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User Guide to Crime Statistics for England and Wales

1. e Application fraud excluding mortgages e Mortgage related fraud Application fraud covers payment related frauds including those offences that occurred outside of the banking sector Fraudsters may open an account using fake or stolen documents in someone else s name for example fraudulent applications made in relation to hire purchase agreements or loans as well as to insurance telecommunications or retail companies or public sector organisations Mortgage related frauds often involve individuals or organised criminal gangs and can include over valuing properties overstating a salary or income and changing title deeds without an owner s knowledge to allow the sale of a property Types of plastic card fraud recorded on the Cifas National Fraud Database include fraudulent applications for plastic cards including instances of Identify fraud impersonations fraudulent misuse of plastic card accounts and takeover of plastic card accounts for example changing the 3 The Internal Fraud Database is a data sharing scheme for organisations that are victims of fraud by their own employees and data from this database does not feed directly into Action Fraud or the NFIB 3 A PSP isa payment service provider for example Paypal World Pay that is not a bank dealing in electronic money transfers Fraud offences perpetrated using PSPs fall under Online shopping and auctions not collected by industry bodies Office for National St
2. q lt lt I lt lt I lt January to March 2013 V For some variables it was possible to recode the old data in such a way that they were comparable with the new data similarly it was possible in other cases to code the new data so that they were comparable with the old data For some variables the old and new versions were too different to be compared so were excluded from the open data tables until the Year to March 2013 release These changes did not affect other data in the publications because these were not categorised by household or personal characteristics Further details are available from the CSEW Open Data tables instructions file accompanying each of the published sets of Open Data tables Office for National Statistics 102 Chapter 10 Other reference data 10 1 Nature of crime Additional analysis is published from the year to March dataset of the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW relating to the nature of crime For a number of crime types for example bicycle theft burglary vandalism violence tables are available detailing characteristics such as e Timing of when the incident occurred e Location of where the incident occurred if appropriate e Cost of stolen items damage incurred as a result of the incident if appropriate e Level of injuries sustained and types of weapons used in the incident if appropriate e Emotional impact of
3. Office for National Statistics 97 names that match the variable names on the main CSEW dataset More descriptive labels for the variable names in this column can be found in the reference table for this column The value GOR identifies estimates for each of the English regions and for England and Wales separately The value Total in this column identifies an estimate that covers all respondents regardless of individual characteristics Users should be aware that some characteristics only exist at the personal level and some only exist at the household level identified in the MeasurementLevel column see reference table CHARACTERISTIC Possible values Various Total This column identifies respondent characteristics that the estimate relates to Characteristics are grouped by CharacteristicVar such that each value of CharacteristicVar has a number of unique values for Characteristic associated with it As well as those characteristics included on the main CSEW dataset within each CharacteristicVar the Open Data tables also include some combined categories that are not included on the CSEW core variables The value Total in this column identifies an estimate that covers all respondents regardless of individual characteristics and is the only Characteristic for the CharacteristicVar of Total ESTIMATE Possible values Various This column contains the estimate for MeasurementVar for respondents with the characteris
4. e Violence with injury includes all incidents of wounding and assault with injury Homicide is only included for police recorded crime Police recorded crime also includes attempts at inflicting injury although the CSEW would not include these if no actual injury occurred e Violence without injury includes all incidents of assault without injury and from the CSEW only attempted assaults From July 2013 police recorded crime no longer includes under this sub category possession of weapons offences and public order offences such as public fear alarm or distress These offences are now included in new sub categories within Other crimes against society named Possession of weapons offences and Public order offences In order to produce a consistent time series the year to March 2013 quarterly publication and all subsequent publications retrospectively applied the agreed changes to the police recorded crime classification to all data from 2002 03 Office for National Statistics 41 Police recorded crime statistics for violence especially less serious violence are particularly affected by changes in recording practice over time for the population and crime types it covers the CSEW is the better measure for long term national trends in violence Police statistics are important for showing the mix of violent crimes dealt with and recorded by the police They are an important measure of activity locally and a source of operationa
5. Fraud by abuse of position when someone abuses their position of authority or trust against another person for personal or financial gain or to cause loss to another Fraud by failing to disclose information when there is a failure to disclose information by an individual to another person when they have a legal duty to so Fraudulent applications for grants from government organisations this is where Government funded organisations have provided grants based on false representations or where they have received grant applications that contain false representations HM Revenue and Customs HMRC fraud when fraud is committed against HMRC Insurance broker and insurance related fraud this occurs when victims obtain insurance cover from fraudsters pretending to be brokers or when a false claim or application for a policy is made to an insurance company Non investment fraud when goods or services are made using fraudulent means when goods or services were paid for but failed to materialise were misrepresented at point of sale or are faulty or stolen Other forms of non investment fraud include refund fraud and fraudulent contacts which make victims respond via premium rate calls and SMS messages Other fraud not covered elsewhere frauds by false representation or obtaining services dishonestly that are not covered elsewhere in other crime types Office for National Statistics 59 e Other regulatory fraud this crime t
6. and counts became more victim based the number of victims was counted rather than the number of offences in April 2002 the NCRS was introduced across England and Wales although some forces adopted key elements of the standard earlier and compliance with the standard continued to improve in the years following its formal introduction The NCRS was devised by the Association of Chief Police Officers ACPO in collaboration with Home Office statisticians It was designed to ensure greater consistency between forces in recording crime and to take a more victim oriented approach to crime recording with the police being required to record any allegation of crime unless there was credible evidence to the contrary Simmons et al 2003 Both these changes resulted in an increase in the number of crimes recorded Certain offences such as the more minor violent crimes were more affected by these changes than others All of these factors need to be considered when looking at the trends in recorded crime For these reasons statistical bulletins mainly focus on trends following the introduction of recording changes in police recorded crime from 2002 03 Each police force has a Force Crime Registrar FCR who monitors the application of the Counting Rules and has a final arbiter role with respect to crime recording decisions A nationally agreed crime data quality audit manual DQAM has been developed for use by FCRs This DQAM is subject to regular revie
7. and offences of harassment again with no injury The National Crime Recording Standard NCRS introduced in April 2002 again resulted in increased recording of violent and sexual crimes particularly for less serious offences as well as for some other offences There was an estimated NCRS effect of 23 per cent on violence against the person offences in the first 12 months of implementation although it was recognised that this effect was unlikely to be complete within the first 12 months Simmons et al 2003 Audits undertaken by the Audit Commission on behalf of the Home Office indicated substantial improvements in crime recording across forces in the two to three years following NCRS introduction which would particularly impact on violence against the person and result in increases in recorded crimes for this category Incidents of violence against the person recorded by the police include the following categories as described below e Homicide murder manslaughter infanticide and corporate manslaughter where an organisation is deemed responsible for a person s death e Death by driving offences includes death by dangerous driving careless or inconsiderate driving driving under the influence of drink or drugs and while being an unlicensed or uninsured driver e Assault with injury and assault with intent to cause serious harm offences include injury resulting in permanent disability more than minor permanent disfigureme
8. from the household s dwelling e Theft from a dwelling when the bicycle is stolen from inside a house by someone who was not trespassing e Theft from a vehicle if the bicycle is one of a number of things stolen Other theft Theft from the person covers theft including attempts of a handbag wallet cash etc directly from the victim but without the use of physical force against the victim or the threat of it The CSEW category breaks into three components e Snatch theft where there may be an element of force involved but this is only just enough to snatch the property away e Stealth theft where no force is used and the victim is unaware of the incident pick pocketing Stealth theft makes up the majority of theft from the person incidents e Attempted snatch or stealth theft where an attempt which may or may not involve an element of minor force is made to steal but is unsuccessful For police recorded crime theft from the person offences are those where there is no use of threat or force in the process of the theft Stealth theft is included as part of this recorded crime category and cannot be separately identified from snatch theft CSEW other theft of personal property covers thefts away from the home where no force is used there was no direct contact between the offender and victim and the victim was not holding or carrying the items when they were stolen for example thefts of unattended property CSEW ot
9. Action Fraud data which refer to England and Wales and includes e Mail Not Received MNR fraud Card ID fraud includes Account Takeover and Application Fraud e Payment fraud includes fraud relating to telephone banking and online banking e Cheque fraud includes forged altered and counterfeit e Mule accounts accounts used for laundering the proceeds of fraud Importantly the crimes fed through to the NFIB from FISS are those reported for intelligence purposes and the fraud records which hold intelligence value for enforcement purposes and are not intended to be a complete record of all frauds reported by its members Consequently there are many cases recorded by FFA UK which are not shared with the NFIB because they hold insufficient information to be of value from an intelligence perspective These like Cifas include card not present fraud lost or stolen cards and ATM fraud which account for a high proportion of plastic card fraud that is excluded from the NFIB figures In future bulletins we intend to present this additional data on a broader set of fraud offences to give a clearer picture on the full scale of fraud experienced by FFA UK members These figures are available from FFA UK along with information relating to plastic card fraud in terms of levels of financial loss by value 3 The UK Cards Association is the trade body for the card payments industry in the UK More information is available at www theuk
10. Banking and credit industry fraud when fraud is committed against a bank or financial institution using a false identity deceitful credit application credit or debit cards cloned cards cheque books or online accounts Bankruptcy and insolvency fraud relating to bankruptcy and insolvency can involve companies fraudulently trading immediately before being declared insolvent or phoenix Business trading fraud when businesses knowingly carry on trading with the intention of defrauding creditors or for any other fraudulent purposes Computer misuse crime when fraudsters hack or use computer viruses malware to disrupt services obtain information illegally or extort individuals or organisations Corporate fraud general frauds that target any business and sector specific frauds including corporate employee fraud and corporate procurement fraud Department of Work and Pensions fraud when benefits given out by the Department for Work and Pensions are claimed or sought fraudulently False accounting fraud company assets are overstated or liabilities understated to make a business seem financially stronger than it really is Financial Investments fraud this fraud consists of a range of investment opportunities to convince victims to part with their savings The word investment is widely used in connection with a wide range of schemes offering income interest or profit in return for a financial investment
11. CSEW is a small scale representation of the population from which it is drawn see Table UG1 of the User Guide tables for sample sizes within the CSEW Any sample survey may produce estimates that differ from the figures that would have been obtained if the whole population had been interviewed It is however possible to calculate a range of values around an estimate known as the confidence interval also referred to as margin of error of the estimate At the 95 per cent confidence level over many repeats of a survey under the same conditions one would expect that the confidence interval would contain the true population value 95 times out of 100 This can be thought of as a one in 20 chance that the true population value will fall outside the 95 per cent confidence interval calculated for the survey estimate Because of this variation changes in estimates between survey years or between population subgroups may occur by chance In other words the change may simply be due to which adults were randomly selected for interview We are able to measure whether this is likely to be the case using standard statistical tests and conclude whether differences are likely to be due to chance or represent a real difference Only increases or decreases that are statistically significant at the five per cent level and are therefore likely to be real are described as changes within the main bulletin and in the tables and figures these are identified by aste
12. CSP areas Additionally a number of other ad hoc quality checks are carried out by the Home Office Any anomalies or errors identified through these checks result in a report being returned to the relevant force for validation or correction Prior to the publication of any crime statistics bulletin a verification exercise is carried out with all forces The data held on the Home Office database are returned to individual forces asking for confirmation that the data accords with that held on their own systems Again forces resubmit data if required These checks are subject to continuous development and the Home Office Statistics Unit are currently carrying out an extensive review of quality assurance processes for police recorded crime data Reviews and audits of data quality Crime recording was previously the subject of independent audit by the Audit Commission In their assessment of police data quality in September 2007 Audit Commission 2007 they commented that The police have continued to make significant improvements in crime recording performance and now have better quality crime data than ever before However both the UK Statistics Authority 2010 and the National Statistician 2011 highlighted concerns about the absence of such periodic audits A HMIC quality review in 2009 into the way in which police forces record most serious violence which at the time was part of a central Government target found some variation in rec
13. March 2009 3 969 500 2010 11 End of March 2010 3 936 100 2011 12 End of March 201 1 3 898 500 2012 13 End of March 2012 3 830 700 2013 14 End of March 2013 3 763 400 2014 15 End of March 2014 3 727 400 All population and household estimates projections used in the actual calculations of CSEW data are unrounded Further details about the re weighting and methodological changes to the population nousehold estimates used in the calculation of numbers of CSEW incidents are available in the methodological note accompanying the Crime Statistics year ending March 2014 release Police recorded crime Crime rates derived from police recorded crime figures are based upon total mid year population estimates for England and Wales Table 8c Table 8c Population figures used to derive crime rates from police recorded crime figures rounded to nearest hundred Population based on Resident population Year mid year of England and Wales 2002 03 2001 52 360 000 2003 04 2002 52 602 100 2004 05 2003 52 863 200 2005 06 2004 53 152 000 2006 07 2005 53 575 300 2007 08 2006 53 950 900 2008 09 2007 54 387 400 2009 10 2008 54 841 700 2010 11 2009 55 235 300 2011 12 2010 55 692 400 2012 13 2011 56 170 900 2013 14 2012 56 567 800 2014 15 2013 56 948 200 Office for National Statistics 90 All population estimates used in the actual calculations of police recorded crime rates are unrounded 8 4 Logistic regression Logistic regression is a mul
14. More details are available from the Gov UK website 6 The definition of stalking has been changed to be in line with the legal definition of two or more incidents that was introduced in April 2013 Office for National Statistics 50 robberies cover a wide range of seriousness from armed bank robberies to muggings for mobile phones or small amounts of money Recorded crime offences also distinguish between robbery of personal property personal robbery and business property business robbery Robbery of business property is a recorded crime classification where goods stolen belong to a business or other corporate body such as a bank or a shop regardless of the location of the robbery The taking of vehicles during robberies often termed car jacking is also included as robbery The CSEW covers robberies against individuals resident in households Following changes to the classification of CSEW offences implemented in July 2014 robbery is no longer included in the violent crime count and instead is presented in a standalone category 5 2 Theft offences Police recorded theft offences include all offences recorded by the police involving theft encompassing burglary offences against vehicle owners theft from the person bicycle theft shoplifting and all other theft offences CSEW theft offences include all personal and household crime where items are stolen theft from the person other theft of personal property domestic burglary vehi
15. Personal crime confidence interval e Household crime 1 000 Personal crime 0 T T T T T T Apr 04to Apr 0S5to Apr O6to Apr 07to Apr O8to Apr O9to Apr 10to Apr 11to Apr 12to Apr 13to Apr 14 to Mar 05 Mar 06 Mar O7 Mar 08 Mar 09 Mar 10 Mar 11 Mar 12 Mar 13 Mar 14 Mar 15 Although CSEW response rates vary from year to year the target sample sizes are always achieved either by increasing the sample size when the response rates falls or reducing the number of repeat calls to sampled households when the response rate increases Table 2a shows the small variations in the achieved sample size for each year compared to the actual response rate as well as other sampling changes that have occurred over the life of the survey Whilst maintaining an achieved sample size helps uphold the precision of the survey s estimates it cannot compensate for variations in non response bias when the response rate varies To help minimise any bias the survey has been successful in maintaining a very high response rate with little variation between years 70 75 over the past 10 years The CSEW also uses calibration weighting to adjust for differential non response see section 8 2 further reducing the chances of bias In addition an evaluation of non response bias is conducted each decade on the CSEW by comparing Census results with both CSEW responders and non responders Results of the 2011 Census non response link study using CSEW data will be p
16. S Hussey D Wood M and Hales J 2010 British Crime Survey Methods Review 2009 National Centre for Social Research http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 bcs methods2009 pdf TNS BMRB 2014 The 2013 14 Crime Survey for England and Wales Technical Report Volume One http www ons gov uk ons guide method method quality specific crime statistics methodology 2013 14 crime survey for england and wales technical report volume 1 pdf Walby S and Allen J 2004 Domestic violence sexual assault and stalking findings from the British Crime Survey Home Office Research Study 276 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 201 10218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfsO 4 hors276 pdf Walker A Flatley J Kershaw C and Moon D 2009 Crime in England and Wales 2008 09 Volume 1 Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11 09 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 201 1022010521 0 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs09 hosb 1109vol1 pdf Office for National Statistics 123
17. South Wales NP10 8XG www ons gov uk Media enquiries Tel 0845 604 1858 Email media relations ons gsi gov uk Copyright and reproduction Crown copyright 2014 You may re use this information not including logos free of charge in any format or medium under the terms of the Open Government Licence To view this licence go to http www nationalarchives gov uk doc open government licence or write to the Information Policy Team The National Archives Kew London TW9 4DU email psi nationalarchives gsi gov uk Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to info statistics qsi gov uk This publication is available for download at www ons gov uk Office for National Statistics 2 User Guide to Crime Statistics for England and Wales July 2015 Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Mayegere e le Reeereeer nee ne nn Ren E A thar mer een Pa ne tena nnn mtr 3 1 1 Publication of crime Statistics eeeeeeesecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeaeeees 3 1 2 Changes resulting from the National Statistician s review 000 4 Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW sicccccccssssscsctesccecsneeeessetcecieeeneeene 5 2 1 Description of the SUrvey cceeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeeeeeeesetenaeeeeeeeeees 5 2 2 CGSEW WC MAO OOO s ssirievevidennanivevanani tanani vananra rnanan rawani 6 23 ROE VV ING PUIG WING kesro
18. adjusting each series comparisons can be made between police recorded crime and the adult element of the CSEW those aged 16 and over allowing a better interpretation of overall crime trends The need for this comparison has been particularly important during periods when various changes have been made to the police recording of crime In order to compare the crime rates measured by the CSEW and police recorded crime a comparable subset of crimes has been created for a set of offences that are covered by both measures Various adjustments are made to the recorded crime categories to maximise comparability with the CSEW but they are not adjusted to exclude victims of commercial offences and offences committed against those under 16 Over three quarters of CSEW offences reported via interviews in recent years fall into categories that can be compared with crimes recorded by the police Table 4a It should be noted that this comparable subset of crimes differs slightly from the comparable household and comparable personal subsets that were once referred to in this User Guide and used in crime publications more widely For instance arson and criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling have been omitted as these will largely comprise crimes against the non household population The mapping between CSEW categories and police recorded offence codes are approximate and categories will not be directly equivalent in all cases Repor
19. all subsequent bulletins 32 These fall under Other crimes against society and include Making supplying or possessing articles for use in fraud Forgery or use of drug prescription Other forgery Possession of false documents and Fraud forgery associated with vehicle driver records 33 Includes offences where offenders are arrested by police where there has been a call for service and the offender is committing or has recently committed the offence or where there is a known suspect Office for National Statistics 60 Table 5c Police force transition dates for the recording of fraud to Action Fraud Region Force ao Region Force eel Region Force eel Eastern South East South West Bedfordshire 01 Dec 12 Kent O1 Dec t1 ogon and 03 Dec 12 Cambridgeshire 21 Jan 13 Hampshire 03 Dec 12 ed and 03 Dec 12 Essex 17 Dec 12 Surrey 03 Dec 12 Dorset 03 Dec 12 Norfolk 14 Jan 13 Sussex 03 Dec 12 Gloucestershire 03 Dec 12 Suffolk 14 Jan 13 Thames Valley 03 Dec 12 Wiltshire 03 Dec 12 Hertfordshire 01 Nov 12 East Midlands West Midlands North East Derbyshire 07 Jan 13 Staffordshire 02 Jan 13 Northumbria 03 Dec 12 Northants 29 Oct 12 Warwickshire 01 Jan 13 Durham 03 Dec 12 Leicestershire 01 Jul 11 West Mercia 01 Jan 13 Cleveland 04 Mar 13 Lincolnshire 01 Jan 13 West Midlands 02 Jan 13 Nottinghamshire 07 Jan 13 ta North West Wales Humberside 25 Mar 13 Cheshire 18 Feb 13 Dyfed Powys 03 Dec 12
20. an initiative to make government data more transparent and accessible to the public and external researchers For users wanting to access full CSEW datasets these are available from the CSEW section of the UK Data Archive please see chapter 10 for further information It is recommended that prior to using these Open Data tables users read Chapter 2 in particular of this user guide to familiarise themselves with the context of the data and the scope and limitations of the CSEW as a whole The Office for National Statistics ONS is now producing editions of the Open Data tables following the responsibility for the publication of crime statistics transferring to ONS from the Home Office in April 2012 At present there are no plans to produce a back series to cover earlier CSEW years 9 2 Table format The main release consists of six data tables all with an identical layout The files have been split by theme but because all have the same layout they can all be combined into a single table after download Tables are laid out in rows and columns with the first row containing column headings Each row consists of a single CSEW estimate while each column contains information about the estimate Estimates are principally broken down by respondent characteristics identified by the Sex Age HouseholdType and Characteristic columns However other columns provide further information on the estimate such as the time period it relates to
21. asked to elicit victimisation experiences have been held constant throughout the life of the CSEW The core sample is designed to be representative of the population of households in England and Wales and people living in those households As such it is possible to use the small users Postcode Address File PAF which is widely accepted as the best general population sampling frame in England and Wales As mentioned earlier the CSEW does not cover the population living in group residences or other institutions although excluding the minority of the population that lives in such establishments is thought to have little effect on CSEW estimates see Pickering et al 2008 At each sampled address the interviewer is required to establish that the address is eligible ineligible addresses include vacant properties second homes non residential addresses and establishments where people are living in group residences for example care homes or halls of residence In the rare situations where one PAF address leads to two households the interviewer randomly selects which household to approach Once the household is determined to be eligible a sole adult is selected at random for interview No substitutes are permitted Where applicable a sole child aged 10 to 15 is also selected at random to be interviewed in households that have taken part in the main surveys Again no substitutes are permitted The overall sample size for the CSEW has been reduc
22. be a very or fairly big problem in their local area From April 2011 questions about perceptions of ASB have been asked of a reduced sample compared with previous years questions were asked of half of the sample in 2011 12 anda quarter of the sample in 2012 13 National estimates for these questions are still available from 2011 12 but are no longer available at police force area PFA level Office for National Statistics 70 New questions about actual experiences of ASB problems were added for the first time to the 2011 12 CSEW Analysis is presented on the proportions of people who have experienced any of 13 specific types of ASB e Begging vagrancy or homeless people e Drink related behaviour e Groups hanging around on the streets e Inconsiderate behaviour e Litter rubbish or dog fouling e Loud music or other noise e Nuisance neighbours e Out of control or dangerous dogs e People being intimidated verbally abused or harassed e People committing inappropriate or indecent sexual acts in public e People using or dealing drugs e Vandalism graffiti and other deliberate damage to property and e Vehicle related behaviour 7 Includes repeated inappropriate use of fireworks youths kicking throwing balls in inappropriate areas cycling skateboarding in pedestrian areas or obstructing pavements people throwing stones bottles etc 48 Includes inconvenient illegal parking abandoned vehicles speeding cars moto
23. cent but less than 80 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns Significant Rural areas are those classified as districts with more than 37 000 people or more than 26 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns Predominantly Urban areas are those classified as e Major Urban districts with either 100 000 people or 50 per cent of their population in urban areas with a population of more than 750 000 e Large Urban districts with either 50 000 people or 50 per cent of their population in urban areas with a population between 250 000 and 750 000 e Other Urban districts with fewer than 37 000 people or fewer than 26 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns A different methodology but with similar criteria is used to produce the three way classification at the police force area level Super Output Areas SOAs These are aggregated geographical areas built from Output Areas Introduced in 2004 and updated following the 2011 Census they are designed for the collection and publication of small area Statistics and as the building blocks for all National Statistics on a geographical basis To support a range of potential requirements there are two layers of SOA e Lower Layer Built from groups of Output Areas typically five e Middle Layer Built from groups of Lower Layer SOAs Office for National Statistics 79 7 2 Household Hous
24. cover crime against commercial or public sector bodies Following a recommendation made in the National Statistician s review of crime statistics National Statistician 2011 the Home Office commissioned a new survey of business crime to run in 2012 2013 and 2014 Detailed findings for the latest Commercial Victimisation Survey CVS 2014 were published by the Home Office in April 2015 A summary of results are also incorporated in ONS quarterly crime statistics bulletins For the crime types and population it covers the CSEW provides a better reflection of the true extent of crime experienced by the population resident in households in England and Wales than police recorded statistics because the survey includes crimes that are not reported to or recorded by the police The primary purpose of the CSEW is to provide national level estimates but some headline figures are available at regional level The CSEW is also a better indicator of long term trends for the crime types and population it covers than police recorded crime because it is unaffected by changes in levels of reporting to the police or police recording practices The methodology and the crime types included in the main count of crime have remained comparable since the survey began in 1981 As a result the CSEW does not capture relatively new crimes such as plastic card fraud in its main crime count Fora report on the extensive development and testing work carried out to ext
25. criminal damage These data are sent to the Home Office annually It is not always possible for the police to categorise the type of firearm that has been used in an offence For example some imitation weapons are so realistic that they are indistinguishable from a real firearm The police will record which type of weapon has been used given the evidence available and may depend on descriptions of victims or witnesses if the police do not have sufficient information about the type of firearm used in the offence or if the firearm was concealed Figures on the use of firearms in recorded offences excluding air weapons are published in the quarterly statistical bulletins on crime in England and Wales These data are provisional as they do not include air weapons and are not validated by the police Finalised figures which are validated are published in the Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences bulletin in February each year The finalised figures include offences involving air weapons The Police Data Collection Section PDCS and Home Office Statisticians both carry out internal quality assurance of the offences involving firearms data prior to submitting the data to ONS These checks include e n built spreadsheet checks The spreadsheet the police forces return to PDCS for the firearms collection contains validation procedures ensuring that fields are consistent for example if a victim has been injured that the weapon usage category is
26. for e Fields with missing blank data e g age sex number of victims suspects victim suspect number e Fields with open text e g other method of killing or other circumstances to see if any of the responses could be recoded back into any of the pre determined categories e Internal consistency between fields Office for National Statistics 45 For example If the victim is 10 and the suspect is 40 the relationship of victim to suspect cannot be parent in this case we would ask the force to amend to son daughter If the method of killing is sharp instrument the field was a sharp instrument used cannot be No The date of charge conviction should be later than the date of the homicide 5 Home Office Statistics also corroborate information from the police with newspaper and court reports Any discrepancies identified are referred back to the force to investigate and updated forms returned where applicable The data is delivered to ONS in the form of aggregate tables for the annual release Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences The other violent offences recorded by the police include attempted murder conspiracy to murder endangering life cruelty or neglect to children abandoning a child under two years child abduction and kidnapping Police recorded crime statistics do not specifically identify offences of domestic violence since it is not a legal definition Such offences woul
27. incidents where behaviour goes beyond the conventional bounds of acceptability and interferes with public interests including health safety and quality of life Just as individuals will have differing expectations and levels of tolerance communities will have different ideas about what behaviour goes beyond being tolerable or acceptable Environmental Deals with the interface between people and places It includes incidents where individuals and groups have an impact on their surroundings including natural built and social environments This category is about encouraging reasonable behaviour while managing and protecting the various environments so that people can enjoy their own private spaces as well as shared public spaces Given the change in emphasis from merely categorising and recording incidents to risk assessing incidents and identifying individual community and environmental vulnerability the previous 14 ASB categories cannot simply be mapped to one of the three new categories In addition certain types of incident that previously would have been recorded as ASB such as hoax calls are now recorded under other NSIR categories For these reasons figures from 2011 12 onwards are not directly comparable with those from previous years Quality in recording of ASB incidents While incidents are recorded under NSIR in accordance with the same victim focused approach that applies for recorded crime these figures are not accr
