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1. Analogous to the Pesticide input screen input some parameters are displayed twice in the Input data section and if one parameter in one part of the section ie Dr in Aquatic is entered the same value will automatically be loaded in the box of the same parameter in the other part of the section i e DZ in Terrestrial The assessments Groundwater and Dietary are not mentioned in the Application Scheme input screen The reason for this is that the Dietary assessment does not need input of an application scheme and for the Groundwater assessment the application scheme is part of the PEARL scenario chapter 2 processes and calculation Alterra Report 1185 44 Application Scheme r Select and Manage demo x New Edit Delete Refresh description here gt r Input data Aquatic arift ol i x Dt ol 74 M 1E3 gai ha n a Terrestrial Dt ol 74 M 1E3 gaiha n ol 3 Figure 13 Application Scheme input screen of PRIMET 3 3 4 The physical scenario Aquatic The Aquatic assessment input screen can be accessed from several locations e Menu bar gt menu View gt option Aquatic e Tool bar gt button Aquatic if added to toolbar see section 3 1 2 2 e Selection Panel gt button Main gt button Aquatic e Home screen gt section Selection gt button with magnifying glass behind Aquatic The Aquatic assessment input screen is shown is Fig
2. No Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg LD30 concentration that kills 30 of the test organisms mg kg ED30 concentration that affects 30 of the test organisms mg kg LD50 concentration that kills 50 of earthworms mg kg 0 1 assessment factor 2 3 3 Terrestrial risk assessment The tisk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR as a result of all stacked applications is E TR P E C ul N E Cair 26 ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application PEC concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil from n applications mg pesticide kg soil NEC No Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg If ETR lt 1 No Risk green I amp EIR lt 100 Possible risk orange EIR gt 100 Risk red 2 3 4 List of parameters needed for the terrestrial risk assessment 2 3 4 1 Input soil scenario parameters Op dry bulk density soil kg soil m soil 2 3 4 2 Input pesticide parameters LD30 concentration that kills 30 of the test organisms mg kg ED30 concentration that affects 30 of the test organisms mg kg LD50 concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms mg kg Alterra Report 1185 26 2 3 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M dose applied g a i ha 2 3 4 4 Possible constant parameters 0 05 depth of the field m 2 3 4 5 Calculated parameters Gey concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil mg pesticide m soil PEC concentrati
3. 17 refs Pesticide exposure via for instance spray drift or runoff to surface water accumulation in the topsoil and leaching to groundwater potentially affects organisms in water and soil and might also pose risks to humans via dietary exposure in case they consume contaminated aquatic products like groundwater macrophytes and fish To estimate these risks at the household level the PRIMET Decision Support System was developed PRIMET runs with a minimum of input data and is developed to be used in developing countries The risk assessment is expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio s which are calculated by dividing the predicted exposure by the safe concentration This report provides a mathematical description of the processes incorporated into PRIMET and a user manual PRIMET is freely available at www primet wur nl Keywords Developing Countries Pesticides Human Health Risk Assessment Tropics Vegetables ISSN 1566 7197 2005 Alterra P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands Phone 31 317 474700 fax 31 317 419000 e mail info alterra wur nl No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the written permission of Alterra Alterra assumes no liability for any losses resulting from the use of the research results or recommendations in this report Alterra Report 1185 07 2005 Contents Preface Summary 1 Intro
4. 2 2 1 Aquatic exposure assessment 2 2 1 1 Limitations of approach PRIMET is able to estimate the PECs Predicited Exposure Concentrations for watercourses adjacent to the field that is treated with a pesticide This PEC is an instantaneous PEC peak concentration not a time weighed average exposure concentration For compounds with K larger than 30 000 L kg PRIMET calculates an unrealistically high PEC because adsorption to sediment is ignored To limit the number of input parameters the concept for hydrology is very simple e g residence time is used instead of flow For a more refined calculation of the PEC the reader is referred to the TOXic substances in Surface WAters TOXSWA model Adriaanse 1996 The meta model used by PRIMET is validated by TOXSWA Alterra Report 1185 15 2 2 1 2 Steps in calculating the aquatic exposure To calculate the PECs four steps have to be done 1 correct the temperature dependent pesticide parameters for degradation and for volatilization to the temperature in the scenario 2 calculate the overall dissipation rate coefficient for the processes degradation volatilization and dilution 3 calculate the PEC for a single application 4 calculate the PEC for multiple applications In the following sections the four steps will be discussed 2 2 1 3 Temperature dependent pesticide parameters Degradation and volatilization rates of the pesticide from the watercourse are temperature dependent In
5. 2 ConsMF kg d Daily macrophyte consumption 0 5 2 CSOIL Csoil mg pesticide r Concentration in the upper 5 cm of the CSOLT Csol T g m3 Solubility of substance in water at ambie 1E 6 2000000 4 CSOLTREFC csol TrefC g m3 Solubility of substance in water at refere 1E 6 2000000 4 Ga mg m3 mg L Total mass concentration in water layer CVEGIT Conseg kg d Daily consumption of the vegetable iten 0 5 2 CWATER Conswater L d Daily drinking water consumption 2 litre 2 1 3 0 DEGTS0S DegT50soil d Overall half life in soil 0 1000000 2 DEGTSOW DegT50 d Half life for degradation in water 0 1 1000000 4 DEPTHF Depth m Depth of the field 0 05 0 01 0 3 2 DHP J mol Enthalpy of vaporization 95000 95000 95000 5 DHSOL DHsol J mol Enthalpy of dissolution 27000 27000 27000 5 DRIFT Zdrift Percentage of spray drift 0 100 2 Dt d Time interval between applications 0 1000 1 DT50 d Overall half life accounting for degradat 2 DWS mg L Drinking Water Standard 2 E J mol Molar Arrhenius activation energy 54000 54000 54000 5 EC50invertebrates pg L Concentration that affects 50 of the te 0 2000000000 4 ECSOP EC50primary prod pg L Concentration that affects 50 of the te 0 2000000000 4 rt oJ gt gt a RA K ae Figure 24 The Configure Variables screen 3 5 3 Button Legend Clicking on this button will show the Legend screen This screen is already discussed in section 3 1 of this report 3 5 4 Button Help A click on the Help button should reveal the
6. Help file However the Help file is not yet implemented in this version of PRIMET 3 5 5 Button About A click on the About button shows the About PRIMET screen The screen contains three tabs About PRIMET Authors and Licence The About PRIMET tab gives information about the version and specifies some links to homepages of the companies and projects related to PRIMET The tab Authors gives the email addresses of the authors of PRIMET The Licence tab gives relevant information about the terms and conditions for using PRIMET Alterra Report 1185 56 mm vvonw nwoomnm mnmonm le About Primet Figure 25 The About PRIMET screen 3 5 6 Button Exit Clicking on the Exit button will close PRIMET Alterra Report 1185 57 Literature Adriaanse P I 1996 Fate of pesticides in field ditches the TOXSWA simulation model Winand Staring Centre Report 90 Wageningen The Netherlands Beltman W H J amp P I Adriaanse 1999 Users Manual for TOXSWA 1 2 simulation of pesticide fate in small surface waters Winand Staring Centre Techn Doc 54 Wageningen The Netherlands Bowman B T amp W W Sans 1985 Effect of temperature on the water solubility of insecticides J Environ Sci and Health B20 625 631 Crum S J H A M M Van Kammen Polman and M Leistra 1999 Sorption of nine pesticides to three aquatic macrophytes Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37 310 316 EU 1997 Cou
7. Home screen containing a complete Aquatic and Groundwater scenario all parameters have a value This is illustrated in Figure 18 The screens in Figure 18 are both part of the DI1 Dietary scenario shown in Figure 17 In the Input data section shown above in Figure 18 a PRA containing a complete Aquatic and Groundwater scenario was selected in the Home screen In the Input data section shown below in Figure 18 no PRA was selected in the Home screen The boxes in the part values derived from other scenarios stay empty However if a PRA is generated later on and the DI1 scenario is part of the PRA and the DI1 scenario is checked again in the Dietary scenario input screen you will see that the boxes in the part values derived from other scenarios are filled Alterra Report 1185 49 Input data Scenario ow OME ConsFish Ol 2 k d ConsMF Ol 2 k d ConsVeg er kg d ConswWater SS L d values derived from other scenarios PECgw user BB 8 ug L PECgw 213615 Gw PECnwater user al AM pg L PECn water or o AQ PECvegitem E3 mg pesticide kg macrophy Input data Scenario om PY ee ConsFish Ol 27 k ConsMF l 7 k ConsVeg Be kg d ConsWater Er Lid values derived from other scenarios PECgw user 8 pg L PECgw undefined GW PECnwater user IM vg PECn water undefined a0 PECvegitem 1E3 mg pesticide kg macrophy Figure 1
8. L kg Cl solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature g m TDI Tolerable Daily Intake mg ke d 2 5 5 3 Input pesticide application parameters None is captured in PEC and PEC water 2 5 5 4 Possible constant parameters ConsWater daily drinking water consumption 2 litres for adults L d by course weight 60 kg for adults 2 5 5 5 Calculated parameters EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water mg kg d PEC concentration in the fish mg pesticide kg fish BCF Bioconcentration factor L kg EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of fish mg kg d PEC concentration in the macrophytes mg pesticide kg macrophyte K sorption coefficient for macrophytes L kg EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of macrophytes mg kg d EDI gm Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a defined vegetable item mg kg d PEC wien concentration in the defined vegetable item mg pesticide kg macrophyte EN Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a vegetables mg kg d EDI Estimated Daily Intake mg kg d ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application Alterra Report 1185 34 3 User manual 3 1 Getting Started 3 1 1 The start screen of PRIMET PRIMET is distributed as an executable with a Microsoft Access database The executable PRIMET exe and the database PRIMET mdb may be placed anywhere on the pc preferably in the same directory To start the program d
