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The effectiveness of interventions targeting infant mortality: a

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1. Smaill F and Vazquez J C 2007 Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000490 Soghier L M and Brion L P 2006 Cysteine cystine or N acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004869 Soll R and Ozek E 1998 Digoxin for preventing or treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001080 Soll R and Ozek E 2009 Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000141 Soll R F 1998 Prophylactic synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001079 Soll R F 1998 Synthetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001149 Soll R F and Blanco F 2001 Natural surfactant extract versus synthetic surfactant for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000144 Soll R F and Morley C J 2001 Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000510
2. Sosa C Althabe F Belizan J and Bergel E 2004 Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003581 Stade B Shah V and Ohlsson A 2004 Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003520 Stan C Boulvain M Hirsbrunner Amagbaly P and Pfister R 2002 Hydration for treatment of preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD003096 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 49 50 Stevens T P Harrington E W Blennow M and Soll R F 2007 Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003063 Steyn D W and Steyn P 2007 Low dose dopamine for women with severe pre eclampsia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003515 Subhedar N V Duffy K and Ibrahim H 2007 Corticosteroids for treating hypotension in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003662 Subhedar N V and Shaw N J 2003 Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001242 Subramaniam P
3. Whitelaw A and Odd D E 2007 Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000498 Whitworth M and Quenby S 2008 Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD006395 Winterbottom J B Smyth R Jacoby A and Baker G A 2008 Preconception counselling for women with epilepsy to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD006645 Woodgate P Flenady V and Steer P 2004 Intramuscular penicillin for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcal infection in newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003667 Woodgate P G and Davies M W 2001 Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002061 Xiong X Buekens P Vastardis S and Yu S M 2007 Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes State of the science Obstetrical amp Gynecological Survey 62 9 605 615 Yaju Y and Nakayama T 2006 Effectiveness and safety of ritodrine hydrochloride for the treatment of preterm labour a systematic review Pharmacoepidemiology amp Drug Safety 15 11 813 22 Yamasmit W Chaithongwongwatthana S Tolosa J E Li
4. 2001 Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants Askie 2009 Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Bhuta 1998 Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants Bhuta 1998 Tracheal gas insufflation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants Davies 2002 Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants Greenough 2009 Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants Henderson Smart 2001 Mechanical ventilation for newborn infants with respiratory failure due to pulmonary disease Henderson Smart 2002 Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants Henderson Smart 2007 2 Early versus delayed initiation of continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Ho 2002 Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress in preterm infants Ho 2002 Rescue high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants Joshi 2006 Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation K
5. Henderson Smart D J and Davis P G 2005 Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airways pressure for preventing morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001243 Suresh G K Davis J M and Soll R F 2001 Superoxide dismutase for preventing chronic lung disease in mechanically ventilated preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001968 Szajewska H Horvath A and Koletzko B 2006 Effect of n 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of women with low risk pregnancies on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 6 1337 44 Tan A Schulze A O Donnell C P and Davis P G 2005 Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002273 Tan K Dear P R F and Newell S J 2005 Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD004211 Tan T C Devendra K Tan L K and Tan H K 2006 Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labour a systematic review Singapore Medical Journal 47 5 361 6 Thaver D Saeed M A and Bhutta Z A 2006 Pyridoxine vitamin B6 supplementation in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000179 Thinkhamrop
6. Meirowitz N B Ananth C V Smulian J C and Vintzileos A M 1999 Value of maintenance therapy with oral tocolytics a systematic review Journal of Maternal Fetal amp Neonatal Medicine 8 4 177 83 Mercer B M and Arheart K L 1995 Antimicrobial therapy in expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes Lancet 346 8985 1271 1279 Minozzi S Amato L Vecchi S and Davoli M 2008 Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate dependent pregnant women Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD006318 Mohan P and Abrams S A 2009 Oral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD007138 Mohan P and Brocklehurst P 2003 Granulocyte transfusions for neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis and neutropaenia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003956 Morency A M and Bujold E 2007 The effect of second trimester antibiotic therapy on the rate of preterm birth Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynaecology Canada JOGC 29 1 35 44 Morgan P J Kung R and Tarshis J 2002 Nitroglycerin as a uterine relaxant a systematic review Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynaecology Canada JOGC 24 5 403 9 Mosalli R and Alfaleh K 2008 Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth we
7. infection Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004883 Gaunekar N N and Crowther C A 2004 Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004071 Goh Y I Bollano E Einarson T R and Koren G 2006 Prenatal multivitamin supplementation and rates of congenital anomalies a meta analysis Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynaecology Canada JOGC 28 8 680 9 Gork A S Ehrenkranz Richard A and Bracken Michael B 2008 Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD006071 Grant A and Glazener C M 2001 Elective caesarean section versus expectant management for delivery of the small baby Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000078 Greenough A Dimitriou G Prendergast M and Milner A D 2008 Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000456 Grivell R Wong L and Bhatia V 2009 Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD007113 Grover Z Tubman R and McGuire W 2007 Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal
8. 147 152 Rumbold A and Crowther C A 2005 Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD004072 Rumbold A and Crowther C A 2005 Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD004069 Rumbold A Duley L Crowther C A and Haslam R R 2008 Antioxidants for preventing pre eclampsia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD004227 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 47 Rumbold A R and Cunningham J 2008 A review of the impact of antenatal care for Australian Indigenous women and attempts to strengthen these services Maternal and Child Health Journal 12 1 83 100 Sanchez Ramos L Kaunitz A M and Delke I 2005 Progestational agents to prevent preterm birth A meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Obstetrics amp Gynecology 105 2 273 279 Sanchez Ramos L Kaunitz A M Gaudier F L and Delke I 1999 Efficacy of maintenance therapy after acute tocolysis A meta analysis American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 181 2 484 490 Sangkomkamhang U S Lumbiganon P Prasertcharoensook W and Laopaiboon M 2008 Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD006178 Saugstad O D Ramji S Soll R F and Vento M 2008 R
9. 2 See also Leitich 1998 Table 3 for a review of the potential adverse effects of concomitant use of antibiotics and corticosteroids 3 See also Table 17 for postnatal interventions to prevent periventricular hemorrhage Table 9 List of reviews evaluating other miscellaneous interventions for the prevention of preterm birth Bed rest Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy Crowther 2001 e Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth Sosa 2004 Social and educational interventions Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies Hodnett 2003 A systematic review of telephone support for women during pregnancy and the early postpartum period Dennis 2008 The effectiveness of preterm birth prevention educational programs for high risk women a meta analysis Hueston 1995 Hydration e Hydration for treatment of preterm labour Stan 2002 Probiotics e Probiotics for preventing preterm labour Othman 2007 Prophylaxis and treatment of periodontal disease e Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes state of the science Xiong 2007 Table 10 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent and manage pre eclampsia and hypertension 1 Progesterone e Progesterone for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Meher 2006 Antioxidants e Antioxidants for preventing pre eclampsia Rumbold 2008 Calcium supplementation e Calcium
10. 3 Interventions targeting pregnant women The included reviews evaluated a range of interventions and strategies aimed at improving pregnancy outcomes and the health of the infant the majority of which focused on interventions for the prevention and management of preterm birth User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Results are presented under two main headings e interventions for the prevention and management of preterm birth section 3 1 and e other interventions targeting pregnant women section 3 2 Within these sections included reviews are further grouped under a number of sub headings 3 1 Interventions for the prevention and management of preterm birth The main strategies evaluated for the prevention and management of preterm birth fell under the following three headings e Prevention and treatment of infections during pregnancy Table 3 o Treatment of urogenitary tract infections prior to the onset of labour rupture of membranes to prevent preterm birth o Prevention and treatment of infections in preterm rupture of membranes e Other interventions for the prevention and management of preterm labour o Interventions aimed at the early identification of preterm labour Table 4 o Progesterone administration Table 5 o Cervical cerclage Table 6 o Tocolytic drugs Table 7 e Prenatal administration of corticosteroids and other drugs to improve neonatal outcome in preterm labour Table 8 Reviews evalua
11. 43 McGuire W and McEwan P 2007 Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003487 McLaughlin K J Crowther C A Walker N and Harding J E 2003 Effects of a single course of corticosteroids given more than 7 days before birth a systematic review Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 43 2 101 6 Meher S Abalos E and Carroli G 2005 Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003514 Meher S and Duley L 2006 Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005942 Meher S and Duley L 2006 Garlic for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CDO006065 Meher S and Duley L 2006 Progesterone for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD006175 Meher S and Duley L 2006 Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005939 Meher S and Duley L 2007 Nitric oxide for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD006490
12. B 2004 Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and or low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000361 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 45 46 Ohlsson A and Lacy J B 2004 Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or subsequently proven infection in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews England CD001239 Ohlsson A Walia R and Shah S 2008 Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and or low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003481 Okun N Gronau K A and Hannah M E 2005 Antibiotics for bacterial vaginosis or Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnancy a systematic review Obstetrics amp Gynecology 105 4 857 68 Onland W De Jaegere A P Offringa M and van Kaam A H 2008 Effects of higher versus lower dexamethasone doses on pulmonary and neurodevelopmental sequelae in preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease a meta analysis Pediatrics 122 1 92 101 Osborn D A 2001 Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001070 Osborn D A and Evans N 2001 Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002056 Osborn D
