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IMPACT User Manual - EcoMetrix Incorporated

1. 11 97 West 11 65 North M Landscape Geometry Dutput Fractions Surface area m2 201200 00 Re calculate Surface roughness m 0 00 OK Cancel Coordinates The first attributes in a Land polygon s Attribute window are the X and Y coordinates of the centroid of the polygon These are automatically defined when the polygon is first created and are automatically redefined whenever the polygon is moved using the Polygon Move Tool ej see Section 4 9 3 However these values can be modified simply by entering new values in the X or Y coordinate data fields in the Attributes dialogue Any changes in a polygon s X and Y coordinate attributes will not move the polygon within the Biosphere window It will change the coordinates of the polygon s centroid however The user can display the polygon s centroid by selecting the Show Links command in the View menu Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 26 CREATING A SCENARIO Name It is the polygon ID that distinguishes itself from other polygons The user can specify the name of the polygon Note that the Polygon Name is automatically incorporated into the name of blocks and monitors when they are first created within the polygon If a duplicate polygon name is specified by the user a error message box will pop up reminding the user to rename the polygon The polygon names are also used to form monitor output file names Since Windows system doesn t allow
2. Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 14 Outputs Land 4 for R1 Adult Dose Graph r Monitoring Parameter B Radioactive total dose Radioactive dose by pathway Radioactive Dose by contaminant Arithmetic Mean Co 60 Radioactive dose by contaminant C Radioactive dose by both Toxic dose by contaminant Toxic dose by both Radioactive total risk Radioactive risk by pathway Radioactive risk by contaminant Radioactive risk by both C Toxic risk by contaminant Toxic risk by both 2 20 05 2 00 05 1 80 05 1 60 05 1 40 05 1 20 05 1 00e 05 8 00e 06 Unit Sv a Statistic options 4 Statistic calculation By time step C By iteration M Plot series Value At Time years Ploted series Available series Arithmetic Mean Co 60 Arithmetic Mean C 14 Type of Mean Arithmetic Geometric Arithmetic Mean HT Arithmetic Mean HTO Arithmetic Mean Arithmetic Mean Th 231 Percentile 2 Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 15 Land 4 for Adult DRLM Graph e AAE Ky E Statistic calculation Radionuclides Toxics By ime step r Statistic options Derived Release Limit by timestep Arithmetic Mean Co 60 Byiteration 1 10 13 4 1 00 13 NN 9 00e 12 4 4 i 8 00e 12 g 7 00e 12
3. e Food Processing Factor radionculide specific e Input fractions Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 40 CREATING A SCENARIO 4 8 11 Aquatic Animal Blocks The user can create an Aquatic Animal block to represent any non plant organism found within aquatic environments i e Water polygons such as fish or shellfish The user must define an Aquatic Animal type in the database before the user can create a block of that type in the Scenario All but one of the attributes associated with Aquatic Animal blocks are global attributes that are defined in the database The only local attribute is an Input fractions data group containing member attributes for each input link to this block The member attributes contained in the Input fractions data group are used to specify the percentage of each exposure medium eg water and sediment which each input link contributes to the aquatic animal e Bioconcentration factor Radionculide specific e Sediment occupancy factor Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Foodchain multiplier Not Applicable to DRL calculation Risk factor Small Lake Not Applicable to DRL calculation e DCF internal Not Applicable to DRL calculation DCF water external Not Applicable to DRL calculation e DCF sediment external Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Food processing factor radionculide specific e Input fractions The availability of Input fractions for
4. gt 0 00585 0 014 gt NNW F gt 0 01995 0 0082 Environmental IMPACT User Manual O oO oO oO oO oO oO 0o 0000000 o o gt 0212 0035 0011 0046 gt 00582 00822 00232 00932 02692 03272 01282 0304 gt 0421 gt 02222 0281 gt 0281 gt 0212 0035 0011 20222 0281 0281 9 01052 0011 00232 00352 00462 0072 00462 00582 0175 01052 00232 00232 02222 00462 01052 0175 0105 gt 0011 00232 0046 0105 0175 11 02 02 02 02 0 0011 02 02 0 0011 02 0 0023 02 02 0 0023 0 0058 0 0082 0 0046 02 02 02 0 0058 0 0082 0 00465 0 0082 0 00468 0 0082 0 004684 0 4 0 4 Appendix A 5 A 3 Effective and Non Stochastic Dose Calculations IMPACT calculates radiation doses as effective doses for most human receptor types An effective dose is a whole body equivalent dose which incorporated potential effects on all organs and tissues in the body the effects of interest are cancer induction or hereditary effects also known as stochastic effects IMPACT also has the capability of calculating radiation doses to specific body tissues known as non stochastic doses Whether IMPACT calculates an effective or non stochastic dose depends on the DCFs that are entered in the database If you are interested in calculating doses to specific organs you should enter the organ specific
5. Cow is a global attribute The value assigned to this attribute is assumed to apply to all blocks of type Cow in the scenario 1 all cows within a scenario are assumed to respire at the same rate If there were two different types of Cow e g the calf and adult cow with different inhalation rates the user would have to create two Cow types in the database Cow Adult and as an example Global attributes are specified in the Database window refer to Section 3 4 7 and are fully discussed in Section 4 6 Creating a Database B Because of the shared nature of global attributes you must be careful when modifying them If you change the value of a global attribute you are changing it for every block of the same type within the scenario Local attributes are specific to individual blocks When you change a local attribute you are changing it only for the selected block and it affects only that block in that location Local attributes are typically used to represent characteristics that vary from block to block even though the blocks may be of a common type An example of a local attribute is the depth of a well represented using Groundwater blocks Even though several Groundwater blocks may share common global attributes such as porosity or bulk density each Groundwater block will have a unique depth Local attributes are specified in any of a series of Attribute windows refer to Section 3 4 4 3 3 9 Aliases
6. dummy Infant 1y Nursing Infant Skin Adult After selecting the class in the Add Block Type menu a dialogue appears where the user can specify the name of the new type and choose the icon for displaying blocks of this type In continuing with the example above the dialogue depicted below has been opened for the Human class about to be added to the database Add new block type x Name Select image to represent the block Cancel OK After specifying the name for the new block type e g Infant and selecting small and large icon optional clicking the OK button closes the dialogue and adds the new type to the database as a new tab in the Human class data group All attributes of the new block type will initially be left blank The user should proceed with specifying these attribute values using the techniques described in the following section If the user does not specify a value for an attribute the absence of a value will generate a warning message whenever the verification process is completed e g at the beginning of a simulation Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 18 CREATING A SCENARIO imi Messages iof x There is no DCFg specified for contaminant 14 for human block type infant There is DCFw specified for contaminant C 14 for human block type infant There is no DCFa specified for contaminant C 14 for human block type infant
7. 0 No No Solid Am 241 630000 630000 Solid Am 243 630000 630000 Solid Ar 41 0 0 Solid As 76 630000 630000 Solid Ba 140 630000 630000 Solid Be 7 630000 630000 Solid Br 82 630000 630000 Solid C 14 0 0 0 Solid C 14 Methane 0 0 0 Solid C 14 par 0 0014 630000 630000 Solid Ce 141 0 0014 630000 630000 Solid v Enable energy data Access radionuclide energy data Access global reaction data Import Export The Contaminant editor table is for the active contaminant that is selected currently The user can modify the attributes of this contaminant The modified attributes need to be saved by hitting a button labeled Add contaminant Update contaminant Light green cells in the Contaminant editor table are editable and light yellow cells can be set for probabilistic attributes by double clicking those cells The All contaminant list table shows summarized contaminant attributes This table can be exported and imported from to an excel spreadsheet by clicking Import Export button Note that the export and import function doesn t carry all the probabilistic attributes between IMPACT and excel spreadsheets Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 15 Access radionuclide energy data provides a way to access the radionuclide energy data that will be used in the finite cloud human dose model The check box Energy data switches the model to be the semi infinite model when it is unchecked or the finite
8. 7 by iteration j Mean arithmetic V BV oho Ves Yn Mean geometric 1 Es V x Vax Vin Maximum minimum max m V Abo E max V V i min V V V min V V V Percentile and M n where M is a sorted array of V 1 2 Vin and Vi lt V ttt Vin lt Vin Value at time E j Notes i time step j iteration k percentile Sth or 95th 95 1 index k 100 xn number of time steps n number of iterations V value at time step i and iteration j Dose Risk Monitors Dose Risk Monitors can be linked to animals terrestrial or aquatic or humans to calculate the dose or risk to the receptor by one or more contaminants and or pathways The context of this Manual is limited to the application of IMPACT for human dose assessments Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 54 CREATING A SCENARIO Once the user has created a Dose Risk Monitor and linked it to a human block double clicking on the monitor icon opens the dialogue where the user can specify a number of monitor attributes see example on following page Some technical aspects of dose and risk calculations are provided in Appendix A Monitoring Parameters Under the Monitoring Parameters group the desired option can be selected by clicking the appropriate radio button s Depending on the option chosen scrolling lists may be provided to allow the user to select one or more contaminants
9. Coastal Water Terrestrial Global attributes and local attributes water to land animals via Porewater or Animal input fractions for the water drinking water ingestion Groundwater Block Block sources of the Terrestrial Animal block Pas Transfer from surface Coastal Aquatic Global attributes and local attributes Input fractions for the Aquatic Animal are water to fish via Water Block Animal input fractions of Aquatic Animal permitted to account for variable residency bioaccumulation Block block in a specified Polygon Transfer from surface Coastal Aquatic Global attributes of Aquatic Plant water to aquatic plants via Water Block Plant bioaccumulation Block Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 72 CREATING A SCENARIO Transfer Process Required Link s Relevant Model Input Other Notes From To Transfer from surface Coastal Sediment Global attributes of the Sediment water to sediment Water Block Block Block Pax Human dose due toj Pond Coastal Water Multiple water sources can be used The ingestion of water Porewater or model distinguishes between bathing pool Groundwater Block Human Global and local attributes of the swimming and beach swimming and input Pex Human dose due to Block Human block factors need to be defined accordingly immersion in water Aliases are required to achieve necessary swimming bathing link
10. RA A 37 3 7 4 Biosphere Menu ooa EE 38 3 7 5 Polygon Menu Re RI dp p Rabe e 39 3 7 6 Scenario Men a nete gunt south Hah Tess n dett pet i hth 39 3 7 7 Simulate MO er EE ER E RR REPE HI PR re ds 40 3 7 8 Output Menu diee id ete p eR exceso eg eed deci o n e a 40 3 7 9 Polygon Window Menu HE EHE RU PEE DER 42 CREATING A SCENARIO 1 4 1 CREATING AN IMPACT SCENARIO FILE etit trt he tr reiten ar ehe tp e inti tre nen 1 427 IMPORTING DATA etre rer EE BIO e EE ERE RT IIR eR EN ERE RE e RAUS 1 4 3 DEFINING THE BIOSPHERE etr nte HOST EIE Ur HRK FRE o a UNIX Bee RENE eR tere 2 4 3 1 Calculating a Map Scale and Boundary eese eene nennen retener nnne 2 4 3 2 Importing Background Images ea ee i e a E ee 7 4 3 3 Defining Meteorology ie e e ER EP RR TREE Eara EAEE 7 4 3 4 Defining Settling and Washout eese eene nnne 11 44 iterari hee 11 4 4 1 Creating New References 5 o t e Pe e pede be Pea Re 11 4 4 2 Modifying Reference x sind ire de t ev aede etse a vei cive ren ee Hei 12 45 DEFINING CONTAMINANT Sis ERN TH Seip 12 4 5 1 Contaminant Name Constr
11. There is no DCFf specified for contaminant C 14 for human block type infant There is no DCFs specified for contaminant C 14 for human block type infant There is DCFi specified for contaminant C 14 for human block type infant There is no Inhalation risk factor specified for contaminant C 14 for human block type infant There is no Ingestion risk factor specified for contaminant C 14 for human block type infant There is no DCFg specified for contaminant Cs 137 for human block type infant There is DCFw specified for contaminant Cs 137 for human block type infant There is no DCFa specified for contaminant Cs 137 for human block type infant There is no DCFf specified for contaminant Cs 137 for human block type infant There is no DCFs specified for contaminant Cs 137 for human block type infant There is no specified for contaminant Cs 137 for human block type infant Another method for creating a new type is simply to copy an existing type with the Copy Block Type command while the Database is open For example if the user wanted to copy a Human Adult type the user would select that block type by clicking the tab and choose Copy Block Type The user would be prompted to specify a name and icon for the new type to result from the copy process Duplicating block types using this method copies all attribute va
12. available import options are provided in separate sections under the relevant topic headings throughout the remainder of Chapter 4 A user can also save considerable time in the creation of a database see Section 4 6 if they have access to any previously constructed Scenario files created previously with IMPACT version 5 2 2 Any or all of the classes in the database can be established simply by copying the relevant bin file from the data folder of Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 2 CREATING A SCENARIO an existing scenario to the data folder for the new scenario of interest This is done while the scenario file is not open in IMPACT When the new scenario is opened the data in the Database will reflect that of the other scenario for whatever classes of bin files have been copied over It is recommended that this form of data import be conducted prior to creating any polygons or blocks in the new scenario to avoid any inconsistencies within block types It is also recommended that the elements bin file be copied along with any other bin files copied over in order to ensure consistency in various contaminant specific attributes Note also that the names of the bin folders must remain unchanged in the copy process or they will not be recognized in the new scenario As a recommended practice a user should keep the broadest and most up to date bin files in the Data folder in the IMPACT directory This way these data fi
13. An Alias block simply serves as a placeholder for another block in certain situations analogous to a shortcut icon in Windows An Alias block is used as a liaison in creating links between the block it represents and a block s which is located in different polygon Aliases are used in IMPACT to create links between media found in different locations e g links between an urban resident and food products originating from a rural farm or between those same residents and sand and water at a regional swimming beach The process of creating an alias block is described fully in Section 4 8 16 3 3 10 Pathways and Links Polygons and blocks can often have more than one input or output indicating that they receive or discharge contaminants to or from more than one polygon or block along different pathways The transfer of contaminants from one polygon or block to another is specified by creating a pathway or link between them IMPACT depicts links on screen by drawing a line between the two blocks with an arrow pointing to the receiving block i e in the direction of contaminant transfer Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 6 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS Links can represent different processes of contaminant transfer depending on the context A link between a plant upstream and animal block downstream represents ingestion while a link between two lake polygons represents flow of water Some links can represent more than one process such as
14. Animal block of type Dairy Cow and later decided to make it a Beef Cow the user could change the block s type using this command Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 33 imi Land Polygon Land 2 B x Edit Source Plume Soil Groundwater Animal Plant Human Monitor Alias Transmogrify Rename Transmogrify x Select a block type from among the available block types listed In the example shown above an Animal block is being transmogrified from its original type of Pig to the new type Meat Changing a block s type changes the global attributes for that block but not the local attributes If you wish to change the type of an alias you must transmogrify the original block at its home location rather than the alias itself For further description of the Transmogrify process refer to Section 4 9 7 3 6 7 Run Dialogue Access The Run dialogue is accessed by selecting the Run command from the Simulate menu or by typing Alt M then R Summary of Functions e specify simulation attributes e select output options e simulations Contents and Features IMPACT simulations are run with the objective of producing specified results from the scenarios that the user has created All simulations are initiated using the Run dialogue depicted below The Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 34 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS characteristics of each simulation e g duration number of
15. Assuming that Source blocks containing the appropriate contaminants have been created within the scenario the process of choosing contaminants for which to generate output is accomplished by selecting the contaminants of interest in a monitor s dialogue Most monitors allow the user to select one or more contaminants to monitor from a scrolling list of all contaminants that have been defined in the database Note that a contaminant will be included in this list even if it has not been added to any Source blocks If you select a contaminant that is not present in any source its concentration or associated dose will be zero Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 2 Outputs The manner in which contaminants are specified as attributes of monitor blocks has been fully described in Section 4 8 16 Specifying endpoints By modifying certain attributes of monitor blocks the user can specify the endpoints for a monitor s calculations Most monitors give the user a choice of the endpoint to be calculated For example a Dose Risk monitor allows the user to choose from ten different dose and risk options such as Dose by contaminant or dose by pathway Section 4 8 16 provides a full description of the endpoints of all monitor types and the means by which they may be modified 5 1 2 Selecting Monitors for Output Every monitor block in a scenario can be selected to produce one or more types of output including the following a text file with moni
16. Human Adult type 4 10 4 Removing Links Removing a link between blocks in the same manner as creating a link click once on the upstream polygon or block and control click on the downstream polygon or block Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 67 When a polygon or block is removed either by selecting Cut or Delete commands in the Edit menu any links connecting that block or polygon to another are also removed 4 10 5 Link Limitations The user will not be able to create a link between certain combinations of blocks e g linking an Aquatic Animal to Air There are some links that may seem logical but are not allowed However there is usually a simple way to represent the desired process Linking terrestrial and aquatic blocks may seem to be impossible since these blocks cannot coexist in one polygon The user can make these types of links however by using an Alias block Alias blocks serve as pointers or place holders to other blocks and can reside in any polygon The use of Alias blocks is described in detail in Section 4 8 16 In DRL mode any combination of links that gives rise to a circular pathway will result in a warning message at the onset of any simulation and the simulation will not be completed IMPACT COG There is a circle there check the scenario please IMPACT will also provide a message that identifies the location of the circular pathway IMPACT COG The circle is among bloc
17. Monitors are created in order to monitor the concentration of one or more contaminants in a single block except for air blocks which require their own Air Monitor Once a Concentration Monitor has been created the user will need to define its attributes Double clicking on the Concentration Monitor icon will open a dialogue see examples below where the user can specify the attributes specific to this monitor Concentration monitor Contaminants Statistics By time step C Selected contaminants C By iteration Mean Type of Mean Arithmetic C Geometric Max Min Percentile 2 Selected contaminants Under the Contaminants list the user has the option of selecting All contaminants or Selected contaminants simply by clicking the appropriate radio button In the examples above the All contaminants option has been selected and all of the available contaminants have been selected in the scrolling list A monitor can be configured to monitor any or all contaminants as long as they are in the Contaminants database If the contaminant s specified for monitoring are not released from any source and are not the daughter product of any contaminant that is released from a source in the scenario then the monitor will simply return a value of zero for that contaminant Statistics Common to most of the dialogues associated with monitor blocks is a group of items labeled Statistics see the example above Using th
18. a Water to Human link which can represent both ingestion and dermal exposure pathways swimming or bathing Section 4 10 describes the procedure for creating links and also identifies the conceptual processes that links between specified block classes represent 3 3 11 Probabilistic In some instances the exact value of a parameter is not known but a range of possible values each with a certain probability of occurrence has been defined IMPACT has the capacity to represent this uncertainty Most attributes can be defined probabilistically i e as distributions as opposed to single fixed values as discussed in Section 4 6 3 When a simulation is run probabilistically IMPACT completes a user specified number of iterations replications of the simulation Each successive iteration of a given simulation will complete calculations by selecting based on the probability of occurrence one of the possible input values of parameters that have been defined in a probabilistic manner within the scenario Accordingly the output from probabilistic simulations consists of a range of values produced during each iteration The output is described using several statistical quantities such as mean maximum minimum and percentile 3 3 12 Data Storage All the polygons blocks and attributes defined in a scenario are saved to a single IMPACT file The default scenario is an empty scenario in that it contains no polygons or blocks It is supplied as
19. a graphics file of various formats refer Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 8 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS to Section 4 2 and 4 3 2 This is the default mode and is the one in which the user can interact with the Biosphere A sample Scenario_540 SNR JI File Edit View Biosphere Polygon Scenario Simulate Output Info coastal Water X 454757M Long W 81d 44m 49 615 Y 6330601M Lat N 57d 7m 6 2365 World 11064 12080 Se Z In Graphic mode the status panel in the bottom part of the window shows the current map scale coordinates the cursor is over and the current grid spacing In the example shown above the map scale is 1 67338 the cursor is over the point UTM 454757 6330601 Lat 57d7m6 236s Long 81d44m49 61s and the biosphere boundaries are 11064 m by 12080 m 2 List view mode scenario contents are provided in text summary format within an expandable menu list an example of which is provided below List for is for review and presentation purposes only and modifications of scenario content are not permitted Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 9 ListViewForm TBR Print Items Value Units Reference El Annual Precipitation 380 mm a Land Polygons Stack B Community Coordinates Area 201200 Blocks Alias Pond for Pond Forage Forage Conch Loam i Loam ConcM Outdoor Air Outdoor Air
20. and the rate of the reaction process are all defined The rate parameter is usually a first order rate constant s It may also be a fixed daughter parent concentration ratio As with any attributes in IMPACT all global reactions can be referenced and annotated Global Reactions Reaction Details Editor ID and Current Date Parent Element Product Element Reaction Type A SEE zl First Order pan Halife s Ratio Dae Add Update Remove Reference Short Text EN 8 Ag 110m None First Order 2 16e 07 Full Text None First Order 1 36e 10 Np 239d First Order 2 33 11 None First Order 6560 None First Order 94800 La 140d First Order 1 1 06 None First Order 4 61 06 None First Order 127000 First Order 1 8152411 If the user specifies a contaminant to be radioactive the user should also define a Global Reaction that specifies the half life in seconds of the radionuclide It is NOT an absolute requirement to do this in all cases but it is recommended especially for shorter lived radionuclides where appreciable decay is expected over the simulation period In some cases the rate of conversion or decay of a contaminant will be specific to the media in which the process occurs In such instances media specific reactions are defined within the Database window as attributes of the media For the specific scope of relevance of this manual media specific reactions are not consid
21. aquatic animals allows for the representation of instances when fish are only resident in a given water body for a fraction of total time e g migratory salmon found only seasonally near an outfall 4 8 12 Aquatic Plant Blocks The user can create an Aquatic Plant block to represent any plant found within aquatic environments i e Water polygons In IMPACT the aquatic plant model is used only for floating or submergent vegetation Emergent aquatic plants i e those with most plant tissue exposed to air but rooted in wet areas are represented as terrestrial plants in Land Polygons with links to soil blocks see Section 4 8 9 The user must define an Aquatic Plant type in the database before the user can create a block of that type The attributes associated with Aquatic Plant blocks are all global attributes are defined in the database e Bioaccumulation factor radionculide specific e Air to plant transfer factor radionculide specific e Food processing factor radionculide specific Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 41 4 8 13 Human Blocks Human blocks are created to represent any human that resides within a scenario If the user wishes to represent humans with different physiological responses e g adults vs infants or different potentials for exposure to contaminants based on lifestyle or occupation e g mine worker vs city resident each must be represented by a different type which must be define
22. be affected by contaminants that are present in the air through the processes of inhalation animals and humans and deposition plants IMPACT allows the creation of Outdoor Air and Indoor Air blocks In context of the relevant purposes of this Manual Indoor Air blocks are not considered further Contaminants in Soil and Small Lake Pond blocks can be transferred to Outdoor Air blocks if a link has been made between them This link represents the processes of dust re suspension and volatilization of gases that can increase the concentration of contaminants in air There are seven global attributes for the Outdoor Air block Some of these attributes will not be enabled depending on whether the value assigned to the attribute Mode is Indoor or Outdoor e Volatilization rate indoor only e Wind speed in mixing zone Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Diffusion height Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Oxidation re emission absorption factor e Fraction of year when oxidation occurs Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 30 CREATING A SCENARIO e Stable carbon concentration in air e Air moisture content Air HT e Absolute Humidity Annual Average e Absolute Humidity Growing Season e Absolute Humidity Snow Free e Methane Oxidation Factor 4 8 2 Soil Each Land polygon can contain a Soil block which represents any soil or other geological substrate type that may be present in that polygon There can only be one
23. blocks and existing blocks within those polygons A full discussion of the creation and use of alias blocks is presented in Section 4 8 17 B It is advisable that the user read the Alias section in Chapter 4 before first using IMPACT It is an extremely useful concept that is used frequently while creating a scenario especially where the contaminants to which a receptor is exposed are located or originate from more than one location Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 44 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS Transmogrify This command enables the user to change the type of a block that has already been created For example if you created a Terrestrial Animal block of type Beef and later decided to make it Poultry you could change the block s type using this command The general aspects of the Transmogrify dialogue have been summarized in Section 3 6 6 and the use of this dialogue in the creation of an IMPACT scenario is described in Section 4 9 7 Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 1 CREATING A SCENARIO This chapter presents a detailed description of each step involved in the process of creating a scenario The main steps are listed below in the recommended order to be performed 1 creating an IMPACT scenario file 2 defining the Biosphere 3 establishing References creating a database defining block types creating polygons creating blocks establishing links 8 runni
24. blocks are identified below Note that depth and surface area of the water body are attributes of the Water Polygon not the Coastal Water block e Suspended solids e Deposition Rate e Sediment dry bulk density e Distribution coefficient Kg radionuclide specific e Water treatment removal factor radionuclide specific e Distance from source defined In attributes dialogue as depicted below e Input fractions Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 35 The input fraction dialogue for a coastal water Block allows the specification of the distance from any points of discharge which themselves are accommodated in IMPACT using Water Sources linked to Plume Blocks refer to Section 4 8 14 The example dialogue below shows a Coastal Water block influenced by one plume i e discharge located 2 km to the left side and one located 13 km to the right side CoastalWater Data General data Sources WaterPlume Information Alias CCW A for Plume 2000 Alias CCW B for Plume OK Cancel In the Coastal Water Data window a negative distance for a given water source tells IMPACT to take the right velocity and the fraction of time current is to the right from the Local Water Plume Block Data window A positive distance for a given water source tells IMPACT to take the left velocity and the fraction of time current is to the left from the Local Water Plume Block Data window The magnitude of