9. To estimate these risks the PRIMET Decision Support System was developed This DSS is able to estimate the risks of pesticide application to 1 aquatic life 2 terrestrial life 3 the use of groundwater as drinking water and 4 dietary exposure via the consumption of groundwater vegetables fish and macrophytes The risks are assessed at the household level ie actual pesticide application data on a farmers level is needed as input parameters The risk assessment is expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio s ETR which are calculated by dividing the exposure by the safe concentration These ETR s are calculated for the aquatic ecosystem adjacent to the field ETR for the soil compartment within the field ETR the use of groundwater as drinking water ETR and dietary exposure ETR If the ETR is smaller than 1 i e the exposure lower than the safe concentration the risk is acceptable If the ETR is larger than 1 but smaller than a certain value in this report 100 a risk may present If ETR s are very large e g gt 100 risks are quite certain although the methods used are based on worst case assumptions The PRIMET DSS is freely available on www primet wur nl and incorporated in a Graphical User Interface This report provides a mathematical description of the processes incorporated into PRIMET and a user manual Alterra Report 1185 11 1 Introduction Within the last decade the agriculture sector in Southeast
10. Values sections is the same The sections contain six columns type topic label value unit and description The column type indicates if the parameter is input data output of an intermediate calculation or output data The column topic informs the user about whether the parameter is defined by the pesticide PE the application scheme AP or the physical scenario SC Furthermore the Result screen contains two buttons below in the screen Print and Export Clicking on the button Print will sent a print command to the printer which will print the Results screen The button Export can be used to export the data in the Results screen to a MS excel file Alterra Report 1185 51 3 4 2 Output via the Compare button The Compare screen can be opened Figure 20 through the Compare button found in the selection panel In this screen the results of up to three Pesticide Risk Assessments can be compared Compare Pesticide Risk Assessments Export PRAs to MS Excel PRA optional demo PRA_1 bd select a PRA Appl scheme demo JAP 1 lt select a scenario gt Pesticide Carbendazim Malathion lt select a pesticide gt gt OZ ken Sh os Br Ann od ZZ eto Stee ed Pesticide Characteristics Pesticide Characteristics 7 Pesticide Characteristics Aquatic BAA 0 tes 7 Jao test lt select a scenario gt X Terrestrial aal z aaf 7 ooaj l
11. a description of the location weather and soil parameters irrigation and time of application Use M utp Le the summation of all dosages applied during a ai growing season as dose If K is not available it can be calculated from the more available K analogous to 0m Eq 18 Alterra Report 1185 27 K Kn 27 1 724 FOCUS 2001 with Kon sorption coefficient on organic matter L kg K sorption coefficient on organic carbon L kg 2 4 2 Groundwater effect assessment The methodology that the World Health Organisation WHO uses to calculate drinking water standards is included in PRIMET to calculate a threshold value for the use of groundwater as drinking water The standard is based on the Tolerable Daily Intake TDI which is calculated from toxicity studies performed with e g rats TDI NOEL or NOAEL 28 AF with TDI Tolerable Daily Intake mg ke d NOEL No Observed Effect Level mg kg d NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level mg kg d AF assessment factor to account for interspecies and intraspecies extrap olation adequacy of study nature and severity of effect Normally a value of 100 is used The Acceptable Daily Intake ADD as set by the FAO JMPR 2003 can also be used as a good estimate for the TDI The TDI is converted to a Drinking Water Standard using WHO 1996 DS TDI bw P 29 with DWS Drinking Water Standard mg L TDI Tolerable Daily Intake m
12. be generated The Select and Manage section Figure 9 is more or less analogous to the Manage PRA section in the Home screen Select and Manage select a scenario New Edit Delete Refresh Figure 9 The Select and Manage section in the input screens of PRIMET In the section Input data data can be typed in to the boxes The boxes can have different colours The meaning of these colours is explained in Figure 10 ee hl Legend of colors used Defined value ok REA Undefined value enter valid value Undefined related value linked to other variable s EEE Constant value can not be changed Bez Default value can be changed Figure 10 The Legend screen explaining the meaning of the colours of the boxes in the input screen A blue button with a question mark is placed in front of every input box Figure 11 Moving the mouse cursor over the blue button will display a pop up box containing relevant information about the parameter like range and unit When you click on the blue button two little grey buttons with arrows appear behind the input box With these buttons you can alter the number of decimals visible in the input box Do realize however that PRIMET performs the calculations with the numbers given in the database and not with the numbers displayed on the input screens So the number of decimals stored in the database is determining for the output of the calcul
13. mg kg d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a vegetables mg kg d FDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of macrophytes mg kg d 2 5 3 Dietary effect assessment The effect standard is based on the Tolerable Daily Intake TDI which is calculated from toxicity studies performed using Eq 28 The Acceptable Daily Intake ADI as set by the FAO MPR 2003 can also be used as a good estimate for the TDI Like TDI the ADI is an estimate of the amount of a substance expressed on a body weight basis that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk 2 5 4 Dietary risk assessment The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR for eating different food items is EDI ETR 1O 40 ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application EDI Estimated Daily Intake mg kg d TDI Tolerable Daily Intake mg kg d If ETR lt 1 No Risk green 1 lt ETR lt 100 Possible risk orange EIR gt 100 Risk red 2 5 5 Parameters dietary risk assessment 2 5 5 1 Input diet scenario parameters PEC annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L PEC u momentary water concentration from applications ug L Cs daily fish consumption kg d Cy daily macrophyte consumption kg d Ce daily consumption of the vegetable item kg d Alterra Report 1185 33 2 5 5 2 Input pesticide parameters K Octanol water partitioning coefficient
14. modify or delete existing ones In the Input data section the user can fill in the values for the different parameters belonging to the scenario The blue buttons with a question mark and the picture at the right hand side of the screen provide information about the parameters Alterra Report 1185 46 Physical Scenario Terrestrial assessment input data r Select and Manage select a scenario 7 New Edit Delete Refresh Input data Scenario Input parameters physical description Depth Ba Bulk density QT ka salir soil Figure 15 The Terrestrial scenario input screen of PRIMET 3 3 6 Groundwater The Groundwater assessment input screen can be accessed from several locations e Menu bar gt menu View gt option Groundwater e Tool bar gt button Groundwater if added to toolbar see section 3 1 2 2 e Selection Panel gt button Main gt button Groundwater e Home screen gt section Selection gt button with magnifying glass behind Groundwater The Groundwater assessment input screen is shown is Figure 16 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Groundwater scenario or modify or delete existing ones In the Input data section the user has to select a PEARL scenario first PEARL simulations are done for different PEARL scenarios and different combinations of Koy and DegT0 An interpolation progra
15. the input screens for pesticide Alterra Report 1185 36 application scheme and the four physical scenarios These input screens are described in more detail in chapter 3 3 3 1 2 4 Help The command Help and the command About are described in more detail in section 3 5 By clicking on the command Go to homepage the homepage of the PRIMET model http www primet wut nl will start up in your internet browser 3 1 3 The toolbar The tool bar below the menu bar can be customized by the user Buttons can be added or removed How to do this is explained in section 3 1 2 2 3 1 4 The selection panel The selection panel contains two sub panels Main and Options Clicking on the grey title buttons will show the buttons of the sub level The sub level Main buttons are discussed in chapters 3 3 and 3 4 The buttons in the Options sub level are discussed in chapter 3 5 The use of the selection panel is optional because its options can also be called using options in the menu bar or in the Home screen chapter 3 2 The selection panel can be hidden by clicking on the menu command show selection panel under the menu View in the menu bar 3 2 The Home screen The Home screen can be accessed from different locations in PRIMET e Menu bar gt menu View gt option Home e Tool bar gt button Home if added to toolbar see section 3 1 2 2 e Selection Panel gt button M