28. independent review Home Office independent report http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfsO 6 crime statistics independent review 06 paf Smith D 2010 Public Confidence in the Criminal Justice System findings from the British Crime Survey 2002 03 to 2007 08 Ministry of Justice Research Series 16 10 July 2010 http www justice gov uk downloads publications research and analysis moj research confidence cjs british crime survey pdf Smith K Ed Lader D Hoare J and Lau l 2012 Hate crime cyber security and the experience of crime among children Findings from the 2010 11 British Crime Survey Office for National Statistics 122 Supplementary Volume 3 to Crime in England and Wales 2010 11 Home Office http Awww homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb061 2 Smith K Ed and Flatley J Ed 2011 Drug Misuse Declared Findings from the 2010 11 British Crime Survey Home Office Statistical Bulletin 12 11 http Awww homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb1211 hosb1211 view Binary Statistics Commission 2006 Crime statistics User perspectives Statistics Commission Report No 30 http www statisticsauthority gov uk reports correspondence archive statistics commission archive research index html Tipping
29. independently For example by December 2012 24 out of the 43 police force areas completing that transfer to Action Fraud while the remaining 19 forces still had responsibility for recording fraud locally All police forces in England and Wales transferred responsibility for recording all fraud offences to Action Fraud by 31 March 2013 Now members of the public who have been a direct victim of fraud should report the incident straight to Action Fraud either via their customer call centres of their online reporting tool but may still report to the police if they are not aware of the existence or role of Action Fraud Where this happens they will be advised by the police to report the incident to Action Fraud Where a victim declines the police will inform the victim that they will refer the offence to Action Fraud on their behalf There is a risk of duplication here if the victim then changes their mind at a later date and reports the same incident to Action Fraud however the risk of double counting as a result of this is thought to be very small Police forces continue to record forgery offences offences which meet the call for service criteria and crimes passed to them by the NFIB for investigation but no longer record for statistical purposes any offences amounting to fraud as of 31st March 2013 As a result the number of frauds recorded by the police over the course of the year 2013 14 steadily diminished and amounts to zero for
30. interviews results from the main CSEW are too unreliable to report these data are not included within the overall count except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence category of wounding Office for National Statistics 118 Bibliography Audit Commission 2007 Police Data Quality 2006 07 http archive audit commission gov uk auditcommission nationalstudies communitysafety Pages policedataqualityO60 7 aspx html Chaplin R Flatley J and Smith K Eds 2011 Crime in England and Wales 2010 11 Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime Home Office Statistical Bulletin 10 11 http Awww homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb101 1 Financial Fraud Action UK FFA Uk 2015 Fraud The Facts 2015 http www financialfraudaction org uk Fraud the Facts 2015 asp Fitzpatrick A Grant C Bolling K Owen R and Millard B 2010 Extending the British Crime Survey to children a report on the methodological and development work TNS BMRB and the Home Office http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 201 1022010521 0 http www homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs 10 bcschildren paf Flatley J Kershaw C Smith K Chaplin R and Moon D 2010 Crime in England and Wales 2009 10 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 12 10 http weba
31. made by a third person unless that person is reasonably assumed to be acting on behalf of the victim if the victim cannot be found to verify that a crime has occurred So if someone witnesses an assault in the street and reports it to the police but the victim of the assault is unknown to the witness and cannot be traced the police are not required to record the incident as a crime The incident itself must be recorded but under this rule the police are actively prevented from recording all the crimes that come to their attention Office for National Statistics 23 ONS have been working with police forces and the Home Office to develop a more thorough understanding of the latter part of the process concerning how police forces extract data collected on their crime recording systems for submission to the Home Office For forces that supply data through the Home Office Data Hub the process involves automated capturing of crime data via direct extracts from forces own crime recording systems see section 3 1 In those police forces that have yet to switch to providing data through the Home Office Data Hub aggregated data are supplied to the Home Office Information collected from a small number of police forces on the processes used to produce aggregate data and supply it to the Home Office suggest varying systems are used with some based on more automated approaches while others extract data manually to input onto an Excel sprea
32. measure using a household survey Fraud data from a range of administrative sources are presented in the quarterly statistical bulletins on crime in England and Wales to provide a more complete picture These are outlined in Figure 5a and include e Police recorded crime via Action Fraud and e Data from industry bodies collated by the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau NFIB In addition the CSEW includes a separate module of questions on experience of plastic card fraud from which data can be drawn and a project is currently underway to look at incorporating fraud into the CSEW headline estimates of crime This project has involved developing testing and piloting a number of screener questions designed to identify who had experienced different types of fraud and cyber crime The final screener questions were incorporated into the live survey in April 2015 and are now being asked of half the sample of survey respondents We hope to publish basic high level prevalence estimates based on the first quarter s worth of data in October 2015 New victimisation module questions have also been developed to capture more detailed information about the offence and to allow accurate coding of the offences recorded These have not been added to the survey at this stage but are currently being tested in a large scale field trial which was launched in May 2015 and will continue until August 2015 This will be beneficial in testing how the screener and victimisa
33. not used as a threat The spreadsheet also checks for duplicated case reference numbers plausible ages of the victim s and missing fields e Annual variation checks whereby the total number of offences involving firearms and the number recorded against each offence type are compared to the previous year s figures to check for any vast deviations from the time series trend e Figures are cross referenced with data from the Home Office Homicide Index to ensure consistency for homicide offences where a firearm has been involved Office for National Statistics 47 Prior to the annual publication of offences involving firearm statistics a verification exercise is carried out with all forces The data held by the Home Office are returned to individual forces asking for confirmation that the data accords with that held on their own systems Forces can resubmit data if required As with overall police recorded crime offences involving the use of a firearm data were affected by the changes in recording practices in 1998 and 2002 Therefore it is not possible to directly compare figures across these changes in the series Data on the use of firearms have been collected by the Home Office since 1969 The latest published data are in the Offences involving firearms section of most recent quarterly release Offences involving the use of a knife or sharp instrument The Home Office has collected additional data from police forces on s
34. of respondents who report an extremely high number of incidents and which are highly variable between survey years In the US National Violence Against Women Survey which did not include a capping procedure 24 respondents had been victims of rape in the preceding 12 months One of these victims had been raped 24 times in this time period and when weighted to the population this victim accounted for 302 100 incidents estimated from the survey 34 per cent of the total Rand and Rennison 2005 The inclusion of such victims could undermine the ability to measure trends consistently This sort of capping is in line with other surveys of crime and other topics Prevalence rates are not affected by this procedure see TNS BMRB 2012 for information on the measurement of series data Where victimisation is prone to be in a series such as with domestic violence capping has been shown to disproportionally impact the number of female victimisations However analysis completed to date also indicates that removing the cap completely would introduce considerable volatility to the aggregate estimates with for example estimates of CSEW violent crime moving by 50 or more from one year to the next As a result ONS has decided to explore possible options 12 A victim module is completed for every incident or series of incidents that the respondent or their household has been a victim of and collects details of the offence such as the severity of injury susta
35. of years This is consistent with the switch to a more victim focused method of recording where the police were required to record a victim s report if it amounted to a crime in law and there was no credible evidence to the contrary However from the year ending March 2008 there were year on year reductions in the ratio with the number of police recorded crimes falling as low as 71 of reported crimes in the CSEW in year ending March 2012 and the year ending March 2013 In the last two years the gap between the two series narrowed substantially It closed from 71 in the year ending March 2013 to 82 in 2013 14 and then to 89 in 2014 15 This is evidence of the thought see Section 3 3 for more details that with the recent attention placed on police recorded crime ending in the de designation of police recorded crime as National Statistics has improved compliance with the NCRS This would in turn lead to a greater proportion of crimes which are reported to the police subsequently being recorded Evidence would be expected to be seen in the ratio as more crimes picked up in the CSEW and then reported by the victim are recorded by the police 15 Please note that the methodology has been revised since that note was published due to the re classification and re weighting of CSEW offences Further information can be found in the methodological note Presentational and methodological improvements to National Statistics on the Crime Survey f
36. satisfaction levels across England and Wales More can be done to tackle this problem and to identify those at most risk of harm Perceptions and experience measured by the CSEW The CSEW has long standing questions asking respondents about perceptions of problems with different types of anti social behaviour in their local area High levels of perceived ASB are determined by responses received to seven individual questions relating to e Abandoned or burnt out cars e Noisy neighbours or loud parties e People being drunk or rowdy in public places e People using or dealing drugs e Rubbish or litter lying around e Teenagers hanging around on the streets and e Vandalism graffiti and other deliberate damage to property Perceptions of ASB are measured using a scale based on answers to the seven questions as follows very big problem 3 fairly big problem 2 not a very big problem 1 and nota problem at all 0 The maximum score for the seven questions is 21 Respondents with a score of 11 or more on this scale are classified as having a high level of perceived ASB This scale can only be calculated for the 2001 CSEW onwards as the question on people being drunk or rowdy was only introduced in 2001 Measures of perceptions of each of the seven types or strands of ASB for example perceptions of drunk or rowdy behaviour are based on the proportion of CSEW respondents who perceive that particular strand to
37. series In January 2012 ONS published a methodological note Analysis of variation in crime trends which explored the issue of a possible Office for National Statistics 37 divergence between police recorded crime and CSEW trends using two comparable subsets of crime types from both series This section updates the analysis conducted in that paper with the most recent data year to March 2015 available Ratio comparing CSEW reported crime and police recorded crime It is possible to calculate a ratio using volume measures of both CSEW and police recorded crime using the comparable subset of crimes outlined in Section 4 1 In theory if all crimes from the CSEW subset were reported to the police and subsequently recorded by the police the ratio would be 1 In reality some variation in the ratio is to be expected due to the inherent variability of sampling associated with the survey Figure 4a shows that prior to the introduction of expanded HOCR and the NCRS in 1998 and 2002 respectively the volume of comparable police recorded crime was between 50 and 62 of the total estimated to be reported to the police from the comparable categories of the CSEW This suggests that a relatively large volume of crime reported by the public to the police were not ultimately being recorded by them As expected this ratio increased substantially around the introduction of the NCRS and from the year ending March 2003 remained around 90 for a number
38. teteue te comece sn tasaae ge tenece ia tetadabtenienmtamacaeeamiat tants 103 melee ko Ele Chine rliSh 41 aie ais ave ais aie eine T 104 CSE VW OMENCOS So a eir ee ee e er ei dc iets derbies 112 Aida a A sa a T 119 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 Publication of crime statistics This user guide provides detailed information on the datasets used to compile crime statistics published by the Office for National Statistics ONS It is designed to be a useful reference guide with explanatory notes regarding the updates issues and classifications which are crucial to the production and presentation of the crime statistics Following a series of recommendations made in the National Statistician s review of crime statistics National Statistician 2011 responsibility for the publication of crime statistics transferred from the Home Office to ONS in April 2012 Since then ONS has incorporated many of the National Statistician s recommendations including changes to the presentation and the classifications used in its publications This user guide has been adapted and updated from a previous version produced by the Home Office highlighting changes since responsibility transferred to ONS ONS publishes figures on the levels and trends of crime in England and Wales primarily based on two sets of crime statistics the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW and police recorded crime data Each source has different strengths and limitations but togethe
39. that they are only comparing estimates from independent samples Although the current set of tables only include data for a single time period future releases may cover other time periods When comparing data over time users should consider the time periods that are being used to ensure that they are not overlapping This can be identified by consideration of the Period LastYear and LastQuarter columns in the data tables Some users may want to combine data in these tables with data from other sources One common use of this would be to produce counts of crime and numbers of victims by combining the CSEW Open Data tables with population data Incidence rates in these tables show the number of crimes per 1 000 adults or 1 000 households By multiplying the values in the CSEW Open Data tables by ONS estimates of the total number of adults nhouseholds in England and Wales divided by 1 000 it is possible to calculate the total number of crimes that took place over a 12 month period Similarly prevalence rates show the percentage of adults or households who were victims of crime in a 12 month period If these percentages once converted to a decimal are multiplied by the total number of adults households in England and Wales it is possible to calculate the number of victims of crime Users should bear in mind that when doing this it is important to use a population estimate for the same subpopulation as that used in the CSEW Open Data tables So for exa
40. the incident on the respondent e Perceived seriousness of the incident to the respondent e Offenders involved in the incident if known by the respondent The latest published figures are for 2013 14 available from the ONS Website Nature of Crime Data relating to the 2013 14 CSEW are published in line with the new publication cycle which was consulted on with users in 2012 the findings of which can be found in Future Dissemination Strategy Summary of Responses Nature of Crime 2014 15 data is due to be published on the 26 November 2015 10 2 Open Data tables police recorded crime Data tables on police recorded crime broken down by police force Community Safety Partnership CSP quarterly period and individual offence code are available from the Home Office website 10 3 Archived Data Access to all CSEW micro data prior to the move to ONS was via the UK data archive Once responsibility including all historic data passed from the Home Office to ONS new data arrangements were made However since all historic data had previously been available for download from the data archive it was decided that such data would remain available for download and be unaffected by the transition of responsibility to ONS Users can download CSEW datasets from the CSEW section of the UK Data Archive for all years to 2010 11 Most 2011 12 and future CSEW micro data will remain accessible via the CSEW section of the UK Data Archive with the exce
41. the lack of a joined up approach to reporting recording and analysing fraud The review also resulted in the City of London Police being designated the National Lead Force for fraud and being given the responsibility for setting up a centre of excellence for fraud investigation across the UK In 2009 10 the NFA opened Action Fraud a national fraud reporting centre that records incidents of fraud directly from the public and organisations by phone or internet in addition to incidents reported directly to individual police forces Additionally in 2009 10 the NFA and the police jointly established the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau NFIB which is a government funded initiative run by the City of London Police The NFIB currently collates fraud data from Action Fraud as well as from two industry bodies Cifas a UK wide cross sector fraud and financial crime prevention service and Financial Fraud Action UK a body which coordinates fraud prevention activity within the UK financial services industry Action Fraud works with the NFIB to provide support and fraud prevention advice to individuals who are victims of fraud and to ensure a joined up approach to policing and detecting fraud The NFIB analyses the fraud reports to record them appropriately as offences and to identify potential lines of enquiry for a police investigation Where a viable investigational lead is identified NFIB will disseminate crime packages to police forces or other
42. theft of from motorcycle motorscooter or moped 80 Arson 81 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under 82 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 83 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under 84 Criminal damage to the home over 20 85 Other criminal damage 20 or under 86 Other criminal damage over 20 Office for National Statistics 112 Acquisitive crime against the household 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 5A Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter ar Burglary from non connected garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected garage outhouse something taken 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 64 Theft of pedal cycle 65 Theft from outside dwelling excluding theft of milk bottles 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle motorscooter or moped Domestic burglary 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse Sle Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage ou
43. to pay attention to the commentary which will explain any caveats associated with the data 14 In April 2015 the National Police Chiefs Council NPCC replaced the Association for Chief Police Officers ACPO Office for National Statistics 26 Prior to submitting data to ONS the Home Office Police Data Collection Section PDCS and Home Office Statistics Unit carry out internal quality assurance of the recorded crime data These checks include e Monthly variation checks the total number of recorded crimes and the number recorded against each offence type are compared to the previous months figures to check for any major deviations from the time series trend e Evidence of a high number of transferred or cancelled records previously referred to as no crimes for individual offence types In particular homicide offences should not usually be transferred or cancelled so checks includes a flag on any negative homicide offences Section 3 5 provides more information on transferred or cancelled records e Checks against offences recorded under redundant codes no offences should be recorded against expired codes such as fraud offences which should all be recorded under Action Fraud e Acomparison of the police force area and community safety partnership CSP crime counts in nearly all cases the total number of recorded crimes for a police force should be the sum of the number of crimes recorded in the corresponding
44. which the crime took place for interviews prior to 2001 02 so interviews conducted in 1996 relate to victimisation in 1995 and will be labelled as 1995 in tables and figures and the year in which the survey interviews took place for interviews since 2001 02 Other questions on the CSEW for example attitudes to policing confidence in the CJS ask the respondent their current views or attitudes and thus the data are referenced as the year in which the respondent was interviewed Since respondents are interviewed at different times within each month they are asked about experiences of crime in the current month plus in the 12 months prior to interview Crimes Section 5 5 provides further details Office for National Statistics 11 experienced in the interview month are excluded from the 12 month reference period used for analysis Hence for the 2014 15 CSEW the reference period includes incidents experienced by respondents between April 2013 and February 2015 The centre point of the period for reporting crime is March 2014 the only month to be included in all respondents reference periods Figure 2a Figure 2a The reference period in one year of CSEW interviews April March Month of interview Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 12 month reference period Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar _ _ Interview year Mid point for sur
45. within the appropriate high level classification according to standard CSEW procedures As a result these cases have been designated as unspecified offences Without an offence code it is not possible to tell which detailed crime type the offence would be classified as For example data on whether the stolen item was being carried by the respondent at the time of a theft were not collected so it is not feasible to determine whether this would be Theft from the person or Other theft of personal property However because the respondent reported that there was intent to commit an offence these incidents are still considered offences under law Unspecified offences do not fall within the scope of the Preferred measure because the detailed information above was not collected In 2011 12 this was changed and full information was collected about all incidents of crime This means that the unspecified categories are not derivable and the data are not directly comparable over the three time periods In 2009 10 and 2010 11 children aged 10 to 15 were asked detailed information about up to four crimes from 2011 12 this was reduced to three 7 If there was more than one offender the incident was included if just one of the offenders matched this criteria 8 The inclusion of offences committed by a known non family member irrespective of the nature of the offence represents a change to the approach used for the Norms ba
46. 2014 15 Population base Mid 1981 Mid 1983 Mid 1987 Mid 1991 Mid 1993 Mid 1995 Mid 1997 Mid 1999 End of March 2001 End of March 2002 End of March 2003 End of March 2004 End of March 2005 End of March 2006 End of March 2007 End of March 2008 End of March 2009 End of March 2010 End of March 2011 End of March 2012 End of March 2013 End of March 2014 Individual population Households 16 and over 38 724 000 39 127 000 40 040 700 40 500 800 40 531 200 40 686 300 40 965 900 41 325 100 40 899 400 41 183 100 41 463 900 41 770 500 42 170 000 42 560 100 42 971 300 43 391 400 43 752 900 44 131 000 44 527 900 44 900 500 45 282 400 45 654 100 18 387 000 18 618 000 19 414 000 20 278 700 20 524 900 20 782 400 21 045 500 21 347 000 21 685 500 21 861 400 22 030 600 22 201 300 22 369 900 22 539 400 22 710 300 22 881 700 23 051 700 23 220 600 23 394 300 23 615 400 23 770 300 23 991 900 The calculation of estimates of CSEW incidence rates for personal crimes experienced by children aged 10 to 15 are multiplied by the estimates of the population aged between 10 and 15 in England and Wales in the same manner Table 8b Office for National Statistics 89 Table 8b Population figures used to calculate CSEW estimates for crime experienced by children aged 10 to 15 rounded to nearest hundred Individual population CSEW year Population base children aged 10 to 15 2009 10 End of
47. AE AE AA 82 Statistical conventions and methods lt 3 Jos ise ss fo eos ve eas Heh aie eo 83 8 1 Confidence intervals and statistical significance ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 83 8 2 Weig ting Cale fences etn cee tages fees ere eee teeters 84 8 3 Population estimates segs esses uses eee Aap eras eee usando ak 85 8 4 LOGISTIC regression 5 c0i 32 cahcoceneehigeevecd io ccecchupdewenjedacteheodeebecaeaniiansoenaids eames 91 8 5 Conventions used in figures and tables c ceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 92 GSEW OS Ia ea AU SS ea ca we ade ea tid cea cane 94 9 1 Introduction to Open Data tables cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseteneeeeeeeees 94 O 2 WADIe TON MA ETa ARA Ne SA ETENEE ONE ATE EAEE ATE ATE E S 94 OSS ES TAIN aerae E E E E AE AR 95 9 4 Data table specification sesssseeneeeeeeeoeeeetertrrrreerrrttrtnnnrreeerrrttnnnnneneeee 95 9 5 Reference data TASS deere terete sete ence bts hve Merete section erent atestee tect eee ce 98 9 6 How to use Open Data tables eccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeneeeeeees 100 9 7 Changes to the Open Data tables variables cceececeeeeeeeeeeeeees 101 jig ts aa dei e1 e ale ste ca te eee ee eee ere ere erie tra tere are en nearer eee ae 103 10 Nature of Cimes neea ee e Terence errr terre rer re repre ree perce 103 10 2 Open Data tables police recorded Crime 2 ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteees 103 10 3 Archived Cataract cicoss totic se
48. National Statistics ONS website Regions Government Office Regions GORs were established across England in 1994 Reflecting a number of government departments they aimed to work in partnership with local people and organisations in order to maximise prosperity and the quality of life within their area In 1996 the Government Office Regions became the primary classification for the presentation of regional statistics There are currently nine regions in England North East North West Yorkshire and the Humber East Midlands West Midlands East of England London South East South West Wales is not subdivided but listed alongside the England regions in UK wide statistical comparisons Government Offices were closed on 31 March 2011 and from 1 April 2011 the areas covered by the former GORs are referred to as regions for statistical purposes See http acorn caci co uk for more information Office for National Statistics 76 Indices of Deprivation Local area deprivation is measured in this report using the English Indices of Deprivation 2010 There are seven domains of deprivation income employment health and disability education skills and training barriers to housing and services living environment and crime There are a number of indicators of deprivation in each of these domains such as level of unemployment and incapacity benefit claimants which are combined into a single deprivation score for each local area
49. North Yorkshire 25 Mar 13 Cumbria 01 Nov 11 Gwent 03 Dec 12 South Yorkshire 25 Mar 13 GMP 01 Jan 12 North Wales 03 Dec 12 West Yorkshire 25 Mar 13 Merseyside 18 Feb 13 South Wales 03 Dec 12 Lancashire 18 Feb 13 Others Met Police 04 Feb 13 ae Transport 03 Mar 13 MOD Police 21 Feb 13 City of London 01 Apr 11 In order to reflect these changes in operation arrangements for reporting and recording fraud trend data presented in the current bulletin on fraud recorded by the police cover both offences recorded by individual police forces up to 2012 13 and those recorded by the NFIB through Action Fraud This means that any comparison of the current fraud figures with previous years must be treated with caution Action Fraud collates data for the UK as a whole and the figures for England and Wales presented in the latest bulletin have been based on victims postcodes as no information is available on where offences take place which is often hard to define sis Following the transition to Action Fraud recording all fraud offences by the end of 2012 13 a small number of fraud offences were mistakenly recorded by police forces in early 2013 14 However these were corrected in the subsequent quarters leading to the negative number of fraud offences seen in the year to June 2014 Office for National Statistics 61 Action Fraud includes types of fraud where it is not possible to attribute it to a specific police force for example internet b
50. Office for SS National Statistics User Guide to Crime Statistics for England and Wales July 2015 Office for National Statistics User Guide to Crime Statistics for England and Wales About us The Office for National Statistics The Office for National Statistics ONS is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority a non ministerial department which reports directly to Parliament ONS is the UK government s single largest statistical producer It compiles information about the UK s society and economy and provides the evidence base for policy and decision making the allocation of resources and public accountability The Director General of ONS reports directly to the National Statistician who is the Authority s Chief Executive and the Head of the Government Statistical Service The Government Statistical Service The Government Statistical Service GSS is a network of professional statisticians and their staff operating both within the Office for National Statistics and across more than 30 other government departments and agencies Contacts This publication For information about the content of this publication Email crimestatistics ons gsi gov uk Other customer enquiries ONS Customer Contact Centre Tel 0845 601 3034 International 44 0 845 601 3034 Minicom 01633 815044 Email info statistics gsi gov uk Fax 01633 652747 Post Room 1 101 Government Buildings Cardiff Road Newport
51. Other wounding 13 Common assault 2d Attempted assault 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery 43 Snatch theft from the person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 64 Theft of pedal cycle 65 Theft from outside dwelling excluding theft of milk bottles 67 Other personal theft 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle motorscooter or moped 73 Other attempted theft 80 Arson 81 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under 82 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 83 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under 84 Criminal damage to the home over 20 85 Other criminal damage 20 or under 86 Other criminal damage over 20 54 Due to the small numbers of rape attempted rape and indecent assault offences identified by face to face CSEW
52. S BMRB TNS BMRB Coe 45 120 47 196 47 203 46 983 46 286 44 638 46 754 46 031 34 880 34 906 33 350 Response rate 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 75 73 75 10 Sampling PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF frame Ethnic boost 7 y y A 5 5 ig x z x sample Young adults v v v v v x x x x x x boost sample C1llndivwgt C11lindivwgt C11ndivwgt C11lndivwgt C11ndivwgt C11lndivwgt C11lndivwgt C1llndivwgt Clllndivwgt Clllndivwgt C11lndivwgt Weights C11Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt C11lHhdwgt C1llHhdwgt C11Hhdwgt used C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti C11Weighti CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI PAPI No of victim forie 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Self v completion v v v v v v v v v v element Over sampled in less populous P FAs Sample type minimum 1 000 Minimum 650 SCPR Social and Community Planning Research has now changed its name to National Centre for Social Research NCSR OPCS merged with the Central Statistical Office CSO in 1998 to form the Office for National Statistics ONS TNS BMRB Taylor Nelson Sofres British Market Research Bureau ER Electoral Register PAF Small Users Postcode Address File PAPI Paper and Pencil Interviewing CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing 2 3 CSEW interviewing CSEW estimates are based on
53. This work to date has included the development and cognitive testing of a series of screener questions which have been designed to capture incidents of fraud and cyber crime These questions were introduced onto the survey in April 2015 Further development work is now taking place to develop and test a subsequent set of questions which will provide more detail of each incident and if successful will be located in the victim forms of the survey The work to date has included cognitive testing and a small scale pilot both of which were successful ONS is now moving to a final phase of development which will include a large scale field trial to run throughout the summer of 2015 If successful the aim is to introduce the full question set onto the survey from October 2015 with first results available in 2016 A note informing users of progress with this project can be found here 5 5 Other crimes against society This high level category was introduced to separate out crimes which do not normally have a specific identifiable victim Trends in such offences can reflect changes in police activity rather than in levels of criminality Other crimes against society comprises categories of Drug offences Possession of weapons Public order and Miscellaneous crimes against society Drug Offences Drug offences now fall within the broad category other crimes against society With effect from April 2004 ACPO issued guidance to fo
54. ach column contains information about that estimate Below is a description of the meaning behind the values in each column SOURCE Possible values CSEW This column identifies the source of the estimate For this release this column contains only one value CSEW This field is provided to allow future releases to include data from different sources PERIOD Possible values 12 months This column identifies the period covered by the data used to generate the estimate For this release this column contains only one value 12 months This indicates that the estimate is based on 12 months of CSEW interviews This field is provided to allow future releases to include data from different period lengths LASTYEAR Possible values Various Combined with the Period and LastQuarter columns this column identifies the CSEW interview period that the estimate is based on The combination of LastYear and LastQuarter identifies the last quarter of interviews that Period covers For example Period 12 months LastYear 2015 and LastQuarter 1 denotes that the estimate is based on CSEW interviews between April 2014 and March 2015 i e the 12 months ending in quarter 1 of 2015 LASTQUARTER Possible values Various Combined with the Period and LastYear columns this column identifies the CSEW interview period that the estimate is based on The combination of LastYear and LastQuarter identifies the last quarter of intervi
55. adult CSEW time series between 1999 and 2001 02 No linear interpolation would be necessary on the population estimates used for the pre 2001 02 CSEW years 1981 to 1999 because respondents were asked about their experiences of Office for National Statistics 86 crime in that year meaning the mid point of the reference period would be as at the end of June But CSEW data for years prior to 2001 02 have not been updated to be based upon the household resident only populations However the effects of the weighting updates on the post 1999 CSEW estimates are minimal and have not altered any trends see Effect on CSEW data It is reasonable to assume that any amendments to pre 2001 02 CSEW estimates would also be minimal and therefore comparisons between post 1999 and pre 2001 02 CSEW data are still sufficiently robust No adjustment was necessary to the England and Wales household population data published by the Department for Communities and Local Government DCLG in the calculation of household level crimes These data already relate only to households they exclude communal establishments for example students halls of residence sheltered accommodation and prisons Linear interpolation of population estimates The CSEW is a face to face victimisation survey in which adults aged 16 and over resident in households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of a range of crimes in the 12 months prior to their i