25. creating a scenario is presented in Section 4 3 1 3 6 5 Fill Dialogue The user can change the fill color of polygons by selecting one or more polygons and choosing Fill from the Polygon menu This opens the Fill dialogue where the user can select the fill color either by choosing a standard color from a pop up menu or by specifying the red green and blue components of a custom color Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 32 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS Color Basic colors eT mr BH ee NE NNN EEE Eee ee EERE Custom colors I mummmmm Hue 64 Red 114 BEE EEE Satj163 Green 215 Define Custom olors gt gt ColorlSolid Lum fi 23 Blue 47 The changes to the selected polygons color are not permanent until the user clicks the OK button The use of the Fill dialogue in modifying polygon appearance is described in further detail in Section 4 9 5 3 6 6 Transmogrify Dialogue Access The Transmogrify dialogue is opened by selecting a block and then choosing Transmogrify from the Polygon Content window s menu bar Summary of Functions e change block type only within the relevant Class Contents and Features The Transmogrify command allows the user to change the type but NOT the class of a specified existing block Only one block may be selected at a time to be Transmogrified For example if the user created a Terrestrial
26. data Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 48 CREATING A SCENARIO that define the release of Co 60 from this source are shown graphically in the source function graph to the right and are summarized in tabular form below To remove contaminants from the source simply select the contaminant s in the scrolling list and then click the Remove Contaminant button Adding release data To add release data for a source simply click the add Time button beside the source data table The newly added time will appear The user may create as many times as required for the source and edit these newly added release data directly on the table Optionally the source release data can be loaded from a excel file which has the same data layout as shown in the table It is important to note that an implicit requirement of operating in DRL mode is that contaminant sources are constant through time For this reason time varied data are not permitted in any source when in DRL mode Additionally the initial loading and any other time loading for any contaminant should be equal If they are not equal IMPACT assumes that the initial loading persists throughout the entire duration 4 8 15 Plume Blocks A Plume block is a special form of block used to mediate the processes of atmospheric and aquatic dispersion of contaminants To do this the Plume block must receive a link from a Source block i e a Point Source or a Pond source Atmospheric Plumes A
27. dialogue for changing the attribute value and assigning a reference and note The example shown below is the dialogue for editing parameters Parameter Ea m Distribution Parameters J Arithmetic Mean 01 Parameter name Water Lily Parameter Distribution C Constant Standard Deviation 0 02 Uniform Normal Minimum Value 0 005 C Lognormal C Triangular Maximum Value 0 4 Set References Short Text Hes AW shorttet e AW note Full Text AM full text Cancel DK The procedures associated with editing attributes have been discussed previously in Section 4 5 2 Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 62 CREATING A SCENARIO Polygons To open a polygon s Attribute window select the polygon and choose Attributes from the Edit menu or simply click on the polygon of interest with the Attributes tool e Polygons have a number of attributes that the user may edit within the Attribute window These attributes and the procedures for modifying their values have been described in Section 4 7 3 Blocks To open a block s Attribute window double click on the block For those blocks that are characterized by one or more local attributes a dialogue box will then open For blocks with no definable local attributes a message will appear indicating that there are no local attributes and prompting the user to access the database to modify global attributes These attributes are s
28. dose conversion factor in the database and indicate the organ for which the DCF applies in the reference or note for that DCF If you are interested in an effective dose enter the appropriate effective DCFs in the database IMPACT includes a skin human as a default receptor type which can be used in calculating skin dose The external DCF values for this receptor should be those for skin dose rather than effective dose Dose to tissues other than skin can be obtained in similar fashion by creating a special human receptor type and using appropriate DCF values However doses to tissues other than skin are not limiting for any radionuclides and in practice should not be needed Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual
29. for assessment in the scenario The list of contaminants and some of the attributes that will affect the contaminants fate and transport are defined in the Contaminants Window see Section 3 4 5 for general description which is accessed by selecting Contaminants in the Biosphere menu Note that you are advised to create contaminants before populating the main Database since many parameters in that database are contaminant specific 4 5 1 Contaminant Name Constraints The user is generally free to choose any alpha numeric name for any contaminant being newly created However there is a small set of constraints applied to contaminant names that must be followed for correct model function The constraints relate to a small group of radionuclides that are handled by unique model equations largely representing specific activity processes These equations have been coded to recognize precise naming conventions for the parameters for which they are relevant The following list identifies the parameter naming constraints that are in effect e of elemental tritium HT e of tritium oxide e of organically bound tritium e of Carbon Dioxide C 14 e name of CH methane C 14 Methane In order to track radioactive decay and ingrowth processes a subscript d is added to the name of a daughter radionulide that is formed by decay reaction during the simulation A subscript dd is added to a
30. generally IMPACT requires a system with 256 to 512 megabytes of RAM total and 100 megabytes of free hard disk space for a full installation As is the case with any numerically intensive application IMPACT runs best on the fastest processor you can obtain Please note that the appearance of IMPACT interface windows might be different between different Windows font settings Some font settings might cause some contents to be hidden in bottom and right corners Since IMPACT is not capable of adjusting the opening size of the windows screen setting the user is advised to use the default Windows operation system font settings 2 4 Installing IMPACT After obtaining the IMPACT CD you must launch the installer application by double clicking on the IMPACT COG 540 Setup 16Jun2009 exe application contained on CD The ensuing process will install all program files necessary to run IMPACT as well as an example database and an electronic version of this User Manual Please note that the installation can be cancelled at any step in the Setup process by simply clicking the Cancel button Environmental IMPACT User Manual 2 2 Installation Once the installer has been launched you will be presented with the install start up screen i IMPACT COG 540 InstallShield Wizard Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard for IMPACT COG 540 The InstallShield R Wizard will install IMPACT COG 540 on your computer To continue click Next WARNI
31. grand daughter radionuclide formed by decay of a d radionuclide This allows the progeny formed by Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 13 decay to be distinguished from the same radionuclide that may be released during the simulation The decay reactions producing d and dd progeny are specified in the Global Reaction database Section 4 5 3 4 5 2 Contaminant Type It is necessary for the user to define the type of each contaminant in a scenario In IMPACT contaminants are defined as either radioactive toxic or carcinogenic Only radionuclides are discussed here given the focus of IMPACT 5 4 0 on DRLs for radionuclides The contaminant type i e radioactive is determined simply by selecting the appropriate check box in the window In the example provided below and in all considerations throughout this manual the contaminant type is radioactive Contaminant Data Entry Form Contaminant editor Contaminant Name Name Molecular Weight g mol Weight Dermal Absorption Rate in Water cmjhr DAR Dermal Absorption Factor in Soil Contact 1 day DAF Henry s Law Constant atm m3 mol Molecular Diffusivity in Soil cm2js Relative Biological Effect RBE Dry Deposition Velocity Washout Ratio to Soil and Pond WWR SP Washout Ratio to Plant WWR P Radioactive Radioactive Toxic Toxic Carcinogen Carcinogen State at 25 Degrees State Note Light green cells are editable cells l
32. is represented by a data group that can be accessed simply by selecting the appropriate tab at the top of the window The types contained in each class are identified as tabs along the bottom of the window The example below shows a Database window with the Soil class selected to illustrate attributes of this particular class The Loam type has been selected to reveal the list of global attributes that the user can specify Global attributes that are contaminant specific are themselves organized in groups each accessible through a tab In the following example the contaminant specific attribute of Partition coefficient has been selected for display and or editing Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 19 Database DER Add BlockType Copy BlockType Remove BlockType Correlations Import Export Print Porewater Groundwater Waterbodies Sediment Aquatic Plants Aquatic Animals Terrestrial Plants Terrestrial Animals Humans EE Bitmap file name C Program Files EcoMetrix Inc IMPACT_COG_540 Icons loam bmp giL 1300 DRL Guidance Rho b Table 4 11 0 2 DRL Guidance Theta Table 4 11 0 2 DRL Guidance Zsoil Section 4 3 2 1 554E 08 DRL Guidance infil Section 4 3 2 4 5 000E 08 DRL Guidance ER Table 4 12 DRL Guidance Y Table G5 Generic Garden Crops di Partition Coefficient Volatilization Rate Constant Soil To Plant Transfer Factor Ag 110m DRL Guidance Table G3 DRL Guidance Table
33. large enough to contain all polygons in the scenario The boundaries are defined by specifying the coordinates of the north south east and west limits of the map using the appropriate map units The extent of the map boundary and the current map scale together determine the size of the scrollable area available within the Biosphere window For example the top left corner of the scrollable area in the Biosphere window represents the north west corner of the map boundary Similarly the bottom right corner of the scrollable area represents the south east corner of the map boundary When the user changes the map scale e g by using Zoom features of IMPACT polygon areas remain constant but their size on screen changes to reflect the new map scale Whenever the user enlarges or reduces the view of the scenario using the Zoom tool or menu commands the map scale automatically changes increases or decreases by a factor of two This has the effect of reducing or enlarging the usable area in the Biosphere window by the same amount The scale of the background map is calculated by specifying the coordinates of the top right point and the bottom left point on the map The coordinates can be arbitrary Cartesian coordinates or UTM coordinates Lat Long need to be converted to UTM coordinates then input When Local cartesian coordinate system is selected only East West South and North boundary need to be input in meters from the centre point When Un
34. longitudinal distance e Source offshore distance The input dialogue for a river block allows the specification of the source information and river local attributes The example dialogue below shows a river block influenced by two water sources i e discharges located 45m and 150m upstream Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 37 4 River data DRL mode only BAR General data Sources Waterbody geometry Depth 5 m Width 1000 m Local inflow Longitudinal dispersion coefficient 0 25 m s Lateral dispersion coefficient fo 34 m s Monitoring point Offshore distance 3 m E Cancel River data DRL mode only Generaldata Sources W aterPlume Information Source longitude distance m Source offshore distance m 150 Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 38 CREATING A SCENARIO 4 8 9 Terrestrial Animal Blocks Within Land Polygons the user can create Terrestrial Animal blocks to represent any animal that may reside within those polygons This is done simply by selecting a desired type of animal from the Animal pull down menu As with any class in the database the only types of Terrestrial Animal blocks that the user may create within the scenario are those that have already been defined within the database refer to Section 4 6 Terrestrial animals may receive links from Air Soil Porewater Groundwater Plants Coastal Water River and Small
35. menu The specific set of Block menus that are available depends on the polygon type While a number of block classes are applicable in both land and water polygons there are several that are exclusive to either land or water polygons Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 43 The following table summarizes whether a block is terrestrial or aquatic based or both Menu items corresponding exclusively to terrestrial blocks are not available in a Water polygon and menus corresponding exclusively to aquatic blocks are not available in a Land polygon contents window Menus corresponding to classes of block types that are appropriate for both terrestrial and aquatic environments are always available Block Class Terrestrial Aquatic Air Plume OK Terrestrial Plant OK 1 This Small Lake block class was called Pond in IMPACT Version 4 The Block menus contain block create commands for specific block types that have been defined in the database For example the Terrestrial Animal menu item may have four sub items titled Beef Milk Poultry and Eggs which correspond to types that are defined for the Terrestrial Animal class Alias This command is available in any polygon Selecting the block s to alias and choosing this command creates aliases of the selected blocks The user can then cut these aliases to the clipboard paste them in one or more polygons and create links between the alias
36. modify the list of contaminants available for assessment within the active scenario and defines various global attributes that affect the behaviour of those contaminants in the environment The user can also use the Global Reactions command to specify decay functions of any given contaminant Other parameters that affect the environmental fate and transport of contaminants are mediated through the Database as contaminant specific attributes of various Types in the Database refer to Section 4 6 Contaminant Data Entry Form Contaminant editor Mo mee emm me Referee Contaminant Name Name Ag 110m 2 Molecular Weight g mol Weight 110 3 Dermal Absorption Rate in Water cmjhr DAR j 0 4 Dermal Absorption Factor in Soil Contact 1 DAF 5 Henry s Law Constant amp tm m3 mol 6 7 8 9 Molecular DifFusivity in Soil 2 5 DIFF Relative Biological Effect 0 RBE Dry Deposition Velocity DDY Washout Ratio to Soil and Pond WWR SP O Washout Ratio to Plant WWR P 11 Radioactive Radioactive Yes 12 Toxic Toxic No 13 Carcinogen Carcinogen No 14 State at 25 Degrees State Solid Note Light green cells are editable cells light yellow cells can be double clicked to access probabilistic properties Add contaminant Update contaminant data Delete a contaminant All Contaminant List Phone wes osx ose OFF WORE WORF rai To ones 5 o o 0 0 Yes Ag 110m 1 10 0 0 0014 6
37. monitor for monitoring parameters and statistical options The user can graph data either by time step or by iteration depending on the statistics options specified When plotting by time step the X axis will display time in units of years a When plotting by iteration the X axis will simply display the iteration number f In either case the configuration and units of the Y axis units will depend on the type of monitor that is used for the graph For example the Y axis units for a concentration monitor could be mg kg or Bq L depending on the contaminant type and the type of block to which the monitor is linked Plot Series Plot Series shows all available data series as specified in Monitoring Parameters and Statistic options Once the Monitoring Parameters and Statistic options information is input the available data series will appear in Available Series list box Multiple selections of data series from Available Series can be done by holding the Ctrl key and left clicking the series names Then those selected series data can be added to Plotted Series list box by clicking or double clicking one of the selected series name Once the series are added to the Plotted Series list box the series will be drawn in the graphs Changing a Graph s Display The user can change a graph s format by clicking on one of the three formatting buttons in the Graph window s toolbar IMPACT has been designed to allow for the representation of
38. parameters that are defined distributions Clicking on the Correlations command in the Database window activates the dialogue that enables the establishment of correlated random number functions Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO amp Parameter Correlations References Short Text Full Text p Parameter 1 Data Parameter 2 Data Block Type Terrestrial Plant X Block Type Terrestrial Animal Medium Forage X Medium Beef meat X Parameter name Parameter name Yield bd Terrestrial Plant Intake X Correlation Bettween these two parameters 0 5 Add Update Delete Medium 1 Parameter 1 Contamina Blocktype 2 Medium 2 Terrestrial Plant Forage Yield Terrestrial Animal Beef meat Terrestrial Plant Intake 4 7 Creating Polygons After defining the block types in the database it s time to create the polygons and blocks that make up the scenario You can create polygons and blocks in many different ways Polygons can only be created within the Biosphere window that represents the entire modeled area There are several methods that can be used to create polygons in the scenario Each of these methods has traits that make it suitable for use under certain conditions as described below Once the user has created land or water polygons using the following procedures there are local attributes of both types of polygon that the user needs to specify prior to running any simulations Sections 4 7 3 an
39. pertain to meteorological or climatic conditions in the area that is being modeled This dialogue is used to import wind rose data in a STAR data file and to specify precipitation attributes The contents of the Meteorology dialogue are discussed briefly in Section 3 6 3 and in detail in Section 4 3 3 Scale The Scale command opens up the Scale dialogue where the user can specify the boundaries of the modeled area and the map scale Using this dialogue the user can enlarge or reduce the map scale of a new scenario to any value desired The scale dialogue is also opened automatically when a graphic image is imported into a scenario Use of the Scale dialogue in defining an IMPACT scenario is fully discussed in Section 4 3 1 Contaminants This command opens the Contaminants window where all contaminants available for Inclusion in a scenario are defined Section 3 4 5 describes the general contents of the Contaminants window and its use in creating an IMPACT scenario is reviewed in Section 4 5 Global reactions This command activates the Global Reactions window The contents of the Global reactions window are described in detail in Section 3 4 6 Database This command opens the Database window where all global attributes are defined Note that even though global attributes are displayed in this separate window they still reside within the current scenario Section 3 4 8 describes the contents of the Database window and its use in cre
40. some special characters i e V etc in file names it is strongly recommended to use only alphabetic include space and underscore etc and numeric characters to name polygons If a polygon name consists of invalid characters then IMPACT will still run and the results can only be shown in output graphs No output file will be produced for any monitors in the polygon Area All Land and Surface Water polygons have an Area attribute that is automatically defined when the polygon is first created The area is also automatically redefined whenever the polygon shape is changed using the Edit tool refer to Section 4 9 5 A manual area re calculation can be done by clicking the Re calculate button beside the area input box B The area of a land polygon is used to automatically calculate the distance from the center to the edge of the polygon when it conceptually represents a field Care should be taken in setting the area if exposure to atmospheric radionuclides originating from soil via volatilization re suspension is a pathway of concern Output Fractions A Land polygon s Output fractions specify the relative amount of erosion and runoff originating in the polygon that flows into each downgradient polygon to which it is linked Output fractions are not required or utilized in DRL mode Surface Water Polygons In each Surface Water polygon s Attribute window see example below there are five local attributes that the user ca
41. source Transfer from soil to porewater is the only valid input pathway Links from Air to Soil to Porewater will conceptually represent direct transfer from Air to Porewater as well eg HTO transfer from Air to Porewater Porewater blocks have only six global attributes defined in the database and no local attributes as follow e Bulk density e Porosity e Stable Carbon in Soil Water Required for C 14 Specific Activity Approach e Soil Water HTO Air HTO Required for HTO Specific Activity Approach e Distribution coefficient radionuclide specific e Water treatment removal factor contaminant specific 4 8 4 Groundwater Blocks Groundwater blocks can represent any source of groundwater wells springs aquifers within a scenario but are primarily intended to represent deep wells i e wells of depth greater than 1 or 2 meters Any land polygon may contain one groundwater block Groundwater blocks can be linked as the upstream medium directly to a number of blocks including sediment surface water and any receptor that may ingest water from groundwater sources including humans They can also serve to represent a source of irrigation water Groundwater blocks have seven global attributes define din the database and six local attributes defined in the Groundwater Attribute Dialogue depicted on the following page as follow e Bulk density e Porosity e Stable Carbon In Soil Water e Ratio Soil Water To A
42. t be discerned from the isopleth map It is suggested to run the scenario and check the air concentration range before switching to isopleth run mode and then use that concentration range as a reference to set up proper maximum and minimum concentration values A successful isopleth map should look like this 60 Bq m X 10716 m Y 402 m World 22000 25069 Scale 1 133896 5 4 Running Simulations When the user clicks the OK button in the Run dialogue the simulation begins A simulation is broken down into several phases For each simulation e a start phase when output files are created and graph windows are opened For each iteration Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 8 Outputs e an initialization phase when Parameter values are selected for the current iteration based on their PDF s For each time step e a simulate phase when each polygon and block performs their calculations based on inputs from other polygons and blocks that they are linked to e anendphase when data are written to output files and graphs and maps are updated e afinish phase when output files are closed At the onset of initialization the Messages window will be shown where the status of the simulation and any error messages are posted During initialization a series of cautions will appear regarding probabilistic simulation requirements and DRL requirements Once initialization is complete assuming no pro
43. than one year of annual data is included in the file then IMPACT will randomly select a single year s data for each iteration during a probabilistic simulation If you want to include more than one year s data in a deterministic simulation i e only one iteration then you should average your data set before importing it STAR data are input in the Meteorology dialog which is accessed from the Biosphere menu The wind rose diagram in the dialog can display various combinations of the STAR data by changing the controls in the dialog as briefly described in Section 3 6 3 Triple joint frequency data are stored in ASCII text files that are tab delimited with return characters at the end of a line such as those produced by most spreadsheet and word processor programs The first line in the file should be an integer specifying the number of years of data contained in the file The second line is not read by IMPACT and can be used for comments The example below includes a comment line identifying the content and required format of the 3rd line The third line specifies the representative velocities for each of the 6 velocity classes formatted as noted in Line 2 The remainder of the file is composed of lines of STAR data in the following format sector gt stability class gt fl gt f2 gt gt f4 gt 5 gt f6J where gt TAB A RETURN sector 1 of 16 compass sectors e g N SW ENE stability class one of six letter
44. the Biosphere window the user can open any polygon s Contents window by double clicking on the polygon or by selecting the polygon single click and choosing the Open polygon command from the Polygon pull down menu Summary of Functions e create or modify blocks e create aliases e create links between blocks Contents and Features Each polygon appearing in the Biosphere window has its own associated window in which the contents of that polygon are displayed The window s name is set by default to Land Polygon or Water Polygon followed by lt polygon name gt e g Land Polygon Area 1 in the example shown below The polygon name is defined by the user as an attribute of the polygon itself refer to Section 4 7 3 for discussion of polygon attributes Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 11 E Land Polygon Area 1 DE X Edit Source Plume Soil Groundwater Animal Plant Human Monitor Alias Transmogrfy Rename a za e 28 When a polygon s Contents window is open the user can create blocks that will reside within that polygon by using the command menus appearing at the top of the polygon window The user creates blocks by selecting a block type from the appropriate menu e g creating the block of Type Loam from the pull down menu for the Class Soil as shown below fl Land Polygon Area 1 OF x Edit Source Plume Groundwater Animal Plant Human Monitor A
45. the distance is the shortest straight line distance from the source to the receptor without crossing land B The coastal water dispersion model uses the average depth of the source water polygon depth and the receptor water polygon depth The user is advised to create a coastal water block in the source water polygon to define the source water polygon depth 4 8 8 River Blocks Water polygons created to represent points of potential exposure along the shore of a river should contain a River block which represents the river water in that Water polygon River blocks are unique in that they invoke the aquatic dispersion model within IMPACT There can only be one River block in each Water polygon therefore if the depth varies significantly over its area the user may need to subdivide the polygon into two or more smaller polygons River blocks are not necessarily required in all Water polygons The River block can be linked to water sources directly The attributes that describe River blocks are identified below e Deposition Rate Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 36 CREATING A SCENARIO e Sediment dry bulk density e Distribution coefficient radionuclide specific e Water treatment removal factor radionuclide specific e Depth defined In attributes dialogue as depicted below e Width e Inflow e Longitudinal dispersion coefficient e Lateral dispersion coefficient e Offshore distance e Distance from source e Source
46. to excel files as specified by the user When the product of the contaminant number and the pathway number is bigger than 256 office Excel 2003 and earlier versions can t handle data in this format Summary table utility C Doserisk monitor C DRL monitor not for multiple DRL lock selection Block class All Block Radioactive total dose V Dose by contaminant Iv Dose by both Risk quotient Dose benchmark Risk by contaminant This utility uses mean values to make summary table Generate table Summary table utility style options Summary table utility style options summarizes the latest run results and make a summary table as the user specifies It is more flexible as to output formats It is used to produce final report tables It saves the summary table settings as a part of the scenario and the saved summary tables get updated when the scenario completes its run An example of a summary table setting is shown below Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 42 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 5 Summary table utility New style DER Summary table name list Selected Summary table General Setup Monitors Summary at year 20 Contaminant selection Contaminant type Doserisk monitor Monitor selection Concentration monitor C Metal Radionuclide Block selection 5 Block class Report contaminants Human w HT Block type Adult X Doserisk monitor To
47. virtually all reasonable pathways of contaminant transport and exposure The various model equations and input parameters have been established to represent these pathways in as direct a manner as possible However the vast variability of real world situations is such that some scenarios may involve exposure pathways that are not directly or intuitively accommodated by the standard methods available in IMPACT Section 6 identifies some such instances and describes the special manner in which IMPACT can be applied for these special cases Environmental IMPACT User Manual SPECIAL CASES SPECIAL CASES 6 1 Honey The DRL Guidance Document EcoMetrix 2008 provides equations for the transfer of radionuclides from plants to honey which can subsequently be ingested by humans These equations are not directly included in IMPACT and the transfer from plant materials to honey is handled through selective parameterization of honey bees which are established as a terrestrial animal and use of the routine animal ingestion model to determine radionuclide levels in the animal product i e in the honey Attributes of the honey bee are set so that forage plant ingestion is the only non zero pathway of radionuclide uptake i e inhalation and all ingestion rates except plant ingestion are set to zero The equations defining plant ingestion transfer for animals become the only functioning equations The parameterization for these equations is set su
48. 31 The process of doing graphs is fully described in Section 5 5 2 3 5 Toolbars The various windows in IMPACT contain Toolbars consisting of command buttons that perform some common functions as described in the following table window s for which the specified Toolbar buttons are enabled The final column in this table indicates the Icon Name Function Enabled in Create new document Creates a new untitled document All Open existing document Opens an existing document that the user All snecifies Save current document Saves the contents of the current scenario to a All file prompting the user for a name if it is a new Print contents of active Prints the contents of the active window All window Same as choosing Print from the File menu Land Polygon Mode Switch to land polygon mode Biosphere Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 23 zz Water Polygon Mode Switch to water polygon mode Biosphere Selection Tool Select polygon s single click Biosphere Open Polygon s double click Pan Tool Move the background image Biosphere e Polygon Move Tool Drag polygon s to new locations Biosphere Zoom In Tool Zoom in to on screen image centre by a factor Biosphere of 2 when tool button is clicked Zoom Out Tool Zoom out from on screen image centre by a Biosphere factor of 2 when tool button is clicked Info Tool Open attribute window of a polygon by clicking B
49. Baseline Inflow dialogue is contained within the water polygon attributes window which itself is accessed by selecting the Attributes tool button and clicking on any water polygon refer to Section 3 3 4 Summary of Functions e define baseline inflow rate for water polygons Contents and Features All surface water polygons in an IMPACT scenario have a baseline inflow rate that describes the inflow of clean uncontaminated water into that polygon over time The baseline inflow rate of a water polygon is defined using a data table that is contained in its Local inflow data group This group is listed in the Attributes window of each Surface Water polygon The user can edit the attributes of each phase individually Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 27 Water Polygon Name Pond Name Pond Activated Point Position Coordinates in UTM system Easting meters 455401 77 446936 lt Easting lt 458000 Northing meters 5325870 74 6320000 Northing 5332080 Zone 17 Hemisphere North Datum NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Canada Coordinates in ELLE coordinate system nempe Dares sec pret P mno Longitude 8 28 West 33 49 Morth Flow property Local inflow Output Fractions OK Cancel Baseline inflow data can be accessed by clicking Local inflow as show above The inflow values sho
