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POLLUTEv7 User's Guide

1. Fill Size The fill size is used to expand or condense the symbol The size of the symbol is multiplied by the fill size and then the symbol is drawn For example a fill size of 2 will result in the symbol being doubled in size The fill size must be greater than 0 After the data for the layer is entered the user can go to the next layer by selecting the D D Next button go back to the previous layer by selecting the Previous button go to the first layer using the First button or go to the last layer using the Last button When the data for all the layers has been edited the user can save the information by selecting the OK button Editing Boundary Conditions For every model there are two boundary conditions one at the top and one at the bottom The top boundary condition is usually the point of contact between the contaminant source eg a landfill and the subsurface layers deposit and can be either Zero Flux Constant Concentration or e Finite Mass POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 62 Editing Boundary Conditions The bottom boundary condition is usually the point of contact between the deposit and either a much more or much less permeable strata eg an aquifer or bedrock and can be either Zero Flux Constant Concentration e Fixed Outflow or e Infinite Thickness To edit the boundary conditions either select the Boundary Condition menu item from the Data Entry menu or click on the top or bottom boun
2. Landfill width 500 m X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 123 Maximum Sublayer Thickness Maximum Sublayer Thickness This option allows the user to override the default maximum sublayer thickness of 5 units The maximum sublayer thickness is set at 5 to avoid possible exponential overflow in the program which can occur some times if the sublayers are too large If the maximum sublayer thickness is not changed then the number of sublayers is automatically increased if required to keep their thickness to less than 5 For example if the layer thickness was 50m with 5 sub layers giving a sublayer thickness of 10 the program will automatically adjust the number of sublayers to 10 To select this option select the Maximum Sublayer Thickness menu item from the Special Features menu The Maximum Sublayer Thickness form below will be displayed Maximum Sublayer Thickness Information Maximum Sublayer Thickness When overriding the default the program may crash or give false results Maximum Layer Thickness 5 X Cancel Help WARNING When overriding this maximum sublayer thickness the user takes the risk that the program could crash or give false results POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 124 Print Mass into Base Print Mass into Base This option will print the total mass into the soil and the base it is not normally used To use this option select the Print Mass into Base menu item from the Special Features
3. S Geomembrane S Leakage S Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer O Velocity General Source Heads P Geomembrane P Leakage y P Clay Liner Collection Title Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Primary Geomembrane C No Yes Primary Collection System Primary Liner C No Yes Secondary Geomembrane C No Yes 5 dary Li Secondary Collection System E an ay he wee Aquitard C No Yes Aquifer C No Yes Units Aquifer Metric Imperial X Cancel Help This form has several tabs for editing the data for the model Each of these tabs is described in the sections below Aquitard General Tab This tab is for editing the title and selecting what layers are present in the model The model may contain a primary geomembrane primary clay liner secondary geomembrane secondary clay liner aquitard or aquifer A secondary leachate collection system is always assumed to exist in this landfill model In addi tion the units to store the data needs to be specified as metric or Imperial POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 87 Editing a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Model Source Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the source of contaminants It is the same as the Source tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Heads Tab To calculate the Darcy velocity through the liners the hydraulic heads must be specified in this tab shown below il Primary and Secondar
4. 87 Ann Arbor June pp 159 181 Rowe R K 1991 Contaminant impact assessment and the contaminating lifespan of landfills Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Vol 18 No 2 pp 244 253 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 171 References Rowe R K 1998 Geosynthetics and the minimization of contaminant migration through barrier sys tems beneath solid waste Keynote Lecture Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Geosyn thetics Atlanta March Vol 1 pp 27 103 Industrial Fabrics Association International St Paul MN Rowe R K and Booker J R 1985 1 D pollutant migration in soils of finite depth Journal of Geotechnical Engineering ASCE Vol 111 GT4 pp 13 42 Rowe R K and Booker J R 1987 An efficient analysis of pollutant migration through soil Chapter 2 in the book Numerical Methods for Transient and Coupled Systems Eds Lewis Hinton Bettess and Schrefler John Wiley amp Sons pp 13 42 Rowe R K and Booker J R 1988 Modelling of contaminant movement through fractured or jointed media with parallel fractures Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics Innsbruck April pp 13 42 Rowe R K and Booker J R 1990 Contaminant migration in a regular two or three dimensional frac tured network Reactive contaminants International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics Vol 14 pp
5. Distribution of the Maximum Concentration Distribution of the Time of the Maximum Concentration HE Distribution of the Variable Values Text Listing The initial display after the model has been run is set in the Preferences for the program However this dis play can be changed by clicking on the appropriate button on the Output toolbar or by selecting the display type from the Output menu All of the graphs use the buttons on the Output toolbar to control their display and printing These buttons are explained in detail in the Graphing Output section below The text listing has a different Output toolbar that can be used to format edit save and print the text list ing These functions are explained in detail in the Listing Output section below In addition the model output can also be exported to a wide variety of formats such as database files text files html Word Excel etc This feature is described in the Exporting Output section below POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 135 Graphing Output Graphing Output Model output can be graphed in several different ways depending on wether the model used the Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis special features The majority of the functions on the model output toolbar behave the same for all of the graphs This display can be changed by clicking on the appropriate button on the Output toolbar or by selecting the display type from the Output menu When one of these four graphs is used
6. If the Variable Properties option of the Special Features submenu is selected the dispersivity can be speci fied separately Distribution Coefficient This is the distribution coefficient for the layer In the basic mode ie where Langmuir Non linear sorption and Freundlich Non linear sorption have not been selected the sorption des orption of a conservative species of contaminant is assumed to be linear such that S Kgc where S solute sorbed per unit weight of soil Kg distribution sorption coefficient c concentration of contaminant This is a reasonable approximation for low concentrations of contaminant however at high concentrations sorption is generally not linear and more complex relationships should be used If there is no sorption i e a conservative species the distribution coefficient is zero Two types of non linear sorption can be used if desired these are Langmuir Non Linear Sorption and Freundlich Non Linear Sorption Both options can be selected in the Special Features submenu POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 59 Editing Layer Data Fractures Any or all of the layers may be fractured These fractures may be 1 2 or 3 dimensional Where the first dimension is for one set of vertical fractures the second is for a second set of orthogonal vertical fractures and the third is for horizontal fractures ie for a 3D block dimension 1 is length dimension 2 is width and dimension 3 is depth If 1 2 or 3 dimensi
7. 0 00564 m A circular hole can be either a wrinkle or a hole both involve fluid in direct contact with the underlying clay liner The only differences are a the wrinkle is bigger and b if it is a wrinkle then you also need a hole in the wrinkle and leakage through that hole can be controlled by benoulli s equation CFLAG This is either 1 or 0 depending upon the boundary CFLAG is 1 when head in the underlying aquifer is greater than zero and is 0 when the head is greater than the thickness of the soil layer above the first aquifer Transmissivity THETA A detailed discussion of this is given by Rowe 1998 and the effect of this parameter is examined by Rowe et al 2004 Values used in examples include 1 6x10 8 m2 s for good contact between a geomembrane GM and compacted clay liner CCL 1 x1077 m2 s for poor contact between a GM and CCL and 1 x10710 m2 s for typical contact between a GM and geosynthetic clay liner GCL Conductivity KOM This is the hydraulic conductivity of the collection system or other material direct ly above the hole in the geomembrane The default is 1x104 m s Wrinkles If the Calculation Method is selected as Wrinkles the tab on the next page will be displayed It is suggest ed that you sketch up the proposed idealized wrinkle configuration to make sure that it makes physical sense It is easier to work in term of hectares and remember that a hectare is 100m by100m square When m
8. AS The Superscript button is used to toggle superscript text on or off gt The Subscript button is used to toggle subscript text on or off The Left Justify button is used to left justify the selected text The Center Justify button is used to left justify the selected text The Full Justify button is used to full justify the selected text i The Right Justify button is used to right justify the selected text The Save button is used to save the output listing to a file amp The Print button is used to print the output listing POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 139 Listing Output 28 lt D amp m 5 Q une H X The Print Setup button is used to set printer options The Undo button is used to undo the previous command The Select All button is used to select all of the text in the listing The Cut button is used to cut the selected text to the clipboard The Copy button is used to copy the selected text to the clipboard The Paste button is used to paste the text from the clipboard to the listing The Find button is used to find specified text in the listing The Replace button is used to replace specified text in the listing The Concentration vs Depth button switches the display of the output to a graph of concentration ver sus depth The Concentration vs Time button switches the display of the output to a graph of concentration ver sus time The Time vs Depth button switches the display of the
9. Bottom Depth This is the bottom depth of the depth interval The set of depth intervals should cover the entire thickness of the model If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the bottom depth for the selected interval and time period Darcy Velocity This is the Darcy Velocity for the depth interval A negative value indicates an upward flow or flow in towards the source If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the Darcy velocity for the selected interval and time period Note When using both the Variable Properties option and the Passive Sink option the Darcy velocity used is the product of the Darcy velocity specified in both of the options For clarity it is recommended the user specify the Darcy velocity on the Variable Properties option as 1 and vary the Sink Darcy velocity POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 121 Passive Sink Rate of Removal This is the rate of removal of contaminant by the passive sink If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the Rate of Removal for the selected interval and time period According to the principle of continuity of flow the rate of removal should be equal to Rr Vaq Va2 L h where R Rate of removal or outflow velocity flow per unit area per unit time Va Darcy velocity above the interval Va2 Darcy velocity below the interval L Landfill length h thickness of the layer fro
10. POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 172 Deleting a Symbol Library Smith D W Rowe R K and Booker J R 1992 Contaminant transport and non equilibrium sorption Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics Swansea pp 509 518 Smith D W Rowe R K and Booker J R 1993 The analysis of pollutant migration through soil with linear hereditary time dependent sorption International Journal for Analytical and Numerical Meth ods in Geomechanics Vol 17 No 4 pp 255 274 Sudicky E A and Frind E O 1982 Contaminant transport in fractured porous media analytical solutions for a system of parallel fractures Water Resources Research 18 6 pp 1634 1642 Talbot A 1979 The accurate numerical integration of Laplace transforms J Inst Maths Applics 23 pp 97 120 Tang D H Frind E D and Sudicky E A 1981 Contaminant transport in fractured porous media analytical solution for a single fracture Water Resources Research 17 pp 555 564 Voice T C and Weber W J 1983 Sorption of hydrophobic compounds by sediments soils and sus pended solids 1 Theory and Background Water Research 17 10 pp 1433 1441 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 173 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 174
11. buried waste spills lagoons barrier systems etc Each study area should be grouped into one or more projects A project is used to store one or more models in a study area After a model has been created it can be run to calculate the concentra tions of a contaminant at specified depths and times The creation and editing of models is supported by the following features features in italics are available in the Professional edition only New models can be easily created using either a blank model the wizard or a quick entry model There are four quick entry models Primary Liner Landfill Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Vertical Migration and Horizontal Migration A graphical diagram of the model is displayed as it is created Models can contain up to 200 layers The graphical symbol and color for a layer can be assigned and shown of the model diagram Layers can contain 1 2 or 3 dimensional fractures The diffusion coefficient distribution coefficient and phase change parameter can be specified for each layer The top boundary condition can be zero flux constant concentration or finite mass The bottom boundary condition can be zero flux constant concentration fixed outflow or infi nite thickness The subsurface concentrations can be calculated at specified times or the time of the maximum concentration can be automatically found by the program Radioactive or biological decay of the contamina
12. ct c t dt 1 H f c t dt q H Jce t dt R wc 1 e8 0 0 0 where C initial source concentration at the start time C rate of increase in concentration with time due to the addition of mass to the landfill f c t 2 0 the surface flux mass per unit area per unit time passing into the soil at the top boundary qe the volume of leachate collected per unit area of the landfill per unit time if there is no leachate collection system q 0 first order decay coefficient calculated based on the half life specified in the Special Features Radioactive Biological Decay option such that A In 2 half life for decay R mass of contaminant in the waste available to be transformed into dissolved form over time per unit volume of waste The program calculates R as follows Rs P Py Co WC where p available leachable mass of contaminant in the waste per unit mass of waste eg mass of chloride in waste total mass of waste Pw apparent density of the waste i e mass of waste per unit volume of the landfill WC volumetric water content of the waste K generation coefficient calculated based on the conversion rate half life K such that x In 2 K A value of K 0 implies no generation of concentration with time In the program x 0 is obtained by specifying K 0 this is the default case H reference height of leachate and represents the volume of leachate per unit area of landfill
13. maximum change in concentration between iterations is less than 0 1 or the maximum number of itera tions is reached Minimum Reference Concentration This is the minimum value that will be used when calculating the secant linear distribution coefficient K If the average concentration in the sublayer is less than this value then the Reference value is used Layer Data Tab The data entered on the Layer Data tab will depend on the type of non linear sorption specified If the type of non linear sorption is Freundlich the tab will appear as shown on the next page POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 108 Non Linear Sorption Non Linear Sorption Layer Number fr M S Di S Kf c E Coefficient KF F2 em3 9 7 Exponent E 0 628 Jf OK X Cancel Help The following parameters can be edited on this tab Coefficient Kf This is an empirically determined parameter for the layer Exponent E This is an empirically determined parameter for the layer If the type of non linear sorption is Langmuir the tab will appear as shown below Non Linear Sorption Sorption Data Layer Data Layer Number fi M 4D Di S Sm b c 1 bc Parameter Sm d em3 9 Parameterb 0 628 J OK X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 109 Non Linear Sorption The following parameters can be edited on this tab Parameter Sm This is an empirically determined parameter for the layer Parameter b This is an empirically determined paramet
14. trations Primary Liner Model If a primary liner model is currently displayed on the desktop the data entry menu will contain the follow ing commands Primary Liner used to edit the data for the layers and boundary conditions Primary Liner Run Parameters used to edit the depths and times to calculate the concen Run Parameters trations Leakage Rate Model If a leakage rate model is currently displayed on the desktop the data entry menu will contain the following commands Leakage Rate Landfill used to edit the data for the layers and boundary Leakage Rate Landfill conditions Run Parameters Run Parameters used to edit the depths and times to calculate the concen trations POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 8 Using POLLUTEv7 Primary and Secondary Liner Model If a primary and secondary model is currently displayed on the desktop the data entry menu will contain the following commands Primary and Secondary Liner Run Parameters Special Features Menu Primary and Secondary Liner used to edit the data for the layers and boundary conditions Run Parameters used to edit the depths and times to calculate the concentrations After a model has been opened the Special Features menu will appear on the menu bar This menu contains commands for adding special features to the model Radioactive Biological Decay Initial Concentration Profile Non Linear Sorption Passive Sink Time Yarying Properties Maximum Subla
15. 6 Data The Select Backup Database form lists all the backup databases for the main database The date time infor mation indicates the date and exact time at which the project list database was backed up Select the data base you wish to restore and then press the Ok button Importing Version 6 Data Model input data files that have been previously created in version 6 of the program can be imported into a project using the Import Version 6 Model menu item from the File menu To use this menu item a project must be opened The Open Input Dataset form below will be displayed Open Input Dataset Look in Projects o y e A e Files of type Input Files Cancel Select the file containing the model input dataset and then press the Ok button After the Ok button is pressed the model will be imported into the current project POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 39 Setting Program Preferences Setting Program Preferences Using the Preferences menu item of the File menu preferences for file directories input output and back ups can be set for the program When this menu item is selected the Preferences form below is displayed Preferences General Input Output Auto Backup Database Directory C PROGRA 1 GAEA database i Default Directory C PROGRA 1 GAEA Pollute Projects i Bitmap Directory CAPROGR amp TTNG 4ES PolluteBitnaps E Default Symbol Library Silts and Clays gt Background Color ay K Model Li
16. 8 Analysis of a Labratory Diffusion test with background Case 9 Freundlich Non linear sorption in a lab diffusion test Case 10 Time varying velocity termination of leachate collection Case 11 Variable source concentration histaru M 4 Di Jf OK X Cancel Help Select the model you wish to use from the form and then click on the Ok button The Select Output dataset form below will be displayed This form lists all of the output times for the selected model Select the out put time that you wish to import and then click on the Ok button Select Output Data Set Output Datasets X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 147 Importing Output Data After the model has been selected the Dataset Name form below will be displayed Enter the name for the imported dataset and then press the Ok button The output graph will then be updated with the imported data Creating New Data Data can also be imported by creating a dataset and entering the data To create new data select the Create New Data menu item from the Imported Data submenu of the Output menu The Create Output Data form below will then be displayed Create Output Data Name Imported Lab Data Time Depth Concentration 1 999 850 800 500 400 200 292 22 9 X Cancel f Help Enter the name of the dataset and the times depths and concentrations of the data Normally only one time will be entered with multiple depths and
17. Reference Guide 99 Radioactive Biological Decay Radioactive Biological Decay This feature is used to model radioactive or biological decay of the contaminant species The decay can take place in the source the deposit or the base First order exponential decay is used for both radioactive and biological decay eg c t c 0 A t where c t concentration at time t c 0 initial concentration A decay constant 693147 half life To add or edit radioactive or biological decay for a model select the Radioactive Biological Decay menu item from the Special Features menu The Radioactive Biological Decay form below will be displayed This form has two tabs one for entering the decay settings and the other the depth ranges Radioactive Biological Decay Decay Ranges Number of Depth Rangers 1 Source Decay C Yes No Base Decay C Yes No J OK X Cancel Help Decay Tab The following can be edited on the Decay tab shown above Number of Depth Ranges This is the number of depth intervals throughout the model where you wish to specify different first order decay constants eg radioactive or biological POLLUTEV7 Reference Guide 100 Radioactive Biological Decay Source Decay This allows the user to select whether first order decay of contaminant will be modelled in the source If selected the user will be asked to specify the half life in the source If not selected the half life in the source is
18. The buttons at the top of the Help form are used for the following e Hide is used to hide the tabs on the left side of the form e Back displays the previous help topic if any e Print is used to print the current help topic e Options is used to change the preferences for the Help system Getting Technical Support GAEA offers a variety of services to help you with your questions and problems You will be automatically registered when you obtain an unlock code for the program Free technical support to registered users includes assistance in the use of the software and in getting any bugs you may find in the software fixed To expedite support services we prefer electronic communications through email or the Internet These communications minimize the possibility for any mistakes and allow us to better track your request You can email technical support by selecting the Email Technical Support menu item from the Help menu This menu item will create an email message using your default email program To connect to GAEA s Internet site select the GAEA s Web Site menu item from the Help menu Below are the various methods to contact technical support Service Contact Method Web Site http www gaea ca E mail support gaea ca Phone 905 666 7527 FAX 905 666 3744 Mail GAEA Technologies Ltd 87 Garden Street Whitby Ontario Canada LIN 9E7 POLLUTEv7 Reference Manual 166 Getting Technical Support After receiving your co
19. a distribution for the thickness of a layer The user will be asked to specify the layer for which to vary the thickness Diffusion Coefficient This is the Diffusion Coefficient of a layer the user will be asked to specify the layer for which to vary the Diffusion Coefficient Distribution Coefficient This is the Distribution Coefficient of a layer the user will be asked to specify the layer for which to vary the Distribution Coefficient If the layer selected is fractured the distribution coefficient along the fracture will be varied Variable Properties End Time This is the End Time of a Variable Properties Time Group the user will be asked to specify the Time Group for which to vary End Time When varying the end time of a time group the program will shift the end times of subsequent time groups to maintain their relative position and will try to keep the end times of any previous time groups the same This variable type will not show up if the Variable Properties feature has not been previously selected Minimum Value This is the minimum value for the variable During the simulations the value of the vari able will be interpolated linearly from the minimum to the maximum value Maximum Value This is the maximum value of the variable During the simulations the value of the vari able will be interpolated linearly from the minimum to the maximum value POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 132 Saving a Model Saving a Model m After a mod
20. base boundary The default depth is the depth of the base boundary In searching for the maximum concentration the depth used will be the depth closest to the nearest sublayer interface It is recommended that the user be sure to have a sublayer interface at the depth requested or specify a large number of sublayers for the layer Accuracy This is the accuracy to which the maximum base concentration is to be calculated typically a value of 0 1 is used POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 73 Editing Run Parameters Number of Iterations This is the maximum number of iterations to try to obtain the maximum base con centration to the required accuracy typically a value of 25 is used If the lower and upper time limits are well selected convergence to an accuracy of 0 1 can usually be obtained within 10 iterations Upper and Lower Time Limits The user needs to specify lower and upper time limits in which the max imum is expected to occur If the lower and upper time limits do not bracket the time of the maximum the program will usually adjust the time limits to include the time of the maximum However if both the spec ified limits are at times when there is negligible concentrations at the depth being considered then the pro gram may not be able to find a meaningful maximum If the top boundary condition is Constant Concentration and the lower time limit is close to or above the time of the maximum the program will adjust the lower time limit un