56. al justice system agreed a common definition of hate crime and five strands that would be monitored centrally Primarily this was to ensure a consistent working definition to allow accurate recording and monitoring The five monitored strands are e Disability e Gender identity e Race e Religion faith and e Sexual orientation Crimes based on hostility to age gender or appearance for example can also be hate crimes although they are not centrally monitored Hate crime can take many forms including e physical attacks such as assault grievous bodily harm and murder damage to property offensive graffiti and arson 8 For the agreed definition of hate incidents crime see htto www report it org uk Office for National Statistics 66 e threat of attack including offensive letters abusive or obscene telephone calls groups hanging around to intimidate and unfounded malicious complaints and e verbal abuse insults or harassment taunting offensive leaflets and posters abusive gestures dumping of rubbish outside homes or through letterboxes and bullying at school or in the workplace The police have been recording reported hate crimes since April 2008 for the five monitored strands listed above Figures covering England Wales and Northern Ireland for 2009 were first published by The Association of Chief Police Officers ACPO in 2010 and figures for 2011 were pub
57. ales https www gov uk government uploads system uploads attachment_data file 266358 hate crime 2013 pdf Jansson K Budd S Lovbakke J Moley S and Thorpe K 2007 Attitudes perceptions and risks of crime Supplementary Volume 1 to Crime in England and Wales 2006 07 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 19 07 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfsO 7 hosb1907 pdf Lynn P and Elliot D 2000 The British Crime Survey A review of methodology National Centre for Social Research http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfsO 8 bcs methodology review 2000 pdf Millard B and Flatley J 2010 Experimental statistics on victimisation of children aged 10 to 15 Findings from the British Crime Survey for the year ending December 2009 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 11 10 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 201 1022010521 0 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 hosb Office for National Statistics 120 1110 pdf Ministry of Justice 2013 Attitudes to Sentencing and Trust in Justice Exploring Trends from the Crime Survey for England and Wales https www gov uk government uploads system uploads attachment _data file 203008 Attitudes__to Sentencing and Trust in Justice web pdf Ministry of Justice 2010 Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System http www justice gov uk downloads s
58. ales and for household level crimes by estimates or again projections for the most recent time period of the number of households in England and Wales Office for National Statistics 85 Following the completion of a programme of work to re weight CSEW data on the 2011 Census based population and household estimates from the Crime in England and Wales year ending March 2014 release onwards both the CSEW and police recorded crime data are using 2011 Census based estimates CSEW estimates from 2001 02 to 2012 13 have been re weighted using 2011 Census based population and household estimates estimates for 2013 14 and 2014 15 have also been calculated using the new population and household estimates projections Two methodological improvements have been made to population data used in the production of CSEW estimates from 2001 02 onwards e using household only population estimates and e linearly interpolating population estimates to more closely match the CSEW reference period Household only population estimates The CSEW is a face to face victimisation survey in which adults aged 16 and over resident in households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of a range of crimes in the 12 months prior to their interview Previously in the calculation of crime estimates incidence rates for personal level crimes were multiplied by estimates for the total population aged 16 and over in England and Wales not just
59. all score ranges from 0 i e all responses are either not very worried or not at all worried to 8 i e all responses are very worried The percentage for this component is based on respondents who score four or more on this scale 6 3 Anti social behaviour The CSEW measures high levels of perceived anti social behaviour ASB based on responses to seven individual questions These are then collated into a single variable measuring perceptions of Office for National Statistics 72 ASB an approach that has been used for the 2001 CSEW onwards These questions are asked of a quarter of all respondents from the 2012 13 survey onwards More details about these and the new questions on experience of ASB asked for the first time in the 2011 12 CSEW can be found in Section 5 7 6 4 Confidence in the police and local council A new set of questions relating to levels of confidence in the police working with local councils were added to the CSEW in October 2007 asking respondents to what extent they agree or disagree with a set of statements The current question asks respondents for the extent to which they agree that the police and local council are dealing with the anti social behaviour and crime issues that matter in their local area In April 2011 changes were made to the filtering of questions in the Performance of the CJS module for the 2011 12 survey year which may have brought about unintentional order effects to respo
60. analysis of structured face to face interviews carried out using computer assisted personal interviewing CAPI where interviewers record responses to the questionnaire on tablets The mode of interview changed in the 1994 CSEW from a paper based questionnaire to CAPI CAPI allows logic and consistency checks to be incorporated into the survey to improve data quality For example the interviewer is unable to move on to the next question until a discrepancy or inconsistency has been resolved The main CSEW questionnaire has a complex structure consisting of a core set of modules asked of the whole sample a set of modules asked only of different sub samples and self completion modules asked of all respondents aged 16 to 59 Modules include for example victimisation performance of the criminal justice system CJS contact with and attitudes to the police and the CJS mobile phone theft anti social behaviour plastic card fraud mass marketing fraud on line security and demographic characteristics of the respondent and household The primary objective of extending the survey to children aged 10 to 15 was to provide estimates of the levels of crime experienced by children and their risk of victimisation Like the adult survey the children s survey also gathers information on a limited number of crime related topics such as children s experiences of and attitudes to the police and personal safety Some results from these supplementary topics w
61. anual in the Technical Report INS BMRB 2014 For household crimes the respondent is answering on behalf of the household and when an offence occurs the whole household is considered to have been victimised For personal crimes the respondent themselves have to be the victim of a personal crime for it to be inside the survey s coverage Due to the small numbers of rape attempted rape and indecent assault offences identified by face to face CSEW interviews results from the main CSEW are too unreliable to report and due to this are not included within the overall count of violence except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence type of wounding Household crimes All household offences 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 31 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 64 Theft of pedal cycle 65 Theft from outside dwelling excluding theft of milk bottles 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted
62. appropriate agencies for investigation and will liaise directly with them until an outcome is reached Action Fraud reports which do not meet the criteria for further investigation may be reopened at a later date should subsequent information provide sufficient leads As of 1 April 2013 Action Fraud took over full responsibility from individual police forces for recording all incidents of fraud All police forces in England and Wales now refer reports of fraud including financially motivated e crime to the NFIB through Action Fraud Fraud offences include The National Fraud Authority closed down in March 2014 and Action Fraud became the responsibility of the City of London Police on 1 April 2014 3 Crime packages contain batches of offences which appear to be linked and hold intelligence value for the olice 1 For example Dedicated Cheque and Plastic Crime Unit DCPCU of the City of London Police Department for Work and Pensions and the Trading Standards Institute Office for National Statistics 58 Advance fee fraud when a payment is made to fraudsters who claim to be in a position of authority such as a foreign government official to transfer money or for a promise of employment wealth or gifts All charity fraud this occurs when fraudsters organise the fraudulent collection of money using names of genuine charities or fictional ones or make fraudulent applications for grants from charities or lottery fund organisations
63. ased fraud Therefore Action Fraud data are not currently included in sub national tables although ONS are exploring whether this might be possible in the future The NFIB also collate further data on fraud from two industry bodies Cifas and Financial Fraud Action UK FFA Uk which are presented in quarterly crime statistics bulletins in order to provide further contextual information Further details on these industry bodies and the data they collate is given below Cifas Cifas facilitates fraud data sharing between around 350 organisations from across the public and private sectors in the UK It is a Specified Anti Fraud Organisation SAFO under the Serious Crimes Act 2007 and operates as a not for profit membership association Its coverage includes all of the major banks and around 90 of plastic card providers a list of all member organisations participating in Cifas data sharing schemes is available on the Cifas website Cifas operates the National Fraud Database and the Internal Fraud database and in addition to offering members fraud prevention services collects data for the UK on a range of different frauds and financial crimes including e Banking and credit industry e Insurance related e Telecom industry e Business trading e Fraudulent applications for grants from charities The category Banking and credit industry fraud can be broken further into e Cheque plastic card and online bank accounts not PSP
64. at no crime was committed for further information see the general rules section of the HOCR Cancelled records relate to crimes already recorded and are therefore distinct from incident reports that are not recorded as crimes in the first place Crime reports that are cancelled are removed from police crime data and thus from the police recorded crime statistics The majority of cancelled record decisions are made by police forces before data are submitted to the Home Office and although some revisions are made to published crime statistics as a result of transferred or cancelled records these are typically small In HMIC s recent inspections further information is given in Section 3 3 a sample 3 246 of decisions to cancel crime records for violent robbery and rape offences were reviewed The inspections found that nationally 80 of these decisions were made correctly This result varied greatly across police forces highlighting the difference in understanding amongst those responsible for making these decisions As a result HMIC made two recommendations e The Home Office should revise the HOCR guidance and in the case of rape offences only the Force Crime Registrar should have the authority to make a decision to cancel a crime record e The revision of the guidance should also state that a victim should be informed in a timely manner in the case of a decision to cancel a crime with a record being made to that effect Office f
65. atistics 62 address and getting new cards issued Cifas data does not currently comprise data on card not present fraud where the cardholder and card are not present at the point of sale for example use of the card online over the phone or by mail order In addition Cifas does not hold data on fraud relating to lost or stolen cards and ATM fraud This means that a high proportion of plastic card fraud is not included in the NFIB figures Cifas data are currently recorded in line with the National Crime Recording Standard NCRS and the Home Office Counting Rules HOCR and are included in published NFIB fraud figures for the UK as a whole unlike published Action Fraud data which refer to England and Wales Financial Fraud Action UK Financial Fraud Action UK FFA Uk is responsible for coordinating activities on fraud prevention in the UK payments industry and works in partnership with The UK Cards Association on industry initiatives to prevent fraud on credit and debit cards and the Cheque amp Credit Clearing Company on credit clearing and cheque fraud FFA UK represents members from retail banks credit debit and charge card issuers and card payment acquirers in the UK FFA UK collates information on fraud cases from its members via its central Fraud Intelligence Sharing System FISS database Actionable intelligence from the FFA UK data is then submitted to the NFIB via FISS and covers the UK as a whole unlike published
66. atus differ from those in the occupational classification see Occupation below Economically inactive students exclude those who are in employment or in other ways economically active Full time students are recognised as such within the occupational coding Office for National Statistics 81 Occupation NS SEC The National Statistics Socio economic Classification NS SEC is an occupationally based classification but provides coverage of the whole adult population The NS SEC aims to differentiate positions within labour markets and production units in terms of their typical employment relations CSEW analysis is based on the three analytic classes provided within NS SEC but also describes full time students in a separate category usually included within the Not classified category Base sizes for the student categories differ in NS SEC from those in the economic classification see Employment status above as economically inactive students exclude those who are in employment or in other ways economically active but full time students are recognised as such within the occupational coding of NS SEC Office for National Statistics 82 Chapter 8 Statistical conventions and methods 8 1 Confidence intervals and statistical significance The main Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW estimates are based on a representative sample of the population of England and Wales aged 16 and over each year A sample as used in the
67. babilities of certain outcomes for separate groups Therefore it is sometimes useful to translate the odds that are provided by the logistic regression model into probabilities The probability of an event can then be compared between groups Within CSEW analysis the ratio between two groups can be described as relative risk for example risk of burglary victimisation relative prevalence Office for National Statistics 91 for example prevalence of illicit drug use or relative likelihood for example likelihood of worry about crime Probabilities can be calculated from the B coefficients in the tables using the following formula Probability EXP Beonstant B B2 Bs 1 EXP Beonstant By Bo Bs In this formula Bconstant is the B coefficient of the constant and B 23 et are the B coefficients of individual characteristics Where a reference category is chosen it has a B coefficient of 0 and therefore does not need to be included in the calculation Where a model contains an interaction term the values for the two characteristics in the interaction term are multiplied together to find the B coefficient to add to the formula As an example the relative risk of being a victim of violence between two individuals is expressed in Box 3 2 of Flatley et al 2010 In this example the characteristics that are varied are age sex and marital status while all other characteristics remain constant The characteristics
68. bike motorscooter or moped Theft of vehicles 60 Theft of car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped Attempted theft of and from vehicles 71 Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle motorscooter or moped Bicycle theft 64 Theft of pedal cycle Criminal damage 80 Arson 81 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under 82 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 83 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under 84 Criminal damage to the home over 20 85 Other criminal damage 20 or under 86 Other criminal damage over 20 Criminal damage to a vehicle 81 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle 20 or under 82 Criminal damage to a motor vehicle over 20 Arson and other criminal damage 80 Arson 83 Criminal damage to the home 20 or under 84 Criminal damage to the home over 20 85 Other criminal damage 20 or under 86 Other criminal damage over 20 Office for National Statistics 115 Personal crimes All personal not including rape and indecent assault 11 Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 13 Common assault 21 Attempted assault 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery 43 Snatch theft from the person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person 67 Other personal theft 73 Other attempted theft All violence T
69. cardsassociation org uk 38 The Cheque amp Credit Clearing Company C amp CCC is the industry body that manages the cheque clearing system in Great Britain More information can be found at www chequeandcredit co uk These frauds are collated separately by FFA UK via a fraud reporting mechanism which does not feed through to NFIB and so do not appear in the figures we publish Fraud case volumes 2008 to 2014 and fraud losses 2004 to 2014 on UK issued cards are reported in the Fraud The Facts 2015 publication Office for National Statistics 63 Both sets of industry data from Cifas and FFA UK relate only to fraud that is identified and reported and only fraud affecting those organisations that are part of the respective membership networks As such neither data set can provide a complete picture of fraud in the industry sectors they represent While membership of Cifas and FFA UK has remained fairly stable over the last few years it is possible that coverage could change as new members join or previous members withdraw the addition or withdrawal of one large member might be sufficient to impact significantly on overall figures for fraud reported Cifas and FFA UK provide data from their respective memberships to NFIB via their individual databases however a number of member organisations contributing to those separate databases are members of both industry bodies It is possible therefore that there may be some double
70. ccidental is not included in police recorded crime statistics Separate recorded crime figures exist for criminal damage to a dwelling to a building other than a dwelling to a vehicle and other criminal damage Figures are also published for racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage Arson is the act of deliberately setting fire to property including buildings and vehicles In the CSEW this is any deliberate damage to property belonging to the respondent or their household caused by fire regardless of the type of property involved The only exception is where the item that is set on fire was stolen first this is coded as theft Office for National Statistics 54 For vehicle crime if a vehicle is stolen and later found deliberately burnt out by the same offender one crime of theft of a vehicle is recorded by the police and in the CSEW If there is evidence that someone unconnected with the theft committed the arson then an offence of arson is recorded by the police in addition to the theft For the CSEW only an offence of theft of a vehicle would be recorded as in practice it would often not be possible to establish that the arson was committed by someone unconnected with the theft 5 4 Fraud The measurement of fraud is challenging as it is a deceptive crime which is difficult to detect accurately and is often targeted at organisations rather than individuals It is known to be under reported to the authorities and difficult to
71. ce resulting from that review are available on the NS CSAC pages of the UK Statistics Authority website As a result from April 2012 the number of crime classifications reduced from 148 to 126 Importantly however the overall number of crimes was not reduced in any way There has been no change to the coverage of offences in the police recorded crime series and most changes are presentational with some offences moving between classifications or being separated out of existing groupings This change has no impact on the format of crime statistics published from July 2012 For all categories a back series has been created so that long term trends are consistent from 2002 03 This was when the National Crime Recording Standard was introduced and from when police recorded crime figures are considered comparable In response to the National Statistician s recommendation to give users and the public a clearer understanding of the overall picture of crime classifications used to present police recorded crime Office for National Statistics 29 statistics from July 2013 have been re designed to provide a more coherent and consistent set of offence categories and a clearer picture for users A methodological note was published alongside Crime in England and Wales year ending March 2013 published on 18 July 2013 to provide more detail on the changes and to explain their impact on time series for key measures One of the important changes was
72. cial Statistics Safety ce uk Office for National Statistics 34 data at the local area level available on to enable comparisons the between areas Police uk website Local crime Presents counts of maps police recorded crime available on at street level in the the form of crime maps Police uk Intended to provide in website indication of recent levels of crime at the neighbourhood level as above Excludes data from BTP Police forces submit recorded crime data that is not subject to the same rigorous level of quality assurance process as the Official Statistics published by ONS Partnership See Performance pages of the website Street level Monthly http www poli minimum of ce uk 8 addresses Office for National Statistics 35 Chapter 4 Comparison of the CSEW and police recorded crime 4 1 Comparable subset of crime The Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW provides a measure of the level of crime committed against the population resident in households in England and Wales whereas recorded crime is a measure of those crimes reported to the police estimated to be only 42 per cent of CSEW comparable crime in the year ending March 2015 and then recorded by them The CSEW includes crimes that are not reported to or recorded by the police but is limited to crimes against people resident in households and also does not cover all crime types see Chapter 2 By
73. cle and property related crimes and respondents are asked whether anyone currently residing in the household has experienced any incidents within the reference period An example of a household crime would be criminal damage to a car the owner of which could be anyone in the household Personal crimes relate to all crimes against the individual and only relate to the respondent s own personal experience not that of other people in the household An example of a personal crime would be an assault Published CSEW data excludes sexual offences except for wounding with a sexual motive as the number of sexual offences picked up by the survey is too small to give reliable estimates See Chapter 5 for a full definition of offence types Details of experiences of crime are recorded in a series of victim modules The first three victim modules include detailed questions relating to each incident the last three victim modules are shorter modules designed to be much quicker to complete to avoid respondent fatigue during the interview The order in which the victim modules are asked depends on the type of crime less common crimes are prioritised in order to collect as much detailed information as possible Respondents are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 month reference period and up to six victim modules can be completed by each respondent Extending the CSEW to encompass children s experience of crimes raised some difficult is
74. cle related theft and bicycle theft Burglary The CSEW covers domestic burglary only which is an unauthorised entry into the victim s dwelling or non connected building to a dwelling but does not necessarily involve forced entry it may be through an open window or by entering the property under false pretences for example impersonating an official CSEW domestic burglary does not cover theft by a person who is entitled to be in the dwelling at the time of the offence for example party guests or workmen this is called theft from a dwelling and is included in the sub category Other household theft Within the CSEW it is possible to differentiate between burglary with entry and attempted burglary and also between burglary with loss and burglary with no loss Burglary with entry plus attempted burglary adds up to total burglary Burglary with loss plus burglary with no loss adds up to burglary with entry These are defined below Burglary with entry is a term used in the CSEW and comprises burglary where a building was successfully entered regardless of whether something was stolen or not Burglary with loss is a term used in the CSEW and comprises burglary where a building was successfully entered and something was stolen Burglary with no loss is a term used in the CSEW and comprises burglary where a building was successfully entered but nothing was stolen 27 As part of the public consultation which ran in 2012 on the pres
75. ctions Other advance fee frauds Other consumer non investment fraud Other financial investment Passport application fraud Prime bank guarantees Pyramid or Ponzi schemes Rental fraud Share sales or boiler room fraud Telecom industry fraud misuse of contracts Ticket fraud Time shares and holiday club fraud 1 January 2012 Computer virus malware spyware Denial of service attack Denial of service attack extortion Hacking extortion Hacking PBX dial through Hacking personal Hacking server Hacking social media and email 1 April 2012 Fraudulent applications for grants from government funded organisations 14 February 2013 Pension fraud by pensioners or their estate Pension fraud committed on pensioners Pension liberation fraud Office for National Statistics 110 1 April 2013 Abuse of a position of trust Dishonesty retaining a wrongful credit Fraud by failing to disclose information Retail fraud Other fraud Other regulatory fraud 1 April 2015 DVLA driver licence application fraud Office for National Statistics 111 Appendix 2 CSEW offences Crime categories and the offence codes used in the CSEW The list below gives a breakdown of which offence codes make up the different crime categories that are referred to in the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW Details of how offences reported in CSEW are placed into the offence codes used below can be found in Offence Coding Coders M
76. ctors It is important to consider the following issues when interpreting trends Police recorded crime data are subject to changes in the levels of public reporting of incidents although the proportion of CSEW violent crimes estimated to be reported to the police has been reasonably stable since 2002 03 The latest published data on the percentages of CSEW incidents reported to the police are for 2014 15 available from Table D8 of the Crime in England and Wales Year ending March 2015 release Local policing activity and priorities affect the levels of reported and recorded violent crime Where the police are proactive in addressing low level violence and anti social behaviour this can lead to more of these crimes being brought to their attention and being recorded For example research by the Cardiff Violence Research Group showed an association between the introduction of CCTV surveillance and increased police detection of violence Sivarajasingam et al 2003 Police recorded crime data are subject to changes in police recording practices The 1998 changes to the Home Office Counting Rules had a very significant impact on the recording of violent and sexual crime the number of violence against the person offences recorded by the police increased by 118 per cent as a result of the 1998 changes Povey and Prime 1999 Much of this increase resulted from a widening of the offence coverage to include assaults with little or no physical injury
77. d then a crime of violence is recorded If a stolen vehicle is subsequently burnt out it is recorded as a vehicle theft An additional arson offence is recorded only if there is evidence that the arsonist is unconnected with the vehicle thief Criminal damage 58A Criminal damage to a dwelling 58B Criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling 58C Criminal damage to a vehicle 58D Other criminal damage 58E Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a dwelling see Classification 58A 58F Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling see classification 58B 58G Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a vehicle see classification 58C 58H Racially or religiously aggravated other criminal damage see classification 58D 58J Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage Office for National Statistics 107 OTHER CRIMES AGAINST SOCIETY Drug offences Trafficking of drugs 92A Trafficking in controlled drugs Possession of drugs 92C 92D 92E Other drug offences Various offences mostly under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 including permitting premises to be used for unlawful purposes failure to comply with notice requiring information relating to prescribing supply etc of drugs supply of intoxicating substance and supply etc of articles for administering or preparing controlled drugs Possession of controlled drugs excluding cannabis Poss
78. d using the standard National Statistics harmonised classification this classification is based on the 2011 Census question The standard demographic tables released annually provide breakdowns by ethnic background the last topic based analysis from the CSEW focusing on the experiences of people from different ethnic minorities are reported in Jansson et al 2007 Marital status The CSEW uses the following categories for marital status which are based on the National Statistics harmonised classification e Married includes same sex civil partnerships e Cohabiting e Single e Separated includes same sex civil partnerships e Divorced includes legally dissolved same sex civil partnerships e Widowed includes surviving civil partners Employment status The CSEW uses the following categories for employment status which are based on the National Statistics harmonised classification but include further breakdowns for those in the economically inactive category e In employment includes people doing paid work in the last week working on a government supported training scheme or doing unpaid work for own family business e Unemployed actively seeking work or waiting to take up work e Economically inactive those who are retired going to school or college full time looking after home family are temporarily or permanently sick or doing something else Base sizes for the student categories of employment st
79. d Wales year ending March 2014 onwards CSEW estimates from 2001 02 onwards will be calculated from population and household estimates that have been successively linearly interpolated onwards by three months except for year ending June data as the population and household estimates are already produced as at the end of June 2011 Census based population and household data mid year as at the end of June back to 2001 02 have been linearly interpolated to be as at the end of March to enable the calculation of CSEW estimates in accordance with this new approach these have been incorporated into the re weighting of the 2001 02 to 2012 13 adults aged 16 and over data and the re weighting of the 2009 10 to 2012 13 children aged 10 to 15 data No linear interpolation is necessary on the population estimates used for the pre 2001 02 CSEW years 1981 1999 because respondents were asked about their experiences of crime in that year meaning the mid point of the reference period for these years would be as at the end of June The population and household estimates used in the calculation of CSEW estimates are presented in Table 8a Office for National Statistics 88 Table 8a Population figures used to calculate CSEW estimates rounded to nearest hundred CSEW year 1982 1984 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 02 2002 03 2003 04 2004 05 2005 06 2006 07 2007 08 2008 09 2009 10 2010 11 2011 12 2012 13 2013 14
80. d be recorded in accordance with the intent of the offence and any injuries sustained for example assault with injury In December 2014 the Home Secretary announced the Government s intention to create a new criminal offence of domestic abuse of coercive and controlling behaviour The new law will capture coercive control through psychological and emotional abuse that stops short of physical violence Police recorded crime figures for violence against the person quoted in the text and charts also include assault on a constable and racially or religiously aggravated assault which are both separate categories within recorded crime Such incidents are not treated separately in the CSEW and would fall within the CSEW assault with minor injury or without injury categories Offences involving weapons The Home Office collects additional data from the police on offences involving the use of firearms and knives or sharp instruments These additional collections reflect the serious nature of these offences Offences involving the use of firearms The firearm offences collection covers any notifiable offence recorded by the police where a firearm has been fired used as a blunt instrument or in a threat the full list of recorded crime offence codes in included in Appendix 1 Firearm possession offences where the firearm has not been used in any of the ways above are not included in this collection This collection includes those firearms cov
81. d on fewer than 50 respondents They have been included here for reference and in the interests of completeness 9 5 Reference data tables There are two reference data tables included with this release one each for the columns MeasurementVar and CharacteristicVar These provide additional information on the variables included in these two columns in the main data tables They can be used as lookups to include this additional data in combined tables The data specification for these tables is below Measurement MEASUREMENTVAR Possible values Various This includes all the values in the MeasurementVar column of the main data tables MEASUREMENTLABEL Possible values Various This column contains a text description of the measure that MeasurementVar relates to MEASUREMENTLEVEL Possible values Person Household This column identifies the level at which the measurement applies For personal crimes and perception measures this column has a value of Person to indicate that the estimate applies to people specifically adults aged 16 and over For household crimes this column has a value of Household to indicate that the estimate applies to households in England and Wales Office for National Statistics 99 MEASUREMENTTYPE Possible values Incidence rate Prevalence rate Perception This column identifies the type of measurement Incidence rate means that the measurement shows the number of crimes per 1 000 adults or pe
82. data covering their own areas There is no standardised format for the release of local data by individual forces Time periods used and crime types covered as well as frequency of release may vary between police forces Official statistics published by ONS Statistical bulletins published by ONS include data on police recorded crime These data are based on information supplied by police forces to the Home Office on a monthly basis After conducting quality assurance the Home Office supply aggregated data to ONS on a quarterly basis The presentation of data focuses on England and Wales as a whole although geographic breakdowns by police force and Community Safety Partnership areas are included The bulletins provide a comprehensive report on the latest crime statistics broken down by individual offence types presenting these in the context of longer term trends Where possible supporting commentary explains possible drivers of changing levels of crime ONS statistical bulletins also present other sources of statistics including victimisation data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales and the Commercial Victimisation Survey to help provide a fuller picture of trends and patterns in crime Home Office Open Data tables The Home Office publish a set of open data tables on police recorded crime to coincide with the publication of the ONS quarterly statistical bulletin on crime These tables are based on the same police recorded crime dataset as