50. Conch Poultry meat BLOCK Class TERRESTRIAL BLOCK Type Poultry meat Input fractions Alias Pond for P 1 Forage 0 5616 Loam 1 Outdoor Air 1 Poultry meat Conchi Shallow Well Stack Water Polygons Coastal Water Coordinates Area 1 2751 9e 06 Depth 10 Blocks CCW A Pond CCW B Printing in graphic mode is accomplished by selecting the Print command from the File menu or by clicking the Print button The list view window contains its own print command button In the top left corner see above The total area occupied by any scenario is defined by the biosphere s map boundary which may be specified within the Scale dialogue refer to Section 3 6 4 Depending on the map boundary and current scale the usable area of the Biosphere window may be much larger than the area visible on screen In this Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 10 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS case you can use the scroll bars to move to different parts of the map or use the Zoom In and Zoom Out toolbar buttons to increase or decrease the scale at which polygons are drawn The name of the scenario file that is currently open is shown in the Biosphere window s title frame located at the top left of the window In the example provided above the file name is Sample Scenario 540 SNR This will change if you choose to save the file under a different name 3 4 3 Polygon Contents Window Access While in
51. G3 DRL Guidance Table G3 Not Applicable Not Applicable DRL Guidance Table G3 DRL Guidance Table G3 EcoMetrix 2006 Table 3 CAM ONE Tahlia 2 Note that any changes to global attributes of a given block type within the Database window will apply the changes to all individual blocks of that type within the scenario Refer to Section 4 8 for a discussion of the procedures for specifying global attributes of block types 3 4 8 Messages Window Access The Messages window is automatically displayed at the beginning of a simulation i e following the Run command In the Simulate pull down menu It is also displayed as a result of selecting the Verify command in the same menu Summary of Functions Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 20 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS e text to the clipboard e print contents of window Contents and Features Any messages that are generated during a simulation or verification are displayed in the Messages window see example provided below The text in this window can printed directly or copied Ctrl C and pasted into any text file but cannot be directly modified A Messages Eek Verifying contaminants flowing in the scenario started Used contaminants in the scenario Verifying contaminants flowing in the scenario completed Verifying global data started Verifying global data completed Messages displayed in the Messages window can be of two basic types 1 verifica
52. GE ea Gots GONG voids ERE 31 4 8 4 Groundwater BIOCKS EE 31 4 8 5 Sediment MC CP 32 4 6 6 Small Lake Pond Blocks esses eee enhn eene a nenne rennen 33 4 8 7 Coastal Water Blocks oit Ee Ret EM ada ev IRE 34 4 8 8 River Blocks Re Qi Tee Te Eos 35 4 6 9 Terrestrial Animal Blocks isisisi ennt 38 2 86 10 Terrestrial Plant Blocksai aeta mar tet 39 4 811 Aquatic Animal Blocks esie epe Pd eI p D ekea Era Eare EEEE 40 4 5 12 Aqudtic Plant Blocks inet Rages aoe e Heu erbe t e gebe oa rede echte Eid 40 4 8 13 Human BIOCKS ce seas een duet nid pe ace ede Aas 4I 46145 Source BOCK cie Gi eR RE PR RERBA E EVO e Pn ERR TRAMA E EY 43 4S 15 Plume BLOCKS 1s ehe eve Oa ie e aee cor y ie erit eb eR ER RERO RENS EE ines 48 4 8 16 Monitor Blocks saute aces iet e ta Saas sa ette ett hanks etoile 51 LOUPE TI E 57 4 9 MANIPULATING POLYGONS AND BLOCKS eseseeeseeee eene enne nnn nnne 57 4 9 1 Selecting Polygons and Blocks eese eese eene neret rennen enne nnne trente nenne 58 4 9 2 Naming Polygons and Blocks eese enne ne tenete nee trennen enses 58 4 9 5 Moving Polygornis and Blocks eee duele ete d eate etg de redes 58 4 9 4 Deleting Polygons and Blocks reete gre ertt ege 59 4 9 5 Editin
53. It is recommended to confirm map scale whenever it is directly defined or revised This can be done by comparing the known distance between two points on a map image with the distance that can be calculated based on the coordinates of those same points in the IMPACT scenario The user can check the coordinates of any point in the Biosphere window by looking at the status panel at the bottom of the window The status panel displays from left to right the coordinates of the point under the cursor the map boundaries Width and Height in meters and the current map scale X 323987M Long W 82d 55m 5 075s Y 3823742M Lat N 34d 32m 31 64s World 2000 2184 Scale 1 12172 When the user moves the mouse within the Biosphere window the coordinates are continuously updated in the status panel Changes in the values on both the x and y axes reflect distance along those axes in meters and Longitude Latitude for UTM coordinate system B Note that IMPACT sets up the scale when a background image gets imported The scale needs to be changed only when switching coordinate system and changing the background image Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 7 4 3 2 Importing Background Images If the user has external data in a graphic file e g JPEG BMP for use as a background image to aid in the digitizing of polygons the user may import this data into an IMPACT scenario Most graphics programs have the capacity to p
54. Lake Blocks They may be linked as upstream media to other animals and humans All but one of the attributes associated with Terrestrial Animal blocks are global attributes which are defined in the Database The only local attribute is an Input fraction s The member attributes contained in the Input fractions data group are used to specify the percentage of each exposure medium eg air soil water plant food and animal food which each input link contributes to the animal The global attributes of Terrestrial Animal blocks are e Air intake e Soil intake e Water intake e Plantintake e Animal intake e Aquatic plant intake e Aquatic animal intake e Body mass Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Water occupancy factor Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Water Intake Fraction Obtained from Drinking e Water Intake Fraction Obtained from Plant Feed e Water Intake Fraction Obtained from Decomposition e Water Equivalent of Dry Matter e Isotopic Discrimination Factor e Animal Dry Fresh Weight Ratio e Water per Total fresh Weight Food e Ingestion transfer factor radionculide specific e Inhalation transfer factor radionculide specific Risk factor internal radionculide specific Not Applicable to DRL calculation e DCF air external radionculide specific Not Applicable to DRL calculation Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO e DCF soil external radionculide specific No
55. MPACT COG 540 InstallShield Wizard Installing IMPACT COG 540 The program features you selected are being installed Environmental IMPACT User Manual 2 6 Installation Once the installation process is complete a window will appear notifying the user of the successful installation of IMPACT and requesting the user to Finish the setup procedure i IMPACT COG 540 InstallShield Wizard InstallShield Wizard Completed The InstallShield Wizard has successfully installed COG 540 Click Finish to exit the wizard Cancel Once this is done IMPACT will be available for use by clicking on the executable file icon in the destination directory or by clicking on any of the shortcuts established during installation 2 5 Where to Go From Here Once IMPACT has been installed and registered the user should read Chapters 3 and 4 to become familiar with the basic concepts and features that are part of the IMPACT model After reviewing and understanding the concepts presented in Chapters 3 and 4 it is strongly recommended that the user read Chapter 5 which describes the process of running a simulation and accessing and customizing the results of a completed simulation Chapter 6 contains descriptions of special cases of IMPACT application that may help the user deal with certain unique situations Appendix A describes technical aspects of the software that the may be of benefit to understand while using IMPACT Envi
56. NG This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties To continue the Installation simply click next to proceed Environmental IMPACT User Manual Installation 2 3 The following window will be needed to fill in user name and organization name if the installation is only used by the user who intalled IMPACT then Only for me should be checked otherwise Everyone who uses this computer all users should be checked ie IMPACT_COG_540 InstallShield Wizard Customer Information Please enter your information User Name user Name Organization EcoMetrix Inc Install this application For Anyone who uses this computer all users Only For me Gene Shen InstallShield Environmental IMPACT User Manual 2 4 Installation The next window allows you to specify the installation directory A default directory will be chosen unless the user specifies otherwise through the browse option i IMPACT COG 540 InstallShield Wizard Destination Folder Click Next to install to this Folder or click Change to install to a different Folder InstallShiela Environmental IMPACT User Manual Installation 2 5 The next step in the installation process is to confirm the setup information that has been provided to this point If there is any need to cancel the installation process this can be accomplished by clicking the Cancel button to stop the installation i I
57. Plumes An aquatic Plume Block can be created in any water Polygon by clicking the Plume command in the Polygon menu bar Only one plume can be created in any given water polygon Unlike the procedure followed to represent atmospheric dispersion the aquatic Plume block must be linked to a Coastal Water Block in order for the dispersion model to be invoked If the Coastal Water block is in a Water polygon other than that which contains the Plume block and the Source block the link is accomplished through the creation of an Alias of the Plume Block It is permitted to have more than one plume block connected to any single Coastal Water Block The same plume can be linked to a Coastal Water block in any or all Water polygons established in the Scenario All attributes of aquatic Plume blocks are all local The attributes are defined within the plume dialogue accessible by double clicking on the plume block and include the following Effluent recirculation factor Volumetric discharge rate of effluent Proportionality Coefficient Initial Dilution Left Velocity Fraction of time current is to the left Right Velocity Fraction of time current is to the right Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO Local Water Plume Block Data Effluent Recirculation Factor Volumetric Discharge Rate 4 Proportionality Coefficient 2590608 Initial Dilution Left Velocity 0 085 Fraction o
58. Polygon Pss Transfer from porewater Porewater Block Pond Global attributes of both respective to pond water via shallow Block blocks and local attributes of the subsurface flow Water Polygon P32 Soil to pond water transfer see P44 and P3spwap see P44 5 see P33spw and P3spw2p Achieved through two step process and and Posspw2p Po Sol to groundwater see P4 and P 5 SCC see and Ps Achieved through two step process Ps transfer and and Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 71 Transfer Process Required Link s Relevant Model Input Other Notes From To Transfer from surface Pond Coastal Water Surface Global attributes and local attribute avoid circular pathways this transfer water to soil via irrigation Porewater or Soil irrigation rate of the Soil Block process is only applicable for a release to Groundwater Block water in DRL mode The calculation is mass based Transfer from surface Pond Coastal Water Terrestrial Global attributes and local attributes Note that Land Polygon area does play a water to plants via Porewater or Plant input fractions for the water role and should be assigned a reasonable irrigation Groundwater Block Block sources of the Terrestrial Plant value block Local attribute of the Land Polygon Area Transfer from surface Pond
59. Soil block in each Land polygon therefore if an area of land has more than one significant soil or rock type the user may need to subdivide the polygon into two or more smaller polygons The user does not have to add a Soil block to a Land polygon if the user does not want or need one The attributes that describe Soil blocks are e Dry bulk density e Water content e Erosion rate Soil mixing depth e Re suspension factor Non Applicable to DRL calculation e Re suspension layer thickness Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Infiltration rate e Runoff fraction Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Turnover frequency Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Plant yield e Cropping frequency e Plant dry weight fresh weight ratio e Distribution coefficient radionuclide specific e Volatilization rate constant radionuclide specific e Soil to plant transfer factor for determining cropping losses radionuclide specific e Irrigation rate Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 31 4 8 3 Porewater Blocks Porewater blocks are used to represent shallow wells within a scenario Any Land Polygon can have a single porewater block among its contents Porewater blocks can be linked directly to soil blocks as input and any human or animal that may ingest water from shallow well sources Porewater blocks can also be linked to terrestrial plants and soil serving to represent shallow wells as an irrigation
60. TIONS 3 37 The Print command is implemented in the Biosphere and the References windows In the references window the Print command is not part of a menu but rather appears as a stand alone command option in the menu bar While the Print command generates a graphic image in the Biosphere window printing in the References window produces text Refer to Section 4 4 for more discussion on the use of References The contents of the various dialogue boxes cannot be printed directly through IMPACT For these windows the user could use a screen capture utility program to copy the dialogue s contents to a graphics file which could then be printed Exit The Exit command quits the IMPACT application If changes have been made to the scenario since it was last saved the user will be prompted to save the file discard the changes or cancel the Exit command 3 7 2 Edit Menu Commands in the Edit menu generally pertain to duplication and deletion of individual polygons or blocks as well as modification of polygon and block attributes An Edit menu is found in each of the Biosphere Polygon and References windows Delete The Delete command is available in all three Edit menus This command deletes the currently selected polygon s block s text from the scenario In the Biosphere window the Delete command can also be used to remove any selected link between polygons refer to Section 4 10 for discussion of Linking Note that the Delete com
61. This command brings up the dialogue where you can specify the production of Summary Tables as an output option Summary Tables can capture and summarize the output associated with any dose monitors that have already been created in the scenario This process is discussed in Chapter 5 3 7 8 Output Menu Commands in the Output menu control give 3 analysis functions Graphic analysis Summary table utility fixed style and Summary table utility style options This command menu can only be accessed after a scenario is run Graphic Analysis Graphic Analysis opens a monitor selection window and a user can select a monitor to do a graphic analysis based on the latest run results Any scenario changes made after the run would not take affect until the scenario is run again Concentration monitor Dose risk monitor and DRL monitor can be selected and analyzed through the graphic analysis window Summary table utility fixed style Summary table utility fixed style summarizes the latest run results and makes a summary table as the user specifies The styles are fixed to produce all raw output data cross all monitors on a certain pattern which may be concentration by contaminants dose by contaminant or dose by both contaminant and Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 41 pathway These fixed style summary files have the least formatting and they are good for further data processing The summarized tables are output
62. YSTEM ccsccecsssceescecsseceseeecaeceeeecsaeeeceecsaeceneecsaecseeecsaeceneecaeesees 1 2 3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS a ER Aa Ea t nS 1 2 4 INSTALEING IMPACT sce tes sos eter TE be eee rete ped dee Soba ede 1 2 5 WHERE TO GO PROM eerte dieci do phe epe esce onde d p ed e eee pit eig e 6 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS eeeeee sees eene ense tn 1 3 1 IMPACGT BIEES E ested ee a ile eto Vie teinte ei 1 3 2 STARTINGIMPBACT TREE OE SERRE E ERE IRE RE EE E NE EUER ETE EE PN RASEN RT ORT 2 33 BASIC CONCEPTS E 2 3 3 1 Modelling eee ae o era Per n d er i DP EE P EE Rer REP 3 3 3 2 AAT a OREST gii 3 3 3 3 Simulations sse tee a e ha e eee em e e Sepe eer PEINE 3 3 3 4 lI nme 4 3 3 5 4 3 3 6 uncta s a tae Mt 4 3 3 7 Aj EE 4 3 3 8 Attrib t s i ete hd eae teint tempe metti 3 3 3 9 ALIASES Ads sce dE m Le I M M EM M UE LEA A met ieu 5 3 3 10 Bathways and LINK Ss idet i Rt etri e ii e datei OR e EU 5 3 311 Prob bilistie usate quiet nette plicat eee 6 35 8 12 Data Storage ios ER e eee e REI iere De E e e eet 6 3 4 WINDOWS EE 6 3 4 1 Biosphere WindOW iati eu HU Ue ipie dede ue tte pte 6 3 4 3 Polygon Contents Window 10 3 4 4 Attribute Windows den edant retenue AR EARS ione 12 Enviro
63. a template that can be used as a starting point for creating a new scenario Once you start to create polygons and blocks you should save the scenario under a new name 3 4 Windows The IMPACT model uses a number of windows to provide access to different model components The means of access the contents and the specific operational features of each of the available windows are described in detail in this section of the manual 3 4 1 Biosphere Window Access The main window in IMPACT is the Biosphere Window This window is the main window where the contents of a scenario are displayed This window is opened whenever you create a new scenario or open an existing scenario Simply click within the bounds of this window to bring it to the foreground or close all other IMPACT windows The Biosphere window also contains the main menu bar and toolbar that are used to create and modify a scenario including commands for creating and modifying polygons It remains open at all times while IMPACT is running Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 7 Summary of Functions e create or modify polygons e link polygons e use as a gateway to all other IMPACT windows e print contents in list graphic or map display mode e import or export graphic files Contents and Features The Main window contains seven menus and one toolbar All windows that are available in IMPACT and their associated commands are accessi
64. age IP Transfer from soil to plant Soil Block Terrestrial Global attributes of the Terrestrial tissues via root uptake Plant Plant Block Block Transfer from soil to Soil Block Terrestrial Global attributes and local attributes The soil ingestion rate defined for each animals or animal Animal input fraction of the Terrestrial animal block should equal the TOTAL products via ingestion Block Animal Block intake incidental soil intake and soil adhering to food Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 73 Transfer Process Required Link s Relevant Model Input Other Notes From To Poss Human dose due to soil Soil Block Human Global and local attributes of the A human within any polygon can be exposed ingestion Block Human block to soil in other polygons accomplished using the Alias function Peso Human dose due to groundshine IP X Transfer from plant tissues Terrestrial Plant Block Terrestrial Global and local attributes of the Honey is considered as a special case of a to animals or animal products via ingestion Animal Block Terrestrial Animal block and select global attributes of the Plant Block Terrestrial animal block in consideration of this transfer process Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 74 CREATING A SCENARIO Transfer Process Required Link s Releva
65. age WP 30449 Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual INSTALLATION 2 INSTALLATION Installing IMPACT is a simple process that can be customized The following sections outline the procedure for successfully installing IMPACT on your computer 2 1 Before You Begin Please read the following sections before you install the IMPACT software on your computer 2 2 Understanding the Operating System IMPACT 5 4 0 has been designed for installation and operation on any Windows operating systems This manual assumes that the user is familiar with the standard features of the operating system the user is using whether it is Windows 2000 or XP Knowledge of fundamental techniques such as clicking and double clicking selecting dragging and using menus and windows is assumed If you are unfamiliar with these techniques we strongly recommend review of the User Manual for your operating system before attempting to use IMPACT 2 3 System Requirements IMPACT is a C application therefore it can theoretically run on any operating system In practice however it has only been tested and qualified for Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP If you intend to run it on other platforms contact IMPACT technical support for information on any platform specific issues you may need to know A single installer program for Windows applications is provided on the IMPACT Installation CD The memory and disk space requirements for IMPACT vary for each platform but
66. aints esee eese 12 4 5 2 Contaminant hen pete e epu Ger e de rep eee i tis i a ves epe e RU iS 13 4 5 2 ContaminantAUTiDUleS ae c RR RN ERE E Seana SED SERIE HIR se ite de edet d pe eun 13 4 5 3 Global Reactions eti etn iste rete Roseto aene ee eut aenea Eas a enata ede Pas eee Ye pae ee eer e eec deeds 14 Environmental IMPACT User Manual Table of Contents lii 4 62 CREATING A DATABASE etit rt Re er b e a eroe E ai eine ee n EX o ERE Ee Renee 15 4 6 1 Considerations When Creating a Database essent nennen rennen 15 4 6 2 Defining New Block Types a ee Edel eH E REEE E Did 16 4 6 5 Specifying Global Attributes 4 ice i t a ee 18 4 6 4 Correlated Random Numbers eese eee eese entente tenen nennen entes tenen reset nenne senes en 22 4 7 CREATING POLYGONS ioter sut REO GIN ROTE OI DERE UR RO REIR e E E EE S 23 4 7 1 GENETIC POLY SONS 4 act tet bande et eie ned es 23 4 7 2 Closed Polyg ns isse 24 4 7 3 Specifying Poly gon Attributes e Fei e 24 4 8 gt CREATING BLOCKS rci hii Ho Oh Fee re pee ae teer rr eee Es 28 4 8 1 Lugdudcpe m 29 4 8 2 Ab 30 4 8 3 Porewater BIOCKS ox ehe i e P CERRO
67. and producing the desired results Environmental IMPACT User Manual 1 6 Introduction 1 7 2 Trouble Shooting and Problem Reporting In the use of IMPACT software there may be times when operational error messages are generated signified by a red circle containing a white X see example below The software has been designed to allow continuation or termination in the event of any such errors Clicking OK on most error messages will allow the user to continue working with IMPACT or in some cases will cause the program to Impact Mar 14 6 x logl SING error terminate In the event of failure of normal response the program can be terminated through conventional methods using the Task Manager of the PC Operating System If persistent problems cannot be resolved by consulting the User Manual they can be reported by e mail to info ecometrix ca EcoMetrix staff can assist on a fee for service basis 1 8 Acknowledgments The IMPACT Team is Programming Gene Shen Ted Byers and Lynda Yates Model Development Don Hart Neil Morris Don Lush Bruce Rodgers Database Development Alan Burt Graphics Mike Kesteven Documentation Gene Shen Don Hart Beta testing Irv Benovich OPG Sohan Chouhan AECL Alan Burt Neil Morris Bruce Rodgers External Verification amp Validation Irv Benovich OPG Sohan Chouhan AECL Development of IMPACT 5 4 0 was funded in part by CANDU Owner s Group COG under work pack
68. arts it creates a blank scenario file Scenario 1 It also calls the data files bin files in the Data folder in the main IMPACT folder and uses these as the database for the scenario The initial screen represents the Biosphere Window see Section 3 4 1 and appears as follows Scenario gt 6530M Long Y 9240M Lat NA World 10000 10000 Sca At this point the user can begin to create a new scenario or chose to open existing scenarios using the Open command in the File pull down menu IMPACT scenario files can be saved by using the Save command in the File menu typical of most Windows applications Saving the current scenario can also be accomplished using the Save button 8 In the Toolbar 3 3 Basic Concepts Prior to actually running IMPACT the user should have an understanding of a number of concepts that together form the basis of the model and its capacity to simulate contaminant transport in multi media environments This section of the manual provides an overview of each of these key concepts The following diagram illustrates the associated hierarchy and the interconnectedness of a number of the concepts discussed in this section Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 3 I __ lt _ SCENARIO BIOSPHERE Meteorological Attributes Map Grid and Boundaries POLYGON POLYGON Land or Water BLOCKS Spatial Locat
69. ating an IMPACT scenario is reviewed in Section 4 6 References This command opens the References window where all references are defined When this window is active the user can view and modify existing references and export or import references to and from text files The contents of the References window are discussed in Section 3 4 9 and details of the use of this feature in creating a scenario are presented in Section 4 4 Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 39 3 7 5 Polygon Menu The Polygon menu contains commands for creating and manipulating polygons These menu items are enabled only when the Biosphere window is active The process of creating polygons is discussed in greater detail in Section 4 7 Land Choosing this command creates a new generic Land polygon that represents an area of land with similar characteristics In the IMPACT model land polygons are defined as areas of land with similar soil characteristics and relief as represented by the slope parameter Once created each Land polygon can contain any number of terrestrial blocks that represent compartments found in terrestrial ecosystems Examples include Soil Terrestrial Animal Terrestrial Plant and Human Water This command creates a new generic Surface Water polygon representing an arbitrary body of water of uniform depth In IMPACT Surface Water polygons are defined as bodies of water with a uniform depth Typically a wa
70. ation has been set to 850 mm This parameter is used in the calculation of washout of contaminants from the atmosphere to soil ponds etc Precipitation Depth mm This parameter is not relevant to radiation dose or DRL calculations and a value is not required for current purposes C Program Files Stantec IncImpact for 2K DATA newwindrose txt x Meteorological Data Fraction of Time Precipitation Falls Stability Classes 4 when Wind is FROM Given Data File newwindrose txt LM INI TE Sector m Velocity Classes m s C u 05 u 1 5 u 3 5 u 6 5 u 3 11 Precipitation Rate mm a 800 Precipitation Depth 335 Cancel OK Open File Frequency 32484 Note The compass points indicate the direction FROM which the wind is blowing ao a a eo oOo ao a ao oOo eo Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO Precipitation Fraction For each of the 16 compass sectors the precipitation fraction Fpj specifies the portion of total time during which precipitation occurs within that sector Atmospheric Wind Rose The meteorology climatology of the modeled area is represented in the IMPACT model as a STAR STability ARray tabulation These data sets are composed of historical triple joint frequency data collected over a period of one to five years Each data set consists of multivariate fre
71. ble through the Biosphere window s pull down menu bar Each menu contains commandis that pertain to a certain type of function e File commands for creating opening closing saving and printing of scenarios e Edit commands for copying and pasting objects e View commands for changing how information is displayed in a window e Biosphere commands for changing attributes of the Biosphere such as scale meteorology etc e Polygon commands for creating and changing attributes of Polygons e Simulate commands for starting a simulation and controlling the type of simulation output desired e Info commands for displaying the program version The functions of the main toolbar depicted below are described in Section 3 5 The activation of toolbar commandis result in changes in cursor appearance to help track the current command mode e Scenariol Loe File Edit View Biosphere Polygon Scenario Simulate Info s ajs isscieisieicicieis Is fo lt This window is called Biosphere since it provides a visual depiction of the base components of the biosphere i e land and water and provides access to all attributes of the biosphere All polygons that have been created for a scenario are displayed in this window There are two ways of viewing contents of the Biosphere window 1 Graphic mode all polygons are drawn with their true outlines as in graphic mode superimposed on a background map image which the user can import as
72. blems exist in the scenario and the simulation begins a status bar will appear depicting simulation progress Probability iteration 0 100 100 Simulation Time Eu 0 35 100 Cancel The user is finally prompted when the simulation is complete and all output files are written and saved 5 5 Examining Results After a simulation is complete the user can examine the results of the simulation to see what effect the contaminant releases have had on the biosphere represented in the scenario Some results are available from within IMPACT while others must be viewed with separate software 5 5 1 Working with Files The files created by IMPACT during a simulation are standard tab delimited ASCII text files that can be opened with most word processor spreadsheet or graphing programs There are a few things to keep in mind when using these files with other programs Output files have a five line header that contains information such as when the file was created If the user wants to import these files into a graphing program such as DeltaGraph Pro or KaleidaGraph the user will need to delete the first five lines from the file Microsoft amp Excel has a defined column limit that may cause problems when importing files created by Dose Risk monitors Depending on the number of contaminants and pathways specified in one of these monitors the output file it creates may contain more than the upper limit of columns although this
73. block as depicted in the following example Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 65 iBixi Edit Source Plume Air Soil Groundwater PoreWater Plant Animal Human Monitor Alias Transmogrify Rename 4 10 3 Specifying Input and Output Fractions Polygons All polygons have an Output fractions data group containing attributes members that define the fraction of the total runoff Land or outflow Water leaving the polygon that enters each receiving polygon The user can specify the output fractions for each receiving polygon by modifying the member attributes in a polygon s Output fractions data group Polygon to polygon links are not relevant to the scope of this Manual Blocks Some blocks have an Input fractions data group containing attributes members that define the fraction of the total input of that medium that is received from each input block The user can specify the input fractions for each input block by modifying the member attributes in a block s Input fractions data group Refer to the example of the Human eating four different animal types in the previous section After the user has linked each Terrestrial Animal block to the Human block the user must specify the relative percent contribution of each animal to the total amount of terrestrial animal produce ingested by the human To do this the user must edit the Input fractions attribute of the Adult block by double clicking on the Adul