21. concentrations To add or delete rows select the row with the mouse and then press the Insert or Delete keys or use the buttons at the bottom of the form The buttons at the bottom of the form can be used to move to the first point move to the previous point move to the next point move to the last point add a point or delete a point After the data has been entered click on the Ok button The graph will then be updated with the new data POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 148 Importing Output Data Editing Imported Data After the data has been imported it can be edited by selecting the Edit Data menu item from the Imported Data submenu of the Output menu The Edit Imported Output Data form below will be displayed Edit Imported Output Data Name Imported Data Time Depth Concentration 0 poo 10 0 800 20 0 600 30 0 400 O99 elele X Cancel Help On this form you can edit the dataset name times depths and concentrations The buttons at the bottom of the form can be used to move to the first point move to the previous point move to the next point move to the last point add a point or delete a point After the data has been entered click on the Ok button The graph will then be updated with the new data POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 149 Importing Output Data Deleting Imported Data Imported output data can be deleted when you no longer want it to be displayed on the graphs To delete the data select the Dele
22. contain a collection system geomembrane clay liner aquitard or aquifer POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 92 Editing a Vertical Migration Model Source Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the source of contaminants It is the same as the Source tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Hydraulic Heads Tab This tab is used to specify the hydraulic head data for the model It is the same as the Heads tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Gemembrane Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the geomembrane It is the same as the Geomembrane tab for Primary Liner Landfills except that the Leakage Method is assumed to be Rowe et al 2004 It is described in that section above Leakage Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the leakage through the geomembrane It is the same as the Rowe Leakage tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Clay Liner Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the clay liner It is the same as the Clay Liner tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Aquitard Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the aquitard It is the same as the Aquitard tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Aquifer Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the aquifer It is the same as the Aquifer tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described i
23. corner of the rectangle Move the mouse to the lower right corner of the rectangle and release the mouse button POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 160 Saving a Symbol Library The Filled Rectangle button is used to draw a filled rectangle on the symbol When pressed the cur sor will change to a cross To draw a rectangle press and hold down the left mouse button at the upper left corner of the rectangle Move the mouse to the lower right corner of the rectangle and release the mouse button The Ellipse button is used to draw a hollow ellipse on the symbol When pressed the cursor will change to a cross To draw an ellipse press and hold down the left mouse button at the upper left cor ner of the ellipse Move the mouse to the lower right corner of the ellipse and release the mouse button The Filled Ellipse button is used to draw a filled ellipse on the symbol When pressed the cursor will change to a cross To draw an ellipse press and hold down the left mouse button at the upper left cor ner of the ellipse Move the mouse to the lower right corner of the ellipse and release the mouse button Saving a Symbol Library To save a library after it has been edited select the Save Library menu item of the Symbol Libraries sub menu Closing a Symbol Library To close a library select the Close Library menu item of the Symbol Libraries submenu POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 161 Deleting a Symbol Library Deleting a Symbol Library To delete
24. drawn For example a fill size of 2 will result in the symbol being doubled in size The fill size must be greater than 0 Infinite Thickness Bottom Boundary Condition The infinite thickness bottom boundary condition represents the case where the deposit extends infinitely in depth This condition can be used to model lateral migration within the deposit If the bottom boundary is specified as infinite thickness no additional tab will be displayed since there is no data to enter for the bot tom boundary POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 70 Editing Run Parameters Editing Run Parameters The run parameters specify the depths and times to calculate the concentrations for the model To edit the run parameters select the Run Parameters menu item from the Data Entry menu The Run Parameters form below will be displayed Run Parameters Type Concentrations at Specified Times Type of Output C Maximum Concentrations Time Units year X Depth Units m Concentration Units mg L Jf OK x Cancel Help The following parameters can be specified on the Type tab Type of Output There are two types of output that can be generated either concentrations at specified times or maximum concentrations Time Units The output units for the times can be selected using the combo box All of the units selected for the input data will then be converted to units consistent with these units and the output file generated will display th
25. emailed to you Registration To register the software and obtain an unlock code click the obtain unlock code button A registration form on GAES s internet site will be displayed Fill in the information on the form and then submit the form Serial Number PL 72355263 Obtain Unlock Code i If you are unable to access the internet please call us at 905 666 7527 or fax us at 905 666 3744 After you have received an unlock code enter it below and click the button Unlock Code Store Unlock Code ls Jf OK X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 4 Transferring the Registration If your computer is not connected to the Internet you can call or fax us the serial number If you have prob lems emailing us the serial number or need an unlock code faster call us and we will give it to you over the phone After GAEA has received your unique serial number an unlock code will be generated and emailed or faxed to you When you receive the unlock code enter it in the space at the bottom of the Registration form and then press the Store Unlock Code button The program is now registered and the Demo form will no longer be displayed when the program is run Transferring the Registration After the program has been registered the unlocked program can be transferred to a different computer using the Transfer utility This utility allows you to move the program between computers without requiring assistance from GAEA After the reg
26. file click on this icon POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 3 Registering and Unlocking POLLUTEv7 Uninstalling POLLUTEv7 The POLLUTEV7 program files can be removed from your hard disk using the Add Remove programs option in the Windows Control Panel Uninstalling the program will also remove the POLLUTEv7 icons and application group Registering and Unlocking POLLUTEv7 Before POLLUTEv7 can be used it must be registered Prior to registration process the program will run in Demo mode During the registration the program will be unlocked To register the program and obtain an unlock code run the POLLUTEv7 program Until the program is unlocked it will operate in Demo mode and the form below will be displayed To register the program press the Register button the Registration form shown below will be displayed This form can also be displayed using the Purchase menu item in the Help menu In the middle of this form a unique serial number will be displayed This serial number is unique for each computer To register the program an unlock code must be obtained using this serial number If your computer is con nected to the Internet you can obtain this unlock code by clicking on the Obtain Unlock Code button After the button is pressed a registration form on GAEA s web site will be displayed on your internet browser Fill out the form and then click on the submit button After your registration information has been received an unlock code will be
27. of a geomembrane and a clay liner If the geomembrane is present the leakage through the geomembrane is calculated using equations by Rowe et al 2004 The Vertical Migration option is used to quickly enter a model for the vertical migration Vertical Migration To create a Vertical Migration model select the Vertical Migration button on the New Model form and then press the Ok button The model will be created and can be edited as described in the section Editing a Vertical Migration Model below POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 55 Editing a Model Creating a Horizontal Migration Model tion of a contaminant from a waste mass to the site boundary The model may contain a pri mary composite liner and an aquitard In this option the primary composite liner can be composed of a geomembrane and a clay liner If the geomembrane is present the leakage through the geomembrane is calculated using equations by Rowe et al 2004 E The Horizontal Migration option is used to quickly enter a model for the horizontal migra Horizontal Migration To create a Horizontal Migration model select the Horizontal Migration button on the New Model form and then press the Ok button The model will be created and can be edited as described in the section Editing a Horizontal Migration Model below Editing a Model md After a model has been created it can be edited using the methods below If the model is not open it will first need to be opened by double c
28. one increment spec ified for the group the time will be calculated at the end time For example if the group started at 0 years and ended at 20 years and the number of increments was 4 concentrations would be calculated at 5 10 15 and 20 years Source Concentration This is the source concentration at the beginning of the time period The calculat ed concentration from the end of the last period will be used if the user specifies a negative value for the source concentration For the first time period the source concentration does not decrease until the end of the time period To model a landfill with a depleting source the concentration should be set for the first time period and then 1 should be used for the following time periods Note The actual source concentration will vary with time due to the migration of contaminant into the soil and the collection of leachate This is automatically handled by the program Source Concentration Increment This is the increment size by which to increase the source concentra tion for each increment in the group This field will only be shown if the Properties Increment within Periods option has been selected on the previous tab If no additional mass is being added to the source then this should be zero Darcy Velocity This is the Darcy velocity at the beginning of this time period If an increment in Darcy velocity is specified it will be added to this velocity to get the velocity at the start of t
29. other than air water For example the migra tion of an organic compound from a dissolved phase in leachate through a solid geomembrane may involve a phase change defined by Rowe et al 2004 Cg Sof Cf whereS gf is the dimensionless ratio of the concentration at the gemembrane and water interface typical values have been reported by Rowe et al 2004 Thus in general the concentration ratio at an interface where there is a phase change can be written as Chw A Cwin where Chw is the gas or solid concentration mol m3 in the n phase i e gas or solid Cwyn is the concen tration mol m3 dissolved in the solvent of interest eg water and A is the dimensionless phase param eter mol m mol 7 m POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 22 One Dimensional Contaminant Migration One Dimensional Contaminant Migration The theory implemented by the POLLUTEv7 program in its basic mode of operation is described in detail by Rowe and Booker 1985 1987 1991b and Rowe et al 1994 According to this theory contaminant migration in one dimension for an intact material is governed by n dcygt Nn D d cjgz N V dcjgz P Ka dcia nc where c concentration of contaminant at depth z at time t D coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion at depth z v groundwater seepage velocity at depth z n porosity of the soil at depth z p dry density of the soil at depth z K distribution partitioning sorption coe
30. output to a graph of time versus depth The Flux vs Time button switched the display of the output to a graph of flux versus time The Listing button switched the display of the output to a text listing Exporting Output The output from the model can be exported to one of 19 different file formats in either Time vs Concentration or Depth vs Concentration format To export the output select either Time vs Concentration or Depth vs Concentration from the Export submenu from the Output menu The Export Output wizard will be displayed The wizard takes you through an 8 step process in which you can select the file type and other formatting options POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 140 Exporting Output Time vs Concentration This option will output the data in the format below where T1 refers to time 1 C11 refers to the concen tration at time 1 and depth 1 C12 refers to the concentration at time 1 and depth 2 etc Tl Cll C12 C13 C14 T2 C21 C22 C23 C24 Depth vs Concentration This option will output the data in the format below where T1 refers to time 1 D1 refers to depth 1 C11 refers to the concentration at time 1 and depth 1 C12 refers to the concentration at time 1 and depth 2 etc Tl Di Cll Tl D2 C12 T2 D1 C21 T2 D2 C22 Step 1 Select the file type to export the report to Export Output Step 1 of8 This wizard allows you to specify details of how to export your data Which export format would you like Ta
31. specify the data for the secondary leachate collection system fi Primary and Secondary Liner S Geomembrane 5 Leakage S Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer OVelocity General Source Heads PGeomembrane P Leakage P Clay Liner Collection Name Collection System a Change Symbol Thickness fos fm Density is g om3 Diffusion Coef 100 mza Distr Coef fo ma Porosity 035 Phase Parameter Fo X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 89 Editing a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Model The following parameters can be edited on this tab Name This is the name of the secondary collection system It is used only for drawing Symbol This is the symbol used to draw the secondary collection system To change the symbol click on the Change Symbol button A Change Symbol form will be displayed where you can change the bitmap library bitmap foreground color background color and fill size for the symbol Thickness This is the thickness of the secondary collection system Density This is the dry density of the secondary collection system Diffusion Coefficient This is the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion for the secondary collection system Distribution Coefficient This is the distribution coefficient for the secondary collection system Porosity The porosity of the secondary collection system Phase Parameter This is a dimensionless phase parameter as discussed i n Chapter 2 The default is
32. step is to enter the boundary conditions for the model This data includes the type of top and bottom boundary and the data associated with that type of boundary To enter this information click the Next button General Layers Boundary Conditions Run Parameters Special Features X Cancel q Back A Finish To enter the Boundary Conditions press the Next button on the Wizard form The Boundary Condition form below will be displayed This form is used to enter the data for the top and bottom boundary conditions The boundary condition data is explained in detail in the section on Editing Models below After the boundary conditions have been entered press the Ok button Fixed Outflow Velocity Boundary Condition Boundary Conditions Top Constant Cone Bottom Constant Cone ter CRUE Zero Flux Constant Concentration Finite Mass Bottom Boundary eon ero Flux Constant Cone C Fixed Outflow Velocity Infinite Thickness x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 52 Using the Wizard to Create a Model New Model Wizard This Wizard helps you create a POLLUTE model that is ready to be run and displayed The next step is to enter the run parameters for the model This data includes whether the model is to be run for a set number of times or if the maximum concentration is to be found To enter this information click the Next button General Layers Boundary Conditions Special
33. the Time Varying Data tab the Source Decay can be specified This allows the user to select whether first order decay of contaminant will be mod elled in the source for this time period If selected the user will be asked to specify the half life in the source If not selected the half life in the source is assumed to be infinite i e no first order decay Base Decay If the Variable Decay option has been selected on the Time Varying Data tab the Source Decay can be specified This allows the user to select whether first order decay will be modelled in the base of the deposit for this time period eg an underlying aquifer If selected the user will be asked to specify the half life in the base If not selected the half life in the base is assumed to be infinite i e no first order decay Interval Data Tab If either of the Variable Layer or Variable Decay options has been selected the Interval Data tab below will be displayed FA Time Varying Properties Time Period lz ld 4D Di Time Varying Data Source Properties Intervals Interval Data Depth Interval 1 ld 4D Di Top Depth iq Im Bottom Depth jo o Im Diffusion Coef 0 02 mza Porosity 03 Density ES la cm3 Distribution coef fo jom3 g Half Life 0 X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 117 Time Varying Properties app At the top of the tab the current Depth Interval is indicated and there are buttons to move to the first previous next
34. 0 year 150 year Depth m Models Models are used to represent the subsurface lithology contain ment systems and contaminant source to be studied These models can be used to study the effects of landfills buried waste spills lagoons barrier systems etc After a model has been created it can be run to calculate the concentrations of a contaminant at specified depths and times Each study area should be grouped into one or more projects A project is used to store one or more models in a study area This chapter describes how to create a model edit a model run a model save a model e display model output e print a model export a model e delete a model POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 48 Creating a New Model Creating a New Model After a project has been created or opened see Chapter 3 a model can be created either by clicking on the New Model button on the Model toolbar or selecting the New Model menu item from the Models submenu of the File menu The New Model form below will be displayed Blank Primary Landfill New Model Primary amp ae Vertical Migration Horizontal Migration Landfill X Cancel Help This form allows you to select one of several methods to create a new model using a wizard a blank model or the following quick entry models Primary Liner Landfill Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Vertical Migration and Horizo
35. 1 350 1 300 1 250 4 200 1450 1400 1 050 1 000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 F Clay Liner Concentration ug L FF Fixed Outflow 50 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 015 02 045 05 og Depth m 025 03 O35 04 055 06 O88 07 O75 O8 085 VII Introduction Introduction POLLUTEV 7 can be used to provide fast accurate and comprehensive contaminant migration analysis capabilities This program implements a one and a half dimensional solution to the advection dispersion equation The new Windows Interface makes the creation editing execution printing and displaying of models easy and flexible Models can be created from scratch using the program Wizard or by selecting one of the many pre created models The program comes in two editions Professional and Standard The Professional edition is best suited for landfill design and the Standard edition is best suited for environmental remediation Below is a compari son of the two versions Feature Professional Standard Wizards and pre created models Yes Yes Unlimited number of models Yes Yes Up to 200 layers Yes Yes Constant concentration boundary conditions Yes Yes Finite mass boundary condition Yes Yes Fixed outflow boundary condition Yes Yes Passive Sinks Yes Yes Linear sorption Yes Yes Non linear sorption Yes No Fractures in layers Yes No Radioactive and biological decay Yes No Initi
36. 401 425 Rowe R K and Booker J R 1991a Modelling of 2D contaminant migration in a layered and frac tured zone beneath landfills Canadian Geotechnical Journal Vol 27 No 3 Rowe R K and Booker J R 1991b Pollutant migration through a liner underlain by fractured soil Journal of Geotechnical Engineering ASCE Vol 118 No 7 pp 1031 1046 Rowe R K and Fraser M J 1993a Service Life of Barrier Systems in the Assessment of Contaminant Impact Proceedings of 1993 Joint CSCE ASCE National Conference on Environmental Engineering Montreal Canada Rowe R K and Fraser M J 1993b Long Term Behaviour of Engineered Barrier Systems Proceed ings of Fourth International Landfill Symposium Sardinia Italy Rowe R K Caers C J and Barone F 1988 Laboratory determination of diffusion and distribution coefficients of contaminants using undisturbed soil Canadian Geotechnical Journal Vol 25 pp 108 118 Rowe R M Quigley R M and Booker J R 1994 Clayey Barriers for Waste Disposal Facilities E amp F N Spon England Rowe R K Quigley R M Brachman R W I Booker J R 2004 Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal Facilities Taylor amp Francis Books Ltd E amp FN Spon London 579p Shackelford C D and Daniel D E 1991 Diffusion in saturated soil II Results for compacted clay Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol 117 No 3 ASCE pp 485 506
37. Features af Finish The next step is to enter the Run parameters for the model press the Next button on the Wizard form to dis play the Run Parameters form below This form is used to enter the depths and t times to calculate the con centrations The parameters are described in detail in the section on Editing a Model below Run Parameters Type Concentrations at Specified Times Type of Output Concentrations at Specified Times Maximum Concentrations Time Units year Depth Units m Concentration Units mg L x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 53 Using the Wizard to Create a Model When the Run parameters have been entered press the Ok button to continue with the Wizard New Model Wizard This Wizard helps you create a POLLUTE model that is ready to be run and displayed The last step is to enter any Special Features for the model Check any of the Special Features in the list below and then click the Next button to enter the information If there are no Special General Features click the Next or Finish buttons Layers Boundary Conditions 3 lt Fun Parametere F Radiological Biological Decay I Initial Concentration Profile F Non Linear Sorption M Passive Sink M Time Varying Properties X Cancel q Back E 7 af Finish The last step is to enter any special features such as radioactive or biological decay initial concentration profile non linear sorption passi
38. Head in the Attenuation Layer This is the head in the attenuation layer at a location outside of the barri er liner system Distance between Head Measurements This is the horizontal distance between the two head measure ments above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 97 Editing a Horizontal Migration Model Gemembrane Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the geomembrane It is the same as the Geomembrane tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Clay Liner Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the clay liner It is the same as the Clay Liner tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Aquitard Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the aquitard It is the same as the Aquitard tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Editing Run Parameters The data editing for the Run Parameters is the same as for a Normal Model and is described in that section above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 98 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 99 Editing Special Features Editing Special Features The Special Features menu lets you add and edit a variety of special features for the model These features are e Radioactive Biological Decay Initial Concentration Profile Non linear Sorption e Variable Properties e Passive Sink e Maximum Thickness e Print Mass into Base e Monte Carlo Simulation Sensitivity Analysis POLLUTEv7
39. Hole Radius This the average radius of the holes in the wrinkles The default is 0 00564 m This will limit the leakage that can occur through a given wrinkle Transmissivity THETA This is the same as that used in the LEAK method and is described on the pre vious page Conductivity KOM This is the same as that used in the LEAK method and is described on the previ ous page Calculate Leakage This button can be used to calculate and display the leakage Darcy velocity through the geomembrane POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 81 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Giroud Leakage Tab If the Leakage Type specified on the Geomembrane tab is Giroud and Bonaparte 1992 the Giroud Leakage tab below will be displayed Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Giroud amp Bonaparte 1992 Contact 3 Hole Frequency 2 5 hectare C Poor Hole 1 cm2 Hole Type Hate Circle C Long Permeation Yes Calculate Leakage Darcy Velocity X Cancel Help The following parameters can be specified on this tab Contact This is the type of contact between the geomembrane and the underlying material either the clay liner or aquitard Hole Type This is the type of holes in the geomembrane either circles or long rectangles Permeation This is whether or not to consider permeation through the geomembrane Hole Frequ
40. ING This option should only be used by someone with the hydrogeologic and engineering back ground necessary to appreciate the subtleties associated with the physical situation and the steps necessary for appropriate modelling of the physical situation THIS OPTION SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR AN IMPORTANT PROJECT WITHOUT THE GUIDANCE OF THE PROGRAM DEVELOPERS To use this feature select the Passive Sink option from the Special Features menu The Passive Sink form on the next page will be displayed This form has either two or three tabs one for the sink data one for the interval data and if the bottom boundary condition is not Fixed Outflow one for the landfill size app If the Variable Properties feature has also been selected then the Passive Sink properties will need to be specified for each time period In this situation at the top of the form the current Time Period is indicated and there are buttons to move to the first previous next and last time peri od If the Variable Properties feature is not selected the time period information will not be displayed POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 119 Passive Sink Passive Sink Variable Properties Time Period 1 ld 4 h Di Data Landfill Size Interval Data Number of Intervals 4 ly Phase Change No Inflow Rate fe No Jf OK X Cancel Help Data Tab The following parameters can be edited on this tab shown above Number of Intervals This is the number of depth inter