83. dsheet Figure 3b summarises these processes in general terms 3 3 Recording practices and data quality Recorded crime statistics are affected by changes in reporting and recording practices In January 2014 the UK Statistics Authority de designated police recorded crime as National Statistics This was because of ongoing quality concerns Like any administrative data risks to the quality and integrity of police recorded crime data exist at some stages of the operational and decision making processes used in the collection The main areas of risk area summarised below 1 Whether a crime is recorded When an incident comes to the attention of the police there is a decision made about whether a crime has been committed To provide consistency police recording practice is governed by Home Office Counting Rules HOCR and the National Crime Recording Standard NCRS These rules set a national standard for the recording and classifying of notifiable offences by police forces in England and Wales see Home Office 2013 However previous audits of crime and incident records have highlighted that the in some cases the HOCR and NCRS have not been correctly applied and not all crimes have been recorded on police systems the section on Reviews and audits of data quality contains more information 2 Whether a crime is correctly classified When the police have judged that a crime has occurred the type of crime should be classified accordi
84. e been amalgamations Output Area Classification OAC The 2011 Classification of OAs is used to group together geographic areas according to key characteristics common to the population in that grouping These groupings are called clusters and are derived using 2011 population census data The OAC is a classification created in collaboration between ONS and the University of Leeds University College London The classification is freely available from ONS and other sources for all to use and complements commercially available classifications Further information and details about OAC can be found on the ONS website at http www ons gov uk ons guide method qeography products area classifications ns area classifications ns 2011 area classifications index html Physical disorder This term is used in the CSEW to describe a measure based on the interviewer s assessment of the level of a vandalism graffiti and deliberate damage to property b rubbish and litter and c homes in poor condition in the area Using guidance the interviewer has to make an assessment as to whether each of these problems is very common fairly common not very common or not at all common For each very and fairly common is scored as 1 and not very and not at all as 0 A Office for National Statistics 77 scale is then constructed by summing the scores for each case The scale ranges from 0 to 3 with high disorder areas being those with a score of 2 or 3 The
85. e later questions within that module on e Overall rating of the local police e Perceptions of the local police and e Confidence in the police and local council As such 2011 12 data for these questions are not directly comparable with those for earlier years Office for National Statistics 73 The changes do not seem to have had an effect on responses to the questions on confidence in the CJS and therefore data for these questions are comparable over time A full breakdown of the findings is shown in Table 5 of the methodological note 6 5 Ratings and perceptions of the local police The CSEW measures perceptions of the local police both in general terms and in specific aspects of their work Since April 2003 the CSEW has measured the proportion of those who believe the local police are doing a good or excellent job In addition people s perceptions of specific aspects of police work have been measured since October 2004 These questions ask how much people agree or disagree with the following statements e The police in this area can be relied on to be there when you need them e The police in this area would treat you with respect if you had contact with them for any reason e The police in this area treat everyone fairly regardless of who they are e The police in this area understand the issues that affect this community e The police in this area are dealing with the things that matter to people in this community and e Ta
86. eadsheet systems The police are also able to supply more detailed information to the Home Office Data Hub allowing a greater range of analyses to be carried out Office for National Statistics 19 Figure 3a Crime recording process map National Standard for Incident Recording 2 Further information on decisions around when a crime should be recorded is provided in the National Crime Recording Standard 3 For full definitions of different types of crime recorded by the police see the Home Office Counting Rules for recorded crime 4 Section 3 5 provides further information on transferred or cancelled records Office for National Statistics 20 Forces have been progressively switching over to the Home Office Data Hub Of the 44 police forces in England and Wales there are currently 17 forces supplying their recorded crime data solely via this route accounting for around a third of all crimes Many more forces are currently parallel running the new system The Home Office are working with the remaining forces to overcome technical issues involved with such a comprehensive administrative data system The implementation of the Data Hub system has been subject to some delays The system was designed to receive data extracts in a standardised format from a management information system that was intended to be used across all forces However since the start of the project many police forces chose not to use this management information sy
87. ecorded crime showing no decrease and the CSEW decreasing 20 Office for National Statistics 39 Table 4b Volume and percentage reduction in comparable crime categories England and Wales Apr 02 to Apr 07 to Apr 12 to Apr 14to 2002 03to 2007 08to 2012 13to 2003 04 to Mar 03 Mar 08 Mar 13 Mar 15 2007 08 2012 13 2014 15 2014 15 Percentage change Police recorded crime 3 229 842 2 574 973 1 761 996 1 763 213 20 32 0 45 CSEW crimes reported to police 3 668 905 3 072 780 2 478 062 1 976 152 16 19 20 46 1 Source Police recorded crime Home Office and Crime Survey for England and Wales Office for National Statistics 2 The methodology used to calculate the number of crimes in the comparable sub set has been revised slightly since the publication of the methodological note Analysis of variation in crime trends due to a loss of detail for some police recorded crime offences and the inclusion of some CSEW offences previously omitted fromthe comparable sub set 3 The percentage change data refers to crimes recorded in the financial year April to March Possible explanations There is no obvious methodological change to the survey that might explain the gradual separation in the first decade of the NCRS followed by the two large increases in police recorded crime One possible hypothesis given the consistent pattern over a decade is that there was a gradual erosion of compliance with the NCRS such that a growing number of cr
88. ed by any member of the household company cars are included CSEW offences cover cars vans motorbikes motor scooters or mopeds used for non commercial purposes published in three categories e Theft from vehicles refers to both theft of parts and accessories of motor vehicles and to theft of contents e Theft of vehicles where the vehicle is driven away illegally whether or not it is recovered e Attempted thefts of and from vehicles no distinction is made between attempted thefts of and attempted thefts from vehicles as it is often difficult to ascertain the offender s intention If parts or contents are stolen as well as the vehicle being moved the incident is classified as theft of a vehicle The police recorded crime category of vehicle offences covers private and commercial vehicles although does not distinguish between the two and comprises e Theft or unauthorised taking of a motor vehicle where the vehicle is taken without the consent of the owner or other lawful authority this includes incidents where there is intent to permanently deprive the owner or where intent is not evident typically including joyriding where the car is later recovered e Aggravated vehicle taking where a vehicle once taken is known to have been driven dangerously damaged or caused an accident e Theft from a vehicle targeting property in or on the vehicle this includes attempts e Interfering with a motor vehicle which includes crim
89. ed from 46 000 households per year in the year ending March 2012 to 35 000 households in the year ending March 2013 The sample size reduction took 12 months to implement and readers of the quarterly bulletin will have seen a It is not possible to calculate the true composite response rate for children as it is not known what proportion of non responding households contain children in the eligible age range If this was in the same proportion as in responding households the child response rate would be around 50 per cent gradual decrease in the unweighted bases referenced in tables as data based on the old sample of 46 000 households reduced to the new sample size of 35 000 households The survey sample of children aged 10 to 15 automatically reduced from 4 000 children per year in year ending March 2012 to 3 100 in the year to March 2013 The cluster design of the sample was also revised for 2012 13 The prior sample design employed between 2008 and 2012 had been a mixed design differing between three types of area each type defined by the spatial density of its addresses In high density areas the sample was unclustered while in other areas the sample was clustered with 32 addresses issued in each sampled Middle Layer Super Output Area MSOA In low density areas a pair of Lower Level Super Output Areas LSOAs was sampled in each sampled MSOA and 16 addresses issued in each one There is a correlation between the spatial density of addresse
90. ed using a likelinood ratio test to see if the subsequent iteration predicts the outcome significantly better this is the case when the difference of the 2 log likelinoods of both models exceeds a critical value The Nagelkerke R square statistic is presented as a measure indicating how much the independent variables predict the dependent variable The model which has the highest value is the model that is considered to have the best fit It can only be used to compare models predicting the same dependent variable in the same dataset The odds of an event for example victimisation or taking illicit drugs are calculated as the ratio of the probabilities of occurrence and non occurrence of the event Logistic regression describes the impact of independent variables by comparing the odds of a subgroup of interest with a fixed reference category set by the analyst within a variable all other categories are compared with this reference category The result is a measure describing the association between the two groups which is termed the odds ratio To explain further when the reference category within the variable sex is defined as women and the odds ratio within the model predicting risk of violence victimisation is three this means the odds for becoming a victim of violence are three times higher for men compared with women However odds ratios can be hard to interpret as they do not give any indication of the actual pro
91. edited National Statistics and are not subject to the same level of quality assurance as the main recorded crime collection A recent report by Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC 2012 raised some concerns over the recording of ASB incidents From the small number of ASB incidents reviewed around 1 000 across England and Wales e some incidents recorded by the police as ASB should have instead been recorded as crimes findings show that these varied in number between police forces and e there was poor identification of repeat vulnerable and intimidated victims of ASB at the first point of contact It is Known that a small number of police forces are erroneously duplicating some occurrences of a singular ASB incident where multiple calls have been made In addition HMIC reviews found that there was greater variation in the recording of anti social incidents across police forces than in recording notifiable offences The variation in the type of anti social behaviour incident recorded into the three new strands of Personal Nuisance and Office for National Statistics 69 Environmental from 2011 12 onwards across police forces suggests that there are some discrepancies in how police forces are categorising incidents Another HMIC review in 2012 looked at the police service s approach to dealing with ASB and reported that while this has improved since 2010 there is still a large variation in victim
92. ehold accommodation type The CSEW uses this definition of the household s accommodation based on the National Statistics harmonised classification e House or bungalow detached semi detached and terraced e Flat or maisonette includes purpose built block non purpose built including bedsits and all flats and maisonettes e Other accommodation types includes caravans and mobile homes Household reference person HRP For some topics it is necessary to select one person in the household to indicate the characteristics of the household more generally Following the National Statistics harmonised classifications the CSEW replaced head of household with household reference person HRP in 2001 02 The HRP is the member of the household in whose name the accommodation is owned or rented or is otherwise responsible for the accommodation Where this responsibility is joint within the household the HRP is the person with the highest income If incomes are equal then the oldest person is the HRP Household structure The classification of households in the CSEW is based on the number and combination of adults and children living within a household divided into those where there is e one adult and one or more children under 16 this does not necessarily denote a lone parent family as the adult may be a sibling or grandparent of the child e more than one adult with one or more children under 16 and e one or more adults with no c
93. elected offences involving knives and sharp instruments since April 2007 Knives or sharp instruments are taken to be involved in an incident if they are used to stab or cut or as a threat In 2007 08 this group of offences consisted of attempted murder grievous bodily harm GBH with intent GBH without intent and robbery In 2008 09 the offence coverage was expanded to include offences of threats to kill actual bodily harm ABH sexual assault and rape Due to the changes in coverage and issues relating to a clarification in the Counting Rules for GBH with intent comparable data for these offences are only available since 2008 09 From 2012 13 the selected offences consisted of attempted murder threats to kill assault with injury assault with intent to cause serious harm robbery rape and sexual assault Data on the use of offences involving the use of a knife or sharp instrument are supplied to the Home Office and subsequently published by ONS on a quarterly basis The collection consists of the number of offences for each of the offences listed above where a knife or sharp instrument was used The return is based on aggregated data rather than record level information Offences of homicide where the method of killing was by sharp instrument are taken from the Home Office Homicide Index and published alongside the knife or sharp instrument figures Due to recording practices Surrey police force includes unbroken bottle and glass offences
94. en finished their answers are hidden Children also have the option of Audio CASI which allows them to listen to questions via headphones and can help those with literacy problems 74 per cent did not use this option at all in 3 The question set for children aged 10 to 15 was specifically designed for this age range while retaining broad comparability with the adult questionnaire in terms of the classification of offences 4 i See section 3 1 11 for further details 10 the 2013 14 CSEW The self completion modules are at the end of the face to face interviews and for adults cover topics such as illicit drug use domestic violence and sexual assault Child respondents are asked a limited set of questions by self completion on issues such as bullying truancy and use of alcohol or cannabis Self completion modules were first included in the 1996 and 2001 CSEWs to improve estimates of domestic violence Mirrlees Black 1999 Walby and Allen 2004 and a similar module has been included since the 2004 05 CSEW The self completion module on illicit drug use was introduced in 1996 and comparable questions have been asked since then These questions are not asked of children on the CSEW For the 2010 11 CSEW an alternative set of questions were developed to measure the prevalence of domestic abuse sexual assault and stalking in the self completion module The alternative set of questions were included in 2011 12 and 2012 13 as part of a spli
95. ences under the Fraud Act 2006 Fraud by company director Fraud by company director False accounting False accounting Bankruptcy and insolvency offences Bankruptcy and insolvency offences Forgery or use of false drug prescription Forgery or use of drug prescription Other frauds Other frauds Cheque and credit card fraud Failing to disclose information Abuse of position Obtaining services dishonestly Making supplying or possessing articles for use in fraud Fraud forgery associated with vehicle driver records The introduction of the Fraud Act 2006 changed the recording of cheque and plastic card fraud from a per transaction to a per account basis This means that if an account is defrauded one offence is recorded rather than one offence per fraudulent transaction as previously This change was introduced to reduce bureaucracy and to reflect that the financial loss from this type of fraudulent crime is generally borne by the account holding financial institution rather than the account holder or those involved in processing the transactions The changes resulting from the introduction of the Fraud Act 2006 mean that police recorded fraud and forgery figures from 2007 08 onwards are not comparable with previous years Previously published crime statistics for police recorded forgery offences were presented alongside fraud offences Following the re classificat
96. end the CSEW to children aged 10 to 15 see Fitzpatrick et al 2010 However additional questions have been added to the survey to investigate the extent and trends of such issues and these are reported separately to the main CSEW crime count CSEW estimates for 2014 15 are based on face to face interviews with 33 350 adults aged 16 and over a further 2 374 children aged 10 to 15 took part in the children s survey The CSEW response rate remains relatively high compared with other random probability household surveys 70 per cent to the main survey and 60 per cent of eligible children within households participating in the adult survey responded in 2013 14 The survey is weighted to adjust for possible non response bias to ensure the sample reflects the profile of the general population Being based on a sample survey CSEW estimates are subject to a margin of error Unless otherwise specified any changes in CSEW estimates over time that are described as differences in statistical bulletins are statistically significant ones see Chapter 8 Annual Technical Reports provide further detailed information on the survey design and methodology including response rates TNS BMRB 2014 2 2 CSEW methodology The CSEW was first conducted in 1982 covering crime in 1981 and ran at mostly two year intervals until 2001 when it became a continuous survey Although there have been changes to the survey over time the wording of the questions that are
97. entation of crime statistics a proposal was made with regard to the CSEW classification to move robbery out of violence into a separate standalone category to match its treatment in recorded crime Office for National Statistics 51 An attempted burglary is recorded by the police and in the CSEW if there is clear evidence that the offender made an actual physical attempt to gain entry to a building for example damage to locks or broken doors but was unsuccessful The police record an offence of burglary if a person enters any building as a trespasser and with the intent to commit an offence of theft GBH or unlawful damage Aggravated burglary occurs when the burglar is carrying a firearm imitation firearm offensive weapon or explosive Police recorded crime figures are published separately for burglaries that occur in domestic properties and those which occur in commercial or other properties e Domestic burglaries include burglaries in all inhabited dwellings including inhabited caravans houseboats and holiday homes as well as sheds and garages connected to the main dwelling for example by a connecting door e Non domestic burglaries include burglaries to businesses including hotels and similar accommodation and also some burglaries of sheds and outhouses where these are not clearly connected to the inhabited property Vehicle related theft The CSEW includes offences against private households only but relates to vehicles own
98. ere published in Hoare et al 2011 and Smith et al 2012 Survey development is carried out on an annual basis to reflect emerging issues While the wording of victimisation questions has not changed and these are included every year the precise set of other modules asked in each survey year varies Self completion modules are used in the CSEW to collect information on topic areas that respondents could feel uncomfortable talking about to an interviewer The use of self completion on laptops allows respondents to feel more at ease when answering questions on sensitive issues due to increased confidence in the privacy and confidentiality of the survey The self completion modules are only asked of 16 to 59 year olds due to two related reasons Firstly respondents aged 60 and over have a significantly lower willingness to complete self completion modules and second the value for money of producing estimates based on a sample that because of the low response is likely to be unrepresentative of that population The 2008 09 CSEW technical report described the results of the last trial to extend the age range to 69 The results found that because a high proportion of respondents around a quarter requested help from the interviewer filling in the self completion that the age range should not be extended Respondents can complete these self completion modules on the interviewer s tablet by themselves CASI computer assisted self interviewing and wh
99. ered by the Firearms Act 1968 1 www gov uk government news government to create new domestic abuse offence Office for National Statistics 46 e Firearms that use a controlled explosion to fire a projectile This category includes handguns shotguns and rifles These types of weapon are often used in the more serious offences and tend to account for most of the fatalities and serious injuries from such offences e Imitation firearms This category includes replica weapons as well as very low powered weapons which can fire small plastic pellets such as BB guns and soft air weapons While injuries can occur from offences involving these weapons they are less common and tend to be less serious e Air weapons The majority of offences which involve air weapons relate to criminal damage While air weapons can cause injury and sometimes fatalities by their nature they are less likely to do so than firearms that use a controlled explosion The majority of the information that the Home Office receives from the police is in the form of a record level dataset For each offence involving a firearm information is provided on the victims personal details Such as age and gender the type of firearm used whether an injury was sustained and where the offence took place These data are sent to the Home Office on a quarterly basis Additionally the police send summary data on offences involving air weapons for certain lower level offences such as
100. es areren e EEEE EEEE EE EEEE EEEE 10 2 4 Time periods covered cccecceeeeeeeeeeeseeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeneaaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeaeeeeeeees 11 2 5 CSEW measures of CHING i i e tate p ceteris teats emeteiees taconite 12 2 6 GSEW revisions DONCy i 22 ae ee 16 Police recorded Crime oscisiice cadence da siscee gence deea duu onan gut ed van de devwsauieevindeixteseeesaee 19 3 1 Introduction to police recorded Crime sacecccavicedeaciets a ieeeciereietee aceciheweherers 19 3 2 Compilation of police recorded crime statistics for England and Wales 22 3 3 Recording practices and data quality cverevenaesenecevendecsnenaeetiiccusccmmecnes 25 3 4 Changes to recorded crime classifications ccccccccceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeess 30 3 5 Transferred or Cancelled reCords cccccceeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 31 3 6 Police recorded crime revisions POliCy cccceeeeeeeeeeeeecceeeeeeeeeeeees 32 3 7 Published sources of police recorded crime statistics for England and NN cee ee we er E E E ete ee ee 33 Comparison of the CSEW and police recorded Crime eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 36 4 1 Comparable subset Of CriMe ccceccceeceeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneaaaeeees 36 4 2 Analysis of trends in comparable crime 2 cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 37 Offence 0 0 S irene een eee oe eee Tee ee ee ee 41 BCT WIIG NIE CME isc ascseicsasevaravaraeuenntavnucascsaenabunenueanecanenenineimniade
101. es being prevented from having a fair share of household money stopped from seeing friends or relatives or repeatedly belittled e Threats being frightened or threatened in any way for example threats to hurt you to kill you to use a weapon on you or to hurt someone close to you e Force includes being pushed slapped hit punched or kicked choked or used a weapon against you e Sexual assault rape or assault by penetration including attempts serious indecent exposure or unwanted touching less serious carried out by any person e Rape is the legal category of rape introduced in legislation in 2003 It is the penetration of the vagina anus or mouth by a penis without consent e Assault by penetration is a legal offence introduced in 2003 It is the penetration of the vagina or anus with an object or other body part without consent e Stalking two or more incidents causing distress fear or alarm of receiving obscene or threatening unwanted letters e mails text messages or phone calls having had obscene or threatening information about them placed on the internet waiting or loitering around home or workplace or following or watching by any person including a partner or family member Robbery A robbery is an incident or offence in which force or the threat of force is used either during or immediately prior to a theft or attempted theft As with violence against the person police recorded
102. es where while damage has been caused to the vehicle as part of an attempt to steal either the vehicle or its contents or take the vehicle without consent the specific intent of the offender is not obvious For example a car door may be damaged which shows an attempt was made to open it but it cannot be determined if the intent was to steal the car or some contents within it Office for National Statistics 52 Interfering with a motor vehicle offences as presented in the crime statistics bulletins are equivalent to offences formerly referred to as vehicle interference and tampering The CSEW cannot separately identify this category In comparisons with the CSEW it is included in the attempted vehicle theft category but in some instances could be viewed as criminal damage or even as nuisance The taking of vehicles during robberies often termed car jacking is included within the robbery offence group Bicycle theft Police recorded crime includes offences where a pedal cycle is stolen or taken without authorisation The CSEW covers thefts of bicycles belonging to the respondent or any other member of the household This category does not include every bicycle theft as some may be stolen during the course of another offence for example burglary and are therefore classified as such by the police and in the CSEW e Burglary if anything else was stolen or an attempt was made to steal something else in addition to the bicycle
103. ess sparse Urban areas are those classified as e Urban sparse e Urban less sparse Rural Urban 2014 Definition England and Wales An updated Rural Urban Definition an official National Statistic was introduced in 2014 and defines the rurality of Output Areas based on the 2011 Census definition Categories used to aggregate to rural or urban are as follows Rural areas are those classified as e Rural town and fringe e Rural town and fringe in a sparse setting e Rural village e Rural village in a sparse setting e Rural hamlet and isolated dwellings Office for National Statistics 78 e Rural hamlet and isolated dwellings in a sparse setting Urban areas are those classified as e Urban major conurbation e Urban minor conurbation e Urban city and town e Urban city and town in a sparse setting Rural Urban Local Authority LA Classification England The revised LA Classification introduced in 2009 differentiates between rural and urban for those statistics that are only available at LA level The three way classification at the similar Community Safety Partnership level and Police Force Area level has been applied At the Community Safety Partnership level the classification is as follows Predominantly Rural areas are those classified as e Rural 80 districts with at least 80 per cent of their population in rural settlements and larger market towns e Rural 50 districts with at least 50 per
104. ession of controlled drugs cannabis Possession of weapons offences 10A 10B 10C 10D 81 90 Possession of firearms with intent Possession of firearms offences Possession of other weapons Possession of article with blade or point Other firearms offences Other knives offences Public order offences 9A 9B 62 62A 63 64 65 66 Public fear alarm or distress Racially or religiously aggravated public fear alarm or distress Treason Violent disorder Treason felony Riot Violent disorder Other offences against the State or public order Miscellaneous crimes against society 15 24 26 27 33 38 53H 53J 54 59 60 61 Concealing an infant death close to birth Exploitation of prostitution Bigamy Soliciting for prostitution Going equipped for stealing Profiting from or concealing proceeds of crime Making or supplying articles for use in fraud Possession of articles for use in fraud Handling stolen goods Threat or possession with intent to commit criminal damage Forgery or use of drug prescription Other forgery Office for National Statistics 108 61A Possession of false documents 67 Perjury 68 Libel 69 Offender Management Act offences 75 Betting gaming and lotteries 76 Aiding suicide 78 Immigration offences 79 Perverting the course of justice 80 Absconding from lawful custody 82 Customs and Revenue offences 83 Bail offences 84 Trade descriptions etc 85 Health and Safety offences 86 Ob
105. estimates of numbers of crimes Table UG8 shows main estimates of incidence rates for crimes and Table UG9 shows main estimates of prevalence rates for crimes 8 2 Weighting data Two types of weighting are used in the CSEW sample First the raw data are weighted to compensate for unequal probabilities of selection involved in the sample design These include the over sampling of less populous police force areas the selection of multi household addresses and the individual s chance of participation being inversely proportional to the number of adults living in the household Further details about the unequal selection probability compensation weighting are available in Chapter 7 of the 2013 14 Crime Survey for England and Wales Technical Report Volume One This weighting is conducted by TNS BMRB CSEW contractor before the data are received by ONS Second calibration weighting is used to adjust for differential non response this weighting is conducted by ONS upon receipt of the data from TNS BMRB All CSEW percentages and rates presented in the figures and tables in the 2014 15 crime statistics publication are based on weighted data Table UG1 shows the unweighted base which represents the number of people households interviewed in the specified group Calibration weighting A review of the then British Crime Survey by survey methodology experts at ONS and the National Centre for Social Research recommended that the calibration weightin
106. ews that Period covers For example Period 12 months LastYear 2015 and LastQuarter 1 denotes that the estimate is based on CSEW interviews between April 2014 and March 2015 i e the 12 months ending in quarter 1 of 2015 MEASUREMENTVAR Possible values Various see reference table This is the name of the variable that is being measured by the estimate It could also be considered a dependent variable In this release it is a crime incidence rate a crime prevalence rate or a perception of crime Future releases may contain a wider range of measurements The variable name is a shorthand way of referring to the measurement in question therefore the meaning of the Office for National Statistics 96 values in this column may not be immediately obvious to users A reference table has been provided with this release that contains more descriptive labels for each of the variable names in this column For users who have access to the main CSEW dataset from the UK Data Archive the names here match directly with the variable names on the main CSEW dataset GEOGRAPHY Possible values England and Wales This column identifies the geographical area that the estimate relates to For this release only estimates for the whole of England and Wales are included Future releases may provide regional breakdowns AGE Possible values 16 16 24 25 34 35 44 45 54 55 64 65 74 75 This column identifies the age of the responde
107. fectiveness of the criminal justice system CJS Respondents are asked questions about their perception of the effectiveness of each aspect of the CUS and then asked e Thinking about all of the agencies within the criminal justice system the police the Crown Prosecution Service the courts prisons and the probation service how confident are you that the criminal justice system as a whole is effective Questions are then asked about the way in which the CJS deals with people whether victims witnesses the accused or the convicted and respondents are then asked the following overall question e Thinking about all of the agencies within the criminal justice system the police the Crown Prosecution Service the courts prisons and the probation service how confident are you that the criminal justice system as a whole is fair e Since April 2011 questions were added to the CSEW about the Family Justice System including if respondents were aware of mediation and the family justice system and how confident respondents were that family justice courts dealt with certain cases i Ministry of Justice have published a report using CSEW data on Attitudes to sentencing and trust in justice Office for National Statistics 75 Chapter 7 Classifications 7 1 Geographical ACORN A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods ACORN was developed by CACI Ltd and classifies households into one of 62 types according to demographic emplo
108. g method be adopted Lynn and Elliot 2000 The weighting is designed to make adjustments for known differentials in response rates between different regions and different age by sex sub groups For example a household containing a man aged 24 and living in London may be less likely to respond than a Office for National Statistics 84 household containing a woman aged 50 living in the South West The procedure therefore gives different weights to different households and individuals based on their sex age regional composition in such a way that the weighted distribution of responding household and individuals in these households matches the known distribution in the population as a whole The weights are generated using an algorithm that minimises the differences between the weights implied by sampling and the final weights subject to the weighted data meeting the population controls they are based on calibrating on population estimates projections provided by ONS Calibration weights were applied from the 1996 CSEW onwards using CALMAR a SAS based macro since 2006 07 the CSEW has used g Calib within a new SPSS based data processing system the weights produced by g Calib are the same as those from CALMAR For data from 2013 14 onwards a new non response weight has been introduced Previously the non response weight was calculated where each household was classified as either inner city or not and the weight was equal to the one di
109. gainst an identified victim if on the balance of probability A The circumstances as reported amount to a crime defined by law the police will determine this based on their knowledge of the law and counting rules and B There is no credible evidence to the contrary This is followed by rule 2 For offences against the state the points to prove to evidence the offence must clearly be made out before a crime is recorded Office for National Statistics 22 3 31 So there are two primary types of crime the first aimed at identified victims the second against the state for example the possession of drugs carrying a weapon and public order offences that have no victim 3 32 Because these rules place an obligation on the police to accept what the victim says unless there is credible evidence to the contrary a crime should still be recorded where e the victim declines to provide personal details e the victim does not want to take the matter further and e the allegation cannot be proved 3 33 The balance of probability test is detailed in the NCRS It provides that In most cases a belief by the victim or person reasonably assumed to be acting on behalf of the victim that a crime has occurred is sufficient to justify its recording as a crime although this will not be the case in all circumstances Effectively a more victim orientated approach is advocated An allegation should be considered as
110. heft Theft from the person 43 44 45 Snatch theft from the person Other theft from the person Attempted theft from the person Snatch theft from person 43 Snatch theft from the person Stealth theft from person 44 Other theft from the person Attempted snatch or stealth theft from person 45 Attempted theft from the person Other theft of personal property 67 Other personal theft 73 Other attempted theft All theft 43 Snatch theft from the person 44 Other theft from the person 45 Attempted theft from the person 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 64 Theft of pedal cycle 65 Theft from outside dwelling excluding theft of milk bottles 67 Other personal theft Office for National Statistics 117 Ti Attempted theft of from car van 72 Attempted theft of from motorcycle motorscooter or moped 73 Other attempted theft Total CSEW crime not including rape indecent assault54 11 Serious wounding 12
