creating Webpages menu by clicking on the arrow next to it A list of topics appear and clicking on any of these provide you with information for creating and editing webpages using Mozilla Composer 7 File Edit View Insert Format Table Tools Window Help o s A JA E ial m Print Link Image Table i New Open Save Publish Br i poytet v m 9 gt A B Ss U E AEE 2 Normal 5 HTML Tags lt HT L gt Source 4 Preview 3 EL w Es lt body gt Figure 5 4 Mozilla Composer 5 2 Web Browser Keyboard Shortcuts Table 5 1 shows some common keyboard shortcuts available in Mozilla Keyboard shortcuts can help you efficiently browse the Web 64 Chapter 5 Web Browsing Shortcut Description O Opens a new tab for browsing multiple websites within one browser window Ctrl N Opens a new browser window Ctrl Q Closes all browser windows and exits the application Ctrl P Prints the cur
116. history of your commands by typing history at the shell prompt but the results are displayed too quickly for you to read every line Another way to view bash_history is with a utility such as less Type less bash_history at the shell prompt and the results will display one page at a time To move forward a screen press the Space bar to move back a screen press the b key and to quit press q Paging through bash_history to find a command can be tedious Alternatively you can search through the file for keywords using grep a powerful search utility Say you were reading the man page the day before but cannot recall its name To search for the command type history grep man All the commands you typed which have the word man in them are now highlighted There are many ways to use your command history For other tips and tricks see Section 12 6 Tips on Using Command History Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions 111 12 6 Tips on Using Command History What are some other ways I can use command history If you type history a numbered list scrolls by very quickly showing you the previous 500 com mands you have used You probably do not need to see all of the last 500 commands so the command history 20 might be useful This way only the previous 20 commands you typed are displayed you can use any quantity as an argument of the history command 12 6 1 Other Shortcuts Here are other command history shortcuts wh
117. hments or simply press the Y key to send your email on its way To learn more about mutt refer to the man pages for mutt rc and mutt type man muttrc or man mutt at the shell prompt You may also find the mutt manual to be very helpful The mutt manual is installed in usr share doc mutt 1 2 x where x is the version number of mutt installed on your system redhat Chapter 7 Working with Documents Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes several tools for managing all of your documents Whether you are preparing for a presentation writing a formal letter or opening a document from an email attachment Red Hat Enterprise Linux has a tool that suits your needs 7 1 The OpenOffice org Suite Productivity suites are collections of applications designed to save time and assist users at work at school and at home Usually productivity suites are graphical and include such applications as word processors spreadsheets and presentation utilities The applications that comprise a productivity suite are integrated which means that you can for example write a document with an embedded chart created by the spreadsheet application as well as a slide from a graphical presentation application Integration of the software that make up a productivity suite helps you to give impact to your presen tations lectures or printed collateral Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes a powerful business productivity suite called OpenOffice org which incorpo
118. how long you want your key to be valid Usually the default 0 key does not expire is fine If you do choose an expiration date remember that anyone with whom you exchanged your public key also have to be informed of its expiration and supplied with a new public key If you do not choose an expiration date then you are asked to confirm your decision Press y to confirm your decision Your next task is to provide a user ID that consists of your name your email address and an optional comment When you are finished you are presented with a summary of the information you entered Once you accept your choices you must enter a passphrase Like your account passwords a good passphrase is essential for optimal security in GnuPG For example mix your passphrase with uppercase and lowercase letters use numbers or punctuation marks Once you enter and verify your passphrase your keys are generated and a message similar to the following is displayed We need to generate a lot of random bytes It is a good idea to perform some other action type on the keyboard move the mouse utilize the disks during the prime generation this gives the random number generator a better chance to gain enough entropy PEELE PEELE FEEEEE EE EEE ETE EA FEET TEETH FEET HH Pet ttt FEE FEEL ELE L EFF TET TEELEFEFFETTETEFEFFTEP Cc eee eee eee 132 Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard When the activity on the screen ceases your new
119. ications 7 Working with Documents 8 Audio Video and General Amusement 9 Working with Digital Cameras 10 Working with Images 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs redhat Chapter 5 Web Browsing Once you have configured your Internet connection you are ready to get online Red Hat Enterprise Linux comes with several Web browsers graphical applications that use your Internet connection to access the World Wide Web news research shopping banking and more This chapter briefly ex plains how to surf the Web using Mozilla For information about using the Konqueror Web browser refer to Section A 6 Browsing the Web with Konqueror 5 1 Mozilla Part of the mozilla org organization s wide range of Open Source Internet application developments Mozilla is a powerful integrated and standards compliant Web browser email client news reader and more The Web browsing component displays Web content such as webpages and images Mozilla also uses plug ins for interactive multimedia such as streaming video and Web animation This section shows you how to use the Mozilla Web browser to explore the Internet To start Mozilla click the Mozilla Web Browser launcher on the panel or choose Main Menu gt Internet gt Mozilla Web Browser 3 File Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Window Help I A N x ee 1a 2 3 X 7 1 s ek 7 roman rad cap Be filevitustishare docrTMujindex htmi a Search IM T hHome w Bookmarks Red Hat Inc
120. ich may be useful to you Bang bang Typing called bang bang executes the last command in the history Bang number Typing number as in 302 executes the command which is numbered 302 in the history file e Bang string Typing string as in rpm executes a command with the most recent match ing string from the history file Up arrow and down arrow At the shell or GUI terminal prompt you can press the up arrow to move back through previous commands in your history list the down arrow moves you for ward through the commands until you find the command you want Press Enter to execute the command just as if you had typed it on the command line 12 7 Keep 1s Output from Scrolling Whenever I type 1s I can barely see the output of the directory because it scrolls by too quickly How can I actually read the output To prevent the output of 1s from scrolling by too quickly pipe the output to a utility such as less or more You are then able to see the output one screen at at time To read the contents of etc with less type the following command at the shell prompt ls al etc less To move forward a screen press Space bar to move back a screen press the b key to quit press ql You can achieve the same results with more another paging utility 12 7 1 Printing Is Output You can also print directory listings by piping the output to a printer in the same way that you piped the output
121. ich start with the letters pig You can also remove multiple files using the rm command For example rm piglet txt sneakers txt You can use rmdir to remove a directory rmdir foo for example but only if the directory is empty To remove directories with rm you must specify the r option For example if you want to recursively remove the directory tigger you would type rm r tigger If you want to combine options such as forcing a recursive deletion you can type rm rf tigger A safer alternative to using rm for removing directories is the rmdir command With this command you are not allowed to use recursive deletions so a directory which has files cannot be deleted waming The rm command can delete your entire file system If you are logged in as root and you type the simple command rm rf you are in trouble this command recursively removes everything on your system Read the rmdir man page man rmdir to find out more about this command ll Using Your System Now that you have begun exploring your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system you can start using some of the many applications that are included with it From Internet surfing and personal productivity to games and beyond this part details some popular software programs that help you become more pro ductive with your computer and tap the power of the Internet for your research and communications Table of Contents 5 Web Browsing 6 Email Appl
122. igure 6 7 Mozilla Mail New Email Message Screen To send an email click on the Send button or go to File gt Send Now or Send Later If you choose to send later you can go back to the main mail screen and go to File gt Send unsent messages To read email click on the mail folder you created for yourself to view any messages waiting for you Then click on the message you want to read Once you read a message you can delete it save it to a separate folder and more 6 2 1 Mozilla and Newsgroups Newsgroups are Internet discussion groups with specific topics The discussions are in threaded format which means all topics and responses to the topic are sorted and organized for convenient reading and subscribing to a group is very easy You do not have to post messages if you do not want to you can just lurk which is a Newsgroup term for reading without posting messages There are a great many newsgroups on the Web with topics ranging from politics to computer games to random strange thoughts You can even post and download pictures and files to Newsgroups although your ISP may restrict Newsgroups to text based postings only To join a newsgroup you first need to set up a newsgroup account Click on your mail account name in the sidebar and select Create a new account from the options that appear on the right of the screen The New Account Setup screen appears again Select Newsgroup account and then click Next Enter your name and e
123. imnot rdu redhat com gt Signature None z To Subject 0 Y Normal g rr A AA Iml i Ii lt lt Figure 6 4 Evolution New Email Message Screen Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to send the email to click Send on the toolbar While Evolution does so much more than read and send email this chapter focuses exclusively on its email capabilities To learn more about using other features of Evolution such as calender ing scheduling and group messaging click Help from the main toolbar and choose the component you want to learn more about 6 2 Mozilla Mail This section briefly covers the basic steps for sending and receiving email with Mozilla If you need further information about using Mozilla Mail the Mozilla Help contents are located under Help on the main menu To start Mozilla Mail select Main Menu gt Internet gt More Internet Applications gt Mozilla Mail You are presented with a New Account Setup screen Select Email account which allows you to configure your email connection Follow the on screen instructions and fill in the information you collected from your ISP or administrator in the text boxes provided Chapter 6 Email Applications New Account Setup In order to receive messages you first need to set up a Mail or Newsgroup account This Wizard will collect the information necess
124. inal Remember application association for this type of file Figure A 14 The Open With Dialog Box A 8 KMail KMail is an email tool for KDE It has an intuitive graphical interface similar to Evolution that allows you to send and receive email using a graphical interface To open KMail click on the Main Menu gt Internet gt More Internet Applications gt KMail Before you can really use KMail you must configure it so it can send and receive mail To run the configuration tool select Settings from the KMail toolbar and click on Configure KMail The Configure Mail Client window consists of the following sections Identities Network Ap pearance Composer Security and Folders To begin sending and receiving messages you have to change the settings in the Identities and Network tabs Have your email information from your service provider or administrator handy so that you can fill in the required information to begin using KMail For additional information refer to the KMail user manual Help gt KMail Handbook or visit KMail s homepage at http kmail kde org Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 127 File Edit View Go Folder Message Tools Settings Help 5 94 668 T QUEER Folder v Unread Total Subject Receiver 1 Local Folders FENG Subject een MN localhost localdomain_ Ti inbox t B outbox l Drafts E E From To joh
125. indow System are available Take a look at your last cd command You told your system to 1 Go up one level to your login directory s parent directory probably home 2 Then go up to that directory s parent which is the root or directory 3 Then go down to the etc directory 4 Finally go to the X11 directory Conversely using an absolute path moves you to the etc X11 directory more quickly For example cd etc X11 Absolute paths start from the root directory and move down to the directory you specify 28 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics Note Always make sure you know which working directory you are in before you state the relative path to the directory or file you want to get to You do not have to worry about your position in the file system though when you state the absolute path to another directory or file If you are not sure type pwa and your current working directory is displayed which can be your guide for moving up and down directories using relative pathnames Returns you to your login directory Also returns you to your login directory Takes you to the entire system s root directory Takes you to the home directory of the root or superuser account created at installation you must be the root user to access this directory Command Function o O cd S Takes you to the home directory where user login directories are usually stored Moves you up one directory cd otheruser Takes you to
126. inux system 1 1 Setup Agent The first time you start your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system the Setup Agent is presented The Setup Agent guides you through the configuration of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system Using this tool you can set your system time and date add users to your system install software register your machine with the Red Hat Network and more Setup Agent allows you to configure your en vironment at the beginning so that you can get started using your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system quickly Figure 1 1 Setup Agent The Setup Agent first prompts you to read and agree to the License Agreement which discusses your rights in using Red Hat Enterprise Linux Click Yes I agree to the License Agreement and click Next to continue EB important You must agree to the License Agreement to continue using Red Hat Enterprise Linux If you choose No I do not agree at the License Agreement screen the machine prompts you to either re read the agreement or decline and shutdown your system You cannot use Red Hat Enterprise Linux without first agreeing to the License Agreement 2 Chapter 1 Getting Started eae License Agreement Date and Time LICENSE AGREEMENT AND LIMITED PRODUCT WARRANTY User Accour RED HATS ENTERPRISE LINUX VERSION 3 Sound Card Ths agreement govems the use of the Software and any updates to the Red tiat atari Software regardless of the delvery mechanism T