41. Initial Concentration form below will be displayed This form has two tabs one for the profile parameters and one for the depth data Initial Concentration Profile Concentration Profile Depth Intervals Start Time 0 day Flux into Soil 0 m2 a X Flux into Base 0 m2 a v Type of Profile Depth Intervals C Sublayers Number of Depth Intervals 14 OK X Cancel Help Note If any of the layers have fractures this option cannot be used Warning If using this option it is a good idea to specify a thin layer between zones where there are signif icant differences between initial concentration eg between the soil and a top or bottom reservoir in a dif fusion test see Example 8 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 102 Initial Concentration Profile Concentration Profile Tab The following information can be edited on this tab Start Time This is the time for the start of the initial concentration profile it is usually zero Flux into Soil This is the flux of contaminant into the soil at the top boundary up to the start time usual ly zero for a start time of zero Flux into Base This is the flux of contaminant out of the soil into the base up to the start time usually zero for a start time of zero Type of Profile The initial concentration profile can be specified over depth intervals or for every sublay er For example if there were only two different zones with different initial concentrations then it would b
42. Liner Landfill form below will be displayed Primary Liner Landfill Clay Liner Aquitard Attenuation Layer Aquifer Outflow General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage Title Primary Liner Land X Geomembrane Collection System C No Yes Clay Liner C No Yes Aquitard Aquitard C No Yes Aquif ae Aquifer C No Yes Units Metric Imperial X Cancel Help This form has several tabs for editing the general data source hydraulic heads geomembrane clay liner aquitard aquifer and outflow velocity Each of these tabs is described in the sections below POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 75 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model General Tab This tab shown above is for editing the title and selecting what layers are present in the model The model may contain a geomembrane clay liner aquitard or aquifer In addition the units to store the data needs to be specified as metric or Imperial Source Tab This tab shown below is used to specify the data for the source of contaminants to be used as the top bound ary condition Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Velocity Concentration i 500 ug L X Landfill Length 200 m X Source Type C Constant Concentration Finite Mass waste Thickness fo Im o Infiltration 015 wa Waste Density eo kg m3 Percent of Mass for X Cancel Help T
43. POLLUTEVZ Version 7 Reference Guide Copyright c 2004 GAEA Technologies Ltd R K Rowe and J R Booker AE A All rights reserved Printed in Canada POLLUTEv7 Software License Agreement and Limited Warranty This License Agreement is made and entered into by and between GAEA Technologies Ltd having a office at 87 Garden Street Whitby Ontario Canada LIN 9E7 the Distributor and the Licensee with reference to the following terms and conditions A The Distributor has the legal right to distribute software and documentation currently called POLLUTEv7 the Licensed Product B The Licensee now desires to license the use of the Licensed Products NOW THEREFORE the parties agree as follows License Distributor grants and the Licensee hereby accepts the nonexclusive license to use the Licensed Product subject to the terms and conditions contained in this agreement Licensee May 1 Unless otherwise agreed in writing use the Licensed Product on any single computer system at the licensed facility 2 Transfer the Licensed Product from one location to another so long as it is not installed simultaneously on more than one computer Licensee May Not 1 Make copies of the Licensed Product Make copies of the software documentation Unless otherwise agreed in writing install the software onto more than one computer at a time Alter decompile disassemble or reverse engineer the Licensed Product ee ey Remo
44. Popup Menus TOOIDATS cod ie se Pepe eg hs 12 Chapter 2 Theory Transport Mechanisms Advection 17 Diffusion Advective Diffusive Transport 18 Dispersion Retardation Mechanisms Sorption Radioactive or Biological Decay 21 Phase Change One Dimensional Transport Boundary Conditions Zero Flux Top Constant Concentration Top Finite Mass Top Zero Flux Bottom Constant Concentration Bottom Fixed Outflow Bottom Infinite Thickness Chapter 3 Projects Creating a New Project Opening an Existing Project Closing the Project Deleting a Project Importing a Project Exporting a Project Backing up a Project Restoring a Database Restoring a Project Database Restoring a Main Database ImportingVersion 6 Data Setting Program Preferences Chapter 4 Models Creating a New Model Using the Wizard Primary Liner Landfill Model Primary and Secondary Liner Vertical Migration Model Horizontal Migration Model Editing a Model 26 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 37 38 98 Normal Model 57 Primary Liner Landfill Model 75 Primary amp Secondary Liner Model 86 Vertical Migration Model 91 Horizontal Migration Model 94 Editing Special Features 99 Radiological Biological Decay 100 Initial Concentration Profile 102 Non Linear Sorpti
45. a library 3 Save a library 4 Close a library 5 Delete a library Creating a New Symbol Library Creating a New Symbol Library Since libraries are stored in the main database they can be created and edited at any time no project has to be open To create a library select the New Library menu item of the Symbol Libraries submenu of the File menu The Create New Lithologic Library form below will be displayed f Create New Library oo x Existing Library IDs USGS Glacial USGS Igneous USGS Metamorphic USGS Misc s Unique Library ID Name x Cancel Help The following information can be entered on this form Unique Library ID This is a unique id or name for the library up to 100 characters The Library ID can not include any of the characters Name This is the name of the library up to 255 characters After the above information has been entered a blank library will be created and displayed This library will contain 18 blank symbols and descriptions that can be edited and saved as discussed below POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 157 Opening a Symbol Library Opening a Symbol Library To open an existing library select the Open Library menu item of the Symbol Libraries submenu The Open Library form below will be displayed Select the library to open and then press the Ok button f Select Library ojx Library Names B55930 Rocks B55930 Soils Commo
46. a library select the Delete Library menu item from the Libraries submenu of the File Menu The Delete Libraries form below will be displayed Pi Delete Library 0 x Library Names USGS Glacial USGS Igneous USGS Metamorphic USGS Misc USGS Misc 1 USGS Misc 2 USGS Sedimentary USGS Sedimentary 1 USGS Sedimentary 2 USGS Sedimentary 3 USGS Sedimentary 4 v x Cancel Help A single library can be selected by clicking on it and pressing the Open button A range of libraries can be selected by clicking on the beginning of the range and then holding down the Shift key while clicking on the end of the range Multiple libraries can be selected by holding down the CTRL key while clicking on the libraries POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 162 Help Help POLLUTEv7 uses the latest type of help system for Microsoft Windows called HTML Help This help sys tem uses a similar style of display as Internet Explorer The Help System can be used to find information on line rather than by using this manual Both sources will pro vide the same information but are organized somewhat differently Help will appear in a separate window with its own menu bar and controls as shown below This chapter describes how to 1 Display help 2 Use help 3 Get technical support 4 Upgrade POLLUTEv7 Contents Search for Help On Transfer Registration Email Technical Support Check for Update GAEA s Web Site About Displaying Help The
47. al Journal Vol 26 No 1 pp 43 56 Freeze R A and Cherry J A 1979 Groundwater Englwood Cliffs New Jersey Printice Hall Inc Frind E O 1987 Modelling of contaminant transport in groundwater An overview The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Centennial Symposium on Management of Waste Contamination of ground water Montreal May 1987 30 p Gillham R W and Cherry J A 1982 Contaminant migration in saturated unconsolidated geologic deposits Geophysical Society of America Special Paper 189 pp 31 62 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 170 References Gillham R W Robin M J L Dytynyshyn D J and Johnston H M 1984 Diffusion of nonreactive and reactive solutes through fine grained barrier materials Canadian Geotechnical Journal Vol 21 pp 541 550 Giroud J P and Bonaparte R 1989 Leakage through liners constructed with geomembranes Part I Geomembrane liners Part II Composite liners geotextiles and Geomembranes Vol 8 pp 27 69 71 112 Giroud J P Badu Tweneboah K Bonaparte R 1992 Rate of leakage through a composite liner due to geomembrane defects Geotextiles and Geomembranes Vol 11 No 1 pp 1 29 Grisak GE and Pickens J F 1980 Solute transport through fractured media 1 The effect of matrix diffusion Water Resources Research Vol 16 pp 719 730 Grisak G E Pickens J F and Cherry J A 1980 Solute transport throug
48. al concentration profile Yes No Time varying properties Yes No Monte Carlo Simulation Yes Yes Sensitivity Analysis Yes Yes Unlike finite element and finite difference formulations POLLUTEv7 does not require a time marching procedure and thus involves relatively little computational effort while also avoiding the numerical prob lems of alternate approaches With more then fifteen years utilization in industry POLLUTEv7 is a well tested contaminant migration analysis program which is widely used internationally POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide VIII Introduction Models that can be considered range from simple systems on a natural clayey aquitard to landfill designs with composite liners multiple barriers and multiple aquifers In addition to advective dispersive transport POLLUTEv7 can consider non linear sorption radioactive and biological decay transport through fractures passive sinks time varying properties and phase changes The program is based upon the project concept for data storage where the user has numerous projects and within each project there are numerous models Using this method a Microsoft Access database is used to store each project Each project is stored in a separate directory which can be on the same computer or spread across a network A master database is used to keep track of projects and their locations so that there is no need to remember the location of data files POLLUTEv7 is a Windows program and is co
49. and last depth interval The following data can be edited on this tab Top Depth This is the top depth of the depth interval and time period The set of depth intervals should cover the entire thickness of the model Bottom Depth This is the bottom depth of the depth interval and time period The set of depth intervals should cover the entire thickness of the model Diffusion Coefficient This is the diffusion coefficient for the depth interval and time period This field will only be shown if the Variable Layer option has been selected on the Time Varying Data tab Porosity This is the porosity for the depth interval and time period It must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 If the interval is being used to represent a geomembrane the porosity should be set to 1 This field will only be shown if the Variable Layer option has been selected on the Time Varying Data tab Density The dry density of the depth interval and time period This field will only be shown if the Variable Layer option has been selected on the Time Varying Data tab Distribution Coefficient This is the distribution coefficient for the depth interval and time period In the basic mode ie where Langmuir Non linear sorption and Freundlich Non linear sorption have not been selected the sorption desorption of a conservative species of contaminant is assumed to be linear This field will only be shown if the Variable Layer option has been selected on the Time Va
50. anged by clicking on the Edit Directory button This will display a Select Directory form that can be used to select the new directory for the project Changing the directory will not move any of the project files The purpose of this option is to allow for the movement of projects on a network The arrow buttons at the bottom of the list can be used to move the selection to the start of the list the pre vious record the next record or the end of the list POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 32 Closing a Project Closing a Project g The current project can be closed so that no more changes can be made by selecting the Close Pro ject menu item of the Projects submenu or clicking the Close button on the Project Toolbar Deleting a Project An existing project can be deleting by selecting the Delete Project menu item from the Projects submenu When this is selected a list of existing projects will be displayed Delete Project Proieot Proiect Name Examples C Program Files G4E4 Pollute Projects WA 4 Db Dl Edit Directory Jf OK X Cancel Help Select the project to be deleted and then press Ok Note that once a project is deleted the data can not be recovered The arrow buttons at the bottom of the list can be used to move the selection to the start of the list the pre vious project the next project or the end of the list POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 33 Importing a Project Importing a Project Projects can be imported by
51. art The chart display can later be changed when viewing the output Title Font Press this button to change the font for the chart title Axis Font Press this button to change the font for the chart axis POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 43 Setting Program Preferences Background Gradient Fill Check this box to display a gradient fill in the background of the chart Background Start Color Press this button to change the start color of the background gradient fill Background End Color Press this button to change the end color of the background gradient fill Interpolations This is the number of interpolations to use on the data to create the color grid A value of 0 will result in no interpolation being done and only the data being used for the grid A value of 3 is recom mended for the best results Lines Series Color Press this button to change the color used to display a line series Each lines series will be used to represent a time or depth depending upon the chart type The line series can be changed using the arrow buttons Depth vs Time Chart Grid Lines Press this button to change the line type width and color of the grid lines in the Depth vs Time chart Depth vs Time Chart Starting Color Press this button to change the starting color of the Depth vs Time chart Depth vs Time Chart Ending Color Press this button to change the ending color of the Depth vs Time chart POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 44 Setting Program Prefer
52. ary Conditions Boundary Conditions Top Finite Mass Bottom Fixed Outflow Fixed Outflow Symbol Library EVISEREISEMS gt d Color x Cancel Help The following information can be edited using this tab Library This combo box is used to select the symbol library to use to draw the boundary condition When the arrow at the right is pressed a list will display the available symbol libraries After a library has been selected the symbols displayed in the tab will be updated POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 69 Editing Boundary Conditions Symbol The symbol from the library can be selected by clicking on one of the 18 symbols displayed for the current library The selected symbol is highlighted with a blue border Foreground Color This is the color to use for the shaded parts of the symbol The foreground color can be changed by pressing the Foreground Color button When this button is pressed a Color form is displayed Using this form a basic color can be selected or a custom color can be specified Background Color This is the color to use for the unshaded parts of the symbol The background color can be changed by pressing the Background Color button When this button is pressed a Color form is displayed Using this form a basic color can be selected or a custom color can be specified Fill Size The fill size is used to expand or condense the symbol The size of the symbol is multiplied by the fill size and then the symbol is
53. assumed to be infinite 1 e no first order decay Base Decay This allows the user to select whether first order decay will be modelled in the base of the deposit eg an underlying aquifer If selected the user will be asked to specify the half life in the base If not selected the half life in the base is assumed to be infinite 1 e no first order decay Ranges Tab The Ranges tab shown on the next page is used to specify the Top Depth Bottom Depth and Half Life for each depth range The specified half life will be assigned to all layers between the top and bottom depths specified depths Any layers which do not have a half life explicitly specified are assumed to have an infi nite half life 1 e no decay Radioactive Biological Decay Decay Ranges Range Number f ld 4 hp Dl Top Depth D Im l Bottom Depth CE ln l Half Life Ps Wa E V4 OK x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 101 Initial Concentration Profile Initial Concentration Profile This option allows the user to input an initial concentration profile at specified depths and also the initial flux into and out of the deposit A situation where this may be appropriate is if there is an initial background concentration in a sample and one is modelling outward diffusion from the sample in a laboratory experi ment eg see Barone et al 1990 To edit this feature select the Initial Concentration Profile menu item from the Special Features menu The
54. aste density or reference height of leachate must be specified Proportion of Mass The available leachable mass of contaminant in the waste per unit mass of waste eg mass of chloride in waste total mass of waste Either the proportion of mass or reference height of leachate must be specified Rowe et al 2004 report some published values for leachable mass Volumetric Water Content This is the volumetric water content of the waste Either the volumetric water content or reference height of leachate must be specified Conversion Rate Half Life The generation coefficient is calculated based on the conversion rate half life K such that In 2 K A value of 0 implies no generation of concentration with time In the program 0 is obtained by specifying K 0 this is the default case Reference Height of Leachate The reference height of leachate represents the volume of leachate that would contain the total leachable mass of a contaminant of interest at the initial source concentration Thus the reference height H is equal to the mass of contaminant M per unit area divided by the initial source concentration co i e Hy M co Either the reference height of leachate or the waste thickness waste density proportion of mass volumet ric water content and conversion rate half life must be specified If the reference height of leachate is zero then the mass of contaminant is calculated using the above parameters If the referenc
55. ble type Paradox file db C QuattroPro file wq1 DBase file dbf C SQL script file sql Text file txt XML file xml HTML file htm C MS Access database mdb Excel spreadsheet xls MS Windows clipboard Excel file xls Rich Text format rtf Word file doc SPSS format sav SYLK Symbolic Link slk Adobe Acrobat Document pdf DIF Data Interchange Format dif LDAP DatalnterchangeFormat Idif Lotus 1 2 3 file wk1 Specifications Cancel 2 C E E ic C C C C POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 141 Exporting Output Step 2 Chooses the File origin from either windows or ms dos It also allows you to choose to include the column titles and insert a blank row after the column titles Export Output Step 2 of 8 File Origin ANSI Windows be D Selected records only Include column titles add a blank row after field names Blank if zero Specifications Cancel Step 3 Clicking the Specifications button allows the user to load a previous export specification scheme or it also allows the user to save the current export specification scheme Specifications List of available specifications The user may also Delete previous schemes which are no longer useful to them POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 142 Exporting Output Step 4 In step 4 you choose the dates times and numbers formats Export Output Step 4 of 8 Yo
56. bmp HF Bottomt bmp Bottom bmp Eal British13 bmp Fal Bottom2 bmp Bottom8 bmp British1 4 bmp bal Bottom3 bmp a British1 bmp Ea British15 bmp HF Bottom4 bmp British O bmp Pal British1 6 bmp T x File name British 4 bmp Files of type All gif bmp ico emf wmf Cancel 7 The Erase button is used to delete parts of the symbol When this button is pressed the cursor will change to an eraser To erase a part of the symbol hold the left mouse button down and move the cur sor over the area to be erased The Fill button is used to fill regions of symbols When this button is pressed the cursor will change to a paint can To fill an area click inside the region x The Undo button is used to undo the previous edit operation The Curve button is used to draw a curved line on the symbol When pressed the cursor will change to a pencil To draw a curve hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse When finished drawing the line release the mouse button The Line button is used to draw a straight line on the symbol When pressed the cursor will change to a pencil To draw a line press and hold down the left mouse button at the start of the line Move the mouse to the end of the line and release the mouse button The Rectangle button is used to draw a hollow rectangle on the symbol When pressed the cursor will change to a cross To draw a rectangle press and hold down the left mouse button at the upper left
57. bove the primary liner Groundwater level relative to top of aquifer The groundwater level relative to the top of the aquifer or if no aquifer is present the hydraulic gradient in the liner POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 77 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Geomembrane Tab If a geomembrane is present this tab show below is used to edit the data for the geomembrane Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Name Geomembrane Neckene Mate En Guess LEAK Rowe et al 2004 Thickness 60 ri C Giroud amp Bonaparte 1992 Diffusion Coef 3E 5 m2 a C Equivalent K Phase Parameter 1 X Cancel Help The following data can be edited on this tab Name This is the name of the geomembrane layer It is used only for drawing Symbol This is the symbol used to draw the geomembrane To change the symbol click on the Change Symbol button A Change Symbol form will be displayed where you can change the bitmap library bitmap foreground color background color and fill size for the symbol Thickness This is the thickness of the geomembrane Diffusion Coefficient This is the diffusion coefficient of the geomembrane See Rowe et al 2004 for a discussion of this parameter and a table of typical values Leakage Method This is used to select the method for calculating the leakage through the geomembrane It can be calcula
58. by f Z H 0 for allt where H is the depth of the base strata Constant Concentration Bottom Boundary In this boundary condition the bottom boundary is assumed to maintain a constant concentration The con centration at the boundary is given by c z H Cp for allt where Cp is the constant concentration at the bottom boundary and H is the depth of the bottom boundary Fixed Outflow Velocity The bottom boundary may be specified as fixed outflow to represent a base aquifer where the concentra tion varies with time as mass is transported into the aquifer from the landfill and transported out from beneath the landfill by the base velocity Vp POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 26 Boundary Conditions Consideration of the conservation of mass gives the base concentration as c t z Hh J f t Z H c n h Vp C T z H n L dt 0 where c t Z H the concentration in the base aquifer averaged over the entire thickness of the base f t Z H C the mass flux into the aquifer Np porosity of the base aquifer h thickness of the base aquifer Vp Darcy velocity in the aquifer and down gradient edge of the landfill L length of the landfill parallel to the velocity Vp Note that the use of a very large base velocity will give the same results at using a constant base concen tration of zero If the base velocity is zero and the porosity is zero the bottom boundary is effectively a zero flux boundary In
59. cient and N 10 RNU if RNU is greater than 1 0 These values of RNU and N will work extremely well but will often require more integration than is nec essary If the computation times seem excessive smaller values of RNU and N should be tried and the accu racy of the results compared POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 57 Editing Layer Data The program will detect grossly unreasonable results and automatically repeat the calculation with the val ues suggested above in this circumstance the value of RNU is limited to 40 Editing Layer Data To edit the layer data either select the Layer Data menu item from the Data Entry menu or click on a layer on the screen The Layer Data form below will be displayed This form has two tabs one for entering the data for the layer and the other for selecting a symbol for the layer If the layer is fractured a third tab will appear for the fracture data Layer Data Layer Number 1 ld 4D Di Layer Data Layer Symbol Name Number of Sub Layers 10 Fractures Thickness 1 m Fr Ne Dry Density ns a om3 1 Dimensional Porosity 03 2 Dimensional Coef of Hydro Disp 002 lem3 g 3 Dimensional Distribution Coef jo mkg x Cancel Help Layer Data Tab The following data can be edited on the Layer Data tab Name This is the name of the layer It is used only for drawing Number of Sublayers The number of sublayers in each layer is primarily used in the output of th
60. ct used to create a new project Open Project Open Project opens an existing project Save Project Save Project saves the current project disabled if no project is open Close Project Close Project closes the current project disabled if no project is open New Model New Model used to create a new model disabled if no project is open Open Model Open Model used to open an existing model disabled if no project is open Exit Exit exits the program Model Popup Menu If a model is currently open the Model Popup Menu will be displayed This popup menu contains the fol lowing commands Save saves the model Run runs the model and calculates the concentrations Close closes the model Close General Data used to edit the general data for the model Layer Data used to edit the data for each layer Boundary Conditons used to edit the top and bottom boundary conditions Run Parameters used to edit the times and depths to calculate the concen Save Run General Data Layer Data Boundary Conditions trations PRESS Special Features used to display a submenu to edit the special features for Special Features the model POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 11 Using POLLUTEv7 Symbol Library Popup Menu If a symbol library is currently displayed on the desktop the Symbol Library Popup Menu will be displayed This popup menu contains the following commands Save Save saves the symbol library Close Clo