111. heft Aggravated vehicle taking 37 2 Theft from a vehicle 45 Theft and unauthorised taking of motor vehicle 48 Vehicle interference 126 Bicycle theft Theft or unauthorised taking of pedal cycle 44 Criminal damage to Criminal damage to a dwelling 58A a dwelling Criminal damage to Criminal damage to a vehicle 58C a vehicle 4 2 Analysis of trends in comparable crime Introduction In broad terms the CSEW and recorded crime series have displayed similar trends for overall crime with some inconsistencies due to reporting and recording changes Overall both series reveal rises from the early 1980s to peaks in the early to mid 1990s and falls thereafter CSEW crime rose steadily from 1981 peaking well over a decade later in 1995 Subsequently CSEW crime fell markedly between then and the year ending March 2005 survey Since then the underlying trend in CSEW crime has continued downward with some fluctuation in year to year estimates As outlined in Section 3 3 police recorded crime has been affected by the implementation of both the Home Office Counting Rules HOCR in 1998 and the National Crime Recording Standard NCRS in 2002 Both resulted in an increase in the number of crimes recorded Following this however police recorded crime decreased steadily for a decade Despite both CSEW and police recorded crime recording broadly similar trends closer analysis highlights some differences between the two
112. hen be issued to those organisations in receipt of CSEW data including the Home Office Office for National Statistics 17 Ministry of Justice other government departments detailing the error and its impact The necessary revisions will be made to any publications using ONS procedures The datasets will be re issued to UKDA VML and other data users All users of the datasets affected will be informed that revisions have been made The revisions will be made as soon as the impact of the error has been established and it is possible to carry out any amendments to ONS publications New derived variables If new derived variables DVs are issued and no existing DVs are revised it will not be necessary to re issue the datasets affected but simply to issue the new DV which can be appended to the existing datasets Any new DVs will be issued as soon as they are available and have been checked though if a number of DVs are to be added they will be added in one go Methodological changes The CSEW was first conducted in 1982 covering crime in 1981 and ran at mostly two year intervals until 2001 when it became a continuous survey Although there have been changes to the survey over time the wording of the questions that are asked to elicit victimisation experiences have been held constant throughout the life of the CSEW The core sample has always been designed to be representative of the population of households in England and Wales and people liv
113. hen using the provisional figures for homicide as these are subject to change though in recent years the changes between provisional and final figures have generally been small Homicide Index data are based on the year when the offence was first recorded not when the offence took place or when the case was heard in court While in the vast majority of cases the offence will be recorded in the same year as it took place this is not always the case 18 Historical data for harassment was affected by the removal of offence code 9A Public fear alarm or distress from the violence against the person category introduced in the year to March 2013 quarterly bulletin For further information on how figures were affected see Section 3 3 on Public order offences Office for National Statistics 44 When a homicide is recorded by the police they are required to complete a detailed form within 30 days The first part of this form gives information on the victim for example age gender ethnicity relationship of victim suspect and the homicide for example method of killing location of killing circumstances The form is returned to the Home Office via the Police Data Collection Section PDCS and loaded onto the Homicide Index When a suspect is charged with a homicide the police update the form with suspect information for example age gender ethnicity and when the case has been through the courts it is updated with case outcome infor
114. her household theft covers the following theft types e Theft from a dwelling which includes thefts that occurred in the victim s dwelling by someone who was entitled to be there Office for National Statistics 53 e Theft from outside a dwelling which covers incidents where items are stolen from outside the victim s home and also includes thefts in non connected buildings for example garden sheds by someone who was entitled to be there Police recorded crime captures a separate category of shoplifting The police recorded crime offence group of other theft offences covers thefts that are not covered by other acquisitive crime offence groups for example thefts from vehicles are included in offences against vehicles one such example is unauthorised taking including metal theft In recognition of the volume of metal theft crime and its impact on the economy and particular industries that are targeted a new metal theft data collection has been established see the Home Office publication Metal theft England and Wales financial year ending March 2013 5 3 Criminal damage and arson In the CSEW criminal damage is defined as the intentional and malicious damage to the home other property or vehicles Criminal damage in the CSEW ranges from arson to graffiti Cases where there is nuisance only for example letting down car tyres or where the damage is accidental are not included Where damage occurs in combination with burgla
115. hich is then aggregated by offence classification after submission An increasing number of forces are now providing data in this way see Section 3 1 of the User Guide SPREADSHEET SUBMISSION Every month the aggregated counts are submitted to the Home Office via an Excel based spreadsheet TRANSFERRED TO HOME OFFICE CRUX MATRIX DATABASE The data supplied by police forces is then entered onto the Crux MATRIX database by the Home Office who take a snapshot for publication on a quarterly basis After quality assurance the Home Office submit the figures to ONS ONS carry out further quality assurance checks before the figures appear in the quarterly crime statistics release as POLICE RECORDED CRIME STATISTICS 1 Further information on decisions around when a crime should be recorded is provided in the National Crime Recording Standard 2 For full definitions of different types of crime recorded by the police see the Home Office Counting Rules for recorded crime 3 The quality assurance process varies by force but may include checking that expired codes have not been used or that an offence has not been recorded under more than one offence code Office for National Statistics 25 The HOCR and NCRS There have been two major changes to the recording of crimes in the last two decades in April 1998 the HOCR for recorded crime were expanded to include certain additional summary offences
116. hildren under 16 Household income Total household income is the combined income of all members of the household It includes income from all sources including earnings from employment and self employment pensions both state and private benefits and tax credits interest from savings and investments maintenance student grants and rent payments received Due to the nature of the question over one fifth of respondents gave insufficient information to classify their household income or declined to answer the question Those cases with insufficient information may include respondents who did not know the income of other household members Tenure The following definition of tenure is used by the CSEW based on the National Statistics harmonised classification e Owners households who own their homes outright or are buying with a mortgage includes shared owners who own part of the equity and pay part of the mortgage rent e Social rented sector tenants households renting from a council housing association or other social rented sector Office for National Statistics 80 e Rented privately households privately renting unfurnished or furnished property This includes tenants whose accommodation comes with their job even if their landlord is a housing association or local authority 7 3 Personal Black and minority ethnic groups ethnicity CSEW respondents are asked to make a choice from a card to identify their ethnic backgroun
117. homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs h osb1899 pdf Rand M and Rennison C 2005 Bigger is not Necessarily Better An Analysis of Violence Against Women Estimates from the National Crime Victimisation Survey and the National Violence Against Women Survey In Journal of Quantitative Criminology Vol 21 No 3 September 2005 pp 267 291 Scribbins M Ed Flatley J Ed Parfrement Hopkins J and Hall P 2010 Public perceptions of policing engagement with the police and victimisation Findings from the 2009 10 British Crime Survey Supplementary Volume 1 to Crime in England and Wales 2009 10 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 19 10 http www homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics police research hosb1910 hosb1910 view Binary Simmons J Legg C and Hosking R 2003 National Crime Recording Standard NCRS an Analysis of the Impact on Recorded Crime Companion Volume to Crime in England and Wales 2002 2003 Home Office Online Report 31 03 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs2 rdsolr3103 padf Sivarajasingam V Shepherd J P and Matthews K 2003 Effect of urban closed circuit television on assault injury and violence detection In Journal Injury Prevention Vol 9 No 4 December 2003 pp 312 316 http Awww ncbi nim nih gov pmc articles PMC1731032 pdf v009p00312 pdf Smith A 2006 Crime statistics An
118. hs occur in January or all deaths in February rather they occur throughout the year So using the example of the 2012 13 CSEW given end of June 2011 and end of June 2012 population estimates estimates as at the end of March 2012 can be calculated as follows March 2012 June 2011 June 2012 June 2011 0 75 Population estimates as at the end of September 2011 and December 2011 could be calculated by replacing the 0 75 multiplication factor by 0 25 and 0 50 respectively Office for National Statistics 87 For households the linear interpolation was constrained to just two data points the estimates for the number of households for mid 2001 and mid 2011 at the time the re weighting programme was completed 2011 Census based estimates for the intermediate years had not been produced by DCLG Estimates for mid 2002 to mid 2010 were themselves linearly interpolated from the mid 2001 and mid 2011 estimates and end of March estimates linearly interpolated from these Although less accurate having only two data points ten years apart this approach remains valid given that in the pre 2011 Census based estimates the estimated numbers of households had been continually increasing not fluctuating up and down Also similarly to the individual population the creation and break up of households can be assumed to occur equally spread out across the time period In future quarterly crime statistics publications from Crime in England an
119. i Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 13 Common assault 21 Attempted assault 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive Other violence categories exist beyond this list but largely depend on details of the offence such as the level of injury for example violence with injury and victim offender relationship for example domestic violence that are not reflected in different offence codes Chapter 5 contains more information on different crime categories as a result of these offence characteristics Common assault 13 Common assault 21 Attempted assault Wounding 11 Serious wounding 12 Other wounding 32 Serious wounding with sexual motive 33 Other wounding with sexual motive Robbery 41 Robbery 42 Attempted robbery 53 Due to the small numbers of rape attempted rape and indecent assault offences identified by face to face CSEW interviews results from the main CSEW are too unreliable to report these data are not included within the overall count except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence category of wounding Office for National Statistics 116 Acquisitive crime against the individual 41 42 43 44 45 67 73 Robbery Attempted robbery Snatch theft from the person Other theft from the person Attempted theft from the person Other personal theft Other attempted t
120. ianndaioemconss 41 5 2 Thel ofenceS ee ae ee eer a ree ee eee eee 51 5 3 Criminal damage and Arson c sccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenneeeeeeeeees 54 DA Fraud cetera eevee le cies aea ele nies eies a a eescieeeenaci a imensenesteenumntonatadbeuties 55 5 5 Other crimes against SOCICtY ccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenaeeeeeeeeees 65 5 6 Hate Crime eee ee ene ee eee 66 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Bibliography 5 7 Anti social behaviour cccceceeeccecceeccecceceeececceeeceeceeeaueceeeaeeceeceeeaeeseeens 68 21s 6012 0 9 ae an nee eet ard ee Ten eee ee nee mo ee er Teme ee ae 72 BA PErceplions of cime levels saci icd ace war nre E aE 72 6 2 Likelihood of victimsation and worry about CriMe eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 72 6 3 Anti social behaviour ceded ceed eveteeeterrde deere ret aeiared recent anereentexeins 72 6 4 Confidence in the police and local council ccccccccceeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 73 6 5 Ratings and perceptions of the local police ccccccccccecccccceeeeeeeeeeees 74 6 6 Confidence in the criminal justice system ccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 74 Cl ssificatiohS de er cores aeaaeae aaae aaaea ae aaa a anaa Ra a aAA Ea AAE AA AAEE AEE AEEA 76 T Geographical ere eet a Ol ee A ee ei ce iakat ana kaaa na i 76 72 IOUSENIOIG sa cats re aeaa 81 Tc AN et cat cet cea ci sis al ad aa tata
121. identified by the Period LastQuarter and LastYear columns Further details can be found in the Data table specification section of this chapter This layout is intended to provide CSEW estimates in the most transparent and versatile form for users and allow data to be linked with for example ONS population estimates for the calculation of numbers of crimes Further details can be found in the How to use CSEW Open Data tables section of this chapter All files are made available in CSV comma separated values format which arranges data in rows and columns as outlined above This type of file can be opened in most data analysis programmes In addition to the six main tables two additional reference tables have been included in this release See the Reference data tables section of this chapter for more information on these Office for National Statistics 94 9 3 File naming The six main tables are contained in files which use the following naming structure Measurement Type Measurement Subcategory Date csv Eg Household Incidence 2015 Q1 csv The Measurement Type and Measurement Subcategory sections of the filename are used to identify the content of the data file There are three different values for Measurement Type each containing two values for Measurement Subcategory An outline of what these values are and a description of what is contained in the files can be found in Table 9a The Date secti
122. idered appropriate sometimes some time later a crime record is made directly from a victim of a crime to a call handler where a crime record is made immediately and the victim receives a crime reference number 3 41 Most other crime is reported to the police through a specialist department such as through referrals from other statutory bodies and charities or to officers on the street or at the front counters of police stations When is an incident a crime 3 27 The first principle the police must follow is that all reports of incidents whether from victims witnesses or third parties and whether crime related or not must result in the registration of an incident report by the police It is important to note that an incident report can take any form as long as it is auditable and accessible For example a report made directly to an officer on the street may be recorded in his pocket book 3 28 From the moment a victim of crime calls the police the requirement to record a crime is based on the victim s statement to the police The allegations about a crime are recorded on the basis of the victim s own account The correct approach by staff receiving reports of crime is to ask some initial questions to establish the facts but they do not conduct an investigation To determine whether an incident is a crime the HOCR state that An incident will be recorded as a crime notifiable to the Home Secretary for offences a
123. ill still include incidents of a serious nature even if they took place at school Since 2010 11 while only two measures are being presented in crime statistics bulletins data are still collected to enable the other measures to be derived these will be made publicly available through the Economic and Social Data Service Office for National Statistics 13 The Preferred measure includes all offences where e the offender was not known for example stranger tradesman pupil from another school or e the offender was known but aged 16 or over and not a family member for example neighbour older friend teacher or e the offender was known and either a family member or aged under 16 for example parent sibling school friend and there was visible injury or theft or damage involving a high value item or e a weapon was involved In 2009 10 and 2010 11 a lower level of detail was collected if e the incident happened at school and e the offender was a pupil at the respondent s school and e the offender did not use a weapon and e the victim was not physically hurt in any way This was to reduce respondent burden and to reflect that some incidents reported by children may be considered relatively minor Incidents which met these criteria had a limited amount of information collected to enable classification to a high level crime category and so it was not possible to assign specific offence codes
124. imes reported to the police were no longer being captured in crime recording systems Then with regards the narrowing of the gap between the two data series since 2012 13 increased focus on the quality of crime recording by the police as a result of for example the recent PASC inquiry and HMIC inspections see Section 3 3 for more details is likely to have had an effect through an improvement in compliance levels For further discussions on the analysis of trends including other possible explanations of the diverging trend series see the Methodological Note Analysis of variation in crime trends Office for National Statistics 40 Chapter 5 Offence types All crime is split between two primary offence groups victim based crimes and other crimes against society Victim based crimes are those with a specific identifiable victim All CSEW crime is victim based as it is derived from a survey of people s experiences of crime and must have a victim for it to be recorded Police recorded crime includes both victim based crimes as well as other crimes which do not normally have a direct victim referred to as Other crimes against society Important differences exist between police recorded victim based crime and CSEW crime which mean that the two are not directly comparable For example the CSEW includes crimes that are not reported to or recorded by the police The police recorded crime series also covers victims for example busines
125. in products or services E amp W directly from public police and oles rauda Collates information via Fraud organisations National Fraud Database eee ee Largely focuses on detecting fraudulent activity on accounts already processed Ee Data recorded in line with HOCR and NCRS National Fraud intelligence Bureau NFIB Overseen by City of London Police Centrally collects and analyses fraud data from Action Fraud Cifas and FFA UK Sends data to ONS via Home Office Published in ONS quarterly bulletins OFFICIAL STATISTICS FURTHER DATA Action Fraud data provided at Data for industry bodies i e E amp W level based on victim Cifas and FFA UK cover UK as a postcodes and presented under whole and presented at this police recorded crime series level in the Fraud section in the Appendix A4 and A5 main bulletin Office for National Statistics 56 Police recorded crime Under the Fraud Act 2006 introduced in January 2007 fraud is defined as dishonestly making a false representation to obtain property or money for themselves or another Previously it was defined as dishonestly deceiving to obtain either property or pecuniary advantage Table 5b shows the police recorded fraud and forgery offences before and after the introduction of the Fraud Act 2006 Table 5b Police recorded fraud and forgery offences Police recorded fraud and forgery offences before the Fraud Act 2006 Current police recorded fraud and forgery off
126. in their data returns which are outside the scope of this collection However as the number of offences recorded by Surrey is around 0 2 per cent of the total number of offences involving a knife or sharp instrument recorded it is unlikely to have any effect on the overall estimates As reported in Chaplin et al 2011 West Midlands also included these offences in their data returns until April 2010 Due to this change it is not possible to compare data for West Midlands or national totals across this period and this was reflected in the presentation of these figures in previous crime bulletins National data are now comparable from 2010 11 The change had no effect on the main counts of violence against the person with injury Changes to offence codes in April 2012 mean the categories of ABH and GBH and assault with and without injury are not directly comparable between 2011 12 and 2012 13 However these Office for National Statistics 48 changes are not expected to affect the totals see the Offences involving knives and sharp instruments section of the latest quarterly release for more details Home Office Statisticians carry out internal quality assurance of the offences involving knife or sharp instruments data prior to submitting the data to ONS These checks include e A quarterly variation check of the data received from police forces the total number of recorded crimes and the number recorded against each offence type are c
127. ined and the offender characteristics Office for National Statistics 15 for the survey going forward These will include the possibility of removing the current capping procedure and replacing it with either an alternative method a different cap or removing the cap altogether with a paper to go to the Government Statistical Service s Methodology Advisory Committee in November 2015 Based on information collected and processed from the adult and child victim modules specially trained coders determine whether what has been reported constitutes a crime and if so what offence code should be assigned to the crime The full list of CSEW offence codes is shown in Appendix 2 CSEW crime statistics are produced from these data and presented as incidence or prevalence rates based on counts of incidents or victims Incidence rate The number of crimes experienced per household or adult child The incidence rate takes account of the number of times respondents have been victimised Aggregating these incidents and combining with household and personal data produces a number of incidents that can be presented as a rate per 1 000 households for household crimes or as a rate per 1 000 adults children for personal crimes The overall number of incidents can be estimated for England and Wales based on the incidence rate and using population estimates for the household and adult populations In 2014 15 incidence rates for household level crimes were
128. ing in those households Where a methodological change is required the impact on current and past datasets will need to be assessed and a revision policy developed giving careful consideration to any effect on the long time series of data available Office for National Statistics 18 Chapter 3 Police recorded crime 3 1 Introduction to police recorded crime In January 2014 the UK Statistics Authority published its assessment of ONS crime statistics It found that statistics based on police recorded crime data having been assessed against the Code of Practice for Official Statistics did not meet the required standard for designation as National Statistics For more information see Section 3 3 Recorded crime figures are an important indicator of police workload They can be used for local crime pattern analysis and provide a good measure of trends in well reported crimes in particular homicide which is not covered by the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW There are also some categories of crime such as drug possession offences where the volume of offences recorded are heavily influenced by police activities and priorities in such cases recorded crime figures may not provide an accurate picture of the true extent of criminality Unlike the CSEW recorded crime figures do not include crimes that have not been reported to the police or incidents that the police decide not to record as crimes It was estimated in 2014 15 that aro
129. introduction of a new high level theft offences category and e the movement of some individual offences between categories e for police recorded crime the formation of two broad categories to distinguish between crimes with a specific identifiable victim referred to as Victim based crime and those without a direct victim referred to as Other crimes against society e for CSEW robbery was moved from violence into a separate standalone category A more in depth explanation of police recorded re classifications can be found in the Methodological note Presentational changes to National Statistics on police recorded crime in England and Wales and for the CSEW in the Methodological note Presentational and methodological changes to National Statistics on the Crime Survey for England and Wales There have also been a number of other changes to the presentation of crime statistics The presentation of data on fraud has been updated to reflect new operational arrangements in reporting and recording practice Specifically fraud data presented in the police recorded crime series now shows offences recorded by Action Fraud a public facing national reporting centre which records incidents of fraud and internet crime directly from the public and other organisations More detail on this is given in Chapter 5 4 of this user guide Chapter 2 Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW 2 1 Description of the survey The Crime Survey f
130. ion in 2013 of some categories in the police recorded crime series these forgery offences have now been moved to Other crimes against society The headline total police recorded crime figure for England and Wales includes fraud offences specifically those recorded by the police from 2002 03 to 2012 13 and by Action Fraud from 2011 12 in 2011 12 there was an overlap where Action fraud had taken over responsibility for 8 New offences that were introduced from 15 January 2007 were temporarily recorded as Other fraud until the new offence codes came into being on 1 April 2007 Office for National Statistics 57 recording fraud offences from 5 police forces with a further overlap in 2012 13 as all remaining forces then migrated on a rolling basis during the year The central recording of fraud offences means that police recorded crime shown at police force area level does not currently include fraud offences Action Fraud and the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau The Fraud Act 2006 and the Attorney General s Fraud Review resulted in the creation of a National Fraud Authority NFA which acted as an umbrella government organisation to co ordinate and oversee the fight against fraud across the UK One of their key objectives was to better support the reporting of fraudulent crimes and their subsequent investigation The review of fraud commissioned by the Government recognised that attempts to tackle fraud were being undermined by
131. is see section 3 3 for details the process by which the incident is subsequently logged and data are extracted for submission to the Home Office for inclusion in the official statistics varies between police forces Forces use different IT systems and employ different internal processes in the steps that are followed to record crimes However it is possible to summarise the process in general terms see figure 3a In their interim report on crime data integrity Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC provide a clear description of the first stages of the crime recording process Some extracts from this section of their report are given in Box 3a 13 in April 2015 changes to NCRS introduced the necessity to record crimes reported by parents carers and professional third parties regardless of whether there is victim confirmation of the crime Whilst this change impacts on the recording process described in Box 3a data relating to these changes will not be affected until the figures are published for the first quarter of 2015 16 in September 2015 Office for National Statistics 21 Box 3a Crime recording extracts from Crime Recording A matter of fact HMIC 2014 How do forces receive reports of crime 3 40 Police forces receive reports of crime from the public through a number of routes The two main ones are by telephone e directly to a force control room where an incident record is created and when it is cons
132. is calculated using unrounded figures Office for National Statistics 92 indicates that for recorded crime percentage changes are not reported because the base number of offences is less than 50 and for the CSEW indicates that data are not reported because the unweighted base is less than 50 indicates for police recorded crime that data are not available owed indicates for CSEW data that the change is statistically significant at the five per cent level indicates that rate per 1 000 population data for City of London have been suppressed due to the small population size of the police force area Unweighted base All CSEW percentages and rates presented in the tables are based on data weighted to compensate for differential non response Tables show the unweighted base which represents the number of adults households interviewed in the specified group Percentages Perception measures are presented as integers victimisation measures are presented to one decimal place Row or column percentages may not add to 100 per cent due to rounding Most CSEW tables present cell percentages where the figures refer to the percentage of people households who have the attribute being discussed and the complementary percentage to add to 100 per cent is not shown A percentage may be quoted in the text for a single category that is identifiable in the tables only by summing two or more component percentages In order to avoid rounding error
133. istics please email crimestatistics ons gsi gov uk or write to Public Policy Division Office for National Statistics Segensworth Road Titchfield Fareham Hampshire PO15 5RR Crime statistics for Scotland and Northern Ireland are collected and published separately The latest police recorded crime data for Scotland and Northern Ireland can be downloaded from e Scotland http www scotland gov uk Topics Statistics Browse Crime Justice e Northern Ireland http www psni police uk index updates updates_statistics htm 1 2 Changes resulting from the National Statistician s review The National Statistician s review specified several recommendations to be addressed This included ONS developing proposals for the future dissemination of crime statistics with the aim of improving the presentation for users and providing a clearer picture of crime The consultation ran at the end of 2012 setting out proposed changes to the content of regular crime statistics outputs and the presentation of the crime classification used in those outputs A summary response to the consultation was published in January 2013 with changes to the presentation of police recorded crime statistics implemented in the July 2013 bulletin and changes to CSEW presentation implemented in the July 2014 bulletin Although the changes included re classifying some elements of each data series the overall count did not change Changes to the presentation included the
134. kely to have either a car van stolen or something stolen from a car van in the next year or both These questions are asked of all respondents irrespective of whether they have been a victim of crime in the previous 12 months The worry about crime indicator on the CSEW has three components worry about burglary car crime and violent crime The measure for worry about burglary is the percentage of respondents who say they are very worried about having their home broken into and something stolen The measure for worry about car crime is based on two questions on worry about having your car stolen and having things stolen from your car It uses a scale which scores answers to the questions as follows very worried 2 fairly worried 1 not very worried and not at all worried 0 Scores for individual respondents are calculated by summing the scores across each question resulting in an overall score ranging from 0 to 4 The percentage for this component is based on respondents residing in households owning or with regular use of a car and who score 3 or 4 on this scale The measure for worry about violent crime is based on a scale constructed from questions on worry about mugging rape physical attack by a stranger and racially motivated assault The same coding system for question responses is used as for the vehicle crime questions Once results from the four questions are combined the scale for the over
135. king everything into account have confidence in the police in this area Crime maps Since January 2009 every police force has made maps available on their website giving local crime statistics and details of neighbourhood policing teams in the local area Questions were included in the 2009 10 and 2010 11 CSEW to find out more about the public s awareness and use of online crime maps Results from the questions included in the 2009 10 CSEW are published in Scribbins etal 2010 and results from 2010 11 are published in Chaplin et al 2011 The crime map questions were extended in April 2011 to ask about awareness of street level data introduced in January 2011 The 2012 13 and 2013 14 CSEW also included a question about awareness of information showing how crimes have been dealt with by the police and courts Police Crime Commissioners PCCs and other police initiatives From November 2012 Police and Crime Commissioners were elected by the public to be responsible for overseeing police forces A CSEW question introduced in April 2012 asks people whether they were aware of this The survey also contains questions about awareness of other police initiatives such as neighbourhood beat meetings the single non emergency number 101 and neighbourhood policing teams Office for National Statistics 74 6 6 Confidence in the criminal justice system Since October 2007 the CSEW has included a set of questions relating to the fairness and ef
136. l information to help identify and address local crime problems at a lower geographical level than is possible using the CSEW Police statistics also provide more reliable information on less common crimes such as robbery and are currently the only source of data on homicides and offences against those not resident in households CSEW violence CSEW violent crime is categorised by offence type and according to the victim offender relationship CSEW offence types are as follows estimates for wounding assault with minor injury and violence without injury add up to overall violence e Wounding the incident results in severe or less serious injury for example cuts severe bruising chipped teeth bruising or scratches requiring medical attention or any more serious injuries e Assault with minor injury an incident where the victim was punched kicked pushed or jostled and the incident resulted in minor injury to the victim for example scratches or bruises e Violence without injury an incident or attempt where the victim was punched kicked pushed or jostled but resulted in no injury The categories of CSEW violence according to the offender victim relationship are as follows e Domestic violence comprises wounding and assaults which involve partners ex partners other relatives or household members e Stranger violence includes wounding and assaults in which the victim did not have any information about the offender s or did n
137. le these categories provided a suitable dataset for recording ASB they did not encourage call handlers to consider vulnerability issues and the risk involved for the caller other individuals the community as a whole or the environment if the ASB continued From 2011 12 a new set of simplified categories was introduced to change the emphasis from merely recording and responding to incidents to indentifying those vulnerable individuals communities and environments most at risk and therefore in need of a response before the problems escalate There are now just three categories of ASB Personal Incidents that are perceived as either deliberately targeted at an individual or group or having an impact on an individual or group rather than the community at large It includes incidents that cause concern stress disquiet and or irritation through to incidents that have a serious impact on people s quality of life At one extreme of the spectrum it includes minor annoyance at the other end it could result in risk of harm deterioration of health and disruption of mental or emotional well being resulting in an inability to conduct normal day to day activities through fear and intimidation Office for National Statistics 68 Nuisance Incidents where an act condition thing or person causes trouble annoyance irritation inconvenience offence or suffering to the local community in general rather than to individual victims It includes