74. c Plume and Aquatic Plume Blocks respectively Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 76 4 1 Exporting IMPACT allows the user to export graphic information for processing with other applications The exported file will consist simply of a graphic image of the scenario This file will contain any background map image the user may have imported as well as the polygon outlines for the entire modeled area not just the portion that is visible in the Biosphere window This file can be opened using a variety of graphics programs and web browsers for further editing and viewing When the user chooses Export from the File menu while in the Biosphere window the user will be presented with the standard Save As dialogue asking the user where to put the exported file The exporting Image file name needs to have a standard extension e g bmp jpg to complete the exporting The appearance of the Save As dialogue will differ depending on the operating system in use Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual OUTPUTS OUTPUTS 5 1 Specifying Output For each simulation to be run the user will need to specify exactly what it is that they wish to produce in terms of output This requires that the user specify variables such as contaminants target media e g air water humans animals plants desired end points or effects e g concentration dose DRL and the format files graphs or summary Tables of the desired output Mos
75. cable to DRL calculation e DCF ingestion radionculide specific e inhalation radionculide specific e DCF air external radionculide specific e soil external radionculide specific e DCF sediment external radionculide specific e DCF water external radionculide specific e Ingestion risk factor RF radionculide specific Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Inhalation risk factor RF radionculide specific Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Input Fractions Human Input Fractions gt Input Fractions Unit gt Water Use Fractions Unit 2 Deep Well Alias Coastal Water for LakeShore Water Beach swimming is just for WaterColumn as a source OK Cancel Note that the Input Fraction dialogue for humans distinguishes among the different water exposure pathways allowing exposure to water from diverse sources deep wells shallow wells lake or pond water Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 43 4 8 14 Source Blocks Source blocks are used to represent the release of contaminants into the biosphere There are four 4 types of source blocks that can be created within an IMPACT scenario The Point Pond and Groundwater sources are used when the loading rate or concentration of contaminants discharging from the source s is known but the actual concentrations in the receiving media are unknown A Dictator sou
76. ch that the result is equal to the plant to human CR value dw divided by the dry weight fraction of forage DW The recommended parameterization of the Honey Bee terrestrial animal block is as follows e Air intake set at 0 e Soil intake set at 0 e Water intake set at 0 e Plant intake set at 1 kg day e Animal intake set at 0 e Aquatic plant intake set at 0 e Aquatic animal intake set at 0 e Body mass Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Water occupancy factor Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Water Intake Fraction Obtained from Drinking set at 0 e Water Intake Fraction Obtained from Plant Feed set at 5 263 e Water Intake Fraction Obtained from Decomposition set at 0 e Water Equivalent of Dry Matter set equal plant Water Equivalent of Dry Matter 0 56 e Isotopic Discrimination Factor set equal plant Isotopic Discrimination Factor 0 8 e Dry Fresh Weight Ratio set to equal plant dry fresh weight ratio 0 19 e Ingestion transfer factor set to the defined plant to honey CR value dry weight basis e Inhalation transfer factor not applicable set all to zero Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual 6 2 Special Cases It is noted that the value for Water Intake Fraction from Plant Feed may exceed the logical constraint i e these values in theory should not exceed 1 In this case the Verify warning about a parameter out of range should be ignored The CSA standard doesn t spec
77. ck instances inside polygons and then access these attributes by double clicking the blocks Output Fractions Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 28 CREATING A SCENARIO A Water polygon s Output fractions specify the relative amount of water originating in the polygon that flows into each receiving polygon that it is linked to Output fractions are not required or utilized in DRL mode 4 8 Creating Blocks Most blocks cannot be created within an IMPACT scenario until the relevant block types have been defined within the database The procedure of creating block types In the Database is fully documented in Section 4 6 Creating a Database and it is recommend that the user review this procedure and define the block types which are expected to be used in the scenario before beginning the process of creating blocks within that scenario Considerations When Creating Blocks Certain blocks are appropriate only in either land or water polygons The pull down menus for relevant block types are activated only within the appropriate polygon type Land or Water Some of the limitations are not intuitively obvious but are logical For example in IMPACT a duck is a terrestrial animal and can only be associated with a land polygon However there are simple ways to make a duck consume aquatic plants or drink water from a surface water polygon e g using aliases This and other procedures for linking blocks and the conceptual processes that these li
78. cloud model when it is checked 3 4 6 Global Reactions Window Access The Global Reactions window can be opened by choosing Global Reactions from the Biosphere pull down menu It can also be accessed by clicking the relevant command button i e Access Global Reactions Data in the Contaminants window see example above Summary of Functions e defines radioactive decay functions half life progeny Contents and Features The Global Reactions window allows the user to define the radioactive half life and specify the progeny if any of each radionuclide in the database Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 16 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS ECL OST Reactions Reaction Details r Editor ID and Current Date Parent Element Product Element Reaction Type ne pores First Order Hane Half life 5 Ratio Date Add Update Remove Reference Short Text em _ e Ag 110m None First Order 2 16 07 Ful Text First Order 1 36 10 First Order 2 33 11 First Order 6560 First Order 94800 First Order 1 1 06 First Order 4 61e 06 First Order 127000 FircF Order 1 1 11 3 4 7 Global Radiation Energy Input Window Access The Global Radiation Energy Input window can be opened by choosing Access Radionuclide Energy Data from the Contaminant window see example above Summary of Functions e defines radionuclide emission probability and gamma energ
79. codes A to F and f1 through f6 are wind frequency data for wind speed classes 1 through 6 respectively The data contained in the first two columns sector and stability class are ignored and can be any alpha numeric symbol The order in which sectors and stability classes are listed in the file must be as shown in the example above i e N to NNW A to E A complete data set for one year of annual data contains 96 lines 6 stability classes x 16 sectors If the meteorological data are calculated more frequently than annually they should be averaged to produce an annual data set Environmental IMPACT User Manual A 4 Appendix A sample data set containing a single year s data would look like this 1 Wind Speed Default Values 6 values for 6 classes from lower to higher Tab delimited No space before values 0 5 gt 1 5 gt 3 5 gt A gt 0 00235 0 01055 NNES A gt 0 0 00465 A gt 0 00115 0 00115 A gt 0 00585 0 00115 E gt A gt 0 00355 0 00935 ESES A gt 0 00355 0 007 gt SE A gt 0 00465 0 00355 SSES A gt 0 007 gt 0 00825 S gt A gt 0 00935 0 0339 gt ssw gt A gt 0 00235 0 0175 SW A gt 0 00355 0 01875 wsw gt A gt 0 00585 0 0199 gt w A gt 0 014 gt 0 04095 wNw gt A gt 0 00355 0 01755 NWw gt A gt 0 00585 0 014 gt NNW gt A gt 0 01995 0 00825 N B gt 0 00235 0 0105 NNE B gt 0 0 00465 B 0 00115 0 00115 WNW F gt 0 00355 0 0175
80. concentrations It can only take care of one contaminant at a time In isopleth run mode the entire map area is divided into grid squares which are defined in the isopleth run window shown below Isopleth run setup DER Select a contaminant Horizontal segment number 1100 Vertical segment number 100 Max air concentration mg nr Min air concentration mg nr Cancel OK The grid is defined by the number of horizontal and vertical segments Each grid square is assumed to be a land polygon containing an outdoor air block and a concentration monitor The isopleth run only runs the air dispersion model to calculate the air concentration contributed by plumes in the map area All other sources are ignored it is assumed that no other sources present The isopleth map is a colored image in which each grid filling color density is calculated by interpolating the air concentration between the user specified maximum and minimum concentrations If more grid squares are defined the smoother and sharper the isopleth is but the down side is that longer run time and more memory will be required It is not always easy to find the proper maximum and minimum values to be able to see a colored isopleth map A too large maximum value causes no color putting on the map while a too small maximum value Environmental IMPACT User Manual Outputs 5 7 gives uniform heavy filling color density on the entire map therefore spatial patterns can
81. d 4 9 6 discuss the procedures for defining polygon attributes 4 7 1 Generic Polygons Generic polygons can be used in instances where the user is not concerned whether the polygon s shape accurately portrays the area it represents There are two ways to create a generic eight sided polygon 1 Select either Land or Water from the Polygon menu New Landpolygon New Waterpolygon Fill color Open Polygon Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 24 CREATING A SCENARIO This will place a new generic eight sided polygon of the specified type at the coordinates specified in the ensuing dialogue as depicted below imi Enter polygon centre coordinates yea Ed You have requested a default polygon You need to provide the coordinates for the centre of this polygon x v OK Cancel 2 Select the Generic Polygon Tool e and click anywhere in the Biosphere window This will create an octagonal polygon wherever the user clicks The type of polygon that is created Land or Water is determined by the polygon mode which is set by either selecting the Land mode button or Water mode button in the main toolbar 4 7 2 Closed Polygons This technique allows the user to create polygons whose shape matches the real area that they represent This method of creating polygons known as Heads Up Digitizing HUD is particularly useful if the user is tracing over a scanned image that has been imported as a map
82. d within the database Human blocks are created only in Land Polygons and can accept inputs from all other block classes except Source and Plume and can output only to Monitor blocks For this reason the ingestion of breast milk by human infants should be handled as a special case using a Terrestrial Animal block to represent the breast milk see Section 6 0 Human blocks have the most attributes of any block class All but one of the attributes are global attributes which are defined in the database The only local attribute is an Input fractions where the user specifies the percentage of each exposure medium eg air soil water plant food and animal food which each input link contributes to the human e Inhalation e Inhalation occupancy factor e Water ingestion rate e Soil ingestion rate e Land Plant ingestion rate e Animal ingestion rate e Aquatic plant ingestion rate e Aquatic animal ingestion rate e Outdoor occupancy factor e Plume shielding factor e Water exposed area e Groundshine shielding factor e Soilreduction factor e Soil exposed area Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Sediment dilution factor e Bathing occupancy factor e Exposure frequency for soil e Exposure frequency for sediments e Shoreline occupancy factor e Pool occupancy factor e Body mass Not Applicable to DRL calculation Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 42 CREATING A SCENARIO e Radiation cancer risk Not Appli
83. describe the scenario which is being modeled see definition and discussion in Section 3 3 2 This is the group of files that is created when you choose Save from the File menu in the main Window Each distinct scenario created by a user will be comprised of a SNR file referred to specifically as the scenario file and the Data folder all located in a unique directory of the users choosing The data folder will hold the same list of files in the main Data folder in the IMPACT directory see description on previous page For the specific scenario the Data folder will contain files that are specific to that scenario and may contain a site specific windrose rather than the default and also a site specific background image file if one has been imported into the scenario Output files are created when you run a simulation They contain the results of the model calculations in a format which the user specifies in the Run dialogue in the Simulate menu refer to Chapter 5 for a discussion of generating results When a scenario is created IMPACT automatically creates an output folder in the user designated directory selected for the scenario The user can then instruct IMPACT to direct all output files to that directory or sub directories therein Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 2 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 2 Starting IMPACT The IMPACT application is started by double clicking the IMPACT_COG exe file When IMPACT first st
84. e available options the user can select several statistical options that control the values calculated by the monitor The default configuration of all newly created Concentration monitors is to produce mean output by time step This is suitable for deterministic runs The other statistical options are applicable in instances of probabilistic simulations Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 53 The user can choose between monitoring statistics by time step or by iteration for probabilistic runs simply by clicking the appropriate radio button If time step is selected the user can capture the arithmetic or geometric mean value or the maximum and minimum values of the output see the middle column of the table below The user may choose any or all of these options by checking the appropriate check box If the user selects by iteration only the Max min and Value at time options will be enabled see the last column of the table below One or both of these options may be selected by checking the appropriate check box If the user chooses Value at time the user will need to specify the time period in years at which the value is calculated To reiterate most of the statistical options are valid only when running a probabilistic simulation If the user runs a deterministic simulation i e one iteration only the only valid statistic will be the mean which will be equal to the single calculated value Option by time step
85. e to DRL calculation e Porosity Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Diffusion coefficient Not Applicable to DRL calculation Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO e Interface thickness Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Distribution coefficient radionuclide specific 4 8 6 Small Lake Pond Blocks Each Surface Water polygon may contain one Small Lake block which represents the water in the owning Surface Water polygon Small Lake blocks are created within Polygons which have been created to represent entire small lakes or ponds or lakes in a chain lakes situation Non DRL mode only The mean depth and surface area of the water body are attributes of the Small Lake therefore a user needs to open the Small Lake block to be able to access these attributes There can only be one Small Lake block in each Surface Water polygon therefore if the depth varies significantly over its area the user may need to subdivide the polygon into two or more smaller polygons The user does not have to add a Small Lake block to a Surface Water polygon A Water Polygon could simply contain fish sediment and aquatic plants In such a case contaminant flow would be achieved using Dictator sources see Section 4 8 13 since the Small Lake or the Coastal Water block described in Section 4 8 7 is the primary initial recipient of contaminant transfer in a Water Polygon The attributes that describe Small Lake b
86. eactor stack as an example the Point Source block would represent the stack and the Plume block would represent the actual airborne plume of atmospheric emissions that disperses from the stack For each Point Source created the user may specify two local attributes the X coordinate and the Y coordinate of the source itself When the block is created these values will automatically be set to the respective coordinates of the centroid of the polygon in which the Point source resides The user can modify these if the user wishes to further define the location of the source within the polygon To change the X or Y coordinate double click on the Source icon and enter the desired coordinates in the slots available in the Attribute window The contaminants and the source terms of the Point Source are specified through the standard Source dialogue accessed by clicking the Edit Contaminant Release Data button Point Source Data SEE Position X 451 853 33 m Ne 632591 5 28 m Edit Contaminant Release Data OK Cancel Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO Source type Point Source Loading Rate Graph Value calculation mode LZ CNN CNN 00 CNN 0 100 100 100 100 Add contaminant Remove contaminant Add time Remove time Read from excel file Write to an excel file T Total soil concentration P Porewater concentration The coordinates of a Point Source block are used to deter
87. eceptors of different age classes the user should define them as separate Block types within a single class e g adult 5 year old child infant Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 16 CREATING A SCENARIO e Dose conversion factors for skin effects differ from whole body DCFs If skin effects may be limiting you should create separate receptor types that are characterized with skin DCFs rather than whole body DCFs e Intake rates and occupancy factors for humans and animals are global attributes which are shared by all blocks of the same type If you have humans with different lifestyle patterns e g workers who spend 8 hours per day in a polygon versus a resident who spends 24 hours per day in that same polygon you should represent them as different block types e g Human worker and Human resident e You may need to define more than one block type for a single animal species if the diet or lifestyle pattern of each type differs significantly For example there may be two major breeds of dairy cattle present in an area which differ in size and various associated physiological attributes inhalation rate food ingestion rate etc Holstein and Jersey blocks could be created for example e Distribution coefficients Kas may be functions of pH redox potential and other geochemical parameters of water sediment and soil These geochemical parameters typically vary by location For this reason you may need to define s
88. ect relevance to the calculation of DRLs Not in DRL Guidance Mot in DRL Guidance Each reference has a long form and short form The short form is displayed in the Reference pop up menu in various attribute dialogues The long form is used for display and documenting purposes In the References window the long form is truncated for display purposes the full set of characters are retained A full description of all processes related to creating or modifying references is provided in Section 4 4 3 4 10 Graphic Analyses Windows Access A Graphic Analyses window is opened when a monitor has been selected to proceed with graphic analyses after a simulation is complete Summary of Functions e view or print results in graph format e manipulate scale and axes of graph display e save graphs to graphical image files Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 22 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS S Land 4 for Garden Vegetables Graph E Radionuclides Toxics Statistic options Statistic calculation By time step Concentration by timestep Arithmetic Mean Co 60 8 00e 03 7 00e 03 6 00 03 5 00e 03 c 2 4 00e 03 5 3 00e 03 2 00e 03 1 00e 03 C By iteration Mean Type of Mean Arithmetic C Geometric Max Min Percentile 2 Plot series Ploted series Arithmetic Mean Co 50 Arithmetic Mean HT Arithmetic Mean HTO Arithmetic Mean OBT Arithmetic Mean Th 2
89. ed radionuclide including doses associated with any of the daughter radionuclides or other metabolites and including OBT from HTO released Annual Dose Limit In the annual dose limit field the user can enter a dose limit that will be used to calculate the DRL For example the user could enter an isotope dose target of 1 0E 4 Sv a 0 1 mSv a The DRL calculated by this monitor will be the maximum acceptable emission rate from the source that will result in the specified target dose Statistics Under the Statistics group of items the user can specify the statistical output options that will be generated by this monitor These options are common to most monitor types and have been described at the beginning of this Section 4 8 17 Aliases An Alias block is a block that points to or is a place holder for another block located in a different polygon The term alias is similar in concept to a shortcut in Microsoft Windows operating systems Alias blocks are used as a liaison in creating links between blocks that reside in different polygons They are necessary in order to create links between aquatic and terrestrial blocks since aquatic blocks cannot be created in Land polygons and terrestrial blocks cannot be created in Water polygons Aliases of blocks however can be cut or copied and placed in any polygon Blocks from any database class except humans may be aliased It is also not permitted to make an alias of atmospheric p
90. ed subsequent attempts to import images will simply replace the existing background image with the new image 4 3 3 Defining Meteorology The various meteorological attributes specified in IMPACT have relevance to a number of simulated processes e g atmospheric plume dispersion atmospheric deposition etc These attributes are assumed to apply to the entire area encompassed by the map boundaries In other words the meteorological parameters defined in IMPACT are Global attributes and are effective throughout the entire Biosphere rather than attributes of specific polygons or blocks The meteorological conditions of the modeled area are specified in the Meteorology dialogue which is opened by choosing Meteorology from the Biosphere menu The resulting dialogue shown in the example below contains a graphical representation of the wind rose data that are defined for the scenario as well as attributes defining precipitation characteristics all of which may be modified by the user The nature of the various meteorological parameters is described below and further technical details are provided in Appendix An example STAR data file called newwindrose txt is included with IMPACT in the Data folder Annual Precipitation mm a Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 8 CREATING A SCENARIO This parameter specifies the average annual precipitation in millimeters per year In the example presented below the Annual precipit
91. ed format of STAR data sets in detail Note that more than one year of STAR data can be imported from a data file If more than one year of data is imported IMPACT will randomly select a single year s data to use for each iteration of a probabilistic simulation Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 10 CREATING A SCENARIO The ASCII text file newwindrose txt included in the Data folder can be imported at any time while the Meteorology dialogue is open Importing this file will reset the windrose to its default values Velocity class This control selects the wind speed category for display in the adjacent wind rose Clicking the up or down arrows in the control changes the displayed velocity class and updates the windrose accordingly Note that the velocity classes that are considered by the atmospheric plume model in IMPACT are represented by user defined average wind speeds The default representative velocities are 0 5 1 5 3 5 6 5 9 and 11 m s as depicted in the example meteorology dialogue provided on the previous page These are only defaults assumed by the model in absence of user specification of representative average wind speeds The user can specify representative values for the 6 wind speed classes in the 3rd line of the windrose ASCII text file The line should contain 6 values for each 6 classes arranged from lower to higher tab delimited with no space before values An example of the windrose file format with the veloc
92. eleration Creation of two washout ratios Wr one for washout to plants and one for washout to soil or pond Changes to sector averaging algorithms for finite cloud dose model and provision of a switch between finite cloud and semi infinite model Changes in plant to animal transfer algorithm to accommodate use of dry weight feed intakes Change in air to animal transfer algorithm for HTO OBT and C 14 Creation of two water occupancy factors OF one for well water and one for lake or river water Constrain HTO to exist in soil porewater but not in soil Change in irrigation water to plant algorithm remove land area Change in dictator sources to allow partitioning from dictated media to other media e g dictated air to soil plants wells Change to allow conteminant specific shielding factors e g different volues for pure beta vs gamma emitters Allowance for sector specific surface roughness values in the atmosphere model Enhanced summary table format options for output of results Addition of GIS coordinates as well as UTM and Lat Long for spatial referencing of polygons This release of IMPACT 5 4 0 is back compatible only to the previous release of IMPACT version of 5 2 2 Scenarios created by any older versions can t be opened by this version To upgrade those scenarios that were created by older IMPACT versions the user needs to firstly open these scenarios with IMPACT 5 2 2 and save as 5 2 2 version scena
93. ence pop up menu in various attribute dialogues References Print Edit Sort Write Read Short Text ID DN REMP 2007 Data Analysis and Public Dose Determination For REMP DRL Guidance 2008 DRL Guidance 2008 ICRP 72 1996 ICRP 72 1996 Mot Applicable This parameter is not of direct relevance to the calculation of DRLs Mot in DRL Guidance Mot in DRL Guidance Once you have defined references in this window you can then assign them to polygon or block attributes by selecting the reference in the attribute s dialogue box as discussed in Section 4 6 2 4 4 1 Creating New References To create a new reference simply enter appropriate text in each of the fields in an empty row If there are no empty rows available simply select Insert Row from the Edit menu To remove a reference simply select the row in the References window and choose Delete Row from the Edit menu Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 12 CREATING A SCENARIO 4 4 2 Modifying References In the References window simply double click on any of the two fields for an existing reference to modify the text of that specific reference Any changes to the references list will require the user to confirm the changes by clicking OK in a popup message box saying Do you wish to save the changes in order that those changes are saved 4 5 Defining Contaminants In a new scenario the user creates the list of contaminants that will be present and available
94. environmental IMPACT User Manual Version 5 4 0 Integrated Model for the Probabiliatic Assessment of Contaminant Transport August 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION rrr 1 1 1 WHAT ISIMPAQGT A eerie Ere st tee eec ecce tete ett ES icem tl berets 1 1 2 IMPACT FOR DERIVED RELEASE LIMITS sccescceesseceeeeecseceeneesaeceeneecsaeceeeeenaeceeneecaaeceneeenaeceneeenaecenees 1 1 2 1 Calculation of Concentrations and Doses esses eene nennen eren rennen 1 1 2 2 Calculation of Derived Release Limits DRLs eese nennen enne enne nennen 2 1 3 GENERAL APPROACH TO IMPACT MODELING eren nennen nennen entente innen tnter nns 3 1 4 USER CHARACTERISTICS dos edle cete tede ee ded dede eode dive 3 1 5 NEW CHANGES IN VERSION 9 40 inr rre eir REO FU eT ree IR E d 4 1 6 MOTES ON ALIGNMENT WITH CSA STANDARD N288 1 08 essere 5 1 7 GETTING ANSWERS TO IMPACT 5 1 7 1 IMPACT User Mannal ninesini enrere rrene bre ya abdo caeso vea ste deci e veas 5 1 7 2 Trouble Shooting and Problem Reporting eee eene nennen rennen 6 1 8 ACKNOWEEDGMENTS 4 sies certet YU RERO RARE UI TEE YU ER EE D ER PR 6 1 2 1 BEFORE Y QU e er 1 2 2 UNDERSTANDING THE OPERATING S
95. er will use the Source dialogue accessed within the Attributes window of each source to specify the levels of contamination emanating from the source The contents of this dialogue have been briefly described in Section 3 6 1 The user can examine the attributes of a source by double clicking on the source block s icon This will open the source s Attributes window see example on previous page Specifying contaminants For each source the user needs to first specify which contaminants are originating from the source To add contaminants to a source click the Add contaminant button in the Source dialogue This action will open a new dialogue to present the user with a list of available contaminants that have already been defined in the database refer to Section 4 6 imi Available Contaminants oj x Simply click on the desired contaminant s using control clicking or shift clicking for multiple selections to add them to the source After clicking the OK button the selected contaminants will now appear in the Source dialogue in the scrolling list titled Contaminant s in source To define the release rate of a contaminant from the source select that contaminant from this scrolling list The selected contaminant will appear highlighted The source terms for each phase of release of this contaminant can now be specified In the Source dialogue example shown on the previous page Co 60 has been selected in the scrolling list The source term
96. ere are several techniques that can be used to modify the size shape and fill patterns of that polygon Reshaping Polygons The user can modify the shape of a polygon after creating it by moving the individual points or nodes that make up the polygon s boundary To reshape a polygon first select the Reshape tool Eh from the toolbar and then click once on the polygon A number of square nodes will appear around the perimeter of the polygon With the Reshape tool the user can click and drag individual nodes to a new location As you drag nodes the polygon s shape is stretched to give a visual indication of what the new perimeter of the polygon will look like Reshaping a polygon will affect its area but the coordinates of the centroid will not be changed IMPACT recalculates the area for the user automatically when the user reshapes a polygon Changing Polygon Fill Patterns The fill pattern and color of any polygon land or water can be customized using the Fill command in the Polygon menu Selecting one or more polygons and choosing this command opens a dialogue see example below where the user can specify the color of the currently selected polygon s The Standard colors popup menu in the dialogue is used to select a pre defined fill color from a list of available colors The Custom color settings panel can be used to create a custom color by specifying the red green and blue components of the custom color The user can increase the a
97. ered further Radionuclide progeny should be defined as reaction products only if the user wishes to explicitly track the progeny and associated doses Generally this will be unnecessary since the daughter dose coefficients implicitly assume progeny in secular equilibrium with the parents when equilibrium is reasonable given a Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 15 typical ingrowth period for each medium see EcoMetrix COG 2008 If the user doesn t wish to explicitly track progeny the product of the decay reaction should be None IMPACT uses a progeny naming convention to ensure that progeny produced by decay and ingrowth are distinguishable from the same radionuclides released from a facility First progeny names have a d subscript Second progeny names have a dd subscript A decay chain A gt B gt C is represented as two reactions A gt B and B4 2C Rarely a radionuclide parent A may decay by isomeric transition This means that A sometimes decays to a metastable isotope B which rapidly decays to C and A sometimes decays directly to C A branching fraction defines the fraction of transitions that follow each path IMPACT doesn t accommodate branching factors Users wishing to explicitly track progeny of Isomeric transitions are advised to assume conservatively that all transitions pass through the metastable state 4 6 Creating a Database Defining block types is one of the most important steps i