61. culated based on the conversion rate half life K such that In 2 K A value of 0 implies no generation of concentration with time In the program 0 is obtained by specifying K 0 this is the default case POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 115 Time Varying Properties Reference Height of Leachate The reference height of leachate represents the volume of leachate that would contain the total leachable mass of the contaminant of interest at the initial source concentration Thus the reference height H is equal to the mass of contaminant M per unit area divided by the initial source concentration co i e H M cy Intervals Tab If either of the Variable Layer or Variable Decay options has been selected the Intervals tab below will be displayed Pi Time Varying Properties Time Period tr M 4 D gt Di Time Varying Data Source Properties Intervals Interval Data Number of Depth Intervals 3 Source Decay Base Decay C Yes C Yes No No X Cancel Help The following data can be edited on this tab Number of Depth Intervals This is the number of depth intervals for the varying layer or decay proper ties The set of depth intervals should cover the entire thickness of the model If both layer and decay prop erties vary then the depth intervals must be the same for both properties POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 116 Time Varying Properties Source Decay If the Variable Decay option has been selected on
62. d is described using a probability distribu tion There can be up to 5 variables The types of variables that can be changed are initial source concen tration Darcy velocity layer thickness layer diffusion coefficient layer distribution coefficient or Variable Properties end time Number of Data Ranges This is the number of data ranges to divide the probability distributions into in the output of the results of the simulation A maximum of 20 ranges may be specified This parameter does not affect the accuracy of the results and is for display purposes only List All Results By selecting the Yes response to this option the user can obtain a list of all the simula tion results By selecting No as a response the user limits the output to a summary of the results Listing all the results will include the results of every simulation pass in the output the output file that is obtained may be extremely large This option can be used to list all the results for a limited number of simulations e g 10 to obtain a better idea of how the program is functioning prior to running it for all the simulations Variable Entry Tab The Variable Entry tab shown on the next page is used to describe each variable for the Monte Carlo sim ulation The data that can be edited on this tab will depend upon the Variable Type and Distribution Type At the top of the tab the current Variable Number is shown and there are buttons to move to the firs
63. dary condition The Boundary Condition form below will then be dis played Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Top Constant Conc Bottom Constant Conc Top Boundary Zero Flux Finite Mass Bottom Boundary Zero Flux Constant Conc Fixed Outflow Velocity Infinite Thickness Depending upon the top and bottom boundary conditions selected additional tabs will appear to enter the relevant data Zero Flux Top Boundary Condition The zero flux top boundary condition represents the case where there is no transmission of contaminant across the top boundary This option is for highly specialized applications and is rarely used If the top boundary is specified as zero flux no additional tab will be displayed since there is no data to enter for the top boundary POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 63 Editing Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Top Constant Conc Bottom Constant Conc Constant Top Concentration 1000 mg L v x Cancel Help Constant Concentration Top Boundary Condition The constant concentration top boundary condition represents the case where the concentration of contam inant in the landfill remains constant throughout time and is equivalent to the assumption of an infinite mass of contaminant in the landfill If the top boundary condition is specified as constant concentration an additional tab will be displayed as shown below On this tab the contaminant concentratio
64. depths Yes or at selected depths No If the user chooses all depths the concentrations will be calculated at the boundary between all sublayers If the user wishes to calculate at selected depths then the user will be asked to spec ify the Number of Depths After specifying the number of depths the user will be asked to specify the depths to calculate the concentrations POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 72 Editing Run Parameters Maximum Concentrations If the top boundary condition is Finite Mass then the contaminant concentration at any depth will reach a maximum value at a determinable time After reaching this maximum value the concentration will decrease if the contaminant source is finite 1 e the Reference Height of Leachate is finite or the concentration will remain at the maximum value if the contaminant source is infinite i e Constant Concentration top bound ary condition See Example 4 When the output type is maximum concentrations then the Maximum Concentration tab below will appear Run Parameters Type Maximum Concentrations Search Depth 0 Accuracy 0 25 Number of Iterations 25 Lower Time Limit 0 year X Upper Time Limit 0 year All Depths Yes C No OK x Cancel Help The following parameters can be specified on this tab Search Depth This is the depth for which to search for the maximum concentration any depth between 0 and the maximum thickness of the deposit above the
65. e Monte Carlo Simulation form below will be displayed This form has two tabs one for the general data and one for the variable data Monte Carlo Simulation General Variable Entry Number of Simulations 2000 Number of Variables Number of Data Ranges 20 List All Results No C Yes OK X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 126 Monte Carlo Simulation General Tab The following data can be entered on the General tab shown on the previous page Number of Simulations This is the number of simulation analysis realizations to make during each sim ulation the probability distributions of each variable are randomly sampled and the concentrations calculat ed To obtain sufficiently reliable results at least 500 simulations are recommended and for some cases between 1000 to 10000 simulations realizations may be required The user should experiment with this parameter to determine the sensitivity of the results to the number of simulations This is a computational ly intensive feature and the user should be aware that it may take anywhere from a few minutes to hours to complete with computation time depending on the speed of the computer the number of simulations to be performed the number of layers and the Talbot integration parameter N Number of Variables This is the number of variables the user would like to incorporate into the simula tion Each variable represents one data item in the input data an
66. e best to specify the profile over these depth intervals However if the deposit had a continuously changing initial concentration profile with depth then it would be better to specify the concentration for each sublayer the number of sublayers is specified in the entry of the layer data If the profile type is Depth Intervals then the second tab will be for entering the Depth Intervals or if the profile type is Sublayers then the second tab will be for entering the Sublayer values In addition if the Print Mass into the base Special Feature is selected the user will be asked for Mass into the Soil This is the mass of contaminant into the soil at the top boundary up to the start time usually zero for a start time of zero Mass into the Base This is the mass of contaminant out of the soil into the base up to the start time usu ally zero for a start time of zero Depth Intervals Tab If the profile type is Depth Intervals the Depth Intervals tab on the next page will appear The following data can be edited on this tab shown on the next page Top Depth This is the top depth for the interval Bottom Depth This is the bottom depth for the interval Concentration This is the initial concentration for the interval POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 103 Initial Concentration Profile Initial Concentration Profile Concentration Profile Depth Intervals Depth Interval 1 M 4 hp Dl Top Depth 0 003 Bottom Depth 0 0035 Concentrat
67. e Project Toolbar After one of these tasks is performed the New Pro ject form below will be displayed Fi Create New Project Project Name Directory C PROGRA 1 GAEA Pollute Projects E x Cancel Help The following information can be entered for the project Project Name The name of the project up to 255 characters Directory The directory to store the project database tables up to 255 characters This directory can be on a local computer or a network server If the directory entered does not exist the program will create it It is recommended that each project reside in a separate directory usually the same as the project ID Typically this directory is named after the Project Id or Name This provides an efficient method to organizing your projects on a net work or local computer POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 31 Opening an Existing Project Opening an Existing Project g To work with an existing project you can open it by selecting the Open Project menu item of the Projects submenu or clicking the Open button on the Project Toolbar A list of available projects will be displayed in the Open Project Form as shown on the next page The desired project can be selected by clicking on it in the list and then pressing the OK button Open Project ESS Project Name Directory C Program Files G4E4 Pollute Projects M 4 h Di FE Edit Directory X Cancel Help The directory that a project is stored in can be ch
68. e calcu lated concentrations with depth a concentration will be calculated at each sublayer interface If the Freundlich Non Linear Sorption Langmuir Non Linear Sorption or Variable Properties Special Feature is selected the accuracy of the results will depend on the number of sublayers POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 58 Editing Layer Data Thickness This is the thickness of the layer this is the total thickness of all the sublayers in the layer The maximum thickness of each sublayer is 5 units This maximum can be adjusted using the Maximum Sublayer Thickness option of the Special Features menu If the maximum sublayer thickness is not changed then the number of sublayers is automatically increased if required to keep their thickness to less than 5 Dry Density The dry density of the layer Porosity This is the porosity of the layer which must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 If the layer is being used to represent a geomembrane the porosity should be set to 1 Coefficient of Hydrodynamic Dispersion This is the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion for the layer D De D where Dg the diffusion coefficient for the species md Did the coefficient of mechanical dispersion For intact clayey layers diffusion will usually be the controlling factor and dispersion will often be negli gible Gillham and Cherry 1982 Rowe 1987 Rowe et al 2004 In sandy layers dispersion will tend to be the controlling factor
69. e data editing for the Run Parameters is the same as for a Normal Model and is described in that section above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 91 Editing a Vertical Migration Model Editing a Vertical Migration Model The Vertical Migration model is used to quickly enter a model for the vertical migration of a contaminant from a waste mass into an aquifer The model may contain a primary composite liner aquitard and aquifer In this option the primary composite liner can be composed of a geomembrane and a primary liner If the geomembrane is present the leakage through the geomembrane is calculated using equations by Rowe et al 2004 Editing Vertical Migration Data To edit the data for a Vertical Migration model select the Model Parameters menu item from the Data Entry menu The Vertical Migration form below will be displayed Vertical Migration Clay Liner Aquitard Attenuation Layer Aquifer Outflow General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage Title Vertical Migration Model Collection System C No e Geomembrane Collection System C No Ci Clay Liner X C No Aquitard Aquitard quitar Cc No Aquif sp Aquifer C No Units Metric Imperial X Cancel Help This form has several tabs for editing the data for the model Each of these tabs is described in the sections below General Tab This tab is for editing the title and selecting what layers are present in the model The model may
70. e height of leachate is not zero than the mass of contaminant is calculated using this value and the above parameters are ignored For example if there is an average of 12 5 m of waste at a density of 600 kg m and the contaminant rep resents 0 2 of the total waste mass is then M 0 2 100 600 12 5 15 kg m POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 66 Editing Boundary Conditions And if the initial source concentration is 1000 mg L 1 e 1 kg m then the reference height is H 15 1 15 m Zero Flux Bottom Boundary Condition The zero flux bottom boundary condition represents the case where no mass is transported into or out of the bottom of the deposit This condition can be used to represent the case of a deposit underlain by an imper meable base stratum e g intact bedrock that is impermeable relative to the overlying layer or deposit If the bottom boundary is specified as zero flux no additional tab will be displayed since there is no data to enter for the bottom boundary Constant Concentration Bottom Boundary Condition The constant concentration bottom boundary condition represents the case where the concentration of con taminant remains constant in the base strata The user will be prompted to specify the constant concentra tion in the base strata If the bottom boundary condition is specified as constant concentration an additional tab will be displayed as shown below On this tab the contaminant concentration at the b
71. eachate collection system will function before becoming clogged Rowe and Fraser 1993a 1993b However if the minimum and maximum values of the parameter can be estimated then Sensitivity Analysis can be used to predict the expected range of contaminant concentrations This feature is vary simular to Monte Carlo simulation except that when performing a Sensitivity Analysis only one variable may be evaluated at a time To use this feature select the Sensitivity Analysis menu item from the Special Features menu The Sensitivity Analysis form below will be displayed This form has two tabs one for the general data and one for the vari able data Sensitivity Analysis General Variable Entry Number of Simulations 100 Number of Data Ranges 20 List All Results No C Yes V4 OK x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 130 Sensitivity Analysis General Tab The following data can be entered on the General tab shown on the previous page Number of Simulations This is the number of simulation analysis realizations to make During the sim ulations the value of the variable will be interpolated linearly from the minimum to the maximum specified value For example if the number of simulations is 100 and the minimum value is 10 and the maximum value is 20 the variable will be incremented by 0 1 between simulations Number of Data Ranges This is the number of data ranges to divide the output results into for the simu la
72. ective diffusion coefficient de dz concentration gradient The negative sign in the above equation arises from the fact that contaminants move from areas of high con centration to areas of low concentrations By integrating the above equation the total mass of contaminant transported by diffusion from a landfill can be obtained viz m A n D de dz dt 0 Advective Diffusive Transport For unfractured clayey and silty soils the primary transport mechanisms will be generally be advection and diffusion i e advective diffusive transport The flux of mass f is obtained by adding the advective flux and the diffusive flux viz f nvc n D de dz and the total mass m transported from the landfill is given by m A n v c n D de dz dt 0 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 18 Transport Mechanisms where the parameters are the same as those defined previously By convention if the velocity is positive the flow is out of the landfill and if the velocity is negative the flow is into the landfill The direction of trans port for diffusion and advection can be in the same direction or in opposite directions If the direction of dif fusive transport is in the same direction as that of advective transport then diffusion will increase the amount of contaminant transported and decrease the time taken for the contaminant to move to a given point Diffusion can also occur in the opposite direction to advection For example even if g
73. el has been created or edited it can be saved by either selecting the Save Model menu item from the Models submenu of the File menu or by clicking on the Save button on the Model toolbar The model can also be saved under a different name by using the Save As menu item from the Models submenu or the SaveAs button on the Model toolbar The Save Model As form shown below will be displayed Enter the new model title and then click on the Ok button to save the model under a new name Save Model As Save as Model Title Jf OK X Cancel POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 133 Running a Model Running a Model J After the data for the model has been entered to calculate the concentrations with time and depth the model needs to be run To run a model either select the Run menu item from the Execute menu or click on the Run button on the Model toolbar The concentrations for the model will then be calculated and the results displayed on the output window POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 134 Displaying Model Output Displaying Model Output After a model has been run the calculated concentrations can be displayed a number of ways If they model did not use the Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis special features these are Concentration versus Depth Graph Concentration versus Time Graph H Time versus Depth Graph E Flux versus Time Graph Text Listing If the model used the Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis features they are
74. ences Preferences General Input Output Auto Backup 5 minutes MW Back Up Main Database 5 minutes AutoUpdates VW Automatic Updates On 1 Week OK x Cancel Help Auto Backup Tab The Auto Backup tab shown above is used to specify the following parameters Back Up Project Database If this checkbox is checked then the currently open project will be backed up at a regular interval defined by the combobox to the right If this checkbox is not selected then the currently open project will not be backed up Back Up Main Database If this checkbox is checked then the main database will be backed up at a regu lar interval defined by the combobox to the right If this checkbox is not selected then the main database will not be backed up Automatic Updates On Check this to have the program automatically check for updates on the Internet The period between checks for updates can be set using the combobox to the right If this checkbox is not selected then the program will not check for updates on the Internet POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 45 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 46 F POLLUTE Model ill wi ary and Secondary Leachate Collection fl File Data Entry Special Features Execute Output Window Help agde eh D sS08ze Subsurface Model Model Results x S2Qulx Xk UE AB Case 14 Landfill with Primary and Secondary Leachate Collection G10 year B25 year 50 year 10
75. ency This is the number of holes per hectare or acre The default is 2 5 per hectare Hole Area If the Hole Type is Circle then this parameter will be displayed It is the average area of the holes in the geomembrane Hole Length If the Hole Type is Long then this parameter will be displayed It is the average length of the holes in the geomembrane Hole Width If the Hole Type is Long then this parameter will be displayed It is the average width of the holes in the geomembrane POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 82 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Calculate Leakage This button can be used to calculate and display the leakage Darcy velocity through the geomembrane Clay Liner Tab This tab shown below is used to edit the properties of the clay liner if it is present Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Velocity Name BETMANET VY Change Symbol Thickness foo lms Density fs acm Conductivity K le ems Diffusion Coef 0 02 mza Distr Coef 0 0005 mg Porosity 035 x Cancel Help The following parameters can be edited on this tab Name This is the name of the clay liner It is used only for drawing Symbol This is the symbol used to draw the clay liner To change the symbol click on the Change Symbol button Thickness This is the thickness of the clay liner Density This is the density of the clay liner Equiva
76. ent of the waste e Conversion Rate Half Life of the contaminant or e Reference Height of Leachate These parameters are described below Initial Source Concentration This is the initial concentration of the source of contaminants usually at time zero POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 65 Editing Boundary Conditions Rate of Increase This is the rate of increase in concentration with time due to increasing mass entering the landfill If the peak concentration is reached early in the landfill s life and the analysis starts at this time the rate of increase would be zero Volume of Leachate Collected This is the volume of leachate collected per unit area of landfill per unit time usually by the leachate collection system Thus the average volume of leachate collected is equal to the average infiltration through the landfill cover less the average exfiltration through the base of the land fill assuming the waste is at field capacity For example if the average infiltration is 0 3 m a and the aver age exfiltration is 0 03 m a then the average volume of leachate collected is 0 3 0 03 0 27 m a Thickness of Waste This is the vertical thickness of the waste and is used to calculate the mass of con taminant per unit area of waste Either the thickness of waste or reference height of leachate must be spec ified Waste Density This is the apparent density of the waste i e mass of waste per unit volume of the land fill Either the w
77. ential damages whether arising out of the use or inability to use the product or any breach of a warranty and the Distributor shall have no responsibility except to replace the Licensed Product pursuant to this limited warranty General 1 The laws of the Province of Ontario Canada shall govern the validity interpretation and performance of this License Agreement 2 If any provision of this License Agreement is determined to be invalid under any applicable statute of rule of law it shall be deemed omitted and the remaining provisions shall continue in full force and effect 3 The entire agreement between the Distributor and the Licensee is embodied in this Agreement 4 Any modifications of this License Agreement shall be void unless appearing in writing signed by duly authorized representatives of the License and the Distributor 5 This License Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of each party hereto and its successors and assigns except that any assignment of this License Agreement by the Licensee without the written consent of the Distributor shall be void Contents Introduction Features eu re nn sn ix Chapter 1 Getting Started The Distribution Package Required Equipment Installation Requested Information README File Uninstalling Registering and Unlocking Transferring the Registration Using POLLUTEv7 Starting Menu Bar
78. er for the layer The First Previous Next and Last buttons beside the Depth Interval can be used to HENRI navigate between layers POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 110 Time Varying Properties Time Varying Properties The program is normally capable of determining the concentrations any time without determining them at previous times However if there is a complex source concentration history or a change in velocities or layer properties with time then it is necessary to sequentially follow this history For example the program can model a working landfill which experiences progressive failure of the leachate collection system and resulting buildup in the leachate mound i e an increase in Darcy velocity over a period of years Rowe and Fraser 1993a 1993b This option allows the user to vary the source concentration reference height of leachate volume of leachate collected rate of concentration increase Darcy velocity outflow velocity dispersivity layer properties and decay rate with time The Variable Properties option implements a time marching scheme where the program stops and restarts the solution every time parameters are changed In the basic mode of operation the accuracy of the solution is independent of the number of sublayers However if the Variable Properties option is used then the accuracy of this procedure depends on the number of sublayers used in the model and the user should experiment with the number o
79. ese units Depth Units The output units for the depths can be selected using the combo box All of the units select ed for the input data will then be converted to units consistent with these units and the output file generat ed will display these units Concentration Units The output units for the concentrations can be selected using the combo box All of the units selected for the input data will then be converted to units consistent with these units and the out put file generated will display these units POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 71 Editing Run Parameters Concentrations at Specified Times If the output type is Concentrations at Specified Times the tab below will appear This option allows the user to calculate contaminant concentrations at selected depths and times In addition the flux total mass unit area into the soil and into the base will also be calculated at the selected times Run Parameters Type Concentrations at Specified Times Number of Times 3 Number 1 ld 4a Dd Dl Time 10 year Times AS Number of Depths 0 Number 1 ld aD Dl x Cancel Help The following parameters can be specified on this tab Times The number of times at which to calculate the concentration of contaminant The times should be entered in ascending order The user can use the Next and Previous buttons to switch between times All Depths This allows the user to select whether to calculate the concentrations at all
80. f sublayers to ensure that the results obtained are sufficiently accurate see Examples 10 11 and 15 WARNING This option should only be used by someone with the hydrogeologic and engineering back ground necessary to appreciate the subtleties associated with the physical situation and the steps necessary for appropriate modelling of the physical situation THIS OPTION SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR A PROJECT OF IMPORTANCE WITHOUT THE GUIDANCE OF THE PROGRAM DEVELOPERS To edit the variable properties for a model select the Variable Properties menu item from the Special Features menu The Time Varying Properties form on the next page will be displayed This form will have between two and four tabs depending upon the options selected on the first tab If either Variable Layer or Variable Decay Properties is selected then the form will have four tabs The two additional tabs will be for specifying the depth intervals for the Variable Layer and or Variable Decay Properties At the top of the form the current Time Period is indicated and there are buttons to move to the first previous next and last time period 4 4 D gt Di POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 111 Time Varying Properties FA Time Varying Properties Time Period no M 4 Db Dl Time Varying Data Source Properties Intervals Interval Data Number of Time Periods 3 Start Time jo yr Properties Increment within Periods Yes C No Variable Layer Properties Yes C No Va