16. this section the methods for correcting the degradation rate the saturated vapour pressure and the solubility all needed for volatilization to the values at the ambient temperature is described Degradation rate coefficient With the Arrhenius equation the degradation rate coefficient at a given temperature T can be calculated from the degradation rate coefficient determined at a reference temperature T using Eq 1 k T ae Ts E refkw T with T ambient temperature in scenario K Tw reference temperature at which Tuga or DegT gt 0 was determined K see Eq 4 k 1 degradation rate coefficient at ambient temperature 1 d k T pp degradation rate coefficient at reference temperature 1 d E molar Arrhenius activation energy J mol R universal gas constant 8 3144 J mol K The FOCUS Soil Modelling Workgroup FOCUS 1997 found an average value for the molar Arrhenius activation energy E of 54 kJ mol S D 15 kJ mol This was calculated from the results of about 50 experiments covering a range of pesticides and soils The whole range covered 20 to 100 kJ mol Note that all evidence for the applicability of Eq 1 and all values for E were determined for the soil compartment not for the aquatic compartment In surface waters additional processes as photolysis may occur and in sediments anaerobic conditions may affect microbial degradation in an indirect way Since amp T is determined in a wat
17. 4 Possible constant parameters water 11 13 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 20 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 21 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 2 4 4 5 Calculated parameters 2 5 Dietary risk assessment 2 5 1 Dietary exposure assessment 2 5 1 1 Considered food items and diet 2 5 1 2 Consumption via drinking water 2 5 1 3 Consumption via fish 2 5 2 Consumption via macrophytes 2 5 2 1 Consumption via vegetables 2 5 2 2 Calculation of Estimated Daily Intake 2 5 3 Dietary effect assessment 2 5 4 Dietary risk assessment 2 5 5 Parameters dietary risk assessment 2 5 5 1 Input diet scenario parameters 2 5 5 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 5 5 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 5 5 4 Possible constant parameters 2 5 5 5 Calculated parameters User manual 3 1 Getting Started 3 1 1 The start screen of PRIMET 3 1 2 Menu s in the menu bar 3 1 2 1 File 3 1 2 2 Tools 3 1 2 3 View 3 1 2 4 Help 3 1 3 The toolbar 3 1 4 The selection panel 3 2 The Home screen 3 2 1 Database 3 2 2 Manage PRA 3 2 3 Selection 3 2 4 Assessments 3 3 Input to aPRA 3 3 1 General 3 3 2 Pesticide 3 3 3 Application Scheme 3 3 4 The physical scenario Aquatic 3 3 5 Terrestrial 3 3 6 Groundwater 3 3 7 Dietary 3 4 Output ofa PRA 3 4 1 Output via the Home screen the Results screen 3 4 2 Output via the Compare button 3 5 Options 3 5 1 Button Options 3 5 2 Button Variables 3 5 3 Button Legend 3 5 4 Bu
18. 5 1 2 Consumption via drinking water It is assumed that people drink groundwater pumped up from 1 m depth The annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth PEC in ug L as calculated within the groundwater risk assessment is used as a representative pesticide concentration for drinking water The Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water is estimated by PEC C E00 se with EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water mg kg d PEC annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L ConsWater daily drinking water consumption 2 litres for adults L d bw course weight 60 kg for adults 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L 2 5 1 3 Consumption via fish The amount of pesticide consumed via eating of fish is calculated by multiplying the amount of fish eaten per day with the concentration of the pesticide in the fish The concentration of the pesticide in the fish is calculated using the PEC Of in case water Alterra Report 1185 30 of multiple applications the PEC as calculated in the surface water risk assessment and bioconcentration factors BCF values for the different pesticides PEC vater j BCF PEC sa 1000 32 with PEC concentration in the fish mg pesticide kg fish PEC Momentary water concentration from n applications ug L 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L BCF Bioconcentration fac
19. 8 Both screens are part of the DIT Dietary scenario show in Figure 17 Above screen is shown when a PRA containing a complete Aquatic and Groundwater scenario is selected in the Home screen Screen below is shown when no PRA is selected in the Home screen 3 4 Output of a PRA 3 4 1 Output via the Home screen the Results screen The section Assessments in the Home screen contains an entry to the screens with detailed output per assessment Clicking on the button with the magnifying glass Figure 8 below Details will open a new screen Results Figure 19 showing per assessment all input data and all output data including the results of intermediate calculations Only the structure and possibilities of the Results screen will be discussed in this section because the structure is the same for the Results screens of all four assessments the Result screen of one assessment Terrestrial is chosen as an example Figure 19 The parameters are discussed neither as they are already described in detail in chapter 2 of this report Alterra Report 1185 50 Results Physical Scenario Terrestrial assessment input data Summary SC ETRsail 8 8 Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application OUTPUT SC NECsoil 0 31 ma kg No Effect Concentration for the soil compartment OUTPUT SC PECnsoil 27 mg pesticide kg Concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil from one application Log Values PE DegT50soil 52 d Overall half life in soi
20. ALTERRA WAGENINGEN BPG PRIMET version 1 0 manual and technical description A Decision Support System for assessing Pesticide Risks in the tropics to Man Environment and Trade PJ Van den Brink M M S Ter Horst W H J Beltman J Vlaming H van den Bosch Alterra rapport 1185 ISSN 1566 7197 Commissioned by the European Union MAPET project contract no 2598 01 2003 62752 and MAMAS project contract no ICA4 CT 2001 10031 PRIMET version 1 0 manual and technical description A Decision Support System for assessing Pesticide RIsks in the tropics to Man Environment and Trade P J Van den Brink M M S Ter Horst W H J Beltman J Vlaming H Rik van den Bosch 1 Alterra Wageningen University and Research centre P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands Wageningen University Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Wageningen University and Research centre P O Box 8080 6700 DD Wageningen The Netherlands 3 Envista Consultancy Tarthorst 1035 6708 JJ Wageningen The Netherlands Alterra Report 1185 Alterra Wageningen 2005 ABSTRACT Brink PJ van den M M S ter Horst W H J Beltman J Vlaming amp H Rik van den Bosch 2005 PRIMET version 1 0 manual and technical description A Decision Support System for assessing Pesticide Risks in the tropics to Man Environment and Trade Wageningen Alterra Alterra Report 1185 60 blz 25 figs 1 tables
21. Asia has been intensifying at a rapid pace A large increase in the use of external inputs like pesticides has taken place in many different agricultural sub sectors such as horticulture This has led to an increase in productivity and income of the rural population On the one hand this increased prosperity has been beneficial for human health in terms of food security but on the other hand human health may be negatively affected by the consumption of pesticide residues In addition to this the negative impacts on ecosystems harm the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems and can harm future productivity Pesticides may enter the environment through various emission routes For instance via spray drift or runoff to surface water accumulation in the topsoil and leaching to groundwater This potentially affects organisms in water and soil and might also pose risks to humans via dietary exposure in case they consume contaminated aquatic products like groundwater macrophytes and fish To estimate these risks the PRIMET Decision Support System was developed This DSS is able to estimate the risks of pesticide application to 1 aquatic life 2 terrestrial life 3 the use of groundwater as drinking water and 4 dietary exposure via the consumption of groundwater vegetables fish and macrophytes The risks are assessed at the household level i e actual pesticide application data at a farmer s level is needed as input parameters The risk asse
22. The Results section contains input data output of an intermediate calculation or output data of all four assessments The label value and unit of the parameters are given in the Results section You can hide or show the data of an assessment by clicking on the coloured bar with the name of the assessment in it Depending on the size of your screen it might be necessary to hide the data of the other assessments to make the data of the Dietary Alterra Report 1185 52 assessment The vertical grey bars on the right hand side can be used to scroll up and down the data lt select a PRA gt lt select a scenario gt B g g lt select a pesticide gt Physical Scenario er Application Scheme Z Pesticide Characteristics r K Er lt select a scenario 299 lt select a scenario gt 29299 lt select a scenario 32 lt select a scenario gt F Clear r Dietary EDI undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined undefined mg pesticide zundelmed ma pesticide 7I ETRwater undefined a NEC water undefined pg L PEC1water undefined pg L PECnwater undefined pg L v M Terrestrial ETRsoil undefined a NECsoil PECnsoil abel Bi undefined mg kg E la undefined mg pesticide Groundwater PECgw undefine
23. ain gt button Home The Home screen Figure 3 is the main screen of PRIMET It can be used to select the PRIMET database to manage PRAs Pesticide Risk Assessment and it shows the results of the different risk assessments expressed as the ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio after selection of input to the assessment types Alterra Report 1185 37 em Pesticide Risk Assessment r Database EAPRIMET prmet mdb tae Manage PRA lt select a PRAD 7 New Edit Delete Refresh Save r Selectiorr Pesticide elect a pesticide g Aquatic lt select a scenario gt 7 id Application Scheme lt select a scenario gt x fe Terrestrial lt select a scenario gt x id Groundwater lt select a scenario x id Dietary lt select a scenario lg M ssessments Physical Scenario Application Scheme Pesticide Characteristics Assessment Type State Of Tagan Data Risk Analysis Details ETR w Aquatic oaa ov al na Terrestrial o aa al n a Ze Groundwater aa Sd al n a a Dietary 2990 m al na Figure 3 The Home soreen 3 2 1 Database C PRIMET primet mab ee Figure 4 The Database section in the Home screen of PRIMET Sau The database can be selected from a browse screen Click on the grey button with the three dots to select the PRIMET database Figure 4 Note that a PRIMET database needs to be selected because it contains configuration information PRIMET n