13. Matthews S and Hannah M 2001 Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids A systematic review and meta analysis American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185 5 1073 1080 Alfaleh K and Bassler D 2008 Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005496 Alfirevic Z Devane D and Gyte G M 2006 Continuous cardiotocography CTG as a form of electronic fetal monitoring EFM for fetal assessment during labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CDO06066 Alfirevic Z and Neilson J P 1995 Doppler ultrasonography in high risk pregnancies systematic review with meta analysis American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 172 5 1379 87 Amin S B Sinkin R A and Glantz J C 2007 Metaanalysis of the effect of antenatal indomethacin on neonatal outcomes American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197 5 486 e1 486 e10 Anotayanonth S Subhedar N V Garner P Neilson J P and Harigopal S 2004 Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004352 Anttila E Peltoniemi O Haumont D Herting E Ter Horst H Heinonen K Kero P Nykanen P Oetomo S B and Hallman M 2005 Early neonatal dexamethasone treatment for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Randomised trial and meta analysis evaluating the duration of
14. Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy after 24 weeks gestation Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001451 Brion L P Bell E F and Raghuveer T S 2003 Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003665 Brion L P Primhak R A and Ambrosio Perez I 2002 Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001817 Brion L P Primhak R A and Yong W 2006 Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001694 Brion L P and Soll R F 2008 Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001454 Brownfoot F C Crowther C A and Middleton P 2008 Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD006764 Bury R G and Tudehope D 2001 Enteral antibiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in low birthweight or preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000405 Carr R Modi N and Dore C 2003 G CSF and GM CSF for treating or preventing neonatal infections
15. and Gynecology 194 5 1234 1242 Macones G A Berlin M and Berlin J A 1995 Efficacy of oral beta antagonist maintenance therapy in preterm labor A meta analysis Obstetrics amp Gynecology 85 2 313 317 Macones G A Sehdev H M Berlin M Morgan M A and Berlin J A 1997 Evidence for magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic agent Obstetrical amp Gynecological Survey 52 10 652 8 Magee L A and Duley L 2003 Oral beta blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD002863 Magee L A Elran E Bull S B Logan A and Koren G 2000 Risks and benefits of beta receptor blockers for pregnancy hypertension Overview of the randomized trials European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 88 1 15 26 Mahomed K Bhutta Z and Middleton P 2007 Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000230 Makrides M and Crowther C A 2001 Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000937 Makrides M Duley L and Olsen S F 2006 Marine oil and other prostaglandin precursor supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003402 Malviya M Ohlsson A and Shah S 2008 Surg
16. dexamethasone therapy European Journal of Pediatrics 164 8 472 481 Arias Camison J M Lau J Cole C H and Frantz III I D 1999 Meta analysis of dexamethasone therapy started in the first 15 days of life for prevention of chronic lung disease in premature infants Pediatric Pulmonology 28 3 167 74 Askie L M and Henderson Smart D J 2001 Early versus late discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001076 Askie L M and Henderson Smart D J 2001 Gradual versus abrupt discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001075 Askie L M Henderson Smart D J and Ko H 2009 Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001077 Austin N C and Darlow B 2004 Prophylactic oral antifungal agents to prevent systemic candida infection in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003478 Aziz A and Ohlsson A 2008 Surfactant for pulmonary hemorrhage in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005254 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 31 Bachmann L M Coomarasamy A Honest H and Khan K S 2003 Elective cervical cerclage for prevention of p
17. evaluating the use of nutritional supplements INC OMACCS cierran aa E EE EE A T E EEEE EAE Table 17 List of reviews evaluating the treatment and prevention of other neonatal CONGNIONS siscicsrriisrssrsiisi sraididuidar srani koia rikani aiis veaa Ei iana Table 18 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders and other adverse neonatal infant OUTCOMES sirini naoa AE E O E E Table 19 List of reviews evaluating other miscellaneous interventions including general aspects of neonatal Care s ssssssrrrrrrsrsrrrrsrrnrrrssnnnnrrersnns User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Overview of the evidence map This document provides a systematic description of the published systematic reviews assessing primary research on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce e infant mortality and its three major causes e preterm birth e major congenital anomalies e sudden infant death syndrome sudden unexpected deaths in infancy SIDS SUDI It can be used to rapidly identify the relevant systematic review evidence e Results are grouped by intervention and recipient and further sub classified by intervention type and or the condition or outcome targeted by the intervention e Results tables provide hyperlinks to full text Cochrane reviews or Pubmed abstracts Because the evidence map has been constructed systematically it can also be used to identify interventions for which no syste
18. is no accepted typology of interventions so this framework is provided as a guide to users rather than as a definitive classification Some reviews covering a range of interventions or outcomes are listed in multiple sections but in most cases reviews are listed in only one section based on the reviewer s assessment of their primary focus Table footnotes are provided to point the user to relevant reviews listed in other sections but users interested in a particular intervention condition or outcome are encouraged to search the full online database for relevant reviews rather than relying on the presentation in these tables The online database available at http www npeu ox ac uk infant mortality provides additional searchable information about the reviews eg which of the four eligible outcomes infant mortality preterm birth major congenital anomalies SIDS SUDI was evaluated in the published review and whether the intervention targets a specific high risk maternal infant group All tables in this user s guide contain hyperlinks to the full text Cochrane review to the abstract in Pubmed where available or to some other web link to the article 2 Interventions delivered in the pre and periconceptional period There were six systematic reviews of interventions carried out in the periconceptional period These related to e Interventions targeting pre and periconceptional women Table 1 e In vitro fertilization IVF Table 2
19. praevia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001998 Ng G Y Da S and Ohlsson A 2001 Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003214 Ng G Y and Ohlsson A 2001 Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD003059 Nygren P Fu R Freeman M Bougatsos C Klebanoff M Guise J and US Preventive Services Task Force 2008 Clinical guidelines Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis an update review for the U S Preventive Services Task Force Annals of Internal Medicine 148 3 220 33 130 Odibo A O Elkousy M Ural S H and Macones G A 2003 Prevention of preterm birth by cervical cerclage compared with expectant management a systematic review Obstetrical amp Gynecological Survey 58 2 130 6 O Donnell C Davis P and Morley C 2003 Positive end expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004341 Oei S G Mol B W de Kleine M J and Brolmann H A 1999 Nifedipine versus ritodrine for suppression of preterm labor a meta analysis Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 78 9 783 8 Ohlsson A and Lacy J
20. the use of tocolytic agents s sssrsrssrsrrss Table 8 List of reviews evaluating prenatal administration of corticosteroids and other drugs to improve neonatal outcome in preterm la BOUF cucvsesuudeus busansussaesvanveveeedavubeaseucsousavenetovensumvawsuauae exdeanenaces EEEE Table 9 List of reviews evaluating other miscellaneous interventions for the prevention of preterm birth ssssssessssessaserennanennnrnnsneoresessssenensanannnnnnenenae Table 10 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent and manage pre eclampsia and hypertension s ssssssssrrrrsrrrrrrrrssssrssnsrnrnrrnnrrarnns Table 11 List of reviews evaluating other miscellaneous interventions aimed at optimizing pregnancy OULCOMES s sssrsrirrssrrrrrrsrrrrrrsanrrrrssnrnrrrnna Table 12 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent treat and manage lung disease of prematurity sssssssssssssssssrrrrnnssneesrrnrnnnnnunnnsnurnnnnnnnai Table 13 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent and treat infection in the neonate infant s sssssssssrsssrrssnnsnnrnnnnnsnnnssnnnnannnsnrrnnrrnnrrnnni Table 14 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent and treat necrotizing enterocolitis s sssssssrrrrssrrrrrrsnrrrrrsnrrrrrsrrrrrrsnnrrrrsnrnarrsrnnnns Table 15 List of reviews evaluating interventions relating to esuscitatio of newborn infants eiernisiniosis riringa aa ae a aaa aa Table 16 List of reviews
21. 000 grams Journal of Perinatology 18 4 276 83 Kylat R I and Ohlsson 2006 Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005385 Lacy J B and Ohlsson A 1995 Administration of intravenous immunoglobulins for prophylaxis or treatment of infection in preterm infants Meta analysis Archives of Disease in Childhood 72 3 SUPPL F151 F155 Lai N M Rajadurai S V and Tan K H 2006 Increased energy intake for preterm infants with or developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia chronic lung disease Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD005093 Laroia N Phelps D L and Roy J 2007 Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD004215 Lawn C J Weir F J and McGuire W 2005 Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD003215 Leitich H Egarter C Reisenberger K Kaider A and Berghammer P 1998 Concomitant use of glucocorticoids a comparison of two metaanalyses on antibiotic treatment in preterm premature rupture of membranes American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 178 5 899 908 Li X Zhang Y and Shi Z 2005 Ritodrine in the treatment of prete
22. 1060 Crowther C A and Moore V 1998 Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000940 Cua C L Thiagarajan R R Taeed R Hoffman T M Lai L Hayes J Laussen P C and Feltes T F 2005 Improved interstage mortality with the modified Norwood procedure a meta analysis Annals of Thoracic Surgery 80 1 44 9 Dare M R Crowther C A Dodd J M and Norman R J 2004 Single or multiple embryo transfer following in vitro fertilisation for improved neonatal outcome a systematic review of the literature Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 44 4 283 91 Dare M R Middleton P Crowther C A Flenady V J and Varatharaju B 2006 Planned early birth versus expectant management waiting for prelabour rupture of membranes at term 37 weeks or more Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005302 Darlow B A and Austin N C 2003 Selenium supplementation to prevent short term morbidity in preterm neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003312 Darlow B A and Graham P J 2007 Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short and long term morbidity in very low birthweight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000501 Davies M W Kimble R M and Woodgate P G 2002 Ward reductio
23. 2005 Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004452 Papatsonis D Flenady V and Liley H 2009 Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005938 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Paradisis M and Osborn D A 2004 Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003958 Pfister R H Soll R F and Wiswell T 2007 Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CDO06069 Pilley E and McGuire W 2006 Pre discharge car seat challenge for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005386 Polyzos N P Mauri D Tsappi M Tzioras S Kamposioras K Cortinovis I and Casazza G 2007 Combined vitamin C and E supplementation during pregnancy for preeclampsia prevention a systematic review Obstetrical amp Gynecological Survey 62 3 202 6 Rabi Y Rabi D and Yee W 2007 Room air resuscitation of the depressed newborn A systematic review and meta analy
24. 2008 Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Bell 2008 Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation Henderson Smart 2000 Base administration or fluid bolus for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis Lawn 2005 Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants Jardine 2004 Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants McGuire 2007 Pre discharge car seat challenge for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Pilley 2006 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 30 Other miscellaneous interventions Thyroid hormone supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants undergoing cardiac surgery Dimmick 2004 Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous meconium stained infants born at term Halliday 2001 Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care Tan 2005 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality References Abalos E Duley L Steyn D W and Henderson Smart D J 2007 Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD002252 Aghajafari F Murphy K Willan A Ohlsson A Amankwah K