81. fficient at depth z va nv Darcy velocity decay constant of the contaminant species i e the reciprocal of the species mean half life times In 2 Contaminant migration in a fractured layer is primarily in one direction along the fracture e g either hori zontally or vertically but contaminants can migrate from the fractures into the intact material in all three co ordinate directions Thus contaminant migration along the fractures is governed by Rowe et al 2004 ny dcrgt Nf D d2c dz2 Nf Ve dcrygqz A K dc dt a Ng A ce where Cf concentration in a fracture at depth z and time t D coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion of the fractures V fracture groundwater velocity in the fractures n fracture porosity in the plane of flow h4 H4 hg9 H9 A surface area of fractures per unit volume of soil rock K fracture distribution coef Freeze and Cherry 1979 q contaminant transported into the intact matrix material from the fractures by matrix diffusion decay constant of the contaminant species Note the program automatically calculates Ng Vs and q from other information provided by the user POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 23 Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions The POLLUTEV7 program solves the one dimensional contaminant migration equation subject to boundary conditions at the top and bottom of the soil deposit being modelled There are three possible top boundary 1 e the us
82. finite Thickness The bottom boundary may also be of infinite extent in this option the properties of the bottom most layer are adopted for the infinite layer POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 27 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 28 Projects Open aa C Program Files GAEA Pollute Projects ld 4D Di E Edit Directory X Cancel Help Projects As discussed in the introduction the POLLUTEv7 program is based upon the project concept for data storage Using this method a separate Microsoft Access 2000 database is used to store each project Each project is stored in a separate direc tory which can be on the same computer or spread across a network The names of the project databases are the project ID and name combined with the application name For example if the project ID is 25 and the project name is 980205 then the pro ject database name for would be 25 980205 pollute mdb Typically this project would be stored in the subdirectory 980205 This chapter describes how to 1 Create a new project 2 Open an existing project 3 Open the last project 4 Close a project 5 Delete a project 6 Import a project 7 Export a project 8 Backup a project 9 Restore a project 10 Import Version 6 Data 11 Set Program Preferences Creating a New Project Creating a New Project To create a new project either select the New Project menu item of the Projects sub menu or click the New Project button on th
83. form can be used to edit the following data for the model Title The title of the model is used to describe the model and may be up to 255 characters long Number of Layers The model or deposit is divided into layers where each layer has different parameters The total number of layers is entered with this parameter Maximum Depth This is the maximum depth of the model including the bottom boundary condition It is used only for drawing purposes and will not affect the calculations within the model Darcy Velocity The Darcy Velocity is defined as v n v where n the effective porosity v the seep age groundwater velocity If zero is entered for the Darcy velocity the transport mechanism will be pure ly diffusive When the Variable Properties or Passive Sink options have been selected the Darcy Velocity parameter is omitted since it is entered in these options Laplace Transform Parameters The solution of the contaminant migration equations involves the inver sion of a Laplace Transform In this inversion the accuracy depends upon four parameters TAU N SIG and RNU The user may adopt the default values TAU 7 SIG 0 N 20 and RNU 2 or specify other val ues It has been found that a value of TAU between 7 and 10 and a value of SIG 0 is satisfactory in most cases The more critical parameters RNU and N typically yield accurate results when 0 1 Layer Thickness Darcy Velocity RNU Minimum Diffusion Dispersion Coeffi
84. h fractured media 2 Col umn study of fractured till Water Resources Research Vol 16 pp 731 739 Hughes GM Landon R A and Farvolden R N 1971 Hydrogeology of solid waste disposal sites in northeastern Illinois Report SW 12d U S Environmental Protection Agency Hughes G M and Monteleone M J 1987 Geomembrane synthesized leachate compatibility testing In Geotechnical and Geohydrological Aspects of Waste Management Van Zyl et al Eds Fort Collins Colorado Javandel I Doughty C and Tsang C F 1984 Groundwater Transport Handbook of Mathematical Models American Geophysical Union Water Resources Monograph 10 Kirk D and Law M 1985 Codisposal of industrial and municipal waste Proceedings MOE Tech nology Transfer Conference Toronto Lord A E Koerner R M and Swan J R 1988 Chemical mass transport measurement to determine flexible membrane liner lifetime Geotechnical Testing Journal ASTM pp 83 91 Neretnieks I 1980 Diffusion in the rock matrix An important factor in radio nuclide retardation Journal Geophysical Research 85 B8 pp 4379 4397 Ogata A and Banks R B 1961 A solution of the differential equation of longitudinal dispersion in porous media U S Geol Surv Prod Pap 411 A Rowe R K 1987 Pollutant transport through barriers Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal
85. he Fracture tab Fracture Spacing The spacing of fractures is the distance between fractures in each dimension POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 60 Editing Layer Data Fracture Opening Size The fracture opening size is the width of the gap between the fracture walls Number to sum This is the number of terms to sum in the evaluation of the advective dispersive equation for contaminant migration Rowe and Booker 1990 1991a 1991b For blocks where the fracture spacing is of the same order in all directions 8 to 10 terms is usually adequate As the aspect ratio horizontal spacing vertical spacing or vertical spacing vertical spacing increases more terms are required in the summation When the aspect ratio is large the problem can usually be reduced to a lower order eg from 3D to 2D or 2D to 1D For example if the spacing between fractures in one verti cal direction is 50 units and in the other vertical and horizontal directions is 2 units The widely spaced frac tures can be ignored and the problem reduced to a 2D problem Rowe and Booker 1990 In addition the following can be specified for the fractures Dispersion coefficient This is the dispersion coefficient along the fracture For a more complete descrip tion of dispersion coefficient see the Diffusion Dispersion Coefficient for a layer Distribution coefficient This is the distribution coefficient along the fracture as defined by Freeze and Cherry 1979 This is often ass
86. he Select Project form below will be displayed This form allows you to select the project that your would like to restore Select Project BE Project Name Directory C Program Files G4E4 Pollute Projects M 4 Db di X Cancel Help After a project has been selected the Select Backup Database form on the next page will be displayed This form lists all the backup databases for an individual project The date and time information indicates the date and exact time at which the project databases were backed up Select the database you wish to restore and then press the Ok button The project database will then be restored POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 37 Restoring a Database Select Backup Database Date Time Information File Name 3411 2004 12 46 45 PM 38057 532473588_1 Examples pollute bak 3 11 2004 12 51 45 PM 38057 5359458102_1 Examples pollute bak Jf OK X Cancel Help Restoring the Main Database To restore a backup of the Main Database select the Main Database menu item from the Restore Backup submenu A confirmation form will be displayed select yes to continue and the Select Backup Database form will be displayed Select Backup Database Date Time Information File Name 3411 2004 12 46 45 PM 38057 532473588_PMProjects bak 3 11 42004 12 51 45 PM 38057 5359458102_PMProjects bak 3411 2004 1 01 41 PM 38057 5428446875_PMProjects bak Jf OK X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 38 Importing Version
87. he following data can be edited on this tab Concentration Either the constant concentration or initial concentration depending on the source type Landfill Length The length of the landfill in the direction of groundwater flow Source Type Either Constant Concentration or Finite Mass This option is used to specify the top bound ary condition If the source type is Finite Mass the following data can also be edited POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 76 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Waste Thickness This is the vertical thickness of the waste and is used to calculate the mass of contami nant per unit area of waste Waste Density This is the apparent density of the waste i e mass of waste per unit volume of the land fill Infiltration The average infiltration through the landfill cover Percentage of Mass The available leachable mass of contaminant in the waste per unit mass of waste eg mass of chloride in waste total mass of waste Hydraulic Heads Tab To calculate the Darcy velocity through the liners the hydraulic heads must be specified in this tab shown below Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Leachate Head on Primary Liner UE m Groundwater level relative to top of Aquifer jo m xl X Cancel Help The following data can be edited on this tab Leachate Head on Primary Liner The leachate head a
88. he next increment Note When using both the Variable Properties option and the Passive Sink option together the Darcy veloc ity used is the product of the Darcy velocity specified in both of the options For clarity it is recommended the user specify the Darcy velocity on the Variable Properties option as 1 and vary the Passive Sink Darcy velocity Darcy Velocity Increment This is the increment size by which to increase the Darcy velocity for each increment in the group This field will only be shown if the Properties Increment within Periods option has been selected on the previous tab Dispersivity This is the dispersivity for the model When the Variable Properties option is used the disper sivity and diffusion coefficient Dna can be specified independently Base Velocity If the bottom boundary condition is fixed outflow the user can specify the base horizontal Darcy velocity at the down gradient edge of the landfill for the beginning of the time period POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 114 Time Varying Properties Base Velocity Increment This is the increment size by which to increase the base velocity for each incre ment in the group This field will only be shown if the Properties Increment within Periods option has been selected on the previous tab Rate for Conc If the top boundary condition is finite mass the user can specify the rate at which the source concentration changes per year For the case where there is no addi
89. imary Liner Landfill Model Equivalent K The is the equivalent hydraulic conductivity of the aquitard If you are unsure what the value of this is it is recommended to use a leakage rate landfill Diffusion Coefficient This is the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion for the aquitard Distribution Coefficient This is the distribution coefficient for the aquitard Porosity The porosity of the aquitard Aquifer Tab The properties of the aquifer can be edited on this tab if present Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Velocity Name Aquifer amp ey Change Symbol Thickness 3 m Porosity 10 3 x Cancel Help The following parameters can be edited on this tab Name This is the name of the aquifer It is used only for drawing Symbol This is the symbol used to draw the aquifer To change the symbol click on the Change Symbol button A Change Symbol form will be displayed where you can change the bitmap library bitmap fore ground color background color and fill size for the symbol Thickness This is the thickness of the aquifer POLLUTEV7 Reference Guide 85 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Porosity The porosity of the aquifer Outflow Velocity Tab After this all of the information on the previous tabs has been entered the minimum horizontal outflow velocity in the aquifer will be calculated You will then have the optio
90. ion 0 X Cancel Help A4 Dh The First Previous Next and Last buttons beside the Depth Interval can be used to navigate between depth intervals Sublayers Tab If the profile type is Sublayers the Sublayers tab on the next page will appear The following data can be edited on this tab shown on the next page Concentration This is the initial concentration for the sublayer The First Previous Next and Last buttons beside the Depth Interval can be used to navigate between sublayer M 4 D gt Di POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 104 Initial Concentration Profile Initial Concentration Profile Concentration Profile Sublayers Top Depth 0 003 a4 Dd Di Bottom Depth 0 006 Concentration 0 none X X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 105 Non Linear Sorption Non Linear Sorption In addition to linear sorption there are two types of non linear sorption can be modeled These are Freundlich or Langmuir Freundlich Non Linear Sorption Freundlich Non Linear Sorption is represented by the relationship S Kp c where S mass of solute sorbed per unit mass of soil Kf empirically determined parameter E empirically determined exponent The parameters K and E are best determined by performing batch tests on samples When non linear sorp tion is used the program splits the deposit into sublayers and uses an iterative technique to determine an equivalent linear distribution coefficie
91. ion is often modelled as a linear function of velocity Bear 1979 Freeze and Cherry 1979 Rowe et a 2004 given by where QO dispersivity v groundwater seepage velocity The dispersivity tends to be scale dependent and is not a true material property Gillham and Cherry 1982 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 20 Retardation Mechanisms Retardation Mechanisms In addition to the transport mechanisms mentioned above the migration of contaminants is also controlled by retardation mechanisms There are two types of retardation mechanisms sorption and radioactive or bio logical decay that can be modelled in POLLUTEv7 These mechanisms both serve to slow the migration of contaminants by reducing the mass of contaminant available for transport Both mechanisms are discussed below Sorption Sorption is the process whereby contaminants are removed from solution by interaction with solid matter in the soil Typical interactions are cation exchange in clays and the attraction of organic contaminants to organic matter in the soil Sorption can be modelled as a function of the concentration of the contaminants in the soil POLLUTEv7 can model three types of sorption linear sorption Freundlich non linear sorption and Langmuir non linear sorption Radioactive or Biological Decay Some contaminant species experience radioactive decay or biological degradation and the concentration of these contaminants may decay as a function of time The
92. ion is proportional to the groundwater seepage velocity v and the concentration C of the contaminant This mass can be measured in a plane perpendicular to the direction of groundwater flow during a unit of time this is called the flux f The flux is then the mass of contaminant transported per unit area per unit time and is given by f nvc v c where n effective porosity of the soil v groundwater seepage velocity Va Darcy velocity n v c concentration of the contaminant at the time of interest The total mass of contaminant transported from a contaminant source into the ground can then be obtained by integrating the flux over the time period of interest viz m A nvcdt where 0 m total mass of contaminant transported A cross sectional area of the landfill It is should be noted that the velocity that the contaminant moves through the soil is the groundwater veloc ity and not the Darcy velocity If the groundwater velocity is zero i e there is no flow then there would be no advection POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 17 Transport Mechanisms Diffusion Diffusion is the process where chemicals contaminants in the soil will migrate from areas of high chemical concentration potential to areas of low chemical concentration potential The mass flux transported by diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient and is given by f n D dc dz where n effective porosity of the soil D eff
93. is a two step process Using POLLUTEv7 This section explains how to interact with the various parts of the program It discusses how to use the vari ous toolbars and menus Starting POLLUTEv7 To begin working with POLLUTEv7 after you have installed the program start it by double clicking on the POLLUTEv7 icon in the application group When you first start the program the main window will be displayed The main window of the program consists of a title bar menu bar optional toolbars and desktop In addition popup menus can be displayed by clicking the right mouse button Fa POLLUTE Fie Window Mep B 4 ei wo mw ld 2 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 6 Using POLLUTEv7 This section explains how to interact with the various parts of the program Menu Bar The menu bar contains the main level of commands It uses standard Windows pull down menus You can choose any menu item on any submenu that is not dimmed POLLUTEv7 will know when certain menu commands are not available and prevents you from choosing them The majority of these commands can also be selected using the speed buttons on the toolbars see below When the program is first started and no project is opened the File Window and Help items will appear on the menu bar After a model is opened there will also be an Data Entry Special Features Execute and Out put items on the menu bar File Menu This menu contains commands similar to those in other Windows a
94. isplayed The wizard takes you through an 9 step process similar to the Export Wizard described above in which you can select the file type file name data fields and other formatting options Import Data Step 1 of9 This wizard allows you to specify details on how should import your data Which import data format would you like Table type Paradox file db DBase file dbf Text file txt ile htm html s Lotus 1 2 3 file wk1 QuattroPro file wq1 XML file xml MS Access database mdb Specifications ne gt Cancel C C C CH wi Cc c C C Importing from a Model Output data from a different model in the project can be imported to compare the results of two different models To import this data select the Import from Model menu item from the Imported Data submenu of the Output menu The Select Model form on the next page will then appear POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 146 Importing Output Data Select Model Modal Case 1 Subtitle D Landfill with constant source concentration Case 2 Pure diffusion specified surface and base concentrations 1 Case 3 Advective diffusive transport Constant source Base aquifer 1 Case 4 Finite mass leachate collection base aquifer 1 Case 5 Hydraulic trap Finite mass leachate collection base aquifer 1 Case 6 1m thick liner 3m fractured till finite mass sorption 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Case 7 Lateral migration in fractured rock Case
95. istration has been transferred the program will only run on the new computer Step 1 The first step is to obtain the unique serial number of the new computer Install and run POL LUTEv7 on the new computer Initially the program will start in Demo mode and the Demo form will be displayed Press the Register button and write down the unique serial number for the new computer Step 2 In the second step the Transfer utility is used to generate an unlock code for the new computer Start POLLUTEv7 on the old PC and select the Transfer menu item from the Help menu The Transfer Registra tion form below will be displayed Enter the serial number of the new computer and then press the Transfer Registration button An unlock code for the new computer will be displayed Enter this unlock code in the Registration form on the new computer and then press the Store Unlock Code button Transfer Registration Serial Number of Current Computer PL 72355215 Serial Number of New Computer on Transfer Registration Unlock Code Jf OK X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 5 Using POLLUTEv7 After the Transfer Registration button has been pressed POLLUTEv7 on the old PC will be set to run in demo mode The Transfer utility should be used with caution since if incorrect serial numbers are entered you will lose the registration on both computers If this happens contact GAEA for a new unlock code Transferring the registra tion
96. itches the display of the output to a graph of time versus depth If the H Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis special features are used this button will display a graph of the Distribution of the Variable Values The Flux vs Time button switched the display of the output to a graph of flux versus time The Listing button switched the display of the output to a text listing POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 138 Listing Output Listing Output In addition to the above graphs the model output can be displayed as a text listing by clicking on the Listing button or selecting it from the Output menu The display will then change to a listing and the Output toolbar will appear as shown below FF Arial fo Ee JO JS p zu aa SSSBSHABGSOR BYVSsEOHAB The buttons on this toolbar can be used for the following T Arial The Font Type box can be used to change the font type of the selected text 10 The Font Size box can be used to change the size of the selected text M The Font Color box can be used to change the color of the selected text DO The Font Background Color box can be used to change the background color of the selected text E The Background Color box can be used to change the background color B The Bold button is used to toggle bold text on or off Z The Italic button is used to toggle italic text on or off U The Underline button is used to toggle underline text on or off
97. l Length 1 m X Landfill Width 1 m xl Base Thickness 1 m v Base Porosity 0 3 Base Outflow Velocity 0 m a v x Cancel Help The following parameters can be entered on this tab Landfill Length This is the length of the landfill in the direction of groundwater flow Landfill Width This is the width of the landfill in a direction perpendicular to groundwater flow The width is usually set to 1 since it has no influence on the results POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 68 Editing Boundary Conditions Thickness This is the vertical thickness of the base strata that is being modelled as a boundary condition Porosity This is the porosity of the base strata between 0 and 1 Base Outflow Velocity This is the horizontal Darcy outflow velocity within the base strata at the down gradient edge of the landfill If the outflow velocity is set very high the results will be equivalent to setting a constant base concentration of zero If the Variable Properties option has been selected from the Special Features submenu the value of the Outflow Velocity will be specified in the Variable Properties option Warning The user should read Example 3 before using this boundary condition In addition to the Fixed Outflow tab the Fixed Outflow Symbol tab shown below will also appear if the bottom boundary condition is fixed outflow This tab is used to select the symbol that will be used to draw the bottom boundary condition Bound
98. lent K The is the equivalent hydraulic conductivity of the clay liner If you are unsure what the value of this is it is recommended to use a leakage rate landfill Diffusion Coefficient This is the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion for the clay liner POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 83 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Distribution Coefficient This is the distribution coefficient for the clay liner Porosity The porosity of the clay liner Aquitard Tab This tab is used to edit the properties of the aquitard if it is present Note that this layer is an attenuation layer beneath the Clay liner It is typically a layer with a hydraulic conductivity higher than that required for a clay liner 1x10 m s but less than an aquifer Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Velocity Name jAqutad Lp Change Symbol Thickness a lms Density 1 9 gem sw Conductivity K MES m s Diffusion Coef 0 02 mza Dist Coet 0s ml g Porosity 10 3 x Cancel Help The following parameters can be edited on this tab Name This is the name of the aquitard It is used only for drawing Symbol This is the symbol used to draw the aquitard To change the symbol click on the Change Symbol button Thickness This is the thickness of the aquitard Density This is the dry density of the aquitard POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 84 Editing a Pr
99. licking on it in the Project form or by pressing the Open Model button on the Model toolbar After the model is opened a Data Entry menu will appear on the menu bar The menu items in the Date Entry menu will depend on the type of model If the model was created using the Wizard or a Blank model then the normal editing method below will be used If the model was created using one of the other options such as Primary Landfill then that editing method will be used In addition to the Data Entry menu a Special Features menu will also appear on the menu bar The menu items for the Special Features will be the same for all of the model types The editing of these Special Features is described at the end of this section General Data Title Untitled Number of Layers 1 Maximum Depth 10 m X Darcy Velocity 0 m year Laplace Transform Parameters TAU N 20 SIG 0 RNU 2 Jf OK x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 56 Editing General Data Editing a Normal Model If the model was created using the Wizard or Blank model options then the Data Entry menu will contain items for editing the General Data Layer Data Boundary Conditions and Run Parameters The editing of each of types of data is described below Editing General Data To edit the general data for a model either select the General Data item from the Data Entry menu or click on the title of the model The General Data form below will be displayed This
100. ll depend upon the Calculation Method selected Calculation Method The method used to calculate the leakage can be either LEAK a circular hole in a geomembrane in direct contact with the foundation similar assumptions to Giroud but allowing one to consider more variables or Wrinkles for a wrinkle or series of wrinkles with holes the most realistic situation for many appli cations Primary Liner Landfill Clay Liner Aquitard Attenuation Layer Aquifer Outflow General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage LEAK Rowe et al 2004 Calculation Method LEAK h Wrinkles Hole Frequency 2 5 hectare Transmissivity THETA fE 10 m2 s xl Hole Radius 0 00564 fm Conductivity KOM 0 0007 ms gt Wrinkle Radius 0 00564 m CFLAG 0 Darcy Velocity 2 747E 6 m a SK Cancel Hep POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 79 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model LEAK If the Calculation Method is selected as LEAK the tab above will be displayed The following parameters can be specified Hole Frequency This is the number of holes in the geomembrane per hectare or acre The default is 2 5 holes per hectare See Rowe et al 2004 Chapter 13 for a discussion of the number of holes per hectare Hole Radius This is the average radius of the holes in the geomembrane The default is 0 00564 m Wrinkle Radius This is the optional average radius of the wrinkles in the geomembrane The default is