24. ations Alterra Report 1185 41 csol TrefC 8 g m3 Kow p235 L kg Figure 11 Input boxes and their options in the input screens of PRIMET Sections 3 3 2 3 3 7 do NOT explain the individual parameters given in the screens because the user can obtain this information using the blue button with the question mark and because a more elaborate explanation of the parameters is already given in chapter 2 of this report 3 3 2 Pesticide The Pesticide input screen can be accessed from several locations e Menu bar gt menu View gt option Pesticide e Toolbar gt button Pesticide if added to toolbar see section 4 1 2 2 e Selection Panel gt button Main gt button Pesticide e Home screen gt section Selection gt button with magnifying glass behind Pesticide The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new pesticide or modify or delete existing ones The Input data section of the Pesticide input screen consists of four parts Aquatic Groundwater Dietary and Terrestrial They correspond to the physical scenarios and the four assessment types shown in the Home screen The subdivision is made to show the user which pesticide input data is relevant for which assessment It is therefore possible some pesticide input parameters are displayed twice or more in the Input data section The PRIMET software takes this into account if for instance the user ente
25. bed in the introduction PRIMET is able to assess the risks of pesticide application to 1 aquatic life 2 terrestrial life 3 the use of groundwater as drinking water and 4 dietary exposure via the consumption of groundwater vegetables fish and macrophytes The risks are calculated for edge of field situations i e for the ecology of water courses adjacent to the treated field for the terrestrial life within the treated soil for the human consumption of the groundwater below the treated field and the human consumption of fish and macrophytes aquatic waterplants present in the watercourse adjacent to the treated field as well as the cultivated crop For all four risk assessments an exposure as well as an effect assessment is performed The exposure assessment consists of estimating the concentrations in the watercourses terrestrial soil groundwater fish and macrophytes The effect assessment consists of determining safe concentrations for the different compartments and is based on laboratory toxicity data and the use of assessment factors The risk assessment is then performed by dividing the predicted concentration by the predicted safe concentration In each of the following sections one of the four risk assessments is described Each section is divided into subsections that describe the exposure effect and risk assessments as well as a subsection describing the required input data and the calculated parameters 2 2 Aquatic risk assessment
26. d pg L A DWS ETRgw TDI undefined mg kg d EDI undefined mg kg d a EDIidw EDIfish EDI mf EDiveg EDivegitem undefined mg kg d ETRdiet Lle undefined mg L undefined Le Lb undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d undefined Figure 21 Selection column of a PRA is lifted out of the Compare screen The Compare screen also contains a button Figure 20 button Export PRAs to MS Excel which makes it possible to export the data to a MS excel file An extra column containing the description of the parameter is added to the Excel file Alterra Report 1185 53 3 5 Options The functionalities of the buttons in the Options section of the Status bar Figure 22 are discussed in this chapter Figure 22 The buttons in the Options section of the Selection Panel Alterra Report 1185 54 3 5 1 Button Options The PRIMET properties screen Figure 23 appears after clicking the button Options Primet properties x sessssesssessssssessen Settings Options Load previously used input database on startup Save PRA settings periodically to database Figure 23 The PRIMET properties screen Standard the options Load previously used input database on startup and Save PRA settings periodically to database are selected 3 5 2 Button Variables In the Configure Variables screen the user is able to check background information of t
27. duction 2 Incorporated processes and calculations 2 1 Introduction 2 2 Aquatic risk assessment 2 2 1 Aquatic exposure assessment 2 2 1 1 Limitations of approach 2 2 1 2 Steps in calculating the aquatic exposure 2 2 1 3 Temperature dependent pesticide parameters 2 2 1 4 Calculation of the overall dissipation rate coefficient 2 2 1 5 Calculation of PEC w for one application 2 2 1 6 Calculation of PEC pae for multiple applications 2 2 2 Aquatic effect assessment 2 2 3 Aquatic risk assessment 2 2 4 List of parameters needed for the aquatic risk assessment 2 2 4 1 Input watercourse parameters 2 2 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 2 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 2 4 4 Possible constant parameters 2 2 4 5 Calculated parameters 2 3 Terrestrial risk assessment 2 3 1 Terrestrial exposure assessment 2 3 2 Terrestrial effect assessment 2 3 3 Terrestrial risk assessment 2 3 4 List of parameters needed for the terrestrial risk assessment 2 3 4 1 Input soil scenario parameters 2 3 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 3 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 3 4 4 Possible constant parameters 2 3 4 5 Calculated parameters 2 4 Groundwater tisk assessment 2 4 1 Groundwater exposure assessment 2 4 2 Groundwater effect assessment 2 4 3 Groundwater risk assessment 2 4 4 Parameters groundwater risk assessment 2 4 4 1 Input soil scenario parameters 2 4 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 4 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 4 4
28. e Home screen of PRIMET Figure 7 Selection Pesticide select a pesticide e Aquatic lt select a scenario gt la Application Scheme l lt select a scenario gt aj Terrestrial l lt select a scenario gt 7 lal Groundwater lt select a scenario gt laj Dietary lt select a scenario gt z iaj Figure 7 The Selection section in the Home screen of PRIMET Every component i e Pesticide Application Scheme etc has its own pick list from which the pesticide and the different scenarios can be selected The button with the picture of a magnifying glass can be used to switch to the input screens of the Alterra Report 1185 39 different components directly The input screens are discussed in more detail in chapter 3 3 3 2 4 Assessments The Assessments section in the Home screen of PRIMET gives information about the status of the input data and a brief summary of the output The information about input and output is given per assessment type The three lights below State of Input Data are an indication whether all input data is present in the PRA If the lights are green all data necessary for generating output is available If one or more lights have a grey colour some input data is missing and output cannot be generated i e Figure 8 Terrestrial input data to the physical scenario is missing The globes below Risk Analysis enable the user to quickly check the risk calculated for each
29. ed by Crum et al 1999 K 3 20 0 65 log C T 36 with K sorption coefficient for macrophytes L kg Gift solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature g m C 1 is calculated using Eq 3 The EDI for fish can now be calculated using BDI y Oe 67 A bw with EDL Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of macrophytes mg kg d PEC concentration in the macrophytes mg pesticide kg macrophyte Cy daily macrophyte consumption kg d by course weight 60 kg for adults 2 5 2 1 Consumption via vegetables Since no good model exists that predicts the concentration of the pesticide on the vegetables PEC im this is an input variable for the PRIMET decision support system vegite The EDI for a vegetable item can now be calculated using PEG C vegitem vegitem EDI Rew 38 with EDD gm Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a defined vegetable item mg kg d PEC pun concentration in the defined vegetable item mg pesticide kg macrophyte C gim daily consumption of the vegetable item kg d 2 5 2 2 Calculation of Estimated Daily Intake The EDI for the overall consumption can now be calculated by summing all individual items EDI EDI EDI EDI EDI 39 fish Alterra Report 1185 32 with EDI Estimated Daily Intake mg ke d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water mg kg d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of fish
30. eeds It is therefore not possible to select an arbitrary empty MS access database If you whish to start with an empty database you can copy the existing PRIMET database change its name and select this database in PRIMET Subsequently you can remove all the PRA s application scenarios and physical scenarios you won t need 3 2 2 Manage PRA In the section Manage PRA existing PRAs Pesticide Risk Assessment can be selected from a list they can also be edited or deleted and new PRAs can be created Figure 5 Alterra Report 1185 38 Manage PRA lt select a PRA gt pa New Edit Delete Refresh Save Figure 5 The Manage PRA section in the Home screen of PRIMET An existing PRA can be selected from the pick list A new PRA can be generated by clicking on the button New The screen shown in Figure 6 appears The name filled in the box PRA will be added tot the pick list of the Manage PRA section in the Home screen of PRIMET The description typed in the field Description will appear in the yellow box shown in Figure 5 CE 3 ox PRA kadd name here gt Description lt add description here gt Cancel Figure 6 New Edit PRA screen of PRIMET It is important to realise that a PRA is only added to the database after clicking the Save button 3 2 3 Selection A PRA needs input from six different components They can be selected in the Selection section in th
31. een is shown is Figure 17 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Dietary scenario or modify or delete existing ones In the Input data section the user can fill in the values for the different parameters relevant to the scenario The blue buttons with a question mark can be used to obtain information about the parameters Alterra Report 1185 48 The parameters PEC and PEC jz can be derived from other scenarios but they also may be specified by the user If you want to specify these parameters yourself values for the parameters have to be filled in the boxes of these parameters shown at the left hand side of the screen The values filled in these boxes will always overrule the values derived from other scenarios Physical Scenario Dietary assessment input data Select and Manage New Edit Delete Refresh lt add description here gt r Input data Scenario bw OM ConsFish 2 kg d ConsMF 2 kgd ConsVeg 2 kg d ConsWater L Ld values derived from other scenarios PECgw user 8 pg L PECgw 21815 Gw PECnwater user N pg L PECn water 40 7 AQ PECvegitem 1E3 mg pesticide kg macrophy Figure 17 The Dietary scenario input screen of PRIMET Something to be aware of is that the value for PEC u derived from other scenarios is only visible at the right hand side of the Dietary input screen if a PRA is selected in the