98. everal block types for each class in order to allow for this variation An extreme example would be a scenario where each and polygon has a unique soil geochemistry and therefore requires a unique set of Kas to reflect this characteristic When in doubt subdivide Create unique block types for each of the possible situations that may need to be represented 4 6 2 Defining New Block Types Defining a new block type is a three step process First the user must open the Add Block Type menu and select the class to which the user wants to add the new type In the example shown below the Human class has been selected before defining a new type Infant Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 17 iBni xl AddBlockType BlockType Remove BlockType Add Correlations Print Soil PoreWater Groundwater Coastal Water Water Column Sediment Aquatic Plant Aquatic Animal Terrestrial Plant Terrestrial Animal name adult bmp ICRP 19964 8395 L a DRL USEPA 1997 kg day DRL USEPA 1997 157201205 kg a DAL Media Specific Reactions Dose Conversion Factors Ingestion Risk Factors Inhalation Risk Factors a _ DRL Table C2 C 14 Methane i Sv Bq Co 60 3 4 09 Sv Bq DRL Table C2 m mi DCFf ingestion DCFi inhalation DCFa air extemal DCFg soil external DCFw water external DCFs sediment extemal Dairy Farm Infant
99. f Time Current to the Left 0 001 Right Velocity 0 085 m s I Fraction of Time Current to the Right 0 37 For all plume related attributes the user can simply enter a fixed value in the appropriate field define a PDF using the standard Parameter dialogue see related discussion in Section 4 6 3 All values distributions or constants may be referenced in the Parameter dialogue The left velocity is the current velocity when the plume is moving to the left for an observer standing on shore at the source and facing the water The right velocity is the current velocity when the plume is moving to the right for the same observer 4 8 16 Monitor Blocks There are five types of Monitor blocks that may be created and linked to other blocks for the purposes of capturing and displaying media concentrations or receptor doses and risks For each Monitor block it is necessary to define what endpoint to monitor e g concentration of selected contaminants total dose dose by pathway when to monitor by time step or iteration what statistics to produce mean maximum minimum percentile and the type of output desired files and or graphs To define a Monitor block s attributes double click on its icon and a dialogue will open where the attributes specific to that monitor type can be defined see various examples below Concentration Monitors Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 52 CREATING A SCENARIO Concentration
100. file when you choose the Save command from the File menu or use the Save button command in the Toolbar 3 3 3 Simulations A simulation is simply the process during which IMPACT performs a series of calculations to predict the effect of contaminant releases on the modeled environment represented by a given scenario The period of time over which a simulation is run is divided into a number of time steps of user specified length Each simulation can also be run for one or more iferations where each iteration provides one of the possible results of the series of calculations assuming that there is some variability in the input and that the modeling process is probabilistic Chapter 5 provides a detailed discussion of the processes of running a simulation Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 4 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 3 4 Polygons Polygons represent two dimensional areas of the Earth s surface with generally uniform characteristics The two basic polygon types are Land and Surface Water These two polygon types are used to represent all possible combinations of surface features in the area that is to be represented in the model Every polygon has two attributes that define its spatial extent within the modeled area l acentroid point with an X and Y coordinate The X and Y coordinates can be in Cartesian system or in UTM system 2 asurface area Additional user specified attributes describe physical features of the polygons suc
101. fying Soil blocks The contents of the Messages window can be selected and copied to the clipboard where they are available for pasting to other software applications This can be useful if a large number of verification errors are reported and the user want to keep a record of them IMPACT automatically performs a verification before running a simulation but in this case the user will be unable to correct any errors before the simulation starts to run For this reason we recommend that the user perform a verification using the Verify command before running a simulation 5 3 Specifying Simulation Attributes To specify simulation attributes select Run from the Simulate menu This opens the Run dialogue as shown below Here the user can specify the simulation s attributes and select the monitors for creating files graphs and maps during the simulation Environmental IMPACT User Manual Outputs 5 5 Simulation Parameters Duration Monitoring time step 17 5 3 1 Duration This attribute indicates the total amount of time in years for which the user wishes the simulation to run This parameter serves to specify Facility Lifetime Several blocks include equations that differ depending on the simulation duration Note that the model begins simulating at time zero so that a run with a duration of 10 years will actually run from year 0 to the end of year 10 with the time reported accordingly in all output files The fi
102. g Polygon Shapes eo o eH Ent Pia covets Erbe RE e Ebene rues 60 4 9 6 Editing Polygon and Block Attributes nenne nenne 61 4 9 7 Transmopgrifying Blocks ii eee eed ere E Yee Feeders 62 4 9 8 Copying and Pasting Blocks and Links esee 63 4 10 LINKING POLYGONS AND BLOCKS foie 5 0 tert ter rer e t RO D E eie re 63 4 10 1 Implicit Einks 23 etae eue ape De Ree ere ee e e e dede e E dS 64 4 10 2 Usersdefinied Links 4e Stet t i erm NIRE REN re RR 64 4 10 3 Specifying Input and Output Fractions eese neen eren een eene ene 65 4 10 4 REMOVING Links s ets aie eee ep ede e ei Sr ee Ee ee Rede ddp eiae ee ee EHE EE 66 A AOS LinkLimilatiofis 4 4 ent d ene aet ree ORDRE REP ae Meena totus 67 EXPORTING nint er EPOR eh tO PR ee I NX RYE ERES ERA TIER 76 Environmental IMPACT User Manual iv Table of Contents OUTPUTS NREN O EOR AEE EEN AEN A O AEO AEO E O N E 1 5 1 SPECIFYING OUTPUT ee cele te cade e e e tle cue EE 1 5 1 1 Setting Up Monitor Blocks e iu eni er RR Paene 1 5 1 2 Selecting Monitors for Output eese eene trennen eene ener 2 3 2 VERIEYING ATTRIBUTES RERUM 3 5 3 SPECIFYING SIMULATION ATTRIBUTES ccccccccccccecececececececececesecececececesececacesecesecesasesesesseesssssssesessseessauanaes 4 5 3 1 DUratiol secet cuui b Nie ure 5 5 3 2 Lil Ste
103. h as water depth and flow rate Surface Water polygons Section 4 7 introduces the process of creating polygons within a scenario 3 3 5 Blocks Each polygon may contain one or more blocks representing environmental media or receptors within the polygon where contaminants may accumulate Blocks may represent a variety of media or receptors including soil air sediment animals plants and various types of humans e g adults children or infants Blocks are defined by both their class and their type Blocks are represented by distinctive user selected icons that serve to graphically depict the block when constructing a scenario The user can create and add any custom icon to the Icons folder in the main IMPACT folder There is no restriction on the number of polygons or blocks that can be created in a scenario The user can create as simple or complex a scenario as desired Most blocks do not have a spatial reference point themselves Instead they are assumed to reside at the centroid of the polygon in which they are located Section 4 8 describes the process of creating blocks within polygons 3 3 6 Class Each block belongs to a specific class as defined in the Database that broadly defines which element of the environment the block represents Examples of block classes are Human Terrestrial Animal Soil and Pond Within each class are one or more types that further define the characteristics of a block This classification system
104. hat may result in contaminant transfer between polygons and between blocks e g ingestion inhalation uptake through roots lake to lake flow etc When referring to links the polygon or block where the link originates is referred to as being upstream while the receiving polygon or block is referred to as being downstream The processes that each link represents are context sensitive in that they depend on the types of blocks that are linked Links are displayed on screen as a line connecting two polygons or blocks with an arrow head pointing in the downstream direction of contaminant movement Some links are shown with a double arrow head indicating that the link is two way i e contaminants can move in both directions An example of a two way link is a link between an Air and Soil block which represents both settling of dust from air to soil as well as the re suspension of dust from soil back to air Two way links are not permitted in DRL mode as they give rise to circular pathways Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 64 CREATING A SCENARIO IMPACT will not let the user make a link that doesn t make sense For example a link between an Air block and a Sediment block would not be permitted since this pathway cannot be modeled in IMPACT If the user tries to create an invalid link the user will get an error message 4 10 1 Implicit Links There are links that are created for the user automatically by IMPACT that the user does not
105. have control over There is an implicit link between a Plume block and all Outdoor Air blocks in a scenario These links are called implicit since IMPACT creates them for the user automatically and does not display them on screen There is also an implicit link between a Porewater Block and Groundwater Block found in the same polygon as long as the groundwater is linked to the soil other links are created explicitly by the user following the techniques described in this section 4 10 2 User defined Links To create a link first select the upstream polygon or block where the contaminants originate Then click once on the downstream or receiving polygon or block while holding down the control key This will create a link from the upstream polygon or block to the downstream polygon or block If the Show Links option has been selected in the View menu the links between polygons if any will be drawn on screen For most purposes within the DRL context of this Manual links between polygons will not be required Typically polygon to polygon links would only be used to establish erosional transport or to create a chain lakes scenario In some cases it is desirable to have more than one polygon or block of a single type linked to another polygon or block For example a potential receptor represented by a Human block may consume beef pork chicken and milk In this case four separate Terrestrial Animal blocks must be connected to the Human
106. he air and water contribution of C 14 to animal milk are considered to be negligible relative to feed contributions and are set to zero This is probably a reasonable approach for mother s milk also However it should be noted that the transfer factor approach in the DRL Guidance EcoMetrix COG 2008 includes air and water contributions Environmental IMPACT User Manual REFERENCES 7 REFERENCES EcoMetrix COG 2008 Guidance for Calculation of Derived Release Limits for Radionuclides in Airborne and Liquid Effluents from COG Member Facilities Prepared for The CANDU Owners Group Inc Ref 04 1103 June 2008 Canadian Standards Association CSA 2008 Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilities CSA standard N288 1 08 September 2008 Environmental IMPACT User Manual APPENDIX APPENDIX A l Units of Operation In all equations regardless of origin the code uses units consistent with international standards for all parameters as follows Length area volume meters m m m Time seconds s Mass kilograms kg Temperature Centigrade C Activity Becquerels Bq and Dose sieverts Sv All calculations are completed following conversion if required of initial parameter units to the standard units identified above Units of Input for all IMPACT parameters are identified Environ
107. ifically address OBT transport from plant to honey The parameters above will give an OBT transfer factor of 5 263 6 2 Breast Milk The ingestion of breast milk has been identified as a potential exposure pathway that may require consideration in the calculation of DRLs The DRL Guidance EcoMetrix COG 2008 includes detailed methodology and default data to model the dose to a nursing infant Human to human links are not definable in IMPACT Accordingly the ingestion of breast milk is accommodated in IMPACT through the use of a Terrestrial Animal Block and selective parameterization to represent transfer to mother s milk The following table outlines the relevant pathways Breast Milk Transfer Processes Transfer Compartments Parameter Parameter From To Units 1 Atmosphere inhalation Mother s milk m sL P i 20m Surface water ingestion Mother s milk L water p milk P 20m Surface water CH immersion Mother s milk L water milk P i 30m Soil incidental ingestion Mother s milk kg Pom Forage and crops ingestion Mother s milk kg L Animal produce ingestion Mother s milk kg p Poom Aquatic animals fish ingestion Mother s milk kg L Sediment incidental ingestion Mother s milk kg L P 1 gon Mother s milk Pomo Infant dose Sv als Bq L To parameterize the terrestrial animal equations to represent transfer to mother s milk the following parameter substitutions are required e The a
108. ight yellow cells can be double clicked to access probabilistic properties Add contaminant Update contaminant data Delete a contaminant All Contaminant List Ag 110m 0 0 0 0014 Am 241 Am 243 Ard 0 630000 Solid 0 630000 630000 Solid 0 0 0 Solid As 76 0 630000 630000 Solid Ba 140 0 630000 630000 Solid Be 7 0 n 630000 630000 Solid Br 82 0 630000 630000 Solid C 14 0 0 0 0 Solid C 14 Methane 0 0 0 0 Solid C 14 par 0 0 0014 630000 630000 Solid Ce 141 0 0014 630000 630000 Solid Enable energy data Access radionuclide energy data Access global reaction data Import Export 4 5 2 Contaminant Attributes There is a series of global attributes to be defined for each contaminant These attributes affect the fate and transport of contaminants in the scenario There are also attributes of the various block types in the database that are contaminant specific and also affect contaminant fate transport and effect for the blocks in question refer to Section 4 6 3 4 14 CREATING A SCENARIO 4 5 3 Global Reactions Some contaminants can be subject to physical chemical biological or radioactive decay or conversion processes that give rise to other contaminants These processes are accommodated in IMPACT by defining global reactions This is accomplished by selecting the Global Reactions command from the menu bar which opens the Global Reactions dialogue Here the parent contaminant the daughter s
109. inal version at a later date Import The Import command allows the user to import graphical images into an IMPACT scenario Section 4 2 provides detailed information with respect to the process of importing data into IMPACT scenarios Export The Export command allows the user to export a graphic depiction of the IMPACT scenario as it appears in the Biosphere Window Section 4 11 discusses the export options available in IMPACT Print Setup The Print Setup command allows the user to specify various aspects of any print processes including print layout and destination It uses the standard Windows dialogue for set up Print The Print command prints the graphical contents of the Biosphere window to the currently selected printer The standard print dialogue for the operating system is displayed to allow the user to select the page range and number of copies to be printed The figure below shows the print dialogue for IMPACT running on Microsoft Windows NT Different operating systems may have different print dialogues Printer Name SBEAKGCSCanon iR600 550 60 PCL Properties Status Ready Type Canon iR 600 550 60 PCL Where 192 168 1 78 PRINT_600 605 Comment Located in Copy Room B amp w Copier Print range Copies All Number of copies c Pages from to Selection gp E Collate Cancel Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNC
110. inates of the polygon in which the source is located To define or modify the contaminant data associated with the source simply click on the Edit Contaminants Release Data box to open the Source Contaminants dialogue Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 24 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS E Point Source Data SEE x 451 853 33 m Y 632591 5 28 m Edit Contaminant Release Data DK Cancel Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 25 Summary of Functions e define or modify contaminant source terms for Point Groundwater Pond or Dictator sources Contents and Features All of the characteristics defining the release of a contaminant from the source are specified in the Source dialogue Source type Point Source Loading Rate Graph Interpolate between values 100 100 100 Add contaminant 100 100 Remove contaminant Value calculation enn Add time Remove time Read from excel file Write to an excel file T Total soil concentration P Porewater concentration Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 26 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS IMPACT defines the source releases using tabular data this table consists of time contaminants and loading rates Section 4 8 14 provides a detailed explanation of using the Source dialogue in the process of defining the release of a contaminant 3 6 2 Baseline Inflow Dialogue Access The
111. ine windrose e define precipitation rates e define sector specific precipitation frequencies e import STAR data C Program Files Stantec Inc amp Impact for 2K DATA newwindrose txt E x Meteorological Data Fraction of Time Precipitation Falls r Stability Classes when Wind is FROM Given eo EX LE Sector CB Data File newwindrose t t Velocity Classes m s C u 05 C u 1 5 C u 3 5 E u 65 C u 8 C uel Precipitation Rate mm a 800 Precipitation Depth mm 35 Cancel OK pen File Frequency 4 3 2484 Note The compass points indicate the direction FROM which the wind is blowing Contents and Features Major meteorological conditions of a scenario are all specified in the Meteorology dialogue This dialogue is depicted in the preceding example This dialogue contains a graphical representation of the wind rose data that have been specified for the scenario as well as attributes defining precipitation characteristics i e total annual precip rate and sector specific precip frequencies All of these meteorological parameters may be modified by the user A detailed discussion of the use of this dialogue in defining meteorological characteristics of IMPACT scenarios is presented in Section 4 3 3 Note that some inputs appearing to be related to meteorological phenomenon are defined as attributes of certain blocks classes in the Database e g absolute humidity is an attrib
112. ion airborne contaminants are also subject to the processes of gravitational settling and washout by precipitation that can result in the transfer of these contaminants to soil surface water and plant surfaces The parameters that are used to describe these processes are dry deposition velocity and wet deposition washout ratio These parameters can be specified for each individual contaminant established inascenario This is accomplished in the Contaminants dialogue see Section 4 5 2 4 4 Defining References Once the Biosphere has been established the next logical step is to add any relevant references to the scenario before defining any attributes This way the references will be available in the Reference pop up menu in attribute dialogues and can be assigned while editing the attributes of polygons and blocks Section 4 6 3 provides a detailed discussion of the process of assigning references to attributes All references that have been defined in a scenario are displayed in the References window see example below This window can be opened by choosing References from the Biosphere menu The long form of a reference is presented only in the References window The long form is typically entered in standard scientific format that provides sufficient information to enable anyone to obtain the full reference document from appropriate sources e g scientific libraries research institutions The short form of the reference appears in the Refer
113. ion DERE Area Class eg terrestrial ani mal Type eg moose Local Attributes Global Attributes Local Attributes ouput input contaminart flow input upstrea rr contaminart flor downstream Each of these concepts is discussed separately below 3 3 1 Modelling A model is simply a representation of any given feature and or process or collection thereof The features and processes may be physical chemical or biological IMPACT models the collective features and processes that make up the environment both natural and man made by creating a scenario which encompasses a number of polygons and blocks representing environmental features e g soil water air plants animals and humans and the contaminants of concern IMPACT incorporates various equations that mathematically represent the processes responsible for contaminant transport through the represented media during each simulation that is run 3 3 2 Scenario In the simplest sense a scenario is simply a collection of all data describing the situation to be modeled It is composed of a well defined connected sequence of features events and processes This includes all polygons and blocks that have been created by the user These data define both the physical e g size topography and meteorology and biological e g animals and plants characteristics of the area All the data describing a given scenario are saved to an IMPACT scenario
114. iosphere on it g Generic Polygon Tool Create a default 8 sided polygon land or Biosphere water Closed Polygon Tool Create a closed polygon by digitizing Biosphere iex Open Polygon Tool Create an open polygon by digitizing Biosphere cq Polygon Edit Tool Edit the individual points in a polygon Biosphere gt Polygon Edit Tool Insert a point to a polygon Biosphere A Compass and Scale bar Show north direction and distance of 1000 Biosphere meters DRL Multiple DRL run mode Set the run model to multiple DRL run Biosphere Isopleth Run Mode Tool Switch to Isopleth run mode Biosphere 3 6 Dialogues IMPACT contains numerous interactive dialogues that open at various points in the modeling process Some of these dialogues require simple responses while others may necessitate more complex user interaction This section contains brief descriptions of those dialogues that require a greater level of user feedback Detailed descriptions of these and other dialogues and their use in creating or modifying IMPACT scenarios are provided in Chapter 4 3 6 1 Access Source Dialogue A Source dialogue is opened first by double clicking on a Source block s icon e g Dictator source Point source Groundwater source within a polygon window This will open the Attribute window see example provided below for the selected source In this window the user may specify the coordinates of the source which are initially set equivalent to the coord
115. iple monitors Clicking the Select All or Select None buttons selects all or none of the monitors in the list Output folder Normally output files are placed in the same folder as the scenario file It is a good idea to direct the output files for each simulation into a separate folder on the hard disk The user can change the output destination for a simulation by choosing the destination within the standard open file dialogue see example above allowing the user to redirect the output of a simulation to a desired folder Create backup files If this option is selected in the Files dialogue IMPACT will rename existing output files of the same name with a bak suffix before generating new output files This allows the user to keep the results of the last two simulations on disk without manually moving or renaming the files 5 2 Verifying Attributes Prior to running a simulation it is advisable to verify the attributes in a scenario This verification will tell the user if monitors have been linked correctly and will catch many other common mistakes that can lead to Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 4 Outputs errors during calculations Verification is accomplished by selecting the Verify command from the Simulate menu When the user selects the Verify command IMPACT checks the attributes global and local for each polygon and block and performs a quick sanity check to make sure that none of the values are unreasonable s
116. ir e Infiltration to aquifer e Distribution coefficient contaminant specific e Water treatment removal factor contaminant specific e Well depth Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 32 CREATING A SCENARIO e Flow rate in aquifer e Surface Water Inflow to pond e Dispersion coefficient Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Measuring Point Distance Not Applicable to DRL calculation B A Soil block and a Porewater shallow well block must be present within the polygon in order for the Groundwater block to effectively function Local Groundwater Block Data Ground water inflow to Pond Flow Rate in Aquifer Well Depth m Dispersion Coefficient For Non DRL m2 s Measuring Point Distance For Non DRL 0 m DK Cancel 4 8 5 Sediment Sediment blocks represent solid material that has accumulated in an aquatic environment and are use din IMPACT to represent sediments on a lake or pond bottom as well as beach sand Blocks of this class can be added only within Water polygons and receive links from Coastal Water Small Lake Pond or Groundwater Blocks Sediment can be linked as the upstream medium to animals and humans enabling both Ingestion and beachshine pathways All the attributes associated with Sediment blocks are global attributes which are defined in the database Shoreline width factor e Depth Not Applicable to DRL calculation e Dry bulk density Not Applicabl
117. is unlikely The solution in this case is to break the contaminants and pathways up into several Dose Risk Environmental IMPACT User Manual Outputs 5 9 monitors so that the total number of columns number of contaminants x number of pathways is less than the spreadsheet column limit for each output file produced B IMPACT cannot open its own output files Double clicking on an output file will open it automatically in Microsoft Excel 5 5 2 Summary Tables IMPACT has a Summary Table feature which allows the user to summarize outputs from multiple monitors in a single output file after a run completes The monitors to be summarized would each reflect a separate receptor This feature is accessible by clicking the Summary table utility fixed style command or Summary table utility style options command from the Output menu in the main window after the scenario runs These commands activate dialogues examples of which are presented below Summary table utility fixed style Summary table utility fixed style summarizes the latest run results and makes a summary table as the user specified The styles are fixed to produce all raw output data cross all monitors on a certain pattern that is concentration by contaminant dose by contaminant or dose by both contaminant and pathway These fixed style summary files have the least formatting and they are good for further data processing The summarized tables are output to excel file
118. is analogous to the scientific binomial classification of biological organisms where the first name represents the more general classification of genus analogous to the block s class and the second name denotes the species analogous to the block s type As an example a block representing the Terrestrial Animal class could be characterized by the type Cow Pig Goat or Chicken There are a fixed number of block classes within IMPACT the user cannot add or delete classes The user can create as many different types within each class as required or desired 3 3 7 Block types further define the characteristics of a block of a given class Block types are important to recognize during creation of a scenario since global attributes specified in the database apply to all blocks of the same type Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 5 3 3 8 Attributes Characteristics of polygons and blocks are described using attributes which can be quantifiable numbers discrete values or pointers to other data items All attributes can contain a reference to a data source whether that source is a scientific journal article or a ballpark estimate There are two kinds of attributes in IMPACT global attributes and local attributes Global attributes describe a characteristic that is common to all blocks of the same type For example the inhalation rate parameter for the Terrestrial Animal type
119. iterations time step are also specified using this dialogue The desired output from each simulation is also specified from within the Run dialogue Simulation Parameters Duration 5 years Monitoring time step p years Simulation time step pot years Iterations I i Fies 17 El _ In the Run dialogue the Files button will open the appropriate dialogue to allow the user to specify the monitors to be generated The number of monitors that have been selected for each output type are shown beside each button In the example shown above 17 monitors have been selected to produce output files but none have been selected to produce graphs The use of these dialogues is described in full in Section 5 Clicking the OK button will initiate a simulation using the attributes that have been specified in the dialogue See Section 5 4 for a full description of how to run a simulation 3 7 Menu Command Summary In IMPACT the Biosphere Polygon and References windows each contain a series of command menus displayed at the top of the active window The commands in these menus are used to create modify and save various aspects of an IMPACT scenario and also to run a simulation and obtain output The menus summarized in Sections 3 7 1 to 3 7 7 are presented in the order in which the menus appear from left to right across the screen in the Biosphere window The commands within each menu are presented in the order in which the
120. ith centroid coordinates of 1000 1000 in a map boundary defined by bottom left point of 0 0 and top right point of 2000 2000 will stay in the same place on the map but the coordinates are re calculated to be 2000 2000 when the map settings are changed to a new boundary that has a bottom left point of 0 0 and the top right point of 4000 4000 This check box needs to be checked when changing coordinate systems or changing map scales on the same background image If this is unchecked when OK is clicked the existing polygons will move to new places wherever the polygon coordinates determine In this case the existing polygon coordinates are separated from the map settings The existing polygons are shown at the new image locations on the new boundary defined map Note that the existing polygons might fall off the map if the map settings are too far off from the polygon coordinates as the polygons are out of the defined map boundary therefore no polygons will be shown on the map This check box needs to be unchecked when changing the background image keeping existing polygon UTM coordinates unchanged to match new background image map settings Since the computer screen coordinates are in integers pixels with some rounding error it is possible to see that existing polygons are a bit off from the background image The user needs to move these polygons to be aligned with the background image after changing scales or background images
121. ity classes specified to the defaults is provided in Appendix A Note that the meteorology dialogue will automatically update to depict the representative wind speeds defined by the user following importation of the new windrose Stability class This control selects the stability class category for wind rose display Changing the control s setting will display the wind rose frequency for that particular stability class By selecting combinations of these two settings velocity and stability the user can preview wind frequency data for all 36 combinations of velocity and stability classes Frequency This field simply displays as a point of reference the frequency of the highest observed frequency for any sector stability velocity class combination in the STAR file under consideration In the graphic display of the windrose this is the value represented by the outer perimeter of the windrose circle This value cannot be modified by the user B In general all wind related data displayed in this dialogue are for reference purposes only and cannot be modified directly If the user wishes to change a frequency value in a windrose data set the user must edit the text file and then re import the data in that file Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 11 4 3 4 Defining Settling and Washout In addition to atmospheric dispersion processes mediated In part by the meteorological data described in the previous sect