101. m which fluid is being removed An example would be a 600 m L long landfill with a 0 3 m thick h secondary leachate collection system The Darcy velocity above the secondary leachate collection system is 0 01 m a v1 and below is 0 003 m a V 7 The rate of removal is then R 0 01 0 003 600 0 3 14 m3 a m2 14 m a Rate of Inflow Ifthe Inflow Rate option has been selected on the previous tab the Rate of Inflow field will be shown This is the rate of inflow into the passive sink If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the Rate of Inflow for the selected interval and time period Phase Parameter If the Phase Change option has been selected on the previous tab the Phase Parameter field will be shown This is a dimensionless phase parameter as discussed i n Chapter 2 If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the Phase Parameter for the selected interval and time period Landfill Size Tab If the bottom boundary condition is not Fixed Outflow the Landfill Size tab on the next page will be shown This tab is used to enter the length and width of the landfill The landfill size is required for the pas sive sink calculating even if the bottom boundary is not Fixed Outflow POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 122 Passive Sink Passive Sink Variable Properties Time Period fi I 4D Di Data Landfill Size interval Data Landfill Lenath 50d m X
102. menu The Print Mass into Base form below will be displayed Print Mass in Base Print Mass C No X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 125 Monte Carlo Simulation Monte Carlo Simulation In the description of a soil deposit and a contaminant source eg a landfill the values of all the input data are not always known with certainty For example the length of time that the primary leachate collection system will function before becoming clogged Rowe and Fraser 1993a 1993b However if the probabil ity distribution can be estimated for the variable then Monte Carlo simulation can be used to predict the expected contaminant concentrations This feature supports the use of Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the effects of uncertainty in the values of some of the input data The input data are described using probability distributions from which data val ues are randomly chosen for each simulation pass Numerous simulations are performed and the results describe the probability distribution of the function being simulated in this program the probability distri bution is that of the peak concentration at various depths Once the distributions of peak concentrations are determined the user can make statistical predictions of the peak concentration such as the probability of the peak concentration exceeding a specific value To use this feature select the Monte Carlo Simulation menu item from the Special Features menu Th
103. mes and depths Unlike finite element and finite difference formulations POLLUTEv7 does not require the use of a time marching procedure POLLUTEv7 uses a finite layer formulation that provides numerically accurate results for a given idealization while requiring relatively little computational and data entry effort Thus in its basic mode of operation the concentration of contaminant can be directly determined at any specified time without calculating the concentration at earlier times POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 16 Transport Mechanisms Transport Mechanisms The migration of dissolved contaminants through the subsurface involves different transport mechanisms depending upon the type of soil presence of fractures degree of saturation and soil contaminant interac tion For a saturated clay or silt the primary mechanisms are advection and diffusion whereas for a saturat ed sand the primary mechanisms are advection and dispersion In a fractured soil the primary mechanisms are advection and dispersion along the fractures and diffusion from the fractures in the matrix Soils with clay particles or organic matter may also act to retard the migration of contaminants by adsorbing the con taminant These transport mechanisms are described in detail below Advection When water flows through the soil it will carry contaminants along with it in solution this process is called advection The amount of contaminant mass transported by advect
104. mmunication GAEA will respond promptly with either the solution to the problem or a schedule for solving the problem Before Contacting GAEA Before contacting technical support we suggest you try the following to help us resolve your problem e Determine if the problem is specific to the cross section you are creating Does it occur with other templates or other cross section e Does the problem occur every time or intermittently e If you have another PC does the problem occur on it Information to Provide When contacting GAEA please include or have the following information available e The 3 digit version of the POLLUTEv7 program you are using This can be obtained from the About form on the Help menu e A description of the problem to help us duplicate the problem Including any error messages e Copies of the project database containing the model e The type and model of your PC e The Windows version you are using POLLUTEv7 Reference Manual 167 POLLUTEv7 Reference Manual 168 Appendix References References AI Niami A N S and Rushton K R 1977 Analysis of flow against dispersion in porous media Jour nal of Hydrology 33 pp 87 97 Anderson M P 1979 Using models to simulate the movement of contaminants through groundwater flow systems CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control Vol 9 pp 97 156 Barker J A 1982 Laplace transform solutions for solute transport in fissured aq
105. mpatible with Windows 98 2000 NT and XP It supports all of the fonts and printers available in Windows Features Project Features POLLUTEv7 is based upon the project concept for data storage where the user has numerous projects and within each project there are numerous models Using this method a Microsoft Access 2000 database is used to store each project Each project is stored in a separate directory which can be on the same com puter or spread across a network A master database is used to keep track of projects and their locations This master project database is also used to store data such as symbol libraries that is common to all projects The creation and editing of projects is supported by the following features Projects stored in Access 2000 databases No limit to the number of projects New projects can be easily created Project directories are automatically created Projects can be deleted including project directories Projects from other computers can be imported Projects can be exported to other computers Projects can be automatically backed up Backed up projects can be restored Model data from version 6 of the program can be imported into a project POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide IX Features Model Features Models are used to represent the subsurface lithology containment systems and contaminant source to be studied These models can be used to study the effects of landfills
106. n Igneous SandandGravel Sedimentary SiltandClay USCS USGS Glacial USGS Igneous USGS Metamorphic USGS Misc USGS Misc 1 USGS Misc 2 USGS Sedimentary USGS Sedimentary 1 USGS Sedimentary 2 USGS Sedimentary 3 USGS Sedimentary 4 v x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 158 Editing a Symbol Library Editing a Symbol Library Each library can contain 18 lithologic symbols Lithologic symbols are used to represent soils and rocks The lithologic symbols and descriptions in the library can be changed by clicking on one of the lithologic symbols in the library The Symbol Descriptions form below will then be displayed Fil Edit Bitmap D a a K 5 bal O e Symbol Description x Cancel Help The Edit Bitmap form is used to create and edit the symbols and description At the left side of the tab there is a toolbar used to edit the symbol The buttons on the toolbar perform the following actions The Clear button is used to erase the current symbol and provide a blank page POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 159 Editing a Symbol Library i The Import Picture button is used to import a bitmap picture from a file into the current symbol When this button is pressed the Open bitmap form below will be displayed Select the bitmap file to import and then press the Open button Open BEI Look in Bitmaps Al l 40x40 Bl Bottom5 bmp British11 bmp Eal Bottom6 bmp La British12
107. n at the top boundary can be specified Finite Mass Top Boundary Condition The finite mass top boundary condition is most representative of a landfill where the concentration of con taminant starts at an initial value increases with time and then declines as contaminant is transported into the subsurface and is removed by leachate collection systems When the top boundary is specified as finite mass the Finite Mass tab will be displayed as shown on the next page If the Variable Properties option has been selected from the Special Features menu the values for the finite mass parameters will be specified in the Variable Properties entry and the tab will not appear POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 64 Editing Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Top Finite Mass Bottom Constant Conc Specify Initial Source Concentration 11000 mg L X Rate of Increase in Conc 0 ma L yr v Volume of Leachate Collected 10 m a and either Thickness of Wase 0 m 7 Waste Density fo g em3 Proportion of Mass 0 Volumetric Water Content fo Conversion Rate Half Life fo yea Ref Height of Leachate 0 m v x Cancel Help When the top boundary is finite mass the user must specify e Initial Source Concentration e Rate of Increase in concentration Volume of Leachate Collected and either Thickness of Waste Waste Density Proportion of Mass Volumetric Water Cont
108. n of using this velocity or a higher velocity In addition the calculated Darcy velocity and leachate head on the primary liner will be displayed Primary Liner Landfill General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer Outflow Outflow in Aquifer The minimum outflow velocity in the Aquifer that will fulfill the conditions of continuity of flow is 150 m a Dutflow Velocity 1150 ma x Calculated Results Darcy Velocity 0 15 m a Leachate Head on Primary Liner 0 3 m X Cancel Help Editing Run Parameters The data editing for the Run Parameters is the same as for a Normal Model and is described in that section above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 86 Editing a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Model Editing a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Model The Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill model is used to quickly enter a landfill that may contain a pri mary leachate collection system primary composite liner secondary leachate collection system secondary composite liner aquitard and aquifer In this option the composite liners can be composed of a geomem brane and or compacted clay or GCL Editing Primary and Secondary Landfill Data To edit the data for a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill model select the Model Parameters menu item from the Data Entry menu The Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill form below will be displayed ni Primary and Secondary Liner
109. n that section above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 93 Editing a Vertical Migration Model Outflow Velocity Tab After this all of the information on the previous tabs has been entered the minimum horizontal outflow velocity in the aquifer will be calculated You will then have the option of using this velocity or a higher velocity It is the same as the Outflow Velocity tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that sec tion above Editing Run Parameters The data editing for the Run Parameters is the same as for a Normal Model and is described in that section above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 94 Editing a Horizontal Migration Model Editing a Horizontal Migration Model The Horizontal Migration option is used to quickly enter a model for the horizontal migration of a contam inant from a waste mass to the site boundary The model may contain a primary composite liner and an aquitard In this option the primary composite liner can be composed of a geomembrane and a primary liner If the geomembrane is present the leakage through the geomembrane is calculated using equations by Rowe et al 2004 In this model the attenuation layer is modeled as a passive sink where there is downward flow due to infil tration from precipitation and horizontal flow due to a difference in heads between the waste and the atten uation layer The infiltration will have the effect of removing contaminant by acting as a passive sink with inflow To av
110. n to the calculated results of the model imported output data can also be displayed on the con centration vs depth and concentration vs time graphs This imported data can be from other models experimental results or theoretical results The imported data can be extracted from a file other models in the project or created and entered directly After the imported data has been entered in can be edited or deleted POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide XI Features POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide XII Getting Started POLLUTEv 7 Version Beta 0 02 Copyright c 2004 All Rights Reserved GAEA Technologies Ltd 8 Register i 7 10 uses Continue Ff Close Getting Started Before you begin working with the POLLUTEv7 pro gram you should Check the contents of your distribution package Make sure you have the necessary equipment Run the installation program Read the README file Start the program nan BB D Register the program The Distribution Package The distribution package you received should include this User s Guide and a CD ROM Required Equipment POLLUTEv7 requires the following hardware and soft ware to run efficiently 1 Windows 98 2000 XP or NT 2 At least 128 MB of RAM 3 At least 32 MB of hard disk space 4 A screen resolution of at least 600 x 800 with at least 16 bit color 5 A CD ROM drive Installing POLLUTEv7 Installation To get POLLUTEv7 up and running run
111. nes Sy Layer Lines Model Title Font Model Text Font M Draw Text Leaders x Cancel Help General Tab The following parameters can be set on the General tab shown above Database Database This is the directory where the Main Database is located It should only be changed if the database has been moved The directory can be changed by entering the new directory or pressing the Select Directory button to the right of the input line Default Directory This is the default directory that will be used when importing version 6 files Bitmap Directory This is the directory where the bitmaps for lithologic symbols are stored This directory should only be changed if these symbols have been moved POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 40 Setting Program Preferences Default Symbol Library This is the default symbol library that will be used when adding a layer to a model The library can be easily changed when the layer is added Background Color This is the background color of the screen Model Lines The line type thickness and color of the lines used to draw the model can be changed by clicking on this button Layer Lines The line type thickness and color of the lines used to draw the layers in the model can be changed by clicking on this button Model Title Font The font of the title for the model can be changed by clicking on this button Model Text Font The font of the text in the model can be changed by clicking on this bu
112. nt K value of each layer Since this is an empirical equation partic ular care is required ensuring correct units especially when E is not unity Large errors can result from the use of mixed units or errors in converting from one set of units to another This is done by a calculating the concentration at the top and bottom of each sublayer based on an estimated linear K value for each sublayer b determining a new secant K for each sublayer K Kp c E l where c the average of the previous estimates of the concentration at the top and bottom of the sublayer c repeating steps a and b using the new estimate of K for each sublayer until the process converges The number of sublayers should be experimented with to ensure that the results obtained are sufficiently accurate POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 106 Non Linear Sorption Langmuir Non Linear Sorption Langmuir Non Linear Sorption is represented by the relationship S Smb c 1 b c where Sim Solid phase concentration corresponding to all available sorption sites being occupied b parameter representing the rate of sorption S mass of solute sorbed per unit mass of soil c concentration of solute The parameters S and b are best determined by performing batch tests on samples of the deposit When non linear sorption is used the program splits the deposit into sublayers and uses an iterative tech nique to determine an equivalent linear distrib
113. nt can be modeled An initial concentration profile at specified depths can be specified Freundlich and Langmuir non linear sorption can be modeled Source velocities and layer properties can be varied with time can be used model changes in the source barriers or flow patterns One or more passive sinks can be specified to model horizontal velocities in layers and the removal of contaminants Monte Carlo simulation can be used to evaluate the effects of uncertainty of model parameters Sensitivity analysis can be used to predict the expected range of concentration when parameter values are not known accurately POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide X Features Output Features After a model has been run the calculated concentrations can be displayed a number of ways If they model did not use the Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis special features these are Concentration versus Depth Graph Concentration versus Time Graph Time versus Depth Graph Flux versus Time Graph Text Listing If the model used the Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis features they are Distribution of the Maximum Concentration Distribution of the Time of the Maximum Concentration Distribution of the Variable Values Text Listing In addition the output from the model can be exported into 19 different formats including ASCII Excel Access Rich text format Adobe pdf Lotus 123 Paradox HTML In additio
114. ntal Migration Each of these methods is described in detail in the sections below Using the Wizard to Create a Model To use the Wizard to create a model click on the Wizard button on the New Model form and 2 then press the Ok button The New Model Wizard form on the next page will be displayed There are five steps to creating a model using this wizard Each step can be moved to using the Wizard Next and Previous buttons POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 49 Using the Wizard to Create a Model New Model Wizard This Wizard helps you create a POLLUTE model that is ready to be run and displayed The first step is to enter the general data for the model including the title Darcy velocity and number of layers To enter this information click General the Next button Layers Boundary Conditions Run Parameters Special Features b Next af Finish To begin creating the model press the Next button and the General Data form below will be displayed This form is used to enter the title number of layers maximum depth Darcy Velocity and Laplace Transform parameters All of this data is explained in detail in the section on Editing a Model below General Data Title Untitled Number of Layers 1 Maximum Depth 10 m 7 Darcy Velocity 0 m year 7 Laplace Transform Parameters TAU 7 N 20 SIG fo RNU 2 f OK x Cancel Help After the General Data has been entered press the Ok button to c
115. odelling Wrinkles one is modelling those wrinkles that have holes The frequency gives the number of wrinkles with holes per hectare or acre while the spacing and length give the typical wrinkle dimensions For the default 10 100m long wrinkles ha the spacing must by 10m 100m no of wrinkles 10 For 5 100m long wrinkles the spacing would be 20m 100m no of wrinkles 5 But if the wrinkles were only 20m long one could have 12 of them three row of 4 with a spacing of 25m 100m 4 wrinkles per row POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 80 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Primary Liner Landfill Clay Liner Aquitard Attenuation Layer Aquifer Outflow General Source ydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage LEAK Rowe et al 2004 Calculation Method LEAK Wrinkles Wrinkle Frequency hectare x Transmissivity THETA 1E 10 m2 s Wrinkle Width m Conductivity KOM 0 0001 m s X Wrinkle Spacing m Wrinkle Length 100 Hole Radius 0 00564 Darcy Velocity 0 00275 m a Jf OK X Cancel Help The following parameters can be specified on this tab Wrinkle Frequency This is the number of wrinkles per hectare or acre The default is 10 per hectare Wrinkle Width This is the average width of the wrinkles The default is 0 3 m Wrinkle Spacing This is the average spacing between the wrinkles The default is 10 m Wrinkle Length This is the average length of the wrinkles The default is 100 m Wrinkle
116. oid this effect set the infiltration into the attenuation layer to zero Unless your really under stand what you are doing it is recommended that you set the infiltration to zero cane Site Infitration Boundary A ti Geomembrane dvection Clay Liner Infinite Thickness Attenuation Layer passive sink At the site boundary the attenuation layer is assumed to continue indefinitely and is modelled as an Infinite Thickness boundary If a geomembrane is present the horizontal flow is calculated using the leakage through the geomembrane calculated using the equations by Rowe et al 2004 And if the geomembrane is not present the horizontal flow is calculated using the average gradient using the head in the waste and the head in the attenuation layer and the harmonic mean hydraulic conductivity between the head measurements POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 95 Editing a Horizontal Migration Model Editing Horizontal Migration Data To edit the data for a Horizontal Migration model select the Model Parameters menu item from the Data Entry menu The Horizontal Migration form below will be displayed Horizontal Migration General Source Hydraulic Heads Geomembrane Leakage Clay Liner Aquitard Attenuation Layer Title Horizontal Migratior Geomembrane C No Yes Clay Liner C No Yes Aquitard Attenuation Layer Units Metric Imperial Jf OK X Cancel Help This form has several
117. on 106 Time Varying Properties 111 Passive SINK 119 Maximum Sublayer Thickness 124 Print Mass in the Base 125 Monte Carlo Simulation 126 Sensitivity Analysis 130 Saving a Model 133 Running a Model 134 Displaying Model Output 135 Graphing Output 136 Listing Output 139 Exporting Output 141 Importing Output Data 146 Printing a Model 151 Deleting a Model 152 Chapter 5 Symbol Libraries Creating a New Symbol Library 157 Opening a Symbol Library 158 Editing a Symbol Library 159 Saving a Symbol Library 161 Closing a Symbol Library 161 Deleting a Symbol Library 162 Chapter 6 Help Displaying Help 165 Using Help 165 Getting Technical Support 166 Before Contacting GAEA 167 Information to Provide 167 Appendix A References FR POLLUTE Model 1 Case 1 Subtitle D Landfill with Introduction instant source concentration el File DataEntry Special Features Execute Output Window Help adda fh joe Subsurface Model Case 1 Subtitle D Landfill with constant source concentration Constant Concentration Geomembrane Model Results x A 0 00 1 500 1 450 4 400
118. onal fractures are specified for the layer an addition al tab will appear to enter the fracture data Layer Data Layer Number 1 ld 4 D gt Di Layer Data Layer Symbol 3 Dimensional Fructures Dimension 1 2 3 Units Spacing E 0 0 0 10 gt al Po a Opening Size 0 o boo boo Number to Sum fio fio Dispersion Coefficient oo mza Distibution Coefficient O m3 kg gt x Cancel Help Fracture Tab Continuity of concentration and flux is assumed at the boundary between layers If a fractured layer is in contact with an unfractured layer it is assumed that all fluid flow is transported along the fractures that inter sect the unfractured layers i e it is equivalent to having a very thin sand layer between unfractured and fractured layers In a fractured model the program can consider advective dispersive transport along the fractures coupled with diffusion into the matrix on either side of the fracture However if the Darcy velocity is zero or small then the transport mechanism will be essentially diffusive through the matrix the fractures will have no effect and should not be considered in modelling the migration of contaminants Users planning to model migration in fractured media are warned that they should first see Rowe and Booker 1990 1991a 1991b and Rowe et al 2004 for a discussion of modelling of fractured systems The following information about the fractures in each dimension can be specified on t
119. one that represents no phase change Secondary Gemembrane Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the secondary geomembrane It is the same as the Geomembrane tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Secondary Leakage Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the leakage through the secondary geomembrane It is the same as the Leakage tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Secondary Clay Liner Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the secondary clay liner It is the same as the Clay Liner tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 90 Editing a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Model Aquitard Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the aquitard It is the same as the Aquitard tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Aquifer Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the aquifer It is the same as the Aquifer tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Outflow Velocity Tab After this all of the information on the previous tabs has been entered the minimum horizontal outflow velocity in the aquifer will be calculated You will then have the option of using this velocity or a higher velocity It is the same as the Outflow Velocity tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that sec tion above Editing Run Parameters Th
120. ontinue The Wizard will then take you to the next step entering Layer Data POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 50 Using the Wizard to Create a Model New Model Wizard This Wizard helps you create a POLLUTE model that is ready to be run and displayed The next step is to enter the layer data for the model This data includes the thickness density diffusion coefficient distribution coefficient and General whether the layer is fractured To enter this L information click the Next button Boundary Conditions Run Parameters Special Features X Cancel q Back af Finish To enter the layer data press the Next button on the Wizard form The Layer Data form below will be dis played This form is used to enter the data for each layer in the model The data for each layer is described in detail in the section on Editing a Model below After the layer data has been entered press the Ok button to proceed to the next step on the Wizard form Layer Data Layer Number 1 M 4 Dd Di Layer Data Layer Symbol Name Number of Sub Layers Fractures fio Thickness f m None i 9 Dry Density Porosity 03 2 Dimensional Coef of Hydro Disp 0 02 cm3 g 3 Dimensional Distribution Coef jo m3 kg x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 51 1 Dimensional Using the Wizard to Create a Model New Model Wizard This Wizard helps you create a POLLUTE model that is ready to be run and displayed The next