32. epth of the field is 0 05 m The Predicted Environmental Concentration PEC for the soil compartment after one application is PEC Cot 23 Pi with PEC concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil from one application mg pesticide kg soil Ca concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil mg pesticide m soil Op dry bulk density soil kg soil m soil The average bulk dry densities recorded by Koorevaar et al 1983 for different surface soils are Sandy soils 1600 kg m Clay soils 1100 kg m Loamy soils 1100 kg m Peat soils 250 kg m The PEC from a series of applications with fixed time interval between applications is calculated using FOCUS Soil Modeling Workgroup 1997 i 1 Pad aa PEC vi PEC soil Joen 24 with PEC a concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil from n applications mg pesticide kg soil n number of applications k degradation rate coefficient in soil 1 d where amp In 2 DegT50 At time interval between applications d Alterra Report 1185 25 2 3 2 Terrestrial effect assessment For the effect assessment a safe concentration is calculated from toxicity values and in case of earthworms an assessment factor EU 1997 The assessment factor is needed to extrapolate from a 50 effect to no effect The No Effect Concentration is calculated using NEC lowest value of LD30 or ED30 beneficial arthropods or 0 1 x LD50 earthworms 25 NEC
33. er sediment study that incorporates all degradation processes this does not lead to an underestimation of the loss processes Alterra Report 1185 16 Saturated vapour pressure The dependency of the saturated vapour pressure on the temperature is derived using the Van t Hoff equation AH 1 PCT PT se ac 2 refP SE den Berg and Boesten 1998 with ambient temperature in scenario K To reference temperature at which P T p was determined K P T saturated vapour pressure of substance at ambient temperature Pa P T saturated vapour pressure of substance at reference temperature Pa AH enthalpy of vaporization J mol R universal gas constant 8 3144 J mol K The enthalpy of vaporization is substance dependent Smit et al 1997 estimated an average enthalpy of vaporization of 95 kJ mol from available literature data on 16 pesticides range 58 to 146 kJ mol For most pesticides the enthalpy of vaporization is not known so 95 kJ mol can then be used as the default value Solubility The effect of the temperature difference on the water solubility is also accounted for using the Van t Hoff equation a 1 Cy j C alT refC a aay p Tac al g Van den Berg and Boesten 1998 with T ambient temperature in scenario K Tyc reference temperature at which C T was determined K cur solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature g m C Ly solubility of substa
34. f watercourse m h water depth of watercourse m b bottom width of watercourse m y side slope horizontal vertical 1 length of watercourse Then the momentary concentration of a single application PEC of a single application is calculated via 1 c PEC naer 1 7 l ss K OM 55 Om Adriaanse 1996 with PEC u Momentary water concentration from a single application ug L g total mass concentration in water layer ug L SS mass concentration of suspended solids in water kg L We ek mass fraction organic matter in suspended solids g g om sorption coefficient on organic matter L kg If K is not available it can be calculated from the more available K using Eq 18 Kn K 18 1 724 FOCUS 2001 with Kn sorption coefficient on organic matter basis L kg K sorption coefficient on organic carbon basis L kg Alterra Report 1185 21 2 2 1 6 Calculation of PEC water for multiple applications The PEC from a series of applications with fixed time interval between applications is calculated via uch PEC sur PEC pae 19 with PEC momentary water concentration from a single application ug L PEC momentary water concentration from n applications ug L n number of applications Er overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d Ar time interval between application
35. fficient of H O in the vapour phase Liss and Slater 1974 estimated a A no Of 720 m d Mivo molecular weight of H O 18 g mol Adriaanse 1996 Beltman and Adriaanse 1999 The Henry coefficient can be calculated by P T M pesticide 1 0 E ETE Adriaanse 1996 with Ky dimensionless Henry coefficient P T saturated vapour pressure of substance at ambient temperature Pa molecular weight of the pesticide under investigation g mol pesticide R universal gas constant 8 3144 J mol K T ambient temperature in scenario K CD solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature g m If the C I is calculated using Eq 3 and O and A by Eq 6 and 7 the Henry coefficient by Eq 10 and the exchange coefficients by Eq 8 and 9 the volatilisation rate coefficient can be calculated using Eq 5 Dilution rate The dilution of the pesticide due to water movement can be taken into account It can be characterized via the residence time of the watercourse using Eq 11 Alterra Report 1185 19 T 11 v with T residence time d E length of the watercourse m v flow velocity m d From the residence time the dilution rate coefficient can be calculated using Eq 12 k 2 12 a with kr dilution rate coefficient 1 d T residence time d Total dissipation rate The overall dissipation rate coefficient amp can now be calculated using the rate coe
36. fficients calculated above by summing them according to Eq 13 ke k T k amp 13 with k overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d k L degradation rate coefficient at ambient temperature 1 d k volatilization rate coefficient 1 d kr dilution rate coefficient 1 d Where the overall half life DT50 then becomes DT50 2 14 kx with k overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d DT50 overall half life accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution d 2 2 1 5 Calculation of PEC water for one application The momentary concentration is the concentration in water after the redistribution of the pesticide between water and suspended solids Firstly the nominal concentration in the watercourse can be calculated using Eq 15 Alterra Report 1185 20 Yodrift M 0 1 X a 15 1 with a total mass concentration in water layer mg m ug L M dose applied g a i ha Yodrift percentage of spray drift 100 correction factor to convert from percentage to fraction 0 1 correction factor to convert from g ha to mg m V ratio between volume of watercourse and surface m The ratio between volume and water surface in 1 m length of watercourse is calculated with b b h s 1 eo ae 16 b 2 h s 1 with V ratio between volume and surface o
37. ficient at ambient temperature 1 d solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature g m volatilisation rate coefficient 1 d width of the water surface m cross section of water layer m exchange coefficient of the pesticide in water m d exchange coefficient of the pesticide in air m d dimensionless Henry coefficient residence time d dilution rate coefficient 1 d overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d overall half life accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution d total mass concentration in water layer mg m ug L ratio between volume and surface of watercourse m sorption coefficient on organic matter L kg Only when K is available momentary water concentration from a single application ug L momentary water concentration from n applications ug L No Effect Concentration for the water compartment ug L Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to applications Alterra Report 1185 24 2 3 Terrestrial risk assessment 2 3 1 Terrestrial exposure assessment The concentration for the within field soil compartment is calculated from the dose of the pesticide divided by the amount of soil kg in the upper 5 cm of the soil a 22 DEPTHF with Gey concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil mg pesticide m soil 0 1 correction factor to convert from g ha to mg m M individual dose applied g a i ha DEPTHF d
38. g a i ha From picklist 2 4 4 4 Possible constant parameters bw course weight 60 kg for adults P fraction of the TDI allocated to drinking water default 0 1 ConsWater daily drinking water consumption 2 litres for adults L d 2 4 4 5 Calculated parameters PEC annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L TDI Tolerable Daily Intake mg kg d Alterra Report 1185 29 DWS Drinking Water Standard mg L ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application 2 5 Dietary risk assessment 2 5 1 Dietary exposure assessment 2 5 1 1 Considered food items and diet The food items considered by PRIMET for the dietary exposure assessment are drinking water fish macrophytes and crops Different diets can be used but a few regional food diets are set by the WHO 2003 which can be used as best estimates of the daily intakes of the different commodities For the far east the WHO estimates an average daily intake of 451 g cereals 109 g roots and tubers 15 g pulses 50 g sugars 50 g nuts and oilseeds 14 g vegetable oils and fats 2 g stimulants 3 g spices 179 g vegetables 32 g fish and seafood 13 g eggs 85 g fruits 33 g of milk products 47 g of meat and 2 g of animal oils and fats WHO 2003 For each of the four food items an Estimated Daily Intake EDI is calculated which are summed to a total EDI In the following paragraphs the calculation of the individual EDIs is described 2
39. g kg d bw course weight 60 kg for adults P fraction of the TDI allocated to drinking water default 0 1 ConsWater daily drinking water consumption 2 litres for adults L d 2 4 3 Groundwater risk assessment The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR for using the groundwater as drinking water as a result of all stacked applications is PEC ETR _ 30 DWS 1000 Alterra Report 1185 28 ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application PEC annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L DWS Drinking Water Standard mg L If EIR lt 1 No Risk green 1 lt ETR lt 100 Possible risk orange ETR gt 100 Risk red 2 4 4 Parameters groundwater risk assessment 2 4 4 1 Input soil scenario parameters Scenario a scenario is a description of the location weather and soil parameters crop irrigation and time of application From picklist 2 4 4 2 Input pesticide parameters DesT50 overall half life in soil d Kos sorption coefficient on organic matter L kg Not needed if K is available K sorption coefficient on organic carbon L kg Not needed if K is available NOEL No Observed Effect Level mg kg d NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level mg kg d AF assessment factor 2 4 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M sacked dosages applied stacked over a growing season