127. ion and productivity using the graphical desktop environment both the graphical and shell prompt methods of logging in and using your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system are discussed for your reference 1 3 Logging In The next step to using your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system is to log in When you log in you are introducing yourself to the system also called authentication If you type the wrong user name or password you will not be allowed access to your system Unlike some other operating systems your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system uses accounts to manage privileges maintain security and more Not all accounts are created equal some accounts have fewer rights to access files or services than others f Note Red Hat Enterprise Linux applications and files are case sensitive which means that typing root refers to a different account than Root By default root refers to the root user also known as the superuser or system administrator If you have already created and logged in to a user account you can skip ahead to Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop If you created only the root account refer to Section 1 6 Creating a User Account to learn how to set up a user account Chapter 1 Getting Started 7 If you did not create a user account using the Setup Agent you must log in as root After you create a user account it is highly recommended that you log in as that user instead of root to prevent accidental damage to your R
128. ions Sarah Saiying Wang Simplified Chinese translations Ben Hung Pin Wu Traditional Chinese translations 154
129. ith general usage and licens ing information usr share doc dvdrecord lt version gt where lt version gt is the version of dvdrecord installed on your system For users who have DVD R W devices this set of documentation helps you get started mastering DVD ROMs for data backup and multimedia presentation 11 4 2 Useful Websites http freshmeat net projects cdrecord The cdrecord project page on Freshmeat is regularly updated with the newest releases news and user commentary http www freesoftware fsf org dvdrtools The official website of the dvdrtools project which includes the dvdrecord utility for writing DVD R W discs lll Troubleshooting Your System If you ever run into problems using your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system there are steps you can take and tools you can use to recover from issues that get you back to using your system normally From booting into rescue mode to changing a forgotten password this part can show you how to troubleshoot several common issues that you may run into in the course of using Red Hat Enterprise Linux Table of Contents 12 Frequently Asked Questions ssssssssscsssssssssssesssssssecsesssssssssesesssnsessesesssssesessesesssessesesesesenes 107 redhat Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions This chapter answers some of the most common questions about using Red Hat Enterprise Linux that you may ask as you become more familiar with it From recovering for
130. l 8 3 1 If Sound Card Configuration Tool Does Not Work If the Sound Card Configuration Tool does not work if the sample does not play and you still do not have audio sounds there are alternatives although they are not quite as simple as running the Sound Card Configuration Tool You can edit your modules conf file as discussed in the next section this strategy is not recommended for most new users or refer to the documentation that came with your sound card for more information 86 Chapter 8 Audio Video and General Amusement 8 3 1 1 Manual Sound Card Configuration If your sound card is not a plug and play card you can manually edit your etc modules conf file to include the sound card module that it should use For example alias sound sb alias midi opl3 options opl3 io 0x388 options sb io 0x220 irq 7 dma 0 1 mpu_io 0x300 For information on configuring sound manually refer to the Linux Sound HOWTO at the Linux Doc umentation Project webpage http www tldp org HOWTO Sound HOWTO 8 4 Troubleshooting Your Video Card Video card configuration is handled during the Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation refer to the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide for more information However if you did not choose to configure a video card at that time or if you need to reconfigure your settings you can use the X Configuration Tool utility You should do this for example if you install a new video card gt Note The X Con
131. l hiding configuration where the panel remains hidden until you hover over the panel area and customize your main menu Click Help at any time to learn more about configuring your panel You can configure the arrangement of the panel here o ei Layout z Arrangement Hiding Menus Position its Appearance I Taskbar 100 Z Expand as required to fit contents Size O Tiny O Small O Normal O Large Custom EZA 54 pixels P Hep pefauts v x v X Cancel Figure A 4 Panel Settings Other tabs in Settings contain options to further customize your panel and taskbar Click on Help for more information on these options Applications and utilities can be added easily to the panel To add an application launcher to the panel right click on the panel and choose Add Then select Application Button and make your choice from the menus A 4 1 Using The Main Menu The Main Menu 8 is the central point for using KDE Clicking on the Main Menu icon on the panel displays a large master menu from which you can perform tasks such as launch applications find files and configure your desktop The main menu also contains several submenus that organize applications and tools into several categories including Graphics Internet Office Games and more From the Main Menu you can lock your screen
132. ld change the number in the line id 3 initdefault froma 3 toa 5 A waming Change only the number of the default runlevel from 3 to 5 Your changed line should look like the following id 5 initdefault When you are satisfied with your change save and exit the file using the Ctrl x keys You will see a message telling you that the file has been modified and asking you to confirm your change Type Y for yes Now your next login after reboot will be from the graphical screen 114 Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions IV Appendix This part contains supplemental information and instruction that you may find useful during the course of your Red Hat Enterprise Linux usage Perhaps you want to use the KDE graphical desktop envi ronment or learn more about configuring your system to send and receive encrypted email This section shows you time saving keyboard shortcuts discusses the Red Hat Enterprise Linux directory structure and more Table of Contents A KDE The K Desktop Environment B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard C Applications D A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux Commands E System Directories F Keyboard Shortcuts redhat Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment A 1 Introducing KDE The K Desktop Environment KDE is a graphical desktop that uses common graphical objects such as icons windows menus and panels it allows you to access your Red Hat Enterprise Linux syste
133. le To copy the file to another directory press the Ctrl key while dragging and dropping the file By default image files in your home directory are seen as thumbnails For text files this means you see a portion of the actual text in the icon For images you see a scaled down or thumbnail version of the image To turn off this feature select Edit gt Preferences Select the Preview tab then select Never in the drop down for Show thumbnails Disabling this and other previewing features increases the speed of Nautilus 2 4 Start Here Eile Edit View Go Bookmarks Help 4 gt 40 9 8 Stop Reload Home Location start here 9007 View as Icons Y E 2 Applications Preferences System Settings Figure 2 9 The Start Here Window Start Here was designed to hold all of the tools and applications you need to access when using your system From your favorite applications to system and configuration tools the Start Here window provides a central location for using and customizing your system You can access the Start Here screen at any time by double clicking on the desktop icon labeled Start Here 20 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop The Start Here screen includes icons that allow you to access your favorite applications desktop preferences Main Menu items server configuration tools and system settings You can add your favorite locations to the Bookmarks Navigate to the location
134. le3 usr work school 54 Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories The above command compresses filel file2 file3 and the contents of the usr work school directory assuming this directory exists and places them in a file named filename zip OM For more information type man zip and man unzip at a shell prompt to read the man pages for zip and unzip 4 3 3 Archiving Files at the Shell Prompt A tar file is a collection of several files and or directories in one file This is a good way to create backups and archives Some of the options used with the tar are c create a new archive f when used with the c option use the filename specified for the creation of the tar file when used with the x option unarchive the specified file e t show the list of files in the tar file v show the progress of the files being archived e x extract files from an archive e z compress the tar file with gzip e j compress the tar file with bzip2 To create a tar file type tar cvf filename tar directory file In this example filename tar represents the file you are creating and directory file represents the directory and file you want to put in the archived file You can tar multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one tar cvf filename tar home mine work home mine school The above command places all the files in the work and the school su
135. les It can also preview sounds from digital audio files A 5 1 The Navigation Panel Another useful feature of Konqueror is the navigation panel This panel appears on the left side of the Konqueror file browser window by default The navigation panel makes many of your sytem resources available to you in convenient tabbed icons Figure A 9 shows the navigation panel Figure A 9 Working with the Navigation Panel The navigation panel lets you access your Web bookmarks browsing history network resources file system and has a built in media player for playing multimedia files without having to open a separate application The navigation panel makes Konqueror an efficient solution for users who want fast and easy access to all of their files and information A 6 Browsing the Web with Konqueror Konqueror not only allows you to browse your local and network file system but with component technology used throughout KDE Konqueror is also a full featured Web browser which you can use to explore the World Wide Web To launch Konqueror choose Main Menu gt Internet gt More Internet Applications gt Kon queror Web Browser 124 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment Location Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Settings Window Help gateway to receiving the benefits of Red Hat Enterprise Linux including technical support and Red Red Hat offers comprehensive services and resources to m
136. lic key and a private key To generate a keypair at a shell prompt type the following command Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard 131 gpg gen key Since you work with your user account most frequently you should perform this action while logged in to your user account not as root You see an introductory screen with key options including one recommended option the default similar to the following gpg GnuPG 1 2 1 Copyright C 2002 Free Software Foundation Inc This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY This is free software and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions See the file COPYING for details Please select what kind of key you want 1 DSA and ElGamal default 2 DSA sign only 5 RSA sign only Your selection Most of the screens which require you to choose an option lists the default option within parentheses You can accept the default options by pressing Enter In the first screen you should accept the default option 1 DSA and ElGamal This option allows you to create a digital signature and encrypt and decrypt with two types of technologies Type 1 and then press Enter Next choose the key size or how long the key should be Generally the longer the key the more resistant against attacks your messages are The default size 1024 bits should be sufficiently strong for most users so press Enter The next option asks you to specify
137. ll prompt mkdir rpms mv foobar 1 3 2 1386 rpm rpms Running the combination of commands creates the directory and moves the file in one line Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 41 3 13 Ownership and Permissions Earlier in this chapter when you tried to change to root s login directory you received the following message bash cd root Permission denied That was one demonstration of Linux s security features Linux like UNIX is a multi user system and file permissions are one way the system protects against malicious tampering One way to gain entry when you are denied permission is to su to root as you learned earlier This is because whoever knows the root password has complete access But switching to the superuser is not always convenient or recommended since it is easy to make mistakes and alter important configuration files as the superuser All files and directories are owned by the person who created them You created the file sneakers txt refer to Section 3 8 1 Using Redirection in your login directory so sneakers txt belongs to you That means you can specify who is allowed to read the file write to the file or if it is an application instead of a text file who can execute the file Reading writing and executing are the three main settings in permissions Since users are placed into a group when their accounts are created you can also specify whether certain groups can read write to or execu
138. m and applications using your mouse and keyboard This appendix covers the basics of using KDE system navigation working with files and applications and customizing the desktop to suit your needs If you would like to learn more about KDE visit the official website at http www kde org A 2 Finding Help You can access a comprehensive set of documentation about KDE through the HelpCenter File Edit Go Help contents Glossary i oe Welcome to KDE f E Scrolikeeper Welcome to KDE KDE users manual Application Manuals Applet Manuals control Center Modules Kinfocenter Modules Chapter 1 Welcome to KDE I Konqueror Plugins erie g Revision 3 00 00 UNIX manual pages The KDE team welcomes you to user friendly UNIX computing Browse info pages The KDE FAQ k Contact Information Welcome to the K Desktop Environment KDE on the web Supporting KDE Information about KDE KDE is a powerful graphical desktop environment for UNIX workstations A KDE desktop combines ease of use contemporary functionality and outstanding graphical design with the technological superiority of the UNIX operating system What is the K Desktop Environment Contacting the KDE Project Supporting the KDE Project Useful links i x E i fa im Figure A 1 The HelpCenter You can access the HelpCenter from the Main Menu by selecting Help To access HelpCenter from t
139. m the panel You can also start the User Manager by typing redhat config users at a shell prompt N If you are not logged in as root you will be prompted for your root password W The window shown in Figure 1 12 will appear Click Add User Ele Ereferences Help 2 E Ra amp Add User Add Group Pr Delete Hep Refresh Soweh fiter Apply titar eos Sp User Name User 1D Primary Group Ful Name Login Shell Home Directory m Nomefed ed so ed Hay sos pay 5o sam tammy Sot temmy Figure 1 12 The Red Hat User Manager 4 In the Create New User dialog box enter a username this can be an abbreviation or nickname the full name of the user for whom this account is being created and a password which you will enter a second time for verification The name of this user s home directory and the name of the login shell should appear by default For most users you can accept the defaults for the other configuration options Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide for details about additional options 5 Click OK The new user will appear in the user list signaling that the user account creation is complete To create a user account from a shell prompt Open a shell prompt 2 If you are not logged in as root type the command su and enter the root password 3 Type useradd followed by a space and the usern