121. ottom boundary can be specified Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Top Finite Mass Bottom Constant Conc Constant Base Concentration jo mg L x POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 67 Editing Boundary Conditions Fixed Outflow Bottom Boundary Condition The fixed outflow bottom boundary condition is most representative of the case where the model is under lain by an aquifer permeable base strata The concentration in the base strata aquifer varies with time as mass is transported into the aquifer from the deposit and then transported away by the horizontal velocity in the base strata The base aquifer is modelled as a boundary condition not a separate layer and the concentration at the bot tom of the model is the concentration at the top of the base aquifer This boundary condition assumes that there is sufficient dispersion mixing such that the concentration is uniform across the thickness of the aquifer being considered Thus the concentration at the bottom of the aquifer thickness modelled is the same as reported at the top of the aquifer If the actual aquifer is very thick normally only the upper portion 3 6 m depending on conditions should be considered in modelling see Example 3 When the bottom boundary is specified as fixed outflow the Fixed Outflow tab will be displayed as shown below Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Top Finite Mass Bottom Fixed Outflow Fixed Outflow Symbol Landfil
122. p 8 In step 8 you choose a file name to export the data to You can also select the number of records to include in the exported file Export Output Step 8 of8 That s all of the information the wizard needs to export your data Export to a File C ATEMPASMEXPORT XLS eS Records per each file Action after exporting None open for file view e mail with file attachment Specifications lt Back Nez In addition you can choose one of three options to occur after the exporting has completed None do nothing Open File for View Email with file attachment Click Execute to export the data to the specified file type and complete the exporting process POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 145 Importing Output Data Importing Output Data In addition to the calculated results of the model imported output data can also be displayed on the con centration vs depth and concentration vs time graphs This imported data can be from other models exper imental results or theoretical results The imported data can be extracted from a file other models in the project or created and entered directly After the imported data has been entered in can be edited or delet ed Importing from a File To import the data from a file select the Import from File menu item from the Import Data submenu or the Output menu The imported data can be in one of 9 different file formats The Import Data wizard will be d
123. pplications and contains the following submenu uy Projects displays a submenu used to create open save delete close Projects import export backup and restore projects Models displays a submenu used to create open save close and delete Symbol Libraries gt models Symbol Libraries displays a submenu used to create open save close and delete lithologic symbol libraries Import Version 6 Data used to import data created in version 6 of the Print Setup program Print used to print models Preferences 3 Print Setup used to adjust the printer settings Exit Preferences used to set program preferences Exit closes the program POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 7 Using POLLUTEv7 Data Entry Menu After a model has been opened the Data Entry menu will appear on the menu bar The contents of the menu will vary depending on the type of model General Model If a general model created using the blank model or wizard is currently displayed on the desktop the data entry menu will contain the following commands General Data used to edit the general data for the model title Darcy veloc General Data ity number of layers and Laplace Transform parameters Layer Data Layer Data used to edit the data for each layer Boundary Conditions Run Parameters Boundary Conditions used to edit the top and bottom boundary conditions Run Parameters used to edit the depths and times to calculate the concen
124. project from the form and press the Ok button The Select Directory form below will be displayed Select the directory to store the exported project database and then press the Ok button Pi Select Directory Look In c z E CA E gt PROGRA 1 E GAEA 5 database __X Caros Help Selected C POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 35 Backing Up a Project Backing Up a Project POLLUTEv7 has the ability to automatically backup all databases at regular intervals while the user is edit ing and creating models and projects You can decide how often you would like to backup your data To set the time intervals between backups select the Preferences menu item from the File menu In addition to the auto backups of the project databases and main database The current project database and main database can be backed up at any time using the Backup Project menu item from the Projects sub menu This feature is useful for creating an archive copy of the POLLUTEv7 data The backed up data will be stored in the Backup Directory that is set in the program s Preferences POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 36 Restoring a Database Restoring a Database Restoration of a backed up POLLUTEv7 database is very simple Select the either the Project Database or Main Database menu item from the Restore Backup submenu of the Projects submenu Restoring a Project Database When the Project Database menu item is selected from the Restore Backup submenu t
125. r can specify the Diffusion Coefficient or Coefficient of Hydrodynamic Dispersion Porosity Density and Distribution Coefficient If this option is selected two additional tabs will appear for the interval data Variable Decay This option is used to vary the radioactive or biological decay with time The source base and depth interval decay rates can be varied If this option is selected two additional tabs will appear for the decay rates and interval data Source Properties Tab ri Time Varying Properties Time Period lz la 4D Di Time Varying Data Source Properties Intervals Interval Data Specify End Time 2 Number of Increments a Source Conc hoo Darcy Velocity o0 Dispersivity fo Base Velocity RP Rate for Conc jo Volume Collected 03 And either Waste Thickness 0 Waste Density jo Proportion of Mass jo Water Content jo Cony Rate Half Life 0 Ref Hight of Leach 7 5 X Cancel POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide Increments 3 o O 4 ee Te m a v jo bp Li ra 3 D 4 Help i 113 Time Varying Properties The following can be edited on the Source Properties tab shown on the previous page End Time This is the end time of the group and will be the start time of the next group Number of Increments This is the number of increments to use in sub dividing the time period The con centrations will be calculated for the times at the end of each increment if there is only
126. rate of radioactive decay is very predictable and is controlled by the half life of the contaminant species Whereas the rate of biological decay is a function of several factors including the presence of the appropriate bacteria the presence of a suitable substrate and the temperature Both types of decay are often modelled by first order decay with the controlling parameter being the half life of the species Phase Change Many practical problems involve a phase change as a compound eg volatile organic compounds such as dichloromethane benzene toluene etc migrate through a multiphased system A common example is dif fusion migration from a dissolved phase eg in contaminated water into the gaseous phase eg in air in an unsaturated secondary leachate collection system Under these conditions it is well known eg see Schwartzenbach et al 1993 that there is usually a concentration jump at the interface between the con taminated water and the air and that equilibrium is reached at the interface such that Caw Ky Cwia POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 21 Retardation Mechanisms where Caw Concentration in air at the interface Cw a Concentration in water at the interface Ky dimensionless Henry s Law Constant and is related to the Henry s Law Constant Ky by the relationship Ky Ka RT R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature More generally there is potential for phase change at interfaces
127. reate and edit models Each of the speed ms Fr oy D el a buttons on the toolbar is explained below L The New button is used to create a new model The Open button is used to open an existing model The speed buttons below will be dimmed if no model is currently opened f The Close button is used to close a model fe The Save button is used to save changes to the model The SaveAs button is used to save the model under a different name par The Run button is used to execute the model and calculate concentrations amp The Print button is used to print the model POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 13 Using POLLUTEv7 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 14 Theory Theory The movement or migration of contaminants through the soil is of interest in the prediction of contaminant impact from sources such as landfills and spills There are three main mechanisms for contaminant trans port these are advection diffusion and dispersion In many applications the movement of contaminants will be primarily in one direction and can be predicted using the one dimensional dispersion advection equation for a layered deposit Rowe and Booker 1985 1991b Rowe et al 1994 POLLUTEV7 is a computer program that implements a solution to the one dimensional dispersion advec tion equation for a layered deposit of finite or infinite extent Rowe amp Booker 1991b Using this solution POLLUTEv7 calculates the concentrations of a contaminant at user specified ti
128. riable Decay x Cancel Help Time Varying Data Tab The Time Varying Data tab shown above is used to specify the following Number of Time Periods This is the number of time groups for which the user wishes to specify different properties Start Time This is the start time of the first group and is the time at which calculations begin usually Zero Properties Increment within Periods This allows the user to choose whether the properties increment within time groups or are constant within time groups If the properties increment within groups the user can specify the number of increments and the increment size of the properties For example if the Darcy veloc ity increased linearly from 01 m a to 11 m a between 10 and 20 years the user could specify 10 increments and a Darcy velocity increment of 01 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 112 Time Varying Properties If however the properties remain constant between time groups the user need only specify the values of the properties For example ifthe Darcy velocity was 01 m a between 0 and 10 years and then 02 m a between 11 and 30 years the user could specify two groups the first from 0 to 10 years with a Darcy velocity of 01 m a and the second from 11 to 30 years with a Darcy velocity of 02 m a Variable Layer Properties This option can be used to vary both source and layer properties with time The model is divided into a number of depth intervals and in each interval the use
129. roundwater is flowing into a landfill the high concentration of contaminant in the leachate can cause diffusive transport out from the landfill Thus even though the groundwater flow is into a landfill contaminants can still escape from the landfill by diffusion Dispersion In a granular layer eg an aquifer or a fractured layer there can be significant localized variations in the groundwater flow These variations will cause mechanical mixing within the layer this process is called dis persion Freeze and Cherry 1979 Although the process is very different to diffusion it can be modelled mathematically in the same manner and the two processes can be grouped together as the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion D viz D D D where D effective diffusion coefficient D ma coefficient of mechanical dispersion In unfractured clayey soils the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion is often controlled by the diffusion coefficient and the coefficient of mechanical dispersion is negligible In sandy soils and fractured layers the opposite is generally true and dispersion dominates Gillham and Cherry 1982 Rowe 1987 Rowe et al 2004 The mass flux for advective dispersive transport including diffusion is given by f n v c n D dc dz where the parameters are the same as those defined previously and D is the coefficient of hydrodynamic dis persion POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 19 Transport Mechanisms Dispers
130. rying Data tab Half Life This is the half life for the depth interval and time period This field will only be shown if the Variable Decay option has been selected on the Time Varying Data tab POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 118 Passive Sink Passive Sink This option allows the user to incorporate one or more passive sinks or a phase change with depth into a model A passive sink is a depth interval in which there is a horizontal velocity which will have the effect of removing contaminant from beneath the landfill Typically a passive sink is used to represent intermedi ate aquifers or secondary leachate collection systems Rowe and Fraser 1993 In the Passive Sink feature the model is divided into a number of depth intervals and in each interval the user can specify the Darcy velocity rate of removal rate of inflow and phase parameter The set of depth intervals should cover the entire thickness of the model between the top and bottom boundary If a fixed outflow bottom boundary is used the depth interval should stop at the top of the base aquifer i e it should not include the base aquifer Note When using both the Variable Properties option and the Passive Sink option the Darcy velocity used is the product of the Darcy velocity specified in both of the options For clarity it is generally recommend ed the user specify the Darcy velocity on the Variable Properties option as 1 and vary the Sink Darcy veloc ity with time WARN
131. se closes the symbol library Toolbars There are two toolbars that can be displayed on the desktop they are the Project Toolbar and Model Tool bar These toolbars can either float over top of the desktop or be docked to the top side or left side of the desktop To make the toolbar float click and hole down the left mouse button on the edge of the toolbar Then drag the mouse to where you want the toolbar and release the button The number of rows in the floating toolbar can be adjusted by changing the size of the toolbar with the mouse Each toolbar contains several speed buttons that can be used to perform the same tasks as the menu bar at the top of the desktop These speed buttons are described below Project Toolbar n The Project Toolbar is used to create open and close projects Each of g g amp JL the speed buttons on the toolbar is explained below The New button is used to create a new project g The Open button is used to open an existing project g The Close button is used to close an open project this button will be dimmed if no project is cur rently opened POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 12 Using POLLUTEv7 The Hide button is used to toggle on and off the list of models in the project this button will be dimmed if no project is currently opened B The Help button is used to display help on using the program iL The Exit button is used to exit the program Model Toolbar The Model Toolbar is used to c
132. se tasks can be performed using menu commands on the Help menu shown on the previous page The Transfer Registration menu item is explained in Chapter 1 Getting Started Displaying Help There are several ways to access the Help System these are e Press the Help button To display the help contents at any time press the help button on the Toolbar e Click a Help button in a form For more information on using a particular form click the Help button e Choose a command from the Help menu The Help menu offers several options Contents displays the same Help Contents that appear when you press F1 with no commands highlighted Search displays the Search dialog box and a list of keywords you can use to find topics About POLLUTEV7 gives information about the program including the 3 digit version number required by technical support Using Help You can move back and forth between topics or search through the entire help system for the topic you want Topics that are underlined can be displayed by clicking on them and topics that have dotted under lines can have their definition displayed by clicking on them The tabs on the Help form are used for the following e Contents displays the complete Table of Contents of the Help System e Index is used to look for help topics listed by keyword Search can be used to search for a specific help topic by one or more keywords POLLUTEv7 Reference Manual 165 Getting Technical Support
133. selecting the Import Project menu item of the Projects submenu When selected the Import Project form below will be displayed ri Import Project File to be Imported Project Name Storage Directory OK x Cancel Help This form can be used to specify the following information File to be Imported This is the database file to be imported It must end with the mdb extension The Select button on the right can be used to select the file If the Select button is used the Project Name and Directory will be filled in automatically Project Name The name of the project up to 255 characters Directory The directory to be used to store the project database tables up to 255 characters This direc tory can be on a local computer or a network server The Select Directory button to the right of the direc tory name can be used to select an existing directory This option should be used to import projects that have been previously created but are not included in the Master Project database such as a project that has been exported POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 34 Exporting a Project Exporting a Project Existing projects can be exported by selecting the Export Project menu item from the Project submenu When selected the Export Project form below will be displayed Export Project RE Project Name Directory C Program Files G4E4 Pollute Projects M 4 Dd di X Cancel Help To export a project select the
134. t previous next and last variable bl bm id POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 127 Monte Carlo Simulation Monte Carlo Simulation General Yariable Entry Variable Type Initial Source Concentration VAE N aken bb 4 Darcy Velocity Diffusion Coefficient Layer Number 1 Distribution Coefficient c c Layer Thickness c c c Variable Properties End Time Distribution Type C Uniform Minimum 1 Triangular r Maximum 1 5 e c General Normal Mode Value 1 2 Lognormal Jf OK X Cancel Help Variable Type This is the type of data for which the user wishes to enter a probability distribution There are 6 types of data that can be used Initial Source Concentration This is the Initial Source Concentration of the top boundary and can only be used if the top boundary condition is NOT zero flux Darcy Velocity This is the Darcy Velocity of the model Layer Thickness This allows the user to specify a distribution for the thickness of a layer The user will be asked to specify the layer for which to vary the thickness Diffusion Coefficient This is the Diffusion Coefficient of a layer the user will be asked to specify the layer for which to vary the Diffusion Coefficient Distribution Coefficient This is the Distribution Coefficient of a layer the user will be asked to specify the layer for which to vary the Distribution Coefficient If the layer selected is fractured the distribution coefficien
135. t along the fracture will be varied POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 128 Monte Carlo Simulation Variable Properties End Time This is the End Time of a Variable Properties Time Group the user will be asked to specify the Time Group for which to vary End Time When varying the end time of a time group the program will shift the end times of subsequent time groups to maintain their relative position and will try to keep the end times of any previous time groups the same This variable type will not show up if the Variable Properties feature has not been previously selected Distribution Type A distribution must be entered for each variable the distribution types can be different for different variables There are five types of probability distributions that can be entered Uniform Distribution This is used to specify a uniform probability distribution in which there is the equal probability that a data point has any value between a specified minimum and maximum The probability distribution curve would be a horizontal straight line The user will need to specify the Minimum and Maximum data values Triangular Distribution This is used to specify a triangular probability distribution function where the probability is a maximum for a given value mode then linearly drops off on each side of this value The probability distribution curve would be a triangle The user will need to specify the Minimum Mode and Maximum data values General Distrib
136. tabs for editing the data for the model Each of these tabs is described in the sections below General Tab This tab is for editing the title and selecting what layers are present in the model The model may contain a geomembrane clay liner or aquitard Source Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the source of contaminants It is the same as the Source tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 96 Editing a Horizontal Migration Model Hydraulic Heads Tab This tab is used to specify the hydraulic heads infiltration in to the attenuation layer and distance between head measurements Horizontal Migration General Source i eomembrane Leakage Clay Liner Aquitard Attenuation Layer x Infiltration in to Attenuation Layer 0 mia Head in the Waste 0 3 m Head in the Attenuation Layer 0 m Distance between Head Measurements fi m X Cancel Help The following parameters can be specified on this tab Infiltration in to Attenuation Layer This is the downward infiltration due to precipitation in the attenua tion layer The infiltration will have the effect of removing contaminant by acting as a passive sink with inflow To avoid this effect set the infiltration into the attenuation layer to zero Head in the Waste This is the head in the waste relative to the same datum depth as the head in the atten uation layer
137. te Data menu item from the Imported Data submenu of the Output menu The Delete Imported Output Data form below will be displayed Delete Imported Output Data Output Datasets new X Cancel Help Select the dataset to be deleted from the form and then press the Ok button The imported data will then be deleted from the graph POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 150 Printing a Model Printing a Model The model shown on the left of the screen can be printed by clicking on the Print button on the Model tool bar POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 151 Deleting a Model Deleting a Model A model can be deleted from the project by selecting the Delete Model menu item from the Models sub menu or the File menu The Delete Model form will be displayed Select the model to delete and then press the Ok button POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 152 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 153 POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 154 Symbol Libraries Symbol Libraries Libraries are used to store lithologic bitmaps that can be used for the strata symbols Each library contains 18 bitmap symbols POLLUTEv7 comes with several previ ously defined libraries In addition any number of new libraries can be created making the number of lithologic symbols available unlimited All of the symbol library descriptions are stored in the main database and all of the bitmaps are stored in the bitmap directory This chapter describes how to 1 Create a new library 2 Edit
138. ted using the equations by Rowe et al 2004 for either a circular hole in a geomembrane in direct contact with the foundation similar assumptions to Giroud but allowing one to consider more vari ables or for a wrinkle or series of wrinkles with holes the most realistic situation for many applications Giroud amp Bonaparte 1992 or specifying an equivalent hydraulic conductivity POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 78 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Phase Parameter This is a dimensionless phase parameter KH or Sgf as discussed in Chapter 2 The default is one this represents no phase change See Rowe et al 2004 for a discussion of this parameter and a table of typical values for common contaminants and HDPE geomembranes Equivalent K If the method used to calculate the leakage through the geomembrane is Equivalent K then this parameter will be displayed This is the equivalent hydraulic conductivity of the geomembrane If you are unsure what the value of this is it is recommended to use a leakage rate landfill Note that the use of an equivalent K is a device for convenience of calculation and in no way represents the true leak age mechanisms We recommend that you use the leakage equations See Rowe et al 2004 for a dis cussion of leakage equations Rowe Leakage Tab If the Leakage Type specified on the Geomembrane tab is Rowe et al 2004 one of the Rowe Leakage tabs below will be displayed The tab displayed wi
139. the installation program setup exe on the CD ROM For example to install from drive D 1 Start Windows 2 Insert the CD ROM into drive D 3 Choose Start and then Run and type D POLLUTE setup exe or double click on D POLLUTE setup exe in Windows Explorer or double click on the Add Remove Programs icon in the Control 4 Enter the requested information in the installation forms discussed in the next section On some computer systems depending on how they are configured inserting the CD ROM into the drive will automatically start the GAEA menu program In this case select POLLUTEv7 from the menu screen All of the programs listed on the menu screen can be installed and will run in demo mode until an unlock code is provided The SETUP program does the following 1 Creates one or more directories on your hard disk and copies the contents of the POLLUTEv7 disk into them 2 Creates a Windows application group and installs the POLLUTEv7 program and help icons Requested Information The installation dialog boxes will request the directories to store the POLLUTEv7 program and databases and the name of the application group for the POLLUTEv7 program icons README File Any last minute changes additions or trouble shooting tips are documented in the README file When the SETUP program has finished installing the program it will automatically install an icon for the README file in the application group To view the README
140. til it is lower than the time of the max imum When the top boundary condition is Constant concentration the user is advised to check the results by using different values for the lower and upper time limits All Depths This allows the user to select whether to calculate the concentrations at all depths Yes or at selected depths No If the user chooses all depths the concentrations will be calculated at the boundary between all sublayers If the user wishes to calculate at selected depths then the user will be asked to spec ify the Number of Depths After specifying the number of depths the user will be asked to specify the depths to calculate the concentrations POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 74 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model The Primary Liner Subtitle D Landfill option is used to quickly enter a landfill that may contain a leachate collection system primary composite liner aquitard and aquifer In this option the primary composite liner can be composed of a geomembrane and a primary liner If the geomembrane is present the leakage through the geomembrane can be calculated using either equations by Rowe et al 2004 equations by Giroud et al 1992 or by specifying and equivalent hydraulic conductivity for the geomembrane Editing Primary Liner Landfill Data To edit the data for a Primary Liner Landfill model select the Model Parameters menu item from the Data Entry menu The Primary