40. he different parameters of PRIMET If a parameter is a constant its value is given in the table In addition the range precision number of figures in which the value is expressed and the number of decimals with which the value is displayed are specified in the table It is possible to modify these figures However DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING IF YOU DO NOT KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING If you are sure that you should make and adjustment then changing the data is possible after you double clicked on the text in the white text box below the grey bar with the text Configure Variables The yellow rows in the table change colour to green The data can now be edited Double clicking a second time on the text in the white text box will change the table to non changeable again Note that the name of the parameter can not and should not be changed as that will prevent the model from looking up the correct values for its calculations Alterra Report 1185 55 Variable configuratiorr DO NOT CHANGE IF YOU DO NOT KNOW WHAT YOU RE DOING Changing the values in this table will change the appearance of the variables and their presentation on the other pages Restart the program to make the changes visible Cross section of water layer AF Assessment factor 100 0 10000 3 b m Bottom width of water body 0 05 100 3 BCF L kg BioConcentration Factor bw kg Body weight 60 kg for adults 60 30 90 0 ConsFish kg d Daily fish consumption 0 5
41. hod for the volatilization of pesticides from allow soil Environmental Planning Bureau Series 2 Agricultural Research Department Wageningen The Netherlands Van den Berg F amp J J T I Boesten 1998 PEsticide Leaching and Accumulation model PEST LA version 3 4 Description and user s guide Winand Staring Centre Techn Doc 43 Wageningen The Netherlands Veith GD DL de Foe and BV Bergstedt 1979 Measuring and estimating the bioconcentration of chemicals in fish J Fish Res Board Can 36 1040 1048 WHO 1996 Guidelines for drinking water quality 2nd ed Vol 2 Health criteria and other supporting information World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland WHO 2003 GEMS Food regional diets Regional per capita consumption of raw and semi processed agricultural commodities The Global Environment Monitoring System Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme GEMS Food Food Safety Department World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Alterra Report 1185 60
42. ht regime V olatilization rate The volatilisation rate coefficient depends on the properties of the pesticide and ditch It is calculated by 4 1 ES z ky ky Ky A Adriaanse et al 1997 with k volatilisation rate coefficient 1 d Ry exchange coefficient of the pesticide in water m d k exchange coefficient of the pesticide in air m d Ky dimensionless Henry coefficient O width of the water surface m A cross section of water layer m The width of the water surface and cross section of the water surface can be calculated from the water depth bottom with and side slope using Eq 6 and 7 O b 2 h s 6 A b h b s 7 with O width of the water surface m h water depth of watercourse m b bottom width of watercourse m s side slope horizontal vertical A cross section of water layer m Alterra Report 1185 18 According to Liss and Slater 1974 exchange coefficients of the pesticide in air amp and water k can be derived from a reas 6 R Ca M Fer M TR O fs ve y M pesticide with k exchange coefficient of the pesticide in water m d Rico2 exchange coefficient of CO in the liquid phase Liss and Slater 1974 estimated a Aico of 4 8 m d Meo molecular weight of CO 44 g mol M pesticide molecular weight of the pesticide under investigation g mol k exchange coefficient of the pesticide in air m d R120 exchange coe
43. individual assessment A green colour indicates there is no risk orange indicates that there is a potential risk and a red colour indicates there is a risk more detailed information about the calculation can be found in chapter 2 A grey coloured globe signifies that some input data are missing and that the risk calculation cannot be performed Clicking on the button with the magnifying glass below Details will open a new screen showing all input data and all output data including the output data of intermediate calculations of the assessment these output screens will be discussed in chapter 3 4 1 The risk is expressed in ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio and given below ETR If some input data is missing the ETR cannot be calculated and the value n a not available is assigned to the ETR Assessments Physical Scenario Application Scheme Pesticide Characteristics Assessment Type State Of Input Data Risk Analysis Details ETR Ww Aquatic 200 6 3 Terrestrial 292990 ei Ql n a wate Groundwater on 4 3E 06 A Dietary 2200 e 1 7E02 Figure 8 The Assessments section in the Home screen of PRIMET Alterra Report 1185 40 3 3 Input to a PRA 3 3 1 General Every input screen contains two sections Select and Manage and Input data In the Select and Manage section existing pesticides or scenarios can be selected from a list they can also be edited or deleted and new pesticides or scenarios can
44. l NPUT PE ED30 undefined mg kg Dose that affects 30 of the test organisms NPUT PE ED50earthworms 3 1 mg kg Dose that affects 50 of the earthworms NPUT PE ks 0 01333 12d Degradation rate coefficient in soil where ks In 2 DEG50soil NPUT AP Dt 7 d Time interval between applications NPUT AP M 1E03 gai ha Individual dose applied NPUT AP n 3 Number of applications NPUT SC Depth 0 05 m Depth of the field NPUT SC Bulk density 2E3 kg soil m3 soil Dry bulk density soil NTER SC Csoil 1999 99997019 mg pesticide m Concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil NTER SC PEC1soil 0 99999998509 mg pesticide kg Concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil from one application OUTPUT SC ETRsoil 8 8 Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application OUTPUT SC NECsoil 0 31 mg kg No Effect Concentration for the soil compartment OUTPUT SC PECnsoil 27 mg pesticide kg Concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil from one application Figure 19 The Results screen of PRIMET The Results screen contains three sections Summary Log and Values The input of the sections becomes visible if you click in the grey bar with the name of the section in it The Summary section contains all output variables of the scenario and their calculated value The Log section is usually empty but displays error messages when input or intermediate data is missing The Values section contains all input output and intermediate parameters and their values The structure of the Summary and
45. m is run by PRIMET to calculate the PEC for specific values of Kou and DegT50 defined in the Pesticide input screen A PEARL scenario consists of a scenario a crop and a dose The scenario is defined by the location weather and soil parameters irrigation and time of application The user can only choose between values for doses fixed by the PRIMET team and a certain number of crops Alterra Report 1185 47 In the part Scenario of the Input data section the user has to fill in values for the different parameters i e bw ConsWater and P see section 2 4 4 4 required to calculate the BAR Physical Scenario Groundwater assessment input data r Select and Manage owt ew De Delete Retest E description here gt rInput data Select PEARL scenario re Description Scenario CHINA css21_2001 7 lt explanation for scenario Crop cabbage v Dose fos kg ha Scenario w O M Conswater omm z Oo Figure 16 The Groundwater scenario input screen of PRIMET 3 3 7 Dietary The Dietary assessment input screen can be accessed from several locations e Menu bar gt menu View gt option Dietary e Toolbar gt button Dietary if added to toolbar see section 3 1 2 2 e Selection Panel gt button Main gt button Dietary e Home screen gt section Selection gt button with magnifying glass behind Dietary The Dietary assessment input scr
46. matically loaded in the input box for Kom and vice versa The user has the possibility to fill in one of the relating parameters instead of having to make the conversion him herself There are four types of combinations of input parameters which are related in the way described above They are given in Table 1 Table 1 Relating parameters in the Pesticide input screen assessment parameters Formula o Aquatic o Ky Treftw LIn 2 o Aquatic o DegT50 K r a nl DegT50 o Aquatic Groundwater o Kom o Aquatic Groundwater o Koc K om ge 1 724 o Soil oK Ln 2 o Soil Groundwater o DegT50soi za D eg T50 oi o Groundwater Dietary o TDI NOEL Alterra Report 1185 3 3 3 Application Scheme The Application Scheme input screen can be accessed from several locations e Menu bar gt menu View gt option Application e Tool bar gt button Application if added to toolbar see section 1 2 2 e Selection Panel gt button Main gt button Application e Home screen gt section Selection gt button with magnifying glass behind Application Scheme The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Application Scheme or modify or delete existing ones The Input data section of the Application Scheme input screen contains two parts Aquatic and Terrestrial both corresponding to the physical scenarios and the assessment types with the same name Figure 13
47. n case of Daphnia and fish and growth inhibition in case of algae ug L 0 01 assessment factor 0 1 assessment factor Alterra Report 1185 22 2 2 3 Aquatic risk assessment The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR as a result of n applications is E ER P E Ca N E Cs 21 ETR me Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to applications PEC Momentary water concentration from applications ug L NEC No Effect Concentration for the water compartment ug L If ETR paer lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETR waer lt 100 Possible risk orange ETR ae 100 Risk red 2 2 4 List of parameters needed for the aquatic risk assessment 2 2 4 1 Input watercourse parameters T ambient temperature in scenario K L length of the watercourse m v flow velocity m d h water depth of watercourse m b bottom width of watercourse m Sy side slope horizontal vertical SS mass concentration of suspended solids in water kg L Moms mass fraction organic matter in suspended solids g g 2 2 4 2 Input pesticide parameters T pw reference temperature at which K Tp or DegT50 was determined K Tp reference temperature at which P T p was determined K P e saturated vapour pressure of substance at reference temperature Pa Tyc reference temperature at which C T was determined K Co L yc solubility of substance in water at reference temperatu