140. mail address on the next screen and click Next On the following screen enter the name of your news server if you do not know the name of your news server contact your Internet service provider or network administrator for this information On the last few screens you can determine the name that this account is referred to and review your settings The newsgroup account you created appears in the sidebar of the Mozilla mail screen Right click on this account name and select Subscribe A dialog box appears listing all the newsgroups available Select the groups you are interested in reading and click Subscribe When you are done click on OK Now click on the arrow next to the newsgroup account name and the list of groups you are subscribed to appears beneath Select the newsgroup you want to access and a dialog box appears with informa tion about downloading and reading existing messages Posting to a newsgroup is just like writing an email except that the newsgroup name appears in the To field rather than an email address To unsubscribe from a newsgroup right click on the group name and select Unsubscribe Chapter 6 Email Applications 71 6 3 Plain Text Email Clients Most modern email clients allow the user to select whether they want to send their emails in plain text or in HTML The advantage of HTML formatted email is that they can contain graphics and interactive links to Web sites The particular font can be specified the layout i
141. marks of Intel Corporation Itanium and Celeron are trademarks of Intel Corporation AMD Opteron Athlon Duron and K6 are registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices Inc Netscape is a registered trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation in the United States and other countries Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation SSH and Secure Shell are trademarks of SSH Communications Security Inc FireWire is a trademark of Apple Computer Corporation IBM AS 400 OS 400 RS 6000 S 390 and zSeries are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation eServer iSeries and pSeries are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation All other trademarks and copyrights referred to are the property of their respective owners The GPG fingerprint of the security redhat com key is CA 20 86 86 2B D6 9D FC 65 F6 EC C4 21 91 80 CD DB 42 A6 0E Table of Contents INtroduction s sssssssssssssssssseececessssscssscssesssssessesesssesessssesssesuscsssesssessasssssesessssasessevesssesesssesassssseseeseees i 1 Change s to This Manual sasis nionean rniii ea EA eE aes AE ER eeeagainae i 2 Document Conventions ii 3 Copying and Pasting Text With Xoo iirin iV E r ER iv 4 Using the MOUSE vests irar AEE E aa uoigtvcdecet bee E E E RERA v 5 We Need Feedback 6 Sign Up for Support TL Starting Out ccssscsssssssseccssnsssssccsssssessssssssesesssesscsssessssessssesssss
142. n delete or execute a file an error message is displayed showing your access has been denied This is normal behavior and is used to prevent non privileged users from modifying or deleting important system files 4 1 A Larger Picture of the File System Every operating system has a method of storing data in files and directories so that it can keep track of additions modifications and other changes In Linux every file is stored in a directory Directories can also contain directories these subdirecto ries can also contain files and other subdirectories You might think of the file system as a tree like structure and directories as branches These directories may contain or be the parent of directories within it called subdirectories which hold files and may contain subdirectories of their own There would not be a tree without a root and the same is true for the Linux file system No matter how far away the directories branch everything is connected to the root directory which is represented as a single forward slash o Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses the term root in several different ways which might be confusing to new users There is the root account the superuser who has permission to do anything the root account s home directory root and the root directory for the entire file system When you are speaking to someone and using the term root be sure to know which root is being discussed Unless you are a
143. n localhostlocaldomain Date Today 15 18 35 KMail is easy to use See you later Sincerely George 1 message 0 unread Figure A 15 KMail Main Screen Once you have your email settings configured you can begin sending and receiving email The folders on the left side of the KMail screen allow you to view emails you have received emails ready to be sent emails you have sent and more To compose a mail click on the new message icon in the tool bar Message Edit View Options Attach Tools Settings Help B agarran PUN et ct i o jimmy example com la C Subject New Website Hey Jimmy found out about a company called Red Hat They make an operating system called Red Hat Enterprise Linux installed it on my computer and I m using it to send you this email right now http www redhat com Take a look at it Linux is great Talk to you soon John eT ___B Column 5 Line 12 Figure A 16 KMail New Email Message Screen 128 Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment Once you have composed a message and entered an email address to send the email to click Send in the toolbar A 9 Customizing KDE KDE allows you to configure the desktop and your system to suit your needs The KDE Control Center available by selecting Main Menu gt Control Center lets you customiz
144. nce Guide You can also visit the FHS website at http www pathname com fhs 4 2 Identifying and Working with File Types If you are new to Linux you may see certain file types that you do not recognize because of their unfamiliar extension A file s extension is the last part of a file s name after the final dot in the file sneakers txt txt is that file s extension Here is a brief listing of file extensions and their meanings 4 2 1 Compressed and Archived Files e bz2 a file compressed with bzip2 gz a file compressed with gzip e tar a file archived with tar short for tape archive also known as a tar file e tbz a tarred and bzipped file e tgz a tarred and gzipped file e zip a file compressed with ZIP compression commonly found in MS DOS applications most compressed files for Linux use the gzip compression so finding a zip archive for Linux files is rare For information on working with bzip2 gzip and tar files refer to Section 4 3 File Compression and Archiving 4 2 2 File Formats e au an audio file e gif a GIF image file e html htm an HTML file e jpg a JPEG image file e paf an electronic image of a document PDF stands for Portable Document Format e png a PNG image file short for Portable Network Graphic e ps a PostScript file formatted for printing e txt a plain ASCII text file e wav an audio file Chapter 4
145. nding your public key to one keyserver is usually as good as sending it to them all You can however locate different keyservers One place to begin your search for keyservers and more information is Keyserver Net available at http www keyserver net You can send your public key from either the shell prompt or from a browser of course you must be online to send or receive keys from a keyserver From the shell prompt type the following gpg keyserver search keyserver net send key you example com From your browser go to Keyserver Net http www keyserver net and select the option to add your own PGP public key Your next task is to copy and paste your public key into the appropriate area on the webpage If you need instructions on how to do that use the following Open your exported public key file such as mykey asc which was created in Section B 5 Exporting your Public Key with a pager for example use the less mykey asc command Using your mouse copy the file by highlighting all the lines from the BEGIN PGP to END PGP notations see Figure B 1 Paste the contents of the file mykey asc into the appropriate area of the page on Keyserver Net by middle clicking with your mouse or left and right clicking if you are using a two button mouse Then select the Submit button on the keyserver page If you make a mistake press the Reset button on the page to clear your pasted key Appendix B Getting Started wi
146. ndows environments Sets verbose execution which is useful for viewing the status of the image as it is being made Excludes any directory immediately following this option this option can be repeated for example x home joe trash x home joe delete Table 11 1 mkisofs Options 11 3 2 2 Using cdrecord The cdrecord utility writes audio data and mixed mode a combination of audio video and or data CD ROMs using options to configure several aspects of the write process including speed device and data settings To use cdrecord you must first establish the device address of your CD R W device by running the following command as root at a shell prompt cdrecord scanbus This command shows all CD R W devices on your computer It is important to remember the de vice address of the device used to write your CD The following is an example output from running cdrecord scanbus Cdrecord 1 8 i686 pc linux gnu Copyright C 1995 2000 Jorg Schilling Using libscg version schily 0 1 scsibus0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 E a 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 VHR CD Writer 9200 1 0c Removable CD ROM 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 eA T 0 6 0 6 1 OFTA Fyw To write the backup file image created with mkisofs in the previous section switch to the root user and type the following at a shell prompt cdrecord v eject speed 4 dev 0 3 0 backup iso The command sets the write speed 4 the device address 0 3 0 and set
147. need in depth information about the many capabilities of the GIMP try your favorite bookstore The following books were available at the time of this writing The Artists Guide to the GIMP by Michael J Hammel Frank Kasper and Associates Inc GIMP Essential Reference by Alex Harford New Riders Publishing GIMP for Linux Bible by Stephanie Cottrell Bryant et al Hungry Minds Inc GIMP The Official Handbook by Karin Kylander and Olof S Kylander Coriolis Group Grokking the GIMP by Carey Bunks New Riders Publishing Sams Teach Yourself GIMP in 24 Hours by Joshua and Ramona Pruitt Sams 96 Chapter 10 Working with Images redhat Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs Using diskettes and CD ROMs with Red Hat Enterprise Linux requires some understanding about removable media This chapter discusses how to read and write files to and from diskettes how to format diskettes and how to read and copy data from a CD ROM This chapter also covers using CD writable and CD rewritable drives 11 1 Using Diskettes Diskettes are one of the oldest removable media solutions available for the personal computer PC Diskettes are ideal as a portable storage solution for small files that need to be physically moved around For example if two PCs are not on the same network diskettes are a great solution to transfer files from one computer to the other 11 1 1 Mounting and Unmounting a Diskette A diskette must first be mounted be
148. ner has read and write permissions the group and others have read only rwx 700 Only the owner has read write and execute permissions e xwxr xr x 755 The owner has read write and execute permissions the group and others have only read and execute e rwx x x 711 The owner has read write and execute permissions the group and others have only execute e rw rw rw 666 Everyone can read and write to the file Be careful with these permissions e rwxrwxrwx 777 Everyone can read write and execute Again this permissions setting can be hazardous Here are some common settings for directories e drwx 700 Only the user can read write in this directory drwxr xr x 755 Everyone can read the directory users and groups have read and execute permissions redhat Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories Your desktop file manager is a powerful and important tool for managing files and directories using the graphical desktop This chapter discusses various shell prompt commands that can be used to manage files and directories on your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system This chapter also discusses compression tools to create archives of your files for backup or to conveniently send to others Note Due to system security unless you are root you are not allowed to gain access to all system level files and directories If you do not have the permission to ope
149. ner or intermediate user are available for setting up a OF recerineface card conigutng NFS zares contuuiing Samba shares managing your software using RPM and much more Red Hat Linux Reference Guide lo This quide provides background information and solutions Total install size 4 188 Megabytes This guide provides step by step instructions for installing Bow voae Figure 1 14 Package Management Tool Displaying Documentation Available for Installation After you have installed the documentation packages you want you can access them at any time by clicking Main Menu gt Documentation If you have downloaded individual documentation RPM packages from the Red Hat website at http www redhat com docs you can install these manuals from a shell prompt Open a shell prompt and type the following at the command line su Press Enter You will be asked for your root password Enter the password at the prompt and press Enter You are now logged in as root To install all of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux manuals change to the directory that contains the RPM files and type the following rpm ivh rhl rpm Press Enter To install only certain manuals replace rh1 rpm with the full file name of the manual that you want to install For example the file name for the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide will look something like rhl gsg en 3 noarch rpm so you would type the following to i
150. ns You have selected 88 megabyte of files to be written to the CD Target to write to PHILIPS CDRW2010 z Write speed Maximum Possible z CD name Personal Data Feb 13 2003 Eject CD when done O Reuse these files for another CD Write files to CD Figure 11 6 The CD Creator Write Dialog Box 102 Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs Click the Write files to CD button to start burning A status window displays the writing progress as shown in Figure 11 7 E Writing to CD Please wait Writing CD Cancel Figure 11 7 The CD Creator Write Status Window By default the CD R W should automatically eject from your drive when it is finished Since it is generally recommended to periodically backup personal files the CD Creator can help you do so quickly 11 3 2 Using CD Rs and CD RWs with Command Line Tools If you want to use a shell prompt to write images to CD R or CD RWs there are two utilities available mkisofs and cdrecord These utilities have several advanced options that are beyond the scope of this guide however for basic image creation and writing these tools save some time over the graphical alternatives such as X CD Roast 11 3 2 1 Using mkisofs The mkisofs utility creates ISO9660 image files that can be written to a CD R W The images cre ated by mkisofs can include all types of files It is most useful for archival and file backup purpos