25. A and Evans N 2004 Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002055 Osborn D A and Hunt R W 2007 Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005945 Osborn D A and Hunt R W 2007 Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005946 Osborn D A and Hunt R W 2007 Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005948 Osborn D A Paradisis M and Evans N 2007 The effect of inotropes on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with low systemic or organ blood flow Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CDO005090 Othman M Neilson J P and Alfirevic Z 2007 Probiotics for preventing preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005941 Papageorghiou A T Avgidou K Bakoulas V Sebire N J and Nicolaides K H 2006 Risks of miscarriage and early preterm birth in trichorionic triplet pregnancies with embryo reduction versus expectant management new data and systematic review Human Reproduction 21 7 1912 7 Papatsonis D Flenady V Cole S and Liley H
26. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003066 Ceysens G Rouiller D and Boulvain M 2006 Exercise for diabetic pregnant women Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004225 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 33 34 Chaudhari T and McGuire W 2008 Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with suspected hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD006817 Churchill D Beevers G D Meher S and Rhodes C 2007 Diuretics for preventing pre eclampsia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD004451 Churchill D and Duley L 2002 Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre eclampsia before term Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003106 Clark T J Martin W L Divakaran T G Whittle M J Kilby M D and Khan K S 2003 Prenatal bladder drainage in the management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction a systematic review and meta analysis Obstetrics amp Gynecology 102 2 367 82 Clerihew L Austin N and McGuire W 2007 Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003850 Clerihew L and McGuire W 2004 Systemic antifungal drugs for invasive fungal infection in preterm infants Cochrane Database of S
27. Early elective delivery e Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre eclampsia before term Churchill 2002 Other non pharmacological interventions Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy Meher 2005 Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure Meher 2006 Garlic for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Meher 2006 Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Meher 2006 Combined vitamin C and E supplementation during pregnancy for preeclampsia prevention a systematic review Polyzos 2007 Notes 1 See also reviews relating to nutritional supplements listed in Table 11 16 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Table 11 List of reviews evaluating other miscellaneous interventions aimed at optimizing pregnancy outcomes Prenatal programs support home visits Home visits during pregnancy consequences on pregnancy outcome use of health services and women s situations Blondel 1995 Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes Dodd 2007 Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem Doggett 2005 Prenatal programs what the literature reveals Fink 1992 Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthw
28. G 2000 Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001966 Henderson Smart D J Subramaniam P and Davis P G 2001 Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001072 Henderson Smart D J Wilkinson A and Raynes Greenow C H 2002 Mechanical ventilation for newborn infants with respiratory failure due to pulmonary disease Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD002770 Herrera C Holberton J and Davis P 2007 Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD003480 Hillier T A Vesco K K Pedula K L Beil T L Whitlock E P and Pettitt D J 2008 Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus a systematic review for the U S Preventive Services Task Force Annals of Internal Medicine 148 10 766 75 Ho J J Henderson Smart D J and Davis P G 2002 Early versus delayed initiation of continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002975 Ho J J Subramaniam P Henderson Smart D J and Davis P G 2002 Continuous distending pressure for r
29. Inequalities in Infant Mortality Project Evidence Map Report 1 The effectiveness of interventions targeting infant mortality a user s guide to the systematic review evidence Jennifer Hollowell Felicity Allen Ron Gray Laura Oakley Jennifer J Kurinczuk Peter Brocklehurst National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit University of Oxford October 2009 Contents Overview of the evidence Map s sessssesssrsrsnurnenesrosesensanennnnnnennnnenenrssesenne 1 Structure of the evidence Map s ssssssssesesrssssuessasenennnnennnnnnenenrosesssssnenunno 2 Interventions delivered in the pre and periconceptional period ssssssssss 3 Interventions targeting pregnant WOMEN sss sss sssssssrrssssrsnrrsnnnnnrrnnnnnnrnnnnnan 3 1 Interventions for the prevention and management of preterm IUPUI srai eestiaegsete aena aa aa EEN EEEE A AEREA ADEE 3 2 Other interventions targeting pregnant WOMEN sssssssssssssssssrrrrrrrrerrssse 4 Interventions targeting the neonate infant cccccsseesseeeseeesseeesseeseeeeasens 4 1 Interventions to prevent treat and manage lung disease of Prematulity osten ae oueeenud vc adeenisscrdaneceneien EEEE EEA 4 2 Interventions to prevent and treat infections of the neonate WPAN osea naia Eaa a aaua iaa aR ARa 4 3 Interventions to prevent and treat necrotizing enterocolitis 4 4 Interventions relating to resuscitation s sssssrssrsreresreresessssensane 4 5 Nutritional supple
30. J 1990 The effects of corticosteroid administration before preterm delivery an overview of the evidence from controlled trials British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 97 1 11 25 Crowther C A 2001 Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000110 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Crowther C A Alfirevic Z and Haslam R R 2004 Thyrotropin releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CDO000019 Crowther C A and Harding J E 2007 Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003935 Crowther C A and Henderson Smart D J 2001 Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000229 Crowther C A and Henderson Smart D J 2003 Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD000164 Crowther C A Hiller J E and Doyle L W 2002 Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD00
31. J Hofmeyr G J Adetoro O and Lumbiganon P 2002 Prophylactic antibiotic administration in pregnancy to prevent infectious morbidity and mortality Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD002250 Thomas R L Parker G C Van Overmeire B and Aranda J V 2005 A meta analysis of ibuprofen versus indomethacin for closure of patent ductus arteriosus European Journal of Pediatrics 164 3 135 40 Thorp J M Hartmann K E Berkman N D Carey T S Lohr K N Gavin N I and Hasselblad V 2002 Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of preterm labor A review of the evidence American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186 3 587 592 Tieu J Crowther C A and Middleton P 2008 Dietary advice in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD006674 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Tsatsaris V Papatsonis D Goffinet F Dekker G and Carbonne B 2001 Tocolysis with nifedipine or beta adrenergic agonists A meta analysis Obstetrics amp Gynecology 97 5 840 847 Tubman T R J Thompson S W and McGuire W 2008 Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001457 Ungerer R L Lincetto O McGuire W Saloojee H and Gulmezoglu A M 2004 Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics f
32. Reviews Issue 1 CD004947 Dodd J M Flenady V J Cincotta R and Crowther C A 2008 Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth a systematic review Obstetrics amp Gynecology 112 1 127 34 Dodd J M Sahi K McLeod A Windrim R C and Kingdom J P C 2008 Heparin therapy for complications of placental dysfunction a systematic review of the literature Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 87 8 804 11 Doggett C Burrett Sara L and Osborn David A 2005 Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004456 Doyle L and Davis P 2000 Postnatal corticosteroids in preterm infants systematic review of effects on mortality and motor function Journal of Paediatrics amp Child Health 36 2 101 7 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Doyle L W Crowther C A Middleton P Marret S and Rouse D 2009 Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD004661 Doyle L W Halliday H L Ehrenkranz R A Davis P G and Sinclair J C 2005 Impact of Postnatal Systemic Corticosteroids on Mortality and Cerebral Palsy in Preterm Infants Effect Modification by Risk for Chronic Lung Disease Pediatrics 115 3 655 661 Drakeley A J Roberts D and Alfirevic
33. Z 2003 Cervical stitch cerclage for preventing pregnancy loss in women Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003253 Duckitt K and Thornton S 2002 Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD002860 Duley L Gulmezoglu A M and Henderson Smart D J 2003 Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre eclampsia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000025 Duley L Henderson Smart D J and Meher S 2006 Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001449 Duley L Henderson Smart D J Meher S and King J F 2007 Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD004659 East C E Chan F Y Colditz P B and Begg L 2007 Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD004075 Egarter C Leitich H Husslein P Kaider A and Schemper M 1996 Adjunctive antibiotic treatment in preterm labor and neonatal morbidity A meta analysis Obstetrics amp Gynecology 88 2 303 309 Farrar D Tuffnell D J and West J 2007 Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes Cochrane Database of Syst
34. al interventions to prevent intraventricular haemorrhage in the neonate are covered in Table 8 4 7 Interventions to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders and other adverse infant outcomes The reviews included in this section Table 18 focus on effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes predominantly in neonates who have suffered asphyxia or other form of hypoxia or hypothyroxinaemia The interventions include e Cooling e Thyroid and other hormones e Allopurinol e Nitric oxide e Naloxone e Adrenaline e Iodine supplementation This table does not cover the full range of interventions potentially affecting neurodevelopmental outcomes neurodevelopmental outcomes are also considered in a number of reviews covered in other sections In particular see reviews relating to prevention and treatment of lung disease of prematurity Table 12 reviews evaluating the use of nutritional supplements in neonates Table 16 reviews relating to other miscellaneous interventions to improve neonatal outcomes Table 19 and antenatal interventions to improve neonatal outcome in preterm labour Table 8 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 4 8 Other miscellaneous interventions The reviews included in this section Table 19 cover a diverse range of interventions including Interventions to prevent hypothermia in preterm and LBW infants e Interventions involving catheter use e Treatment of hypotension poor perfusion O
35. al surfactant extract versus synthetic surfactant for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Soll 2001 Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Soll 2001 Multiple versus single doses of exogenous surfactant for the prevention or treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Soll 2009 Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome Stevens 2007 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 21 22 Corticosteroid treatment 3 Early neonatal dexamethasone treatment for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Randomised trial and meta analysis evaluating the duration of dexamethasone therapy Anttila 2005 Meta analysis of dexamethasone therapy started in the first 15 days of life for prevention of chronic lung disease in premature infants Arias Cameron 1999 Systematic review and meta analysis of early postnatal dexamethasone for prevention of chronic lung disease Bhuta 1998 Postnatal corticosteroids in preterm infants systematic review of effects on mortality and motor function Doyle 2000 Impact of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on mortality and cerebral palsy in preterm infants effect modification by risk for chronic lung disease Doyle 2005 Clinical trials of postnatal corticosteroids in