48. nce in water at reference temperature g m 3 AH enthalpy of dissolution J mol R universal gas constant 8 3144 J mol K The enthalpy of dissolution is also substance dependent and Bowman and Sans 1985 found a range of 17 to 156 kJ mol with an average of 27 kJ mol For most pesticides the enthalpy of dissolution is not known so 27 kJ mol can then be used as the default value 2 2 1 4 Calculation of the overall dissipation rate coefficient The overall dissipation rate of pesticides from the watercourse is the sum of the degradation rate coefficient the volatilization rate coefficient and the dilution rate coefficient This coefficient is needed to calculate the loss of pesticide between two Alterra Report 1185 17 applications When only one application is considered in the risk assessment this parameter is not needed and the exposure assessment is more simple section 2 2 1 5 Degradation rate The DegT50wre 18 an input parameter for PRIMET from which k T az can be calculated using Eq 4 Ln 2 k Tyan DeeT 5 0 A 4 with k Ti degradation rate coefficient at reference temperature 1 d Degl 50 yu half life for degradation in water d The degradation rate can be adjusted to the ambient temperature using Eq 1 Degradation in water includes all chemical and biochemical processes in the water layer because the degradation rate should be determined by a water sediment study that may include a day night lig
49. ncil Directive 97 57 EC of September 21 1997 Establishing annex VI to Directive 91 414 EEC Concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market Official Journal of the European Communities L265 87 109 FOCUS Soil Modeling Workgroup 1997 Soil persistence models and EU registration DG VI European Commision Doc 7617 V1 96 Brussels Belgium FOCUS 2001 FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios in the EU Evaluation Process under 91 414 EEC Report EC Document Reference SANCO 4802 2001 rev 1 Report of the FOCUS Working Group on Surface Water Scenarios Brussels Belgium JMPR 2003 Report of 2003 Joint FAO WHO meeting on pesticide residues Geneva 15 24 September 2003 www fao org ag agp agpp pesticid impr pm jmpr htm Koorevaar P G Menelik amp C Dirksen 1983 Elements of soil physics Elsevier Amsterdam The Netherlands Leistra M A M A van der Linden J J T I Boesten A Tiktak amp F van den Berg 2001 PEARL model for pesticide behaviour and emissions in soil plant systems Description of the processes in FOCUS PEARL v 1 1 1 Alterra Report 013 Wageningen The Netherlands Liss P S amp P G Slater 1974 Flux of gases across the air sea interface Nature 24 181 184 OECD 1993 OECD guidelines for the testing of Chemicals Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Paris France Alterra Report 1185 59 Smit A A M F F van den Berg amp M Leistra 1997 Estimation met
50. nt DFID Aquaculture and Fish Genetics Research Programme of the United Kingdom The team consists of seven partners and is coordinated by the Institute of Aquaculture at the University of Stirling UK The other partners include Alterra The Netherlands University of Aveiro Portugal University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka Asian Institute of Technology AIT Thailand Kasetsart University Thailand and National Aquatic Resources research and development Agency NARA Sri Lanka The authors want to thank all project partners with their help developing the decision support system For more information is referred to www mapet nl and www mamasproject org Alterra Report 1185 9 Summary Within the last decade the agriculture sector in Southeast Asia has been intensifying at a rapid pace A large increase in the use of external inputs like pesticides has taken place in many different agricultural sub sectors such as horticulture This increased productivity has been beneficial for human health in terms of food security Pesticide exposure however may affect the environment and human health through different emission routes For instance via spray drift or runoff to surface water accumulation in the topsoil and leaching to groundwater This potentially affects organisms in water and soil and might also pose risks to humans via dietary exposure in case they consume contaminated aquatic products like groundwater macrophytes and fish
51. on in the upper 5 cm of the soil mg pesticide kg soil NEC No Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application PEC a concentration in the upper 5 cm of the soil from n applications mg pesticide kg soil 2 4 Groundwater risk assessment 2 4 1 Groundwater exposure assessment Since for leaching no meta model is available like for the surface water leaching is incorporated in PRIMET by using tables produced by the PEARL model Leistra et al 2001 The most important parameters determining leaching are scenario crop DegT 50 5 K and dose applied PEARL is ran with different combinations of K and DegI50 for different scenarios and different crops and pesticide doses to calculate the annual average concentration in soil moisture at 1 m depth An interpolation program is ran within the PRIMET tool to give the user the opportunity to calculate the annual average concentration at 1 m depth for specific values for K and DegI50 given a certain scenario crop and application dose Limitations The program to run PEARL in sequence for different combinations of K DegT50 only works for PEARL 1 1 1 soil Input The input that has to be provided by the user of PRIMET are K om DBTIO ain scenario crop and dose The user can however only choose between fixed values of dosages present in the PRIMET model and only between a certain number of crops A scenario is
52. ouble click the executable in the file manager The start screen will be displayed Figure 1 F Primet 1 0 Build 21 Ex File Tools view Help A Exit Pesticide Risk Assessment m Database Home CAPRIMET primet mdb Etats Manage PRA scenario starr a en Edit Delete Refresh Save r Selection Application Pesticide lt select a pesticide gt 7 ial Aquatic select a scenario 7 i physical Application Scheme lt select a scenario gt al Terrestrial select a scenario gt a scenarios Groundwater select a scenario 7 id Dietary select a scenario i Aquatic thes P Assessments 7 Physical Scenario Application Scheme Terrestrial EE Pesticide Characteristics ae Assessment Type State input Data Risk Analysis Details ETR Groundwater w Aquatic E ov al n a a i 200 52 Terrestrial n a Dietary BHI ah Groundwater oaa ov al na e m ae a Dietary oaoa n a Options Interpolation DEGTSOs 2 00 KOM 0 00 gt PECGW undefined Figure 1 The start screen of PRIMET The start screen consists of a menu bar at the top of the screen section 3 1 2 a toolbar just below the menu bar section 3 1 3 a selection panel at the left hand side of the screen section 3 1 4 and a large main section in the centre of the screen chapter 3 2 3 1 2 Menu s in the menu bar The menu bar at the top of the screen contains the menus File Tools Vie
53. re g m DegT 50 i half life for degradation in water d M pesticide molecular weight of the pesticide under investigation am sorption coefficient organic matter L kg Not needed if K is available K sorption coefficient on organic carbon L kg Not needed if K is available LC50 concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms ug L EC50 concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms ug L Alterra Report 1185 23 2 2 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M Yodrift n At dose applied g a i ha percentage of spray drift number of applications time interval between applications d 2 2 4 4 Possible constant parameters E R AH AH sol k co2 Meoz Ry H20 Muzo molar Arrhenius activation energy 54000 J mol universal gas constant 8 3144 J mo K enthalpy of vaporization 95000 J mol enthalpy of dissolution 27000 J mol exchange coefficient of CO in the liquid phase 4 8 m d molecular weight of CO 44 g mol exchange coefficient of H O in the vapour phase 720 m d molecular weight of H O 18 g mol 2 2 4 5 Calculated parameters k Tn P T k T Cx T D N O xX PD a xa DN OS x AN B PEC PE EIER NEC water ETR water water degradation rate coefficient at reference temperature 1 d saturated vapour pressure of substance at ambient temperature Pa degradation rate coef
54. rs a value for csol TrefC in the Aquatic section this number is automatically copied to the csol TrefC box in the Dietary section Alterra Report 1185 42 Pesticide Characteristicss Select and Manage New Edit Delete Refresh e r Input data Aquatic Groundwater 2 csol TrefC ol 5 g m3 AF E DegT50 Ma DegT50soil ol zta DHP smo Koc Ol 430 L g DHsol ima KOM Ol 20 Ag E ina NOEL Ol 2 myka EC 0invertebrates PT gat TDI 0 00073 9 markard ECSOprimary prod PT mgt Dietary Ec overtenrates P12 ma om Kog 483 8 Lag csol TrefC 5 ama kom oD ws Kow gt ESL Kw Tref ol 001238 14 NOEL Ol 02 8 moko Mpesticide ara g mol Tol 000073 3 ma katd P TrefP 2 10 Pa Terrestrial Mus ES DegT50soil ol 24 Trefkw 23 K ED30 ol 9 mg kg Trete ze K EDS0earthworms E mg kg ks Ol 002475 174 Interpolation DEGTS0s 28 00 KOM 200 00 gt PECGW 000000 Figure 12 Pesticide input screen of PRIMET Furthermore there are some pesticide input parameters which can be calculated from other pesticide input parameters like Kom and Koc Usually Koc information is more readily available however Ko is needed in the calculations Ko can be calculated from the Koc and vice versa This is implemented in PRIMET If a value for Koc is entered PRIMET converts the Koc to the Kop and the correct value for Koy is auto