151. nstall it on your system rpm ivh mnt cdrom rhl gsg en 3 noarch rpm Press Enter Type exit at the command line and press Enter This logs you out of the root account and back to your user account Now go to Main Menu gt Documentation and select the manual you want to read 1 8 Logging Out 1 8 1 Graphical Logout To log out your graphical desktop session select Main Menu gt Log Out When the confirmation dialog appears as shown in Figure 1 15 select the Logout option and click the Yes button To save the configuration of your desktop as well as any programs which are running check the Save current setup option Chapter 1 Getting Started 13 Are you sure you want to log out Save current setup Action Log Out Shut Down Restart the computer T Help 38 Cancel OK Figure 1 15 Logout Confirmation 1 8 2 Virtual Console Logout If you are not using the X Window System and you logged in at the console type exit or Ctrl D to log out of the console session 1 9 Shutting Down your Computer Before turning off your computer it is important to properly shut down Red Hat Enterprise Linux Never turn your computer off without shutting down first as you may lose unsaved data or damage your system 1 9 1 Graphical Shutdown If you are in the graphical desktop log out of your session as described in Section 1 8 Logging Out From the graphical desktop logout scre
152. nventionally given the extension tgz This command creates the archive file filename tar and compresses it as the file filename tgz The file filename tar is not saved If you uncompress the filename tgz file with the gunzip command the fi lename tgz file is removed and replaced with filename tar You can expand a gzip tar file in one command tar xzvf filename tgz Qi Type the command man tar for more information about the tar command 4 4 Manipulating Files at the Shell Prompt Files can be manipulated using one of the graphical file managers such as Nautilus or Konqueror They can also be manipulated using a shell prompt which is often faster This section explains how to manipulate files at the shell prompt 4 4 1 Creating Files You can create new files either with applications such as text editors or by using the command touch which creates an empty file that you can use to add text or data To create a file with touch type the following at a shell prompt touch lt filename gt 56 Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories Replace lt filename gt with the name of your choice If you run a directory listing you can see that the new file contains zero 0 bytes of information because it is an empty file For example typing the command 1s 1 newfile at the shell prompt returns the following output rw rw r 1 sam sam 0 Apr 10 17 09 newfile 4 4 2 Copying Files Like so many other Linux features there
153. o spin then you can click them to make them disappear The object of the game is to make all the marbles disappear 0000 Figure 8 7 Same GNOME Match the Marbles Game 8 6 Finding Games Online There are many games available within Red Hat Enterprise Linux and online For more information here are a few suggestions http www linuxgaming net A website that covers Linux compatible games in depth http www tuxgames com A store where you can buy games just for Linux http www linuxgames com T Linux gaming news site http happypenguin org The Linux gaming repository You can also browse the Internet for linux games using a search engine such as http www google com 88 Chapter 8 Audio Video and General Amusement redhat Chapter 9 Working with Digital Cameras Digital cameras have recently grown in popularity because of their increasing image quality and easy interaction with desktop PCs Digital cameras create high quality images that allow you to send to others over the Internet or print on a color printer Red Hat Enterprise Linux supports several brands of digital cameras and has applications that help you access view and modify your digital photographs 9 1 Using gtKam Red Hat Enterprise Linux supports over 100 digital camera models So whether your camera uses a USB or serial port to communicate with your computer it is likely that Red Hat Enterprise Linux
154. of 6 4 read 2 write 6 For sneakers txt here are the numerical permissions settings rw rw r 4 2 0 4 2 0 4 0 0 The total for the user is six the total for the group is six and the total for others is four The permissions setting is read as 664 If you want to change sneakers txt so those in your group do not have write access but can still read the file remove the access by subtracting two 2 from that set of numbers The numerical values then become six four and four 644 To implement these new settings type chmod 644 sneakers txt Now verify the changes by listing the file Type ls 1 sneakers txt The output should be rw r r 1 sam sam 150 Mar 19 08 08 sneakers txt Now neither the group nor others have write permission to sneakers txt To return the group s write access for the file add the value of w 2 to the second set of permissions chmod 664 sneakers txt waming Setting permissions to 666 allows everyone to read and write to a file or directory Setting permis sions to 777 allows everyone read write and execute permission These permissions could allow tampering with sensitive files so in general it is not a good idea to use these settings 46 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics Here is a list of some common settings numerical values and their meanings e rw 600 Only the owner has read and write permissions xw r r 644 Only the ow
155. ommand can give you plenty of detail but you can view still more information by using multiple options If you want to see the size of a file or directory when it was created and so on add the Jong option 1 to the 1s a command This command shows the file creation date its size ownership permissions and more 30 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics You do not have to be in the directory whose contents you want to view to use the 1s command For example to see what is in the etc directory from your home directory type ls al etc Hle Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam ls al etc fl total 2996 87 root root 8192 May 21 22 16 22 root root 4096 May 4 14 31 1 root root 15228 Jan 24 16 14 a2ps cfg 1 root root 2562 Jan 24 16 14 a2ps site cfg 1 root root 47 May 4 14 21 adjtime 2 root root 4096 Mar 23 20 23 aep 1 root root 688 Feb 4 06 20 aep conf rw r r 1 root root 703 Feb 4 06 20 aeplog conf 4 root root 4096 Mar 23 20 24 alchemist 1 root root 1343 Mar 26 09 56 aliases 1 smmsp smmsp 12288 May 4 14 31 aliases db 2 root root 4096 May 19 23 10 alternatives 1 root root 688 Feb 4 05 49 amd conf 1 root root 105 Feb 4 05 49 amd net 1 root root 317 Jan 24 16 26 anacrontab 3 root root 4096 Mar 23 20 59 atalk L 1 root root 1 Jan 24 16 45 at deny 1 root root 156 May 4 14 21 aumixre F 1 root root 212 Jan 27 23 22 auto master 1 root root 575 Jan 27 23 22 auto misc rw r r 1 root root
156. ompt and type the following passwd username Replace username with your normal user name The passwd command will then ask for the new password which you will need to enter twice You can now use the new password to log in to your user account 12 10 Changing Login from Console to X at Startup How do I change my login from the console to the graphical screen Instead of logging in to your system at the console and typing the startx command to start the X Window System you can configure your system so that you can log in directly to X You must edit one file etc inittab by changing just one number in the runlevel section When you are finished reboot the computer The next time you log in you will have a graphical login prompt Open a shell prompt If you are in your user home account change to the root user by using the su command su Now type gedit etc inittab to edit the file with gedit The file etc inittab will open Within the first screen you will see a section of the file which looks like this Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions 113 Default runlevel The runlevels used by RHS are 0 halt Do NOT set initdefault to this 1 Single user mode 2 Multiuser without NFS The same as 3 if you do not have networking 3 Full multiuser mode 4 unused 5 X11 6 reboot Do NOT set initdefault to this id 3 initdefault To change from a console to a graphical login you shou
157. omputing activities While the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide primarily focuses on performing tasks using the graphical interface and graphical tools it is sometimes useful and faster to perform tasks from a shell prompt Refer to Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics for further details You can open a shell prompt by selecting Main Menu gt System Tools gt Terminal You can also start a shell prompt by right clicking on the desktop and choosing New Terminal from the menu To exit a shell prompt click the X button on the upper right corner of the shell prompt window type exit at the prompt or press Ctrl D at the prompt Chapter 1 Getting Started 9 1 6 Creating a User Account When you first started your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system after installation you were given the opportunity to create one or more user accounts using the Setup Agent If you did not create at least one account not including the root account you should do so now You should avoid working in the root account for daily tasks There are two ways to create new and or additional user accounts using the graphical User Manager application or from a shell prompt To create a user account graphically using the User Manager 1 Click the Start Here icon on the desktop In the new window that opens click the System Settings icon and then click the Users amp Groups icon You can also select Main Menu gt System Settings gt Users amp Groups fro
158. on on the toolbar or press F5 which reloads the page along with any new content available To stop a page from loading click the Stop button on the toolbar or press Esc To move back to a previously loaded webpage or move forward to a recently loaded page click the Back and Forward buttons or press Alt and the left or right arrow key to move backward or forward one webpage respectively Konqueror also allows you to load multiple pages within one browser window alleviating the need to have multiple browser windows open at the same time Konqueror uses tabs to accomplish loading multiple pages in one window To open a link in a new tab right click the link and choose Open in New Tab or Open in Background Tab if you want to keep your current tab on top The tabs appear with the header of the webpage displayed for easy reference Click the tab of the webpage you want to display To close a tab right click on the tab and choose Close Tab from the menu For additional information on using Konqueror click on Help on the top menu panel and then on Konqueror Handbook Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment File Edit Go Help ZO 9 9 Contents Glossary Table of Contents Scrollkeeper Welcome to KDE _ KDE users manual Application Manuals Applet Manuals E Control Center Modules KinfoCenter Modules IA Konqueror Plugins Tutorials J UNIX manual pages Browse info pages The KDE FAQ Conta
159. oot root 1 Jul 24 22 45 at deny 1 root root 145 Sep 8 19 58 aumixrc 1 root root 212 Aug 27 00 49 auto master 1 root root 575 Aug 27 00 49 auto misc rw r r 1 root root 1497 Aug 29 20 37 bashrc drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Sep 6 17 41 bonobo activation rw r r 1 root root 756 Jun 23 10 31 cdrecord conf drwxr xr x 3 root root 4096 Sep 6 17 57 CORBA drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 18 51 cron d drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Sep 6 17 45 cron daily LY drwxr xr x 2 root root 4096 Jun 23 10 34 cron hourly E Figure 3 10 Piping Output of 1s to more To search the output of a text file using more press and then type the keyword you want to search for within the file For example f 00 Use the Spacebar to move forward through the pages Press Q to exit 3 10 More Commands for Reading Text Files You have already been introduced to several basic shell prompt commands for reading files in text editors Here are a few more 3 10 1 The head Command You can use the head command to look at the beginning of a file The command is head lt filename gt head can be a useful command but because it is limited to the first several lines you cannot see how long the file actually is By default you can only read the first ten lines of a file You can change the number of lines displayed by specifying a number option as shown in the following command head 20 lt filename gt 3 10 2 The tail Command The reverse of hea
160. otheruser s login directory if otheruser has granted you permission cd dirl subdirfoo Regardless of which directory you are in this absolute path takes you directly to subdirfoo a subdirectory of dirl cd dir3 dir2 This relative path takes you up two directories then to dir3 then to the dir2 directory Table 3 1 cd Options Now that you are starting to understand how to change directories see what happens when you change to root s login directory the superuser account Type cd root If you are not logged in as root you are denied permission to access that directory Denying access to the root and other users accounts or login directories is one way your Linux system prevents accidental or malicious tampering Refer to Section 3 13 Ownership and Permissions To change to the root login and root directory use the su command su gt o The command su means substitute users and it allows you to log in as another user temporarily When you type su by itself and press Enter you become root also called the superuser while still inside your login shell your user s home directory Typing su makes you become root with root s login shell it is as if you had logged in as root originally Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 29 As soon as you give the root password the prompt changes to superuser status For example root localhost root When you are done working as root type exit at the prompt
161. ou learned about creating files with the touch command and you created the directory tigger using mkdir Now you need to learn how to delete files and directories Deleting files and directories with the rm command is a straightforward process Refer to the rm man page for more information Options for removing files and directories include i interactive Prompts you to confirm the deletion This option can stop you from deleting a file by mistake force Overrides interactive mode and removes the file s without prompting This might not be a good idea unless you know exactly what you are doing v verbose Shows the progress of the files as they are being removed e r recursive Deletes a directory and all files and subdirectories it contains To delete the file piglet t xt with the rm command type rm piglet txt A waming Once a file or directory is removed with the rm command it is gone permanently and cannot be retrieved Use the i interactive option to give you a second chance to think about whether or not you really want to delete the file rm i piglet txt 58 Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories rm remove piglet txt You can also delete files using the wildcard but be careful because you can easily delete files you did not intend to throw away To remove a file using a wildcard you would type rm pig The above command removes all files in the directory wh
162. ou want to communicate securely but you must never give away your private key For the most part cryptography is beyond the scope of this publication volumes have been written about the subject In this chapter however we hope you gain enough understanding about GnuPG to begin using cryptography in your own correspondence If you want to learn more about GnuPG PGP and encryption technology see Section B 8 Additional Resources B 1 Configuration File The first time you run a GnuPG command a gnupg directory is created in your home directory Starting with version 1 2 the configuration filename has change from gnupg options to gnupg gpg conf If gnupg gpg conf is not found in your home directory gnupg options is used If you only use version 1 2 or higher it is recommended that you rename your configuration file with the following command 130 Appendix B Getting Started with Gnu Privacy Guard mv gnupg options gnupg gpg conf If you are upgrading from a version prior to 1 0 7 you can create signature caches in your keyring to decrease the keyring access time To perform this operation execute the following command once gpg rebuild keydb caches B 2 Warning Messages When executing GnuPG commands you may see the following message gpg Warning using insecure memory This warning is because non root users can not lock memory pages If users could lock memory pages they could perform out of memory Denial of S