122. ived Release Limits DRLs DRLs are calculated independently for releases to air and to surface water For any particular source radionuclide and representative person the DRL is obtained by dividing the dose per unit release X X into the relevant dose limit For the purpose of DRL calculation X can be an arbitrary 1 s which leads to DRLs that also have units of Bq s These may be multiplied by 3 154 x 10 to obtain the DRL in a Environmental IMPACT User Manual Introduction 1 3 annual dose limit Sv e a DRL X 1 9 a e Bq es Details can be found in Annex B Sample calculations in the CSA standard The determination of a derived release limit can be completed in three ways in DRL mode The first is to use the DRL Monitor specifically designed for this purpose This approach is limited by the fact that only one contaminant can be addressed in a simulation This may be time consuming depending on the number of contaminants of interest The second method is to use IMPACT s multiple DRL run function to iterate through all contaminants It is equivalent to repeatedly running the DRL monitor method for all contaminants The third method is to use a regular dose monitor to calculate dose for all contaminants and then externally back calculate the release limit using the output provided This method may save time but it requires the user to be diligent in ensuring that all restrictions and ass
123. iversal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinate system is selected besides East West South and North boundary UTM Zone Hemisphere and Map Datum need to be selected in order to map unique points on the earth Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 4 CREATING A SCENARIO Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinate system gt Map boundry coordinates meters Top tight coordinate 3824184 00 W 82d 55m 4 898s N 34d 32m 45 95s West East 322000 00 324000 00 South 3822000 00 Bottom left coordinate HERES W 82d 56m 21 68s N 34d 31m 33 86s UTM coordinate system NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Man Ont World Geodetic System 1972 World Geodetic System 1984 Recalculate all polygon coordinates on new setting Cancel Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO Coordinate System Selection Local cartesian coordinate system Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinate system boundry coordinates meters Top right coordinate 3824184 00 W 82d 55m 4 898s N 34d 32m 45 95s West East 322000 00 324000 00 South 3822000 00 Bottom left coordinate W 82d 56m 21 68s N 34d 31m 33 86s MUTH coordinate system UTM Zone 1 60 NORTH AMERICAN 1383 Canada NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Canada NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Man Ont World Geodetic System 1972 World Geodetic System 1984 Recalculate all polygon coordinates on new setting I
124. ks Land 1 Cow milk Land 1 Deer Land 1 Beef meat The various links that are allowed in IMPACT the processes that they represent and specific considerations are summarized in the following Table Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO Summary of Transfer Parameters and Representative Links 4 68 Transfer Process Required Link s Relevant Model Input Other Notes From To Po Atmospheric Dispersion Atmospheric Outdoor Air Block Plume block local attributes Link to all air blocks in scenario is implicit Plume Block Meteorological Dialogue wind data Atmospheric dispersion will account for ingrowth if Global Reactions are defined P Oxidation of HT to HTO in NA NA Outdoor Air block global attributes soil and re emission to air These two processes are implicit and are calculated without any required links Pus Oxidation of C 14 methane NA NA Outdoor Air block global attributes Need to adher e to Contaminant Naming to C 14 carbon dioxide in Constraints see Section 4 5 1 soil and re emission to air P Volatilization from soil to air Outdoor Air block global attributes In DRL mode this pathway can only be Soil block global attributes and local considered when assessing a release to Soil Block Outdoor Air Block attributes i e irrigation rate water otherwise circular pathways are likely to arise P Deposition from air to pond Outdoor Air Pond Block Con
125. lease Limit in DRL mode we disable all DRL monitors and do a simulation Double clicking on the DRL monitor icon opens a dialogue see example below where the user can specify the contaminant the target dose or risk and the statistical format of the output to be generated by this monitor x Select a contaminant f Statistics cee C By iteration HT AME By time ste OBT y x V Mean Type of Mean Arithmetic C Geometric Max Min Target TE v Percentile 5 Annual Dose Limit 0 001 Cancel OK Selecting contaminants The DRL monitor dialogue provides a list of all contaminants in the database under the heading Select a single contaminant From this list the user can select one contaminant for which the user wants to calculate a DRL If the user is interested in more than one contaminant the user will have to produce an output file from this monitor for each contaminant of concern Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 57 The DRL Monitor enables all statistical specifications assuming that calculations are to be completed in probabilistic mode In the example appearing above the DRL monitor has been configured to provide the arithmetic mean and the O5th percentile of the DRL for C 14 assuming an annual dose limit of 0 001 Sv a Note that the calculated DRL value accounts for the total dose associated with the release of the specifi
126. les will be opened at the onset of creation of each new scenario and the efforts to construct the database should be minimal 4 3 Defining the Biosphere Once the user has created a new scenario or opened an existing template the process of defining the biosphere can begin This includes specifying the physical dimensions and meteorological properties of the scenario 4 3 1 Calculating a Map Scale and Boundary An important step in defining a new scenario is calculating the map scale and boundaries of the area to be modeled The map scale is used to scale the physical dimensions and spatial separation of polygons when drawing on the screen at different magnifications The map boundary defines the extent of the area being modeled The map boundary in conjunction with the map scale is used to define the size of the scrollable area available for creating polygons in the Biosphere window The map scale will also serve as the basis of determination of distance between polygons which is a key factor in the simulation of major contaminant transport processes including atmospheric dispersion A scenario may be created with or without a background Image typically in the form of some sort of map It is assumed herein that for any reasonably complex scenario i e with multiple polygons where geo spatial attributes are important a background image will be required Before creating such a scenario the user should determine the map scale and boundary b
127. lias the user must transmogrify the original block rather than the alias itself 4 9 8 Copying and Pasting Blocks and Links The Copy Paste blocks and Paste blocks and links commands in the polygon window under Edit menu give options to copy and paste blocks and links from one polygon to another It is very useful to create polygons with similar blocks and links between them Paste blocks only pastes the copied blocks into the new open polygon while Paste blocks and links pastes blocks and links among blocks into the open polygon with all input fractions unchanged When number of blocks are pasted into a polygon only those valid blocks can be pasted into the polygon The valid blocks are defined as follows e Blocks are allowed to be existing in the target polygon i e an outdoor air block can exist in both water and land polygons then it can be copied and pasted from a water polygon to a land polygon A fish can only exist in a water polygon it becomes invalid when it is copied and pasted into a land polygon e Blocks that don t have identical names to any blocks in the target polygon When pasting selected blocks and links only the links that connect those copied and pasted blocks are pasted Links to existing blocks in the target polygon are not automatically established If a copied block has the same name as an existing block the copied block gets renamed 4 10 Linking Polygons and Blocks Links represent specific processes t
128. lias Transmogrify Rename EN Land and Water polygons each have distinct series of Block pull down menus restricting the types of blocks that can be created in either type of polygon For example various aquatic block items e g fish Pond sediment are only available within a Water polygon s window and terrestrial block items e g Terrestrial Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 12 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS Animal Terrestrial Plant are only available when a Land polygon window is open The available block menus in Land polygons can be seen in the preceding illustration Water polygon pull down menus are depicted below imi Water Polygon Water 3 ojx Edit Source Plume 4 Water Column Sediment Groundwater Plant Monitor Transmogrify Rename LakeTrout For further detailed instructions regarding the creation of blocks refer to Section 4 8 3 4 4 Attribute Windows Access To open the Attribute window for any polygon select the Attributes button from the toolbar menu ICON and then select single click the polygon of interest To open the Attribute window for any block within a polygon simply double click on the block of interest Summary of Functions e define attributes of polygons e define local attributes of blocks e specify input fractions for blocks e specify output fractions for polygons Contents and Features The Attribute window contains a list of all ocal attributes that belong to a bl
129. lobal DRL tissues through respiration Attributes IP Transfer from air to Outdoor Air Block Terrestrial Contaminant Global Attributes Tritium HTO is handled as a special case animal tissues vial Animal settling velocity and washout ratio the inhalation transfer factor for tritium Inhalation Block Meteorological Dialogue should be set to 0 except in special cases precipitation Animal Global and e g breast milk Local Attributes Pao Exposure of humans to air due to inhalation Human Human Block Global and Local Outdoor Air Block Exposure of humans to air Block attributes due to immersion Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 70 CREATING A SCENARIO Transfer Process Required Link s Relevant Model Input Other Notes From To Po Aquatic Dispersion Aquatic Plume Block Coastal Global attributes of the Coastal Aquatic dispersion will account for ingrowth Water Water Block and local attributes of lif Global Reactions are defined Block both respective blocks Po Transfer from soil to soil Soil Block Porewater Global attributes of both respective Porewater is used to represent shallow wells porewater Block blocks Pss Transfer from porewater Groundwater Block Pond Global attributes of both respective Groundwater is used to represent deep wells to groundwater via Block blocks and local attributes of the infiltration Groundwater block and the Water
130. locks are e Suspended solids e Sediment deposition rate e Distribution coefficient radionuclide specific e Water treatment removal factor radionuclide specific e Area e Depth e Input fractions The input dialogue for a small Lake block allows the specification of the source information and small lake local attributes The example dialogue below shows a small lake block with area of 20000m and depth of 5m in a water polygon Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 34 CREATING A SCENARIO Small Lake local data Waterbody geometry Area 20000 m Re calculate Depth 5 m Local inflow 4 8 7 Coastal Water Blocks Water polygons created to represent points of potential exposure along the shore of a large lake e g Lake Ontario or a marine coastline should contain a Coastal Water block which represents the water in that Water polygon Coastal Water blocks are unique in that they invoke the aquatic dispersion model within IMPACT There can only be one Coastal Water block in each Water polygon therefore if the depth varies significantly over its area the user may need to subdivide the polygon into two or more smaller polygons Coastal Water blocks are not necessarily required in all Water polygons They must be present however if the user wishes to represent aquatic dispersion processes mediated through the establishment of an aquatic Plume block in the Scenario The attributes that describe Coastal Water
131. lues from several literature sources each of them equally reliable and equally likely to occur Assigning References and Notes References and associated notes can be shared by more than one attribute For any parameter the user selects a reference from the Reference pop up menu which contains the short form of all of the references that have been defined in the References window refer to Section 4 4 for an overview of creating and modifying references The long form of the reference is shown in the text field below when the user makes a selection from the pop up menu 4 6 4 Correlated Random Numbers In completing probabilistic analyses in which several attributes are treated as distributions there may be instances where it is necessary to consider the inter relatedness of some attributes in order to ensure that reasonable conditions are simulated BEAK 2002 For example it is very likely that the rates of ingestion of various foods by livestock animals are correlated to their body size If values for animal size mass are selected from the probability distribution function PDF in each of a series of probabilistic iterations then values from a similar point in the respective PDF should be selected for the parameters defining ingestion rates Otherwise the animal could be characterized as ingesting unreasonably large amounts of food for a relatively small body size or vice versa For this reason IMPACT allows for the correlation of any
132. lues of the selected block type This is a valuable time saver in instances where many attributes are consistent between the original and the block type being added using the Copy process e g worker adult copied to farmer adult exhibiting complete overlap in DCFs 4 6 3 Specifying Global Attributes In most instances you will be required to specify or modify the global attributes of block types using the techniques described in this section Because of the shared nature of global attributes you must be careful when modifying them If you change the value of a global attribute it is changed for every block of the same type within the scenario Characteristics of Attributes A block s global attributes are presented in the database in the form of a hierarchical series of tabs and lists The name of each attribute is listed to the right of the icon followed by the attribute s value and units if appropriate Attributes may be presented and defined in several forms as described below 1 Parameters Any quantifiable attribute in IMPACT that may have an associated uncertainty is described as a parameter A parameter is any number that can have a probability distribution function PDF assigned to it PDFs are used to quantify uncertainty or variability that may be associated with the parameter The user can specify one of six different PDFs constant uniform normal log normal triangular or set A description of these PDF types is pro
133. lume blocks and all source blocks The user creates an Alias within a polygon block by first selecting the original block and then choosing the Alias command from the polygon menu bar The alias is created and placed in the polygon window adjacent to the original block The user can then cut or copy the alias to the clipboard From the clipboard the alias can be pasted into any open polygon An alias can be linked to another block only as the upstream item i e source An alias cannot be linked as the downstream i e receiving item Any link between an alias and another block may be created providing that the link between the two block types is valid 4 9 Manipulating Polygons and Blocks Once polygons and blocks have been created in a scenario IMPACT allows the user to modify their shape and location as well as a number of their attributes This section describes the procedures to follow to modify any blocks and polygons that have been created Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 58 CREATING A SCENARIO 4 9 1 Selecting Polygons and Blocks Many editing commands require the user to select a polygon or block before the commands can be carried out for example Cut Copy and Delete To select a polygon or block simply click on it once with the mouse The polygon or block will be highlighted to indicate that it is currently selected A selection is canceled or reversed simply by clicking anywhere outside of the currently selected block s o
134. mand permanently removes the selected item a copy is not placed in the clipboard Blocks contained within deleted polygons are themselves also deleted Attributes While in the Biosphere window selecting a polygon and choosing the Attributes command will open the polygon s Attribute window This is equivalent to clicking on a polygon with the Attributes tool as discussed in Section 3 6 3 7 3 View Menu The View menu is available only in the Biosphere window The commands in this menu control the display of Biosphere contents List View This command switches the display of the Biosphere window to list mode opening the List View Window Show Names This command toggles the display of polygon and block names Changing this setting will redraw the Screen Show Links Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 38 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS This command toggles the display of polygon and block link percentages Changing this setting will redraw the screen If Show Links is on the link arrows will be displayed 3 7 4 Biosphere Menu Commands in the Biosphere menu control attributes that are relevant to the entire modeled area which encompasses all polygons in the scenario The commands primarily allow the user to access major dialogues in IMPACT as identified in Section 3 6 and discussed in detail throughout Section 4 Meteorology This command opens the Meteorology dialogue where the user can specify data which
135. me command from the menu bar The Change Name dialogue will be opened where the user can specify the new block name The monitor block name is a part of the monitor output file name Since Windows system doesn t allow some special characters i e V etc in monitor output file names it is strongly recommended to use only alphabetic includes space and underscore etc and numeric characters to name monitor blocks If a monitor block name consists of invalid characters then IMPACT will still run and the results for this monitor can only be shown in output graphs No output file will be produced for this monitor block 4 9 3 Moving Polygons and Blocks Moving polygons in the Biosphere window is accomplished by first selecting the Polygon Move Tool ej and then clicking and dragging the polygon to the desired location An outline of the polygon follows the mouse while dragging to give a visual indication of the new position After releasing the mouse button Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 59 the polygon is moved to the new location and it is redrawn Moving polygons in this manner will automatically adjust the X and Y coordinates of the polygon s centroid to the new location 8 Be careful when moving polygons this will reset the polygon coordinates which has implications in the atmospheric dispersion model If more than one polygon is selected clicking on any one of the selected polygons and draggi
136. mental IMPACTTM User Manual A 2 Appendix A 2 Meteorological Considerations In a scenario with a variety of polygon types and land uses you must calculate an average surface roughness factor that describes the typical surface that the plume travels over from the release point to the receptor s Surface or Land Use Lawn grass bodies of water Plowed land Open grassland Rural areas with mixed farming woods small villages Cities and forests Cities with tall buildings Surface Roughness Factor Zo 1 4 10 40 100 400 Coefficients of the function g x used in calculating o are summarized in the following table Stability Category i A i21 0 112 B i22 0 130 C i23 0 112 D i24 0 098 E i25 0 0609 F i 6 0 0638 Roughness Length Z cm 1 1 1 56 4 2 02 10 e 40 5 16 100 7 37 400 11 7 base of natural logarithms 2 71828 Environmental IMPACT User Manual Coefficients 1 06 5 38e 4 0 815 0 950 6 52e 4 0 750 0 920 9 05e 4 0 718 0 889 1 35e 3 0 688 0 895 1 96e 3 0 684 0 783 1 36e 3 0 672 Coefficients d C2 d 0 0480 6 25e 4 0 45 0 0269 7 76 4 0 37 0 0 0 0 098 18 6 0 225 0 0957 4 29 3 0 60 0 128 4 59 4 0 78 Appendix A 3 The meteorological data required for IMPACT is triple joint frequency data as output from the STAR computer program Any number of years of annual meteorological data can be input from a tab delimited text file If more
137. mination in several media including surface water porewater groundwater sediment soil air and all plants and animals A Dictator source is used in the case when media concentrations are known a priori usually because of the availability of measured values The contaminants and the source terms of a Dictator source are specified within the standard Source dialogue using the techniques described below The only difference with Dictator sources is that the user specifies the concentrations of contaminants in a media rather than a loading rate This difference is reflected in the units displayed for the concentration attributes When a dictator source is linked to a soil block dictating HTO concentration the HTO concentration is really the soil pore water concentration with a unit of Bq L For all other contaminants the dictated soil concentrations are total soil concentrations that have units of Bq kg An example of a dictator source linked to a soil block is shown as follows Source type Dictator Source imm Loading Rate Graph Value calculation mode Interpolate between values Add contaminant 100 1 1 1 1 Remove contaminant Add time Remove time Read from excel file Write to an excel file T Total soil concentration P Porewater concentration DK Cancel Source Dialogue Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 47 For each type of source block that can be created the us
138. mine the distance from source to receptor in the atmospheric dispersion model It is important to take care if the default coordinates are changed for any reason Water Sources Water Source blocks are created within Water polygons in order to represent the release of contaminants within the water body itself This type of source block may be linked to any Water block representing surface water small lakes rivers ponds etc However Water source blocks cannot be used to represent contaminant sources discharging to groundwater This type of release requires a Groundwater source block described below To specify the contaminants present in a water source and the release rates of those contaminants use the standard Source dialogue described below Groundwater Sources Groundwater Source blocks are used to represent the release of contaminants to the water table below ground surface These source blocks are linked directly to Groundwater blocks that represent the wells or Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 46 CREATING A SCENARIO aquifers through which contaminated groundwater flows Groundwater source blocks cannot be linked to Porewater Blocks To specify the contaminants present in a groundwater source and the release concentrations of those contaminants use the standard Source dialogue described below Dictator Sources A Dictator Source block is a special type of source that allows the user to specify measured levels of conta
139. mmary tables will be generated automatically next time when the scenario runs as will the monitor file outputs Summary table utility style options Summary table utility style options summarizes the latest run results and makes a summary table as the user specified It is more flexible as to output formats It is used to produce final report tables The summary table settings are saved as parts of the scenario and the saved summary tables get updated when the scenario completes its run An example of a summary table setting is shown as follows Environmental IMPACT User Manual Outputs 5 11 S Summary table utility New style Summary table name list Selected Summary table General Setup Monitors Monitor selection Summary at year 20 Contaminant selection Contaminant type Concentration monitor Doserisk monitor C Metal Radionuclide E z Block class Report contaminants Block type Adult X Doserisk monitor option Total dose Dose by contaminant Dose by both RQ by contaminant Delete Table This utility uses mean values to make summary table OK 5 5 3 Graphic Analyses Similar to the summary tables feature Graphic Analyses is a post process function which is accessible after a run is completed and output data for all monitors are ready to use Graphic Analyses doesn
140. mount of each component by clicking on the scrollbars below each A preview of what the custom color looks like is shown in the Selected color panel Color Basic colors E Gee m S Custom colors 54 Red 114 Sat 153 Green 215 Deme Custom 201076 gt r ColorlS olid Lum fi 23 Blue 47 BH EH EH HHHH Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 61 Clicking OK will change the fill color for the selected polygons and close the dialogue 4 9 6 Editing Polygon and Block Attributes All attributes for each polygon and block are displayed in an Attribute window that belongs specifically to each polygon or block Fixed value attributes are accommodated with input slots while attributes which are treated as parameters are displayed with the Parameter icon E The name of each attribute is listed to the right of the icon followed by the attribute s value and units if appropriate Some attributes are data groups that themselves have more than one attribute These data groups are used to define complex attributes of a polygon or block that cannot be described with just a single value Examples of attribute data groups are a polygon s Baseline inflow and a Source block s Contaminants To change the value of an attribute simply click on its field and text edit Each type of attribute has its own
141. n creating a scenario Most of the attributes in an IMPACT scenario belong to blocks and most of these attributes are global rather than local and therefore belong to a block type rather than a specific occurrence of a block Because of this it is recommend to specify the global attributes of all block types relevant to the scenario before creating any polygons or blocks All block types representing environmental media or receptors are defined within the Database Plume Monitor and Source Blocks are the only blocks that are not defined by the user in the Database Their global characteristics are fixed within IMPACT and their local attributes are user defined at the point where they are created in the scenario refer to Sections 4 8 and4 9 6 The basic features of the Database window and the means of access have been previously described in Section 3 4 7 4 6 1 Considerations When Creating a Database Here are some factors to keep in mind when defining block types e There are twelve 15 block classes defined in the IMPACT database Outdoor Air Indoor Air Soil Porewater Groundwater Coastal Water River Small Lake Pond Creek Sediment Terrestrial Animal Aquatic Animal Terrestrial Plant Aquatic Plant and Human The user cannot define additional classes e Dose conversion factors and risk factors are frequently age specific as are various other attributes that are not radionuclide specific If the user wants to represent r
142. n specify Name Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 27 Surface Water polygons also have a unique user specified name as described previously Coordinates As with Land polygons the user may specify the X and Y coordinates of the centroid of the polygon The same conditions and editing procedures apply to the coordinates of Water polygons as to Land polygons The coordinates of a water polygon are determinants of distance from atmospheric sources and are only of direct relevance to model calculations if there is an air to water pathway established i e for Pond scenarios Distances from liquid effluent point sources are specified as attributes of Coastal Water blocks that may be created within a water polygon Water Polygon Name Pond Name Pond Activated Centre Point Position Coordinates in UTM system Easting meters 455401 77 446936 lt Easting lt 458000 Northing meters 6325870 74 6320000 lt Northing lt 6332080 Zone 17 Hemisphere North Datum NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Canada Coordinates in EL LL coordinate system penates vanes Second ove 8 28 West 33 49 North Flow property Output Fractions Local inflow The general attributes position local inflow outflow fraction are available to specify through the water window Some model specific attributes such as area and depth are linked to block class A user has to create these blo
143. ng it will move all of the selected polygons at the same time This feature is useful for repositioning a number of polygons at once Moving blocks is accomplished in the same manner except that the user does not have to select the Polygon Move Tool first simply select the block single click and drag using the mouse 4 9 4 Deleting Polygons and Blocks Polygons The user can delete one or more polygons by selecting them and choosing Clear from the Edit menu Any blocks contained within a deleted polygon will also be deleted B Be careful when deleting polygons that contain blocks that have been aliased Deleting the original block will also delete all aliases of the original block Blocks Blocks are deleted simply by selecting them and choosing Delete from the Edit menu Note that this operation is different from Cut which removes the selected blocks from the owning polygon and places them on the clipboard Deleting a block for which aliases have been created will also result in the deletion of the aliases themselves I 59 Are you sure you want to delete the Block s and all dependent aliases When a polygon or block is removed either by selecting Cut or Clear any links connected to that polygon or block are also removed Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 60 CREATING A SCENARIO 4 9 5 Editing Polygon Shapes Once a polygon has been created using any of the techniques described in Section 4 7 th
144. ng simulations Each of these steps is discussed in more detail in this chapter except for the final step of running simulations that is discussed separately in Section 5 Following these steps in the order in which they are presented is not mandatory but it will enable the user to create a scenario based on a logical framework and will also help the user to avoid back tracking in later stages of scenario development The order suggested above is simply a guideline that can be modified to suit the user s purposes and degree of familiarity with the software 4 1 Creating an IMPACT Scenario File When you create a new scenario in IMPACT you can either start with a new untitled document or you can use an existing scenario file as a template refer to Section 3 1 for a discussion of IMPACT file types The latter approach can save time if you have a common set of contaminants or block types that are used in more than one scenario 4 2 Importing Data Some of the information required to create a scenario may be available from other sources in various file formats To simplify the process of creating a scenario IMPACT allows the user to import some forms of data in several different graphic and data file formats Graphic images e g JPEG or BMP files may be imported as background maps for a scenario and windrose data in STAR format may be imported to establish wind related meteorological conditions The full details of the procedures for each of the
145. nimal transfer factors for Inhalation Fin and ingestion Fing in units of d kg should be replaced with mother s milk transfer factors in units of d L Environmental IMPACT User Manual Special Cases 6 3 e The animal intake rates for air m d and water L d should be replaced by mother s intake rates in the same units the rates may be adjusted for occupancy factors or water processing factors as appropriate since these factors are not in the animal equations e The animal soil sediment intake rate kg d should be replaced by the mother s incidental soil sediment intake rates in the same units the latter may be adjusted for exposure frequency factors as appropriate since these factors are not in the animal equations e The animal feed intake rates kg d should be replaced by the mother s food intake rates in the same units the latter may be adjusted for food processing factors as appropriate since these factors are not in the animal equations The specific activity equations for tritium in animal milk differ from the mother s milk equations involving transfer factors in the DRL Guidance EcoMetrix COG 2008 In order to use the transfer factor approach for mother s milk transfer factors may be obtained from Appendix A30 of the COG DRL Guidance Alternatively the specific activity model for tritium in animal milk may be considered to represent mother s milk using a DW value appropriate to the fruits and vegetables consumed T