138. lice force area data may reflect a number of factors including tightening of recording practice increases in reporting by victims and also genuine increases in the levels of crime De designation of police recorded crime as National Statistics In January 2014 the UK Statistics Authority published its assessment of ONS crime statistics The Authority noted accumulating evidence that suggests the underlying data on crimes recorded by the police may not be reliable UK Statistics Authority 2014 As a result the Authority removed the National Statistics badge from the recorded crime data Data from the CSEW will continue to be badged as National Statistics ONS will continue to publish and provide commentary on police recorded crime data 3 4 Changes to recorded crime classifications On occasion the structure of the classifications used to compile recorded crime may change During 2011 12 the Home Office carried out a review of the crime classifications contained within the counting rules to consider to what extent they might be rationalised This review was geared towards achieving reductions in burden on the police as well as seeking to simplify the classification structure to aid transparency and public understanding A public consultation was conducted during the autumn of 2011 following which the NS CSAC considered the various proposals and made recommendations to the Home Secretary All of the NS CSAC papers and letters of advi
139. lished in September 2011 The government made a commitment for the Home Office to publish hate crime figures as part of The Government s Plan to Tackle Hate Crime 2012 Figures recorded by the police for 2011 12 and 2012 13 were published by the Home Office in December 2013 covering the five monitored strands of hate crime each offence can be assigned more than one hate crime strand ACPO also published hate crime figures for 2012 however data are not directly comparable as the time periods for the collections differ as does the recording methodology forces record solely one form of monitored hate crime for each offence and geographical coverage Hate crime data from the CSEW were published for the first time in Smith et al 2012 and updated in December 2013 in An overview of hate crime in England and Wales 2012 13 Racially or religiously motivated hate crime The CSEW question on whether an incident was motivated by race was first introduced in 1988 and has been kept as a separate question since then CSEW information on racially motivated hate crime has been previously published in the Ministry of Justice s publication on Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System Religiously motivated hate crime used to be asked about as a separate question in the 2005 06 and 2006 07 CSEW but was merged into the main CSEW question when further hate crime questions referring to sexual orientation age and disability were intr
140. made at the first point of contact i e the stage at which the victim or a person reasonably assumed to be acting on behalf of the victim first makes contact with the police be that by phone etc or in person If an alleged or possible victim cannot be contacted or later refuses to provide further detail the Crime Recording Decision Making Process CRDMP should be based on all available first contact information 3 34 The HOCR describe when a crime need not be recorded if a victim does not confirm a crime then it is not recorded For instance if someone other than the victim reports an apparent street robbery but police cannot find the victim then a crime is not recorded but the incident must be recorded 3 35 Also the HOCR do not require a force to record a crime if it happens in another force area or in another country but is reported in England or Wales When is an incident not a crime 3 46 Many incidents reported to the police turn out not to be crimes For example someone reports a man on a ladder breaking the first floor window of a house and climbing in A police patrol immediately goes to the house and finds the man who is inside is the owner and had forgotten his key When there is such an incident or when the police have clear evidence to believe that a crime has not been committed this is not a crime and not recorded as such 3 47 It should be emphasised that the HOCR do not expect police to record reports of crimes
141. mation for example indictment court outcome date of conviction sentence length The information that is returned is quality assured in several ways 1 As the electronic form is completed by the force there are some fields that cannot be left blank and this is flagged up on exiting the form 2 Before the form is accepted onto the Homicide Index database PDCS check for missing data and inconsistent fields 3 PDCS carries out monthly quarterly checks on the number of Homicides from aggregate returns against the number of returns to the Homicide Index for each Police Force Area At the end of each financial year forces are required to send a list of homicides with the following information Forename and surname of victim Police force reference Date of recording If firearm was used If suspect has been charged These fields are then compared to information from the Homicide Index The total number of homicides in each PFA are compared with totals from the aggregate police recorded crime including the number of no crimes For more information on no crimes see section 3 5 Comparisons are also made with the special data collection on offences involving firearms 4 The Home Office Statistics Unit run about 60 data validity checks on the Homicide Index data mainly on the fields that are included in published statistics releases Some of these checks replicate those carried out by PDCS as the form arrives These include checks
142. measurement of respondents own perceptions of disorder in the local area is described under anti social behaviour see Section 5 7 Rural and urban areas The analysis of crime in rural and urban areas is based on the ONS recommended method for categorising the level of rurality There are two approaches the ONS Rural Urban Definition and the Local Authority LA Classification Both were developed to produce a view of rural and urban areas from Government Statistics Where data below the LA level is available the ONS Rural Urban Definition must be used to produce rural and urban totals Where LA level data is the lowest geographic data available then the LA Classification should be used More detail is given below For CSEW analysis the Rural Urban Definition has been used as CSEW data are collected below the Local Authority level For police recorded crime analysis the LA Classification has been used as police recorded crime data are not collected below the LA level Rural Urban 2004 Definition England and Wales The Rural Urban Definition an official National Statistic was introduced in 2004 and defines the rurality of Output Areas Categories used to aggregate to rural or urban are as follows Rural areas are those classified as e Town and fringe sparse e Village sparse e Hamlet and isolated dwellings sparse e Town and fringe less sparse e Village less sparse e Hamlet and isolated dwellings l
143. monthly basis providing counts of crime recorded in each calendar month rather than for a quarterly period e The crime mapper data are published more quickly i e with less lag time between the period to which the data refer and the date of release However these data are not subject to the same rigorous quality assurance process as the police recorded crime data published by ONS Office for National Statistics 33 e Due to the monthly publication cycle crime mapper data are more likely to include crimes where there has been a subsequent decision to transfer or cancel the offence see section 3 5 for further details e Crime mapper data is restricted to those crimes for which geographical location information is available Crimes without this information are excluded from the map but an indication of the number of crimes that do not have location information is provided Alongside police recorded crime data the crime mapper tool also includes data on anti social behaviour incidents recorded by the police and information on justice outcomes in a local area a justice outcome is a crime that has been resolved by the police or a court Table 3a Published sources of police recorded crime statistics covering England and Wales Source Description What data does it Geographic Frequency Where can use breakdowns of release you access it find out more Official Comprehensive Data supplied by Police force Quarterly h
144. mple an incidence rate for men aged 16 24 in England and Wales from the CSEW Open Data tables should be multiplied by a population estimate for men aged 16 24 in England and Wales to calculate the number of crimes against men aged 16 24 in England and Wales 9 7 Changes to the Open Data tables variables For the survey year 2012 13 i e interviews from April 2012 onwards changes were made to the demographic questions in the CSEW questionnaire The changes have been made in accordance with harmonised standards set by ONS with the aim of providing consistent data series across government ONS Harmonisation As these questions were introduced into the survey in April 2012 any annual dataset produced over the previous 12 month period will necessarily have included both the new and the old style questions This affected datasets for the reporting periods Year to June 2012 Year to September 2012 and Year to December 2012 as shown in Table 9b Office for National Statistics 101 Table 9b Overlapping CSEW questionnaire periods Release Year to March 2012 Year to June 2012 Year to September 2012 Year to December 2012 Year to March 2013 Old April to June 2011 July to September 2011 Vv October to December 2011 January to March 2012 Vv Vv Vv New April to June 2012 July to September 2012 October to December 2012 lt lt IS lt lt lt I lt
145. multiplied by 23 991 900 households and for personal level crimes by 45 654 100 adults aged 16 and over or 3 727 400 children aged 10 to 15 to provide the number of incidents for each crime type all rounded to the nearest 100 Published estimates are rounded to the nearest 1 000 incidents See Chapter 8 for further information on population and household data used in the calculation of CSEW incidents Prevalence rate The proportion of the population who were victims of an offence once or more Unlike incidence rates prevalence rates only take account of whether a household or person was a victim of a specific crime once or more in the reference period not the number of times victimised These figures are based on information from the victim module where respondents and their households are designated either as victims or non victims The proportion that are victims provides the prevalence rate often described as the risk of being a victim of crime this describes only an average rate Analysis of the CSEW shows that victimisation rates vary depending on factors associated with personal area and household characteristics see for example Flatley et al 2010 Since the CSEW also collects additional information from households it is possible to determine prevalence rates for subgroups such as vehicle or bicycle owning households Risk among these groups is higher than for the population in general of course as the household population i
146. n Office for National Statistics 119 08 11 http Awww homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research hosb081 1 hosb0811 view Binary Home Office 2013 Home Office Counting Rules for Recorded Crime https www gov uk government publications counting rules for recorded crime Home Office 2013 Crime against businesses Details findings from the 2014 Commercial Victimisation Survey https www gov uk government statistics crime against businesses findings from the 2014 commercial victimisation survey Home Office 2012 Consultation on the British Crime Survey intimate personal violence questionnaire http Awww homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research consult bcs ipvg 201 1 Home Office 2012 Drug Misuse Declared Findings from the 2011 12 Crime Survey for England and Wales http Awww homeoffice gov uk publications science research statistics research statistics crime research drugs misuse dec 1 112 drugs misuse dec 1112 paf Home Office 2010 Consultation on experimental statistics from the British crime survey extension to 10 to 15s https www gov uk government publications consultation on experimental statistics from the british crime survey extension to 10 to 15 year olds Home Office Office for National Statistics and Ministry of Justice 2013 An Overview of Hate Crime in England and W
147. n households Most incidents reported are one off single occurrences but in a minority of cases respondents may have been victimised a number of times in succession In these cases respondents are asked whether they consider these incidents to be a series that is the same thing done under the same circumstances and probably by the same people Where incidents are determined to be ina series the number of incidents is recorded but with only one victim module being completed based on the most recent incident CSEW estimates only include the first five incidents in this series of victimisations in the count of crime Overall each adult respondent can have a maximum of 30 incidents contained in the count of crime a maximum of six victim modules with a maximum of five incidents on each victim module In practice most adult respondents have far fewer than this In 2009 10 and 2010 11 each child respondent could have a maximum of four victim modules again with a maximum of five incidents on each The maximum number of modules for children was reduced to three from 2011 12 with the re structure of the victimisation module in practice very few child respondents to date had completed four victim modules For details on victimisation data collection see TNS BMRB 2012 The restriction to the first five incidents in a series has been applied since the CSEW began in order to ensure that estimates are not affected by a very small number
148. nal estimates for all adults aged 16 and over can be found by selecting 16 from the Age column All from the Sex column and Total from the Characteristic column for personal crime or perception estimates At the other extreme level of detail users could find estimates for 16 24 year old married women by selecting the appropriate categories from the Age Sex and Characteristic columns Other levels of detail can be found by selecting the appropriate values in these fields or HouseholdType for household crime estimates When using these estimates users should be aware of the fact that the CSEW is a sample survey and produces estimates with a margin of error around them As such ONS recommends that users Office for National Statistics 100 do not use estimates based on fewer than 50 respondents identified by the UnweightedCount column This feature of the data should also be considered when comparing differences between groups Standard statistical tests can be used to identify whether differences between demographic groups are statistically significant That is whether the differences seen in the CSEW data are due to differences in the population of England and Wales as a whole or whether they occurred by chance as a result of the random selection of respondents for the CSEW sample Users should familiarise themselves with this concept before using these tables When comparing estimates users should ensure
149. nce of robbery Section 8 of the Theft Act 1968 are stealing and the use or threat of force immediately before doing so and in order to do so Any injuries resulting from this force are not recorded as additional offences of violence 34A Robbery of business property 34B Robbery of personal property Theft offences Burglary Key elements of police recorded burglaries as defined by the Theft Act 1968 are entry or attempted entry to a building as a trespasser with intent to either a steal property from it including stealing or attempting to steal b inflict grievous bodily harm or c commit unlawful damage to property whilst inside The offence group also includes aggravated burglary Section 10 of the same Act which is defined as a burglary where the burglar is in possession of a weapon at the time The Home Office website see above contains details of the types of premises that constitute a dwelling Domestic burglary 28A Burglary in a dwelling 28B Attempted burglary in a dwelling 28C Distraction burglary in a dwelling 28D Attempted distraction burglary in a dwelling 29 Aggravated burglary in a dwelling Non domestic burglary 30A Burglary in a building other than a dwelling 30B Attempted burglary in a building other than a dwelling 31 Aggravated burglary in a building other than a dwelling Vehicle offences 37 2 Aggravated vehicle taking Part of Section 1 of the Aggravated Vehicle Taking Act 1992 Applies to offence
150. ncludes those who do not own vehicles or bicycles Office for National Statistics 16 Multiple and repeat victimisation Multiple victimisation is defined as the experience of being a victim of more than one crime in the previous year This includes those who have been victims of more than one crime of the same type within the last 12 months repeat victimisation and also those who have been victims of more than one CSEW crime of any type within the last 12 months People who have experienced multiple victimisation include those who have been a victim of more than one personal crime or have been resident in a household that was a victim of more than one household crime or have been a victim of both types of crime Repeat victimisation a subset of multiple victimisation is defined as being a victim of the same type of crime for example vandalism more than once in the last 12 months Levels of repeat victimisation account for differences between incidence and prevalence rates For instance high levels of repeat victimisation will be reflected in lower prevalence rates compared with incidence rate 2 6 CSEW revisions policy The general principle applied to the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW will be that when data are found to be in error both the data and any associated analysis that has been published by ONS will be revised in line with ONS Revisions and corrections policy The CSEW revisions policy covers e All A
151. ng and ownership of weapons i e where there was no violence involved at the time of the offence Any circumstances in which a weapon has been used against a victim would be covered by other relevant victim based offences Public order offences These offences cover circumstances where an offender is behaving in a way that causes or would be likely to cause harassment alarm or distress These classifications would not be used in any circumstances where physical violence is used or attempted against a specific victim The classification may include some cases where violence is used or threatened and the largest proportion will be accounted for by state based crimes recorded where the police have acted to restore public order where no individual victim has been identified Miscellaneous crimes against the state Miscellaneous crimes against society comprise a variety of offences The largest volume offences include handling stolen goods threat to commit criminal damage and perverting the course of justice 5 6 Hate crime Hate crime covers any notifiable offence which is perceived by the victim or any other person as having been motivated entirely or partially by a hostility or prejudice to a personal characteristic or perceived personal characteristic such as ethnicity or religion In 2007 the police Crown Prosecution Service CPS Prison Service now the National Offender Management Service and other agencies that make up the crimin
152. ng practice by which reports are retained as incidents only until a fuller investigation has taken place 3 6 Police recorded crime revisions policy The recorded crime figures are a by product of a live administrative system which is continually being updated with incidents that are logged as crimes and subsequently investigated Some incidents initially recorded as crime may on further investigation be found not to be a crime described as cancelled records Some offences may change category for example from theft to robbery The police return provisional figures to the Home Office on a monthly basis and each month they may supply revised totals for months that have previously been supplied The Home Office Statistics Unit undertake a series of validation checks on receipt of the data and query outliers with forces who may then re submit data Once a quarter the Home Office Statistics Unit takes a snapshot of the live database and sends back to individual forces their figures for quality assurance Once the quality assurance process is complete final data is supplied to ONS Thus it should be noted that figures in one release may differ slightly from ones published later This does not mean that the figures previously published were inaccurate at the time that they were reported The size of these revisions tend to be small and it is ONS policy not to revise previously published recorded crime figures unless they arise from a genuine er
153. ng to the HOCR which set out a description of each notifiable offence While audits have shown that crimes have in some cases been mis recorded against the wrong crime type evidence from the most recent audits suggest that the large majority of crimes were correctly classified and found no evidence of systemic mis classification the section on Reviews and audits of data quality contains more information 3 Cancelled crimes Police forces record some crimes which are subsequently cancelled where it is determined by the police that no crime actually took place The HOCR set out circumstances under which a crime report may be cancelled Previous audits have shown that in some cases decisions to cancel a crime have been made incorrectly the sections on Transferred and cancelled records and Reviews and audits of data quality contain more information Office for National Statistics 24 Figure 3b Data submission process map CRIME RECORDING SYSTEM Crimes are logged in accordance with the National Crime Recording Standard and the Home Office Counting Rules INTERNAL CHECKS Police forces carry out quality assurance checks on their data AGGREGATED Some forces aggregate their dataset so that a total recorded crime count is given for each offence classification HOME OFFICE DATA HUB Other forces make an automated monthly submission of their record level data to the Data Hub w
154. ngland and Wales including the British Transport Police where the incident occurred within England and Wales These are e the monthly aggregated recorded crime return See Section 3 1 e amore detailed statistical return for each recorded homicide containing additional information including victim and suspect details and the circumstances of the offence This is used to populate a Home Office database called the Homicide Index Box 3 1 The Homicide Index The Home Office Homicide Index contains record level detail about homicides recorded in England and Wales since 1977 Information prior to 1977 is held as paper records In contrast to the aggregated recorded crime return the Homicide Index is continually being updated with revised information from the police as investigations continue and as cases are heard by the courts and is therefore viewed as a better source of data However due to the time permitted for police forces to submit the individual returns within 30 days of recording an incident as homicide and the complexities in checking the data it is not possible to use the Homicide Index figures in the quarterly statistical bulletins on crime in England and Wales Instead figures from the monthly aggregated recorded crime return are presented as a provisional homicide estimate with full analysis published in the Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences series at the beginning of the following year Care should therefore be taken w
155. nses to questions in this module A separate methodological note was produced alongside the 2011 12 publication on Public Perceptions of Policing to explore whether changes to questions within the Performance of the Criminal Justice System CJS module led to an order effect on responses to questions on attitudes to the police and the CJS The analysis was designed to test two principal hypotheses e That the removal of questions on the CJS for half the respondents led to an increase in positive responses to subsequent questions on the police Previous analysis has shown that the public are generally more positive about the police than the CJS see Smith 2010 In view of this it is thought that the removal of these questions on the CJS may have resulted in an increase in positive responses to subsequent questions e That the removal of two questions on the perceptions of local policing from the Performance of the CJS module led to an increase in positive responses to subsequent questions Previous findings in relation to the questions that were removed indicate that respondents were generally more negative in their answers compared with subsequent questions As such it is thought that the removal of these may have resulted in an increase in positive responses to these subsequent questions The analysis concluded that changes to the filtering of questions in the Performance of the CUS module in the 2011 12 CSEW had an effect on responses to some of th
156. nt broken bones fractured skull compound fractures substantial loss of blood internal injury lengthy treatment 1 Corporate manslaughter was previously included under Violence against the person with injury Following a public consultation in 2012 which addressed the presentation of corporate manslaughter in crime statistics this offence is now included within the Homicide subcategory Office for National Statistics 43 or serious psychiatric injury based on expert evidence and shock when accompanied by expert psychological evidence e Threats to kill where an individual fears that the offender s threat is real and may be carried out e Harassment offences are those incidents where no other substantive notifiable offence exists but when looked at as a course of conduct are likely to cause fear alarm or distress e Assault without injury offences are those where at the most a feeling of touch or passing moment of pain is experienced by the victim The published figures do not separately split individual homicide offences across the separate components such as murder or manslaughter as when a homicide is initially recorded by the police the full circumstances of the incident may not be known Furthermore the precise nature of an offence may only become clear once a suspect has been apprehended and appears at court The Home Office receives two sources of information on homicide from the police forces of E
157. nt at the time of interview Respondents are arranged into banded age groups with the category of 16 covering respondents in all age groups combined This column only contains values where MeasurementLevel is Person see reference table SEX Possible values All adults Male Female The column identifies the sex of the respondent The category of All adults covers men and women combined This column only contains values where MeasurementLevel is Person see reference table HOUSEHOLDTYPE Possible values All households Vehicle owning households Bicycle owning households This column identifies the type of household that the estimate relates to specifically whether the household owns a vehicle or bicycle Most estimates relate to All households Vehicle owning households and Bicycle owning households provide an alternative measure for the prevalence of vehicle related crime and bicycle theft respectively and as such only have a value for these measures This column only contains values where MeasurementLevel is Household see reference table CHARACTERISTICVAR Possible values Various see reference table GOR Total This column identifies the variable that is used to provide the full breakdown of estimates by respondent characteristics in the Characteristic column It could also be considered an independent variable It is similar to the MeasurementVar column in that it contains variable
158. nterview Data are typically published for a 12 month interview period for example data for 2012 13 relate to interviews that took place between April 2012 and March 2013 For 2012 13 the earliest month an interview takes place is April 2012 and because respondents are asked about crimes that took place in the 12 months prior to their interview this means that the earliest crimes recorded by the 2012 13 CSEW occur in April 2011 Similarly the latest month an interview takes place is March 2013 meaning the latest crimes recorded by the 2012 13 CSEW occur in February 2013 The mid point of the period April 2011 to February 2013 is March 2012 and therefore the most appropriate population household estimates to multiply CSEW incidence rates by would be as at the end of March 2012 However published population and household estimates are mid year data that is for a given year they relate to the population households in England in Wales as at the end of June of that year So previously CSEW estimates for 2012 13 were calculated from mid 2012 end of June 2012 population data It is possible to calculate an estimate for the population as at the end of March 2012 by linearly interpolating on two surrounding data points in the time series This approach is valid given that the components of population change namely births deaths and net migration can be assumed to occur equally spread out across the year for example not all birt
159. oduced in 2007 08 In 2009 10 gender was added as a motivation and transgender or gender identity was added as a motivation to the 2011 12 survey Figures on racially and religiously motivated crimes from the 2005 06 and 2006 07 CSEW were reported in Jansson et al 2007 Racially aggravated offences are also collated through police recorded crime data and are legally defined under Section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 The Anti terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001 Section 39 added the religiously aggravated aspect Racially and religiously aggravated offences are categorised together in police recorded crime and cannot be separately identified In April 2015 the National Police Chiefs Council NPCC replaced the Association for Chief Police Officers ACPO ia http news npcc police uk releases acpo publishes hate crime data for 201 1 6 An overview of hate crime in England and Wales 2012 13 available at https www gov uk government publications an overview of hate crime in england and wales Office for National Statistics 67 5 7 Anti social behaviour The term anti social behaviour ASB was formalised in the late 1990s to describe a wide range of the nuisance disorder and crime that affect people s daily lives The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 defined anti social behaviour in law as someone acting in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment alarm or distress to one or more pe
160. om non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken Domestic burglary in a non connected building to a dwelling with entry 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken Domestic burglary in a non connected building to a dwelling with loss 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken Domestic burglary in a non connected building to a dwelling with no loss 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken Domestic burglary in a non connected building to a dwelling attempts 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse Other household theft 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter 65 Theft from outside dwelling excluding theft of milk bottles Theft from a dwelling 55 Theft in a dwelling 56 Theft from a meter Theft from outside a dwelling 65 Theft from outside dwelling excluding theft of milk bottles Office for National Statistics 114 Vehicle related thefts 60 Theft of car van 61 Theft from car van 62 Theft of motorbike motorscooter or moped 63 Theft from motorbike motorscooter or moped 71 Attempted theft of from car van T2 Attempted theft of from motorcycle motorscooter or moped Theft from vehicles 61 Theft from car van 63 Theft from motor
161. ompared to the previous quarters figures to check for any vast deviations from the time series trend e Cross referencing the data with the main recorded crime returns the knife or sharp instrument collection contains information on the total number of offences for the selected offences These are compared with the main recorded crime return to ensure consistency The total number of offences in the knife and sharp instrument collection are used to create a ratio for the number of offences that involved a knife or sharp instrument figures for which are published at the national level These ratios are also checked at the police force area level to ensure ratios are not showing a deviation from trend e Offences involving a knife or sharp instrument data are also verified with police forces on a quarterly basis ahead of publication e The data held on the Home Office database are returned to individual forces asking for confirmation that the data accords with that held on their own systems Forces resubmit data if required Sexual offences From the year ending March 2013 bulletin onwards police recorded crime tables present sexual offences in 2 groups rape and other sexual offences The Sexual Offences Act 2003 introduced in May 2004 altered the definitions of all rape sexual assault and sexual activity with children and so comparisons before and after the introduction of this Act should be made with caution The group of
162. on of the filename identifies the CSEW dataset that the release was taken from It follows the same convention as the LastYear and LastQuarter columns in the tables themselves see the Data table specification section of this chapter Table 9a File naming Measurement Measurement Description Example of data in file type subcategory Household Incidence Contains incidence rates for Number of incidents of burglary per household crime 1 000 households in the 12 months prior to interview Prevalence Contains prevalence rates for Percentage of households that have household crime been victims of burglary in the 12 months prior to interview Personal Incidence Contains incidence rates for Number of incidents of violence per personal crime 1 000 adults in the 12 months prior to interview Prevalence Contains prevalence rates for Percentage of adults who have been personal crime victims of violence in the 12 months prior to interview Perceptions CJS Contains perceptions of the Percentage of adults who think that police and the criminal justice their local police are doing a good or system excellent job Other Contains other perceptions of Percentage of adults who perceive a crime high level of anti social behaviour in their local area Office for National Statistics 95 9 4 Data table specification Data tables are laid out in rows and columns Each row contains a single CSEW estimate which e
163. on that domain The analysis in this report uses the employment deprivation indicator In order to examine the relationship between experiences of crime and deprivation the local areas are ranked according to their scores on the employment deprivation domain The 20 per cent of areas with the highest deprivation scores are identified as the most deprived areas on the employment deprivation domain and the 20 per cent of areas with the lowest deprivation scores are identified as the least deprived An Index of Multiple Deprivation is also available which combines all seven separate domains into one index The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 are the responsibility of the Department for Communities and Local Government further information is available here English indices of deprivation 2010 Further information on the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2008 is available at www wales gov uk Local Authority Areas These areas are a combination of metropolitan and non metropolitan districts unitary authorities and London boroughs As at 1 April 2010 there were 348 local authorities in England and Wales These areas provide the basis for Community Safety Partnerships although since their formation a number of partnerships have merged to cover multiple local authority areas see also Community Safety Partnerships In some cases figures are reported for local authority areas that applied in 2002 03 for the sake of continuity even where there hav
164. or England and Wales Office for National Statistics 38 Figure 4a Ratio between CSEW reported incidents and crimes recorded by the police in comparable sub set 2 Y SPS CSCS PPPs Sig sages 1 So o So foo gt l fag D o P 4 w o h a Police recorded crime CSEW reported incidents for comparable offences Oo ol oO Sg Ag od Vd sade Os Ls igo Qa SPS PSS SP PGS SP P RY ORINNI S8 D O N D 1 The offences included in the comparable sub set for the period 1981 to 1999 differ slightly from those used from 2002 03 onwards due to changes in offence coverage Impact on volumes of crime Table 4b shows the impact of these changes on the volume of offences Overall since the year ending March 2003 the two series have declined at a similar rate 45 for police recorded crime and 46 for CSEW crimes A similar rate of decline was also the case in the first few years immediately after the implementation of the NCRS year ending March 2003 to the year ending March 2008 when police recorded crime dropped 20 and CSEW crime decreased 16 Since then however the rate of decline has varied For the following five years up until the year ending March 2013 the two dropped at markedly different rates with police recorded crime showing a notably faster rate of decline 32 compared to the CSEW 19 Since then the trends have switched completely with police r