163. ou want to create a background with your own custom colors and no images choose the No Picture option and adjust your colors using the Background Style options Choose your own Top Color and Bottom Color and the color gradient or the blending of colors Click Close to save and exit the Background Preferences tool 22 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 2 4 2 Customizing your System The Start Here screen in Nautilus contains additional configuration tools that help you with your new Red Hat Enterprise Linux system and the server applications included The System Settings icon includes tools that help you set up your system for personal everyday use The following lists some of the tools included in System Settings and what you can do with them Date amp Time This tool allows you to set the date and time of your machine You can set your time zone information as well Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide for details on using this tool Printing The Printer Configuration Tool allows you to add a new printer to your system The printer may be connected to your machine or available on a network Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide for details Soundcard Detection The Sound Card Configuration Tool tool probes your machine for available sound devices Refer to Section 8 3 Troubleshooting Your Sound Card for more details on configuring your sound hardware Users amp Group
164. ound cards System devices USB devices Video cards Disk Information Device Start End size MB Type V dev hda hdal 1 463 3418 FAT V hda2 464 1950 10978 Extended V hda6 464 466 22 ext3 V hda7 467 1021 4097 ext3 V hda8 1022 1091 517 linux swap V hda9 1092 1572 3551 ext3 hda5 1573 1950 2791 FAT Figure 12 1 Hardware Browser hard disk device listing Select Hard Drives from the panel and find your Windows partition from the Disk Information displayed Windows partitions normally use the FAT or FAT32 file system type This file system type can be mounted and read within Linux however if your Windows partition uses NTFS then you cannot mount and read from it as Red Hat Enterprise Linux does not support NTFS file systems Note the Device information for your Windows partition as this is the device that you mount to access your Windows data Once you have determined where your Windows partition is located on your hard drive log in as root type su and then enter the root password at a shell prompt Create a directory in which the Windows partition is mounted by typing the following command For example mkdir mnt windows 110 Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions Before you can access the partition you must mount it in the directory you just created As root type the following command at a shell prompt where dev hda1 is the Windows partition you found via Hardware Browser mount
165. owser window Figure 4 2 that you can navigate to find the file or directory you want to be in the archive Click OK when you are finished and click Archive gt Close to close the archive homefjohn Folders Elles 4 blah tar gz s blah txt browsers BluecurveTheme desktop desktop borderonly docs tar gz Desktop borderonlyTheme desktop docs fb1 png Mail fb2 png jal C Add only if newer I Load Options O Include sub folders Exclude folders that are symbolic links E Save Options C Exclude ather file systems Z Exclude backup files Z Exclude hidden files O Exclude files O ignore case Selection home john cancel 2 ox Figure 4 2 Creating an Archive with File Roller 52 Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories OM There is much more you can do with File Roller than is explained here Refer to the File Roller manual available by clicking Help gt Manual for more information 4 3 2 Compressing Files at the Shell Prompt Compressed files use less disk space and download faster than large uncompressed files In Red Hat Enterprise Linux you can compress files with the compression tools bzip2 gzip or zip The bzip2 compression tool is recommended because it provides the most compression and is found on most UNIX like operating systems The gzip compression tool can also be found on most UNIX like operating systems If yo
166. p 9 Desktop 2 Desktop 2 Deskiop 20 Multiple Desktops Desktop 3 Desktop 3 Desktop 11 E I beets Paths Desktop 5 Desktop 13 amp Desito 6 Desktop 14 go Desktop 7 Desktop 15 Deskto 8 Deskiop 16 Screen Saver 2 nep perus v x gt lt cca Figure A 5 Virtual Desktop Configuration You can change the names of your desktops from Desktop 1 Desktop 2 etc by deleting the default names and typing a new name in each desktop s corresponding text box You can also change the number of desktops available to you by adjusting the slider in the Number of Desktops For more desktops drag the bar to the right for fewer desktops drag the bar to the left The Appearance Behavior and Paths and Background icons are where you can make various desktop configuration changes For example to customize each virtual desktop to have different back grounds click the Background icon uncheck the Common Background checkbox click the virtual desktop you want to change and choose the color or image you want to make your background using the associated tabs Appendix A KDE The K Desktop Environment 121 Change the background settings Appearance Desktop Behavior Multiple Desktops Common background Paths Background Wallpaper Advanced Mode Vertical Gradient lt Color 1 Screen Saver Color 2
167. pe cat home txt gt gt sneakers txt Now check the file using the command cat sneakers txt The final output shows the contents of home txt at the end of the file buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax The command you typed appended the output from the file home txt to the file sneakers txt By appending the output you save yourself time and a bit of disk clutter by using existing files rather than creating a new file Compare the results of the files sneakers txt and saturday txt and you can see that they are identical To make your comparison type cat sneakers txt cat saturday txt The contents of both files are displayed first sneakers txt then saturday txt as shown in Figure 3 8 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 35 File Edit View Terminal Go Help sam halloween sam cat sneakers txt cat saturday txt buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee hone take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax sam halloween san D a Figure 3 8 Stringing Commands and Comparing Files 3 8 3 Redirecting Standard Input Not only can you redirect standard output yo
168. pes of words that are represented this way include the following command Linux commands and other operating system commands when used are represented this way This style should indicate to you that you can type the word or phrase on the command line and press Enter to invoke a command Sometimes a command contains words that would be displayed in a different style on their own such as file names In these cases they are considered to be part of the command so the entire phrase is displayed as a command For example Use the cat test file command to view the contents of a file named test file in the current working directory file name File names directory names paths and RPM package names are represented this way This style should indicate that a particular file or directory exists by that name on your system Examples The bashrc file in your home directory contains bash shell definitions and aliases for your own use The etc fstab file contains information about different system devices and file systems Install the webalizer RPM if you want to use a Web server log file analysis program application This style indicates that the program is an end user application as opposed to system software For example Use Mozilla to browse the Web key A key on the keyboard is shown in this style For example To use Tab completion type in a character and then press the Tab key Your terminal displays the list
169. pplets When you select an applet it appears on your panel In Figure 2 8 the Weather Report applet has been added to show the current local weather and temper ature SOsQuSaF eae Figure 2 8 The Weather Report Applet on the Panel To add a launcher icon to the panel right click in an unused area on the panel and select Add to Panel gt Launcher This launches a dialog box that allows you to enter the name of the application and the location and name of the command that starts the application such as usr bin foo You can even choose an icon for the application Click OK and the new launcher icon appears on the panel rx Another quick and easy way to add a launcher to the panel is to right click on an unused area of the panel and choose Add to Panel gt Launcher from menu Then select an application that appears in the menu This automatically adds a launcher icon based on the properties of the item in the Main Menu 2 2 5 Configuring the Desktop Panel You can hide the panel automatically or manually place it on any edge of your desktop change its size and color and change the way it behaves To alter the default panel settings right click in an unused area of the panel and select Properties You can set the size of the panel its position on the desktop and whether you want the panel to be automatically hidden Autohide when not in use If you choose to hide the panel it does not appear on the desktop until you mov
170. pplications that enhance images while others are general purpose file managers that have integrated image viewing functionality 10 1 1 Using Nautilus to View Images Nautilus is a general purpose file manager and browser for the graphical desktop environment Nau tilus has many functions beyond simple image viewing however for this section we only use it for basic image browsing For more information about Nautilus refer to Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop Nautilus is known for its ease of use and it handles images with the same ease as it does for other file types To begin browsing your image collection with Nautilus double click your home desktop icon P im This provides a view of all files and folders within your home directory Double click a supported image file and Nautilus opens the file Figure 10 1 illustrates how Nautilus automatically creates thumbnails of any images within a folder File Edit View Go Bookmarks Help I P AOGA A Back Forward Up Stop Reload Home Location ust share backgrounds images space 00 View as icons i Al ky TZIA apollo08_earthrise jpg apollo16_earth_northa apollo17_earth jpg apollo17_schmitt_boul _clem_full_moon_strtrk 20 5K merica jpg 74 7K der jpg jpg 238 8 K 225 8 K 55 0 K lt en gal_antarctica Jpg gal_australia jpg gal_earth_moon jpg gal_mid pacific jpg gal_moon_color jpg 58 6 K 6 57 7 57 0K 26 0K 685K K space selected containing 29 item
171. rates several complementary applications into one integrated package Using OpenOf fice org is much faster and easier than learning complex tags and code to format your documents and presentations It allows you complete control over the layout and content of your documents and lets you see the results as you edit it This real time visual form of document formatting is called what you see is what you get or WYSIWYG editing 7 1 1 OpenOffice org Features The OpenOffice org suite contains several applications for creating and editing documents spread sheets business presentations and artwork It includes templates forms and wizards for creating basic professional documents and presentations quickly If you have ever worked with or received doc or xls files you know they are commonly associated with the Microsoft Office suite The OpenOffice org suite is able to read edit and create files in several formats including files which are commonly associated with Microsoft Office Table 7 1 shows the many different types of files you can use and tasks you can accomplish with the OpenOffice org suite Application File Compatibility Document Types OpenOffice org sxw sdw doc rtf txt Formal letters business forms school Writer htm html papers resumes newsletters reports OpenOffice org E dbf xls sdc slk Spreadsheets charts tables graphs Cale htm html personnel directories address books budgets simple database
172. rechat com Search Back Forward Reload Stop Figure 5 2 The Mozilla Navigational Bar There is also a sidebar on the left that contains additional options such as integrated search function ality bookmarks and a What s Related option that displays webpages similar in topic to the page currently displayed in the main browsing area P File Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Window Help z gt E w 8 i http www redhat P Ss m Back Forward Reload Stop bi renat pany E Search Print m 3 Ak Home f Bookmarks Red Hat inc Red Hat Network G4 Suppor C Shop C Products Training Sidebar Tabs x account euv powmonn w redhat a ces gt What s Related E pro ear NETWORK 7 Sarh Software Professional Services Solutions SupportaDocs Training AboutRedHat Worldwide eis Bookmarks Add Manage Search Search 124 Personal Toolbar Fol Red Hat Inc Red Hat Network Hed Support i 4 Shop Hed Products ag Training RED HAT LINUX USERS Dev Lin Step Forward Enterprise Linux v 3 has arrived gt Migrate today A n Training Specials Save up to 300 Enroll now RED HAT RED HAT Figure 5 3 The Mozilla SideBar At the bottom left corner of the browser window there are the following small icons Navigator Mail amp Newsgroups Composer Address Book and IRC Chat These are separate applica
173. rent displayed webpage or document Ctrl right arrow Moves forward by one link or page Ctrl left arrow Moves backward by one link or page Ctrl R Reloads the current page Ctrl H Opens the browsing history Ctrl L Moves the cursor to the browser s address field Ctrl F Finds a keyword or string within a page Table 5 1 Keyboard Shortcuts redhat Chapter 6 Email Applications Email is a very popular way of communicating with others over the Internet You can use email with an email client an application that understands the various email transmission standards and allows you to send receive and read email Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes several email applications including graphical email clients like Evolution and Mozilla Mail and text based clients like mutt All of the email client applications are designed to suit certain types of users so you can choose one with the features that best suits your particular needs The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how to use some of the popular email applications included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux Since all email clients perform the same basic tasks send and receive email you should choose one that is convenient and easy to use This chapter briefly discusses the following email clients Evolution Mozilla Mail Mutt a text based email client Before you launch an email client you should have some information from your Internet Se
174. representing an application folder shortcut or system resource such as a diskette drive Launcher icons usually refer to application shortcuts Man page and Info page Man short for manual and Info pages give detailed information about a command or file man pages tend to be brief and provide less explanation than Info pages For example to read the man page for the su command type man su ata shell prompt or type info su for the info page To close man or Info pages press q Panel A desktop toolbar usually located across the bottom of your desktop such as Figure 1 8 The panel contains the Main Menu button and shortcut icons to start commonly used programs Panels can also be customized to suit your needs SOSSdeai Qn Figure 1 8 The Desktop Panel e Root Root is an administrative user account created during installation and has complete access to the system You must be logged in as root to accomplish certain system administration tasks such as changing administrative passwords and running system configuration tools User accounts are created so that typical user tasks can be done without using the root account which can reduce the chance of damaging your Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation or applications permanently RPM RPM stands for RPM Package Manager and is how Red Hat builds and delivers its software files An RPM is a software package file you can install on your Red Hat Enterprise Linux computer