55. s d 2 2 2 Aquatic effect assessment For the effect assessment a safe concentration is calculated from toxicity values for some standard test species and an assessment factor The toxicity values are gathered for a limited number of standard species viz an alga Daphnia and fish These species have been chosen because of their ease of handling and rearing in the laboratory Their test procedures are highly protocolised and well described in for instance OECD guidelines Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD 1993 The standard test species are regarded as convenient surrogates for sensitive indigenous species of aquatic ecosystems despite a general awareness of the uncertainty associated with the extrapolation from one species to another To protect sensitive indigenous aquatic populations the NEC is usually calculated by multiplying the toxicity value of the most sensitive standard test species by an assessment factor e g EU 1997 The assessment factor is needed to extrapolate from a 50 effect to no effect and to account for interspecies variation The No Effect Concentration is calculated using NEC lowest value of 0 01 LC50 or EC50 fish 0 01 LC50 or EC50 Daphnia 0 1 EC50 algae 20 with NEC No Effect Concentration for the water compartment ug L LC50 concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms ug L EC50 concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms immobilisation i
56. ssment is expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio s which are calculated by dividing the estimated exposure concentrations by the safe concentration The exposure concentrations are estimated using worst case scenarios for local conditions The safe concentration is calculated from toxicity data and safety factors If the ETR is smaller than 1 i e the estimated exposure is lower than the safe concentration the risk is acceptable If the ETR is larger than 1 but smaller than a certain value in this report 100 a risk may be present Whether there is a real risk should be determined in a higher tier risk assessment by using more complex models e g PEARL TOXSWA PERPEST If ETR s are very large e g gt 100 risks are quite certain although the methods used are based on worst case assumptions For all risk assessments standard parameters of the active ingredient have to be available This includes toxicity data dissipation velocities sorption characteristics etc For most common active ingredients the required data are included in the PRIMET database For new active ingredients the required data have to be gathered from literature Further the average pesticide application schemes practiced by farmers have to be defined in terms of dosage number of applications and time interval between applications This may involve a review of farmers practices in the research area Alterra Report 1185 13 To assess the risk to surface wa
57. t select a scenario gt z Groundwater Jaws Soe Ew2 7 20 lt select a scenario gt Dietary 99 2 299 pz g lt select a scenario gt hd Aquatic Aquatic I Aquatic ETRwater 79 ETRwater 1 7E02 ETRwater undefined NEC water 0 12 ug L NEC water 0 005 ug L NEC water undefined pg L PECiwater 3 6 pg L PECiwater 0 84 ug L PECiwater undefined pg L PECnwater 9 5 ug L PECnwater 0 84 ng L PECnwater undefined pg L ETRsoil 8 8 si a ETRsoil 2 8 a ETRsoil undefined a NECsoil 0 31 mg kg NECsoil 2 3 mg kg NECsoil undefined mg kg PECnsoil 2 7 mg pesticide PECnsoil 6 5 mg pesticide gt PECnsoil undefined mg pesticide gt PECgw 0 043 pg L a PECgw 1E 50 pg L a PECgw undefined pg L a DWS 3 mg L 4 DWS 5 6 mg L F DWS undefined mg L F ETRow 1 4E 05 Z JETRaw 1 8654 I JETRaw undefined E Figure 20 The Compare screen of PRIMET The selection column of one PRA is show in detail in Figure 21 The column contains two sections Settings and Results The input of the sections becomes visible if you click on the grey bar with the name of the section in it The Settings section Figure 21 left hand side contains several pick lists There are two possibilities 1 The user can select a PRA from the first pick list and the other parts of the PRA will be selected automatically 2 The user may specify the separate parts defining a PRA i e application scheme pesticide physical scenarios
58. ter a physical scenario has to be developed representative for the area of interest This means that the geometry of the watercourse has to be estimated as well as water flow velocity and organic matter content of suspended solids and the sediment layer This will involve field measurements and laboratory analysis For groundwater assessments a set of scenarios is included in the PRIMET database A scenario is a combination of different blocks Four types of building blocks exist soil types climates time of application and irrigation schemes Scenarios can only be added by the developers of PRIMET so to do this the user has to supply the data To add an extra scenario to the database a series of daily meteorological data for at least 5 consecutive years a detailed soil profile description plus data on bulk density organic matter and texture per layer are required Besides a scenario a groundwater assessment requires information on crop and dose applied To add a new crop to the database data on leaf area index soil cover and water extraction characteristics of the crop have to be delivered Before starting the data gathering please contact the developers of PRIMET For the dietary exposure assessment estimates are required of the daily fish macrophyte and vegetable consumption For the terrestrial assessment no additional data are required Alterra Report 1185 14 2 Incorporated processes and calculations 2 1 Introduction As descri
59. tor L kg The BCF can be calculated from the more available K using the following relation as determined by Veith et al 1979 BCF 10085208 Kow 0 70 33 with BCF Bioconcentration factor L kg Rc Octanol water partitioning coefficient L kg The EDI for fish can now be calculated using PEC 4 C 5 EDI y 34 with EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of fish mg kg d PEC concentration in the fish mg pesticide kg fish Con daily fish consumption kg d bw course weight 60 kg for adults 2 5 2 Consumption via macrophytes The amount of pesticide consumed via eating of macrophytes is calculated analogous as done for fish i e by multiplying the amount of macrophytes eaten per day with the concentration of the pesticide in the macrophytes The concentration of the pesticide in the macrophytes was calculated using the PEC ae or in case of multiple application the PEC ae as calculated in the surface water risk assessment and sorption coefficient values K for the different pesticides _ PEC vater gt K PECs Im 35 with PEC concentration in the macrophytes mg pesticide kg macrophyte PEC Momentary water concentration from n applications ug L 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L Alterra Report 1185 31 K sorption coefficient for macrophytes L kg The K can be calculated from the more available solubility C T using the following relation as determin
60. tton Help 3 5 5 Button About 3 5 6 Button Exit Literature 56 56 57 59 Preface The decision support system DSS described in this report can be used to assess the risks of pesticide use on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems groundwater and human health via dietary exposure The DSS was developed within the scope of two projects the MAPET and MAMAS project The MAPET project MAnaging Pesticides in vegetable systems in South east Asia combining Environment and Trade is partly financed by the Asia Pro Eco Programme of the European Union Contract Identification number ASI B7 301 2598 01 2003 62752 and partly financed by partners own resources The team consists of seven partners and is coordinated by Ihe Netherlands The other partners include the Institute of Aquaculture at the University of Stirling UK Agricultural Economics Institute The Netherlands Asian Institute of Technology Thailand Soil Fertility Institute China and Hanoi Agricultural University Vietnam The MAMAS project Managing Agrochemicals in Multi Use Aquatic Systems is largely financed by the European Union INCO DEV program Contract Identification number ICA4 CT 2001 10031 The Alterra contribution is also part of the DLO Research Programme International Co operation North South program sponsored by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture Nature Management and Fisheries Additional support was obtained from the Department for International Developme
61. ure 14 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Aquatic scenario or modify or delete existing ones In the Input data section the user can fill in the values for the different parameters belonging to the scenario The blue buttons with a question mark together with the picture in the right hand side of the screen can be used to gain information about the parameters Alterra Report 1185 45 Physical Scenario Aquatic assessment input data rSelect and Manage fagtet New ct ete Refresh i r Input data Scenario Input parameters physical description b OY 3 SS 55 Wa h ef h 7 kg H20 m me T ss mo kooz ye ee b L ol m n MCO2 MA m ZA a gt ot md oo mom ol 00n s FEED R QE mark ALAA s1 ol ss ol s5 kg L iE 300 K v l 5 md Figure 14 The Aquatic scenario input screen of PRIMET 3 3 5 Terrestrial The Terrestrial assessment input screen can be accessed from several locations e Menu bar gt menu View gt option Terrestrial e Tool bar gt button Terrestrial if added to toolbar see section 3 1 2 2 e Selection Panel gt button Main gt button Terrestrial e Home screen gt section Selection gt button with magnifying glass behind Terrestrial The Terrestrial assessment input screen is shown is Figure 15 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Terrestrial scenario or
62. w and Help Alterra Report 1185 35 3 1 2 1 File The File menu includes two menu commands select database and exit The select database option is described in more detail in section 3 2 1 A click on the exit command will close PRIMET 3 1 2 2 Tools The commands in the menu Tools are all except for Customize toolbar described in more detail in chapter 3 5 Clicking on the command Customize toolbar will show Figure 2 _ x Toolbars Actions Options Categories Actions page All Actions Description About To add actions to your application simply drag and drop from either Categories or Actions onto an existing ActionB ar Drag to create Separators er Figure 2 Customize toolbar dialog in PRIMET On the first tab Toolbars in Figure 2 the visibility of the toolbar in PRIMET is set The second tab is used to add buttons to or remove buttons from the toolbar Individual buttons can be added to the toolbar by dragging them from the field Actions and dropping them in the toolbar Buttons are removed from the toolbar by dragging them from the toolbar and dropping them anywhere in the application The third tab is used to personalize the menu and toolbar but is not yet in use 3 1 2 3 View With the command Show Selection Panel the user can hide or display the selection panel With the other commands the user can call

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