146. nks represent are fully described in Section 4 10 Excluding Sources Plumes and Monitors there are fifteen 15 classes of blocks in IMPACT that can be created in Land and or Water polygons Any environmental media or receptors required within a scenario must be represented by a block from one of the 15 established classes As mentioned previously any block type that the user wishes to create in a polygon must have been previously defined within the Database except for Plume Source and Monitor blocks Creating Blocks All blocks are created explicitly while in a Polygon Contents window which is opened by double clicking on the polygon or using the Open command in the Polygon pull down menu The most common method of creating a block is to select the block s type from the available menus in the Polygon Window For example if the user wished to represent agricultural crops within a land polygon the user would open that polygon and then select the Terrestrial Plant menu That menu would present the user with several sub items representing the Terrestrial Plant types that have been defined in the Database Selecting one of these types in the menu will create the appropriate block in the open polygon If more than one crop was desired it would be necessary to repeat this process for each crop type and each would need to have been created in the Database prior to establishing them In the Polygon Once any block has been created within a pol
147. nmental IMPACT User Manual ii Table of Contents 3 4 5 Contaminants WindoW s sae et RAN EDIT ERAN E antes ih abana aute e orae devine 13 3 4 6 Global Reactions WIRdOW 3 i e de Rat reete ee ak eee epe tos elas pert ae S 15 3 4 7 Global Radiation Energy Input Window eese eene nennen een 16 3 4 8 Database WiIndOW ee RR RERO RO EAE WR FO ER ERR EU A ae RE e Pr en ees 18 3 4 8 Messages Window eie atu e e e PER E D PE EN Rats 19 3 4 9 References WINDOW iscsi 2 erit erret Ide aeree need tet e Pd eere Re eoe eee Ee edid 20 3 410 Graphic Analyses Wind OWS d f EH et te OH ette des 21 2 TOOLBARS ee nre ERR ene RR TRE OC t ps 22 3 6 DIALOGUES sates de orrea a e IRE ere E Re E Eo e Open ean ss 23 3 6 1 Source Dialogue x on bte SG mte Snnt tee 23 3 6 2 Baseline Inflow Dialoglar niinniin iiriksi tenete 26 3 6 5 Meteorology Dialogue s Rete e e de t e i eb m oder Fee eee hues 29 3 6 4 Scale Diglo gue aeeoea aaa PER EEG NO EU setoedeaseds EDETS EEEE 30 3 6 5 Fill Dialogue iae iasi areenaa RETR a 31 3 6 6 Tr nsmogrify Dialogue cea tate e Re a ee E E E eia 32 3 6 7 RUPSDIGIO SUC LRE EE een o EE EE E 33 3 7 COMMAND SUMMARY ciere e arae E EEEE enne EPSE EEEE E E EESE S ar oF 34 3 7 1 File Men E E E E E E A E 34 3 7 2 Edit Menina ouran A E AA E aA aa E Oa aA EEAS ASEAS 37 3 Z3 View Menus su uet A e aet as ARRA OU
148. nt Model Input Other Notes From To IP Dose to humans due to Terrestrial Plant Block ingestion of land plant products A human within any polygon can obtain IPs Dose to humans due to Terrestrial Animal food products from other polygons ingestion of land animal Block accomplished using the Alias function products meat milk eggs etc Pc Dose to humans due to Aquatic Animal Block HigesBon of aquatic Human Global and local attributes of the animals fish shellfish Block Hanan block IP7 Dose to humans due to Aquatic Plant Block ingestion of aquatic plants wild rice dulse etc These transfer processes necessitate the use of the Alias function Pos Dose to humans due to incidental sediment ingestion Sediment Block P Dose to humans due to Beachshine Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 75 Transfer Process Required Link s Relevant Model Input Other Notes From To Pono Ingestion of breast milk by Terrestrial Animal nursing infant is treated as a special case an infant Block land a Terrestrial Animal block is used to represent the breast milk see Section The transfer models for air water soil sediment and plants can accommodate radioactive decay and thus Global Reaction data becomes required input 2 Aquatic and atmospheric dispersion processes necessitate the creation of a Point Source or Pond linked to the Atmospheri
149. ock or polygon Global attributes for a given block are accessed in the Database window refer to Section 3 4 7 For clarification of the difference between global and local attributes refer to Section 3 3 8 In the following example the attributes of the block Human Adult Area 1 are shown Most blocks have an Input fractions attribute which shows the relative contribution from blocks that are linked to the block in question In this example above the Human Adult Area 1 block has seven input blocks Input fractions Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 13 show the percentage of air soil sediment terrestrial plant food terrestrial animal food Intakes that comes from each source block Water use fractions show the percentage of each water use that comes from each source block Human Input Fractions Input Fractions Unit 2 Water Use Fractions Unit 80 0 20 100 Beach swimming is just for WaterColumn as a source DK Cancel 3 4 5 Contaminants Window Access The Contaminants window can be opened by choosing Contaminants from the Biosphere pull down menu Summary of Functions e define contaminants e specify global attributes of contaminants Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 14 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS e import Excel files e export Excel files Contents and Features The Contaminants window allows the user to review and
150. on For any parameter with a Constant PDF the value selected for each iteration will not vary By repeating this process for many iterations a range of Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 21 inputs is specified and therefore a range of results is obtained The range and distribution of the results provide an estimate of the uncertainty associated with the simulation s output The meaning of each of the six available PDF types is discussed below Constant The constant distribution describes a value that is constant and does not change from one iteration to the next Normal The three conditions underlying the normal distribution are e value of the uncertain variable that is the most likely to occur the mean of the distribution e the uncertain value is equally likely to be above the mean as below the mean i e the distribution is symmetrical about the mean e uncertain variable is more likely to be in the vicinity of the mean than far away by definition 68 of the values in a normal distribution are within 1 standard deviation on either side of the mean Log Normal The log normal distribution represents situations where values are positively skewed most of the values occur near the minimum value Three conditions for the log normal distribution are e uncertain variable can increase without limits but can not fall below zero e uncertain variable is positively skewed i e value
151. options relevant to running a simulation and the generation of output These topics are fully discussed in Chapter 5 of this manual Run Choosing this command opens the Run dialogue refer to Section 3 6 7 for a general discussion of this dialogue and its contents In this dialogue the user can specify the simulation attributes of duration time step plot step number of iterations and random seed Clicking Run in this dialogue starts a new simulation with the attributes specified Verify When you select the Verify command IMPACT checks the attributes global and local for each polygon and block and verifies that they fall within a valid range It will notify you if one or more attributes are invalid allowing you to correct them before running a simulation It is recommended that the user does complete a verification procedure after creating a scenario as this will catch many common mistakes that can lead to errors during calculations Note that a verification is completed automatically at the beginning of each simulation Output Files This command brings up the Files dialogue where the user can select monitors to create output files specify whether you want to create backup files and specify the folder where output files are placed You can also open this dialogue from within the Run dialogue by clicking on the Files button Chapter 5 describes the processes associated with the Files dialogue in detail Summary Tables
152. or pathways leading to dose or risk Total dose If this option is selected the total dose to the receptor from all contaminants and pathways combined will be calculated As noted in the dialogue it is valid to calculate a total dose only for isotopes The dose from all other contaminant types will be ignored Dose by pathway If the user chooses Dose by pathway a Pathway s list will appear from which the user can select one or more pathways leading to dose For each pathway a dose on encompassing all isotopes will be reported As noted in the Dialogue it is valid to calculate dose by pathway only for isotopes The dose from all other contaminant types will be ignored Dose by contaminant If this option is selected a Contaminant s list will appear from which the user can select one or more contaminants leading to dose For each contaminant a dose on encompassing all pathways will be reported This option is valid for all types of contaminants Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO Dose Risk Monitor Monitoring Parameters Contaminants and Pathways Contaminants Pathways Dose Total Dose radionuclides only Dose by pathway radioniclides only v Dose by contaminant Dose by both Risk quotient Dose benchmark 7 Total Risk radionuclides only Risk by pathway radionuclides only Risk by contaminant Risk by both Statistic option Statistic calculatio Cance
153. oses to specified receptors arising from contaminant release 1 4 User Characteristics IMPACT will be a relatively complex software package that incorporates numerical algorithms from various scientific disciplines related to contaminant transport exposure and potential human health effects Users of IMPACT for the purpose of completing radiological dose or DRL calculations should have a general understanding of the contaminant fate and transport processes involved as well as specific understanding of human dosimetry Familiarity with COG standards for dose DRL calculation specifically the DRL Guidance Document Ecometrix COG 2008 and familiarity with the operations and surroundings of facilities of interest is required The software is subject to user limitations in that the results output values may depend on the setting of time steps or the specification of input parameters Environmental IMPACT User Manual Introduction The Users Manual and the DRL Guidance Document should be reviewed prior to use of IMPACT and should be available during use 1 5 New Changes in Version 5 4 0 This new IMPACT version 5 4 0 is consistent with DRL Guidance EcoMetrix COG 2008 and CSA standard N288 1 08 The algorithm related changes and bug fixes made between version 5 2 2 and version 5 4 0 are as follows Some parameters changed from embedded values to input parameters e g air plume stability parameters S for buoyant restoring acc
154. ps gs cie RW Ree eee ER eese eei eens a 5 5 3 3 TteYaltOnsz i stile e Ee pb iet cesses EEA a erede esiti 5 5 3 4 JU Cc c ME 6 5 3 5 Isoplethi Runtime Wa Rae HP Ee RR RR ee e e e E 6 5 4 RUNNING SIMULATIONS Rhee A eh ote etie nce enti ie 7 5 5 EXAMINING RESULTS eiie feet itte eene ette terit cree etin retener esed i 8 3 34 Working with Files o rr PERO in asks e P ERN e RE ER PU 8 5 5 2 Summary Tables a bed tese eee e ed eue ive eei iei d eles eevee ea 9 5 5 3 Graphic Analyses essent d tette setti a e qu e e SP ev node tee eee 11 SPE 8 VENETO ND C cEEE 1 6 1 eee Ls d Lu en 1 6 2 IU PNMILIIB dE C 2 REFERENCES Ote eT Vane eae a een va e Fede oed eva ni voee 1 P Ww d UNIO p devecesves suusccentestesdastessesddussseseestsisutesissvacdsssauccsvasesecsss 1 A 1 UNITS OF OPERA VN cc 1 A 2 METEOROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS eee e ene enne nnns nsns esi nsi ese ttt ese ere 2 A 3 EFFECTIVE AND NON STOCHASTIC DOSE CALCULATIONS c cssssssssssssssesesesssesssesesssssesssesesesesssesssessseees 5 Environmental IMPACT User Manual INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 What is IMPACT IMPACT is a customizable tool that allows the user to assess the transport and fate of contaminants through a user specified environment It also enable
155. quency distributions of surface wind speed versus direction as a function of stability class A typical STAR tabulation for a single year contains 576 elements 6 stability classes by 16 compass sectors by 6 velocity classes with each element presented as the percentage of time that the wind is from a particular direction and in a given wind speed class and stability class The default STAR data set used by IMPACT for new scenarios provided In the Data file as newwindrose txt has a uniform distribution by direction and a stability class distribution as follows Pasquill stability category Frequency Mean wind speed m s 1 6 10 56 10 17 NO Ne The velocity class distributions are weighted such that the mean wind speed for each stability class is equal to the values shown in the table above This wind rose is typical of average Canadian climatic conditions CSA 1987 STAR data sets are derived from observations taken at first order or Class A National Weather Service NWS stations in Canada and the United States and are available from Environment Canada or the U S National Weather Service There are other weather stations world wide which also provide suitable information for STAR data sets Open File The Open File button allows the user to import a text file containing STAR wind rose data These data are assumed to apply over the entire area to be modeled Appendix A describes the requir
156. r Risk By time step Integrate Cancer Risk By iteration Exposure Duration years fro e z Value At Time years E Total cancer risk EUR Cancer risk by pathway Cancer risk by contaminant Cancer risk by both Max Min Percentile 2 DK Cancel Arithmetic Geometric of Mean Dose by both If this option is selected as in the example above both a Contaminant and a Pathway list will appear from which the user can select one or more contaminants and pathways leading to dose For each contaminant a dose by each pathway is reported This option is valid for all types of contaminants Cancer Risk The calculation of cancer risk from dose is not implemented in IMPACT 5 4 0 Risk Quotient The calculation of risk quotients from dose is not implemented in IMPACT 5 4 0 Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 56 CREATING A SCENARIO Derived Release Limit DRL Monitors DRL Monitors are created in order to monitor the maximum acceptable emission rate from a single specified source that will result in a specified dose or risk to a human or animal receptor DRL Monitors are functional only in the DRL Mode of IMPACT This monitor type can only be linked to a Human block If more than one source exists in a scenario when using a DRL Monitor an error message will be generated during simulation This scenario has multiple sources for Derived Re
157. r polygon s boundary Multiple blocks can be selected by shift clicking holding down the shift key while clicking on several blocks in turn It is also possible to select all blocks within a specified polygon by choosing the Select All command from the Edit menu It is important to note that any action performed subsequent to this will apply to the scenario and can t be redone Be sure that this is indeed the intention before proceeding A multiple block selection can be released simply by clicking on a point not occupied by any of the selected items or by choosing the Unselect All command from the Edit menu 4 9 2 Naming Polygons and Blocks IMPACT assigns default names to polygons and blocks when they are first created A polygon s default name includes the polygon type Land or Water and the polygon s unique ID number A block s default name is the type Poultry Adults Fish If the user creates two blocks of the same type they will be automatically numbered in sequence Fish 1 Fish 2 Polygon Names The user can change a polygon s name by first selecting the Info tool from the Task window s toolbar and clicking once on the polygon This will open up the polygon s Attributes window as on the following page Selecting the slot containing the name e g Water 1 will allow the user to simply enter a new name Block Names Block names can be changed either by selecting the block and choosing the Rena
158. rce is used in the case when concentrations in any or all receiving media are known If the intent of a scenario is to calculate a derived release limit using a DRL Monitor see Section 5 1 1 the user should not establish any Dictator sources It is important to note that only single sources are permitted when running simulations in DRL mode Attempts to run simulations with more than one source established in a scenario will generate a warning message as depicted below and the simulation will not proceed ERROR E3 In DRL mode there can be only one source All attributes of Source blocks are local The X and Y coordinate attributes are enabled only for Pointsource The X and Y coordiantes can be coordinates in Cartesian system or UTM system Source blocks do not have an Input fractions attribute since they cannot have any inputs e X coordinate e Y coordinate e Contaminants The Contaminants attribute is a data group that contains the source term data for contaminants that are released from that source The user can create and edit the source term data as need be see discussions to follow Point Sources Point Sources are used to represent the release of contaminants to the atmosphere in the form of an airborne plume A Point Source block is used in conjunction with a Plume block to represent the airborne plume of Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 44 CREATING A SCENARIO contaminants emanating from the source Using a r
159. riance 22 C Uniform Mormal Minimum Value 13 Lognormal C Triangular Maximum Value 108 C Set References Short Text Note DRL UNSCEAR 1982 Full Text Cancel DK After selecting the PDF type and specifying a value s clicking OK will accept the specified information Clicking Cancel at any point will leave the parameter unchanged References or notes may also be attached to this parameter by selecting a reference from the Reference pop up menu and by entering a text note in the Note field Probability Distribution Functions PDFs Each parameter is characterized by a Probability Distribution Function PDF and up to four numerical values p1 to p4 depending on the type of PDF chosen There are a total of six different PDFs that can be used to describe a parameter and they are summarized in the following table along with a list of the values that need to be specified PDF 1 2 3 4 Constant value Normal mean std deviation minimum maximum Log Normal geometric mean geometric std minimum maximum deviation Uniform minimum maximum Triangular minimum mode maximum 1st value 2nd value 3rd value 4th value etc PDFs are used in probabilistic simulations to define the uncertainty associated with model parameters At the beginning of each iteration a different value for each parameter is randomly selected based on the parameter s PDF and this value is used for that specific iterati
160. rios and then those new saved scenarios are loadable by this IMPACT version 5 4 0 Environmental IMPACT User Manual Introduction 1 5 1 6 Motes on Alignment with CSA standard N288 1 08 Sevaral equations that appear in the N288 1 08 document are either alternative calculations Eq 6 10 6 13 or they explain how an inout parameter Is derived Eq 6 12 6 56 6 64 6 74 7 4 and are not implemented in IMPACT for this reason Equation 6 70 for contaminant transfer from plant to honey Is not implemented as such becausee IMPACT does not includee a honey bee receptor see section 6 1 for advice on representing a honey bee as a special case of the terrestrial animal model Eqution 6 71 for contaminant transfer for soil to animal is not implemented as such becausee IMPACT uses a single combined soil intake for animals rather than separating food borne anddirect soil intakes the user must determine the combined soil intakes as an inout Equation 6 21 and 6 22 for progeny ingrowth for are no t Implemented since they are rarely required IMPACT doesn t allow branching fraction Users wishing to explicitly track progeny of isomerictransition are advised to assume conservatively that all transition are through the metastable state 177 Getting Answers to IMPACT Questions IMPACT incorporates a vast array of functions calculations and parameter information and allows a wide range of user implemented commands and procedures Due to the broad
161. roduce BMP or JPEG files from other graphical formats Image files can be imported at any time while building a scenario but the user is advised to do it prior to creating polygons and blocks If the user is importing a file as a background image make sure to follow appropriate scaling procedures as described in the previous section BMP and JPEG files are just graphical images with no inherent scale associated with them so IMPACT assumes that the real scale dimensions of the Image as defined by the user in the scale dialogue are correct If the user needs to change the map scale to a specific value the user will have to re Import the Image and go through the process of assigning scale as described previously in Section 4 3 1 Once the user has imported the image the scale dialogue is not accessible Bitmap images in BMP or JPEG file format can be imported when the Biosphere window is active To import a graphic file to be used as a background image simply choose Import gt Graphics Files from the File menu When you have selected this command you will be presented with the standard file selection dialogue where the specific file to be imported can be specified After an image file has been imported it will be visible in the Biosphere window when in Graphics mode the mode in which all interactions are available B Only one Graphics file can be used as a background image in an IMPACT scenario If an image has already been import
162. ronmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 IMPACT Files The main IMPACT program directory contains several separate files and folders e an IMPACT file for launching the IMPACT application double clicking the file icon will start IMPACT e 8 support files in the same folder where IMPACT COG exe is located These files are ModelBase bin rtl100 bpl tee7100 bpl vc1100 bpl vclx100 bpl CC3280MT DLL BORLNDMM DLL e Data folder containing all bin files comprising the default database 21 files in total data files for each of the 15 block classes a data file for contaminants a data file for global reactions a data file for references a data file for scenario version a data file for windrose data format and a default windrose file e an icons folder that contains all user defined icons used in creating blocks as described in Section 4 The user can add any number of custom icons to the icons folder if desired e folders for any Scenarios that the user creates or any output generated by using IMPACT These are only default locations added at the time of installation and the user may save scenarios or model output to any location The installed folder is C Program Files EcoMetrix Inch IMPACT_COG_540 When creating scenarios or running a simulation IMPACT generates different types of files Scenario files contain all of the data that
163. rst time step represents the period from year 0 to the end of year 1 the second time step from year 1 to the end of year 2 and the final time step from year 9 to the end of year 10 5 3 2 Time step The simulation time step parameter indicates the length of each simulation time step in years In DRL mode the simulation time step is essentially irrelevant The monitoring time step parameter indicates the time interval in years between outputs 5 3 3 Iterations This parameter specifies the number of iterations to perform for probabilistic Monte Carlo simulations For each iteration any parameter attributes in the scenario are selected randomly based on the PDF defined for each parameter These values are used for the current iteration and the simulation results are calculated accordingly Running a simulation for one iteration with all parameters set to a Constant PDF is equivalent to running the simulation deterministically Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 6 Outputs 5 3 4 Files The user can jump quickly to the Files dialogue by clicking the button The total number of monitors that have been set to create file output is summarized beside the button 5 3 5 Isopleth Run Isopleth Run is a special run only taking account of air dispersion assuming air sources are the only source type in the scenario It doesn t produce any file outputs other than showing an on screen isopleth map which is a colored map representing air
164. rtue of the fact that they contain a pointer to another distinct attribute An example of a member is the parent of a reaction the parent e g U is an attribute of the reaction e g 02 gt 155 yet it relates directly to another contaminant 5 Most blocks have a Database member as their first attribute This member points to the global attributes of the block located in the database Assigning Values to Parameters To define or modify the value of any parameter appearing in the database simply click on the field This will bring up a dialogue box where the user can enter values that describe the attribute Note that any values the user enters need to conform to the units specified in the dialogue box for the attribute in question In the Parameter dialogue select one of the six Parameter Distribution types to choose the PDF for the parameter The default and most widely used PDF is Constant Depending on the PDF chosen the definition of the text fields on the right will change PDFs are fully described later in this section In the example provided below a Normal PDF has been chosen and the maximum and minimum values have been entered along with the mean and the standard deviation Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 20 CREATING A SCENARIO x Parameter name Fish Bioconcentratior M Distribution Parameters L kg Arithmetic Mean 55 r Parameter Distribution C Constant Va
165. s as the user specified When the product of the contaminant number and the pathway number is bigger than 256 office excel 2003 and earlier versions can t handle the data by contaminant and by pathway Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 10 Outputs A Summary table utility Summary at year 5 Monitor selection Output monitors Concentration monitor Doserisk monitor DRL monitor not for multiple DRL Block selection Block class Doserisk monitor option Dose Radioactive total d Iz Er Risk quotient Dose benchmark v Riskb conta ve This utility uses mean values to make summary table Generate table The creation of summary tables requires the specification of monitors for output file production Only monitor files will appear in the Output monitors list appearing in the dialogue Depending on the manner in which the monitors have been configured the Summary Tables function will allow compilation of output reflecting one of three options In the example above all Concentration monitors have been selected as the information to appear in the summary Table The resulting Table provides the requested endpoint from the selected monitors representing only the final time step of the simulation Summary table parameters defined in the summary table window are parts of the scenario and thus will be saved within the scenario file when the scenario is saved The defined su
166. s near the lower limit are more likely to occur e plotting the frequency of the natural logarithm of the uncertain variable yields a normal distribution Uniform In a uniform distribution all values between the minimum and maximum are equally likely to occur The three conditions underlying the uniform distribution are e minimum value is fixed e maximum value is fixed e all values between the minimum and maximum are equally likely to occur Triangular The triangular distribution describes a variable where the user knows the minimum maximum and most likely values The three conditions underlying a triangular distribution are e the minimum value is fixed e the maximum value is fixed e most likely value falls between the minimum and maximum values forming a triangular shaped distribution which shows that values near the minimum and maximum are less likely to occur than those near the most likely value Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 22 CREATING A SCENARIO Set The set distribution describes a variable with a fixed number of set possible values The conditions which apply to set distribution are e up to 100 possible values can be specified e probability of selecting each value is equal The Set PDF is similar to the Uniform PDF except that only discrete values are allowed rather than a continuous range You could use this type of PDF for describing parameters where you have obtained different va
167. s the quantification of human and non human exposure to those environmental contaminants and the calculation of associated dose It can calculate the concentration of any contaminant in a range of media as well as calculate radiation dose and carcinogenic risk or toxic hazard quotients for humans and other biota IMPACT 5 4 0 has also given focused consideration to the determination of derived release limits DRLs for radioactive contaminants The graphical user interface GUI features make it possible to create or modify scenarios quickly and without the need to change the programming code Thus users can construct complex models to simulate the impact of contaminant releases in a wide variety of natural environments without the need for programming skills or the use of multiple and complex model interfaces 1 2 IMPACT for Derived Release Limits The current version of IMPACT 5 4 0 has been constructed to enable the calculation of Derived Release Limits DRLs in accordance with the CANDU Owners Group DRL Guidance Document EcoMetrix COG 2008 and CSA standard N288 1 08 That Guidance Document represents a state of the art understanding of radionuclide fate and transport and human dosimetry and is broadly applicable to all CANDU nuclear facilities in Canada as well as most instances of radionuclide release and exposure world wide The theory and equations embodied in IMPACT are documented in the DRL guidance document EcoMetrix COG 2008 and CSA
168. scope of IMPACT it is likely that the user will come up with questions during use of this software To obtain answers to questions there are a number of available Help options that the user can easily access The following sections describe each of the Help options in detail 1 7 1 IMPACT User Manual Throughout this User Manual the Windows version of IMPACT is depicted in screen shots and discussed in the text While some operating systems may differ in some aspects of the appearance of IMPACT on screen most of the concepts that are discussed apply equally well to Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP operating systems In the text of this manual words and concepts are highlighted in a distinctive style that indicates their meaning e menu window or dialogue items are referred to in bold type e concepts that are defined elsewhere in this manual are highlighted in italics e references to other sections of this manual are underlined The Users Manual has been written in order to provide a complete overview of all attributes of the IMPACT software The material provided has been arranged to allow you to gain familiarity with IMPACT s features and functions in order to utilize the software in an informed and effective manner To help get it up and running quickly we recommend that the user read through Chapters 1 to 4 This will minimize the need for back tracking and associated delays in the processes of creating a scenario running a simulation
169. se 0520 COG Revised Database 05June09 AJB SNRDATA DN Annual 2008 5NR Desktop ECOG Revised Database 05June09 AJB SNRoutputs r Sample Scenario 522 5NR ODN Annual 2008 SNRDATA Sample Scenario 540 5NR C DN Annual 2008 5NRoutputs B Test windrose file 1 SNMR Sample Scenario_522 5NRDATA ist Water Source test 1 SNR Sample Scenario 522 SMRoutputs Sample Scenario 540 SNRDATA Sample Scenario 540 5NRoutputs Cj Test windrose file 1 SNRDATA O Test windrose File 1 5NRoutputs lt My Documents My Network File name Sample Scenario 540 5NR Places Files of type Scenario files snr Close The Close command closes the current scenario If changes have been made to the scenario since it was last saved the user will be prompted to save the file discard the changes or cancel the Close command Save Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 36 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS The Save command saves the current scenario to a file If the scenario has not been saved before the user will be presented with the standard save file dialogue to specify a file name and location Save As The Save As command allows the user to save the current scenario to a disk file under a different name than that which it is currently saved under This command is useful if the user wishes to save a copy of a scenario before modifying it further in case the user wants to go back to the orig