175. ries or files beginning with those letters remain Once you select a file it appears in the Selection field near the bottom of the dialog On the right side of the dialog a thumbnail preview is displayed Alternatively a Generate Preview button is displayed If you want to view a thumbnail of the image click on the Generate Preview button After selecting a file click on the OK button to open it You can also double click on a file name to open it 10 2 3 Saving a File To save an image file right click on the image and choose File gt Save or Save as The Save Image dialog appears if you choose Save as or if you choose Save and the file has not been saved before The Save Image dialog looks almost exactly like the Load Image dialog and navigation of the file system tree and choosing files works in the same way When saving an image you must choose an image format The GIMP supports a wide variety of image formats including gif png jpg and bmp 94 Chapter 10 Working with Images 10 2 4 GIMP Options Like many applications the GIMP provides more than one method to accomplish tasks The easiest way to work with images is to right click the image which displays a set of menus containing most of the GIMP s many capabilities including image sizing rotation and filter application For example to make an image appear as if it was clipped from a newspaper right click on the image within the GIMP and select Filters
176. rvice Provider ISP handy so that you can configure the client properly The following lists a few important things you may need to know Your email address The email address you use to send and receive mail This is usually in the form of yourname yourisp net Server type for receiving email POP or IMAP In order to receive mail you must know what type of server your network administrator or ISP is using This POP or IMAP address is usually in the form of mail someisp net POP short for Post Office Protocol is used to send email from a mail server to your email client s inbox the place where incoming email is stored Most ISP email servers use the POP protocol although some can use the newer IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol IMAP short for Internet Message Access Protocol is a protocol for retrieving email messages from your ISP s email server IMAP differs from POP in that email from IMAP servers are stored on the server and stays there even as you download and read your mail whereas POP mail is downloaded to your email client directly and does not stay on the server Server type for sending email SMTP The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP is a protocol for sending email messages between servers Most email systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another the messages can then be retrieved with an email client using either POP or IMAP SMTP is also used to send messa
177. ryl directoryl directory2 directoryl directory2 directory3 If you are currently in directory3 and you want to switch to directory1 you need to move up in the directory tree Executing the command cd directoryl while you are in directory3 presents you with an error message explaining that there is no such directory This is because there is no directory1 below directory3 To move up to directoryl type cd directoryl This is an example of an absolute path It tells Linux to start at the top of the directory tree and change to directoryl A path is absolute if the first character is a Otherwise it is a relative path Using absolute paths allows you to change to a directory from the directory which requires you to know and type the complete path Using relative paths allows you to change to a directory relative to the directory you are currently in which can be convenient if you are changing to a subdirectory within your current directory The command cd tells your system to go up to the directory immediately above the one in which you are currently working To go up two directories use the cd command Use the following exercise to test what you have learned regarding absolute and relative paths From your home directory type the relative path cd etc X11 After using the full command in the example you should be in the directory x11 which is where configuration files and directories related to the X W
178. s Figure 10 1 Contents of a Folder in Nautilus 92 Chapter 10 Working with Images Double click on any thumbnail icon to view the image at its native size and the image loads within the browser window To increase or decrease the size of the viewed image in Nautilus click on the zoom buttons next to the Location field as shown in Figure 10 2 Location jusr share backgrounds images space apollo08_earthrise jpg M00 View as Image Y Figure 10 2 The Zoom Function in Nautilus Click the button to increase the size of the image or to decrease it 10 2 Manipulating Images with the GIMP The GNU Image Manipulation Program GIMP is a powerful application that can create alter ma nipulate and enhance digital image files 10 2 1 GIMP Basics To use the GIMP you must know some of the basics Start the GIMP from the desktop by choosing Main Menu gt Graphics gt The GIMP or from a shell prompt start the GIMP using the command gimp Figure 10 3 illustrates a typical GIMP session J cree ns 08 15 Ele xme Holo PIN Ri 2 Pd 2 EA AJE EJ 9 ALS S 5 MAET say Po Rectangular Selection Creamer gaa Radus aC Fired Size Aspect Ratio il wiare Height T V Layers Channels amp Paths eal Image oa plieteshis poz O Keep Tans S
179. s OpenOffice org sxi Business and academic presentations Impress Web presentations lectures slide shows OpenOffice org sxd sda export files to several Illustrations line drawings clip art Draw image formats including jpg bmp organizational charts gif and png Table 7 1 OpenOffice org Features As you can see the OpenOffice org suite has many file compatibility features and allows you to 74 Chapter 7 Working with Documents accomplish several tasks for academic business or home use The following sections shows you how to use the OpenOffice org suite 7 1 2 OpenOffice org Writer Writing documents using OpenOffice org is similar to other word processing applications you may have used before A word processor is like a text editor but has several additional features that allow you to format design and print your documents without the need to memorize complex formatting tags or codes OpenOffice org Writer is a powerful word processor that features WYSIWYG for matting what you see in the OpenOffice org Writer window is exactly what you get if you printed the document or if you gave the document file to someone else for them to view Figure 7 1 shows OpenOffice org Writer in action File Edit View Insert Format Tools Window Help EJ Seu 6 t Default v Nimbus Sans 22 7 Bi u AAS plete 2 a OT en Tay dg 13 14 y 16 gt 2 e P Ej I z OpenOffice org Writer r
180. s The User Manager tool allows you to add and remove users from your system Refer to Section 1 6 Creating a User Account for details You may also find server configuration tools in the Start Here area depending on which variant of Red Hat Enterprise Linux you installed These tools help you configure services and applications you are using on the local machine to serve other machines The server configuration tools are found by clicking on the System Settings icon and then the Server Settings icon A few examples of the tools found in this area are the HTTP Configuration Tool and the Domain Name Service Configuration Tool You must have those server applications installed before these tools appear in this section Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide for details 2 5 Logging Out When you have finished working and want to quit GNOME you are presented with the choice of logging out of GNOME leaving the system running restarting the machine or halting the system completely Are you sure you want to log out Save current setup Action Log Out Shut Down Restart the computer T Help 3 Cancel OK Figure 2 12 The Desktop Log Out Confirmation Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 23 To quit the graphical desktop select the Log Out menu item from the Main Menu This brings up a dialog which presents you with the options listed above 24
181. s To view the xpdf man page at a shell prompt type man xpdf 50 Chapter 5 Web Browsing Introduction Welcome to Konqueror 2 9 9 ten Konqueror sou have your Merve a yot tommone tepung heat or mbearta vey Win aqual wasn Thans t me canponare toeneaiagy uias Pmaytaut KCE Kinguirar i also Mil fesned esty 1 ute and conais We Browser With you bar ve ND ght Figure 5 9 Welcome to Konqueror When you first launch Konqueror you will be presented with an Introduction screen This sereen offers basic instructions for browsing webpage or your local file system If you click Continue you will be presented with the Tips screen This sereen shows you basic tips for using Konqueror so that you can begin to take advantage of the features By clicking Continue from the Tips screen you will see the Specifications screen This screen dis plays information on supported standards such as Cascading Stylesheets plug ins and OpenSSL featured protocols and more To begin your first Web search enter a URL in the open field beside Location For additional information on using Konqueror click on Help on the top menu panel and then on Konqueror Handbook A pj a I fPIC A e E Figure 7 10 xpdf To view a PDF with xpdf 1 In your desktop environment go to Main Menu gt Graphics gt PDF Viewer You can also launch xpdf by typing xpdf at a shell prompt 2 Right click in the xpdf screen to display
182. s very controllable textures and pictures or backgrounds can be added all this makes for a visually appealing message when it gets to the recipient On the other hand plain text email is just that plain text They is nothing fancy there are no pictures embedded in the email and there are no special fonts Plain text emails are simple The term plain text refers to textual data in ASCII format Plain text also called clear text is the most portable format because it is supported by nearly every email application on various types of machines This chapter discusses the mutt plain text email client 6 3 1 Using Mutt Mutt is a small but very powerful text based mail client for UNIX operating systems Mutt s configuration file mut trc gives mutt its flexibility and configurability It is also this file that might give new users problems The number of options that mutt has available to it are truly astounding mutt allows the user to control nearly all of the functions that mutt uses to send receive and read your mail As is true with all powerful software it takes time to understand the features and what they can do for you Most of the options are invoked using the set or unset commands with either boolean or string values e g set folder Mail All configuration options can be changed at any time by typing a followed by the relevant com mand For example unset help turns off the handy keyboard command hints at
183. s write output verbose v which is useful for tracking the status of the write process The e ject argument ejects the CD ROM after the write process is complete The same command can also be used for burning ISO image files downloaded from the Internet such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux ISO images You can use cdrecord to blank CD RW discs for reuse by typing the following cdrecord dev 0 3 0 blank fast 104 Chapter 11 Diskettes and CD ROMs 11 4 Additional Resources This chapter briefly covers several applications Refer to the following resources for more information about the applications in this chapter 11 4 1 Installed Documentation cdrecord man page Discusses how to burn data audio and mixed mode CD ROMs Offers all options and commands in detail including some example commands for common CD R W burning tasks usr share doc cdrecord lt version gt where lt version gt is the version of cdrecord installed on your system Several documentation files are included with general usage and li censing information mkisofs man page Comprehensive detail of the utility including some warnings about creating certain types of ISO images Offers all options and commands in detail including some example commands for creating common ISO image files usr share doc mkisofs lt version gt where lt version gt is the version of mkisofs in stalled on your system Several documentation files are included w
184. sesesesssessssssesesseuesesesesessesesessseeseseees i 1s Getting Started snan a a aa EEE EE casoweun len E REARS 1 1 1 Setup Agent 1 2 Introductory Terms 1 3 Logging In 1 4 Graphical Interface 1 5 Opening a Shell Prompt 1 6 Creating a User Account 1 7 Documentation and Help 10 1 8 Logging Out 12 1 9 Shutting Down your Computer eee cece cseseeecsesesesetenetseseseetesesseneaes 13 2 Using the Graphical Desktop eieaeoeaii 15 2 1 Using the Desktop ee 22 Usingthe Panela uono rea E E AREE EA EEE R 23 Using Names rainen nA AERE R 2 4 Start Here z 3 Shell Prompt Basics 0 2 5 Logging Out 3 1 Why Use a Shell Prompt 3 2 The History of the Shell ls 3 3 Determining Your Current Directory with pwd e sssssesssisisrsrrsiereersrrsrerisrereen 26 3 4 Changing Directories With CO ccc ecsesecsesesescesesescscscecessesssssseenesseseaeeees 3 5 View Directory Contents with ls 3 6 Locating Files and Directories 3 7 Clearing and Resetting the Terminal cece sees ce cseseeeseeeeeeeeeenenaes 31 3 8 Manipulating Files with cat 3 9 Pipes and Pagers s s s 3 10 More Commands for Reading Text Files cece ceeseteeeeseeeeeeeeteeaeees 37 3 11 Command History and Tab Completion te 3D 3 12 Using Multiple Commands 40 3 13 Ownership and Permissions 4 Managing Files and Directories 00 4 1
185. t means click the left mouse button If you need to use the middle or right mouse button that will be explicitly stated This will be reversed if you ve configured your mouse to be used by a left handed person The phrase drag and drop may be familiar to you If you re instructed to drag and drop an item on your GUI desktop click on something and hold the mouse button down While continuing to hold down the mouse button drag the item by moving the mouse to a new location When you ve reached the desired location release the mouse button to drop the item 5 We Need Feedback If you spot a typographical error in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide or if you have thought of a way to make this manual better we would love to hear from you Please submit a report in Bugzilla http bugzilla redhat com bugzilla against the component rhel sbs When submitting a bug report be sure to mention the manual s identifier rhel sbs EN 3 Print RHI 2003 11 12T01 05 If you have a suggestion for improving the documentation try to be as specific as possible when de scribing it If you have found an error please include the section number and some of the surrounding text so we can find it easily 6 Sign Up for Support If you have a variant of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 please remember to sign up for the benefits you are entitled to as a Red Hat customer Registration enables access to the Red Hat Services you have purc
186. t time you open it You can also choose File gt Save As to save an existing file under a new name or in a different location which is convenient if for example you are editing a configuration file and you want to test your changes without losing your original configuration For more information about gedit choose Help gt Contents from the file menus to access the gedit manual 7 2 1 Shell Prompt Text Editors If you are not using a graphical desktop and want to read and modify a text or configuration file Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes the vi pronounced vee eye text editor vi is a simple application that opens within the shell prompt and allows you to view search and modify text files To start vi type vi at a shell prompt To open a file with vi type vi lt filename gt ata shell prompt File Edit View Terminal Go Help Updated versions of the Apache HTTP server PHP and mod_ssl are now fl available which close possible buffer overflows in the Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool fixes two cross site scripting vulnerabilities in the error pages and fix possible local privilege escalation These updates also fix vulnerabilities in the PHP mail function that allows script authors to bypass safe mode restrictions and possibly allow remote attackers to insert arbitrary mail headers and content into messages tmp blah txt 7L 498C 1 1 All fyi Figure 7 9 vi By default vi opens a file in Norm