36. amlin 2003 Volume targeted versus pressure limited ventilation in the neonate McCallion 2005 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants Mugford 2008 Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airways pressure for preventing morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants Subramaniam 2005 Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants Woodgate 2001 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Surfactant Surfactant for pulmonary hemorrhage in neonates Aziz 2008 Natural vs synthetic surfactants in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Halliday 1996 Exogenous surfactant use in neonates Ishisaka 1996 Meta analyses of surfactant replacement therapy of infants with birth weights less than 2000 grams Kresch 1998 Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome Pfister 2007 Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome Seger 2009 Developmental outcome of preterm infants after surfactant therapy systematic review of randomized controlled trials Sinn 2002 Prophylactic synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Soll 1998 Synthetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infant Soll 1998 Natur
37. as treatment for twin twin transfusion syndrome a metaanalysis and review of literature Rossi 2008 Smoking cessation programmes e Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy Lumley 2004 Treatment strategies for opiate dependent women e Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate dependent pregnant women Minozzi 2008 Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes 3 e Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Flenady 2002 Mode of delivery of women carrying fetus with abdominal wall defect e Fetal abdominal wall defects and mode of delivery a systematic review Segel 2001 Notes 1 All reviews evaluating nutritional supplements during pregnancy except Kramer 2003 consider gestational hypertension and or pre eclampsia as an outcome 2 See also Table 10 under Early elective delivery for review relating to early elective delivery in women with pre eclampsia Churchill 2002 3 Reviews covering the use of antibiotics in pPROM are covered in Table 3 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 19 Table 12 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent treat and manage lung disease of prematurity Ventilation extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO 1 Early versus late discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants Askie 2001 Gradual versus abrupt discontinuation of oxygen in preterm or low birth weight infants Askie
38. atabase of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004220 Dodd J and Crowther C 2004 Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies to twins Fertility and Sterility 81 5 1420 1422 Dodd J M and Crowther C A 2006 Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004906 Dodd J M and Crowther C A 2007 Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005300 Dodd J M Crowther C A Cincotta R Flenady V and Robinson J S 2005 Progesterone supplementation for preventing preterm birth a systematic review and meta analysis Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 84 6 526 33 Dodd J M Crowther C A and Dare M R 2003 Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD003932 Dodd J M Crowther C A Dare M R and Middleton P 2006 Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003927 Dodd J M Flenady V Cincotta R and Crowther C A 2006 Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth Cochrane Database of Systematic
39. audhari 2008 Nitric oxide e Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Finer 2006 2 Naxolone e Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia McGuire 2004 Adrenaline e Adrenaline for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with cardiovascular compromise Paradisis 2004 Iodine e Jodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants Ibrahim 2006 Notes 1 See also Table 19 for review relating to thyroid hormone supplementation in infants undergoing cardiac surgery Dimmick 2004 2 See also Table 12 for reviews relating to inhaled nitric oxide for the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Table 19 List of reviews evaluating other miscellaneous interventions including general aspects of neonatal care Interventions to prevent hypothermia Heat loss prevention a systematic review of occlusive skin wrap for premature neonates Cramer 2005 Double wall versus single wall incubator for reducing heat loss in very low birth weight infants in incubators Laroia 2007 Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and or low birthweight infants McCall 2008 Servo control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight in
40. c Reviews Issue 1 CD006179 Jardine L A Jenkins Manning S and Davies M W 2004 Albumin infusion for low serum albumin in preterm newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004208 Jorgensen A L Alfirevic Z Tudur S C and Williamson P R 2007 Cervical stitch cerclage for preventing pregnancy loss Individual patient data meta analysis BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114 12 1460 1476 Joshi V H and Bhuta T 2006 Rescue high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000437 Kabra N S Kumar M and Shah S S 2005 Multiple versus single lumen umbilical venous catheters for newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004498 Kamlin C O and Davis P G 2003 Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004503 Kenyon S Boulvain M and Neilson J 2003 Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001058 Kenyon S Boulvain M and Neilson J 2004 Antibiotics for preterm rupture of the membranes a systematic review Obstetrics amp Gynecology 104 5 Pt 1 1051 7 Khan Neelofur D Gulmezoglu M and Villar J 1998 Who should pro
41. cal cerclage for a sonographically shortened cervix a systematic review and meta analysis Belej Rak 2003 Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography meta analysis of trials using individual patient level data Berghella 2005 Cervical stitch cerclage for preventing pregnancy loss in women Drakeley 2003 Cervical stitch cerclage for preventing pregnancy loss individual patient data meta analysis Jorgensen 2007 Prevention of preterm birth by cervical cerclage compared with expectant management a systematic review Odibo 2003 Abdominal versus vaginal cerclage after a failed transvaginal cerclage a systematic review Zaveri 2002 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Table 7 List of reviews evaluating the use of tocolytic agents Tocolytic agents reviews covering multiple agents Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labor a review of the evidence Berkman 2003 Value of maintenance therapy with oral tocolytics a systematic review Meirowitz 1999 Efficacy of maintenance therapy after acute tocolysis a meta analysis Sanchez Ramos 1999 Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labour a systematic review Tan 2006 Indomethacin Assessing the neonatal safety of indomethacin tocolysis a systematic review with meta analysis Loe 2005 Short cervix on ultrasound does indomethacin prevent preterm birth Berghella 2006 Metaanalysis of the effect of antenatal ind
42. disease Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005947 Guise J M Mahon S M Aickin M Helfand M Peipert J F and Westhoff C 2001 Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy American Journal of Preventive Medicine 20 3 Suppl 62 72 Gulmezoglu A M 2002 Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD000220 Gulmezoglu A M Crowther C A and Middleton P 2006 Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004945 Haider B A and Bhutta Z A 2006 Multiple micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004905 Halliday H Ehrenkranz R A and Doyle L W 2009 Early lt 8 days postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001146 Halliday H L 1996 Natural vs synthetic surfactants in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Drugs 51 2 226 237 Halliday H L 1999 Clinical trials of postnatal corticosteroids Inhaled and systemic Biology of the Neonate 76 SUPPL 1 29 40 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Halliday H L Ehrenkranz R A and Doyle L W 2003 Moderately early 7 14 days postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung di
43. e 18 for review relating to inhaled nitric oxide in term infants by Finer 2006 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Table 13 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent and treat infection in the neonate infant Sepsis treatment G CSF and GM CSF for treating or preventing neonatal infections Carr 2003 Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates Craft 2000 Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates Haque 2003 Recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis in neonates Kylat 2006 Administration of intravenous immunoglobulins for prophylaxis or treatment of infection in preterm infants meta analyses Lacy 1995 Granulocyte transfusions for neonates with confirmed or suspected sepsis and neutropaenia Mohan 2003 Oral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates Mohan 2009 Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis Mtitimila 2004 Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and or low birth weight infants Ohlsson 2004 Intravenous immunoglobulin for suspected or subsequently proven infection in neonates Ohlsson 2004 Intramuscular penicillin for the prevention of early onset group B streptococcal infection in newborn infants Woodgate 2004 Bacterial meningitis e Intraventricular antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in neonates Shah 2004 Fu
44. eight babies Hodnett 2003 Who should provide routine antenatal care for low risk women and how often A systematic review of randomised controlled trials WHO Antenatal Care Trial Research Group Khan Neelofur 1998 A review of the impact of antenatal care for Australian Indigenous women and attempts to strengthen these services Rumbold 2008 Patterns of routine antenatal care for low risk pregnancy Villar 2001 A systematic review comparing continuity of midwifery care with standard maternity services Waldenstrom 1998 Nutritional supplements 1 Prenatal multivitamin supplementation and rates of congenital anomalies a meta analysis Goh 2006 Multiple micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy Haider 2006 Effect of supplementation of women in high risk pregnancies with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth a meta analysis Horvath 2007 Energy and protein intake in pregnancy Kramer 2003 Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy Makrides 2001 Marine oil and other prostaglandin precursor supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction Makrides 2006 Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome Mahomed 2007 Micronutrients and pregnancy outcome A review of the literature Ramakrishnan 1999 Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy Rumbold 2005 Vitamin E supplementation i
45. ematic Reviews Issue 3 CD005542 Ferrer R L Sibai B M Mulrow C D Chiquette E Stevens K R and Cornell J 2000 Management of mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy a review Obstetrics amp Gynecology 96 5 Pt 2 849 60 Finer N N and Barrington K J 2006 Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000399 Fink A Yano E M and Goya D 1992 Prenatal programs what the literature reveals Obstetrics amp Gynecology 80 5 867 72 Flenady V and King J 2002 Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001807 Foster J and Cole M 2004 Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001816 Foster J Richards R and Showell M 2006 Intravenous in line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005248 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 37 38 Fowlie P W and Davis P G 2002 Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD000174 Fuller H and Del Mar C 2006 Immunoglobulin treatment for respiratory syncytial virus
46. espiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002271 Hodnett E D and Fredericks S 2003 Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD000198 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 39 40 Hoehn T Krause M F and Buhrer C 2006 Meta analysis of inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants an update Klinische Padiatrie 218 2 57 61 Hofmeyr G J Atallah A N and Duley L 2006 Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001059 Hofmeyr G J Duley L and Atallah A 2007 Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre eclampsia and related problems a systematic review and commentary BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynaecology 114 8 933 43 Hofmeyr G J and Hannah M E 2003 Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CDO000166 Hofmeyr G J and Kulier R 1998 Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001062 Hogle K L Hutton E K McBrien K A Barrett J F R and Hannah M E 2003 Cesarean delivery for twins A systematic review and meta analysis American Journal of Ob
47. esuscitation of newborn infants with 21 or 100 oxygen an updated systematic review and meta analysis Neonatology 94 3 176 82 Saugstad O D Ramji S and Vento M 2005 Resuscitation of depressed newborn infants with ambient air or pure oxygen A meta analysis Biology of the Neonate 87 1 27 34 Segel S Y Marder S J Parry S and Macones G A 2001 Fetal abdominal wall defects and mode of delivery a systematic review Obstetrics amp Gynecology 98 5 Pt 1 867 73 Seger N and Soll R 2009 Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD007836 Shah P and Shah V 2007 Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004339 Shah P S and Ohlsson A 2007 Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD005494 Shah P S Ohlsson A and Perlman M 2007 Hypothermia to treat neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy Systematic review Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161 10 951 958 Shah S Ohlsson A and Shah V 2004 Intraventricular antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004496 Shah S S Ohlsson A Halliday H and Shah V S 2007 Inhaled versus systemic cor