170. see Section 4 3 2 for a detailed description of the process of importing images The user can create a closed polygon by clicking along the polygon s desired boundary with the Closed Polygon tool c The user closes the polygon by clicking with the mouse on or near the first boundary point and responding to the prompt as presented below Alert The selected point is very close to the first point in the polygon Are you trying to close the polygon Ne 4 7 3 Specifying Polygon Attributes All polygons that have been created within a scenario have a number of local attributes that the user will need to specify To access these attributes select the desired polygon and select Attributes from the Edit menu or click once on the polygon with the Info tool ie This will open the Attribute window for the selected polygon Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 25 Land Polygons Each land polygon created has several local attributes that the user may specify Each is discussed in context of the following example of the land polygons attribute window Land Polygon Name Community Name Community IV Activated Centre Point Position Coordinates in LITM system Easting meters 453332 10 446936 lt Easting lt 458000 Northing meters 327073 39 5320000 Northing 5332080 Zone 17 Hemisphere North Datum NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Canada Coordinates in coordinate system
171. standard N288 1 08 Earlier versions of IMPACT 4 0 and 4 x releases have used non steady state solutions to contaminant transport equations These generally arrive at a steady state consistent with the results of this module IMPACT 5 4 0 However this module contains only steady state solutions as described in the DRL Guidance document 1 2 1 Calculation of Concentrations and Doses Pathway analysis can be represented as a series of contaminant transfers between environmental compartments Figure 1 2 1 Environmental IMPACT User Manual 1 2 Introduction Figure 1 2 1 Environmental Transport Model Immersion 19 Inhalation 1 19 Soil Surface External 39 Incidental Ingestion Vegetated Soil P 39 3 HT HTO i Forage and Ingestion P49 Plant Produce a Animal Produce Ingestion P59 5 Ingestion P69 Surface Water and Groundwater Lake Pond Well River Ocean 2 Ingestion P79 External P e 89 Incidental Ingestion P89 Ingestion P i 29 Immersion 29 Environmental Transfer Model For ocean water pathways P23 P24 P25 and 1 29 are not used Revised 30 09 2006 The radionuclide concentration or dose in any receptor compartment j is X gc 25 P ij X i where the summation is over all compartments i transferring into compartment j If all the values of P are known then the individual Xjs may be calculated for any given release rate Xo 1 2 2 Calculation of Der
172. t Applicable to DRL calculation e DCF water external radionculide specific Not Applicable to DRL calculation e DCF sediment external radionculide specific Not Applicable to DRL calculation e DCF internal radionculide specific Not Applicable to DRL calculation 4 8 10 Terrestrial Plant Blocks Within Land polygons the user can create Terrestrial Plant blocks to represent any plant that may grow within those polygons Multiple plant blocks are permitted As with any block the only available types of Terrestrial Plant blocks are those that have already been defined within the database refer to Section 4 6 Plants can receive links from Air Soil Porewater Groundwater blocks River blocks as well as Small Lake Pond and Coastal Water blocks both as aliases All but one of the Terrestrial Plant attributes are global attributes defined in the database e Yield e Removal half life e Effective deposition duration e Irrigation fraction e Foliar interception fraction e Water retained per leaf area e Harvest Index e Hold up time e Irrigation frequency e Leaf area index e Plant dry fresh weight ratio e Isotopic discrimination factor e Water Equivalent of dry matter e Plant carbon fraction from air e Plantto shoot yield ratio e Stable carbon in plant e Soil to plant transfer factor radionculide specific e Air to plant transfer factor Applicable only for special cases See Section 6 0
173. t any Land Polygon an atmospheric Plume Block can be created simply by clicking the Plume command in the Polygon menu bar Only one plume can be created in any given polygon In the case of atmospheric dispersion it is not necessary to link the Plume block to any Air blocks in a scenario These links are implicit and are not shown on the screen All attributes of atmospheric Plume blocks are all local the user cannot define Plume block types in the Database section of a scenario The attributes are defined within the plume dialogue accessible by double clicking on the plume block and include the following e Mixing height Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual Source height Surface roughness Input fractions Stack Exit Velocity Stack Inside Diameter Nearby Building Height Gas Temperature Ambient Air Temperature Cross Sectional Area of Buildings Sector specific surface roughness Local Air Plume Block Data Release Height Stack Exit Velocity Stack Inside Diameter Nearby Building Height Gas Temperature Ambient Air Temperature Stability Parameter For Class E fo 0005 Stability Parameter For Class F 0012 Cross Sectional Area of Buildings 1950 OK BN E CREATING A SCENARIO 4 49 EER m Sector specific Surface Roughness Plume Direction 0 4 t is in direction wind is blowing TO Cancel Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 50 CREATING A SCENARIO Aquatic
174. t block icon and expanding the Input fractions data group in the Adult block s Attribute window depicted below Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 66 CREATING A SCENARIO Human Input Fractions Input Fractions Unit Water Use Fractions Unit 2 Beach swimming is just for W aterColumn as a source OK Cancel Initially all input fractions are assigned a value of 100 The user only needs to edit the members if the user wants the input fraction to be other than 100 in this case the input fractions for animal products For the example described above the user would specify the percent of terrestrial animal intake usually by weight for each type of animal consumed by the human receptor If the Resident consumed a total of 100 kg of animal produce per year which was made up of 22 kg beef 30 kg eggs and 5 kg poultry the relative percent specified for each attribute in the human s Input fractions would be beef 22 eggs 30 and chicken 5 Note that the dialogue does allow the total of all inputs to exceed 100 The user should modify the values so that totals do not exceed 100 for air soil plant produce or animal produce Similary the sum of percentage contributions from different water sources should not exceed 100 for each water use such as drinking The total amount of all terrestrial animal produce consumed in one year 100 kg would be specified for the Animal ingestion global attribute for the
175. t is recommended to check the scale consistency between horizontal direction and vertical direction by clicking Refresh button after all boundary values are input After check a new North value will be changed and displayed in north Input box This north value is a corrected value that is calculated by applying the horizontal scale in the background Image A background image scale discrepancy on vertical and horizontal direction is quite possible as the image might be stretched during its creation process If the difference between the corrected north value and the input value is less than 196 then the background image is usable and the corrected north value should be used Otherwise the background image needs to be modified to make the scales on horizontal and vertical directions relatively close and then it can be used The modification of scales can be done outside IMPACT Environmental IMPACT User Manual 4 6 CREATING A SCENARIO Refresh command also calculates and shows Lat Long coordinates for the top right and the bottom left corner points expressed as UTM coordinates The checked box Recalculate all polygon coordinates on new settings indicates if the existing polygon coordinates need to be calculated to match the new map settings If this is checked when OK is clicked the existing polygons will stay in the same places on the background image with their polygon coordinates changed to reflect the new map settings For example a polygon w
176. t of these options are specified when the user creates and configures the monitor blocks in a scenario The remaining options are specified by selecting commands in the Simulate menu 5 1 1 Setting Up Monitor Blocks All output produced from an IMPACT simulation is produced by Monitor Blocks All files and graphs produced during a simulation are based on the attributes of the monitor blocks that the user creates and links to other blocks in the scenario The user cannot produce output without specifying a monitor from which to derive the requested output data This includes the output of Summary Tables Specifying Environmental Media In order to select the media for which the user wishes to produce output the user must establish the appropriate monitor blocks and link them to the blocks that represent the media of interest These monitors will later be selected as sources of data for files or graphs when running a simulation The following table presents a summary of the monitor types that the user will need to create in order to monitor end points in specified media What to Monitor Type of Monitor Block Required concentration of a contaminant in any block Concentration dose to a human or animal receptor Dose Risk derived release limit DRL from a source for a specific DRL receptor human Each of the available monitor types and the procedures for creating them have been described in Section 4 8 16 Specifying contaminants
177. t produce file outputs but it provides a way to plot data in many various ways and it gives an option to save the plotted graph to image format Graphic Analyses is accessible by clicking the Graphic Analyses command from the Output menu in the main window after the scenario runs This command opens a Select Monitor window shown below Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual 5 12 Outputs 2 Select a monitor Available monitor names Land 4 for Garden Vegetables Land 4 for Loam Land 4 for Outdoor Air Land 4 for Pore Water Land 4 for R1 Adult Dose Land 4 for R1 Infant Dose Land 5 for Deep Well Land 5 for Forage Land 5 for Loam Land 5 for Porew ater Land 5 for Poultry meat Land 5 for Shallow Well Water 2 for Fish Water 2 for Lake Sediment Water 5 for Pond Sediment OK Cancel A user can only select one monitor to do the graphic analyses at a time Once a monitor gets selected monitor graphic analyses window will be opened Concentration monitors Dose Risk monitors and DRL monitors have different windows to customize the production of graphs The graphic analyses windows for a concentration monitor a Dose Risk monitor and a DRL monitor are shown as follows Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 13 Outputs Land 4 for Garden Vegetables Concentration by timestep Arithmetic Mean Co 60 8 00e 03 Arithmetic Mean Co 60 8 3 ee EE i Arithmetic Mean Th 231 ET
178. tal dose C Dose by contaminant Dose by both RQ by contaminant Delete Table This utility uses mean values to make summary table OK Cancel 3 7 9 Polygon Window Menu Bar The items available in the menu command bar In the Polygon Contents Window pertain to blocks that exist only within the polygon that is open These items include a series of commands contained in the Edit pull down menu as described in Section 3 7 2 There are also a number of pull down menus that allow the user to create various blocks sources and monitors In addition there are three commands that activate dialogues that then allow the user to manipulate the selected blocks including Alias Transmogrify and Rename as described in Section 4 9 Source The Source menu allows the user to establish contaminant sources in either land or water polygons Groundwater and Dictator sources are available in the Source menu in either land or water polygons This menu also enables the creation of Point Sources in Land Polygons and Water Source sources in water polygons Selecting any item on the menu creates a Source block of the prescribed type Section 4 8 14 discusses the use of each of the source types in detail Various Block Menus The menu bar in any polygon window contains a series of pull down menus representative of the Classes in the database Each of the class specific menus contains block create commands for any type that has been defined in the
179. taminant Global Attributes The resulting contaminant concentration in Block settling velocity and washout ratio 5011 is handled and expressed in IMPACT Meteorological Dialogue a mass basis as opposed to an area basis precipitation Water Polygon Local Attributes area Pond Block Global Attributes Pa Deposition from air to soil Outdoor Air Soil Block Contaminant Global Attributes The resulting contaminant concentration in Block settling velocity and washout ratio 5011 is handled and expressed in IMPACT on Meteorological Dialogue a mass basis as opposed to an area basis precipitation Soil Global Attributes Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 69 Transfer Process Required Link s Relevant Model Input Other Notes From To Pi Deposition from Outdoor Air Block Porewater Contaminant Global Attributes Porewater is used to represent shallow wells atmosphere to porewater Block settling velocity and washout ratio Meteorological Dialogue precipitation Soil Global Attributes P Deposition from Outdoor Air Block Terrestrial Contaminant Global Attributes Respiration intake can be accommodated atmosphere to plants and Plant settling velocity and washout ratio but is not directly considered in the current direct intake of gases or Block Meteorological Dialogue Guidance for calculating radiation dose or vapours from air into plant precipitation Plant G
180. ter polygon is used to represent a single water body such as a river lake or marsh Large bodies of water can be broken into several surface water polygons if there are distinct areas of unique depth flow rates or water use Each water polygon can contain any number of aquatic blocks that represent media found in aquatic ecosystems Examples include Pond Sediment and Aquatic Plant Fill The Fill command opens up the Fill dialogue as described in Section 3 6 5 where the user can specify the fill color of selected polygons Any changes made in the Fill dialogue are applied to all selected polygons A detailed description of the use of this dialogue is provided in Section 4 9 5 Open Polygon This command opens a polygon s Contents window to display the blocks that belong to that polygon It is equivalent to double clicking on a polygon 3 7 6 Scenario Menu Commands in the Scenario menu provide utility functions for monitors and set up a scenario initial condition Monitor Choosing submenu Reset names resets all monitor names to auto calculated default names The submenu Delete isolates removes all isolated monitors except DRL monitors in the scenario No isolated monitor except DRL monitor is allowed to exist in a scenario when it is run This submenu command helps in cleaning the isolates up Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 40 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 7 7 Simulate Menu Commands in the Simulate menu control
181. tion messages that contain information that may be useful For example IMPACT posts an information message informing the user of the list of radionuclides that are active In the scenario 2 error messages that inform the user that an error has occurred which may require immediate attention For example if a database value has not been defined or has been defined with inappropriate values an error message will be posted listing that parameter 3 4 9 References Window Access This window can be opened by choosing References from the Biosphere menu Summary of Functions e define references Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 21 e modify existing references Contents and Features Any attributes that have been defined in the Database the Contaminants window and the Global Reactions window can have a reference attached to them Parameters in various other dialogues primarily those identified with the symbol Eb can also be referenced Before the user can assign a reference to an attribute the reference must first be defined in the References window All the references that have been incorporated in any given scenario are displayed in the References window References SEE Print Edit Sort Write Read Short Text ID DN REMP 2007 Data Analysis and Public Dose Determination For REMP DRL Guidance 2008 DRL Guidance 2008 ICRP 72 1996 ICRP 72 1996 Mot Applicable This parameter is not of dir
182. tored values reported at each time step or iteration e graph created automatically while the simulation runs with monitored values reported at each time step or iteration Each monitor can produce either graphic or tabular output Files The user can specify which monitors will send their output to text files by choosing Files from the Simulate menu The user can also click on the Files button in the Run dialogue Both actions will open the Files dialogue as depicted in the following example Environmental IMPACT User Manual Outputs 5 3 Available monitors Current output folder E Working ProjectsNIMPACTNIMPACT COG binsS ediment C er E new volume T c ommunmy ro GEN Community for ommunity for Loam g Working Projects Community for Out E gt IMPACT Farm for Fo Con e IMPACT COG Farm for Lo n Farm for Dutd amp bin Farm for Po oncM 25 Scenarios amp Sample Scenario 540 SNRioutputs Pond for Di Pond for Fr Pond for Pond for Pond Sediment ConcM New subdirectory name Make subdirectory Create backup files Select None Select All DK Cancel Selecting Monitors The user can specify the monitors to send their output to a text file by selecting the name of the monitor in the scrolling list Individual monitors can be selected by single clicking Shift clicking creates a continuous selection while control clicking allows a discontinuous selection of mult
183. uch as a surface water depth of zero or a negative contaminant molar mass Following completion of the verification process the Messages window will appear notifying the user if one or more attributes are invalid e g a Soil block with a density of zero allowing the user to make appropriate changes to the scenario prior to running a simulation imi Messages of x P WARNING There is no DCFf specified for contaminant C 14 for block type Pig WARNING There is no DCFs specified for contaminant C 14 for block type Pig WARNING There is no Food processing factor specified for contaminant Cs 137 for block type Pig WARNING There is no Food processing factor specified for contaminant Cs 137 for block type Carrot WARNING There is no Food processing factor specified for contaminant Cs 137 for block type Grass Verifying global data completed Verifying Source blocks Verification of Source blocks completed 2 Source blocks were found to be OK Verifying Plume blocks Verification of Plume blocks completed 1 Plume blocks were found to be OK Verifying Outdoor Air blocks Verification of Outdoor Air blocks completed 3 Outdoor Air blocks were found to be OK Verifying Indoor Air blocks Verification of Indoor Air blocks completed 1 Indoor ir blocks were found to be OK Verifying Water Column blocks Verification of Water Column blocks completed 1 Water Column blocks were found to be OK Veri
184. ue Mean D D 6 00 12 Type of Mean t 500e 12 229 5 s 4 00 12 Arithmetic 3 00 12 i i C Geometric 2 00 12 i L 1 00 12 0 00e 00 Max Min Percentile 2 Time Plot series Ploted series Available series Arithmetic Mean Co 60 Graphic Analyses windows are not saved when the user saves a scenario so their contents are lost when the user quits IMPACT or runs another simulation The user can however print the graph simply by selecting the Print command and clicking the save to file command button while the Graph window is open Components in the Graphic Analyses window Graph The graph group box has a graph area and some utility buttons on the top part The graphs are shown in the graph area and the utility buttons help viewing and manipulating the graphs shown in the graph area The graph area has two pages representing two categories Radionuclides and Toxics The contaminant type user specified in the database determines which page the contaminant data should be plotted in The two graphs use different units The top part utility buttons are save print zoom in out and auto scale buttons Using these buttons can give the best view of the data Environmental IMPACT User Manual 5 16 Outputs Monitoring Parameters and Statistic options As described in monitor setup section 4 the same information needs to be put in the graphic analyses
185. uld be set to be constants in the DRL calculation Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 28 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS Water Polygon Name Pond Flow rate amp concentration Graph Time tow e 14 Methane eso aT mo oor x gt raus we jus owt ean v e oan owt foar 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Interpolate between values 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Add time Remove time Read from excel file Write to an excel file Note 1 the local inflow is the surface water input from the drainage aera 2 the local inflow is ambient inflow assumed to enter the waterbody at its inlet 3 the inflow concentration is applicable only in NonDRL mode Water Polygon Name Pond Flow rate amp concentration Graph M Plot parameters M Plot data type Flow rate Concentration Flow rate over time e Radionuclide Metal Plots Availables Flowrate L s Time a The example shown above is for a water polygon with a baseline inflow that is constant at 10 L s for a period of 100 years The use of this dialogue as part of the process of defining water polygons is fully described in Section 4 9 6 Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 29 3 6 3 Meteorology Dialogue Access This dialogue is opened by choosing Meteorology from the Biosphere pull down menu Summary of Functions def
186. ummarized in Section 4 8 4 9 7 Transmogrifying Blocks The Transmogrify command enables the user to change the type not the class of a block that has already been created For example if the user created a Terrestrial Animal block of type Dairy Cow and later decided the user wanted to make it a Beef Cow the user could achieve this using the Transmogrify command The command is accessed by first selecting a single block and then choosing Transmogrify from the menu bar in the Polygon window This action will open the Transmogrify dialogue see example below The contents of the Transmogrify dialogue have been reviewed in Section 3 6 6 Transmogrify x Select a block type from among the available block types listed Cancel Transmagrify In the example above a Terrestrial Animal block is being transmogrified from its original type of chicken to the new type Meat Changing a block s type changes the global attributes and icon for that block but not the local attributes Limitations Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 63 Not all blocks in an IMPACT scenario can be transmogrified Monitor Source Plume and Group blocks cannot be transmogrified Attempts to transmogrify blocks of these types will yield an error message Also the Transmogrify command can only be applied to one block at a time Multiple selections cannot be transmogrified If the user wishes to change the block type of an a
187. umptions of release limits are met e g only single sources the inclusion of decay products or secondary metabolites etc Details of the specific restrictions and considerations in calculating release limits are provided in EcoMetrix COG 2008 It is strongly recommended that the user be familiar with these issues before attempting to calculate release limits using the latter approach 1 3 General Approach to IMPACT Modeling In the simplest sense IMPACT simulates the transport of contaminants through various environmental media that are represented within a user defined scenario Accordingly the main task of IMPACT modeling is the creation of a scenario A scenario is simply a collection of all data describing the area to be modeled These data constitute a hierarchy of information that defines the abiotic and biotic media through which the contaminants of concern will travel Once the characteristics of these media have been defined and the scenario is complete a simulation can be performed A simulation is simply the process during which IMPACT performs a series of calculations to predict the effect of contaminant releases on the modeled environment The results of the simulation can be displayed in any of several user specified formats files graphs or maps This output can be examined on its own or in conjunction with the results of other simulations in order to assess changes in contaminant concentration in any of the media and resulting d
188. ute of Outdoor Air blocks Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 30 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 6 4 Scale Dialogue Access The Scale dialogue can be opened by choosing Scale from the Biosphere menu It s also opened automatically whenever a background image is imported into a scenario Summary of Functions e select Cartesian coordinate system or UTM system e define map scale and boundaries Contents and Features The Scale dialogue depicted below is used to specify the following e coordinate system used in the scenario e the boundaries of the modeled area e current map scale when a background image is imported Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 31 Coordinate System Selection Local cartesian coordinate system Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinate system boundry coordinates meters North Top right coordinate 6332080 00 W 81d 41m 37 76s N 57d 7m 55 155 Wesk East 446936 00 458000 00 South 6320000 00 Bottom left coordinate W 81d 52m 26 46s N 57d 1m 20 43s UTM coordinate system LITM Zone 1 60 17 NORTH AMERICAN 1983 Canada NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Canada NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Man Ont World Geodetic System 1972 World Geodetic System 1984 Recalculate all polygon coordinates on new setting OK Cancel A full description of all of the components of the Scale dialogue and their use in
189. vided later in this section When a simulation is run probabilistically each iteration can incorporate a new value for the parameter The value selected in each iteration will be based on the Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 19 specified PDF and a random number All accessible Inputs In the Database are established as parameters and thus may be assigned a PDF 2 Constants Attributes that have a fixed numerical value are defined as constants Unlike parameters there is no uncertainty associated with the value of constants and therefore they have no PDF Examples of constants are the X and Y coordinates of polygon centroids and molecular weights of contaminants These values remain constant throughout all iterations of a simulation This is the case for most parameters in the Contaminants list since contaminant properties reflect molecular configuration and or physical chemical properties which are expected to remain fixed 3 Ordinals Attributes that can have only one of a limited number of discrete values numeric or categorical are called ordinals When you specify an ordinal you simply select one value from a fixed set of potential values Examples of ordinals are contaminant type Toxic Carcinogenic or Radioactive or state Solid Liquid or Gas There are no PDFs associated with ordinals and their values remain fixed during a simulation 4 Members Members are in a sense indirect attributes by vi
190. y Contents and Features The Global Radiation Energy Input window allows the user to define the emission probability and the energy of gamma emission in the database The energy data can be input directly or read from a excel spreadsheet Environmental IMPACTTM User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 17 Contaminant gamma energy Radionuclide gamma energy Pa eames Gas ms robs 0 00298 0 427 0 0139 0 3905 0 0139 0 9916 1 2936 0 0019561 0 02199 0 024 0 026345 0 05544 0 043534 0 00052 1 677 0 0037047 0 022163 0 00106 0 033205 0 66 0 07467 0 0011944 0 0249 0 359 0 059537 0 003366 0 08672 9 5627E 5 0 098856 0 0017932 0 069231 0 005544 0 11766 0 00016097 0 00313 0 001254 0 14218 0 00061536 0 022984 0 0016445 0 048438 0 0011611 0 023174 0 00038015 0 0261 0 0010571 0 36544 0 036434 0 4468 0 027656 0 62035 0 0023408 0 62625 0 94388 0 65775 n nntatca f AFAA Read Write OK Cancel Environmental IMPACT User Manual 3 18 MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 4 8 Database Window Access The Database window can be opened by choosing Database from the Biosphere menu Summary of Functions e specify global attributes e define block types e import Excel files e export Excel files Contents and Features All global attributes are shown in the Database window These attributes are grouped according to the class to which they apply e g Soil Terrestrial Animal Human etc Each class
191. y appear from top to bottom in their respective menus 3 7 1 File Menu The File menu contains commands relevant to operations performed on IMPACT scenario files This includes the manipulation of scenario files opening closing saving and the processes of importing printing and quitting Environmental IMPACT User Manual MODEL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS 3 35 New This command creates a new blank scenario open at the Biosphere window with no polygons present If a scenario window is already open and changes have been made since it was last saved the user will be prompted to save that file discard the changes or cancel the New command Open Open displays the standard Windows open file dialogue so the user can choose an existing scenario file to open Ifa scenario is already open and changes have been made since it was last saved the user will be prompted to save the file discard the changes or cancel the Open command This command and also the Save and Save As are mediated through standard windows dialogues see following example Look in o Scenarios er E3 2 5 2 2 water Source_test_1 SNRDA air Source Concs amp Doses SNRDATA Water Source_test_1 5NRout My Recent Air Source Concs amp Doses SNRoutputs sr Air Source Concs amp Doses SNI Documents air Source Concs amp Doses 1 SNRDATA s Air Source Concs amp Doses 1 Air Source Concs amp Doses 1 5NRoutputs COG Revised Databa
192. y examining existing maps of the site in question More specifically the user should determine the actual geographical dimensions i e m east to west and m north to south represented by the specific map image that will be imported as the background image for the scenario A background image for any type of map can be used as a starting point for this exercise e g topographic geologic soils and road maps as long as the map scale and compass direction are provided B Note that in IMPACT coordinate systems north is up and east is to the right Make sure that any images that are imported as a background are aligned and oriented properly The scale dialogue is opened automatically after the user imports a background image The user can also open the dialogue by choosing Scale from the Biosphere menu at any time Once the user has imported Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 3 a background image of known dimensions the real scale distances from centre to the east west and south map boundaries are specified as the map boundaries in the Scale dialogue see the following example The distance to the north is calculated automatically by IMPACT based on the image dimensions and the user should check to see if the value agrees with the known value The on screen scale in turn is also calculated by IMPACT and should also be verified by the user The map boundary defines the size of the area being modeled and must be
193. ygon it can be manipulated or modified in a number of ways Section 4 9 describes the procedures related to the manipulation and modification of both polygons and blocks Environmental IMPACT User Manual CREATING A SCENARIO 4 29 B The user does not have to add any particular type of block to a polygon if that type is not required to effectively represent the exposure pathways of interest B Certain block types can only be created once in any given polygon as follows e Air Plume Outdoor Air and Soil blocks in Land Polygons e Water Plume Outdoor Air and Sediment blocks in Water Polygons e Coastal Water Small lake Pond River or Creek in Water Polygons The remainder of this section describes each of the block types that the user can create A list of each block s attributes is included with global attributes shown in normal text and local attributes shown in italic text If the user is unfamiliar with the distinction between global and local attributes refer to Section 4 8 1 Air Blocks Each Land and Surface Water polygon may contain one and only one Air block that represents the local air in and above the polygon This local outdoor air block is implicitly linked to Pointsource by means of associated Plumes located in other polygons A link from the pointsource to an airplume needs to be created explicitly in the polygon that contains the pointsource Any humans animals or plants that are linked to the Air block can

IMPACT User Manual - EcoMetrix Incorporated

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