165. or England and Wales CSEW formerly known as the British Crime Survey BCS is a face to face victimisation survey in which people resident in households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of a range of crimes in the 12 months prior to the interview Respondents to the survey are also asked about their attitudes towards different crime related issues such as the police and the criminal justice system and perceptions of crime and anti social behaviour Following crime statistics reviews Smith 2006 Statistics Commission 2006 and feasibility work Pickering et al 2008 the CSEW was extended to include 10 to 15 year olds from January 2009 The first results for this age group were published in Millard and Flatley 2010 as experimental statistics Estimates of victimisation against children are presented within the quarterly statistical bulletins on crime in England and Wales The key aim of the CSEW is to provide robust trends for the crime types and population it covers the survey does not aim to provide an absolute count of crime and has notable exclusions The CSEW excludes fraud see below and those crimes often termed as victimless for example possession of drugs As a survey that asks people whether they have experienced victimisation homicides cannot be included The CSEW does not cover the population living in group residences for example care homes or halls of residence or other institutions nor does it
166. or National Statistics 30 Transferred records Police forces record some crimes which are subsequently transferred to another police force where it is determined that the crime occurred outside the jurisdiction of the police force in which it was originally recorded Like cancelled records these were previously classified as no crimes Data on transferred and cancelled records The Home Office routinely collects data from police forces on the number of incidents that have been recorded as crimes but have then been transferred or cancelled A table showing the numbers and percentages of transferred or cancelled records by offence group is available in Table UG10 of the User Guide tables from the ONS website and by police force area from the Home Office website Great care is needed in interpreting data on transferred or cancelled records In particular the proportion of cancelled records does not in itself infer high or low compliance with the overall requirements of the HOCR Levels of cancelled records are particularly susceptible to local recording practice and the IT systems in use A police force having a high level of cancelled records may be indicative of that force having a local recording process that captures all reports as crimes at the first point of contact and before any further investigation has taken place to consider the full facts Equally a police force with a low level of cancelled records might be indicative of a recordi
167. or a minimum sample of 650 interviews was introduced in 2012 prior to the transfer of responsibility for the survey from the Home Office to the Office for National Statistics and replaced the previous sample design of 1 000 interviews in each PFA The driver for the reduction in the sample size was both the abolition of central targets for police forces and the outcome of the Government s 2010 Comprehensive Spending Review CSR The Home Office conducted a consultation with users and concluded that reducing the sample size was the best option available and that the new design would not introduce any discontinuity to key CSEW estimates or trends and lead to fairly modest reductions in the precision of estimates at PFA level Figure 2 1 shows confidence intervals around CSEW estimates of household and personal crime over the last decade The chart illustrates that the sample size reduction implemented in the 2012 13 survey had little effect on confidence intervals around estimates of crime for England and Wales as a whole confidence interval data are available in table UG6 of the User Guide tables Figure 2 1 Confidence intervals for CSEW estimated levels of household crime and personal crime for England and Wales year ending March 2005 to year ending March 2015 Number of incidents 000s 8 000 Sample size approx 45 000 Sample size approx 35 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 Household crime confidence interval 2 000 r 7
168. or triple counting between both these two sources and the offences recorded via direct reports from victims to Action Fraud For example where police are called to a bank and apprehend an offender for a fraud offence police record this crime with Action Fraud and the bank report the same crime to Cifas and FFA UK as part of their processes Experts believe this duplication to be so small as to have an insignificant effect on crime trends but there is currently no simple cross referencing method within NFIB to detect the scale of it These data from Cifas and FFA UK are subject to continuing development and ONS is giving consideration as to whether these can be designated as Official Statistics for England and Wales in the future CSEW Fraud is not currently included in the headline CSEW crime estimate However the CSEW includes supplementary modules of questions on victimisation across a range of fraud and cyber crime offences including plastic card and bank building society fraud which are reported separately from the headline estimates However such questions do not yield data on the number of times respondents fell victim within the crime reference period Based on some crude assumptions about the average number of offences experienced by each victim an estimation based on the 2012 13 CSEW suggested that together plastic card fraud and bank and building society fraud might could contribute between 3 6 and 3 8 million incidents to the cur
169. ording which they partly attributed to the lack of independent monitoring of crime records A further HMIC review in line with a recommendation in the National Statistician s 2011 review of crime statistics looked at police crime and incident reports in all forces in England and Wales HMIC 2012 The review looked at a small number of crimes and incident records fewer than 6 000 across England and Wales and found that while the majority of police forces performed well there remained a wide variation in the quality of decision making associated with the Office for National Statistics 27 recording of crime a range of between 86 and 100 from the lowest to the highest performing force which was a cause for concern Further concerns over the quality of police recorded crime data were raised through analysis published by ONS in January 2013 which compared trends in police recorded crime with those measured by the CSEW This analysis showed that between 2002 03 and 2006 07 the reduction in the volume of crime measured by the two series was similar but between 2006 07 and 2011 12 the gap between the two series widened with the police recorded crime series showing a faster rate of reduction One possible explanation for this was a gradual erosion of compliance with the NCRS such that a growing number of crimes reported to the police are not being captured in crime recording systems For more information see Section 4 2 or the Analysis of Va
170. ot know and had never seen the offender s before e Acquaintance violence comprises wounding and assaults in which the victim knew one or more of the offenders at least by sight It does not include domestic violence In the CSEW the previously used common assault or attempted assault category which had been inconsistent with the police recorded offence category was replaced with assault with minor injury and assault without injury categories in 2006 07 This change was made to align CSEW categories more closely with those used by the police Police recorded violence against the person Violence against the person offences contain the full spectrum of assaults from pushing and shoving that result in no physical harm to murder Even within the same offence classification the severity of violence varies considerably between incidents 16 Domestic violence figures that relate to incidents reported in face to face CSEW interviews should be treated with caution Prevalence rates for domestic violence derived from the self completion module are around five times higher for adults than those obtained from the face to face interviews Walby and Allen 2004 Due to the small numbers of sexual offences identified by the main CSEW findings are published solely from the self completion module Office for National Statistics 42 Long term trends in police recorded violent crime can be difficult to interpret as they are influenced by a number of fa
171. other sexual offences recorded by the police covers sexual assault and unlawful sexual activity which can involve consenting adults or children and is therefore particularly influenced by police activity in investigating such crime The Sexual Offences Act 2003 introduced certain offences such as sexual grooming which is included in this group Offences of indecent exposure have been retrospectively reclassified to sexual offences back to 2002 03 to aid comparisons over time 21 Prior to this the groups were most serious sexual crime and other sexual offences The Sexual Offences Act 2003 introduced in May 2004 altered the definition and coverage of sexual offences 3 Other miscellaneous sexual offences consisted solely of the former offence of Indecent exposure for years prior to 2004 05 This became the offence of Exposure and was included within Other miscellaneous sexual offences from May 2004 Prior to 2009 10 a small number of offences continued to be recorded relating to offences repealed by the Sexual Offences Act 2003 While these may have been legitimately recorded for offences committed prior to May 2004 it is also possible that some may have been recorded in these old categories in error Office for National Statistics 49 Due to the small numbers of sexual offences identified by face to face CSEW interviews results from the main CSEW are too unreliable to report these data are not included
172. pproved Researcher Special Licence Datasets held by funding departments the UK Data Archive and the ONS Virtual Microdata Laboratory VML e All End User Licence Datasets held by funding departments and the UK Data Archive e Data appearing in Quarterly Bulletins Focus On publications Short Stories ad hoc data requests and any other form of ONS publication which utilises data from the CSEW There are a number of reasons why ONS may wish to revise CSEW data once it has been published and or the datasets disseminated e Errors are discovered in raw or derived variables e New derived variables are issued e Itis decided that the methodology used to calculate a variable needs to be amended e Re weighting is performed following revision to population estimates While every effort is made to thoroughly check the data before it is either published or released for dissemination errors do on occasion occur In these instances the following procedure is followed The problem is identified and reported to ONS Analysis and Data Access Division ADA for consideration ONS then establish whether there is an error and whether a revision is necessary if an error is only minor it is unlikely ONS will reissue a dataset instead recording the error in the User Guide The error will be corrected by ADA and ONS analysts will check the revision recording the impact of the revision in terms of scale and necessary publication revisions A notice will t
173. ption of the Inter Personal Violence Module which contains some of the most sensitive data on the CSEW record and the geographical variables below Local Authority level These data are available via the ONS virtual Micro data Laboratory VML and the Secure Data Service Nature of Crime tables can be found with the Focus on Property Crime 2013 14 and the Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences 2013 14 Office for National Statistics 103 Appendix 1 Recorded crime list The classifications defined in this appendix are those used in the last two years for crime recorded by the police and notifiable to the Home Office In general attempting conspiring aiding abetting causing or permitting a crime is classified under the heading of the crime itself though in certain cases it is shown separately Recorded crime covers all indictable and triable either way offences Additionally a few closely associated summary offences are included Summary offences are identified in the listing together with the reasons for their inclusion The crimes on this list are termed notifiable offences and their listing is referred to as the notifiable offences list NOL Most of the offences listed are defined in terms of legal offences i e sections of Acts A comprehensive list of these offences together with key legal definitions and explanatory notes appears on the Counting Rules for Recorded Crime pages on the Home Office website ht
174. r 1 000 households identified by the MeasurementLevel column in the last 12 months Prevalence rate means that the measurement shows the percentage of adults households identified by the MeasurementLevel column who have been victims of crime in the last 12 months Perception means that the measurement shows the percentage of adults who have a particular perception about crime or the criminal justice system Characteristic CHARACTERISTICVAR Possible values Various This includes all the values in the CharacteristicVar column of the main data tables CHARACTERISTICLABEL Possible values Various This column contains a text description of the measure that MeasurementVar relates to 9 6 How to use Open Data tables At the simplest level CSEW Open Data tables can be used to find CSEW estimates for certain demographic groups The CSV files can be imported into most data analysis programmes for this purpose A full list of the measurements that are included in these tables can be found in the MeasurementVar reference table A full list of demographic characteristics that these measurements can be analysed by using these tables can be found in the CharacteristicVar reference table The data specification table above should make clear to users that to find the estimate they are interested in requires filtering or searching data across different columns to identify the population group they are interested in For example overall natio
175. r they provide a more comprehensive picture of crime than could be obtained from either series alone A quarterly statistical bulletin also draws on data from other sources to provide a more comprehensive picture of crime and anti social behaviour including data from the courts the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau NFIB and the Commercial Victimisation Survey In addition to quarterly updates a number of supplementary volumes are produced containing in depth analysis of issues such as property crime homicide and violent crime Together these statistics inform public debate about crime and support the development and monitoring of policy In January 2014 the UK Statistics Authority published an assessment of ONS crime statistics It found that statistics based on police recorded crime data having been assessed against the Code of Practice for Official Statistics were found not to meet the required standard for designation as National Statistics Data from the CSEW continue to be badged as National Statistics In future publications ONS will continue to publish and provide commentary on police recorded crime data The dates of forthcoming crime statistics publications are pre announced and can be found via the UK National Statistics Publication Hub http www statistics gov uk hub index html Copies of ONS statistical bulletins on crime are available from the ONS website For further information about the CSEW and police recorded crime stat
176. rces over the recording of warnings for cannabis possession these were termed formal warnings for cannabis possession prior to January 2007 These were incorporated into the Home Office Counting Rules see Section 3 3 for more information From January 2009 it has also been possible to issue a Penalty Notice for Disorder for cannabis possession this detection method was not separated from cannabis warnings in statistics for the period to the end of March 2009 Cannabis warnings will be an outcome in their own right under the new outcomes framework that was introduced in April 2014 Cannabis warnings will be distinct from all other outcome types in the data collected In addition the Home Office produces a separate National Statistics bulletin on Drug Misuse Declared for England and Wales covering illicit drug use based on results from the CSEW 42 In April 2015 the National Police Chiefs Council NPCC replaced the Association for Chief Police Officers ACPO Office for National Statistics 65 Possession of weapons Possession of weapons offences prior to the quarterly bulletin for the year to March 2013 were included within the Violence against the person category Following changes to the presentation of classifications used in the presentation of police recorded crime a new category of possession of weapons offences is included within Other crimes against society These offences relate to licensi
177. rchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs10 hosb 1210 pdf Hall P and Smith K Ed 2011 Analysis of the 2010 11 British Crime Survey intimate personal violence split sample experiment Home Office http homeoffice gov uk science research research statistics crime crime statistics bcs methodology Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC 2012 A step in the right direction The policing of anti social behaviour http Awww hmic gov uk media a step in the right direction the policing of anti social behaviour pdf Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC 2012 The crime scene A review of police crime and incident reports http Awww hmic gov uk media review police crime incident reports 20120125 pdf Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC 2014 Crime recording A matter of fact An interim report of the inspection of crime data integrity in police forces in England and Wales http www hmic gov uk wp content uploads 20 1 4 05 crime data integrity interim report pdf Hoare J Parfrement Hopkins J Britton A Hall P Scribbins M Ed and Flatley J Ed 2011 Children s experience and attitudes towards the police personal safety and public spaces Findings from the 2009 10 British Crime Survey interviews with children aged 10 to 15 Supplementary Volume 3 to Crime in England and Wales 2009 10 Home Office Statistical Bulleti
178. rcycles car revving joyriding etc Office for National Statistics 71 Chapter 6 Perceptions 6 1 Perceptions of crime levels Questions on the perception of change in national and local crime have been included in the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW since 1996 Perceptions of local crime levels used to be asked of the whole sample that had lived at their address for three or more years but since April 2008 the question has been asked of 3 quarters of the sample irrespective of how long they have lived at their address with the exception of 2011 12 when this question was asked of half the sample For trend comparisons respondents who have lived at their address for less than three years have been excluded from 2008 09 to 2011 12 figures 6 2 Likelihood of victimisation and worry about crime Respondents to the CSEW are asked about their perceived likelihood of being a victim of burglary vehicle crime or violent crime The perceived likelihood of being a victim of burglary is based on those who say they are very or fairly likely to have their home burgled in the next year The perceived likelihood of being a victim of violent crime is a composite measure of anyone who thinks they are very or fairly likely to be either mugged robbed or physically attacked by a stranger in the next year or both The perceived likelihood of being a victim of vehicle crime is a composite measure of vehicle owners who think they are very or fairly li
179. rder 3B Threats to kill 8L Harassment 8M Racially or religiously aggravated harassment 8Q Stalking 11 Cruelty to and neglect of children 11A Cruelty to children young persons 12 Abandoning a child under the age of two years 13 Child abduction 14 Procuring illegal abortion 36 Kidnapping 104 Assault without injury on a constable 105A Assault without injury 105B Racially or religiously aggravated assault without injury Sexual offences Rape 19C Rape of a female aged 16 or over 19D Rape of a female child under 16 19E Rape of a female child under 13 19F Rape of a male aged 16 or over 19G Rape of a male child under 16 19H Rape of a male child under 13 Other sexual offences 17A Sexual assault on a male aged 13 and over 17B Sexual assault on a male child under 13 20A Sexual assault on a female aged 13 and over 20B Sexual assault on a female child under 13 21 Sexual activity involving a child under 13 22B Sexual activity involving a child under 16 22A Causing sexual activity without consent 23 Incest or familial sexual offences 70 Sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder 71 Abuse of children through prostitution and pornography 72 Trafficking for sexual exploitation 73 Abuse of position of trust of a sexual nature 88A Sexual grooming 88C Other miscellaneous sexual offences Office for National Statistics 105 88D Unnatural sexual offences 88E Exposure and voyeurism Robbery Key elements of the offe
180. rent CSEW estimates ONS have initiated a project to develop and test new questions on fraud both online and offline and other types of cyber crime The aim of the project is to address a wide range of issues and associated conceptual challenges which include e Counting incidents plastic card or bank account fraud often involve separate events e g card purchases at different retailers on different days and a clear set of rules for counting incidents needs to be established These need to be conceptually sound but also practical in Section 5 4 of the User Guide provides a fuller explanation Office for National Statistics 64 terms of respondents being able to recall and group or separate such events into individual incidents e Identifying and counting victims for example in areas such as bank and credit card cyber enabled fraud there may be ambiguity about the victim Is it the bank or financial institution who suffers the loss or the customer or both e Identifying where the crime took place while it is often possible to identify where the victim or victims reside it is often not possible to identify where the offence originated e The means for criminals to attempt to commit this type of crime on a grand scale Thus a single act of uploading a computer virus or sending a malicious e mail may impact on thousands of people and could in theory result in thousands of crimes being recorded
181. riation in Crime trends methodological note As part of an inquiry by the Public Administration Select Committee PASC into crime statistics in late 2013 allegations of under recording of crime by the police have been made The PASC inquiry also heard concerns regarding the accuracy of police recorded crime data for sexual offences in particular In the same PASC inquiry the Chief Inspector of Constabulary Sir Tom Winsor outlined how HMIC would be undertaking a further inspection of the integrity of police recorded crime during 2014 HMIC s inspection methodology involved audits of a sample 10 267 of reports of crime received either through incidents reported by the public crimes directly reported to a police crime bureau and those reports referred by other agencies directly to specialist departments within a force HMIC s aim was to check whether correct crime recording decisions were made in each case The audits were carried out between December 2013 and August 2014 looking at crimes recorded between November 2012 and October 2013 Furthermore the inspection methodology also included e examination of key documents held by police forces including guidance relating to their crime recording processes e looking at the proportions of crimes recorded through each of the possible routes for reporting crime see Box 3a e liaison and interviews with senior employees in the police and other interested parties HMIC s final in
182. risks Confidence intervals on the CSEW are based on complex standard errors CSEs around estimates which reflect the stratified and semi clustered design of the survey and are calculated using the SPSS Complex Sample Module www spss com Where standard errors are calculated without the complex element a design effect of 1 2 is applied to the confidence interval and significance testing to allow for the fact that the survey design is not a simple random sample Statistical significance for change in CSEW estimates for overall crime and all theft offences cannot be calculated in the same way as for other CSEW estimates This is because there is an extra stage of sampling used in a personal crime rate selecting the adult respondent for interview compared with a household crime rate where the respondent represents the whole household so technically these are estimates from two different though obviously highly related surveys The Office for National Statistics ONS methodology group has provided an approximation method to use to overcome this problem The approach involves producing population weighted variances associated with two approximated estimates for overall crime The first approximation is derived by apportioning household crime equally among adults within the household in other words converting households into adults and Office for National Statistics 83 second by apportioning personal crimes to all household membe
183. ror for example a force subsequently reports that when supplying thefts and robbery figures they had been transposed A data table showing updates to the number of police recorded crimes compared with previously published statistics is released alongside each quarterly bulletin See table QT 1a in the quarterly data tables Office for National Statistics 31 The general principle for any revision will be that when data are found to be in error both the data and any associated analysis that has been published by ONS will be revised in line with the ONS revisions and corrections policy 3 7 Published sources of police recorded crime statistics for England and Wales Police recorded crime statistics for England and Wales are available from a number of different published sources The main sources are e Official statistics published by the Office for National Statistics ONS e Home Office Open Data tables e Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC Crime and Policing Comparator e Compare your area data available on the Police uk website e Local crime maps available on the Police uk website While all of the above sources are based on data extracted from police crime recording systems there are a number of important differences between them both in terms of the data they hold and their intended use These are outlined below and summarised in Table3a In addition to these sources local police forces also publish
184. rs converting adults into households The variances are calculated in the same way as for standard household or personal crime rates i e taking into account the complex sample design An average is then taken of the two estimates of the population weighted variances The resulting approximated variance is then used in the calculation of confidence intervals for the estimates of all CSEW crime all theft offences and in the calculation of the sampling error around changes in estimates of all CSEW crime all theft offences to calculate whether such differences are statistically significant This method incorporates the effect of any covariance between household and personal crime By taking an average of the two approximations it also counteracts any possible effect on the estimates of differing response rates and therefore calibration rates by household size Tables UG2 to UG6 provide 95 per cent confidence intervals around estimates Table UG2 shows main estimates of incidents of crime Table UG3 shows main estimates of victimisation and key perception measures Table UG4 shows main estimates of personal victimisation by respondent sex and age Table UG5 shows main estimates of household victimisation by household reference person age and tenure and Table UG6 shows estimates for total personal and household crime Tables UG7 to UGQ provide 95 per cent confidence intervals around estimates pertaining to 10 to 15 year olds Table UG7 shows main
185. rsons not of the same household as himself Police recorded ASB incidents Anti social behaviour incidents are recorded by the police in accordance with the National Standard for Incident Recording NSIR In many cases these incidents may still be crimes in law such as littering or dog fouling but they are not of a level of severity that would result in the recording of a notifiable offence Thus they are not included in the main police recorded crime collection Figures relating to ASB however can be considered alongside those on police recorded notifiable crime to provide a more comprehensive view of the crime and disorder that comes to the attention of the police The effects on a victim of ASB can be similar to that experienced by a victim of a crime for example anger annoyance or fear ASB incidents are presented on the national crime map service to inform the public of crime and disorder happening in their local area Figures should be interpreted as incidents recorded by the police These figures do however provide an incomplete count of the extent of reported ASB as incidents are also reported to other agencies such as local authorities or social landlords for example problems with nuisance neighbours Such reports will not generally be included in these police figures Prior to 2011 12 the police had been using 14 categories defined by the NSIR for recording ASB incidents that fall short of being notifiable crimes Whi
186. ry or robbery the burglary or robbery codes take precedence over the damage codes in offence coding The CSEW produces estimates for criminal damage to vehicles and arson and other criminal damage to the home and other property e Criminal damage to a vehicle includes any intentional and malicious damage to a vehicle such as scratching a coin down the side of a car or denting a car roof It does not however include causing deliberate damage to a car by fire These incidents are recorded as arson and therefore included in Arson and other criminal damage The CSEW only covers damage against private households that is vehicles owned by any member of the household this includes company cars Police recorded crime includes all vehicle criminal damage under the offence classification of Criminal damage to a vehicle e Arson and other criminal damage includes intentional or malicious damage to the home doors windows fences plants and shrubs for example or other property and arson where there is any deliberate damage to property belonging to the respondent or their household including vehicles caused by fire Police recorded criminal damage results from any person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged Damage which is repairable without cost or which is a
187. s the percentage has been recalculated for the single category and therefore may differ from the sum of the percentages derived from the tables Year labels on CSEW figures and tables Prior to 2001 02 CSEW respondents were asked about their experience of crime in the previous calendar year so year labels identify the year in which the crime took place Following the change to continuous interviewing in 2001 02 respondents experience of crime relates to the 12 full months prior to interview see Chapter 2 and year labels identify the CSEW year of interview Other questions on the CSEW for example attitudes to policing confidence in the criminal justice system ask the respondent their current views or attitudes and thus the data are referenced as the year in which the respondent was interviewed for example 1996 2008 09 No answers missing values All CSEW analysis excludes don t know refusals unless otherwise specified Numbers of CSEW incidents Estimates are rounded to the nearest 1 000 Office for National Statistics 93 Chapter 9 CSEW Open Data tables 9 1 Introduction to Open Data tables This chapter contains information on the content and use of the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW Open Data tables These tables contain CSEW estimates related to victimisation and perceptions of crime and the criminal justice system CJS broken down by demographic characteristics These tables are released as part of
188. s and the degree to which victimisation rates vary between neighbourhoods Consequently unclustered samples in these areas yielded estimates with greater precision than clustered samples Inclusion of an unclustered sample component not only improved the precision in these areas but brought a net increase in precision for national and police force area estimates as well This design was further developed in two ways for the 2012 13 survey The unclustered sample design in high density areas was extended so that three year datasets became unclustered in every type of area This was achieved by ensuring that every sample cluster was used at least once over the course of the three year period April 2012 to March 2015 Bespoke sample clusters relating to victimisation rates that were more heterogeneous than MSOAs were used with the aim of increasing the precision of annual estimates For full details of the new design including a description of the creation of the bespoke cluster design see Survey Methodology Bulletin No 71 September 2012 The current CSEW sample is designed to yield interviews with a nationally representative sample of 35 000 households in England and Wales each year With the exception of the City of London PFA which for the purpose of analysis is merged with the Metropolitan PFA the sample is designed to yield a minimum of 650 interviews with adults aged 16 years and over in each one of the 42 territorial PFAs The requirement f
189. s of unauthorised vehicle taking see classification 48 below with additional aggravating factors of dangerous driving or causing an accident involving injury or damage 45 Theft from a vehicle 48 Theft or unauthorised taking of motor vehicle Unauthorised taking of motor vehicle part of Section 12 of the Theft Act 1968 also known as taking without consent or TWOC is a summary offence It is closely associated with theft of a motor vehicle because at the time of recording it may not be known whether the intention is to permanently deprive the owner 126 Vehicle interference Office for National Statistics 106 Summary offences closely associated with theft of or from vehicles The Home Office website see above contains detailed guidance for forces on distinguishing between these offences and criminal damage where a vehicle is reported damaged Theft from the person 39 Theft from the person Bicycle theft 44 Theft or unauthorised taking of a pedal cycle Shoplifting 46 Shoplifting All other theft offences 40 Theft in a dwelling other than from an automatic machine or meter 41 Theft by an employee 42 Theft of mail 43 Dishonest use of electricity 47 Theft from automatic machine or meter 49 Other theft 35 Blackmail Criminal damage and arson Arson 56A Arson endangering life 56B Arson not endangering life Not all malicious fires that the police record are included here If the owner of the property set alight is wounde
190. scene publications 87 Protection from eviction 89 Adulteration of food 91 Public health offences 94 Planning laws 95 Disclosure obstruction false or misleading statements etc 96 Wildlife offences 99 Other notifiable offences 802 Dangerous driving 814 Fraud forgery associated with vehicle driver records Selected National Fraud Intelligence Bureau NFIB offences Additional data on fraud reported from industry bodies are provided by the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau NFIB These are still under development and data are included as they become available The list below shows the offences within the NFIB dataset and the date from which they were included 1 April 2011 419 Advance fee fraud Application fraud excluding mortgages Bankruptcy and insolvency Business trading fraud Charity fraud Cheque plastic card and online bank accounts not PSP Computer software service fraud Consumer phone fraud Corporate employee fraud Corporate procurement fraud Counterfeit cashiers cheques Department for Work and Pensions fraud DWP Dating scams Door to door sales and bogus tradesmen False accounting Fraud recovery Office for National Statistics 109 Fraudulent applications for grants from charities HM Revenue and Customs fraud HMRC Inheritance fraud Insurance broker fraud Insurance related fraud Lender loan fraud Lottery scams Mandate fraud Mortgage related fraud Online shopping and au
191. sed measure that was previously published in Millard and Flatley 2010 This recognises the importance of age in addition to relationship in classifying the severity of an incident This excludes items such as pens stationery food toys cards cigarettes A weapon constitutes any item that was considered to be a weapon by the victim this includes knives sticks stones bottles etc 1 Where there was more than one offender detailed information was collected if any of the offenders were not pupils at the respondent s school Office for National Statistics 14 A minor revision was made to the calculation of the preferred measure in the 2012 13 survey relating to the classification of incidents in terms of the intention to commit an offence and whether the incident should be classed as serious or non serious The need for this revision was identified when during a broader programme of work to reweight survey estimates a failure to implement a previous methodological change was uncovered These changes had the effect of reducing estimates for the preferred measure in particular for personal theft and vandalism Some methodological differences between the adult and children s survey mean that direct comparisons cannot be made between the adult and child victimisation data although these estimates are presented in the same publication to provide a better understanding of victimisation experiences among adults and children resident i