48. fants Sinclair 2002 Miscellaneous interventions involving catheter use in the neonate Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn effects of heparin Barrington 1999 Intravenous in line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Foster 2006 Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters Inglis 2007 Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters Jardine 2008 Multiple versus single lumen umbilical venous catheters for newborn infants Kabra 2005 Treatment of hypotension poor perfusion Treating hypotension in the preterm infant when and with what a critical and systematic review Dempsey 2007 Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants Osborn 2001 Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants Osborn 2004 The effect of inotropes on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with low systemic or organ blood flow Osborn 2007 Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants Subhedar 2003 Corticosteroids for treating hypotension in preterm infants Subhedar 2007 Other miscellaneous interventions preterm infants Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for preterm infants A systematic review of randomized controlled trials Bassler
49. for patent ductus arteriosis Improved interstage mortality with the modified Norwood procedure a meta analysis Cua 2005 Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Malviya 2008 Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants Mosalli 2008 Medical interventions for patent ductus arteriosis Dopamine versus no treatment to prevent renal dysfunction in indomethacin treated preterm newborn infants Barrington 2002 Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Cooke 2003 Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants Fowlie 2002 Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants Gork 2008 Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Herrera 2007 Surgical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Malviya 2008 Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and or low birth weight infants Ohlsson 2008 A meta analysis of ibuprofen versus indomethacin for closure of patent ductus arteriosus Thomas 2005 Treatment of non oli
50. guric hyperkaelaemia e Interventions for non oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates Vemgal 2007 Surgical treatment of gastroschisis e Ward reduction without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants Davies 2002 Notes 1 See also Table 8 for reviews relating to antenatal administration of vitamin K Crowther 2001 and phenobarbitol Crowther 2003 to prevent intraventricular haemorrhage in the neonate User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 28 Table 18 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders and other adverse neonatal infant outcomes Body or head cooling e Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy Jacobs 2007 e Hypothermia to treat neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy systematic review Shah 2007 Hormones 1 Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Hunt 2004 Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants Osborn 2001 Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia Osborn 2007 Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Osborn 2007 Allopurinol Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with suspected hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy Ch
51. haled and systemic Halliday 1999 Moderately early 7 14 days postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants Halliday 2003 Early lt 8 days postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants Halliday 2009 Late gt 7 days postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants Halliday 2009 Effects of higher versus lower dexamethasone doses on pulmonary and neurodevelopmental sequelae in preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease a meta analysis Onland 2008 Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates Shah 2007 Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants Shah 2007 Steroid therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants Ward 2003 Diuretics Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Brion 2008 Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease Brion 2002 Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with or developing chronic lung disease Brion 2006 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Other Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants Barrington 2007 4 Antithrombin for respiratory distress s
52. ical versus medical treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003951 Mangesi L and Hofmeyr G J 2007 Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD004909 McCall E M Alderdice F A Halliday H L Jenkins J G and Vohra S 2008 Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and or low birthweight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD004210 McCallion N Davis P G and Morley C J 2005 Volume targeted versus pressure limited ventilation in the neonate Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003666 McDonald H M Brocklehurst P and Gordon A 2007 Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000262 McGuire W and Bombell S 2008 Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001241 McGuire W Fowlie P W and Evans D J 2004 Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003955 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality
53. idity a meta analysis American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 199 6 620 e1 8 Ibrahim M Sinn J and McGuire W 2006 Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005253 Imperiale T F and Petrulis A S 1991 A meta analysis of low dose aspirin for the prevention of pregnancy induced hypertensive disease JAMA 266 2 260 4 Inglis G D Jardine L A and Davies M W 2007 Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004697 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Inglis G D T Jardine L A and Davies M W 2007 Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004338 Ishisaka D Y 1996 Exogenous surfactant use in neonates Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30 4 389 98 Jacobs S Hunt R Tarnow Mordi W Inder T and Davis P 2007 Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003311 Jardine L A Inglis G D and Davies M W 2008 Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters Cochrane Database of Systemati
54. ight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD006181 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Mozurkewich E L and Fredric W M 2000 Near infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD002254 Mozurkewich E L and Hutton E K 2000 Elective repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor A meta analysis of the literature from 1989 to 1999 American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 183 5 1187 1197 Mtitimila E I and Cooke R W I 2004 Antibiotic regimens for suspected early neonatal sepsis Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD004495 Mugford M Elbourne D and Field D 2008 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001340 Nanda K Cook L A Gallo M F and Grimes D A 2002 Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003933 Neilson J P 1998 Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000182 Neilson J P 2003 Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000108 Neilson J P 2003 Interventions for suspected placenta
55. lis in pregnancy a systematic review Okun 2005 Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy Raynes Greenow 2004 Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery Sangkomkamhang 2008 Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy Smaill 2007 Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy Vazquez 2003 Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Villar 2000 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth 2 The effect of second trimester antibiotic therapy on the rate of preterm birth Morency 2007 Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth in women at risk a meta analysis Simcox 2007 Prophylactic antibiotic administration in pregnancy to prevent infectious morbidity and mortality Thinkhamrop 2002 Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes 3 4 5 Use of antibiotics for the treatment of preterm parturition and prevention of neonatal morbidity a metaanalysis Hutzal 2008 Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes Kenyon 2003 Antibiotics for preterm rupture of the membranes a systematic review Kenyon 2004 Concomitant use of glucocorticoids a comparison of two metaanalyses on antibiotic treatment in preterm premature rupture of membranes Leitich 1998 Antimicrobial therapy i
56. matic reviews have been published that report the infant mortality outcomes considered here The Inequalities in Infant Mortality Project Evidence Map is made up of four reports and an online searchable database that can be accessed online via a link at http www npeu ox ac uk infant mortality What is an Evidence Map e A comprehensive and systematic description of the existing literature on a particular topic e Provides an overview of research on a given topic also highlights gaps in the available literature e It does not involve quality appraisal and synthesis of results as undertaken in a systematic review What does the Evidence Map include e 331 systematic reviews specifically assessing the effectiveness of interventions to reduce infant mortality preterm birth major congenital anomalies and SIDS SUDI e Includes all relevant systematic reviews published in the scientific literature in English from 1990 to the end of 2008 with Cochrane reviews included from 1990 to early 2009 How did we find the information e Extensive systematic literature searches of relevant databases Medline Embase Cinahl and The Cochrane Library e Full details of the methodology can be found in the Technical Guide to the infant mortality evidence map systematic reviews of interventions targeting infant mortality available online at http www npeu ox ac uk infant mortality What did we find e 331 systematic reviews e The majori
57. mentsS sssssssssesessssesssnsnennanannnnnnenenresessesesensans 4 6 Treatment and prevention of other neonatal conditions 000e es 4 7 Interventions to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders and other adverse infant outcomes s ssssessssesessssensanennnnnnnnnnnnnenresenense 4 8 Other miscellaneous INterVeNtiONS ccccccceeeeeecceeeeeeeeeueeueeunueneueueenas ACKMOWIEGCGEMENE rrisnin esre aeni iaa E EE A E D Table Ses TANE NEATE N N PLEINE TA E A E User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Tables Table 1 List of reviews evaluating interventions targeting women in the pre and per conceptiOnal period sc scccaicccswdeness ceacacseecaanerge dsmedsictesededswanedeus st Table 2 List of reviews evaluating interventions relating to in vitro fertilization IVF disc tesannntannsnctnneesheretan dies taodeni RE AE T E Table 3 List of reviews evaluating the prevention and treatment of infections during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth s ssssessssssesssssrrrrrreresrese Table 4 List of reviews evaluating screening monitoring aimed at early detection of preterm labour ssssssssssrrrrrsssnrrrsrsnnrrrrsnnrrrrssnrrrrrnnnrrrrsnnrrrrnnna Table 5 List of reviews evaluating the use of progesterone to prevent preterm Dirt eias rieri nori dosa E E a a a i Table 6 List of reviews evaluating cervical cerclage s ssssssssssssersnrrrrrnnrsrsesrens Table 7 List of reviews evaluating
58. mine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Tubman 2008 Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants Verner 2007 Vitamins minerals Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Brion 2003 Selenium supplementation to prevent short term morbidity in preterm neonates Darlow 2003 Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short and long term morbidity in very low birthweight infants Darlow 2007 Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants Ibrahim 2006 Lipids e Early introduction of lipids to parenterally fed preterm infants Simmer 2005 Table 17 List of reviews evaluating the treatment and prevention of other neonatal conditions Prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage 1 e Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants Whitelaw 2007 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Treatment of intraventricular haemorrhage Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular hemorrhage Whitelaw 2001 Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation Whitelaw 2001 Intraventricular streptokinase after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants Whitelaw 2007 Surgical interventions
59. ministration before preterm delivery an overview of the evidence from controlled trials Crowley 1990 Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease Crowther 2007 Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes Harding 2001 Effects of a single course of corticosteroids given more than 7 days before birth a systematic review McLaughlin 2003 Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth Roberts 2006 Thyrotropin releasing hormone in addition to prenatal corticosteroids e Thyrotropin releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease Crowther 2004 Magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection of the fetus e Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus Doyle 2009 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Vitamin K and pheonobarbitol to prevent neonatal periventricular haemorrhage 3 e Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage Crowther 2001 e Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage Crowther 2003 Notes 1 Some reviews relating to antibiotic administration in pPROM and preterm labour listed in Table 3 also consider neonatal outcomes