187. t to read the man pages for bzip2 and bunzip2 4 3 2 2 Gzip and Gunzip To use gzip to compress a file type the following command at a shell prompt gzip filename The file is compressed and saved as filename gz To expand the compressed file type the following command gunzip filename gz The filename gz compressed file is deleted and replaced with filename You can use gzip to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one gzip r filename gz filel file2 file3 usr work school The above command compresses filel file2 file3 and the contents of the usr work school directory assuming this directory exists and places them in a file named filename gz Qi For more information type man gzip and man gunzip ata shell prompt to read the man pages for gzip and gunzip 4 3 2 3 Zip and Unzip To compress a file with zip type the following command zip r filename zip filesdir In this example filename zip represents the file you are creating and filesdir represents the directory you want to put in the new zip file The r option specifies that you want to include all files contained in the filesdir directory recursively To extract the contents of a zip file type the following command unzip filename zip You can use zip to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one zip r filename zip filel file2 fi
188. te a file Take a closer look at sneakers txt with the 1s command using the 1 option refer to Figure 3 11 There is a lot of detail provided here You can see who can read r and write to w the file as well as who created the file sam and to which group the owner belongs sam Remember that by default the name of your group is the same as your login name File Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam ls l sneakers txt 5 Irw rw r 1 sam sam 66 Aug 16 14 21 sneakers txt sam Halloween sam J Figure 3 11 Permissions for sneakers txt Other information to the right of the group includes file size date and time of file creation and file name The first column shows current permissions it has ten slots The first slot represents the type of file The remaining nine slots are actually three sets of permissions for three different categories of users For example LW IW rE 42 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics Those three sets are the owner of the file the group in which the file belongs and others meaning other users on the system rw rw r 1 sam sam type owner group others The first item which specifies the file type can show one of the following e d a directory e dash a regular file rather than directory or link e 1 a symbolic link to another program or file elsewhere on the system Beyond the first item in each of the following three sets
189. th Gnu Privacy Guard 135 Hl File Edit Settings Help BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK Version GnuPG v1 0 1 GNU Linux Comment For info see httpt www gnupg org mQGi BDKHPSURBACKWGsh43pkXU9uj XLGB7KS8 DSr 185r 7dNtHNFLL ewi 110k2 q8sall In2602PsD qdUIMOdHF JGKOTAtSNzObgc rxL YNFgeBsvkHF POtnYcZRoL tZGsyBBlis8JB4xt5 09i ISGAMPUQES Jpdn2aRXPApdolwi 7SLMSRq6r quClg5ZZa pGN1 kgFu24ulhSuCizg4OTbMD SMICSxFLOSEKSHXcB3yh j o0LmIrGAYBgolldrRd BIGJOOFHYINSwCSYhN 4nGHilpaTxgEtnb4CI1wI G3DK901 YMyRJinkGJBXYFP3b cCOmgATDF Sug Amddi tnw deXqn eavalxRXIM ROSgJ Jy pbA02Z0qKe6L6 InbSH kjoZA SobTm499dDNRO CNRI2ZFASprOzriy ziLUow cg 59nt bEbSnv LmFmUNG SWOjCH pIQHSlerV EookyOyq3ocld jeRYF d2j1SxmeSyL2H3t DvnuE6vgqF U N sdvby4B2 Iku7S hOBWEGPOAe pzdyX9v5 PnfSosu7W3 j 60WprOkUGFIbCBHYlxs bldoZ I gPHBhdllxnblxsQHJ1ZGhhdC5 jb20 iF YEExECABYFAjJKHPSUECwoEAuMY Aw DFgI BAaheARAOJEJECmyGCPShipM jQAoNF2zvRodR 8or SpBhu9SzeSnkb7AKCm uX SO0a5KoN J61 1vEwx11poLk BDOOSBz MEAGASztclRI jlWScHCgLaE402 jyq0 37gDT n4 SBEnU Y I tzDFSc mghuFRzhibLb1 f09TpZzxEbSF3T6pShLLnHCO1bD HRskfhOeJ YMNGBS HyUpNeqCMEEdSAnwDSP4rOt07Pes38sV01 XO0Svs TYNGIwEB VSNZk R1 phASSris8cAAWWEA jqazvkObgFrwLOPG9m7FEeD1 vPSYEHSA0Fyzdus cfckfpuxg URONF3T JAQOAcprk8Gg8J2CtebAYR sP5Isrk5111uGdk 0M85F pT fcen20dJtToAF 6FGnIkeCePLOS all TbDgdAUHBRykpdlIUSGIFNSE923FYg5SkhOllg uwrAiEYEGBECAAYFAjKHP4uACgkOkOKa8Y 19 Jam iwlfXox HjlorMKnORIkeBcZ iLyPH10A0133Ft OHBaL
190. the Open Preferences button Here you can set themes for the player as well as set the behavior of the CD ROM drive when you open or quit the CD Player application CD player device Apply change When Gnome CD Player starts When Gnome CD Player quits Do nothing Do nothing Start playing CD Stop playing CD Stop playing CD Attempt to open CD tray C Attempt to close CD tray Attempt to close CD tray Theme name kad icd redia iv X Close Figure 8 2 CD Player Preferences 84 Chapter 8 Audio Video and General Amusement 8 2 Playing Digital Audio Files Digital audio has become very popular in recent years Users enjoy the technology because the sound quality is excellent compared to analog tape or records and the files are compact audio files can easily be transferred across the Internet To take advantage of this technology Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes the powerful X Multimedia System XMMS a cross platform multimedia player which allows you to play several digital audio file formats a e Meno a O sHurr C REP Figure 8 3 XMMS Interface XMMS can be used for more than just playing digital audio files By default XMMS can play Ogg Vorbis RIFF wave and most module formats Additionally XMMS can be extended via plugins to play a number of other digital multimedia formats To launch XMMS go to Main Menu gt Sound amp Video gt Audio Play
191. the top of the screen To turn those hints back on type set help If you cannot remember the command you want to use there is always tab completion to help you You do not have to type all your preferred configuration commands each time you run mutt you can save them in a file which is loaded every time the program starts up This configuration file must exist in your home directory it has to be named either muttrc or mutt muttre When you launch mutt by typing mutt at a shell prompt a screen appears with a list of email messages This initial menu is called the index File Edit Settings Help 10F Mar To root saniano 6 LogUatch for sa snot rdu redhat cor Figure 6 8 mutt Main Screen 72 Chapter 6 Email Applications These messages are in a default mail folder often called the mailspool that you can think of as your inbox Use the K and J keys on your keyboard to move the highlighted cursor up and down the list of messages In the index or pager views use the R key to reply to a message or the M key to create a new one Mutt prompts for the To address and the Subject line A text editor defined by your EDITOR environmental variable in the configuration file then launches allowing you to compose your message Type your message save your file and exit the editor After editing your email Mutt displays the compose menu where you can customize your message headers change the encoding add file attac
192. the type of slide you want to create You can select a pre formatted slide from the list or start with a blank slide and customize the layout yourself To add new slides to your presentation click Insert Slide in the floating toolbar and a pop up window appears allowing you to choose the layout of the new slide You can have as many slides in your presentation as you need You can also preview your presentation at any point by selecting Slide Show gt Slide Show from the file menus The presentation is presented in full screen which you can exit by cycling through every slide until you reach the end or by pressing the Esc key at any point in the slide show Your presentation can be saved in several file formats You can save in the native OpenOffice org Impress format for example mypresentation sxi the Microsoft PowerPoint format mypresentation ppt or StarImpress format mypresentation sdd You can also print your presentation to plain or transparent paper formats by clicking File gt Print from the file menu Chapter 7 Working with Documents 79 To learn more about OpenOffice org Impress click Help gt Contents from the file menus 7 1 5 OpenOffice org Draw If you want to create graphics for your documents and presentations you can use OpenOffice org Draw Using your mouse as a you would a pen or a paintbrush OpenOffice org Draw allows you to make illustrations and save them in several formats that you can add to printed
193. though this manual reflects the most current information possible read the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Release Notes for information that may not have been available prior to our documenta tion being finalized They can be found on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CD 1 and online at http www redhat com docs 1 Changes to This Manual This manual was previously published under the title Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide It has been renamed and incorporated into the Red Hat Enterprise Linux documentation set It has been modified to include new features in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 and reflect changes in documented procedures that are not supported in Red Hat Enterprise Linux Changes to this manual include ii Introduction Getting Started With GNU Privacy Guard This new chapter discusses sending and receiving secure email using GNU Privacy Guard GPG The chapter discusses the configuration and usage of GPG with an email client Diskettes and CD ROMs The section discussing X CD Roast was removed as it is no longer included in Red Hat Enter prise Linux Email Applications The section discussing pine was removed as it is no longer included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2 Document Conventions When you read this manual certain words are represented in different fonts typefaces sizes and weights This highlighting is systematic different words are represented in the same style to indicate their inclusion in a specific category The ty
194. tility which can help you keep short lists gather lists together and even show you information about your system The utility is called cat short for concatenate which means to combine files The command cat also displays the contents of an entire file on the screen for example type cat filename txt If the file is fairly long it quickly scrolls past you on the screen To prevent this use the cat filename txt less command Using the pipe I and the less command together displays the file one page at a time You can then use the up and down arrow keys to move backward and forward through the pages For more on using pipes to combine two separate functions refer to Section 3 9 Pipes and Pagers 3 8 1 Using Redirection Redirection means causing the shell to change what it considers to be standard input or where the standard output should be going To redirect standard output use the gt symbol Placing gt after the cat command or after any utility or application that writes to standard output directs its output to the file name following the symbol For example using cat by itself outputs whatever you input to the screen as if it were repeating the line you just typed The following example shows cat repeating every line that is entered File Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cat buy some sneakers buy some sneakers then go to the coffee shop then go to the coffee shop then buy some coffee then buy
195. tion to System Administration Primary Writer Maintainer of the Release Notes Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Installation Guide for the x86 Itanium and AMD64 Architectures Johnray Fuller Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Reference Guide Co writer Co maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security Guide Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Introduction to System Administration John Ha Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Cluster Suite Configuring and Managing a Cluster Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Glossary Primary Writer Maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Installation Guide for the IBM S 390 and IBM eServer zSeries Ar chitectures Co writer Co maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security Guide Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Introduction to System Administration Contributing Writer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Step By Step Guide The Red Hat Localization Team consists of the following people Jean Paul Aubry French translations David Barzilay Brazilian Portuguese translations Bernd Groh German translations James Hashida Japanese translations Michelle Ji yeen Kim Korean translations Yelitza Louze Spanish translations Noriko Mizumoto Japanese translations Nadine Richter German translations Audrey Simons French translations Francesco Valente Italian translat
196. tions integrated into the Mozilla suite and are useful for experiencing email chat news and other aspects of the Internet besides the Web For information on using the Mozilla Mail email client refer to Chapter 6 Email Applications Finally there is the Personal Toolbar which can be customized with your own bookmarks or quickly take you back to your homepage The Personal Toolbar is useful for keeping and categorizing web pages so that you do not have to type the address every time you want to access the page To add a site to your Personal Toolbar click and hold the left mouse button on the small icon next to the URL in the address field and drag it directly to the Personal Toolbar or into a folder icon You can access Personal Toolbar folders by clicking the icon and choosing the website from the drop down menu Chapter 5 Web Browsing 63 Mozilla also allows you to browse multiple websites within one browser window using navigational tabs Instead of using two or more separate windows to read multiple webpages you can open a tab by clicking File gt New gt Navigator Tab or by pressing Ctrl and T at the same time This opens the new tab and allows you to switch between tabs by clicking on them To close a tab right click on the tab and choose Close Tab from the menu or click the X at the right of the tab bar to close the tab currently displayed For additional information on using Mozilla click on Help on the top menu panel and t
197. to your screen If you have configured a printer type the following to pipe the output of a command to the printer ls al etc lpr 112 Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions 12 8 Forgotten Password Help I forgot my root password How do I log in now You can log in using single user mode and create a new root password To enter single user mode reboot your computer If you use the default boot loader GRUB you can enter single user mode by performing the following p At the boot loader menu use the arrow keys to highlight the installation you want to edit and type A to enter into append mode 2 You are presented with a prompt that looks similar to the following grub append gt ro root LABEL 3 Press the Spacebar once to add a blank space then add the word single to tell GRUB to boot into single user Linux mode The result should look like the following ro root LABEL single 4 Press Enter and GRUB will boot single user Linux mode After it finishes loading you will be presented with a shell prompt similar to the following sh 2 05b 5 You can now change the root password by typing passwd root You will be asked to re type the password for verification Once you are finished the password will be changed You can then reboot by typing reboot at the prompt then you can log in to root as you normally would 12 9 Password Maintenance I forgot or want to change my user account password Open a shell pr