192. ses not covered by the survey Police recorded Victim based crime includes violence against the person sexual offences robbery total theft offences and criminal damage and arson Police recorded Other crimes against society includes drug offences public order offences and miscellaneous crimes against society 5 1 Violent crime Violent crime covers a range of offence types from minor assaults such as pushing and shoving that result in no physical harm to murder This includes offences where the victim was intentionally stabbed punched kicked pushed jostled etc as well as offences where the victim was threatened with violence whether or not there is any injury In published crime statistics violent crime both as measured by the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW and by police recorded crime is grouped into two broad high level categories Violence with injury and Violence without injury However these categories are not directly comparable between the CSEW and police recorded crime and attempts to cause injury are categorised differently In addition to the two broad categories police recorded crime statistics present a separate category for homicide such offences are not covered by the CSEW as itis a victim based survey In 2014 15 a little over half of all CSEW violent incidents and a little under half of all police recorded violence against the person resulted in injury to the victim
193. spection report Crime recording making the victim count based on inspections in all 43 territorial police forces was published on 18 November 2014 The report highlighted that at the national level an estimated four in five offences 81 that were brought to the attention of the police and should have been recorded as crimes actually were recorded with compliance for specific office types as follows e Burglary 89 e Robbery 86 e Criminal damage and arson 86 e Other offences excluding fraud 83 e Sexual offences 74 e Violence with or without injury 67 Office for National Statistics 28 The audit sample was not large enough to produce force level compliance rates However the HMIC have reported on their inspection findings in separate crime inspection force reports for each of the 43 police forces in England and Wales published on 27 November 2014 HMIC made 13 recommendations following the inspections aimed at improving crime recording which are detailed in their final report The renewed focus on the quality of crime recording means that caution is needed when interpreting statistics on police recorded crime While we know that it is likely that improvements in compliance with the NCRS have led to increases in the number of crimes recorded by the police it is not possible to quantify the scale of this or assess how this effect varied between different police forces Apparent increases in po
194. statistics on crime in england and wales index html Office for National Statistics 2012 Survey Methodology Bulletin No 71 September 2012 http www ons gov uk ons guide method method quality survey methodology bulletin smb 71 index html Office for National Statistics 2012 Crime in England and Wales Quarterly First Release to December 2011 http www ons gov uk ons rel crime stats crime statistics year ending december 201 1 stb crime stats dec 2011 html Office for National Statistics 2012 Focus On Public Perceptions of Policing Findings from the 2011 12 Crime Survey for England and Wales http www ons gov uk ons rel crime stats crime statistics focus on public perceptions of policing findings from the 201 1 12 crime survey for Office for National Statistics 121 england and wales stb public perceptions of policing 2011 12 crime survey for england wales html Pickering K Smith P Bryson C and Farmer C 2008 British Crime Survey options for extending the coverage to children and people living in communal establishments Home Office Research Report 06 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfsO 8 horr06c padf Povey D and Prime J 1999 Recorded Crime Statistics England and Wales April 1998 to March 1999 Home Office Statistical Bulletin 18 99 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds
195. stem known as the National Management Information System NMIS Those forces not using NMIS have been required to create bespoke data extracts from their systems in order to supply information to the Home Office Data Hub and this has meant the delivery for the overall system is taking longer than planned Once all forces have switched to supplying data via the Data Hub and the quality of the data is sufficient consideration will be given to how the more detailed data can be used Some of the additional data provided by the Data Hub has already been used in the quarterly crime bulletins For instance information from the Data Hub has been used to show how much of the increase in sexual offences seen in recent figures was due to historical sexual offences due in part to Operation Yewtree Without the Data Hub this analysis would not have been possible 3 2 Compilation of police recorded crime statistics for England and Wales The crime recording process starts at the point at which an incident comes to the attention of the police This could be through a victim calling 999 or reporting it to the police via another means an incident being referred to the police by another agency or being identified by the police directly for example officers encountering an incident while on patrol While there are standardised rules used by all police forces to ensure consistency in decisions around when a crime is recorded and what type of crime it
196. sues with regard to classifying criminal incidents for example minor incidents that are normal within the context of childhood behaviour and development can be categorised as criminal when existing legal definitions of offences are applied Millard and Flatley 2010 proposed four methods for counting crime against children Following a National Statistics consultation with users these measures have been refined Responses to the user consultation suggested there was some value in all approaches but the majority favoured the Broad and Preferred based measures with regard to estimating levels of victimisation Of the other two methods there was least support during the consultation for the subjective approach which included only offences perceived to be a crime by the respondent Victim perceived and some limited interest from users in the presentation of the All in law outside school approach includes all incidents reported by children that are in law a crime except those occurring in school The Broad measure previously known as the All in law approach is the widest possible count but will include minor offences between children and family members that would not normally be treated as criminal matters The Preferred measure previously Known as the Norms based approach is a more focused method which takes into account factors identified as important in determining the severity of an incident but w
197. t sample These formed part of a split sample experiment to assess the effect of question changes on estimates of prevalence of these offence types Results from this experiment have been published Hall and Smith 2011 and formed the basis of a public consultation on questions to include in the CSEW self completion module in future Home Office 2012 As of 2013 14 the split sample was dropped and just the new questions were asked Analyses of the experiment for 2012 13 have been published Methodological note Intimate Personal Violence split sample experiment CSEW 2012 13 which includes details of the adjustment applied to the back series to make a comparable time series 2 4 Time periods covered Prior to 2001 02 CSEW respondents were asked about their crime related experiences in the previous calendar year but when the CSEW changed to a continuous survey respondents were asked about crime in the 12 months prior to interview Since becoming a continuous survey CSEW estimates are published based on interviews carried out over a 12 month period for example for the publication of the 2014 15 CSEW estimates are derived from interviews carried out between April 2014 and March 2015 year ending March 2015 As respondents are interviewed on a rolling basis over the course of a year the time period covered by the data is not directly comparable with any calendar year Therefore tables and figures including trends over time refer to the year in
198. tatistics mojstats stats race cjs 2010 pdf Mirrlees Black C 1999 Domestic violence findings from a new British Crime Survey self completion questionnaire Home Office Research Study 191 http webarchive nationalarchives gov uk 20110218135832 http rds homeoffice gov uk rds pdfs h ors191 pdf National Statistician 2011 National Statistician s Review of Crime Statistics England and Wales http www statisticsauthority gov uk national statistician ns reports reviews and quidance national statistician s reviews national statistician s review of crime statistics html Office for National Statistics 2014 Crime in England and Wales period ending March 2014 http www ons gov uk ons rel crime stats crime statistics index html Office for National Statistics 2013 Focus On Violent Crime and Sexual Offences 2013 14 http www ons gov uk ons rel crime stats crime statistics focus on violent crime and sexual offences 2013 14 index html Office for National Statistics 2013 Analysis of variation in crime trends http www ons gov uk ons guide method method quality specific crime statistics methodology index html Office for National Statistics 2012 Future dissemination strategy for the publication of National Statistics on crime in England and Wales http Awww ons gov uk ons about ons user engagement consultations and surveys future dissemination strategy for the publication of national
199. that remain constant are white no long standing illness or disability in employment managerial and professional occupations degree or diploma household income of 30 000 40 000 homeowner detached house urban prospering suburbs not high level of physical disorder seven hours or longer out of the home on an average weekday visited a bar less than once a week in the last month did not visit a nightclub in the last month The risk of being a victim of violent crime for a 23 year old single man with all the above characteristics is EXP 5 79 1 32 0 58 0 61 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 1 EXP 5 79 1 32 0 58 0 61 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 5 4 The risk of being a victim of violent crime for a 55 year old married woman with all the above characteristics is EXP 5 79 1 67 0 21 5 0 58 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 1 EXP 5 79 1 67 0 21 5 0 58 0 18 0 24 0 17 0 25 0 07 0 4 The relative risk is Risk for a 23 year old single man Risk for a 55 year old married woman 12 3 8 5 Conventions used in figures and tables The following conventions are used in the crime statistics publication and the user guide where applicable Table abbreviations O indicates greater than 0 per cent but less than 0 5 per cent this does not apply when percentages are presented to one decimal point indicates that the CSEW question was not applicable or not asked in that particular year 51 The relative risk presented here
200. that used in the ONS statistical bulletin They provide a breakdown of police recorded crime counts by individual offence classifications for each Community Safety Partnership and police force area The open data tables are designed to meet the needs of the expert user It is a rich source of data with which users are able to conduct their own bespoke analysis The large data table available in Office for National Statistics 32 CSV and ODS formats requires some manipulation to extract data for specific time periods areas and offence types Users can download open data tables from the Home Office pages on gov uk HMIC Crime and Policing Comparator The Crime and Policing Comparator is HMIC s online tool that brings together a range of data from all 43 police forces across England and Wales for the past three years It allows users to compare rates of crime between forces using an interactive charting tool The Crime and Policing Comparator is updated quarterly based on the same police recorded crime dataset as that used in the ONS statistical bulletin In addition to police recorded crime the Crime and Policing Comparator provides data on e Anti social behaviour ASB incidents recorded by the police e Quality of service from victim satisfaction surveys e Police force data on finances and workforce Compare your area data available on the Police uk website The police uk website includes police recorded crime data in the Compare Yo
201. those resident in households But the CSEW by its very nature does not sample from the entire adult population of England and Wales it only interviews adults resident in households The CSEW does not cover people living in group residences for example students halls of residence and NHS nurses accommodation or other institutions for example prisons or homeless people By including the non household resident population in the calculation of crime estimates this assumes that the household resident and non household resident populations experience similar levels of crime victimisation and this is unlikely to be true Therefore CSEW estimates have previously been calculated using marginally larger population totals than are most appropriate It is more logical to multiply incidence rates for personal level crimes by the household resident only population as this is the population the CSEW covers 2011 Census based household resident only population data have been supplied to enable the calculation of CSEW estimates in accordance with this new approach these have been incorporated into the re weighting of the 2001 02 to 2012 13 adults aged 16 and over data and the re weighting of the 2009 10 to 2012 13 children s aged 10 to 15 data CSEW data prior to 2001 02 remained unaffected as the 2011 Census based population estimates only back dated those since the previous Census 2001 This has introduced a minor inconsistency in the
202. thouse something taken Domestic burglary with entry 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken Domestic burglary with loss 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 58 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse something taken Domestic burglary with no loss 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 57 Burglary from non connected domestic garage outhouse nothing taken Domestic burglary attempts 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling Domestic burglary in a dwelling 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken Office for National Statistics 113 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling Domestic burglary in a dwelling with entry 51 Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken Domestic burglary in a dwelling with loss 52 Burglary in a dwelling something taken Domestic burglary in a dwelling with no loss Sd Burglary in a dwelling nothing taken Domestic burglary in a dwelling attempts 53 Attempted burglary in a dwelling Domestic burglary in a non connected building to a dwelling 50 Attempted burglary to non connected domestic garage outhouse 57 Burglary fr
203. tics referred to at Geography Age Sex HouseholdType and Characteristic from CSEW interviews conducted in the period identified by Period LastQuarter and LastYear When MeasurementType is Incidence rate it is a rate per 1 000 adults households where Measurement Type is Prevalence rate or Perception it is a percentage see reference table STANDARDERROR Possible values Various This column contains the standard error of the value of Estimate As the CSEW is a sample survey all estimates are subject to a degree of error reflected in the size of the standard error see the How to use CSEW Open Data tables section below for more information More advanced users may also want to know that as the CSEW is based on a complex sample design the standard errors included in these tables are complex standard errors that take the sample design into account This means that no further adjustments such as design factors need to be applied to calculations involving these standard errors Office for National Statistics 98 UNWEIGHTEDCOUNT Possible values Various Also referred to as the Unweighted base this column shows the total number of respondents who contributed to the calculation of Estimate Estimates based on a larger number of respondents are generally more reliable and those based on a very small number of respondents should be treated with caution It is recommended that users refrain from using estimates base
204. ting rates findings from the CSEW The CSEW asks whether incidents were reported or otherwise came to the attention of the police These findings reveal considerable differences in reporting rates between different types of offences and some variability in reporting rates over time For analysis of reasons given for not reporting crime to the police see Flatley et al 2010 Discrepancies between the trends in the CSEW and police recorded crime may reflect trends in reporting rates However they may also reflect changes in police priorities and recording practices variation within the CSEW sample and differences in the time period covered between the two sources Office for National Statistics 36 Table 4a Comparable subset of crimes CSEW category Recorded crime offence included Violence Assault with intent to cause serious harm 5D Assault with injury 8N Racially or religiously aggravated assault with injury 8P Assault without injury on a constable 104 Assault without injury 105A Racially or religiously aggravated assault without injury 105B Robbery Robbery of personal property 34B Theft from the Theft from the person 39 person Domestic burglary in Burglary in a dwelling 28A a dwelling Attempted burglary in a dwelling 28B Attempted distraction burglary in a dwelling 28D 28B Distraction burglary in a dwelling 28C Aggravated burglary in a dwelling 29 Vehicle related t
205. tion module questions work together in a live setting and will be followed by full evaluation of the data Further to a successful field trial the victimisation module will be introduced into the live survey from October 2015 and it is anticipated that a full suite of estimates utilising both the screener and victimisation module questions will begin to emerge from around April 2016 For more information about this project please see the recently published methodological note Update Extending the CSEW to include fraud and cyber crime Office for National Statistics 55 Figure 5a Sources of administrative data on fraud SOURCES OF ADMINISTRATIVE DATA ON FRAUD OFFICIAL STATISTICS FURTHER DATA FROM INDUSTRY BODIES Financial Fraud Action Cifas The UK wide fraud and UK FFA UK financial crime prevention Coordi hates faud Ani prevention activity for financial services industry Action Fraud Run by City of London Police Facilitates fraud data sharing Works in partnership with Since April 2013 all between 350 organisations The UK Cards Association and 43 police forces in from public and private the Cheque amp Credit Clearing E amp W direct frauds sectors in UK Company C amp CCC including financially motivated e crime oa p AOE d Membership includes all major banks and plastic card providers Primary focus is preventing fraud occurring at the point Centrally records of application for financial incidents of fraud
206. tivariate statistical technique that predicts the outcome of a dependent variable from a set of independent variables such as personal household area or behavioural characteristics associated with a CSEW respondent The dependent variable must have only two possible outcomes for example logistic regression can model the risk of a person becoming a victim of a crime or not The technique allows the assessment of which of the independent variables are statistically related to the dependent variable when the influence of all other variables in the model is taken into account The approach using CSEW data is based on an iterative process which relies on a theoretical rationale of how the independent variables might affect the outcome This process enables evaluation of the impact of certain types of variables on the outcome for example if the risk of being a victim of crime is due to personal characteristics rather than area based factors Each of the iterations is based on logistic regressions using the Enter method the final model is also run using a Forward stepwise regression to evaluate the strength of the contribution that each variable makes to that model The 2 log likelihood statistic minus two times the log of the likelinood also known as the scaled deviance of each model is presented as a measure indicating how much of the outcome remains unexplained by the independent variables The fit of each model is compar
207. to divide police recorded crimes between two broad categories to distinguish between crimes with a specific identifiable victim referred to as Victim based crime and those which do not normally have a direct victim and are more likely to be recorded as a result of proactive enforcement by the police and other authorities referred to as Other crimes against society These have been introduced to improve clarity of presentation and comparability with data from the CSEW and will help align police recorded crime figures with other crime reporting tools for example the Police uk street level mapping and HMIC crime and policing comparator tools A third category was introduced to cover offences of Fraud Changes to the operational arrangements for the reporting and recording of fraud offences mean that from April 2013 many fraud offences previously recorded by police forces were recorded centrally by Action Fraud see Section 5 4 on fraud below 3 5 Transferred or cancelled records Cancelled records Police forces record some crimes which are subsequently cancelled where it is determined that no crime actually took place such cases were previously referred to as no crimes The HOCR set out circumstances under which a crime report may be cancelled These include situations where a crime is considered to have been recorded in error or where having been recorded additional verifiable information becomes available that determines th
208. tps www gov uk government publications counting rules for recorded crime VICTIM BASED CRIME Violence against the person Homicide 1 Murder 4 1 Manslaughter 4 10 Corporate manslaughter 4 2 Infanticide Applies to infants aged under 12 months killed by the mother while of disturbed mind Violence with injury 2 Attempted murder 4 3 Intentional destruction of viable unborn child 4 4 Causing death by dangerous driving 4 6 Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of drink or drugs 4 8 Causing death by careless or inconsiderate driving 5A Inflicting grievous bodily harm GBH with intent 5B Use of substance or object to endanger life 5C Possession of items to endanger life 5D Assault with intent to cause serious harm DE Endangering life 6 Endangering railway passengers 7 Endangering life at sea 8F Inflicting grievous bodily harm GBH without intent 8H Racially or religiously aggravated inflicting GBH without intent 37 1 Causing death by aggravated vehicle taking 4 7 Causing or allowing death of child or vulnerable person 4 9 Causing death by driving unlicensed or disqualified or uninsured drivers Office for National Statistics 104 8G Actual bodily harm ABH and other injury 8J Racially or religiously aggravated ABH or other injury 8K Poisoning or female genital mutilation 8N Assault with injury 8P Racially or religiously aggravated assault with injury Violence without injury 3A Conspiracy to mu
209. ttp www ons Statistics quarterly statistical police forces to the and gov uk ons ta published by bulletins on crime Home Office Community xonomy index ONS Including aggregate data Safety html nscl Cri returns are subject Partnership me and Justi Detailed commentary to comprehensive ce Long term trend data checks including Other sources of reconciling figures crime statistics against forces own systems Includes data from the British Transport Police BTP Home Office Data files containing As above Data Police force Quarterly https ww Open Data PRC supplied by police and w gov uk g tables figures broken down forces to the Home Community overnment by offence type Office aggregate Safety publication geography and time data returns are Partnership s police period Intended to subject to recorded enable further analysis comprehensive crime of data checks including open data reconciling figures tables against forces own systems Includes data from the British Transport Police BTP HMIC Crime Presents charts Published ONS Police force Quarterly http www hmi amp Policing comparing police Official Statistics c gov uk crime Comparator recorded crime data as above and policing between all police comparator forces in England and Excludes data from Wales BTP Compare Presents charts of Published ONS Community Quarterly http www poli your area police recorded crime Offi
210. ublished shortly in the ONS Survey Methodology bulletin Table 2a CSEW sample history 1982 1984 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2001 02 2002 03 2003 04 Survey SCPR company SCPR NOP NOP SCPR OPCS SCPR SCPR SCPR amp ONS TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB vore sampi 10 905 11 030 10 392 10 059 14 520 16 348 14 947 19 411 8 973 32 787 36 450 37 931 R 81 71 71 71 71 83 79 74 73 73 74 75 esponse rate Sampling ER ER ER PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF PAF frame Ethnie ost x x v v v v x v v v sample Young adults x x x v x x x x v v v v boost sample Weights Weighta Weighta Weighta Weighta Weighta Indivwgt Indivwgt Indivwgt Indivwgt Cl1llndivwgt Clllndivwgt C1llndivwgt a Weightb Weightb Weightb Weightb Weightb Hhdwgt Hhdwgt Hhdwgt Hhdwgt C11Hhdwgt CllHhdwgt C11Hhdwgt Weighti Weighti Weight Weighti Weighti Weighti Weighti Weight Weighti CllWeighti C11Weighti C11Weighti CAPI PAPI PAPI PAPI PAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI CAPI PAP No of victim forme 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Self completion x x x v v v v v v v v v element Over gamoled indaner citveareas Proportional Over sampled in less populous PFAs Sample type p sample minimum 600 2004 05 2005 06 2006 07 2007 08 2008 09 2009 10 2010 11 2011 12 2012 13 2013 14 2014 15 ay TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TNS BMRB TN
211. und 42 per cent of CSEW comparable crime was reported to the police although this proportion varied considerably for individual offence types Police recorded crime data are supplied to the Office for National Statistics ONS by the Home Office who are responsible for the collation of recorded crime data supplied by the 43 territorial police forces of England and Wales plus the British Transport Police These data are supplied to the Home Office on a monthly basis in an aggregated return for each crime within the notifiable offence list see Appendix 1 They are then quality assured by the Home Office Statistics Unit before they send the final data to ONS at the end of each quarter for final preparation and publication as Official Statistics Notifiable offences include all offences that could possibly be tried by jury these include some less serious offences such as minor theft that would not usually be dealt with this way plus a few additional closely related summary offences dealt with by magistrates such as assault without injury The Home Office have been implementing a new data collection system to streamline the process by which forces submit data The Home Office Data Hub has been designed to replace the current spreadsheet based system with the automated capturing of crime data via direct extracts from forces own crime recording systems This reduces the burden on forces in supplying data and reduces the risk of error associated with spr
212. ur Area section of the site This presents data in the form of charts which enable users to compare levels of crime in a local area with other areas presented at Community Safety Partnership level The charts help users to understand more about e how crime in an area compares with crime in other similar areas e howcrime in an area compares with crime in the rest of the police force area e how crime has changed over time in an area and in the police force area These tables are updated quarterly and are based on the same police recorded crime dataset as that used in the ONS Official Statistics Local crime maps available on the Police uk website The Police uk website also provides street level recorded crime counts presented using a crime mapping tool This allows users to view crime maps for a specific area for example their own neighbourhood and gives a count of crimes in that area as well as an indication of the street location that the crime occurred The raw data at street level can also be downloaded from the police uk website The crime counts are based on data submitted by the police separately from the data used in the ONS official statistics While these data are ultimately sources from the same police force databases as those used to supply data for the Official Statistics there are some important differences between the Police uk crime maps and ONS Official Statistics most notably that e Crime mapper data are published on a
213. vey estimates Time period most closely comparable with recorded crime Averaging over the moving reference period of the CSEW generates estimates that are most closely comparable with police recorded crime figures to the end of the September six months earlier For example CSEW figures from the 2014 15 survey are most closely comparable with police recorded crime statistics for the 12 months to the end of September 2014 The Home Office commissioned methodological work to consider the use of an alternative method of presenting the data based on crimes experienced in a particular year Tipping et al 2010 compared the trajectory of a range of crime types presenting the data based on the year the interview took place compared with the year the incident took place There was no evidence that this different basis for reporting would have produced different findings over the period of 2001 to 2009 However during this period a steady decline in crime was experienced Tipping et al also noted that moving to presenting data based on the year that the incident took place would mean that analysts would have to wait an additional year before a complete dataset would be available to them No changes were made to the CSEW as a result of this study Office for National Statistics 12 2 5 CSEW measures of crime The CSEW provides estimates of the levels of household and personal crimes experienced by respondents Household crimes are considered to be all vehi
214. vided by the estimated household response rate for the relevant class It was recommended that this weight was replaced by one derived from a logistic regression model with multiple predictors The predictors include e NUTS1 region e Output Area Classification Group e the eightfold ONS urban rural indicator and e LSOA census proportion of households containing one person or the factor with which it is correlated These predictors are applied to the dataset to produce an estimated household response propensity for each responding case The effects of calibration weights are generally small for household level crime but are likely to be more important for estimates of personal level crime as for example young respondents generally have much higher crime victimisation rates than average but also lower response rates to the survey However there was only a marginal impact seen in crime trends when calibration weighting was first implemented in the 1996 survey 8 3 Population estimates Crime Survey for England and Wales The Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW uses population estimates for two purposes in calibration weighting see above and in calculating the estimates of numbers of crimes see Chapter 2 For the calculation of estimates for numbers of CSEW incidence rates for personal level crimes are multiplied by estimates or projections for the most recent time period of the population aged 16 and over in England and W
215. w A national data quality working group meets regularly to consider specific issues to advise HMIC on inspection activity and to support FCRs in the development of local risk based audits Ongoing quality checks Ongoing consultation on the formulation and development of the policy on crime recording is provided through working groups comprising members of the Home Office ONS police force regional representatives and representatives of National Police Chiefs Council NPCC Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary HMIC and the Crown Prosecution Service CPS Any significant changes proposed by these groups in recording will be considered by the independent National Statistician Crime Statistics Advisory Committee NS CSAC established following a recommendation in the National Statistician s review of crime statistics in 2011 who will advise the Home Secretary and ONS before any final changes are made Police recorded crime statistics like any administrative data will be affected by the rules governing the recording of data systems in place and operational decisions in respect of the allocation of resources More proactive policing of non victim based crimes in a given area such as drug offences or possession of a weapon could lead to an increase in crimes recorded without any real change in underlying crime trends Therefore when examining trends in police recorded crime data presented in statistical bulletins it is important
216. within the overall count of violence except for the categories of serious wounding with sexual motive and other wounding with sexual motive which are included in the offence type of wounding CSEW respondents may not wish to disclose sensitive information face to face and so interviews since 2004 05 and prior to this in 1996 and 2001 have included self completion modules on intimate violence see below These figures have previously been published separately by ONS see Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences 2013 14 Intimate personal violence Intimate personal violence is the CSEW collective term used to describe domestic violence sexual assault and stalking and the categories are defined as follows e Domestic abuse this category combines partner abuse non sexual family abuse non sexual and sexual assault or stalking carried out by a current or former partner or other family member This broadly matches the Government s definition of domestic violence and abuse e Non sexual abuse by a partner physical force emotional or financial abuse or threats to hurt the respondent or someone close to them carried out by a current or former partner e Non sexual abuse by a family member physical force emotional or financial abuse or threats to hurt the respondent or someone close to them carried out by a family member other than a partner father mother step father mother or other relative e Emotional or financial abuse includ
217. yment and housing characteristics of the surrounding neighbourhood ACORN is useful in determining the social environment in which households are located The main five group breakdowns are characterised as follows e Affluent Achievers lavish lifestyles executive wealth mature money e Rising Prosperity city sophisticates career climbers Comfortably Communities countryside communities successful suburbs steady neighbourhoods comfortable seniors starting out e Financially Stretched student life modest means striving families poorer pensioners e Urban Adversity young hardship struggling estates difficult circumstances The ACORN classification is still available on the Crime Survey for England and Wales CSEW dataset but the National Statistics Output Area Classification see OAC below is now used in standard demographic tables released as part of the National Statistics outputs Community Safety Partnerships CSPs Set up under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 the CSPs are in nearly all cases coterminous with local authority areas They include representatives from the police health probation and other local agencies and provide strategies for reducing crime in the area As at July 2012 there were 324 CSPs in England and Wales In England they were previously termed Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships CDRPs Recorded crime figures for headline offences for each CSP are published on the Office for
218. ype is used to record fraud from regulators that is not covered elsewhere Examples would include fraud against the Land Registry Insider dealing at the stock exchange or the Gambling Commission e Passport application fraud passport fraud occurs where fraudsters obtain or try to obtain a United Kingdom passport by false representation e Pension fraud pension fraud by pensioners pension fraud committed on pensioners and fraudulent pension liberation schemes e Telecom industry fraud misuse of contracts when contracts are obtained by false representation from service providers either by using false details or stolen documents credit cards or with no intention of paying the contract Includes mobile phones and internet services For more information about subcategories of fraud offences falling under these main fraud types please see the Home Office Counting Rules for fraud Action Fraud had a phased introduction between April 2011 and March 2013 to allow for piloting and development of the service This involved local police forces transferring responsibility over to Action Fraud at different points during this period The date at which each police force transferred recording to Action Fraud is listed in Table 5c This phased transition meant that throughout 2011 12 and 2012 13 two reporting arrangements for fraud were operating in parallel with some police forces referring cases to Action Fraud and other forces recording them

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