60. miscellaneous interventions mode of delivery of baby with abdominal wall defect antibiotics from prelabour rupture of membranes at term D 0 D 0 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 4 Interventions targeting the neonate infant The included reviews covered a diverse range of interventions Reviews are grouped under the following headings e Interventions to prevent treat and manage lung disease of prematurity section 4 1 e Interventions to prevent and treat infections of the neonate infant section 4 2 e Interventions to prevent and treat necrotizing enterocolitis section 4 3 e Interventions relating to neonatal resuscitation section 4 4 e Use of nutritional supplements predominantly in preterm low birthweight LBW infants receiving parenteral feeding section 4 5 e Interventions for the prevention and treatment of other neonatal conditions section 4 6 e Interventions to prevent neurodevelopmental and other adverse neonatal infant outcomes section 4 7 e Other miscellaneous interventions including general aspects of neonatal care section 4 8 4 1 Interventions to prevent treat and manage lung disease of prematurity The included reviews Table 12 cover the following interventions e Ventilation extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO e Surfactants e Postnatal corticosteroids e Diuretics e Other miscellaneous interventions including drug therapies nutrition and positioning An
61. mpongsanurak S Pereira L and Lumbiganon P 2005 Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004733 Zaveri V Aghajafari F Amankwah K and Hannah M 2002 Abdominal versus vaginal cerclage after a failed transvaginal cerclage a systematic review American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 187 4 868 72 Ziino A J A Davies M W and Davis P G 2002 Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003849 Zupan J Garner P and Omari A A 2004 Topical umbilical cord care at birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001057 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Please cite this document as Jennifer Hollowell Felicity Allen Ron Gray Laura Oakley Jennifer J Kurinczuk Peter Brocklehurst Inequalities in Infant Mortality Project Evidence Map Report 1 The effectiveness of interventions targeting infant mortality a user s guide to the systematic review evidence Oxford National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit 2009 This report and other Inequalities in Infant Mortality Project reports are available at www npeu ox ac uk infant mortality nope npeu 0 650 58D National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit
62. n expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes Mercer 1995 Antibiotics in preterm labour with intact membranes Adjunctive antibiotic treatment in preterm labor and neonatal morbidity a meta analysis Egarter 1996 Use of antibiotics for the treatment of preterm parturition and prevention of neonatal morbidity a metaanalysis Hutzal 2008 Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes King 2002 Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of preterm labor a review of the evidence Thorp 2002 Management of intraamniotic infection e Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection Hopkins 2002 Notes 1 See also Table 9 for review relating treatment of periodontal disease Xiong 2007 2 These reviews focus predominantly on prophylactic antibiotics but some treatment studies are included 3 For management of prelabour rupture of membranes PROM at term see reviews under management of labour and delivery in Table 11 in particular review by Dare 2006 4 See also Table 11 under Management of labour and delivery for review relating to intentional delivery in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes pPROM Hartling 2008 5 See Flenady 2002 Table 11 for use of antibiotics in PROM at term User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 11 2 Table 4 List of reviews evaluating screening monitoring aimed at early de
63. n pregnancy Rumbold 2005 Effect of n 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of women with low risk pregnancies on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Szajewska 2006 Pyridoxine vitamin B6 supplementation in pregnancy Thaver 2006 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Management of diabetes Exercise for diabetic pregnant women Ceysens 2006 Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes Farrar 2007 Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus a systematic review for the U S Preventive Services Task Force Hillier 2008 Dietary advice in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus Tieu 2008 Ultrasound other fetal monitoring during pregnancy Doppler ultrasonography in high risk pregnancies systematic review with meta analysis Alfirevic 1995 Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy after 24 weeks gestation Bricker 2008 Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth Grivell 2009 Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy Neilson 1998 Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing Mangesi 2007 Diagnosis and management of placental disorders Heparin therapy for complications of placental dysfunction a systematic review of the literature Dodd 2008 Biochemical tests of placental function f
64. n with epilepsy to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome Winterbottom 2008 Periconceptional vitamin and folate supplementation e Vitamin supplements and the risk for congenital anomalies other than neural tube defects Botto 2004 Periconceptional supplementation with folate and or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects Lumley 2001 Table 2 List of reviews evaluating interventions relating to in vitro fertilization IVF Single or multiple embryo transfer e Single or multiple embryo transfer following in vitro fertilisation for improved neonatal outcome a systematic review of the literature Dare 2004 Table 3 List of reviews evaluating the prevention and treatment of infections during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth 1 Screening treatment of bacterial vaginosis and other infections of the urogenitary tract Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy Guise 2001 Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy Gulmezoglu 2002 Indications for therapy and treatment recommendations for bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant and pregnant women a synthesis of data Koumans 2002 Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy McDonald 2007 Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis an update review for the U S Preventive Services Task Force Nygren 2008 Antibiotics for bacterial vaginosis or Trichomonas vagina
65. n without general anaesthesia versus reduction and repair under general anaesthesia for gastroschisis in newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003671 Davies M W and Woodgate P G 2002 Tracheal gas insufflation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002973 Davis P G Tan A O Donnell C P and Schulze A 2004 Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100 oxygen or air a systematic review and meta analysis Lancet 364 9442 1329 33 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 35 36 Dempsey E M and Barrington K J 2007 Treating hypotension in the preterm infant when and with what a critical and systematic review Journal of Perinatology 27 8 469 78 Dennis C L and Kingston D 2008 A systematic review of telephone support for women during pregnancy and the early postpartum period JOGNN Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic amp Neonatal Nursing 37 3 301 14 Deshpande G Rao S and Patole S 2007 Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight a systematic review of randomised controlled trials Lancet 369 9573 1614 20 Dimmick S Badawi N and Randell T 2004 Thyroid hormone supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants undergoing cardiac surgery Cochrane D
66. newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality Webster 2003 Topical umbilical cord care at birth Zupan 2004 Notes 1 See also review on topical ointments for preventing infection in preterm infants Conner 2004 listed under Other prophylaxis at foot of table Table 14 List of reviews evaluating interventions to prevent and treat necrotizing enterocolitis Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Alfaleh 2008 Probiotics for necrotizing enterocolitis a systematic review Barclay 2007 Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Bombell 2008 Enteral antibiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in low birthweight or preterm infants Bury 2001 Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight a systematic review of randomised controlled trials Deshpande 2007 Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Foster 2004 Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants McGuire 2008 Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants Shah 2007 Treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis e Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsi
67. ngal infection 1 Prophylactic oral topical non absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants Austin 2003 Systemic antifungal drugs for invasive fungal infection in preterm infants Clerihew 2004 Prophylactic systemic antifungal agents to prevent mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants Clerihew 2007 Respiratory syncytial virus e Immunoglobulin treatment for respiratory syncytial virus infection Fuller 2006 e Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children Ventre 2007 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Other prophylaxis Topical ointment for preventing infection in preterm infants Conner 2004 Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in ventilated newborn infants Inglis 2007 Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters Inglis 2007 Prophylactic systemic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with central venous catheters Jardine 2008 Prophylactic antibiotics in the prevention of catheter associated bloodstream bacterial infection in preterm neonates a systematic review Lodha 2008 Prophylactic versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection Ungerer 2004 Gowning by attendants and visitors in
68. nt mortality 14 Calcium channel blockers Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour Gaunekar 2004 Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour King 2003 Nifedipine versus ritodrine for suppression of preterm labor a meta analysis Oei 1999 Tocolysis with nifedipine or beta adrenergic agonists a meta analysis Tsatsaris 2001 Magnesium sulphate 1 e Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour Crowther 2002 Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour Crowther 1998 Evidence for magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic agent Macones 1997 Nitric oxide nitroglycerin Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour Duckitt 2002 e WNitroglycerin as a uterine relaxant a systematic review Morgan 2002 Notes 1 See also Table 8 for review evaluating use of magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection of the fetus Doyle 2009 Table 8 List of reviews evaluating prenatal administration of corticosteroids and other drugs to improve neonatal outcome in preterm labour 1 Corticosteroids 2 Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids a systematic review and meta analysis Aghajafari 2001 Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth Brownfoot 2008 The effects of corticosteroid ad
69. of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 189 6 1679 87 Bell E F and Acarregui M J 2008 Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000503 Bellu R de Waal K A and Zanini R 2008 Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD004212 Berghella V Hayes E Visintine J and Baxter J K 2008 Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD006843 Berghella V Odibo A O To M S Rust O A and Althuisius S M 2005 Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography meta analysis of trials using individual patient level data Obstetrics amp Gynecology 106 1 181 9 Berghella V Rust O A and Althuisius S M 2006 Short cervix on ultrasound does indomethacin prevent preterm birth American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 195 3 809 13 Berkman N D Thorp J M Jr Lohr K N Carey T S Hartmann K E Gavin N I Hasselblad V and Idicula A E 2003 Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labor a review of the evidence American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 188 6 1648 59 Beveridge C J E and Wilkinson A R 2006 Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Re