141. time Flux vs Time displays the model output as a graph of flux vs time Depth vs Time displays the model output as a graph of depth vs time with the concentrations represented by various colors Export used to export the model output to a variety of file formats This menu contains the standard Windows commands for selecting and arranging windows on the desktop Help Menu This menu contains the following commands Contents Search for Help On Transfer Registration Email Technical Support Check for Update GAEA s Web Site About POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide Contents displays the contents of the online help Search for Help On displays help on a specified topic Transfer Registration used to transfer the registration from one com puter to another Email Technical Support used to send an email to technical support Check for Upgrade used to download and install the latest upgrade from the Internet GAEA s Web Site used to display GAEA s web site in the default Inter net browser About used to display version information about the program 10 Using POLLUTEv7 Popup Menus Popup menus can be displayed at any time by pressing the right mouse button The menu that will be dis played depends upon what is currently displayed on the desktop Project Popup Menu If there is no model open the Project Popup Menu will be displayed This menu contains the following menu items New Project New Proje
142. tional mass added or removed from the landfill this value should be set at zero Volume Collected When the top boundary condition is finite mass the user needs to specify the Volume of Leachate Collected for the beginning of the time period Volume Collected Increment This is the increment by which to increase the volume of leachate collected during each time increment If the infiltration through the cover of the landfill is constant the increment in the volume of leachate collected should be equal and of opposite sign to the increment in the Darcy veloc ity If the top boundary condition is finite mass the user can specify either Thickness of Waste Waste Density Proportion of Mass Volumetric Water Content of the waste e Conversion Rate Half Life of the contaminant or e Reference Height of Leachate Thickness of Waste This is the vertical thickness of the waste for the time period and is used to calculate the mass of contaminant per unit area of waste Waste Density This is the apparent density of the waste for the time period i e mass of waste per unit vol ume of the landfill Proportion of Mass The available leachable mass of contaminant in the waste per unit mass of waste for the time period eg mass of chloride in waste total mass of waste Volumetric Water Content This is the volumetric water content of the waste for the time period Conversion Rate Half Life The generation coefficient is cal
143. tions maximum of 20 ranges may be specified This parameter does not affect the accuracy of the results and is for display purposes only List All Results By selecting the Yes response to this option the user can obtain a list of all the simula tion results By selecting No as a response the user limits the output to a summary of the results Listing all the results will include the results of every simulation pass in the output the output file that is obtained may be extremely large Variable Entry Tab Sensitivity Analysis General Variable Entry Variable Type Initial Source Concentration C Darcy Velocity C Layer Thickness Diffusion Coefficient Layer Number 1 Distribution Coefficient c Variable Properties End Time Minimum 0 002 Maximum 0 02 Jf OK X Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 131 Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model The Variable Entry tab on the previous page is used to describe the variable for the Sensitivity Analysis The following data can be edited on this tab Variable Type This is the type of data for which the user wishes to conduct the sensitivity analysis There are 6 types of data that can be used Initial Source Concentration This is the Initial Source Concentration of the top boundary and can only be used if the top boundary condition is NOT zero flux Darcy Velocity This is the Darcy Velocity of the model Layer Thickness This allows the user to specify
144. to display the model output the Output toolbar will appear as shown below Sy Dao K H O0 AE The buttons on this toolbar can be used for the following The Normal button returns the graph editing to normal mode and deactivates the panning and rota tion of the graph The Rotation button puts the graph into rotation mode where the mouse can be used to rotate the graph up and down or left and right To rotate the graph press and hold down the left mouse button The Pan button puts the graph into pan mode where the mouse can be used to move the graph up and down or left and right To move the graph press and hold down the left mouse button The Zoom button puts the graph into zoom mode where the mouse can be used to zoom in or out Q of the graph To zoom in press and hold down the left mouse button while moving the mouse towards the top of the screen To zoom out press and hold down the left mouse button while mov ing the mouse towards the bottom of the screen O The 3D Depth button is used to adjust the depth of the graph in 3D perspective mode To adjust the L depth press and hold the left mouse button 3D The 3D button is used to toggle the graph in and out of 3D mode POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 136 Graphing Output The Edit button is used to edit the format of the graph When this button is pressed the Editing BE Graph form on the next page is displayed For more information on how to use this form press the Help but
145. ton Pl Editing Graph Chart Series Data Tools Export Print Series General Asis Titles Legend Panel Paging Walls 3D bax FL 50 pear bax FL 100 year bax v P 150 year 3 The Print button is used to print the output When the button is pressed the Print Preview form below is displayed To send the output to the printer press the Print button on the form FA TeeChart Print Preview Printer Lexmark E210 X Setup Print _ Orientation Portrait Landscape Margins 20 IV Proportional POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 137 Graphing Output The Save button will save the output to either a bitmap or metafile When the button is pressed the Save As form below is displayed Save As Save in CD TESTDATA M e EB OBITMAPS File name Save as type Enhanced Metafiles emf La Cancel The Concentration vs Depth button switches the display of the output to a graph of concentration versus depth Ifthe Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis special features are used this button will dis play a graph of the Distribution of the Maximum Concentration une The Concentration vs Time button switches the display of the output to a graph of concentration versus time If the Monte Carlo or Sensitivity Analysis special features are used this button will dis play a graph of the Distribution of the Time of the Maximum Concentration The Time vs Depth button sw
146. tton Draw Text Leaders If checked leaders lines will be drawn from the text to the layers for a model Preferences General Input Output uto Backup Default Time Units year X Default Depth Units Fm v Default Concentration Units mg L v Default Number of Sub Layers fio Default Thickness lm Default Dry Density fg g cm3 Default Porosity 03 Default Coef of Hydro Disp 002 lom3 g x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 41 Setting Program Preferences Input Tab The Input tab shown on the previous page is used to specify the following parameters Default Time Units This is used to select the default time units to be used when creating a model The units can be easily changed within the model Default Depth Units This is used to select the default depth units to be used when creating a model The units can be easily changed within the model Default Concentration Units This is used to select the default concentration units to be used when creat ing a model The units can be easily changed within the model Default Number of Sublayers This is used to specify the default number of sublayers to be used when creating a layer The units can be easily changed within the model Default Thickness This is used to specify the default thickness to be used when creating a layer The units can be easily changed within the model Default Dry Density This is used to specify the default dry densi
147. ty to be used when creating a layer The units can be easily changed within the model Default Porosity This is used to specify the default porosity to be used when creating a layer The units can be easily changed within the model Default Coef of Hydro Disp This is used to specify the default coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion to be used when creating a layer The units can be easily changed within the model POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 42 Setting Program Preferences Preferences General Input Output Auto Backup Initial Chart Background mm Concentration vs Depth N Gradient Fill Concentration vs Time D Start Color Depth vs Time See Flux vs Time Line Series Colors List Report Series 1 F 3D Chart D Color F Points Visible dq 4 Db Di MW Show Legend Depth vs Time Color Grid itle Fon gt Stating Color RB Interpolations 3 Km _ Pa Output Tab The Output tab shown above is used to specify the following parameters Initial Chart This is used to select the initial type of output display when a model is run The chart type can later be changed when viewing the output 3D Chart Check this to display the chart in 3D The chart display can later be changed when viewing the output Points Visible Check this to display the data points on the chart The chart display can later be changed when viewing the output Show Legend Check this to display a legend on the ch
148. u can define any custom data formats Dates Times and Numbers Date Order MDY T Decimal Symbol J Date Delimiter Thousand Separator J Time Delimiter F Currency Symbol is M Four Digit Years F Leading Zeros in Dates Logical values true false Specifications lt Back Cancel Step 5 In step 5 you choose which columns to export In addition you can define custom properties for each exported column Export Output Step 5 of 8 You can define custom properties for the exported columns Title Depth Caption Time v Concentration Aisne i il Background ___ Font MS Sans Serif 8 El Alignment right Background C7 gt width fis characters ERMS Sans Serif 8 i Specifications N 1 Cancel POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 143 Data Exporting Output Step 6 In step 6 you choose whether to add a header and footer section to the output file Export Output Step 6 of8 You can add a custom header and or footer Header Specifications Cancel Step 7 In step 7 you choose the desired layout of the exported data The user can also select between 12 differ ent color styles Export Output Step 7 of 8 You can select desired layout of exported data Fr Preview Layout columnar reversed columnar tabular form Color Style Normal Specifications POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 144 Exporting Output Ste
149. ually the point of contact between the contaminant source and the soil deposit these are zero flux constant concentration and finite mass The bottom boundary i e the point of contact between the soil deposit and either a much more or much less permeable strata may be either zero flux constant con centration fixed outflow or infinite thickness Zero Flux Top Boundary The top boundary may be assumed to not allow any transmission of contaminant i e zero flux This option has some highly specialized applications and will be rarely used The surface flux passing into the soil is given by f z 0 0 forallt Constant Concentration Top Boundary In this boundary condition the top boundary is assumed to maintain a constant concentration The concen tration at the boundary is given by c z 0 c for allt where C is the constant concentration at the top boundary Finite Mass Top Boundary The top boundary may be assumed to have a finite mass in which case the source concentration starts at an initial value Cg increases linearly with time at a rate Cp and then decreases with time as contaminant is transported into the soil and collected by a leachate collection system if present In version 7 the gradual conversion of waste into leachate can also be considered by providing a conversion rate half life POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 24 Boundary Conditions The concentration at the top boundary is given by i 1 c t co
150. uifers Advanced Water Research 5 2 pp 98 104 Barker J A and Foster S S D 1981 A diffusion exchange model for solute movement in fissured porous rock Q J Eng Geol London Vol 14 pp 17 24 Barone F S Rowe R K and Quigley R M 1990 Laboratory determination of chloride diffusion coefficient in an intact shale Canadian Geotechnical Journal Vol 27 pp 177 184 Barone F S Rowe R K and Quigley R M 1992a Estimation of chloride diffusion coefficient and tortuosity factor for mudstone Journal of Geotechnical Engineering ASCE 118 pp 1031 1046 Barone F S Rowe R K and Quigley R M 1992b A laboratory estimation of diffusion and adsorp tion coefficients for several volatile organics in a natural clayey soil Journal of Contaminant Hydrogeol ogy 10 pp 225 250 Barone F S Yanful E K Quigley R M and Rowe R K 1989 Effect of multiple contaminant migration on diffusion and adsorption of some domestic waste contaminants in a natural clayey soil Cana dian Geotechnical Journal Vol 26 No 2 pp 189 198 Bear J 1979 Hydraulics of groundwater McGraw Hill New York Cheremisinott P and Morresi A 1976 Energy from Solid Waste Marcel Dekker Inc New York D Astous A Y Ruland W W Bruce J R G Cherry J A and Gillham R W 1989 Fracture effects in the shallow groundwater zone in weathered Sarnia area clay Canadian Geotechnic
151. umed to be zero Layer Symbol Tab Layer Data Layer Number 1 ld 4D Di Layer Data Layer Symbol 3 Dimensional Fructures Library SISERA DORE Z 7 7 _ Background Color ae Ze Fill Size 1 Inorganic silt medium compressibility x Cancel Help POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 61 Editing Layer Data This tab is used to define how the layer will be drawn The following information can be edited using this tab Library This combo box is used to select the symbol library to use to draw the layer When the arrow at the right is pressed a list will display the available symbol libraries After a library has been selected the symbols displayed in the tab will be updated Symbol The symbol from the library can be selected by clicking on one of the 18 symbols displayed for the current library The selected symbol is highlighted with a blue border Foreground Color This is the color to use for the shaded parts of the symbol The foreground color can be changed by pressing the Foreground Color button When this button is pressed a Color form is displayed Using this form a basic color can be selected or a custom color can be specified Background Color This is the color to use for the unshaded parts of the symbol The background color can be changed by pressing the Background Color button When this button is pressed a Color form is displayed Using this form a basic color can be selected or a custom color can be specified
152. ution This is used to specify a set of data and probability pairs that will be linearly interpolated The probability distribution curve would be a continuous function which is approximated by a set of straight line segments The set of values must cover the entire data range and the probability values do not have to sum to 1 The user will first be asked to specify the number of data value and probability pairs Then for the number of pairs entered previously the user will need to specify the data value and probability value Normal Distribution This is used to specify a normal distribution for the variable The distribution is symmetrical in shape similar to a bell and is sometimes called a Gaussian distribution To define the distribution the user needs to specify the mean and standard deviation Lognormal Distribution A lognormal distribution can be specified for the variable with this option This distribution is similar to the normal distribution except that it is based on the logarithm of the random variable eg Darcy velocity or layer thickness The user will need to specify the mean of the log of the variable and the standard deviation of the log of the variable POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 129 Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis In the description of a soil deposit and a contaminant source eg a landfill the values of all the input data are not always known with certainty For example the length of time that the primary l
153. ution coefficient K value of each layer This is done by a calculating the concentration at the top and bottom of each sublayer based on an estimated linear K value for each sublayer b determining a new secant K for each sublayer K Sm b 1 b c where c the average of the previous estimates of the concentration at the top and bottom of the sublayer c repeating steps a and b using the new estimate of K for each sublayer until the process converges The number of sublayers should be experimented with to ensure that the results obtained are sufficiently accurate POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 107 Non Linear Sorption To add or edit non linear sorption select the Non Linear Sorption menu item from the Special Features menu The Non Linear Sorption form below will be displayed This form has two tabs one for selecting the type of sorption and the other for entering the sorption parameters for each layer Non Linear Sorption Sorption Data Layer Data Non linear Sorption Type Langmuir Maximum Number of Iterations 10 Minimium Reference Concentration 1 mg L v Jf OK X Cancel Ke Help The following parameters can be edited on this tab Non Linear Sorption Type This can be either None Freundlich or Langmuir The layer parameters entered on the second tab will depend on the type of non linear sorption Maximum Number of Iterations The iterative procedure used to determine K repeats until either the
154. valent hydraulic conductivity for the geomembrane ee Primary Landfill To create a Primary Liner Landfill model select the Primary Landfill button on the New Model form and then press the Ok button The model will be created and can be edited as described in the section Editing a Primary Liner Landfill Model below Creating a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill puw The Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill option is used to quickly enter a landfill that may contain a primary leachate collection system primary composite liner secondary lL leachate collection system secondary composite liner aquitard and aquifer In this option ee rt the composite liners can be composed of a geomembrane and or compacted clay or GCL The leakage through the geomembrane can be calculated using either equations by Rowe et al 2004 equations by Giroud et al 1992 or by specifying and equivalent hydraulic conductivity for the geomembrane To create a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill model select the Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill button on the New Model form and then press the Ok button The model will be created and can be edited as described in the section Editing a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Model below Creating a Vertical Migration Model of a contaminant from a waste mass into an aquifer The model may contain a primary composite liner aquitard and aquifer In this option the primary composite liner can be composed
155. vals for the passive sink and phase change proper ties The set of depth intervals should cover the entire thickness of the model If both passive sink and phase change properties are being specified then the depth intervals must be the same for both properties If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the number of intervals for the selected time period Phase Change This option is used to incorporate a phase change with depth If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the phase change option for the selected time period Inflow Rate This option is used to specify the inflow rate with depth If the Time Varying Properties fea ture has also been selected this will be the inflow rate option for the selected time period POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 120 Passive Sink Interval Data Tab Passive Sink Variable Properties Time Period 1 ld 4 hp Di Data Interval Data Depth Interval 1 ld 4 Di Top Depth iq Bottom Depth 06 Darcy Velocity 0 00 Rate of Removal fo Rate of Inflow jo Phase Parameter o vo X Cancel Help The following data can be entered on the Interval Data tab shown above Top Depth This is the top depth of the depth interval The set of depth intervals should cover the entire thickness of the model If the Time Varying Properties feature has also been selected this will be the top depth for the selected interval and time period
156. ve alter or obscure the copyright notices Term This License Agreement is effective from the date of purchase by the Licensee of the Licensed Product and shall remain in force until terminated The Licensee s rights to use the Licensed Product will terminate if the Licensee fails to comply with any of the terms or conditions of this License Agreement Upon such termi nation the Licensee shall return the Licensed Product to the Distributor immediately Limited Warranty If the Licensee finds a Licensed Product diskette to be defective in materials or workmanship which shall not include problems relating to the nature or operation of the Licensed Product under normal use the Distributor will replace it free of charge within one year following the date of purchase Any request for replacement of a defective diskette must be accompanied by the original defective diskette and invoice The Licensed Product is provided as is without warranty of any kind either expressed or implied includ ing but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose The Distributor does not warrant that the functions contained in the program will meet your requirements or that the operation of the program will be uninterrupted or error free Neither the Distributor nor anyone else who has been involved in the creation or production of this product shall be liable for any direct indirect inci dental special or consequ
157. ve sink or time varying properties To enter the data for one of these fea tures check the box beside the feature After the special features have been selected press the Next button to enter the data for the features For each special feature selected a form will be displayed to enter the data for that feature The data for these features is described in detail in the section on Editing a Model below When all of the data for the model has been entered press the Finish button on the Wizard form to create the model The new model will then be displayed and can be edited as described in the section on Editing a Model below Creating a Blank Model To create a blank model and fill in the data when editing the model select the Blank model button and then press the Ok button A blank model will be created and can be edited as described in the section Editing a Model below Blank POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 54 Creating a Primary Liner Landfill Creating a Primary Liner Landfill A The Primary Liner Subtitle D Landfill option is used to quickly enter a landfill that may con all tain a leachate collection system primary composite liner aquitard and aquifer In this option the primary composite liner can be composed of a geomembrane and a primary liner If the geomembrane is present the leakage through the geomembrane can be calculated using either equations by Rowe et al 2004 equations by Giroud et al 1992 or by specifying and equi
158. which would contain the total mass of contaminant at a concentration Cg And may be defined in one of several ways depending on what other options are being used Note that generally the program will calculate H i e the user will generally not input any value for H but the user does have the power to override the program Option a If the user specified K is not 0 and WC is not 0 then H WC H and represents the actual fluid in the landfill generally WC corresponds to field capacity but could vary with time POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 25 Boundary Conditions Option b If the user specified K equals 0 or WC equals 0 then H p pw Hw Co and this represents the volume of fluid per unit area of landfill required to dissolve the leachable mass of contaminant i e p Pw Hw at the initial concentration Cp Option c If the user specifies H is not 0 then the user specified value overrides the values calculated under option a or b This is an advanced feature of the program and should not be used without very careful ly checking your calculations If the rate of increase in concentration C is zero and the reference height of leachate H is very large this boundary condition reduces to a constant concentration boundary condition Zero Flux Bottom Boundary The bottom boundary may be assumed to not allow any transmission of contaminant which corresponds to an impermeable base strata The flux across the boundary is given
159. y Liner 5 Geomembrane 5 Leakage S Clay Liner Aquitard Aquifer OVelocity General Source Heads P Geomembrane P Leakage P ClayLiner Collection Leachate Head on Primary Liner 0 3 In z Leachate Head on Secondary Liner 0 3 m Groundwater level relative to top of Aquifer fo m Jf OK X Cancel Help The following data can be edited on this tab Leachate Head on Primary Liner The leachate head above the primary liner Leachate Head on Secondary Liner The leachate head above the secondary liner Groundwater level relative to top of aquifer The groundwater level relative to the top of the aquifer or if no aquifer is present the hydraulic gradient in the liner POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide 88 Editing a Primary and Secondary Liner Landfill Model Primary Gemembrane Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the primary geomembrane It is the same as the Geomembrane tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Primary Leakage Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the leakage through the primary geomembrane It is the same as the Leakage tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Primary Clay Liner Tab This tab is used to specify the data for the primary clay liner It is the same as the Clay Liner tab for Primary Liner Landfills and is described in that section above Secondary Collection Tab This tab shown below is used to
160. yer Thickness Print mass in the base Monte Carlo Simulation Sensitivity Analysis Execute Menu Radioactive Biological Decay used to add either radiological or biological decay to the model Initial Concentration Profile used to add an initial concentration profile to the model Non linear Sorption used to add either Freundlich or Langmuir Non Linear Sorption to the model Passive Sink used to add a passive sink to the model Time Varying Properties used to enter time varying properties for the model Maximum Sublayer Thickness used to change the maximum sub layer thickness Print mass in the base used to print the mass in the base when the concentrations are calculated Monte Carlo Simulation used to perform a Monte Carlo simulation on the model Sensitivity Analysis used to perform a Sensitivity Analysis on the model This menu is used to execute the the model and calculate the concentrations Run Run used to execute the model POLLUTEv7 Reference Guide Using POLLUTEv7 Output Menu This menu is used to display the results of the model after it has been executed List Output Concentration vs Depth Concentration vs Time Flux vs Time Depth vs Time Export Window Menu List Output displays the model output as text Concentration vs Depth displays the model output as a graph of con centration vs depth Concentration vs Time displays the model output as a graph of con centration vs

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