198. txt created in Section 3 8 1 Using Redirection The first time however at the shell prompt type cat sneakrs txt Nothing happens of course because there is no sneakrs txt file Use the Up Arrow key to bring back the command then use the Left Arrow key to get to the point where we missed the e Insert the letter and press Enter again We now see the contents of the sneakers txt file 40 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics By default up to 500 commands can be stored in the bash command line history file o By typing the env command at a shell prompt we can see the environment variable that controls the size of the command line history The line which reads HISTFILESIZE 500 shows the number of commands that bash stores The command line history is actually kept in a file called bash_history in your login directory We can read it in a number of ways by using vi cat less more and others Be aware that the file can be long To read it with the more command from your home directory type more bash_history To move forward a screen press Space to move back a screen press B to quit press Q Qr To find a command in your history file without having to keep hitting the arrow keys or page through the history file use grep refer to Section 3 10 3 The grep Command Here is how you can quickly find a previously used command say you are searching for a command that is similar to cat sneak something You have
199. type grep coffee sneakers txt lpr 3 10 5 Wildcards and Regular Expressions What if you forget the name of the file you are looking for Using wildcards or regular expressions you can perform actions on a file or files without knowing the complete file name First type out what you know and then substitute the remainder with a wildcard Wildcards are special symbols that can be substituted for letters numbers and symbols Wildcards make finding particular directories and files easier than examining long directory listings to find what you are searching for o To read more about wildcards and regular expressions take a look at the bash man page man bash Remember that you can save the file to a text file by typing man bash col b gt bash txt Then you can open and read the file with 1ess or with an editor such as vi vi bash txt If you want to print the file be aware that it is quite long To find a file is called sneaksomething txt type ls sneak txt The name of the file appears sneakers txt Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 39 You will probably use the asterisk most frequently when you are searching The asterisk searches out everything that matches the pattern you are looking for By typing ls txt or is sn you would find sneakers txt and any other files whose name ends with t xt or begins with sn The asterisk helps to narrow your search as much as possible Another way to narrow a search is
200. u can perform the same type of redirection with standard input When you use the redirect standard input symbol lt you are telling the shell that you want a file to be read as input for a command Use a file you have already created to demonstrate this idea Type cat lt sneakers txt Because you used the less than symbol lt to separate the cat command from the file the output of sneakers txt was read by cat Ele Edit View Terminal Go Help sam Halloween sam cat lt sneakers txt buy some sneakers then go to the cofee shop then buy some coffee bring the coffee home take off shoes put on sneakers make some coffee relax sam Halloween sam J BP i Figure 3 9 Redirecting Standard Input 36 Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 3 9 Pipes and Pagers In Linux pipes connect the standard output of one command to the standard input of another com mand Consider the 1s command that was discussed earlier There are plenty of options available with 1s but what if the contents of a directory scroll by too quickly for you to view them View the contents of the etc directory with the command ls al etc How do you get a closer look at the output before it moves off the screen One way is to pipe the output to a utility called less a pager utility that allows you to view informa tion one page or screen at a time Use the vertical bar to pipe the commands ls al etc less No
201. u do not have proper permission to install RPM files When you install software you are often required to make system wide changes which only root can make such as creating new directories outside of your home directory or making changes to your system configuration If you are using your normal user account you do not have permission to make such changes by default You need to be the root user to install RPM files At a shell prompt switch to the root user by running the following command Suk After entering the root password when prompted you should then be able to install the RPM file without further errors For more information about using RPM and Package Management Tool refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Administration Guide on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Documentation CD or online at http www redhat com docs 12 3 Starting Applications I installed an application I downloaded from the Internet and everything seemed to go fine but I still get command not found when I type its name I think I have the right name so why does it not start 108 Chapter 12 Frequently Asked Questions If you are trying to start an application from the shell prompt and it is not working try typing out the full directory path before the name of the application s executable such as usr local bin my executable For example imagine that you have downloaded the setiathome client application and want to try it out You follow the
202. u need to transfer files between Linux and other operating system such as MS Windows you should use zip because it is more compatible with the compression utilities on Windows Compression Tool File Decompression Tool Extension gzip zip zip Table 4 1 Compression Tools By convention files compressed with bzip2 are given the extension bz2 files compressed with gzip are given the extension gz and files compressed with zip are given the extension zip Files compressed with gzip are uncompressed with gunzip files compressed with bzip2 are un compressed with bunzip2 and files compressed with zip are uncompressed with unzip 4 3 2 1 Bzip2 and Bunzip2 To use bzip2 to compress a file type the following command at a shell prompt bzip2 filename The file is compressed and saved as filename bz2 To expand the compressed file type the following command bunzip2 filename bz2 The filename bz2 compressed file is deleted and replaced with filename You can use bzip2 to compress multiple files and directories at the same time by listing them with a space between each one bzip2 filename bz2 filel file2 file3 usr work school The above command compresses filel file2 file3 and the contents of the usr work school directory assuming this directory exists and places them in a file named filename bz2 Chapter 4 Managing Files and Directories 53 Om For more information type man bzip2 and man bunzip2 at a shell promp
203. uble click the Start Here icon select Prefer ences and finally select Background Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop 21 Select picture You can drag image files into the window to set the background picture default png Picture Options Wallpaper Centered Scaled Stretched No Picture Background Style Vertical gradient Y Top Color EE Bottom Color Ml Brelp x Close Figure 2 10 The Background Preferences Tool The Background Preferences tool allows you to load a new background from a directory of provided images usr share backgrounds images You can also drag an image into the window from your own image directory There are several additional options for displaying your background image The Wallpaper option displays multiple instances of your image across the desktop which is useful if you use a small image or if you use a tile or pattern image from usr share backgrounds tiles or from your own image collection The Centered option places your image in the center of the desktop leaving the default background colors to fill in any remaining desktop space To fill the desktop with an image without tiling it use the Scaled or Stretched options Figure 2 11 shows a background image of flowers and plants that is stretched to fill the entire desktop Figure 2 11 The Desktop with a New Background If y
204. unches the registration component Right click on the applet icon for a list of options from which to choose Oo Figure 2 5 Red Hat Network Alert Notification Tool The Authentication Icon The key icon that is sometimes displayed in the Notification Area is a security notification that displays whenever you have gained root authentication for your system such as running a graphical system configuration tool It disappears when the authentication times out elt W Figure 2 6 Authentication Icon Printer Notification Icon The Printer Notification Icon allows you to manage your print jobs Click on the icon to view running print jobs and cancel jobs by right clicking on the job and selecting Cancel The Printer Notification Icon only appears during an active print job If the print job you have is small you may not see the icon appear 18 Chapter 2 Using the Graphical Desktop m Figure 2 7 The Printer Notification Icon waming If you cannot see any of the notification icons then the notification area was removed from the desktop panel To add the it back to your panel right click on the panel and choose Add to Panel gt Utility gt Notification Area 2 2 4 Adding Icons and Applets to the Panel To make the panel fit your needs you may want to add more applets and launcher icons To add an applet to the panel right click in an unused area on the panel select Add to Panel and choose from the various types of a
205. undo your mistakes by right clicking on the image and choosing Edit gt Undo 10 3 Additional Resources While this chapter covers image applications briefly there is much more detailed information avail able Refer to the following resources if you are interested in learning more about the applications in this chapter 10 3 1 Installed Documentation Often software packages include comprehensive documentation The GIMP manual page contains some of the more advanced command line options and environ ment variables associated with it You can read the manual page by typing man gimp at a shell or terminal prompt The GIMP also has a help browser accessible by choosing Help gt Help from the GIMP toolbar menu 10 3 2 Useful Websites The Web has several sites of interest if you are looking for more detailed information about an appli cation covered in this chapter http www gimp org The official GIMP website http www rru com meo gimp faq user html A Frequently Asked Questions FAQ list for questions commonly asked about the GIMP by GIMP users as opposed to developers http manual gimp org manual The online GIMP User Manual http gimp savvy com The companion website to the book Grokking the GIMP by Carey Bunks The entire book is also available on the site for download http tigert gimp org gimp The GIMP website of tigert Tuomas Kuosmanen 10 3 3 Related Books If you
206. w you can view the contents of etc one screen at a time To move forward a screen press Space to move back a screen press B to quit press Q Alternatively you can use the arrow keys to navigate with less To search the output of a text file using less press and then type the keyword you want to search for within the file For example Linux Pipes can also be used to print only certain lines from a file Type grep coffee sneakers txt lpr This command prints every line in the sneakers txt file that mentions the word coffee read more about grep in Section 3 10 3 The grep Command 3 9 1 The more Command The main difference between more and less is that less allows backward and forward movement using the arrow keys while more only uses the Spacebar and the B key for forward and backward navigation List the contents of the etc directory using 1s and more ls al etc more Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 37 Bile Edit View Terminal Go Help sam halloween sam ls al etc more 5 total 1840 drwxr xr x 56 root root 4096 Sep 8 23 35 21 root root 4096 Sep 8 21 22 1root root 15228 Aug 5 06 14 a2ps cfg 1 root root 2562 Aug 5 06 14 a2ps site cfg 1root root 46 Sep 8 19 58 adjtime 4 root root 4096 Sep 6 17 51 alchemist 1root root 1295 Aug 29 15 38 aliases 1 root smmsp 12288 Sep 8 21 22 aliases db 2 root root 4096 Sep 6 18 07 alternatives 1 root root 317 Aug 28 06 33 anacrontab 1 r
207. xt editor other editors you can use in place of Gedit include nano and vi b The more pager can also be used to page through a file one screen at a time c The mv command can both move a file and if you want to rename a file in the same directory move that file to the same directory with a new name Table D 1 Similar Commands O redhat Appendix E System Directories This is a list of the primary Red Hat Enterprise Linux system directories Each directory is described briefly For additional directory information refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux System Adminis tration Guide and the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Reference Guide bin Used to store user commands The directory usr bin also stores user commands e sbin Location of many system commands such as shutdown The directory usr sbin also contains many system commands e root The home directory of root the superuser misc This directory is used for automatically mounting directories on removeable devices such as Zip drives and remote directories such as NFS shares using aut ofs Refer to the autofs manual page type man autofs at a shell prompt for more information mnt This directory typically contains the mount points for file systems mounted after the system is booted For example the default CD ROM mount point is mnt cdrom boot Contains the kernel and other files used during system startup e lost found
208. you want to book mark and then select Bookmarks gt Add Bookmark 2 4 1 Customizing the Desktop From the Start Here screen you can select the Preferences icon to configure your desktop which presents you with a wide selection of configuration options The following lists a few of the options and tools in each area Background You can configure your background with new colors or a new image To learn more about con figuring your desktop background refer to Section 2 4 1 1 Changing your Desktop Background Keyboard Shortcuts You can configure shortcuts pressing a combination of keystrokes on the keyboard to perform actions within an application or on your desktop For example you can configure a shortcut to move from your current Workspace to Workspace 2 by pressing Ctrl F2 Sound In this section you can configure the system sounds associated with various functions For exam ple to play a sound when you log in to your desktop you can configure it 2 4 1 1 Changing your Desktop Background One way to dramatically alter the appearance of your graphical desktop is to change the background using the Background Preferences tool You can choose from several background images included with Red Hat Enterprise Linux in the usr share backgrounds directory or you can use your own image To start the Background Preferences tool right click on the desktop and choose Change Desktop Background from the menu You can also do
209. ype locate finger The locate command uses a database to locate files and directories that have the word finger in the file or directory name The search results could include a file called finger txt a file called pointerfinger txt a directory named fingerthumbnails and so on To learn more about locate read the locate man page type man locate ata shell prompt Chapter 3 Shell Prompt Basics 31 The locate command works very quickly as long as the database is up to date That database is automatically updated on a nightly basis through a cron job cron is a small program that runs in the background performing various tasks such as updating the locate database at regularly scheduled intervals o As a daemon cron executes tasks at regularly scheduled intervals To read the cron man page type man cron at the shell prompt The cron task periodically updates the slocate database which is used to catalog file locations Switching between operating systems and shutting down your machine at the end of the day can interfere with the automatic database update run by cron To update the database manually log in as root type su at a shell prompt and then your root password and type the command updat edb After a few minutes the slocate database that is used by the locate command is updated When you are done working as root type exit at the prompt you are returned to your user account Note You can run anacron to hav

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