70. omethacin on neonatal outcomes Amin 2007 Betamimetics ritodrine salbutamol fenoterol terbutaline Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour Anotayanonth 2004 Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour Dodd 2006 Ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour a meta analysis Li 2005 Efficacy of oral beta agonist maintenance therapy in preterm labor a meta analysis Macones 1995 Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth Nanda 2002 Tocolysis with nifedipine or beta adrenergic agonists a meta analysis Tsatsaris 2001 Nifedipine versus ritodrine for suppression of preterm labor a meta analysis Oei 1999 Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies Whitworth 2008 Effectiveness and safety of ritodrine hydrochloride for the treatment of preterm labour a systematic review Yaju 2006 Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy Yamasmit 2005 Oxytocin receptor antagonists e Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour Papatsonis 2005 e Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour Papatsonis 2009 Cyclo oxygenase COX inhibitors e Cyclo oxygenase COX inhibitors for treating preterm labour King 2005 User s guide Interventions targeting infa
71. on Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003510 Waldenstrom U and Turnbull D 1998 A systematic review comparing continuity of midwifery care with standard maternity services British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105 11 1160 70 Ward M C and Sinn J K H 2003 Steroid therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003485 Webster J and Pritchard M A 2003 Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003670 Wells D A Gillies D and Fitzgerald D A 2005 Positioning for acute respiratory distress in hospitalised infants and children Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD003645 Whitelaw A 2001 Repeated lumbar or ventricular punctures in newborns with intraventricular hemorrhage Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000216 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 51 Whitelaw A Kennedy C R and Brion L P 2001 Diuretic therapy for newborn infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD002270 Whitelaw A and Odd D 2007 Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001691
72. or assessment in pregnancy Neilson 2003 Interventions for suspected placenta praevia Neilson 2003 Management of labour and delivery 2 Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre eclampsia before term Churchill 2002 Planned early birth versus expectant management waiting for prelabour rupture of membranes at term 37 weeks or more Dare 2006 Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth Dodd 2006 Elective caesarean section versus expectant management for delivery of the small baby Grant 2001 Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term Gulmezoglu 2006 A systematic review of intentional delivery in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes Hartling 2006 Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery Hofmeyr 2003 Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy Hofmeyr 1998 Cesarean delivery for twins a systematic review and meta analysis Hogle 2003 External cephalic version for breech presentation before term Hutton 2006 Elective repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor a meta analysis of the literature from 1989 to 1999 Mozurkewich 2000 Fetal monitoring during labour Continuous cardiotocography CTG as a form of electronic fetal monitoring EFM for fetal assessment during labour Alfirevic 2006 Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour East 2007 Near infrared spectro
73. or term newborn infants of mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003957 Vazquez J C and Villar J 2003 Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD002256 Vemgal P and Ohlsson A 2007 Interventions for non oliguric hyperkalaemia in preterm neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD005257 Ventre K and Randolph A 2007 Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000181 Verner A Craig S and McGuire W 2007 Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD006072 Villar J Carroli G Khan Neelofur D Piaggio G and Gulmezoglu M 2001 Patterns of routine antenatal care for low risk pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000934 Villar J Lydon Rochelle M T Gulmezoglu A M and Roganti A 2000 Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000491 Volmink J Siegfried N L van der Merwe L and Brocklehurst P 2007 Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother to child transmission of HIV infecti
74. reterm birth a systematic review Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 82 5 398 404 Barclay A R Stenson B Simpson J H Weaver L T and Wilson D C 2007 Probiotics for necrotizing enterocolitis a systematic review Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology amp Nutrition 45 5 569 76 Barrington K and Brion L P 2002 Dopamine versus no treatment to prevent renal dysfunction in indomethacin treated preterm newborn infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003213 Barrington K J 1999 Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn effects of heparin Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000507 Barrington K J and Finer N N 2007 Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CDO00509 Bassler D Millar D and Schmidt B 2006 Antithrombin for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD005383 Bassler D Weitz M Bialkowski A and Poets C F 2008 Restrictive Versus Liberal Red Blood Cell Transfusion Strategies for Preterm Infants A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Current Pediatric Reviews 4 143 150 Belej Rak T Okun N Windrim R Ross S and Hannah M E 2003 Effectiveness of cervical cerclage for a sonographically shortened cervix a systematic review and meta analysis American Journal
75. rm labour a meta analysis Indian Journal of Medical Research 121 2 120 7 Lodha A Furlan A D Whyte H and Moore A M 2008 Prophylactic antibiotics in the prevention of catheter associated bloodstream bacterial infection in preterm neonates a systematic review Journal of Perinatology 28 8 526 33 Loe S M S R L K A M 2005 Assessing the neonatal safety of indomethacin tocolysis A systematic review with meta analysis Obstetrics amp Gynecology 106 1 173 179 Lumley J Oliver S S Chamberlain C and Oakley L 2004 Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001055 Lumley J Watson L Watson M and Bower C 2001 Periconceptional supplementation with folate and or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD001056 Lust A De Catte L Lewi L Deprest J Loquet P and Devlieger R 2008 Monochorionic and dichorionic twin pregnancies discordant for fetal anencephaly a systematic review of prenatal management options Prenatal Diagnosis 28 4 275 9 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Mackenzie R Walker M Armson A and Hannah M E 2006 Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth among women at increased risk A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials American Journal of Obstetrics
76. s and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates Haque 2003 e Oral lactoferrin for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates Mohan 2009 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 26 Table 15 List of reviews evaluating interventions relating to resuscitation of newborn infants Resuscitation Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100 oxygen or air a systematic review and meta analysis Davis 2004 Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth Beveridge 2006 Positive end expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth O Donnell 2003 Room air resuscitation of the depressed newborn a systematic review and meta analysis Rabi 2007 Resuscitation of depressed newborn infants with ambient air or pure oxygen a meta analysis Saugstad 2005 Resuscitation of newborn infants with 21 or 100 oxygen an updated systematic review and meta analysis Saugstad 2008 Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth Tan 2005 Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants Ziino 2002 Table 16 List of reviews evaluating the use of nutritional supplements in neonates Amino acids Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease Grover 2007 Cysteine cystine or N acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates Soghier 2006 Gluta
77. scopy for fetal assessment during labour Mozurkewich 2000 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Interventions to reduce mother to baby transmission of infections Intrapartum antibiotics for Group B streptococcal colonisation Smaill 1996 Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection Stade 2004 Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother to child transmission of HIV infection Volmink 2007 Fetal reduction in multiple pregnancy Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies Dodd 2003 Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies to twins Dodd 2004 Risks of miscarriage and early preterm birth in trichorionic triplet pregnancies with embryo reduction versus expectant management new data and systematic review Papageorghiou 2006 Interventions directly targeting the fetus Prenatal bladder drainage in the management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction a systematic review and meta analysis Clark 2003 Monochorionic and dichorionic twin pregnancies discordant for fetal anencephaly a systematic review of prenatal management options Lust 2008 Interventions for twin twin transfusion syndrome a Cochrane review Roberts 2008 Interventions for the treatment of twin twin transfusion syndrome Roberts 2008 Laser therapy and serial amnioreduction
78. sease in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001144 Halliday H L Ehrenkranz R A and Doyle L W 2009 Late gt 7 days postnatal corticosteroids for chronic lung disease in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001145 Halliday H L and Sweet D G 2001 Endotracheal intubation at birth for preventing morbidity and mortality in vigorous meconium stained infants born at term Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CDO000500 Haque K and Mohan P 2003 Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD004205 Harding J E Pang J Knight D B and Liggins G C 2001 Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 184 2 131 9 Hartling L Chari R Friesen C Vandermeer B and Lacaze Masmonteil T 2006 A systematic review of intentional delivery in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes Journal of Maternal Fetal amp Neonatal Medicine 19 3 177 87 Henderson Smart D J Cools F Bhuta T and Offringa M 2007 Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD000104 Henderson Smart D J and Davis P
79. sis Resuscitation 72 3 353 363 Ramakrishnan U Manjrekar R Rivera J Gonzales Cossio T and Martorell R 1999 Micronutrients and pregnancy outcome A review of the literature Nutrition Research 19 1 103 159 Ray J G O Brien T E and Chan W S 2001 Preconception care and the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with diabetes mellitus a meta analysis QJM An International Journal of Medicine 94 8 435 44 Raynes Greenow C H Roberts C L Bell J C Peat B and Gilbert G L 2004 Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003767 Roberts D and Dalziel S 2006 Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD004454 Roberts D Gates S Kilby M and Neilson J P 2008 Interventions for twin twin transfusion syndrome A Cochrane review Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 31 6 701 711 Roberts D Neilson J P Kilby M and Gates S 2008 Interventions for the treatment of twin twin transfusion syndrome Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD002073 Rossi A C and D Addario V 2008 Laser therapy and serial amnioreduction as treatment for twin twin transfusion syndrome a metaanalysis and review of literature American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198 2
80. stetrics and Gynecology 188 1 220 227 Hopkins L and Smaill F 2002 Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3 CD003254 Horvath A Koletzko B and Szajewska H 2007 Effect of supplementation of women in high risk pregnancies with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials British Journal of Nutrition 98 2 253 9 Howlett A and Ohlsson A 2003 Inositol for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000366 Hueston W J Knox M A Eilers G Pauwels J and Lonsdorf D 1995 The effectiveness of preterm birth prevention educational programs for high risk women A meta analysis Obstetrics amp Gynecology 86 4 II SUPPL 705 712 Hunt R Davis P G and Inder T 2004 Replacement of estrogens and progestins to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD003848 Hutton E K and Hofmeyr G J 2006 External cephalic version for breech presentation before term Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000084 Hutzal C E Boyle E M Kenyon S L Nash J V Winsor S Taylor D J and Kirpalani H 2008 Use of antibiotics for the treatment of preterm parturition and prevention of neonatal morb
81. supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems Hofmeyr 2006 Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre eclampsia and related problems a systematic review and commentary Hofmeyr 2007 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 15 Antiplatelet agents Aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia in women with historical risk factors a systematic review Coomarasamy 2003 Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Duley 2007 A meta analysis of low dose aspirin for the prevention of pregnancy induced hypertensive disease Imperiale 1991 Magnesium sulphate e Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre eclampsia Duley 2003 Diuretics Dopamine e Low dose dopamine for women with severe pre eclampsia Steyn 2007 Nitric oxide e Nitric oxide for preventing pre eclampsia and its complications Meher 2007 Beta blockers and other antihypertensive drugs Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Abalos 2007 Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy Duley 2006 Management of mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy a review Ferrer 2000 Oral beta blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Magee 2003 Risks and benefits of beta receptor blockers for pregnancy hypertension overview of the randomized trials Magee 2000
82. tection of preterm labour 1 Fetal fibronectin testing e Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth Berghella 2008 Uterine monitoring e A metaanalysis of home uterine activity monitoring Colton 1995 Notes 1 See also social and educational interventions in Table 9 in particular review by Hueston 1995 which evaluates interventions involving patient education regarding the signs and symptoms of preterm labour Table 5 List of reviews evaluating the use of progesterone to prevent preterm birth Progesterone Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth a critical evaluation of evidence Coomarasamy 2006 Progesterone supplementation for preventing preterm birth a systematic review and meta analysis Dodd 2005 Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth Dodd 2006 Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth a systematic review Dodd 2008 Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth among women at increased risk a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials MacKenzie 2006 Progestational agents to prevent preterm birth a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Sanchez Ramos 2005 Table 6 List of reviews evaluating cervical cerclage Cervical cerclage Elective cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm birth a systematic review Bachmann 2003 Effectiveness of cervi
83. tenatal corticosteroids are covered in an earlier section see Table 8 4 2 Interventions to prevent and treat infections of the neonate infant The included reviews Table 13 cover the prevention and treatment of e Sepsis e Respiratory syncytial virus e Bacterial meningitis e Fungal infections e Catheter related infections e Other miscellaneous infections 4 3 Interventions to prevent and treat necrotizing enterocolitis The included reviews Table 14 evaluate a range of interventions including e Antibiotics e Probiotics and other nutritional supplements e Feeding regimens User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 4 4 Interventions relating to resuscitation The included reviews Table 15 evaluate a range of interventions including e Air vs oxygen e Sodium bicarbonate infusion e Positive end expiratory pressure e Epinephrine 4 5 Nutritional supplements The included reviews Table 16 predominantly evaluate nutritional supplements in preterm or low birthweight infants including e Amino acids glutamine cysteine taurine e Vitamins minerals vitamin E vitamin A selenium iodine e Lipids 4 6 Treatment and prevention of other neonatal conditions The included reviews Table 17 cover the prevention and treatment of a diverse range of neonatal conditions including e Intraventricular haemorrhage e Non oliguric hyperkalaemia e patent ductus arteriosis e gastroschisis Antenat
84. ther miscellaneous interventions preterm infants Administration of fluid bolus in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis Albumin infusion in preterm infants with low serum albumin Water intake regulation in preterm infants Transpyloric vs gastric tube feeding Pre discharge car seat challenge e Other miscellaneous interventions o Thyroid hormone supplementation in infants undergoing cardiac surgery Endotracheal intubation in vigorous meconium stained infants o Clinical decision support systems for neonatal care oO000 0 O Acknowledgement This is an independent report from a study which is funded by the Policy Research Programme in the Department of Health The views expressed are not necessarily those of the Department User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 10 Tables Note that the tables list the citations as at the time the Evidence Map was constructed Cochrane reviews are hyperlinked to the most recent version Where the review has been updated the author year and or title may differ between versions Table 1 List of reviews evaluating interventions targeting women in the pre and peri conceptional period Preconception care screening and advice counselling Preconception care a systematic review Korenbrot 2002 Preconception care and the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with diabetes mellitus a meta analysis Ray 2001 Preconception counselling for wome
85. ticosteroids for the treatment of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD002057 Shah V Ohlsson A Halliday H L and Dunn M S 2007 Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD001969 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Simcox R Sin W A Seed P T Briley A and Shennan A H 2007 Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth in women at risk A meta analysis Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 47 5 368 377 Simmer K and Rao S C 2005 Early introduction of lipids to parenterally fed preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD005256 Sinclair J C 2002 Servo control for maintaining abdominal skin temperature at 36C in low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD001074 Sinn J K H Ward M C and Henderson Smart D J 2002 Developmental outcome of preterm infants after surfactant therapy Systematic review of randomized controlled trials Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 38 6 597 600 Smaill F 1996 Intrapartum antibiotics for Group B streptococcal colonisation Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD000115
86. ting other miscellaneous interventions for the prevention of preterm birth are listed in Table 9 Reviews evaluating the prevention and management of preeclampsia and hypertension which may lead to preterm delivery are considered in section 3 2 below 3 2 Other interventions targeting pregnant women Other strategies to improve pregnancy outcome and the health of the infant included e Prevention and management of preeclampsia and hypertension Table 10 e Other miscellaneous interventions aimed at optimizing pregnancy outcome and the health of the infant Table 11 Reviews covered the following o Strategies to optimize prenatal care including home visiting and other psychosocial interventions support during pregnancy o Nutritional supplementation and other dietary interventions o Management of diabetes o Prenatal screening monitoring of high risk pregnancies Ultrasound other fetal monitoring Diagnosis and management of placental disorders o Strategies to optimize the timing and or mode of delivery in higher risk pregnancies multiple pregnancies prior caesarean etc Fetal monitoring during labour Interventions to reduce mother to baby transmission of infections Fetal reduction in multiple pregnancies Interventions directly targeting the fetus e g management of twin twin transfusion syndrome o Interventions to reduce smoking and other maternal risk factors associated with fetal growth restriction or other adverse outcomes o Other
87. ty were Cochrane reviews n 227 e Around half of the reviews related to interventions targeting the neonate or infant and around half related to interventions targeting pregnant women a small number of reviews related to interventions targeting other groups healthcare workers peri conceptional women the fetus family members User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality e The majority of reviews relating to interventions targeting the neonate infant focused on the treatment of preterm and low birth weight babies in a hospital setting e Reviews looking at interventions in pregnant women predominantly related to the prevention of preterm birth e None of the reviews related to interventions targeting SIDS SUDI l Structure of the evidence map The evidence map includes 331 systematic reviews evaluating a wide range of interventions e Results are presented under the following broad headings e Interventions delivered in the pre and peri conceptional period Section 2 e Interventions delivered during pregnancy including interventions directly targeting the fetus and interventions delivered antenatally to improve neonatal outcome Section 3 e Interventions involving the treatment and management of neonates and infants Section 4 Within each of these broad headings results are further grouped by type of intervention condition treated or prevented and or target recipient eg preterm babies However there
88. vide routine antenatal care for low risk women and how often A systematic review of randomised controlled trials Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 12 SUPPL 2 7 26 King J and Flenady V 2002 Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000246 King J Flenady V Cole S and Thornton S 2005 Cyclo oxygenase COX inhibitors for treating preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001992 King J F Flenady V J Papatsonis D N Dekker G A and Carbonne B 2003 Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CD002255 Korenbrot C C Steinberg A Bender C and Newberry S 2002 Preconception care a systematic review Maternal and Child Health Journal 6 2 75 88 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality 41 Koumans E H Markowitz L E and Hogan V 2002 Indications for therapy and treatment recommendations for bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant and pregnant women A synthesis of data Clinical Infectious Diseases 35 SUPPL 2 S152 S172 Kramer M S and Kakuma R 2003 Energy and protein intake in pregnancy Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 4 CD000032 Kresch M J and Clive J M 1998 Meta analyses of surfactant replacement therapy of infants with birth weights less than 2
89. views Issue 1 CD004864 User s guide Interventions targeting infant mortality Bhuta T and Henderson Smart D J 1998 Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000328 Bhuta T and Henderson Smart D J 1998 Rescue high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD000438 Bhuta T and Ohlsson A 1998 Systematic review and meta analysis of early postnatal dexamethasone for prevention of chronic lung disease Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal amp Neonatal Edition 79 1 F26 33 Blondel B and Breart G 1995 Home visits during pregnancy consequences on pregnancy outcome use of health services and women s situations Seminars in Perinatology 19 4 263 71 Bombell S and McGuire W 2008 Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001970 Botto L D Olney R S and Erickson J D 2004 Vitamin Supplements and the Risk for Congenital Anomalies Other Than Neural Tube Defects American Journal of Medical Genetics Seminars in Medical Genetics 125 C 1 12 21 Bricker L Neilson J P and Dowswell T 2008
90. yndrome in preterm infants Bassler 2006 Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Bellu 2008 Prophylactic doxapram for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal extubation Henderson Smart 2000 Meta analysis of inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants an update Hoehn 2006 Inositol for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Howlett 2003 Increased energy intake for preterm infants with or developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia chronic lung disease Lai 2006 Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants Ng 2001 Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants Ng 2001 Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Osborn 2007 Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates Shah 2007 Digoxin for preventing or treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Soll 1998 Superoxide dismutase for preventing chronic lung disease in mechanically ventilated preterm infants Suresh 2001 Positioning for acute respiratory distress in hospitalised infants and children Wells 2005 Notes 1 See other section at foot of table for review relating to pain relief in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Bellu 2008 2 Updated in 2009 now Cools 2009 3 Antenatal corticosteroids are covered in Table 8 4 See also Tabl
91. ystematic Reviews Issue 1 CD003953 Colton T Kayne H L Zhang Y and Heeren T 1995 A metaanalysis of home uterine activity monitoring American Journal of Obstetrics amp Gynecology 173 5 1499 505 Conner J M Soll R F and Edwards W H 2004 Topical ointment for preventing infection in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 1 CDO001150 Cooke L Steer P and Woodgate P 2003 Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD003745 Coomarasamy A Honest H Papaioannou S Gee H and Khan K S 2003 Aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia in women with historical risk factors A systematic review Obstetrics amp Gynecology 101 6 1319 1332 Coomarasamy A Thangaratinam S Gee H and Khan K S 2006 Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth A critical evaluation of evidence European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 129 2 111 118 Craft A P Finer N N and Barrington K J 2000 Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 CD001971 Cramer K Wiebe N Hartling L Crumley E and Vohra S 2005 Heat loss prevention a systematic review of occlusive skin wrap for premature neonates Journal of Perinatology 25 12 763 9 Crowley P Chalmers I and Keirse M

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